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 — ?*Ss5

KEY TO PHYSICS PART- H

SO
SOLUTION] .

By using the formula

=|x 750 x lO *6
(330) 2

6
= 40837500 x 10
"

1 At the end or this chapter the students will be able to:

= 40:83 J \ k Understand the concept of steady current.
Result k Describe some sources of current.
Energy to produce flash = E = 40.83J k Recognize effects of current.
k Understand and describe Ohm's law.
PROBLEM 12J 3 k Understand resistivity and explain its dependence upon temperature. : >
KT F. In the charging process , electrons
8 are
A capacitor has a capacitance of 2.5 X
potential difference betwcemthe k Know the value of resistance by reading colour .code on it. l
and placed on the other one . When the
removed from one plate
have been transferred ? k Know the working and use of rneostat ir the potential divider circuit. i
fl
plates is 450 V, how many electrons k Describe the characteristics of thermistor.
Data .
k Use the energy considerations to distinguish between emf and p 4.
G = 2.5 x TOTE
Capacitance of capacitor F k Describe the conditions for maximum power transfer. "

= 450 V ,
Potential difference between plates = V k Know and use the application of Kirchhoff's first law as conservation of charge.
To Find k Know and use the application of Kirchhoff's second law as conservation of energy.
Describe the function of Wheatstone Bridge to measure the unknown resistance.
•
T

Number of electrons = N- ?
k Describe the function of potentiometer to measure and compare potentials without
[SOLUTION. drawing and current from the circuit. :

Byformula
Q .1 Define current electricity: r
.
.
= Ne
.

_a (B| CURRENT ELECTRICITY

N “
e The branch of physics which deals with charges in motion is called current electricity or
electrodynamics , e.g . ,
. Therefore, q = GV
(i ) . A light bulb glows to the flow of electric current .
8
= 2.5 X KT x 450
-8 (ii ) The current that flows through the coil of motor that causes its shaft to rotate.
= 1123 X 10 G *
(iii ) Most of the devices in the industry and in our homes operate with current
Putting in eq (i ). .
— * --

1425. X 10-8 . Q .2 Define electric current and conventional current .

N = 1.6 x Iff 719
ELECTRIC CURRENT
-
703.1 x io; 8+19
= The charge per unit time passing through any cross section of a conductor is called electric current.
N = 703.1 x 10" (OR)
N 7.03 x 1013 electrons The rate of flow of charge is also called the electric current.
Result
Number of electron = N = 7.03 x 1013
 KEY TO PHYSICS PART - 11
52 passes through any [CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY
It is represented by “ I” and it is a scalar quantity . If a net charge AQ cross - - >
—
_ current I is #

then , electric to a battery, an electric field E will Free electron

section of a conductor in time At v be setup at every point within the
wire. The free electrons will now experience a force in the direction
A© O
i At opposite to E . As a result of this force the free electrons acquire a o-* o'*
.

Unit of Electric Current

—
motion in the direction of - E^. It may be noted that the . force
• • ST©
O
experienced by the free electrons does not produce a net .
%
of electric current is “ ampere” . The current is said
> SI unit acceleration because the electrons keep on colliding with the atofrus
to be ^^
he
ottc pere when one coulomb of charge is passing through any
.
of the conductor The overall effect of these collisions is to transfer
cross-section of wire in one second . It is represented by A •@o6s
MS
m the energy of accelerating electrons to the lattice with the result ]
that the electrons acquire an ayerage velocity,galled Jhe jlrift |
*
^
1C
-
^

IA 1 sec. >
velocity in the direction of - E . It may be defined as the velocity
the free electrons in the direction drift or effectively in the
are electrons.
|0 In metallic conductors the charge carriers
.
When eel senses danger, It turns
itself into a living battery. Any one
direction opposite to that of electric field in metal The drift
-
.
in electrolyte are positive and negattve «[ ~3
velocity is of the order of 10 ms 1 at room temperature Due to .
0 The charge earner
.
•ions
»h» >
between the head and tail of an
J “ JJ their thermal motion is several hundred kilometers per second . . i

carriers are ions and electrons.

‘
electric eel can be up to 600 V . Thus, when an electric field is established in a conductor, the
'
0 In gases the
, charge free electrons modify their random motion in such a way that they drift
slowly in a direction opposite to the field. In other words the electrons; I
I Current Direction , in addition to their violent thermal motion , acquire a constant drift 1 - .
Fig Conventional current flows,
as a flow of positive charge from positive to negative | velocity due to which a net directed motion of charges takes place irom higher to lower potential
Early scientists regarded an electric current .
I external circuit . Later on , it was found that a current in metallic . , along the wire and a current begins to flow through it. A steady current I '
throughawire I
terminal of the battery through an is established in a wire when a constant potential difference is
the flow of negative charge carriers called electrons moving in the opposite I
I conductors is actually due to
I —E^ I
,

take the directioii

. a convention to |
’

direction i.e , from negative to positive terminal of the battery , but it is maintained across it which generates the requisite electric field
' of current as the
* direction inwhich positive charge flow . This current is referred as conventional current ,

I , along the wire. y'

_ _ 1 I
experimentally that positive charge moving in one direction is
The reason is that it has been found
f equivalent in all external effects . to a negative charge moving in the opposite direction . As the current is , Q.4 Describe the source of current
of negative charges , after reversing its
measured by its external effects so a current due to motion
I direction of flow* can be substituted by an equivalent current due to flow of positive
point at
charges . Thus “ the | J
{2| SOURCE OFGURRENT

I
,
conventional current in a circuit is defined as that equivalent
higher potential (+ve) to a point at a lower potential -ve
charges” .
( ) as if
current
it
which
represented
passes
a
from
movement
a
of positive
1
To have a constant current the potential difference across the
conductor should be maintained constant; This is achieved by . r
connecting the ends of .wire to the terminals of a device called a source
of current. The source of current which converts some non-electrical v
Gurrent
— ns Electrons!

Q.3 Describe the current through a metallic conductor . energy such as, chemical, mechanical, heat or solar energy into
electrical energy is called source of current. There are many types of
fig CURRENT THROUGH A METALLIC CONDUCTOR sources of currents. For example;-
- Electron flow * Cells which convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
In a metal, the valence electrons are not attached to individual u .Connecting
| atoms but are free to move about within the body. These electrons are -v wire • Types of Cells
.
Fig A source of current such as
known as free electrons. The free electrons are in random motion just .+ Current . (i ) Primary cells: Cells which cannot be recharged. battery maintains a nearly
•
n Metal constant potential difference!
[ like th:
^ iswcules of a gas
*
in a container and they act as
. carriers in metals. The speed of randomly moving electrons depends
| upon temperature.
charge
,

^ Cr -

>
•

cefi;
(ii)
*
Secondary cells: Cell which can recharge
Electric generators which convert mechanical energy into
I between ends of a conductor .

