ACTIVITY 4

Name: Gregorio, Neil Alyson M. Student #: SUM2020-00395

Facilitator: Mrs. Marlene Dionicio Year & Section: BSBA – 1A

Setting Up

Directions: (In a separate piece of paper) the following grid contains some of the different
pandemics in history. Find and encircle them. Look for them in all directions, including diagonal.

ASSESSING LEARNING

1. Differentiate Pandemic and Epidemic in your understanding.

- These two are somehow related with each other. Generally, an epidemic is
considered as a pandemic if a certain disease is being spread on a wide
geographical state. A pandemic is considered as something that is more global due
to the large number of outbreaks caused by the disease. It affects a large population
of people from multiple countries and different regions across the world. On the
other hand, an epidemic is an active outbreak of an infectious disease that is
happening spontaneously on a particular population, region, or community. An
epidemic becomes a pandemic once the disease spreads on a global state.

2. What can you say about the worst Pandemic in history? Choose one among the
ten listed in the module.

- There are several pandemics which happened in our history that really defined our
humanity. One of the worst pandemic in our history is The Black Death. It has a
great number of death tolls amounting to 75-200 million. It must’ve been really hard
for the people back then to regulate and control the spread of the disease due to the
 fact that the spread of information is slow because communication is limited. Unlike
today, we have news programs, radio broadcasts, and social media to keep us
updated regarding the state of the pandemic. It’s also a challenge to impose safety
precautionary measures before regarding the pandemic because there were a lot of
uneducated people back then. Likewise, it’s also hard to create a vaccine for The
Black Death due to the fact that there has been little to no scientific studies at all
about the disease during that time. As a result, the disease spread across 3 different
continents around the world and has caused a mass hysteria to the general public.
The effects of The Black Death throughout the world during that time remain
catastrophically severe. Due to the large amount of deaths across the world, the
global economy suffered a major downfall. In the end, our generation today is quite
lucky compared before because we have the resources, ability, and knowledge to
combat the pandemic that we are facing today.

3. As a youth, how can you promote awareness about the Pandemic, just like the
Covid-19?

- As a youth in our society, even my smallest actions can contribute to the welfare of
all the people around me. I will promote awareness by being a good example to
everyone. I will always encourage everyone to wear facemasks and other safety
protective gears. I will also educate my family and other relatives regarding the
safety precautions against COVID-19. Likewise, considering that a great number of
people use the internet, I will also use social media as a tool to spread important
information about the status and prevention of COVID-19. Lastly, I will be a
responsible citizen by not going out when it is unnecessary, strictly following the
quarantine rules, practicing social distancing, and sanitizing every once in a while.
By firmly doing these things in front of everyone, I can also influence them to do the
same. In the end, we only have each other against the pandemic. It is important that
we should try our best to be safe during these times so we can get back to our
normal lives as soon as possible.

4. How will you maintain your psychological well-being in times of pandemic?

- The number of mental health issues during this pandemic significantly increased. I
realized that this pandemic puts me in a state of worry every once in a while due to
the fear brought upon by the virus. In order to maintain my psychological well-being
during this pandemic, I often meditate every once in a while. I find that it really
calms my mind and thoughts against any worries. As much as possible, I’m also
giving myself some recreational time so I can release my stress from the amount of
strenuous activities during our online class. Likewise, I’m also trying to avoid
overthinking by doing more productive things and doing some of my passions such
as reading. Additionally, I’m also finding the time to take my time off of social media
by spending more time with my own company and also my family. In times like this,
we must be physically and mentally strong against any problems. Our mental health
matters and we should always take care of it. We should never worry about
everything, instead, we must try to find the courage and bravery to pursue our life
despite of everything that is going on.

ACTIVITY 5
Name: Gregorio, Neil Alyson M. Student #: SUM2020-00395
Facilitator: Mrs. Marlene Dionicio Year & Section: BSBA – 1A

SETTING UP

1.Is there a need for separate court to hear drug related cases?
- Drug-related issues is not something that our government should undermine. There should be a
separate court for drug-related cases in order for our government to prioritize it much further. It is
an extremely significant issue that needs proper attention in order to keep our society peaceful. By
doing this, they can focus on this problem properly by providing insightful suggestions, judgements,
as well as intensive research.

2.How important to you to understand the Human rights?

- As an individual, it is very important that I am aware of my rights as a citizen of my own country. It
will help me realize what I can do and it gives me a sense of freedom in everything that I want to do.
It also gives me a sense of security by giving me protection against prejudice, judgement, and
discrimination. In short, it gives me a chance to exist in our society quite properly without the fear
of being trampled upon.

