Silfm' Nigkargb Rmsilfm'Enakñúgvitüal Ymyy: Saklvitüal Ypuminþpñmebj

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saklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj

ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF PHNOM PENH

sIlFm’ nigkarGb;rMsIlFm’enAkñúgviTüal½ymYy
Moral and Morality Education in a High School

r)aykarN_RsavRCav
edIm,IbMeBjlkçxNÐbBa©b;karsikSa
fñak;briBaØabRtCan;x<s;EpñkGb;rM

Eg:t edOn

ExsIha qñaM2010
mUln½ysegçb
bnÞab;BI)aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCav edayEp¥kelIxøwmsaremeronsIlFm’ tamPUmiski SanImYy²)an
Gb;rMral;\riyabfTaMgGs;rbs;sisSanusisS [ecHerobcMxønÜ R)aN[)ansmrmü ecHrab;GansisSdUcKña
ecHeKarBsiT§Ki ñaeTAvijeTAmk sÁal;BItnY aTIrbs;xøÜnCaGñksikSa nigyl;dwgtémøéncMeNHviC¢aedIm,IeFVI
skmµPaBkñúgkarrs;enARbkbedaysIlFm’l.¥
kñúgkarrs;enACamYyRKYsar eyIgRtUvecHeKarB«Bukmþay ecHTTYlykcMeNHdwgBIKat;edaycitþ
rIkraynigKµankarRbmafcMeNHdwgrbs;mnusSsm½ymun nigmnusSsm½ybc©úb,nñ RtUvecHhVwkhat;Rkm
sIlFm’TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIBI«BukmþayEdlrYmmankarKarvkic© karhUbcuk karesøókBak; karedIrehIr
karcayvayR)ak;kasCaedIm nigecHRslaj;rab;Ganbgb¥Únk¾dUcCaGñkdéT edayminerIseGIgb¤
Rbkan;vNѳzan³GVIeLIy.
kñúgkarrs;enAkñúgsgÁmsisSanusisS RtUvyl;dwgGMBIc,ab;TUeTArbs;sgÁmedIm,IGb;rxM øÜnÉg[
køayeTACaBlrdæl¥ ecHeKarBsiT§Gi ñkdéTenAtamTIsaFarN³ nigminRkeGItRkTmb¤mancriteqµIgéqµ
enaHeT KWRtUvman\riyabfsmrmücMeBaHmnusSdUcKña.
CagenHeTot RTwsþIRBHBuTs§ asnak¾)anGb;rMeyIgbEnßmeTotpgEdr dUcCanic©sIl ]e)asfsIl
nigsIldb;CaedIm KWGb;rMGMBIsIlFm’rs;enA KuNFm’l¥nwgKëa GMeBICakusl nigkarminRbmafdl;CIvit
GñkdéT edIm,IsuxsnþiPaBkñúgsgÁmCati.
edayELkviTüasaRsþk¾RtUvRbkbedaysIlFm’pgEdr eRBaHfaebIsinviTüasaRsþxVHsIlFm’enaH
vanwgbgáplGaRkk;epSg²dl;sgÁmmnusSCak;CaBMxu an. ]TahrN_ dUcCaGñkeRbIR)as;fñaEM dlmanCati
KImIedaymin)anKitdl;suxPaBnigGñkeRbIR)as;eRKOgsBVavuFRbl½yelakCaedIm.
dUecñHbuKÁlRKb;²rUbRtUvecHGb;rMsIlFm’edayxøÜnÉg tamry³karGanÉksar RbB½np§ SBVpSay
dUcCakaEst TsSnavdþI GinFWENt b¤karemIlTUrTsSn_ ExSPaBynþCaedIm. edayRtUvecHdkRsg;
xømw sarGb;rMl²¥ nige)aHbg;ecalnUvcMnucTaMgLayNaEdlR)ascakRkmsIlFm’.
Ep¥ktamÉksarRsavRCav sarB½tm’ an nigbTsmÖasn_nana RBmTaMgsikSaBIkarrs;enAkñgú
sala kñgú sgÁmRKYsar nigkñúgsgÁmCati sIlFm’këúgsgÀmExµrmankarFøak;cuHKYr[)armÖ.

i
lixitdwknaMkarRsavRCavrbs;saRsþacarüdwknaM

kmµviFIfañ k;briBaØabRtCan;x<s; EpñkGb;rM


eQµaHebkçCn³ Eg:t edOn
cMNgeCIgr)aykarN_RsavRCav³ sIlFm’ nigkarGb;rMsIlFm’enAkëgú viTüal½ymYy.
sUmbBa¢ak;fa karRsavRCavEdlCar)aykarN_RsavRCavsMrab;bMeBjlkçxNÐyksBaØabRt fñak;
briBaØabRtCan;x<s;EdlmancMNgeCIgdUcxagelIenH RtUv)aneFVIedayebkçCnEdlmaneQµaHxagelIeRkam
kardwknaMrbs;´pÞal;. xøwmsarr)aykarN_RsavRCavenHBMTu an;manenAkñgú karsresryksBaØabRtkMrit
NamYyenAeLIy. kñúgkarerobcMenAr)aykarN_RsavRCavenH ´)andwknaMenAEpñkxageRkam³
1- karpþlm; tieyabl; sMNUmBr nigkarriHKn;cab;taMgBIkarcab;epþmI dMbUgrhUtdl;karsresr
r)aykarN_bBa©b;karRsavRCav
2- karpþlÉ; ksarBak;B½n§nana
3- karelIkTwkcitþ[nisiStrUbenHRbwgERbg[Gs;lT§PaB.

raCFanIPñeM Bj éf¶T3I 0 ExsIha qñaM2010


htßelxasaRsþacarüdwknaM

bNÐti Qij sIufa

ii
lixitrbs;ebkçCn

´)aT Eg:t edOn sUmbBa¢ak;far)aykarN_RsavRCavEdlmancMNgeCIgfa {sIlFm’ nigkarGb;rM


sIlFm’enAkñúgviTüal½ymYy} sMrab;bMeBjlkçxNÐyksBaØabRtbriBaØabRtCan;x<s;EpñkGb;rM enAsakl
viTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBjKWCasñaédrbs;´TaMgRsug. sñaédenHBuMTan;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,IbMeBjlkçxNÐ
sikSasMrab;yksBaØabRtenAsaklviTüal½yenH b¤saklviTüal½yNa b¤viTüasßanfñak;esµN I amYyenA
eLIyeT. BMmu anesckþIdkRsg; b¤xøwmsarGVmI YyRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kgñú GtßbTRsavRCavenHedayKµankar
GnuBaØatBIGñkniBn§ b¤cuHbBa¢IÉksareyageLIy.