If we consider any section of metallic wire, the rate at which

m. . Current electrical energy.
* Thermocouples which convert heat energy into electrical energy.
| the free electrons pass through it from right to left is the same as the Electron
rate at which they pass from left to right as shown. As a result the | Solar energy which convert sunlight directly into electrical energy.
L current through the wire is zero. If the ends of the wire are connected Electron flow
 --
rr

KEY TO PHYSIOS PART- 11

34
[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Q.5 What are the effects of current?
The copper atoms thus formed are deposited at cathode plate,
HI EFFECTS OF CURRENT
various effects it produces. There are three
While copper is being deposited at the cathode, the SO ions move
4
i

The presence of electric current can be detected by towards the anode. Copper atoms from the anode go into the solution as
types
(i ) Heating effect ‘
_(ii) _ Magnetic effect 1 (iii) Chemical effect '
copper ions which combine with sulphate ions to form copper sulphate.
Cu^ + SO4 CUSO4
(i) Heating Effect I As the electrolysis proceeds, copper is continuously deposited on the
Current flow through a metallic wire due to motion of free | cathode while an equal amount of copper from the anode is dissolved into
electrons. During the course of their motion , they collide frequently | the solution and the density of copper sulphate solution remains unaltered.
I with atoms of metal. At each collision , they lose some of their K .E and
through I I Note : This example also illustrates the basic principle of electroplating - a process of coating a thin
give it to atoms with which they collide . Thus as current flows layer of some expensive metal (gold, silver etc.) on an article of some cheap metal.
I i .e ., it generates |
;
wire, it increases K E of vibrations of the metal atoms
heat in the wire. Heat produced by a current I in the wire of resistance '
Q. 6 State and explain Ohm's law. Also define ohmic and non-ohmic substancesu_ _ I
IR during a time interval t is giyen by OHM’S LAW
'
i : _ _ u2
= I RT _

Introduction
Uses: Heating effect of current is utilized in electric heaters , kettles , |
[7 When a battery is connected across a conductor, an electric current begins to flow through the
- toaster and electric iron. ,
conductor. A German physicist George Simon Ohm showed by experiments that the current through the I
(ii) Magnetic Effect * , . metallic conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends. This fact is
known
accompanied by a magnetic , as Ohm’ s law.
The passage of current is always
I field in the surrounding space. The strength of field depends upon the 1 Statement
| value of current and the distance from the current element . The pattern This law states that “ The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional
I of the field produced by a current carrying straight wire , a coil orl . potential difference across its ends provided the physical states such as temperature of the
to thei
conductor
solenoid is as shown . 1
' remains unchanged” .
• Uses : All the machines involving electric motors also use magnetic | ( Mathematically
. .
effect ofj:urrent^ . . ,

(iii) Chemical Effect

^ I If V is the voltage applied across the ends of the conductor and the current I is flowing through it
therefore by ohm’s law .
Certain liquids such as dilute sulphuric acid ( H 2SO 4) or copper T V or
• '
— I
I
* OC •
V oc I
sulphate (CuS© 4) solution conduct electricity due to some chemical |
reactions that take place within them . The study of this process is , V = IR
chemical changes produced during the where R is constant of proportionally called the resistance of the conductor. The value of the
' known as electrolysis . The
( electrolysis of a liquid are due to chemical effects of the current . It Solenoid (depends upon the nature, dimensions and the physical state of
resistance
the conductor. It may be defined as the
opposition offered by the conductor to the flow of charges i.e., free electrons due to their continuous!
1

[depends upon the nature

passed through the liquid.
of the liquid and the quantity of electricity
' , eqllisions.against the atoms of the lattice.
^ ; '
J
electrolyte . The material in the form of wire or rod or Unit
I The liquid which conducts current is known as
plate which leads the current into or out of the electrolyte is known as electrode . The electrode connected The SI unit of resistance is “ ohm” . It is represented by SI .
| terminal is
with the positive terminal of the current source is called anode and that connected with negative (

knowmas cathode. The vessdeontaining the two electrodes and the liquid is known as voltameter . Ohm . V

Example “ If a current of one ampere flows through any cross-section of a conductor due to a potential
dilute solution difference of one volt applied across its ends then resistance of conductor is said to be one ohm.”
We will consider the Telectrolysis of copper sulphate solution . The voltameter contains
V

IV
1A
 X 2L Bresiv

KEY TO PHYSIOS PART- II [CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY '

56 ~ ~ 57
ii = i2 = i3 : ~
to obey ohm ’ s law if its •• I
1 A conductor is said
r' esistance remains constant i .e . , graph between V and I is a (
IRcq '

= IRl + IR 2 + IR 3 •

straight line , as shown in figure. 1 IRCq = I(Rl + R2 + R3)

Ohmic Rcq '

= R| + R 2 + R3 - |
obeys ohm’ s law is called 1 Characteristics of Series Combination
Iconductor whjch strictly
ohmic . (i ) Voltage across each resistance is different such that sum of voltages equal to applied voltage .!
Example (ii ) Current through all resistors are always same. ,
Metals. |(iii ) Equivalent resistance is always greater than the largest individual resistance. .
Non-ohmic Parallel Combination of Resistance
1
I There are devices which do not obey ohm’ s law , are In parallel arrangement , a number of resistors are connected side
called non-ohmic devices. _ _ _ _ I by side with their ends joined together at two common points . From
figure
Example
Filament
ohmic devices.
of bulbs
_
and semiconductor diodes are non -|
I
From ohm!s law
— • Ij + 12 + 13

Explanation V . = IR

Let us apply a certain potential difference across the I

terminals of filament lamp and measure the resulting current 1

passing through it. If we repeat the measurement for different

values of potential difference and draw a 'graph of voltage V Ri ’
versus current I, it will be seen that graph is not straight line. V V
V V
It means that filament is non-ohmic device. The deviation of J - R, + R +
2 R3
1 V - I graph from straight line is due to the increase in the ,
- •
1 1 1 1
L resistance of the filament with temperature. " +R +R
Rcq Rl 2 3
As the current passing through a filament is increased |
| (Characteristic of Parallel Combination 1
ufrom zero, the graph is straight line in the initial stage .
because change in the resistance of filament with (i ) Voltage across each resistance in parallel combination is same. -
^ ,
•

^ temperature due to small current is not appreciable . As the

'

current is further increased, the resistance due to rise in

*
.1
(ii ) Current through each resistance is different such that sum of branch currents equals to currend
supplied by battery.
I temperature is increased.
(iii ) Equivalent resistance is smaller than the smallest individual resistance.
' . Another example of non-ohmic device is a 1

semiconductor diode. The current-voltage graph of such a Q.7 Define resistivity and explain the dependence of resistance upon temperature.
diode is shown in figure. As the graph is not straight line, so:
semi -conductor is also a non-ohmic device. RESISTIVITY AND ITS DEPENDENCE UPON TEMPERATURE
Review of Series and Parallel Combinations of Resistor Resistivity
It has been experimentally seen that the resistance R of a wire is directly proportional to its
tf Series Combination of Resistance length L and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area A . ’

If the resistors are connected end to end such that the Mathematically
same current passes through all of them; they are said to be
(i )
connected in series as shown in figure.
V* = V , + V 'V
2+ 3 .
- (ii )
According to ohm’ s law 4 %

IReq = IlRl + I2R2 + I3R3

V
ESS - , -
'

v'
V
J'
 KEY TO PHYSIOS PART- II
58
[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Combining (i) and (ii ) 59
L Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
R
Definition
R fit (iii ) The fractional change in the resistance per kelvin temperature is known as
A temperature
. ..
•
» ‘ coefficient of resistance. It is represented by a.
where p. is a constant of proportionality known as
I
resistivity of the
resistance of a
material
meter cube
of
of
wire
a
. It is
conductor
defined
. It
as
may
the
be
Substance Bsim
1.52 x 10^ | 0.003801
Determination
Let R 0 and Rt be the resistances at 0°C and t°C respectively. It is experimentally found that
I the characteristic of a particular change in the resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its original resistance, i .e.,
noted that resistance is
resitivity is the property of the | Copper 1
1.54 x 10
~8 | 0,00390
I wire whereas the ~ I Rt ~ R0 R0 -
material of the wire from which it is made.
• « (0
I 1 0.00340
Also the change in the resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to change in its
I _ Unitof Resjstivity - 8
0.00390 _ _
.