ASSESSING LEARNING

1. What are human rights?

- Human rights are considered as one of the most vital foundation of a person’s
existence. It allows a certain individual to exist in a world without the experience of
prejudice, abuse, and discrimination, by giving them a sense of freedom and protection
under the law. It is considered as universal because it belongs to all people, no matter
how poor or rich they are in life. It is inalienable because it cannot be taken away from
someone. They are interconnected because they are dependent with one another.
They are indivisible because they should be used coordinately with each other. Lastly,
human rights is considered as non-discriminatory because everyone is obliged to
respect each and everyone’s guaranteed rights. To keep it simple, human rights ensure
that an individual will have the chance to live in a world where they are given the
capability to exercise their acquired freedom properly and it also makes their life
worth-living.

2. Is there a law or legal document to ensure the human rights of every Filipino
citizen? If yes, what are those?
 - There are several laws or legal document which ensures the validity of human rights
acquired by all Filipino people. One of the major testament of our human rights is the
Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution which is also called the Bill of Rights. It
has 22 sections which emphasize all of a Filipino citizen’s right and privileges that must
be protected under the Constitution. On the other hand, there are also several
international laws which govern the human rights of all Filipinos. The UN's
International Bill of Human Rights which comprises of 3 legal documents including the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR). These legal documents imply that every rights stated under
the Constitution must be given and exercised to all of the Filipino citizen.

3. Are criminals or those who break the law still enjoy human rights? Why?
- Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the
world, from birth until death. Every single person, whether they are good or bad, has
full guaranteed rights under the law. Under the Philippines’ Criminal Code and UN’s
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, a criminal or those who
broke the law can still enjoy human rights but they are limited. In the name of human
dignity, their rights will be limited or specified to a certain limit as a form of
punishment so that they can’t pose a threat to our society anymore.

4. Enumerate the rights under the 1987 Philippine Constitution

1. The right to life, liberty, and property
- No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor
shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.

2. The right against unreasonable searches and seizures

- The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be
inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable
cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or
affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly
describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

3. Right to Privacy of Communication and Correspondence

- The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon
lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as
prescribed by law.

4. Freedom of Expression and Assembly

 - No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press,
or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for
redress of grievances.

5. Freedom of Religion
- No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship,
without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall
be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.

6. Liberty of Abode and Right to Travel

- The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall
not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel
be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as
may be provided by law.

7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern.

- The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized.
Access to official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts,
transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for
policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be
provided by law.

8. Freedom of Association
- The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to
form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be
abridged.

9. Prohibition against Expropriation of Property without just compensation

- Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.

10. Prohibition against Impairment of Contract

- No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

11. Free Access to the Court and Quasi-Judicial Bodies

- Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall
not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.

12. Right to counsel and the right to remain silent

- Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to
be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent
counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of
counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in
writing and in the presence of counsel.

13. The right to bail

- All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when
evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or
be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be
 impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive
bail shall not be required.

14. Right to presumption of innocence

- No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.

15. Rights of the accused in criminal prosecution

- The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of
invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.

16. Right to Habeas Corpus

- All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial,
quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.

17. Right to speedy disposition of cases

- No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

18. Right against self-incrimination

- No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations and
there should be no involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a
punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.

19. The right against excessive, cruel or unusual punishment

- Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons
involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty
already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua. The employment of physical,
psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of
substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt
with by law.

20. Right against involuntary servitude

- No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.

21. Right against double Jeopardy

- No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is
punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall
constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.

22. Right against the bill of attainder and ex post facto law
- No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
 ACTIVITY 6

Name: Gregorio, Neil Alyson M. Student #: SUM2020-00395

Facilitator: Mrs. Marlene Dionicio Year & Section: BSBA – 1A

SETTING UP

1. What is your perspective on Gender equality?

- I fully support gender equality. I believe that men, women, or whatever gender that an
individual identifies to must have equal opportunities under the law. Women can do what
men can do. There should be no label about the things that a specific gender must do
because this society has progressed past the need to conform with society’s standard.
Likewise, even the third gender, such as the gays, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, etc.
shouldn’t be criticized or discriminated for their lifestyle and choices. We live in a society
where everyone is born different. We shouldn’t judge others who live differently from us.
We should all be compassionate, kind, and accepting with one another in order for us to live
in a world where fear, negativity, and discrimination won’t flourish.

2. How important to you to understand Gender Awareness?

- Gender awareness is an essential knowledge that every individual must know. It helps us
improve our understanding of gender sensitivity in everything that we do. It allows us to
understand that men and women must be seen as equal even though they have differences
when it comes to experiences, expectations, and needs. It gives us the knowledge to
understand that there are differences in roles and relations between women and men.