raCFanIPñeM Bj éf¶T3I 0 ExsIha qñaM2010


htßelxaebkçCn

Eg:t edOn

raCFanIPñeM Bj éf¶T3I 0 ExsIha qñaM2010


htßelxasaRsþacarüdwknaM

bNÐti Qij sIufa

iii
esckþIEføgGMNrKuN
xJúsM UmEføgGMNrKuNya:gRCaleRCAbMptu cMeBaHelak«Bukekµk nigbgb¥nÚ TaMgGs; Edl)anCYy
]btßmÖKaMRTTaMgEpñksµartInigsmÖar³kñúgkarsikSarbs;´. ´k¾sUmEføgGMNrKuNpgEdrcMeBaHPriya Edl
)anGnuBaØatnigpþl;»kas[´)anbnþkarsikSa rhUt)andl;TbI Ba©b;fñak;briBaØabRtCan;x<s; nigelakta
elakyayEdl)anGb;rMnigpþl;dMbUnµanecAtaMgBIv½ykumarPaB. ´sUm]TÞissñaédenHCUncMeBaHviBaØaNkçn§
elak«BuknigGñkmþaybegáIt ehIynigmþayekµkEdl)anEckzaneTAbrelakehIy.
´sUmEføgGMNrKuNCaBnøwk CUncMeBaHelaksaRsþacarü bNÐit Qij sIufa Edl)anyk
Gs;klM aMgkay kMlaMgcitþ nigkMlaMgR)aCJaCYydas;etOneRkInrMlwkedayKµanxøacenOyht; kñúgkardwknaM
rUb´[sresrr)aykarN_RsavRCavbBa©b;fñak;briBaØabRtCan;x<s; rhUtsMerc)aneCaKC½y. ´k¾sUm
EføgGMNrKuNCaGenkb,kar CUncMeBaHelaksaRsþacarü bNÐit nit b‘unéL CanaykRKb;RKg
kmµvFi IbriBaØabRtCan;x<s;EpñkGb;rM EdlEtgEtdas;etOnrUb´ nig)anpþl;eBlevlaRKb;RKan; kñúgkar
sresrr)aykarN_RsavRCavbBa©b;fñak;briBaØabRtCan;x<s;EpñkGb;rMenHrhUt)andl;TIbBa©b;.
CaTIbBa©b;´sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHelaksaRsþacarüCatinigGnþrCatiTaMgGs; Edl)anxitxM
beBa©jGs;kMlaMgkaycitþ nigR)aCJasµartICYybgðat;beRgon nigpþl;bTBiesaFn_ nigbMNinCIvitcMeBaH
rUb´ EdlCanisiStfñak;briBaØabRtCan;x<s;EpñkGb;rMCMnan;T2I . cMeNHdwgTaMgenaHBitCamantémøminGac
kat;éfø)ansMrab;rUb´kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñnigeTAGnaKt.

iv
matika
TMB½r
mUln½ysegçb (i)

lixitdwknaMkarRsavRCavrbs;saRsþacarüdwknaM (ii)

lixitrbs;ebkçCn (iii)

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN (iv)

matika (v)