P
RA
L
Aluminium
Tungsten ^.63 xT0
5.00 x 10-8

-8
0.00460
temperature i.e.,
R( - R0 « At
_ _
(ii )
I

2 £ 11.00 x 10 Combining (i) and (ii)

fflm
11.00 x 10 | 0.00520
"8
m Platinum
»i
-
~8°
Rt - R 0 « RoAt
p = fim Constenton 49.00 x 10 0.00001
8 Rt - Ro = aRoAt
So, SI unit of resistivity is “ & m” . 94.00 x 10 0.00091 '
Mercury
Rt ~ RQ
Conductance Nichrome 100.0 x lO 8 0.00020 '

I , a
RoAt (iii)
the reciprocal of resistance, i.e., -5
Conductance
^ 1
'
Carbon 3.5 x lO Where a is constant of proportionality named as temperature coefficient of resistance.
Conductance Resistance = Germanium T
A JXE ? Also the resistivity is directly proportional to the resistance therefore eq. (iii) can be written as
i

Silicon 20-2300 TA . .
SI unit of conductance ohm (Mho) or Siemen.
\
1
L t
a *t ~ Po
I
‘ PoAt
Conductivity « '

I where a is called the coefficient of resistivity. It may be defined the fractional change in the resistivity,
Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity, i.e:, "

per kelvin temperature is called the temperature coefficient of resistivity:

1
Conductivity = Resistivity A I Note: There are some substance like germanium, silicon etc., whose resistance decreases with increase
in temperature, i.e., these substances have negative temperature coefficients. |
SI unit of conductivity is ohm
DEPENDENCE UPON TEMPERATURE
.
1
"
, m (mho m ).
“ l "1
r-
Q .
Q.g What are the colour code for carbon resistances?
El COLOUR CODE FOR CARBON RESISTANCES - Mir
. •IE MUr
Resistance offered by a conductor is due to the collision of freei
electrons with the lattice atoms of metal. When temperature of the
conductor increases then lattice atoms start vibrating with greater
-200

Variation of
0

resistivity
200 400
T (°C)
of Cu .
600
Carbon resistors are most common in electronic equipment, f- ;
They consist of a high-grade ceramic rod or cone (called the Black
Colour
•
— Value
. 0
' amplitude and this form .a bigger target area for the flowing of free
with temperature. - substrate) on which is deposited a thin resistive film of carbon. The Brown
*
1
electrons. So the probability of the collisions of free electrons with thel numerical value of their resistance is indicated by a colour code Red 2
lattice atoms increases. This makes the collision between free electrons! which - consists of bands of different colours printed on the body of Orange 3
and the atoms more frequent and hence resistance of the conductor the the resistor. The colour used in this code and the digits represented Yellow •
4
Inspectors can easily check
L increases. : . . ,
I '
•

reliability of a concrete bridge by them are given in table. Green 5

f made with carbon fibers. The
Conversely when temperature decreases then lattice atoms
,
fibers conduct electricity i[ . I Usually the code consists of four bands. Starting from left toi Blue
‘
6
vibrate with smaller amplitude presenting smaller target area and this sensors show that electrical [ right, the colour bands are interpreted as follows Violet 7
decreases the probability of collisions between the lattice atoms and i resistance is increasing overtime ! Gray 8
the fibers are separating because
(1) The first band indicates the first digit in the numerical value
free electrons. This makes collisions less frequent and hence resistance of cracks . . f of the resistance. *
, White 9
L of the conductor increases '
•
‘

£
to - ,
* •

* -
**
Ac

^
5
K
 - ' •
-. '
-s - '
-

S IO S PA R T- II
KEY TO PHY
60
(2) The second band gives th e se co nd di
i
gi
e
t .
it gi ve s th e nu m be r of
IIBBE fill

T leranc„
[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY
where r is the resistance of the portion BC of the wire. The circuit shown in figure is known as potential
61
*

(3) The third band is decimal

zeros after th e fir st tw o di gi
m
ts
st
ul
.
an
tip

ce
lie

to
r

le
.

ra
. ,

nc e . It s co lo ur is ei th er
1st digit
2nd digit
.
No of Os
Si^?verd ° + 5%
*%
divide r. E q .
from ze to th fu
ro
(i ) sh
e
contact. As the slidin co
ow s
ll
g
th
po
at
te
nt
th
nt
ac t
is
ia
C
l
ci
di
is
rc ui
ff
m
t
er
ov
ca
en
ed
n
ce
pr

to
of
w
ov

ar
id
th e
ds
e

-
at
ba
B ,
its
tt
th
er
e
ou
y
le
tp
de
ng
ut
pe
th
te
nd
an
rm
in
d
g
in
he
al
up
nc
s
on
e
a po

th
th
e
te
e
re
nt
po
si
ia

st
l
sit
an
di
io
ce
ff
n
r
er
of
of
en ce

th e
varying
the sliding
po rt io n
(4) the fourth band give s re si Resistor Colour Coda
.
a to le ra nc e of ± 10 % , a of th e w ir e de cr ea se s w hi ch de cr ea se s V B c . If tb e sl id in g co nt ac t C is m ov ed to w ar ds th e en d A , r
ba nd in di ca te s
silver or gold. Silver m :
gold band shows a to le ra nc e of
be
±
+
5 %
20
.
%
If
.
th
T
er
ol
e
er
is
an
no
ce
fo
m
ur
ea
th ba
ns
nd
th
,
e Ii ?] increases hence VBc increases .
.
tolerance is un de rs to od to
. Fo r ex am pl e , a Q 10 What is thermistors? How they made?
fr om th e m ar ke d va lu e
possible variation ac tu al
Red Violet Orange Silver
w ith a to le ra nc e of ± 10 % w ill ha ve an 2 7 000 ± 10% THERMISTORS
lOOOfi resis to r
2 an d 11 00 S . . R = 27000 £2 (± 10%)
resistance anywhere be tw ee n 90 0 S A thermistor is a heat sensitive resistor.
ie nt of re sis ta nc e i .e . , th e re sis ta nc e of su ch
A ls o de sc ri be rh eo st at a s : Most thermistors have negative temperature coeffic
Q.9 What is Rheostat? thermistor decreases when their temperature is increa se d . T he rm is to rs w ith po sit iv e te m pe ra tu re

(i ) Variable resistor ( ii ) P ot en ti al di vi de r coefficient are also available .

Thermis to rs ar e m ad e by he at in g un de r hi gh pr es su re
HU) R H E O S T A T
va ri ab le re si st an ce . It co ns is t of a ba re m an ga ni n w ir e v / ound over an
semiconduct
ne se
or
ni
ce
ck
ra
el
m
co
ic
ba
m
lt
ad
, co
e
pp
fr om
er ir
m ix
on
tu
etc
re
.
s
Th
of
es
m
e
et al
ar e
lic
pr
ox
es se
id
d
es
in
of
to
It is a wire w ou nd d B A th ir d in al manga , , ,
th e w ir e ar e co nn ec te d to tw o fix ed te rm in al s A an . te rm ap es an d th en ba ke d at hi gh te m pe ra tu re . D iff er en t ty pe s
insulating cylinde r. Th e en ds of . desired sh
ch ca n be m ov ed ov er th e w ir e at sh ow n in fig ur e ( a ) .
ist or s ar e sh ow n in fig ur e . Th ey m ay be in th e fo rm of .
Fig Thermistors of different shapes.
C is attached vto a sli di ng co nt ac t w hi of therm ,

beads, rods or washers.