ASSESSING LEARNING
I. IDENTIFICATION
___________1. An act of inflicting physical harm upon the woman or her child resulting in the
physical and psychological or emotional distress. (Battery)
____________2. A pattern of psychological and behavioral symptoms found in women living in
battering relationships as a result of cumulative abuse. (Battered Woman
Syndrome)
____________3. An intentional act committed by a person who, knowingly and without lawful
justification follows the woman or her child or places the woman or her child under
surveillance directly or indirectly or a combination thereof. (Stalking)
____________4. A situation wherein the parties live as husband and wife without the benefit of
marriage or are romantically involved over time and continuously during the
relationship. A casual acquaintance or ordinary socialization between two
individuals in a business or social context is not a dating relationship. (Dating
Relationship)
____________5. A single sexual act which may or may not result in the bearing of a common child.
(Sexual Relations)
____________6. Refers to any home or institution maintained or managed by the Department of
Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) or by any other agency or a voluntary
organization accredited by the DSWD for this Act or any other suitable place the
resident of which is willing temporarily to receive the victim. (Safe Place or
Shelter)
____________7. This refers to those below eighteen (18) years of age or older but is incapable of
taking care of themselves as defined under Republic Act No. 7610. As used in this
Act, it includes the biological children of the victim and other children under her
care. (Children)
____________8. It refers to an act which is sexual in nature, committed against a woman or her
child. (Sexual Violence)
____________9. It refers to acts or omissions causing or likely to cause mental or emotional
suffering of the victim such as but not limited to intimidation, harassment, stalking,
damage to property, public ridicule or humiliation, repeated verbal abuse and
mental infidelity. (Psychological violence)
___________10. It refers to acts that make or attempt to make a woman financially dependent.
(Economic Abuse)

II. Answer the following:

1. When is sexual harassment committed?

- The act of sexual harassment is committed whenever an individual forces someone to

participate in his/her sexual favors by demand or request even when the other person
doesn’t want to. Sexual harassment can be experienced by a wide variety of people
regardless of their gender, age, and status in life. Sexual Harassment can be categorized into
two: verbal and non-verbal. Verbal sexual harassments include threats or insults, offensive
or suggestive comments, whistles or catcalls, and other sexual acts that is committed
verbally. On the other hand, non-verbal sexual harassments include suggestive gestures or
looks, winks, licking lips, etc.

2. What is Gender and Development?

- Gender and Development recognizes the unequal opportunities and situation between the
men and women of our society. It emphasizes the fact that men and women have different
needs and interests which are stimulated by several underlying factors in our society such
as the social, cultural, and political norms that we have. The goal of Gender and
Development is to assess the existence of unequal opportunities and situation which are
experienced by the two sexes. They want to address these gender issues by taking a big
participation or involvement in the policy-making, planning, budgeting, implementation and
monitoring, and evaluation of several sectors in our government in order to have a society
where men and women are treated equally.
3. What are the acts punishable under RA. 9262?

The Republic Act No. 9262 or the ANTI - VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN
ACT OF 2004 covers several acts which are deemed punishable under this law. Any violent acts
committed by someone against women and their children are all under this law. Specifically, they
are the following:

A. Physical Violence
B. Sexual Violence
C. Psychological Violence
D. Economic Abuse
E. Battery
F. Stalking

4. As student of NSTP, what activities can you initiate for the full realization of the
herein cited laws (RA9262, RA 7877 and policies (Gender equality and
Development)?

The amount of rape cases and sexual harassments in our country remain relatively high. As
a part of today’s youth, my voice is powerful enough to influence the minds of all the people around
me. One of the activities I can initiate in order to achieve the full realization of the cited laws in
these acts is through seminar. I can coordinate with our school officials to officiate a seminar that
will tackle the importance of these acts and policies against sexual harassment. By doing this, it will
allow this sensitive topic to bring more awareness regarding the current situation of sexual
harassments in our country. I will also do my best to educate my friends and family regarding the
importance of these acts and policies. Lastly, I will also participate in peaceful protests that aims to
amplify the voices of sexual harassment victims. No one deserves to experience any form of sexual
harassments. We should all do our best to create a society where sexual harassment shouldn’t be
prevalent through proper education and awareness.
 ACTIVITY 7

Name: Gregorio, Neil Alyson M. Student #: SUM2020-00395

Facilitator: Mrs. Marlene Dionicio Year & Section: BSBA – 1A

SETTING UP
In a piece of short bond paper, draw about what happens in our mother earth, and
give a short explanation.