CMBUkTI1 esckþIepþIm ¬1¦


1>1 lMnaMbBaðaénkarRsavRCav ¬1¦
1>2 cMNUlbBaðaénkarRsavRCav ¬3¦
1>3 vtßbú MNgénkarRsavRCav ¬3¦
1>4 sMNrY RsavRCav ¬3¦
1>5 niymn½y ¬4¦
1>6 sar³sMxan;énkarRsavRCav ¬5¦
1>7 EdnkMNt;énkarRsavRCav ¬5¦
1>8 rcnasm<½n§énkarRsavRCav ¬5¦
CMBUkTI2 rMlwkRTwsþI ¬6¦
2>1 GVIeTACakarGb;rsM IlFm’? ¬6¦
2>2 eKaledAènkarGb;rsM IlFm’ ¬6¦
2>3 RbPBènsIlFm’ ¬6¦
2>4 sIlFm’epþImecjBITeM nomTMlab;RbèBNI ¬8¦
2>5 sIlFm’manRbPBecjBImnsikar ¬8¦
2>6 sIlFm’manRbPBecjBIlkçxNÐsmÖar³énCIvitsgÁm ¬9¦
2>7 sIlFm’viC¢aCIv³ ¬10¦
2>8 c,ab;sIlFm’vCi ¢aCIv³ ¬11¦
2>9 viTüasa®sþnigsIlFm’ ¬11¦
v
2>10 karGb;rsM IlFm’enAkëúgRbB½ns§ alaeron ¬12¦
2>10>1 sIlFm’vCi ¢aCIv³rbs;RKUbeRgon ¬12¦
2>10>2 karGb;rsM IlFm’enAkëúgsalaeron ¬12¦
2>11 TMnak;TnM grvagkarGb;rsM IlFm’enAsalaeron RKYsar nigsgÁm ¬13¦
2>12 karGb;rMsIlFm’tamry³TUrTsSn_ viTüú nigerOgepSg²kñgú ExSvIedGU ¬13¦
2>13 karGb;rsM IlFm’enAkëúgsgÀmmnusS ¬13¦
2>14 sIlFm’pÞal;xøÜn ¬14¦
2>15 sIlFm’këúgRKYsar ¬14¦
2>16 sIlFm’kúëgsgÀm ¬14¦
2>17 viFIsa®sþGb;rMsIlFm’ ¬15¦
2>17>1 TsSn³Gb;rMsIlFm’sgÀmpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgvb,Fm’RbèBNI ¬15¦
2>17>2 vb,Fm’RbèBNIpSarP¢ab;nwgsasna ¬16¦
2>17>3 kareFVIGMeBIl¥ ¬17¦
2>17>4 suCIvFm’tamvtþGaram ¬19¦
2>18 TsSn³Gb;rMrbs;KruviTUnigcitþviTU ¬20¦
2>18>1 elak ERICKSON ¬20¦
2>18>2 elak JEAN PIAGET ¬1896-1980¦ ¬22¦
2>19 kmµvFi IGb;rsM IlFm’enAviTüal½y ¬24¦
2>19>1 Tmøab;l¥rbs;RKYsar´ ¬24¦
2>19>2 kareKarB karKYrsm nigsuCIvFm’kúëgkarbriePaK ¬24¦
2>19>2>1 kareKarB ¬24¦
2>19>2>2 karKYrsm ¬24¦
2>19>3 suPavFm’kgëú karbriePaK ¬25¦
2>19>4 karRsLaj; ¬25¦
2>19>5 kareKarBRbNib½tn_epSg² ¬25¦
2>19>5>1 kareKarBnigbeRmICIdnU CIta ¬25¦
2>19>5>2 kareKarBRBwT§acarü ¬25¦
2>19>5>3 kareKarB®sþIePT ¬26¦
vi
2>19>5>4 kareKarBCnBikar ¬26¦
2>19>6 eyIgeKarBvin½y ¬26¦
2>19>7 \riyabfl¥enATIsaFarN³ ¬26¦
2>19>7>1 tamrfynþQñlÜ ¬26¦
2>19>7>2 tameragmehaRsB ¬27¦
2>19>7>3 tamvtþGaram ¬27¦
2>19>8 sIlFm’BTu §sasna ¬27¦
2>19>9 GMeBIsb,úrsFm’ ¬28¦
2>19>10 El,gBala ¬28¦
2>19>11 suPavFm’ceM BaHCnbreTs ¬28¦
2>19>12 karTTYlTanGahar ¬29¦
2>19>13 suPavFm’cMeBaHGëkCitxag ¬29¦
2>19>14 kUnktBaØÚ ¬29¦
2>19>15 suCIvFm’ ¬30¦
2>19>15>1 enATIsaFarN³ ¬30¦
2>19>15>2 enAtamCeNþIr ¬30¦
2>19>15>3 enAtameragmehaRsB ¬30¦
2>19>15>4 kñúgvtþGaram ¬30¦
2>19>15>5 kñúgrfynþQñÜl ¬31¦
2>19>15>6 kñgú karsresrsMbuRt ¬31¦
2>19>15>7 karxakesþaHnigkNþas ¬31¦
2>19>15>8 eRKaHfñak;nigTukGç ñkdéT ¬31¦
2>19>16 sIlR)aM ¬32¦
2>20 viFIGb;rsM IlFm’enAviTüal½y ¬32¦
2>20>1 karbNþúHKMnitsIlFm’ ¬32¦
2>20>2 karbBa¢ak;BItèmøsIlFm’ ¬33¦
2>20>3 karGPivDÆsIlFm’ ¬33¦
2>20>4 karviPaKeTAelItèmøènsIlFm’ ¬33¦
vii
2>21 tYnaTIR)aMya:grbs;sisS ¬34¦
2>21>1 sisSRtUveRkakeKarBTTYlRKU ¬34¦
2>21>2 sisSRtUvdwgKuNRKU ¬34¦
2>21>3 sisSRtUvsþab;»vaTRKU ¬34¦
2>21>4 sisSRtUvRbNib½tn_edayeFVIkargar ¬35¦
2>21>5 sisSRtUveronsil,_viC¢aBIelakRKUedayesckþIeKarB ¬35¦
2>22 tYnaTIR)aMya:grbs;RKU ¬35¦
2>22>1 RKURtUvdwknaMsisS[)anl¥ ¬35¦
2>22>2 RKURtUvbeRgonsisS[)anl¥ ¬35¦
2>22>3 RKUbeRgonRtUvbgðat;beRgonsisS[ecHsil,_sa®sþ ¬36¦
2>22>4 RKURtUvecHelIkTwkcitþsisS ¬36¦
2>22>5 RKURtUvkarBarsisS ¬36¦
CMBUkTI3 viFIsaRsþénkarRsavRCav ¬37¦
3>1 Tinnñ ½ycm,g ¬37¦
3>2 Tinñn½ybnÞab;bnSM ¬37¦
3>3 viFIsa®sþvPi aKTinñn½y ¬37¦
3>4 TItaMgRsavRCav ¬38¦
CMBUkTI4 lT§plénkarRsavRCavnigkarBiPakSa ¬40¦
4>1 xømw saremeron ¬40¦
4>1>1 sMNYrsMrab;sYrKN³RKb;RKgsalanigbuKÁliksikSa ¬40¦
4>1>2 sMNrY sMrab;sYrmatabitasisS ¬48¦
4>1>3 sMNrY sMrab;sYrGaCJaFrEdndInigmRnIþb:usrþ× dæ)al ¬49¦
CMBUkTI5 sniñdæannigGnusasn_ ¬51¦
5>1 esckþIsnidæan ¬51¦
Éksareyag ¬52¦
]bsm<½n§ ¬53¦
viii
CMBUkTI1
esckþIepþIm
1>1 lMnaMbBaðaénkarRsavRCav
stvtSTI21enHKWCasm½ymYy EdlcrnþsaklPavUbnIykmµkMBugmansnÞHú ya:gxøagM køaKYr[
kt;smÁal;. crnþsaklPavUbnIykmµenH)anCMruj[BiPBelaksßitkñúgsPaBEbbRbkYtRbECgesÞrI
RKb;vsi ½y. karRbkYtRbECgenHmanlkçN³TUlMTUlay EdlGacraldalecjBIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTs
mYyeTot BaseBjBiPBelakTaMgmUl. CaFmµtaedIm,ITTYl)aneCaKC½yelIkarRbkYtRbECg KURbkYt
xøH)anriHKitrkRKb;meFüa)ay EdlGaceFVIeTA)anTaMgmeFüa)ayRsbc,ab; RsbeKalkarN_sIlFm’
nigsiTim§ nusS TaMgmeFüa)ayminRsmc,ab; minRsbeKalkarN_sIlFm’ nigminEp¥kelIeKalkarN_
siT§imnusS. karRbkYtRbECgTaMgLayNa EdleFVIeLIgedayRsbc,ab;rdæ RsbeKalkarN_siT§imnusS
nigRsbeKalkarN_sIlFm’ GaceFI[V RkummYy sgÁmmYy RbeTsmYy b¤BiPBelakTaMgmUleq<aHeTArk
vDÆnPaB suPmgÁl nigsnþPi aB. pÞúyeTAvijkarRbkYtRbECgTaMgLayNa EdleFVIeLIgedaymin
GnueLameTAtamktþaTaMgbIenHeTenaH GaceFVIeGayRkummYy sgÁmmYyb¤k¾RbeTsmYy nigBiPBelak
TaMgmUlnwgekIteLIgnUvPaBGnaFibetyü GMeBIhigSa GMeBIGsIlFm’ EdlGacnaMsgÁmTaMgmUleq<aHeTA
rkPaBekþARkhay ekIts®gÁam bgáGesßrPaB haynPaB GBmgÁl nigGsnþisux. edaysegáteXIj
sPaBvinashinehac eRBaHEtKMnitelaPln;enHehIyeTIbmanGñkR)aCJmYycMnYn )ancgRkgTsSn³
rbs;xøÜnTuksMrab;Gb;rMTUnµaneRbonRbedACnTUeTA k¾dUcCaGñkdwknaMRKb;lMdab;fañ k; RtUvmancMeNHdwg
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rbs;mnusS. GñkR)aCJ mhatµ³Kn§I enAkñgú yuv\NÐa ¬1925¦)anEcgGMBI :)abkmµsgÁmTaMg7 : dUcCa³
1>neya)ayedayKµaneKalkarN_
2>man)an¬RTBüsm,tþ¦i edaymineFVIkar
3>sb,ayrIkrayedayKµanstism,CBaس
4>mancMeNHEtKµancriyasm,tþi
5>rksIu¬BaNiC¢kmµ¦edayKµansIlFm’
6>viTüasaRsþedayKµanmnusSFm’
7>kareKarBbUCaedayKµankarlHbg;