A rheostat can be used as ar e
Thermistors w ith hi gh ne ga tiv e te m pe ra tu re co ef fic ie nt
(i ) Variable Resistor (ii ) Potential Divider A ze ro - oh m re sis to r Is In di ca te d
very accurate for measuring low temperature especially near 10 K
•

Sliding contact by a single black colour band

Rheostat as Variable Resistor en ab le s m or e around tho body of the resistor.
(i)
of th e
< =* .
•
n, 9 ( 263°G . The
- ) hi gh er
accurate measurement possible.
re sis ta nc e at lo w te m pe ra tu re
*
as a va ri ab le resistor, on e
^
‘

In order to use rheostat

fixed terminal say A an d th e sli di ng .co nt ac t C ar e in se rt ed in th e Uses
w ay th e re sis ta nc e of th e A j B :
circuit as shown in figur e (b ) . In th is In fire al ar m s .
i us ed . If th e sli di ng co nt ac t is sh ift ed Resistance wire 0) .

wire between A an d C ; .
co ef fic ie nt ar e ve ry ac cu ra te fo r m ea su ri ng lo w •

al A th e le ng th an d he nc '. the resistance ^ (a) A Rheostat (ii ) Thermistors with high negative temperature
away from te rm in ,
rc ui t in cr ea se s ( be ca us e R « L) and if the e temperature especially near 10 kelvin .
included in the ci tu re se ns or i . e , th ey co nv er t ch an ge s of
sli di ng co nt ac t is - m ew ed to w ar ds A , th e re sis ta nc e de cr ea se s . • ( iii ) Thermistors have wide range of application as te m pe ra .

B •
temperature into electrical volta ge w hi ch is
'

du ly pr oc es se d . • .

A .

AA/VV .
Rheostat as Potential Divider
^( ) The use as variable resistor
b Q.1 I Describe electrical po w er an d po w er di ss ip at io n in re si st or s
E R D IS SI PA T IO N IN R E SI ST O R S
A po te nt ia l di ff er en ce V is ap pl ie d ac ro ss th e fix ed en ds * HD ELECTRICAL POWER AND PO W
A and B with the help of the battery. If R is the resistance of the J A Consider a circui t co ns ist in g of ba tte ry co nn ec te d in se ri es
wire AB , the current passing through it is with R , as shown in fg ur e . A st ea dy cu rr en t I flo w s th ro ug h th e
+
circuit and a potential di ffe re nc e V ex ist s be tw ee n th e te rm in al s A
V
I >e and B of resistance R . T er m in al A co nn ec te d to + ve po le of ba tte ry
“
R .
Y R i
JL i is at a higher potential than the terminal B .
The potential difference between the portion BC of the r, l
wire is given by '
Vac By the definition of potential difference
B. i
i AW
VBG = Ir i V ”

v AQ
Putting value of I di vi de r
V Use of rheostat as po te nt ia l Work done = AW = VAQ
VBG = r do ne su pp lie d by th e ba tte ry to move .
Fig Tho power of a battery appears
R This is the work as the power dissipated In the
charge AQ from A to B. . resistor R .
VBC = TRT V (i)

v.
 KEY TO PHY SIC S PAR T- 11
62 [CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 63
Definition Q. 12 Define electromotive force and terminal potential difference. Also describe its relation.
supp lying elec trica l ener gy is the elect rical pow er of the batt
'
“ The rate at which the battery is ety
[Ml ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf ) AND TERMINAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
or power output i.e.,
Suppose a steady current I has been established in the circuit , due
As -
to charge Aq passes through any cross section in time At. During motion ,
this charge enter the cell at its low potential end and leaves at high
Electrical ener;
Electrical power Time potential. The source must supply energy AW to the +ve charge to force
it to go to the point of high potential

P = —
VAQ
* The emf (E) of the source is defined as the energy supplied to a
unit positive charge by the cell in moving from negative terminal to the
positive terminal of the battery.
P AW
i . e. , E
Aq
.
Fig Electromotive force of a cell
'
.
'
P VI . (i ) (OR)
It is the potential difference^ betw een the term inals of the batte ry when no curre nt is flow ing
In the circu it show n , the pow er supp lied by the batte ry is dissi pated in the resis tor R . ft through an external circuit or when the circuit is open .
principal of conservation of ener gy tells us that the pow er dissi pated in the resis tor is also VI .
Terminal Potential Difference
- Power dissipated (P) = VI The P.D between the two points in the circuit js the energy dissipated when one coulomb of
charge flows from one point to another.
*
, •

From ohm’ s law The electromotive force is not a force and do not measure in Newton .
V = IR Unit of emf
The unit of emf is joule/coulomb which is called volt.
Putting value of V in eq. (i), we get
Internal Resistance .
P = IRxI The opposition offered by the elect rolyt e, prese nt betw een the / i £

p m two electrodes of the cell to the flow of current is known as internal \ y

resistance ‘r’ of the cell. Internal resistance is due to the resistance of , Fig. An equivalent circuit of a cell
=
of emf E and internal resistance r.
chemicals in the cells.
also from ohm’ s law a sourc e of pure emf E with r in
A cell of emf E havin g an inter nal resis tance r is equiv alent to
series as shown in figure. *

I
Relation betw een emf and Ter min al Pote ntia l Diff eren ce
resis tance r as show n in figur e. A voltm eter of infini te
Putting in eq. (i ) Consider a cell of emf E and intern al
resistance measures the pote ntial diffe rence acro ss the exter nal resis tance R .
Or V throu gh the f
P = VR When switch S is closed the, curre nt I flowi ng E
C A A
\
A !

circuit is given by
V E
F I “
R+r
R
E = I(R + r)
si
(i )
E- = 1R + Ir ft

E = V, + Ir
Fig .The terminal potential
SI Unit V. t = E - Ir - .
difference V of a cell is E Ir

The SI unit of electrical power is watt.

J
 bSrrT5fV ^*£

64
whe Vt =
re IR is the term inal pote ntia l diffe
KEY TO PHYSICS PART-ll
renc e of the cell in the pres ence of curr ent I . •
j
[CHAPTER 13]
_ £R
2
2

(R - r) + 4Rr
CURRENT ELECTRICITY 65

When circu it is open then , 1 0 = .Ther efor e, voltm

pres
eter
ence
read
of
s
curr
the
ent
emf
wou
E
ld
as
be
term
less
inal
than
volt
emf
age
E
when
by In when R - r, the denominator is least and so Pout
, is maximum . Thus we see that maximum power is
switch S is open . Thu s term inal pote ntial diffe renc e in the
delivered to a resistance (load) when the internal resistance of the source equals the load resistance. The
Now we discu ss - eq . (i ) on ener gy cons ider ation s .
The left side of this equa tion is emf E which ' is value of this maximum output power
equal to the ener gy gain ed by unit posi tive char ge as it pass es thro ugh the cell from its nega tive to j
positive
curr ent
term
pass
inal
es thro
. The
ugh
righ
the
t side
circu
R
of
it.
whic
A
this

h
part
is
equa

in
of
tion
this
acco
give
ener
rdan ce
s
gy
an

with
equa
acco
l
ener
unt
to
gy
Ir ,
of
is
cons
the utili
dissi
erva
pate
tion
zatio
d
.
n
into
of
the
this
cell
ener
. The
gy as
rest
the
of
Pout
_ ER