With the onslaught of the COVID–19 pandemic, the Earth is suffering even more. This
pandemic worsened the already destroyed situation of our environment. Due to careless human
activities such as deforestation and improper waste management, our Earth is one step away from
reaching its point of self-destruction. Environmental degradation is one of the major problems of
our Earth. It is linked with several environmental problems such as the destruction of wildlife
habitats, air pollution, biodiversity loss, and global warming. Likewise, the emerging technological
innovation across the world gave birth to several factories and infrastructures which emit a lot of
pollution to our environment. Humans are always wondering why the Earth has been struggling a
lot lately yet they failed to realize that they are one of the greatest contributors of its destruction. In
reality, the Earth doesn’t need us, it can exist peacefully without us but we should always remember
that humans like us cannot exist without a habitable home such as the Earth. In the end, it is
important to understand the significance of being a responsible individual when it comes to taking
care of our environment.
ASSESSING LEARNING
I. IDENTIFICATION
___________1. everything that surrounds us. It includes the natural world as well as the things
produced by humans. (Environment)
___________2. The study of how living things interact and depend on each other. (Ecology)
___________3. the symbiotic relationship between organisms and species within one particular
area in which each depends on each other to support the continuance of life. It is
composed of the living and non-living components. Ecosystems are found in the
various sections of the natural environment which include: forests, deserts,
grasslands, freshwater, marine areas, and even caves. (Ecosystems)
___________4. The practice of protecting the natural environment on individual, organization
controlled or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and
humans. (Environmental Protection)
___________5. The ideology that focuses on the importance of natural resources. It advocated
the need for man to live in harmony with nature to prevent the life-sustaining
environment it encourages individuals to change the lifestyle that I disruptive of
the natural functioning of mother nature and to adopt programs and measures
for protecting the environment and pursue a development program that is
sustainable and environmentally friendly. (Environmentalism)
___________6. The destruction of environment. (Environmental Degradation)
___________7. the commission or omission, by a person having capacity, of any act, which is
either prohibited or compelled by law, and the commission of which is
punishable by a proceeding brought in the name of the government whose law
has been violated. (Crime)
___________8. an act to be done in order that a crime could not happen. (Crime prevention)
___________9. The outbreak of diseases involving a large volume of the population in a certain
area. This unfortunate event may occur from lack of clean water, lack of or
inadequate health services, and the lack of awareness in preventing diseases.
(Epidemic)
__________10. This is a condition in which the soil dries up, commonly caused by intense heat
and the absence of rainfall. Drought makes it difficult for the soil to support the
plants and other living organisms that depend on it. (Drought)

II. ENUMERATION

1. What are the Philippine laws enacted for the protection of the environment? Cite
as many as you can and be ready to share it in class.

 REPUBLIC ACT 9003 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000

 - the law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management
program that shall ensure the protection of public health and environment.

 REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004

- The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources
(industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household
activities). It provides for comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize
pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the
stakeholders.

 REPUBLIC ACT 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

- The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline
values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible
associated impacts to the economy.

 REPUBLIC ACT 6969 TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE

CONTROL ACT OF 1990
- The law aims to regulate restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale,
distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present
unreasonable risk to human health.

 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS)

STATEMENT OF 1978
- It is a planning and management tool that will help government, decision makers, the
proponents and the affected community address the negative consequences or risks on the
environment.

 REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 9729: CLIMATE CHANGE ACT OF 2009

- This Act aims to integrate disaster risk reduction measures into climate change adaptation
plans, development and poverty reduction programs.

 REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 9512: ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND EDUCATION ACT OF

2008
- This Act provides for the promotion of environmental awareness through environmental
education which shall encompass environmental concepts and principles, environmental
laws, the state of international and local environment, local environmental best practices,
the threats of environmental degradation and its impact on human well-being, the
responsibility of the citizenry to the environment and the value of conservation, protection
and rehabilitation of natural resources and the environment.

 REPUBLICT ACT (RA) 8550: FISHERIES CODE OF 1998

- An Act providing for the development, management, and conservation of fisheries and
aquatic resources, integrating all laws pertinent thereto, and for other purposes.

2. Research and make a brief discussion on how are you going to prevent other
common causes of disaster which are not thoroughly discuss on this chapter.

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Aside from typhoons and earthquakes, one of the most common natural disaster in the
Philippines are volcanic eruptions. There are about 300 volcanoes all over the Philippine
archipelago. Twenty-two (22) of these are active while the larger percentage remains dormant as of
the record. According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), the
majority of the active volcanoes are located in the island of Luzon. The six most active volcanoes are
Mayon, Hibok-Hibok, Pinatubo, Taal, Kanlaon and Bulusan.

Unlike man-made disasters, you can’t prevent volcanic eruptions because they are natural
disasters, that’s why it is very important that we should always be prepared at all times. The
tendency of a volcano to erupt can happen at all times. By being knowledgeable about these kinds
of disaster, you can prevent several accidents or mishaps that might happen. Here are a few
important things that an individual must know before, during, and after a volcanic eruption.