1
sBVéf¶eyIgsegáteXIjfakitþiyssgÁmmankarFøak;cuH edaysarEtGñkmanKMnitEsVgrklaP
skáar³ EdlxVHGMeBIl¥kñúgkarRbkbviC¢aCIvrs;enA.
edayELksgÁmExµrbc©úb,nñenHkMBugTTYlrgnUvsm<aFénsaklPavUbnIykmµ niglMhUrcUlén
vb,Fm’breTs rYmCamYykarGb;rMenAmankMrit EdleFVI[sIlFm’rs;enAkñúgsgÁmCatifycuH. GtßbT
sarBt’man{ekaHsnþPi aB}kñúgqñaM2009-2010 )anbgðajBIGMeBIGmnusSFm’eRcInkrNI³ ekµgRbusGayu
11qñaMcab;rMelaPekµgRsIGayu6qñaM¬2009¦/ CnEkøgkøayeFIVCasgÇedIrbiN)Ð aRt/ RKUbeRgonGmnusS
Fm’eFIV)abekµgRsIeRbobdUcstV/ sisSviTüal½yTUrs½BÞKMramnarImñak;TarR)ak;nigsMru Ymr½k/ CnTMenIg2nak;
elgdavsamUér:/ kUntirc©anvaysMlab;«Buk>>>.
r)aykarN_sßanPaBsiT§mi nusSenAkm<Cú aqñaM2009rbs;{smaKmGadhukkarBarsiTi§mnusSnig
GPivDÆn_enAkm<úCa} k¾)anbgðajGMBIkarrMelaPsiT§iepSg² kñgú karrs;enApgEdrdUcCa³
1>GMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsarbNþal[rbYssñam man541krNI
2>GMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsarbNþal[)at;bg;GayuCIvit man18krNI
3>karrMelaPesBsnßv³ man460krNI
4>karrMelaPsmøab; man27krNI
5>karrMelaPelIGnitCi n man366krNI
6>karrMelaPmnusScas; KWkUnGayu43qñaM rMelaPmþaybegáItGayu84qña¬M extþsVayerog¦
7>karcab;reM laPCaRkumedayyuvCnekµg² kmµkrsMNg; man26krNI
8>sµnk§ ar «BuktircäanrMelaPelIkUnRsI man36krNI
TegVITaMgGs;enHbNþalmkBIkarGb;rMkñúgRKYsar shKmn_ nigsgÁmenAmankMritexSaynig
\T§iBlénsmÖar³niymhYsehtu EdleFVI[sIlFm’sgÀmCatiFøak;cuHya:gF¶n;Fr¶ RBmTaMgkgVHxaténkar
Gnuvtþc,ab;[)anhµt;ct;RtwmRtUvnigyutþiFm’.
ktþaTaMgenHehIyEdlCMruj[mankarseRmccitþeRCIserIsykRbFanbT :sIlFm’ nigkarGb;rM
sIlFm’ : CakmµvtßúsMrab;karsikSaRsavRCavenH.

2
1>2 cMNUlbBaðaénkarRsavRCav
cMeBaHsisSanusisSEdlxVHsIlFm’l¥EtgEtCYbnUvbBaðaepSg² Edlplvi)akRtUvFøak;eTAelI
xøÜnÉgvijEdlbNaþl[xUccitþ )at;bg;mitþPkþli ¥ e)aHbg;karsikSa GUsTajmitPþ kþi[edIrpøvÚ GaRkk;
minsþab;dbM UnµanmitþPkþi minsþab;RKU bgápllM)akdéTeTotdl;«Bukmþay RKYsar nigsgÁmCati.
bc©úb,nñenH RbeTskm<Cú aeyIg)anbnSl;TuksøaksñamGaRkk;xøH² minTan;)ansabrlabGs;enA
eLIyeT. sëamGaRkk;TaMgenaHCaehtueFV[I sIlFm’sgÀmkm<úCabc©úb,nñmankarFøak;cHu mYyEpñkFM eday
sarKµanCMenOeTAelIsasna minxøacbuNü)ab minecHGb;rMkUnecA[emIleXIjnUvGMeBIl¥ nigGMeBICakusl
eTRbRBwtEþ tGMeBIGaRkk; GMeBITuc©rit nigemIleXIjGMeBIGaRkk;faCaGMeBIl¥eTAvij. BYkTmiL\tsasna
TaMgenaHehIy Edlha‘neFVIGV²I edayminxøacc,ab;eLIy. enHk¾CaktþamYyEpñkeTot EdlnaM[sIlFm’
sgÁmmankarRsutcuH.
bBaðaénkarFøak;cuHsIlFm’rbs;RbCaBlrdæTUeTAmanenAesÞIrRKb;TIkEnøg EdlCabBaðaeFVI[ekIt
manGMeBIhigSa eFVI[mnusSElgKitBIGVIEdlxøÜn)anRbRBwtþ edaymin)anKitfa\riyabfrbs;xøÜnenaH
CaGMeBIl¥b¤GMeBIGaRkk;eLIy edayRKan;EtKitfaGV²I EdlxønÜ nigRkumb¤bkçBYkxøÜn)anRbRBwteþ naHKWedIm,I
EtplRbeyaCn_RkumxøÜnnigbkçBkY xøÜnEtb:ueNÑaH edaymin)anKitBIplRbeyaCn_saFarN³eLIy. ehtu
dUecñHeTIbmankarelIkykRbFanbTRsavRCavmYymksikSaKW {sIlFm’ nigkarGb;rMsIlFm’enAkñgú
viTüal½ymYy :.
1>3 vtßúbMNgénkarRsavRCav
karRsavRCavenHKWmaneKalbMNgedIm,I³
 BinitüemIlkmµviFs I ikSaGMBIkarGb;rMsIlFm’enAviTüal½y
 BinitüemIlGakb,kiriyanig\riyabfrbs;sisS kñúgkarR)aRs½yTak;TgKñaTaMgkñg
ú salaeron
RKYsar nigkñúgsgÁm.
1>4 sMNYrRsavRCav
1>etIkmµviFIGb;rMsIlFm’enAviTüal½ymanGVIxøH?
2>etIemronsIlFm’TaMgGs;enaHman\T§Bi lGVxI øH sMrab;karrs;enArbs;sisS TaMgenAkñúgsala
eron nigenAkñúgRKYsarnigsgÁm?