E
^
4Rr
2
the energy isdis sipa ted into pout “
(OR) 4R
The emf gives the energy supplied to a . unit char ge by the cell and pote ntial drop acro ss various KIRCHHOFF’ S RULE
elements acco unt for the dissi patio n of this ener gy into othe r form s as the unit char ge pass es thro ugh thes e Introduction
element. _ ... - Ohm s law and rules of series and parallel combination of resistances are quite useful to analyze
. . • « rr *» » TL emfr is alwa i
ys
ntial diffe renc e effec t . The prese nt simple electrical circuits consisting of more than one resistance. However such a method ,fails in the case
Also the
even when no
emf
curre
.is
nt
the
is
“ caus
draw n
e and
thro ugh
the pote
the batte ry or the cell
is its
but the pote ntial diffe renc e acro ss the , -
0f complex networks consisting of a number of resistors, and a number of voltage sources. Problems of

conductor is zero when no current flows through it. such networks can be solved by a system of analysis which is based unon two rules, known as
. .
- e . , Kirchhoff s rules. .
Condition for whic h emf ( E ) equa l to term inal P D Vti
As E = —
V, Ir .
Q 14 State and explain Kirchhoffs first rule.
E = Vt KIRCHHOFF’S FIRST RULE
If I = 0 Statement
.
i.e , circuit is open. It states that “ the sum of all the currents flowing towards a point is equal to the sum of all the
currents flowing away from the point” .
Q 13 Calculate the maximum power output . (GR)
(gig MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUT “ The sum of all the currents meeting at a point in the circuit is zero” .
. In the circuit show n , as the curre nt I flow s throu gh R , the
Mathematically
- charges flow- from a point of
potential and they loos e pote
high
ntial
er pote
ener gy
ntial
. If
to
V
a
is
poin t
the
of lowe
pote
r
ntial r.e., si = o (i)

difference across R , the loss of P .E per seco nd is VI . This loss of It is a convention that current flowing towards a point .is taken as positive and that flowing away
potential energy per seco nd app ears in othe r form s of ener gy and is from the point is taken as negative. *

known as pow er deli vere d to R by curr ent I. Explanation ,

*
-
* .
Power delivered to R Pout = VI Consider a situa tion whe re four wire s meet at a poin t A . The
2 A are Ir and I . Curr ents flow ing awa y from
P = IR current flowing into the
point A are I3 and I4.
poin
Acco
t
rding to conv
2
entio ns I
| and I2 are + ve whe reas
E
I I3 and Lt are -ve.
R +r
r 2 Apply eq. (i)
ER
v
. . «*
•
; - I - (R +
r ii + 12 + (“
E) + ( L) %
— o
2
Ii + 12 = 13 + 14
.
ER or
Pout "
R + r + 2Rr st also calle d as Kirc hhof Ts poin t rule is a
tW|. . Kirchhoff s 1 rule is
. If there is no sink and . Flg. According +o Kirchi offs

Pout
2
ER fJm iS ifo fT ce Tm ea su
open
res
circu
•
it
() manifestation of law of conservation
source of charge at the point, the total
of char
charg e
ge
flow ing towa rds the poin t 1
s
ruleI + I = I3 + b.
1t
" 2 2
R + r 2Rr + 4Rr - the emf cell
ofthe on :

must be equal to the total charge flow ing awa y from the poin t.
1 2

1 l

ER 2 differenceonad 'o sed chc uhT j

2 2
"
(R +. 1 - 2Rr) + 4Rr
- •
1
 -

66 KEY TO PHYSICS PART-II [CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY

(iii ) Assume a loop current in each loop, all the loop currents should be in the same sense . It
Q. 15 State and explain Kirchhoffs second rule . may be either clockwise or anticlockwise . 9
y ’

fl] KIRCH HOFF’S SECON D RULE (iv) Write the loop equations for all the selected loops . For writing each loop equation the
voltage change across any component is positive if traversed from low to high potential and
Statement
it is negative if traversed 'from high to low potential .
This rule states that the algebraic sum of potential changes for a closed loop (closed circuit) is
( v ) Solve these equations for the unknown quantities .
zero.
Explanation Q . 16 What is Wheatstone Bridge? Describe its construction and v/ orking.
.

Consider a closed circuit as shown in figure . Let Ei is greater

than E2, (EI > E2) so the current flows in counter clockwise direction as PI) WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
shown in figure. By the definition of P.D It is a device which is used to determine the unknown resistance of a material .

v- w Construction B

AQ It consists of four resistances Ri , R2, R3 and R 4 connected in such R R2

W = VAQ a way so as to form a mash ABCDA . A battery is connected between
points A and C . A sensitive galvanometer of resistance Rg is connected G
when a .positive charge AQ due to current I, passes through cell Ei from Fig. According to Kirchhoff 's between points B and D.
A
> I I2 \
negative to positive terminal , it gains energy equal to EiAQ. When the 2 rule E1 - IR1 - E2- IR 2 = 0.
nd
Working
current passes through the cell E2, it looses energy equal to-E2AQ, because
here the charge passes from high to low potential . In going through Ri , the charge AQ looses energy
* If the switch S is closed, the current will flow through R3 *
equal to -TRjAQ where IRi is the potential difference across Ri . The negative sign shows that the charge galvanometer. We are todetcrmine the condition under which no current
j flows through the galvanometer even after the switch is closed. For this
is passing from high to. low potential . Similarly the loss of energy while passing through R2 is -IR2AQ. i nd
Finally the charge reaches the negative of cell E\ from where we started. According to the law of
purpose we analysis this circuit using Kirchhoff s 2 rule. We consider s
conservation of energy the total change in energy of the system is zero.
the loops ADBA , DCBD and CDAC and assume anticlockwise loop - - - !-+
currents Ii , I2 and I3 through the loops respectively. • Fig. Wheatstone bridge circuit.
, . EiAQ - IRiAQ - E2AQ - IR 2AQ = 0 nd
The Kirchhoffs 2 rule applied to loop ADBA gives
AQ(Ej — IRi — E2 IR2) — = 0
-ai - l3)R 3 -ai - l2)Rg - IiRi = 0 (0
Divide by AQ on both sides nd
Similarly applying Kirchhoff s 2 rule to loop DCBD
So Ej — IRi — —
E2 IR2 , = 0 -(I2 - I3)R4 - I2R2 - (I2 - Ii )Rg = 0 (ii)
which is Kirchhoff s- second rule . The current flowing through galvanometer is 0 if ,
Note : This rule is simply a particul ar way of stating the law of conserva tion of energy in electric
, al I1 - I2 = 0 or I2 - I1 = 0
’

problems. *
•

I2 = li
i Ii = I2
Convention W '
• (
Putting this in eq. (i) and (ii) we get
o If a source of emf is traverse d from -ve to positive termina l , the potentia l change is + ve , it is (iii )
-(Ii -13)1 3 - I1R1 = 0
'
.

negative in opposite direction . . .•

^ (iv )
ve -(I2 - i3)R -» - I2R2 = 0
o If a resistor is transversed in the direction of current , the change in potentia l is negative , it is +
(ii - 13)1 ( V)
in the opposite direction . •
•
'
• • -I 1 R 1 = * 3
(vi)
-I2R2 = ft - I )R
Procedure of Solution of Circuit Problems 3 4

After solving the above problem we are in a position to apply the same procedu re to analyse Dividing (v) by (vi )
other direct current complex networks . While using Kirchhoffs rules in other problems, it is worthwhile -IiRi A - I3 )R3 .

to follow the approach given below:

,
i
-I2R2 7 (I2 - II )R4
(i ) Draw the circuit diagram. (II - l3)R3
• IlRl _
(ii ) The choice of loops should be such that each resistance is included at least once in the I2R2 (I2 - fe)R4
selected loops. » *•

l
:
 68 KEY TO PHYSIOS PART- II [CHAPTER 13]
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Since I\ = I2 , If the resistance between A
and C is r, the potential drop across these points J 6
/ I1R1
~
1 ~ 13
^ 3 ; VAC = Ir
will be1
I1R2 (Il - l3)R4
putting the value of I, we get
_ R3
Ri
Ro R4
(A)

Thus whenever the condition of eq. (A) is satisfied, no current flows through galvanometer i.e., it
i VAC =
E
tr
shows no deflection or conversely when galvanometer shows no deflection , eq . (A) is satisfied. If we VAC = -
j E
*

connect three resistances Ri , R 2 and R3 of known value and a fourth resistance R4 of unknown value and Hence as C is moved from A to B, r varies from 0 to R and
Ri , R2 and R3 are so adjusted that galvanometer shows no deflection then using eq. (A), R4 can be VAC changes from 0 to E.
determined. 00 To Measure Unknown emf of a Cell
To measure the unknown emf of a source by
Q .17 Describe potentiometer with its uses. using a,
l- circuit shown in figure. Here R is in the form of a straight
wire ofi
uniform area of cross-section A. A cell whose emf
POTENTIOMETER 1
Ex is to be
measured is connected between A and C through a galvanometer
1 G. It should be noted that +ve lermTnal of E and that of
Introduction
Potential difference is usually measured by an instrument called a voltmeter. .The voltmeter is
potential divider are connected to the same point A. If in
AGGA, the point C and the -ve terminal of are at the same
Ex
^ the . 1
the loop . 1
I connected across the two points in a circuit between which potential difference is to be measured; It is potential then the two terminals of the galvanometer
will be at
'
necessary that the resistance oHhegyoltmete must be arge as omparejo the circuitjesistance across|
^ ^ ^ ^

^
which the voltmeter is connected. Otherwise an appreciable current will flow through the voltmeter
^

which will alter the circuit current and the potential difference to be measured. Thus the voltmeter can
same potential and no current will flow through the galvanometer.
Therefore to measure the potential Ex, the position of C is so 1
adjusted that_ the galvanometer shows no deflection. Under this . r ' B 400.cm
read the correct potential difference only when it does not draw any current from the circuit across
[condition Ex = E.1
which it is connected. An ideal voltmeter would have an infinite resistance. .
. However, there are .some potential measuring instruments such as digital voltmeter and cathode
,

ray oscilloscope which practically do not draw any current from the circuit because of their large
resistance and are very accurate potential measuring instruments. But these instruments are very
between A&
^
If L, is total length from A to B and 7* is length of wire,
fA'
200. cm
SC
J 300 cn

100 cm
Therefore unknown emf is given by
expensive and are difficult to use. A veiy simple instrument which can measure and compare potential
'

Ex
differences accurately is a potentiometer. Ex
•
- = LE
Definition
Tt can be seen that the unknown emf Ex is determined when no current
A very simple electrical instrument which can measure and compare potential differences j is drawn from it and
dierefore, potentiometer is one of the most accurate melhodsTor measuring potential.
,

without drawing any current from the circuit is called potentiometer.

To Compare the emf of Two Cells j ' 1 *1*1 * *»» ‘1 * 1 * 11 * 1* 1 * If ‘f * t *
Principle B 100
To compare the emfs Ej and E2 of two cells we use the r
The potential difference across any wire of length L and uniform , area of cross section A , is I circuit diagram as shown , the balancing lengths l\ and /2 are found ( G;
directly proportional to its length when constant current flows through it. separately for the two cells, then _ -
^ RB
••
• E cc L k R — —
: >l .
E, (0 , +-
1 d|l
A potentiometer is consist of a resistor R in the form of a wire, on
, = £E
which a terminal C can slide shown in figure E
Dividing (i) by (ii)
(ii)
•
+i
E.

E2
--
E , l\E/L * +;!• -
E2
E,
- "
hEJL
h
'

^
•
E2 “
/2
So the ratio of the emfs is equal to the ratio of the balancing length s.
 BB ssr

KEY TO PHYSICS PART II - [CHAPTER 13]

CURRENT ELECTRICITY 71
70 I
D re
f
1© H I * 8/1 m
By formula
L
E = PA
13Jj\
EXAMPLE 1.0 . Find the current in ampere flowing RXA
through a conductor 19in [is i P (i)
1.0 x 107 electrons pass L
. Electronic charge is 1.6 x 10 C. “

through the conductor But V

R "
I
Data
Number of electrons
Time
—= N
At
=
=
1.0 xlO
=
1.0 [is
7

1.0 xlO .C
6
"
.
i
"
1.5
0.75 = 2.0
^
x 10-'9
C 2.0 x 2.5 X 10 7
"

Charge = q •
= 1.6 So P 5.0
7
To Find p = 1.0 x 10 £2.m
= I = ?
Current Result
\S0 LVTim Resitivity = p = 1.0 x 10 7

By formula EXAMPLE 13.3

AQ '

I . ,£t .
" .
A platinum wire has resistance of 10 Si at 0°C and 20 Si. at 273°G Find the value of
temperature coefficient of resistance of platinum .
.
But AQ . = Nxq
19
I
Data - -
107 x 1.6 x 10
“

= 1.0 X
-12
Resistance at 0°G . = Ro 10 Si
= 1.6 x 10 C
' ~ 2
Resistance at 273°C = Rt = 20 SI

So I =
l ,6 x 10
1.0 x 10 ^
“

6
Temperature
— to =
=
0°C + 273
273 K
~

1.6 x 10 A
”

= |= t
Temperature = 273°C + 273
Result = 546 K
= 1.6 x 10^ A
Current = I '
Difference t -
= to = 546 - 273 j
= 273 K
To Find
Temperature coefficient = a = 9 .

resistivity of irom
[ SOLUTION
Data
Current gf
~ ~
i = I = 0.75 A By formula

!Potential difference,
Length of wire
1

=
= L
=
V
=
1.5 V
0m .
—
Rt Ro
Rot
20 - 10
7 2
= 2.5 x 10 m
Area of
— — — -— — — wire
_ _ _ r = A
“ 10 x 273
To Find
Resitivity of iron

1 .
 52»

KEY TO PHY SIO S PAR T- II

72 [CHAPTER 13]
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1 73
~ 273 K
.
EXAMPLE 13 '
-3 -l
= 3.66 x 10 K Calculate the currents in the three resistances of the circuit
.
shown in
i figure. .
Data
Result -l
a = 3.66 x 10 K
3 ,The given resistance are
Temperature coefficient =
Ri . . = 10 a] " R2 = 30
^
F. XAMPLE 13.4 R3 = 15 fit
and voltages arc
,; s of the batte ry
E, = 40 V , E2 = 60 V
internal resis tanc e *
E3 = 50 V
Data To Find
= E = 2.2 volt
Voltage
^ = 5.o a
Current from R . = Ii = 9

Resistance = R Current from R2 = I2 = . ?

= V 1 :8 V
L Potential difference Current from R3 = I3 =
_ _?!