BEFORE A VOLCANIC ERUPTION

1. Add a pair of goggles and a disposable breathing mask for each member of the family to
your
disaster supply kit.
2. Stay away from active volcano sites.
3. If you live near a known volcano, active or dormant, be ready to evacuate at a moment’s
notice.

DURING A VOLCANIC ERUPTION

1. If indoor, close all windows and doors.

2. If outdoor, seek shelter.
3. Avoid low lying areas.
4. Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.
5. Use goggles to protect your eyes.
6. Use dust masks.
7. Stay out of volcano areas.
8. Remain alert and be cautious.

AFTER A VOLCANIC ERUPTION

1. Leave the evacuation areas only when the authorities say it is safe.
2. Wear masks when cleaning.
3. Scrape the accumulated ash in roofs to prevent collapse.
4. Shake loose ash from plants before watering.
5. Tune in to the radio, television, or internet regarding the status of the volcanic eruption.

4. What are the causes, symptoms, treatment prevention of the following

diseases?
1Leptospirosis, Dengue, Rabbis, HIV, Tuberculosis, hepatitis, SARS, and
Birds flu.

1. LEPTOSPIROSIS
CAUSES
It is caused by a bacterium called Leptospira interrogans. The organism is carried by many animals
and lives in their kidneys. It ends up in soil and water through their urine.

SYMPTOMS
- Headache
- Muscle ache
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Skin rash

TREATMENT
Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given
early in the course of the disease. Intravenous antibiotics may be required for persons with more
severe symptoms.

PREVENTION
 Avoid contaminated water.
 Keep away from infected animals, especially wild rats.
 Be aware of your surroundings, especially when you travel.
 Use disinfectant.

2. DENGUE
CAUSES
Dengue (pronounced DENgee) fever is a painful, debilitating mosquito-borne disease caused by any
one of four closely related dengue viruses.

SYMPTOMS
Symptoms, which usually begin four to six days after infection and last for up to 10 days, may
include:
- Sudden, high fever
- Severe headaches
- Pain behind the eyes
- Severe joint and muscle pain
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Skin rash, which appears two to five days after the onset of fever
- Mild bleeding (such a nose bleed, bleeding gums, or easy bruising)

TREATMENT
There's no cure or specific treatment for dengue. You can only relieve the symptoms until the
infection has gone. You can usually look after yourself at home. The following may help:

 take paracetamol to relieve pain and fever. Do not take aspirin or ibuprofen, as these can
cause bleeding problems in people with dengue
 drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration – if you're currently abroad, only drink bottled
water from a bottle that was properly sealed
 get plenty of rest
You should start to feel better after about 1 week, although it may be a few weeks before you feel
your normal self again. Get medical advice if your symptoms don't improve.

PREVENTION
No vaccine can protect against dengue fever. Only avoiding mosquito bites can prevent it. Anyone
who lives in or travels to an at-risk area can use a number of ways to avoid being bitten.
 Clothing: Reduce the amount of skin exposed by wearing long pants, long-sleeved shirts,
and socks, tucking pant legs into shoes or socks, and wearing a hat.
 Mosquito repellents: Use a repellent with at least 10 percent concentration of
diethyltoluamide (DEET), or a higher concentration for longer lengths of exposure. Avoid
using DEET on young children.
 Mosquito traps and nets: Nets treated with insecticide are more effective, otherwise the
mosquito can bite through the net if the person is standing next to it. The insecticide will kill
mosquitoes and other insects, and it will repel insects from entering the room.
 Door and window screens: Structural barriers, such as screens or netting, can keep
mosquitos out.
 Avoid scents: Heavily scented soaps and perfumes may attract mosquitos.
 Camping gear: Treat clothes, shoes, and camping gear with permethrin, or purchase
clothes that have been pretreated.
 Timing: Try to avoid being outside at dawn, dusk, and early evening.
  Stagnant water: The Aedes mosquito breeds in clean, stagnant water. Checking for and
removing stagnant water can help reduce the risk.

3. RABBIS
CAUSES
Rabies infection is caused by the rabies virus. The virus is spread through the saliva of infected
animals. Infected animals can spread the virus by biting another animal or a person. In rare cases,
rabies can be spread when infected saliva gets into an open wound or the mucous membranes, such
as the mouth or eyes.