3
1>5 niymn½y
edIm,IgayRsYlkñúgkarRsavRCav eyIgKYrEtEsVgyl;nigkMNt;niymn½yénBaküKnøHw xøH²Camun
sin³¬karGb;r/M sIlFm’/ viTüal½y/ KuNFm’/ KuN/ nigsuCIvFm’ ¦.
karGb;rM KWkarRbhat;citþ/ karbgVkw citþ/ karCYsCulcMeNHviC©ab¤kiriyamaryaT/ karhVwkhat;[
sÞat;CMnajCagmun. ¬C N 1968/ TMB½r1645¦
sIlb¤sil KWiectnaEdlevorcakGMeBIGaRkk;/ karkan;b¤RbRBwtlþ ¥edaykayvaca/ karminRbRBwtþ
knøgsikçabTb¤GMeBIGaRkk;epSg².
Fm’b¤Fmµ KWCasPavRTRTg;nUvstVelakKWbuNü/ )ab/ sucrit/ Tuc©rit/ ehtu/ sPaB/ Fmµta/
RbRktI/ FmµCati/ R)aCJajaN/ KuN/ esckþIcMerInxagpøÚvcitþ/ karriHKit/ sgçar/ kiriyamaryaT/ briytþi/
c,ab;.l.
dUecñHsIlFm’ KWCakiriyamaryaT/ sNþab;Fñab;/ b¤dMbUnaµ nEdlnaM[ecosvagral;GMeBIGaRkk;
ehIy[RbRBwtEþ tGMeBIl.¥ ¬C N 1968¦
viTüal½yb¤vCi ¢al½y b¤Galy KWCapÞH/ lMenA/ kEnøgb¤salaeron/ erageron. ¬C N¦
KuNFm’ KWCaesckþIl¥/ esckþbI risuT§/ esckþGI aNitRbNIb¤Fm’ EdlmandMeNIrcMerInesckþI
suxTukçtamCan;tamfñak;)anxagGMeBIl¥GaRkk; KWbuNü)abEdlbuKÁleFV.I ¬C N¦
cMEnkelaksURkat )an[niymn½y KuNFm’ faKWCacitþbuNüb¤CaTMlab;énkusl.
cMeBaHelakGarIsþÚtvij)anEckKuNFm’enHCaBIrRkumKW³
k>KuNFm’bBaØa KWCaKuNFm’EdleFV[I bBaØariHKitkan;Etl¥eLIg edIm,IksagBuT§ixagsc©³dUcCa
sil,³ viTüasaRsþ KtibNÐit vijÚ nigbBaØa.
x>sIlKuNFm’ KWTMlab;BicarNab¤RbRBwt[þ smrmüRtwmRtUv eTaHenAkñúgsßanPaBNak¾eday.
sIlKuNFm’ EdlsMxan;man³ esckþIkaø han/ karecHRbmaN/ yutiFþ m’KtibNÐit.
KuN KWkareFVItbedayesckþIl¥. Gtßn½yrbs;KuNmaneRcInya:g³
>sÁal;KuN dwgKuN sgKuN nigrmilKuN.
>RBHsgÇ ]bCÄa elakRKU GñkRKU manKuNeRBaH)anpþlc; MeNHviC¢a pþl;esckþsI uxminerIsmux/
vNѳ/ zan³GVeI LIy.

4
>CnrmilKuN KWCnbMePøcKuN mYlbgáac;GMeBIlr¥ bs;GñkdéT bdiesFt²Kña sgÁmeBareBjeday
GMeBIGaRkk; eRBaHEtxVHKuN.
>ral;em ral;RKU ral;«Bukmþay xMRbwgksagKuN[)aneRcIneLIg edIm,ITukCaekrEckkUnecA.
>ral;buRtFita ral;mnusSCMnan;eRkay xMRbwgrkSaekrdUntaEck[ nigxitxMriHrkKuNfµI²eTotTuk
CasñaédRbvtþisaRsþcMeBaHmnusSCMnan;eRkay.
¬RBwT§acarü eqg pun/¬1994-2000¦vb,Fm’Exµr nigkarGPivDÆ ¦
suCIvFm’ karrs;enAedayl¥KWceM NHdwg/ sNþab;Fñab;/ kardwgRbmaNKYrsmkñuúgkic©karR)aRs½y
CamYyGñkdéT.¬C N¦
1>6 sar³sMxan;énr)aykarN_
EsVgrkcMncu Gskmµ Edlbgá[mankarFøak;cuHènsIlFm’rs;enA nigcUlrYmbMeBjnUvcMnucxVHxat
xøHkñúgdMeNIrkarEklm¥sIlFm’rbs;sisSkëúgTMnak;TMngrvagsisSnigsisS sisSnigRKU sisSnigmata
bita sisSnigshKmn_xageRkA.
1>7 EdnkMNt;énkarRsavRCav
enAkñgú karRsavRCavelIRbFanbT {sIlFm’ nigkarGb;rMsIlFm’enAviTüal½ymYy} naqñaM2008-
2009 enHKWeFIVkarsikSaEtcMeBaHkarFøak;cuHsIlFm’rbs;sisSanusisS enAkñgú viTüal½ymYyEtb:ueNÑaH.
1>8 rcnasm½<n§énr)aykarN_
karRsavRCavenHEckecjCa5CMBUk³
CMBUkTI1³ esckþeI pþmI
CMBUkTI2³ rMBJkRTwsþI
CMBUkTI3³ viPaKnigdMeNaHRsay
CMBUkTI4³ lT§plénr)aykarN_RsavRCav
CMBUkTI5³ esckþIsnñidæannigGnusasn¾