To Find SOLUTION
Current = I - ?.
Byformula
Internal resistance 1 '
Now applying the Kirchhoff s 2nd rule on the loop adcba|
SOLUTION •
1 - Ei - IjRi - (Ii - l2)R2 + E2 = 0
I
For current ;
1
1-40 - 1, x 10 - (Ii — 12) x 30 + 60 = , 0
• ;
v -40 - IQIi - 30Ii + 3OI2 + 60 =
I - R w
w ,

.
• 0

1.8 20 - 401, + 30I2 = . 0

5.0 2 - 41, + 3I2
“

, = 0
= 0.36 A Applying Kirchoof s 2 rule on loop bcfebl
nd
<

For internal resistance — E2 (I2 II )R2 I2R3 + E3 = 0

E = V + Ir — 60 — (I2 — I, ) x 30 — 12 x 15 + 50 = 0
E-V = IT -6.0 - 30I2 + 301, - 15I2 + 50 = 0
E- V -10 - 45I2 + 301, = 0
r . ~ I Divide by 5
2.2 - 1J —2— 9I2 + 61, — 0 (ii )
0.36
Multiply eq. (i) by 3 and add in (ii )
= 1.11 a -2 - 91, + 61, = 0

Res
- ult 6 — 121, + 9I2 — 0
61,
• 1

Current = I = 0.36 A = 4

Internal resistance, = r = 1.1;1

 KEY TO PH YS IOS PA RT-11
74 4

= !A = 0.66 A 13.1 A potential difference is applied across the ends of a copper wire. What is the effect on thq
drift velocity of free electron by?^
1

Put in eq . (ii ) for I2 (i ) Increasing the potential difference.

; . 2
6 x = 0 (ii ) Decreasing the length and the temperature of the wire. .
-2 - 9 XI2 + 2
Ans. (i ) As we know that the drift velocity of free electrons is directly proportional to the potential
-2 - 9I2 + 4 = 0 difference i.e., • •
1
2 - 912 = 0 '
Vd oc E
2 = 9I2 Therefore if potential difference is increases then the drift velocity of free electrons is also
increases.
2 ,
0.22 A
? -
2 9 =
V. •
(ii) 4
As the resistance depends (i.e., directly proportional) upon temperature and length of the
[ conductor. So on decreasing the temperature and length of the conductors, the resistance
,
*

decreases. So drift velocity increases.

So the cur ren t from Ri = Ii =|= 0.6 6 A
13.2 Do bends in a wire affect its electrical resistance? Explain.
- I1 I2 = 0.66 - 0.22 Ans. The resistance of conductor of length L and cross-sectional area A is given by
Cu rre nt fro m R2 = 0.44 A

= I2 = 0.22 A
= R - ^
A

—
r?

l . Result
Current from R 3 Where is
cros -
s
p
sect
remain same.
the
iona l
resi
area
stiv
A
ity
of
who
the
se valu
wire is
e depe
unc han
nds
ged
upo n
afte
the
r ben
natu
ding
re of
then
the con
its
duc
elec
tor
trica
.
l
If leng
resi
th
stan
L
ce
and
will

13.3 What are the resi stan ces of the resi stor s give n in the figu res A and B ? Wh at is the tole ran ce
of- each? Explain what is meant by the tolerance?
Brown Silver
Green Orange
Red White
Gold Yellow
"
B

ban ds on the left sho w valu es of resi stan ce and the extr eme
Ans. Figure A as we know that first thre e
band gives tolerance of the resi stan ce . Thu s in this figu re.
st
1 band in brown = 1
nd
2 band in green = 5
rd
3 band is. red = 2 = No of zeros = 00

4 band is gold whi

th ch sho ws tole ranc
'
e = ± 5%

So the actual value of resi stan ce = 150 0 + 5 %

Figure B
st
1 bandis yellow = 4
nd
2 band is white = 9
76 KEY TO PHYSIOS PART- 11
[OHAPTER 13] ,
rd
3 band is orange = 3 = No of zeros = 000
th ! The current I!passing through
4 band is silver = Which shows tolerance R is i
= ± 10% I I = *
V/R
The potential difference
. So the actual resistance = 49000 ± 10% '
between B; and C is
Tolerance Tolerance means the possible variation from the marked value. For example, 1500$ : -
VBC = Ir
resistance with a tolerance of ±5% will have an actual value of resistance b/ w 1425 to 1575. Putting values of I

13.4 Why does the resistance of a conductor rise with temperature? V

•• VBC = R r
Ans. As we know that resistance offered by a conductor to the flow of current is due to the collisions,
of free electrons with atoms of lattice. As temperature of the conductor rises, the amplitude of r
vibration of the atoms in the lattice increases and hence the probability of their collisions with
= RV
free electrons also increases. Hence resistance of conductor rise with temperature. '
Where R = Resistance of wire AB.
‘

13.5 What are the difficulties in testing whether the filament of a lighted bulb obeys Ohm’s law? r - Resistance of portion BO of wire
Ans. According to Ohm’ s law current is directly proportional to applied potential difference providing i The circuit shown can provide its
output pptential difference varying
physical state of conductor must remain constant therefore when current passes through the
1
difference of battery depending on position from zero to full potential
i
as we move from B to A the potential of sliding contact O. From the equation we
'
filament of bulb, initially the temperature of filament is low and its resistance remains constant difference will change from zero to V. see that
hence filament Obey’ s Ohm’s law but with the passage of time, its temperature increases, so 1, 3.8 Explain why the
terminal potential difference of a battery
resistance of filament increases therefore Ohm’s law is not valid due to increase in temperature. ! drawn from it is increas_ed? decreases when the current
13.6 Is the filament resistance lower or higher in a 500W, 220 V light bulb than in a 100W , 220V Ans. We know that the relation
. between terminal potential difference
bulb? I V,
and emf is
J • * •
= E - Ir
As we know that Here r is the internal resistance of cell.
2
V (OR) It is clear that when current I is large,
P the factor Ir becomes large and
R V 2 potential difference of a battery Vt becomes
decreases when current drawn from it increases. small. Thus the
- 2 As P R 13.9 What is Weatstone bridge? How can it be used to
V
R P
determine an unknown resistance?
V 2 Ans.
st R P
For 1 case
2
Ri •
=
(220)
= 96 m
If V = Constant .
500
F
r
nd
For 2 case ** p
(220) 2
.•. 500 watt bulb has less resistance than 100 W.
R2 100 = 484S2

So the resistance of 500 watt bulb is less than the resistance of 100 watt. But 500 watt bulb will
draw more current as compared to 100 watt bulb.
Describe a circuit, which will give a continuously varying potential?
For continuously varying potential, we can use
(i) Rheostat as potential divider.
(ii) Potentiometer as potential divider.
Here we describe rheostat as potential divider.
\
A potential difference V is applied across the ends A and B of the rheostat as shown in figure -
 a
[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 79
PROBLEM 13.2
A charge of 90 C passes through a wire in 1 hour and 15 minutes. What is the current in
the wire?
Data
PROBLEM 13.1
an y el ec tr on s pa ss th ro ug h an el ec tr ic bu lb in on e m in ut e if th e 30 0 m A cu rr en t is Charge = Q = 90 C * #

How m
Time t = 1 hour 15 min.
passing through it?
1
= 75 min.
L Data
300 m A
I = 75 x 60 I
Electric current = I = 4500 sec.
-3
300 x 10 A
=
= To Find
i
Time t 1 min.
Current in the wire = I = ?
= 60 sec.
SOLUTION
To Find By. formula
Number of electrons = N = ?

SOLUTION
90
f - By formula i "
4500
Ne = Q I = 0.02 amp

_
N
t
- ©
X
e.. .
"
20
1000 = 20 x 10
" 3

But e = 1.6 x 10- C 19 = 20 m A

Result
Q = Ixt
300 x 10 x 60
3 Current in the wire = = I 20 mA
=
"

R , » . 6 fi
3Q
t3 PROBLEM 13.3
= 18000 X 10
ui t (Fi g. P 13 3 ), |
Find the equivalent re sis ta nc e of th e ci rc R = 6 'Q
Q = 18 C .
r total current drawn from the sour ce an d th e cu rr en
'
t th ro ug h ea ch *

Putting in eq. (i) .