SYMPTOMS
The first symptoms of rabies may be very similar to those of the flu and may last for days.
Later signs and symptoms may include:
- Fever
- Headache
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Agitation
- Anxiety
- Confusion
- Hyperactivity
- Difficulty swallowing
- Excessive salivation
- Fear brought on by attempts to drink fluids because of difficulty swallowing water
- Hallucinations
- Insomnia
- Partial paralysis

TREATMENT
Once a rabies infection is established, there's no effective treatment. Though a small number of
people have survived rabies, the disease usually causes death. For that reason, if you think you've
been exposed to rabies, you must get a series of shots to prevent the infection from taking hold.

PREVENTION
To reduce your risk of coming in contact with rabid animals:
 Vaccinate your pets. Cats, dogs and ferrets can be vaccinated against rabies. Ask your
veterinarian how often your pets should be vaccinated.
  Keep your pets confined. Keep your pets inside and supervise them when outside. This
will help keep your pets from coming in contact with wild animals.
 Protect small pets from predators. Keep rabbits and other small pets, such as guinea pigs,
inside or in protected cages so that they are safe from wild animals. These small pets can't
be vaccinated against rabies.
 Report stray animals to local authorities. Call your local animal control officials or other
local law enforcement to report stray dogs and cats.
 Don't approach wild animals. Wild animals with rabies may seem unafraid of people. It's
not normal for a wild animal to be friendly with people, so stay away from any animal that
seems unafraid.
 Keep bats out of your home. Seal any cracks and gaps where bats can enter your home. If
you know you have bats in your home, work with a local expert to find ways to keep bats
out.
 Consider the rabies vaccine if you're traveling. If you're traveling to a country where
rabies is common and you'll be there for an extended period of time, ask your doctor
whether you should receive the rabies vaccine. This includes traveling to remote areas
where medical care is difficult to find.

4. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

CAUSES
HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. You can get HIV from contact with
infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids. Most people get the virus by having unprotected sex with
someone who has HIV. Another common way of getting it is by sharing drug needles with someone
who is infected with HIV.

SYMPTOMS
Early symptoms of HIV can include:
- fever
- chills
- swollen lymph nodes
- general aches and pains
- skin rash
- sore throat
- headache
- nausea
- upset stomach

TREATMENT
The main treatment for HIV is antiretroviral therapy, a combination of daily medications that stop
the virus from reproducing. This helps protect CD4 cells, keeping the immune system strong
enough to take measures against disease. Antiretroviral therapy helps keep HIV from progressing
to AIDS. It also helps reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to others.

PREVENTION
There's no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for AIDS. But you can protect yourself and
others from infection. To help prevent the spread of HIV:
 Use treatment as prevention (TasP). If you're living with HIV, taking HIV medication can
keep your partner from becoming infected with the virus. If you make sure your viral load
stays undetectable — a blood test doesn't show any virus — you won't transmit the virus to
anyone else. Using TasP means taking your medication exactly as prescribed and getting
regular checkups.
 Use post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) if you've been exposed to HIV. If you think you've
been exposed through sex, needles or in the workplace, contact your doctor or go to the
emergency department. Taking PEP as soon as possible within the first 72 hours can greatly
reduce your risk of becoming infected with HIV. You will need to take medication for 28
days.
 Use a new condom every time you have sex. Use a new condom every time you have anal
or vaginal sex. Women can use a female condom. If using a lubricant, make sure it's water-
based. Oil-based lubricants can weaken condoms and cause them to break. During oral sex
use a nonlubricated, cut-open condom or a dental dam — a piece of medical-grade latex.
 Consider preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The combination drugs emtricitabine plus
tenofovir (Truvada) and emtricitabine plus tenofovir alafenamide (Descovy) can reduce the
risk of sexually transmitted HIV infection in people at very high risk. PrEP can reduce your
risk of getting HIV from sex by more than 90% and from injection drug use by more than
70%, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Descovy hasn't been
studied in people who have receptive vaginal sex.
 Use a clean needle. If you use a needle to inject drugs, make sure it's sterile and don't share
it. Take advantage of needle-exchange programs in your community. Consider seeking help
for your drug use.
 If you're pregnant, get medical care right away. If you're HIV-positive, you may pass the
infection to your baby. But if you receive treatment during pregnancy, you can significantly
cut your baby's risk.
 Consider male circumcision. There's evidence that male circumcision can help reduce the
risk of getting HIV infection.

5. TUBERCULOSIS
CAUSES
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It's spread
when a person with active TB disease in their lungs coughs or sneezes and someone else inhales the
expelled droplets, which contain TB bacteria.
SYMPTOMS
Signs of active TB disease include:
 A cough that lasts more than 3 weeks
 Chest pain
 Coughing up blood
 Feeling tired all the time
 Night sweats
 Chills
 Fever
 Loss of appetite
 Weight loss

TREATMENT
Your treatment will depend on your infection.