5
CMBUkTI2
rMBJkRTwsþI
2>1 GVIeTACakarGb;rMsIlFm’?
Gb;rMsIlFm’mkBIBaküfa Gb;rMnigsIlFm’. Gb;rmM ann½yfa karbNþúHbNþal kareRbonRbedA
karpþlK; Mnit nigkar[eyabl;nUvGVEI dlKYreFVInigGVEI dlminKYreFVI eTAtamKnøgpøvÚ EdlGñkGb;rMcg;)an.
sIlFm’mann½yfa KWCacMeNHdwgRtwmRtUvs¥ats¥RM sbtamlkçxNÐénbuKÁl sgÁm nigbrisßan.
Gb;rMsIlFm’ KWsMedAelIkarbNþúHbNþalEpñksµartI karyl;dgw nUvGMeBIl¥kúñgbribTénbrisßanNamYy.
kareFVI[dwgfaGVRI twmRtUvsIusgVak;nwgGVmI YyCaGMeBIRbkbedaysIlFm’. sIlFm’GacmancMeBaHxøÜnÉg
cMeBaHRKYsar cMeBaHGñkdéT nigcMeBaHsgÁmCatik¾dUcCacMeBaHBiPBelakTaMgmUl.
2>2 eKaledAénkarGb;rMsIlFm’
mnusSCatibs¤ gÁmCatideM NIrkarGVImYysIusgVak;KñanigGPivDÆenAkñúgsnþPi aB luHRtaEtBYkeKeFVI
kic©karepSg²edayeKarBtamrebobrbbRtwmRtUv nigmanEbbEpnc,as;las;l¥tamlMdab;leM day nig
mansIlFm’l¥RbèB. karbNþHú bNþalGb;rMmantYnaTIbBa©ÚlKñanUvKMnitRbTajRbTg;GaNaFibetyü[
mkBicarNarkPaBsmehtusmpl edIm,IcUlrYmcMENkRbkbkic©karkñúgsnþPi aBnigeCaKC½y edIm,I[
mnusSmansIlFm’cMeBaHxøÜnÉg GñkdéT sgÁm nigbrisßan. mnusSmansIlFm’ KWmnusSeBareBjeday
sIlFm’PJak;rBJk mankarsRmbsRmYlx<s;nigmansticMeBaHkMhusb¤TegVIEdlxøÜn)aneFVI ehIyecH
sarPaBcMeBaHmux nUvcMnucEdlCakMhusqÁgedaycMh edIm,IedaHRsaynUvral;bBaðaEdl)anekIteLIg.
2>3 RbPBénsIlFm’
sIlFm’)ancab;bdisn§ieLIgtaMgBIeBlEdlmnusSeyIgecHKitBicarNa KWcab;taMgBIBIrbIlanqñaM
knøgmkehIy eBlEdlmnusSeTIbcakecjputBIstVRBIma:t. eBlenACastVmnusSminTan;ecHkMNt;fa
GVlI G¥ VIGaRkk;enAeLIy KWeKKitEtEhkhYrKña edIm,IdeNþImGahar GñkxøaMgQñHGñkexSay. luHdl;stV
mnusS)anvivtþQanbnþci mþg²rhUtdl;ecHedIreCIgBIr eRkaymkxYrk,alk¾ecHEtvivtþQaneTArkkarKit
BicarNasÁal;xussÁal;RtUv eTIbmnusSbegáItCak,Ünc,ab;sIlFm’ sRmab;Rbtibtþitamkulsm½n< §nImYy².
eKGacrkeXIjsIlFm’nasm½yenaH eTaHbICaeKl¶g;ya:gNak¾eday k¾eKmansIlFm’rs;enAl¥RbèB.
KWeKmanTwkcitþeTogRtg;minPUtkuhk; mine)akbeBaäatKña eKRsLaj;esµaHRtg;nwgKña ecHeKarBcas;TMu
6
minhanRbRBwtþGVqI ÁaqM ÁgrMlgsIlFm’kñúgRkumeLIy RBmTaMgpþnÞaeTaseTAtamkMhus. TegVEI bbenHKWBYk
kulsm<½n§manbMNgcg;[smaCikrbs;xøÜnrs;enA)anRtwmRtUv RsbtamKnøgsIlFm’rbs;RkumBYkeK.
karvivtþkulsm½<n§eTAtamsIlFm’ KWCalT§plènsuqnÞ³rYmrbs;mnusS EdlRbwgRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgFmµCati
edIm,IreM daHxøÜnecjputBIc,ab;éRB ehIyksagsgÁmmYyEdlmansIlFm’ RbkbedaysuPmgÁlmanc,ab;
Tmøab;mnusSCatimYy. kaledImeLIy eBlEdlmnusSelakminTan;ecjputsm½ybuerRbvtþi eyIgeXIj
sIlFm’EdlbnþBICMnan;mnusSmYyeTACMnan;mnusSmYyeTot KWeTAtamBaküsmþIEdlniyayt²KñaEdl
minTan;carb¤qøak;TukRTwsþeI nAelIpÞagM fµCasmÁal;enaHeT.
luHeBlEdlmnusS)anecjputBIsm½ybuerRbvtþi 2>300qñamM unK>smk KWdMNalKñanwgkMeNIt
GkSrEdreBlenaH mnusS)anRbtibtþitamsIlFm’rbs;sasna KWmnusSmankartk;søútxøbxøacGMNac
rbs;FmµCati dUcCapÁrrnÞH xül;BüúHsgÇra zansYK’ zannrk GaTieTB GëktaCaedIm. mUlehtuTaMgenaH
CaehtunaM[mnusSeCOfa {FmµCatiTaMgmUlKWGaTieTBCaGñkbegÍát}. GaTieTBminRKan;EtCaGñkbegáIt
mnusSbeT EtEfmTaMgbegáItGvtaBIrRkumeTot KWRkumksagmnusSelakb¤rkSaelak nigRkumbMpøaj
elak. enAeBlNaEdlmnusSmineKarBsIlFm’b¤min)aneFVIBiFIepSg² edIm,IrMBJkdl;GñkEfrkSaeTenaH
RkumeTvtanwgbMpøajb¤begIátnUvGPUtehtuEbøk² edIm,IbMpøajnUvesckþIsuxrbs;mnusS. minEtb:ueNÑaH
GaTieTBbegáItnUvRkumeTvtamYyeTot EdlcaMkat;esckþI rkxusrkRtUvenAeBleRkaymnusSsøab;eTA.
enARbeTseGsIbu kalBI 5>000qñaMmunK>s manGñkdwknaMsasna)anGb;rMmnusS[RbtibtþinUv
sIlFm’edayyknamGaTieTBCaGñkbgÁab;. eK)anbegáItecARkm42RkumenAGmesþcymraCEdlman
eQµaHfa{GUsInu Is} edIm,IsYrcemøIyRBlwgEdlsøab;eTA. mnusSekItnigrs;enAkñgú sgÁmsIlviTüaTUeTA.
karrs;enArbs;mnusSeyIgmñak;²EtgEtmanTMnak;TnM gKñaeTAvijeTAmkCaFmµta minmanGñkNaGac
rs;enAmñak;ÉgedayminBak;B½n§nigGñkdéTenaHeT. karrs;enAkñúgsgÁmRtUvkarcaM)ac;tRmUv[mnusSCati
ecHEsVgrkeKalkarN_GVmI Yy sRmab;CYyGPivDÆ[)anl¥RbesIrCamYynwgsgÁm EdleyIgkMBugrs;enA
k¾dUcCaCamYynwgmnusSpgKña. enAkñúgeKalkarN_dc¾ m,genH GñkxøH)anbegáItCMenO GñkxøHeTotEsVgrk
sasnaCabEg¥k sRmab;erobcMkarrs;enA[)anl¥RbesIr. mann½yfa BYkeKEsVgrk{sIlFm’}enHÉg.
taMgBIburaNkalmkdl;bc©úb,nñ manGñkR)aCJCaeRcIn)anKitKUrBicarNaelIbBaêasIlFm’enH.
GñkR)aCJxøHyl;fa sIlFm’ekItecjBITeM nomTmøab;RbèBNI rIÉGñkR)aCJxøHyl;fa sIlFm’ekItecjmkBI
mnsikar¬mnsikarsIlFm’¦ ehIyGëkxøHeTotyl;fa sIlFm’manRbPBecjBIlkçxNÐsmÖar³énCIvit
sgÁm.