.6 V
i
+
Fig. P 13.3
N : -.
So 1.6 x 10 - "

= 11.25 x 10

= 1.125 x 10 TiU
electrons .
/«

Result
Number of electrons = N = 1.125 x 10
i

n'
 PH YS IC S PA RT- 11
80 KEY TO ~
r
[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT F' - EC^ r CITY 81
To Find ,(iii) Current from each resistance
- ?
(i ) Equivalent resistance
^

= Re = Now fronvthe circuit (i), the potential betwe i J| nd B is

(ii ) To tal cu rre nt th ro ug h its cir cu it = I = ?

I-VAB = H l
(iii) Current through resistance Ri = Ii =
?
= 1x 3 I
Cu rre nt thr ou gh re sis tan ce R 2 = I 2 = ? VAB = 3 volt
= Is = ? So the current from resistance Ri is
Current through resistance R 3
Ii
VAO _ .
3 1
SOLUTION Ri "
6

(0 For equivalent resistance = 0.5 A

an d R ar e co nn ec te d in pa ra lle l The current from resistance R 2 is
Since the resistance Ri 2

so in parallel combination VAB 3

12 = RT = 6
1 1 1
R - +
R , R2 I2 0.5A =
The current from resistance R 3 is i

1 1 1
~ +
6 6* V 6
R
Is “ Re “ 6
*
•
I3 = IA

1 2 Result
R 6 (i ) Equivalent resistance = Re = 6fi
l r '
1 (ii ) Total current from the circuit = I = 1.0 Amp ,

R 3 (iii ) Current from resistance R 1 = =

I2 0.5 Am p

R = .38 Current from resistance R2 = I2 = 0^5 Amp_

Since the resistance R an d R3 ar e co nn ec ted in se rie s as Current from resistance R3 = I3 = 1.0 Amp

sh ow n so in se rie s co m bi na tio n .
PROBLEM 13.4
Re = R + R3
A rectangular bar of iron is 2.0 cm by 2.0 cm in cr os s se cti on an d 40 cm lon -
g Ca lcu.lat e its
= 3+3 resistance if the res iti vit y of iro n is 11 x 10 ~8
8m .
Re = 68 Data
So the equivalent resistance = Rc = 6 8 Area of cross-section = A = 2x2
= + .rn '

(ii ) For to ta l cu rr en t dr aw n fr om th e cir cu it is 4 2

- H x 1C m
V = IRC
Length of iron bar - = L 40 cm

I "
V
R e.
=
0.4m
-
Uxl 0 s Q m
Resistivity of iron =
6 To Find
I 6
Resistance of iron bar = R - ?
I = 1 amp
V

82 KEY TO PHYSIOS PART-11 [CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 83

SOLUTION Putting the values
R, = 1 x 104 (I + 5.2 X 10 3
"
x 500)
By formula
= 1 x 104 (1 + 2.6)
L = 1 x 104 x 3.6
R = PX R,t 3.6 xl04 f 2
~H
= J
11 x 10 x 0.4 Result
R 4 x 10 4
R, = 3:6 x 104 51
"

Resistance at 500°e =
= 1.1 x 10 -8+4
PROBLEM 13.6 a I 8.0 £2 c
4
r> tO.1on o.9oa
= 1.1 x 10 SI
^^
"
R .

Result
Resistance of iron bar = R = l.lxlO 4
"

^
I
Data
Calculate terminal potential difference of each of cells
in circuit of as shown.
I
.4
?
b
, 24V 6.0V \
d
E2

PROBLEM 13.5
Potential of cell Ei . = Vi = 24 volt
Resistance of cell Ei = . rj = 0.10 &
The resistance of an iron wire at 0 °C is 1 x 104 SI What is.the resistance at 500 ° C if thel Potential of cell E2 = V2 = 6.0 volt
temperature coefficient of resistance of iron is 5.2 x 10 3
KT 1
?
"
I Resistance of cell E2 = r^ l = ' .9 SI
Data 1 Resistance in circuit = RJ = 8.0 £2
Temperature of iron wire ,
'= ^ O^C + 275
t To Find
1 .= 273 R|
(i) Potential difference of cell Ej = Vt = ?
/

Resistance at 0°G = Rp = _1 x 104 SI (ii) Potential difference of cell E2 = V = ?

1
Temperature = t2 = 500°G + 273 '
\ SOLUTION
= 773 K
. According to circuit, all the three resistances n, R and r2 are connected in series so in series
Change in temperature t = t2 - ti combination

= 773 - 273 Rc —=
n + R + r2
0.10 + 8.0 + 0.90
= 500 K
3
Temperature coefficient of resistance = a = 5.2 x 10 K " 1
" Re = 951
As the two cells opposes each other so the net effective voltage is
To Find V 24 - 6'
=
Resistance at 500°G = R, = ? 18 volt
So the current flowing through the circuit is
[ SOLUTION
V = IRe
V
I . “
Rc
18
9
1 = 2 Amp
So using the relation
= Vt - Ir
 KEY TO PHY SIOS PAR T-II
84 [CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 85
(0 For 1st cell Ei Applying Kirchhoff’s 2nd rule on loop BCDEB
Vt = Ei - In -E2 - I2R2 — (I2 ii )Ri— = 0
= 24 - 2 x 0.10
-6 - 1212 - g2 - ii ) i 8 = 0
V,t = 23.8 volt
Divide by 6
(ii) For the cell E2

Vj = E2 + Ir2
-1 - 2I2 - 3(I -1,) = 0
2

from -ve to +ve -1 - 212 - 312 + 31, = 0

Since the same current flowi ng throu gh E2

6 + 2 x 0.9
3II 5I2 - = 1 (ii)
V.1 = Multiply eq (i) by 3 and eq (ii) by 2 and add
= 7.8 volt
-6I1 + 6I2
Result
= 3

, 61, - 10I2 = 2
(i) Potential diffe rence of cell E = Vt = 23.8 volt
-4I2 = 5
(ii) Potential difference of cell E2 = Vt' = 7.8 volt
-5
I2
PROBLEM 13.7 4
the circu it of figur e. -1.25A
Find the curr ent whic h flow s in all the resis tance s of I2 =
Data Putting in eq. (i)

Voltage of cell = , =
E 9 volt ]
—
-21 + 2( 1.25) = 1
Resistance = R , = 18 & -21, - 2.50 = 1
Voltage of cell = E = 6 volt
2
-21, = 1 + 2.50
Resistance = R 122SI '

-21, = '
3.50
To Find -3.50
(i) Current from resistance R, = I, = ? Ii = 2
(ii ) Current from resistance R 2 = I2 = ?
I , = -1.75A
SOLUTION ] Current through R , = I - Ii 2
resp ectiv ely in
,
Let I and I2 are the curre nts flowi ng throu gh the loops ABE FA and BCD
from the
EB
loop ABE FA are = -1.25 - (-1.75)
clockwise direction . Appl ying Kirch hoffs secon d rule , the poten tial chan ges
= -1.25 + 1.75

-(I, - I2)RI - E, "

= 0 = 0.50A

-(I, - I2H 8 - 9 = 0 Current through R2 = I2 = -1.25A .

Divide by 9 Result
-2(11 - 12) - 1 = 0 Current through Ri ,
= = I 0.50A
-21, + 2I2 - 1 = 0
= -
1 25A
Current through R2 = I2
— 21, + 2Ii