 If you have latent TB, your doctor will give you medication to kill the bacteria so the
infection doesn’t become active. You might get isoniazid, rifapentine, or rifampin, either
alone or combined. You’ll have to take the drugs for up to 9 months. If you see any signs of
active TB, call your doctor right away.
 A combination of medicines also treats active TB. The most common are ethambutol,
isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampin. You’ll take them for 6 to 12 months.
 If you have drug-resistant TB, your doctor might give you one or more different medicines.
You may have to take them for much longer, up to 30 months, and they can cause more side
effects.
Whatever kind of infection you have, it’s important to finish taking all of your medications, even
when you feel better. If you quit too soon, the bacteria can become resistant to the drugs.

PREVENTION
To help stop the spread of TB:
 If you have a latent infection, take all of your medication so it doesn’t become active and
contagious.
 If you have active TB, limit your contact with other people. Cover your mouth when you
laugh, sneeze, or cough. Wear a surgical mask when you’re around other people during the
first weeks of treatment.
 If you’re traveling to a place where TB is common, avoid spending a lot of time in crowded
places with sick people.
6. HEPATITIS
CAUSES
- Alcohol and other toxins
Excessive alcohol consumption can cause liver damage and inflammation. This is sometimes
referred to as alcoholic hepatitis. The alcohol directly injures the cells of your liver. Over
time, it can cause permanent damage and lead to liver failure and cirrhosis, a thickening and
scarring of the liver.
Other toxic causes of hepatitis include overuse or overdose of medications and exposure to
poisons.
- Autoimmune system response
In some cases, the immune system mistakes the liver as a harmful object and begins to
attack it. It causes ongoing inflammation that can range from mild to severe, often hindering
liver function. It’s three times more common in women than in men.

SYMPTOMS
If you have infectious forms of hepatitis that are chronic, like hepatitis B and C, you may not have
symptoms in the beginning. Symptoms may not occur until the damage affects liver function.
Signs and symptoms of acute hepatitis appear quickly. They include:
- fatigue
- flu-like symptoms
- dark urine
- pale stool
- abdominal pain
- loss of appetite
- unexplained weight loss
- yellow skin and eyes, which may be signs of jaundice
- Chronic hepatitis develops slowly, so these signs and symptoms may be too subtle to notice.

TREATMENT
Treatment options are determined by which type of hepatitis you have and whether the infection is
acute or chronic.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A usually doesn’t require treatment because it’s a short-term illness. Bed rest may be
recommended if symptoms cause a great deal of discomfort. If you experience vomiting or diarrhea,
follow your doctor’s orders for hydration and nutrition.
The hepatitis A vaccine is available to prevent this infection. Most children begin vaccination
between ages 12 and 18 months. It’s a series of two vaccines. Vaccination for hepatitis A is also
available for adults and can be combined with the hepatitis B vaccine.

Hepatitis B
Acute hepatitis B doesn’t require specific treatment.
Chronic hepatitis B is treated with antiviral medications. This form of treatment can be costly
because it must be continued for several months or years. Treatment for chronic hepatitis B also
requires regular medical evaluations and monitoring to determine if the virus is responding to
treatment.
Hepatitis B can be prevented with vaccination. The CDCTrusted Source recommends hepatitis B
vaccinations for all newborns. The series of three vaccines is typically completed over the first six
months of childhood. The vaccine is also recommended for all healthcare and medical personnel.

Hepatitis C
Antiviral medications are used to treat both acute and chronic forms of hepatitis C. People who
develop chronic hepatitis C are typically treated with a combination of antiviral drug therapies.
They may also need further testing to determine the best form of treatment.
People who develop cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) or liver disease as a result of chronic hepatitis C
may be candidates for a liver transplant.
Currently, there is no vaccination for hepatitis C.

Hepatitis D
No antiviral medications exist for the treatment of hepatitis D at this time. According to a 2013
studyTrusted Source, a drug called alpha interferon can be used to treat hepatitis D, but it only
shows improvement in about 25 to 30 percent of people.
Hepatitis D can be prevented by getting the vaccination for hepatitis B, as infection with hepatitis B
is necessary for hepatitis D to develop.

Hepatitis E
Currently, no specific medical therapies are available to treat hepatitis E. Because the infection is
often acute, it typically resolves on its own. People with this type of infection are often advised to
get adequate rest, drink plenty of fluids, get enough nutrients, and avoid alcohol. However,
pregnant women who develop this infection require close monitoring and care.
Autoimmune hepatitis
Corticosteroids, like prednisone or budesonide, are extremely important in the early treatment of
autoimmune hepatitis. They’re effective in about 80 percent of people with this condition.
Azothioprine (Imuran), a drug that suppresses the immune system, is often included in treatment.
It can be used with or without steroids.
Other immune suppressing drugs like mycophenolate (CellCept), tacrolimus (Prograf) and
cyclosporine (Neoral) can also be used as alternatives to azathioprine for treatment.