7
2>4 sIlFm’epþImecjBITMenomTMlab;RbéBNI
sIlFm’manRbPBmkBIBaküLataMgfa {TMenomnigTmøab;}. enAkñgú sgÁmmnusSeTaHbICasgÁm
enaHmanlkçN³Gn;fyya:gNak¾eday k¾EtgEtmankmøaMgGVmI YymkCYytMErtMrg;skmµPaBrbs;mnusS
[ecHRbRBwtþGMeBIl¥Edr ehIyk¾Tb;sáat;hamXat;min[mnusSRbRBwtþGMeBIGaRkk;tamtNðarbs;xnøÜ pg
Edr. GVEI dlCH\T§iBlskmµPaBrbs;mnusSKWTeM nomTMlab;rbs;sgÁm. TMenomTMlab;sgÁmEbbNa
sIlFm’k¾EbbenaHEdr eRBaHsIlFm’sMedAdl;TMenomTMlab;EdlEsþgeLIgenAkñúgkarTMnak;Tngrvag
mnusSnigmnusS.
elakEmile Durkheim(year))aneBalfa {sgÁmnImYy²suTE§ tmansIlFm’erog²xøÜn}. Cakar
BitNas; sgÁmEdlKµanRkmsIlFm’BitCanwgkøayeTACasgÀmGaNaFibetyü KµankareKarBsiTi§mnusS
emIlgaytémørbs;mnusS EdlCaehtuQaneTArksgÁmKµanGarüFm’eLIy.
2>5 sIlFm’manRbPBecjBImnsikar
GñkR)aCJnanamaneyabl;epSg²KñacMeBaHRbPBénmnsikarsIlFm’enH. GñkR)aCJxøHyl;eXIj
famnsikarsIlFm’enHKWCaPav³éncitþEdlekIteLIgedayÉkÉg.
elakhSg;hSak;rUsSÚ (J.J Rouseau) )ansresrenAkñúgesovePAmYyeQµaHeGmIl ¬Emile¦fa
{mnsikarsIlFm’KWCaeTBsPav³Kti EdlCasemøgGmt³d¾Gs©arü}. mnsikarKWCaecARkmd¾RtwmRtUv.
elak h‘ut eqsun ¬Hut Cheson¦ CaGñkR)aCJmenaseBa©tna CnCatiGg;eKøs elak)aneBal
fa {PaBènsIlFm’ EdlmanenAkñgú xøÜnrbs;eyIgmñak;²Gac[eyIgyl;nigcab;)anya:gqab;rh½snUv
tèmøènsIlFm’}. mann½yfa enAkëúgxøÜnmnusSmëak;²mansIlFm’CaRbcaM ehIyRbsinebIbuKÁlenaH
manBuT§ikan;EteRCARCH BiessBuT§iEpñkTsSn³viC¢a EdlGacBnül;)annUvtèmøènsIlFm’. témøén
sIlFm’nwgekIteLIg)anGaRs½yedaykarGnuvtþrbs;mnusS.
elakGadaMsµIt(Adamsmith))aneBalfa {sIlFm’KWCaseBa©tnacMeBaHGñkCitxag}. seBa©tna
CaectnarmµN_eTAelIGñkdéT enAeBlEdlmanectnarmµN_ KWeyIgmansmancitþEdlbgáb;nUvkuslb¤
GMeBIl¥dUcCakarCYyTukPç ½yepSg². karCYyse®gÁaHenHehIy EdlehAfasIlFm’.
GñkR)aCJTaMgGs;Edl)anerobrab;xagelIenHsuTE§ t)ancat;Tukfa sIlFm’RtwmEtCacitþsa®sþ
mYyEdlmankRmitx<s; b¤RtwmEtCabuKÁliklkçN³rbs;buKÁl EdlmanmkBIkMeNItEtb:ueNÑaH. TsSn³
TaMgenHKWCaTsSn³mYyd¾RtwmRtUvmüa:gEdr b:uEnþvaenABMuTan;manlkçN³RKb;RKan;eT eRBaHfamaneBlxøH
8
{mnsikarsIlFm’} vilvl;rkemIlGVmI inc,as;las;enaHeLIy. mnsikark¾Gacpøas;bþÚrBIsm½ymYyeTA
sm½ymYy ehIycMNgTak;TgrvagmnusSnigmnusSk¾xusEbøkKñaEdr. elIsBIenHeTAeTot {mnsikar
sIlFm’} GacxusxøHEdrKWBuMEmnsuTE§ tRtwmRtUv\tlMeGógenaHeLIy eRBaHmanGñkxøHmanmnsikaryl;
faGMeBIrbs;xøÜnsuT§EtRtUv. cMeBaHGñkdéTvij eKyl;fa {mnsikarsIlFm’} GaRkk;pÞúyBImnusSFm’
eTAvijk¾manEdr.
2>6 sIlFm’manRbPBecjBIlkçxNÐsmÖar³énCIvitsgÁm
mnusSKWCastVmanCIvitmYyRbePT EdlGacrs;enA)anEtkñúgsgÁm. KµanmnusSNamñak;Edl
Gacrs;enAedayKµanTMnak;TMngCamYymnusSdéTeTot)aneLIy. ebImnusSnigmnusSKµanTMnak;TMng
nwgKñaeT enaHk¾KµankMeNItmnusSbnþeTotEdr. elaksþatmIl¬Stuart Mile¦ Gackt;smÁal;fa
{karBiesaF)anbgðajfamnusSeyIgRtUvEtBwgBak;GñkdéT}. enHCalkçxNÐEdlCMruj[mnusSeyIgmñak;²
cakecjBIGtþTtßPaB¬PaBCabuKÁlniym¦cMeBaHmnusSTUeTA enHehIyk¾CalkçxNÐEdlmnusSRtUvEt
rs;enAedaymankarBwgBak;GñkdéT edayxanmin)an eRBaHTMnak;TMngrvagmnusSnigmnusS eTIbbegIát
)anCaTMnak;TMngsgÁmnigsgÁm. enAkñgú sgÁmmnusSmanTMnak;TMngeRcInNas; dUcCaTMnak;TMng
rvagmnusSnigmnusS rvagshKmn_ngi shKmn_ rvagvNѳnigvNѳ nigrvagsgÁmCatimYynigsgÁmCati
mYyeTot.
cMeBaH)atuPUténCIvitsgÁm RtUv)anEbgEckCa{GtßiPaBsgÁm nigsgÁmjaN}. ebIniyayGMBI
GtßPi aBsgÁmKWniyaydl;TsSn³smÖar³nigGVI²TaMgGs; EdlCalkçxNÐcaM)ac;sRmab;karrs;enAEdl
rYmmancMNIGahar lMenAdæan semøókbMBak; nigfñaMsgáÚvCaedIm. minRtwmEtb:ueNÑaHeT GtßiPaBsgÁm
manTaMgFmµCati vtßúFatuedIm RTBüFnsmÖar³ nigplitkmµsgÁmeTotpg. dUecñHebIniyayGMBGI tßiPaB
sgÁmKWniyayGMBImUldæanesdækic©sgÁm EdlkñúgenaHmansIlFm’.
rIÉsgÁmjaNvijKWCaTsSn³smÖar³nigesdækic© Edl)anqøHú bBa©aMgcUleTAkñúgxYrk,alrbs;
mnusS. karqøúHbBa©aMgenHehAfa {sgÁmjaN}. dUecñHsgÁmjaNKWCakarqøúHbBa©agM énGtßPi aBsgÁm.
GtßiPaBsgÁmKWCavtßúmYyEdlekItmanmunsgÁmjaN¬CalkçxNÐTI1¦ ÉsgÁmjaN¬CalkçxNÐTI2¦
rYmmanTaMgneya)ay sasna sil,³.l. EdlkñúgenaHk¾RtUvmansIlFm’Edr.
sIlFm’EtgEtERbRbYlpøas;bþÚreTAtamGtßiPaBsgÁm ehIyk¾KµansIlFm’NaEdlenAnwgfálK; µan
karERbRbYlenaHeLIy.