PREVENTION
 Hygiene
Practicing good hygiene is one key way to avoid contracting hepatitis A and E. If you’re traveling to
a developing country, you should avoid:

 local water
 ice
 raw or undercooked shellfish and oysters
 raw fruit and vegetables

Hepatitis B, C, and D contracted through contaminated blood can be prevented by:

 not sharing drug needles

 not sharing razors
 not using someone else’s toothbrush
 not touching spilled blood

Hepatitis B and C can also be contracted through sexual intercourse and intimate sexual contact.
Practicing safe sex by using condoms and dental dams can help decrease the risk of infection. You
can find many options available for purchase online.
 Vaccines
The use of vaccines is an important key to preventing hepatitis. Vaccinations are available to
prevent the development of hepatitis A and B. Experts are currently developing vaccines against
hepatitis C. A vaccination for hepatitis E exists in China, but it isn’t available in the United States.

7. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

CAUSES
SARS is caused by a strain of coronavirus, the same family of viruses that causes the common cold.
Previously, these viruses had never been particularly dangerous to humans.
Coronaviruses can, however, cause severe disease in animals, and that's why scientists suspected
that the SARS virus might have crossed from animals to humans. It now seems likely that that the
virus evolved from one or more animal viruses into a new strain.

SYMPTOMS
SARS usually begins with flu-like signs and symptoms — fever, chills, muscle aches, headache and
occasionally diarrhea. After about a week, signs and symptoms include:
- Fever of 100.5 F (38 C) or higher
- Dry cough
- Shortness of breath
TREATMENT
There is no confirmed treatment that works for every person who has SARS. Antiviral medications
and steroids are sometimes given to reduce lung swelling, but aren’t effective for everyone.
Supplemental oxygen or a ventilator may be prescribed if necessary. In severe cases, blood plasma
from someone who has already recovered from SARS may also be administered. However, there is
not yet enough evidence to prove that these treatments are effective.

PREVENTION
Researchers are working on several types of vaccines for SARS, but none has been tested in
humans. If SARS infections reappear, follow these safety guidelines if you're caring for someone
who may have a SARS infection:
 Wash your hands. Clean your hands frequently with soap and hot water or use an alcohol-
based hand rub containing at least 60% alcohol.
 Wear disposable gloves. If you have contact with the person's body fluids or feces, wear
disposable gloves. Throw the gloves away immediately after use and wash your hands
thoroughly.
 Wear a surgical mask. When you're in the same room as a person with SARS, cover your
mouth and nose with a surgical mask. Wearing eyeglasses also may offer some protection.
 Wash personal items. Use soap and hot water to wash the utensils, towels, bedding and
clothing of someone with SARS.
 Disinfect surfaces. Use a household disinfectant to clean any surfaces that may have been
contaminated with sweat, saliva, mucus, vomit, stool or urine. Wear disposable gloves while
you clean and throw the gloves away when you're done.
Follow all precautions for at least 10 days after the person's signs and symptoms have disappeared.
Keep children home from school if they develop a fever or respiratory symptoms within 10 days of
being exposed to someone with SARS.
8. BIRD FLU (Avian Flu)
CAUSES
Bird flu is caused by a type of influenza virus that rarely infects humans. More than a dozen types of
bird flu have been identified, including the two strains that have most recently infected humans —
H5N1 and H7N9. When bird flu does strike humans, it can be deadly.

SYMPTOMS
Signs and symptoms of bird flu may begin within two to seven days of infection, depending on the
type. In most cases, they resemble those of conventional influenza, including:
- Cough
- Fever
- Sore throat
- Muscle aches
- Headache
- Shortness of breath
Some people also experience nausea, vomiting or diarrhea. And in a few cases, a mild eye infection
(conjunctivitis) is the only indication of the disease.

TREATMENT
Many influenza viruses have become resistant to the effects of a category of antiviral drugs that
includes amantadine and rimantadine (Flumadine). Health officials recommend the use of
oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or, if oseltamivir can’t be used, zanamivir (Relenza).

PREVENTION
If you're visiting a foreign country that's had an outbreak you should:
 wash your hands often with warm water and soap, especially before and after handling
food, in particular raw poultry
 use different utensils for cooked and raw meat
 make sure meat is cooked until steaming hot
 avoid contact with live birds and poultry
What not to do:
 do not go near or touch bird droppings or sick or dead birds
 do not go to live animal markets or poultry farms
 do not bring any live birds or poultry back to the UK, including feathers
 do not eat undercooked or raw poultry or duck
 do not eat raw eggs