9
]TahrN_³El,gcRtgÁ )al;Tat; El,gsI.l. GñkRbkYtRbECgEtgEteKarBvin½ynigRbkan;
sIlFm’[)anx¢ab;x¢nÜ enAkñúgRkumEl,g enaHeTIbkarelgGacRbRBwtþeTA)anl¥nigRtwmRtUv. eTaHbICa
BYkeKl¶itl¶g;ya:gNak¾eday k¾klu sm<n½ §sm½ymunmansIlFm’kúëgkarrs;enA)anl¥RbéBEdr. BYkeK
manciteþ TogRtg; minPUtkuhke)akR)as;Kña. eKRsLaj;nigesµaHRtg;nwgKña ecHeKarBcas;TMuminhan
RbRBwtxþ usqÁgrMlgbTmaRtaeT. minRtwmEtb:ueNÑaH RbsinebInrNamñak;RbRBwtGþ MeBIqÁaqM Ágxusvin½y
enaHemk®nÞajnwgRBmanTaMgkulsm½<n§ ehIyefáaleTascMeBaHCnenaHeTAtamkMhusEdlxøÜneK)an
RbRBwt.þ TegVIEbbenHrbs;klu sm<½nK§ WmanbMNgcg;[smaCikRkumrbs;xøÜnmñak;²)anrs;enARtwmRtUv
Rsbtamc,ab;nigtamKnøgsIlFm’ènkulsm<½n§rbs;BYkeK.
2>7 sIlFm’viC¢aCIv³
sIlFm’viC¢aCIv³KWCasIlFm’mYyEdlTak;Tgdl;karRbkbmuxrbrb¤GaCIBrbs;mnusS. eKal
bMNgsMxan;ènsIlFm’enH KWcg;[mnusSbMeBjkatBVkic©nigmankarTTYlxusRtUvelIkargarrbs;xøÜnkñúg
karRbkbmuxrbrsucritRsbc,ab; nigGaceCosputBIkarb:HTgÁicKñakñgú eBlRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvit nigeBl
RbkYtRbECgrkRbCaRbiyPaBTIpSar nigR)ak;cMeNj.
bMENgEckkargar nigkarbþÚrKñaeTAvijeTAmkénesvakmµmuxrbrk¾CalkçxNÐcaM)ac;sMrab;kar
GPirkSkarGPivDÆnigsuxumalPaBsgÁmpgEdr. viC¢aCIv³pþlK; uNPaBkRmitx<s;énesvakmµ pþl;esrIPaB
kan;EteRcIn nigkarlMEhk¾RbesIrdl;smaCikshKmn_ pþlÉ; keTskmµbuKÁlkan;EteRcIneTAkñúgmuxrbr
rbs;BYkeK plRbeyaCn_EdleKpþl;[mnusSCatik¾kan;EteRcInEdr. b:uEnþkarpþl;nUvBuTi§ÉkeTskmµk¾
GacRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sRmab;plRbeyaCn_buKÁl EdlRbqaMgeTAnwgGtßRbeyaCn_rYm nigyutFþi m’sgÀm.
müa:geTot karecHdwgCasaFarN³GMBIKuNPaBnigkarbuinRbsBV kñgú skmµPaBrbs;mnusSkan;Ettic
pþl;»kaskan;EteRcIncMeBaHkarRbRBwtþxusqÁgnUvniyamènsIlFm’nigsb,úrsFm’.
dUecñHmanEtGPivDÆnigGPirkSnUvniyaménsIlFm’vCi ¢aCIv³eT EdlGacedaHRsaynUvral;bBaða
xagelIenHKWmann½yfaeyIgTaMgGs;KñaminKYrTb;sáat;nUvPaBrIklUtlas;rbs;buKÁleT. b:uEnþeyIgRtUv
eFVIya:gNa[GñkmancMeNHdwgTaMgenaHykcMeNHdwgrbs;BYkeKeTARbkbviC¢aCIv³ edayGnueLam
tamniyamènsIlFm’nigsb,úrsFm’ RBmTaMgRsbc,ab;rdæpgEdr. ehtuenHGñkRbkbviC¢aCIv³minRtUv
eFVI[)at;bg;nUvckçúvis½yéneKalbMNgsgÁm nigtémøGaCIBrbs;xøÜneT. eBalKWRtUvelIkkm<s;nUvpl
RbeyaCn_rYmsRmab;shKmn_.

10
2>8 c,ab;sIlFm’viC¢aCIv³
mnusSRKb;²rUbmansiTi§eRCIserIsykviC¢aCIv³NamYyRsbeTAtameTBekaslüpÞal;xnøÜ b:uEnþral;
karRbRBwtþrbs;eKkñgú karbMeBjviC¢aCIv³enaHRtUvsßitenAeRkamkarkMNt;énc,ab;rdæ nigsIlFm’viC¢aCIv³.
c,ab;rdæb,evNImanRbkarCaeRcInEdlkMNt;nUvkarRbtibtþiénviC¢aCIv³ dUcCaviC¢aCIv³eBTü c,ab; CMnYj
.l. cMNab;GarmµN_bnÞab;bnSMrbs;vanwgQaneTAdl;cMNab;GarmµNT_ UeTArbs;Cati nigeTAdl;eKal
karN_ènc,ab;sIlFm’. karmineKarBeKalkarN_sIlFm’ nigkarmineKarBc,ab;rdæeFVI[karRbtibtþéi n
viC¢aCIv³elµIsc,ab; nigCaFmµtaKWekItmanGsIlFm’pgEdr. sIlFm’)anedIrtYsMxan;Nas;enAkñúgsgÁm
sUm,IEtbBaðasµúKsµajFMbMputEdlGacekItmaneLIgenAkñgú karRbtibtþiviC¢aCIv³rbs;mnusSk¾eday k¾Gac
edaHRsay)anEdr RbsinebIkarRbtibtþiTaMgenaHRtUv)andwknaMedaymnsikarnigeKalkarN_énc,ab;
sIlFm’. dUecëHsar³sMxan;ènsIlFm’TUeTAKWCamUldæanl¥RbéBsMrab;PaBesµaHRtg;nigPaBsucriténviC¢a
CIv³. karxVHnUvniyamsIlFm’kúñgviC¢aCIv³rbs;mnusSGacnaMeTAdl;karRbtibtþiGsIlFm’dUcCakare)ak
R)as;kñúgCMnYj karPUtkuhkkñúgkarRbtibtþic,ab; karRbDitB½t’manminBitkëúgvis½yB½t’man karRbRBwtþ
GMeBIBukrlYykñúgCYrm®nþrI aCkar.l.
2>9 viTüsa®sþnigsIlFm’
viTüasa®sþKWCaGavuFmuxBIr. vaCYysRmYldl;mnusS nigeFV[I sgÁmmnusSrIkceRmIn EdlGac
TTYl)annUvRbNitPaBnigsuxumalPaBpg b:uEnþvak¾GaceFV[I sgÁmmnusSCYbbBaðasµRú KsµajpgEdr.
tamBitviTüasa®sþminEmnGaRkk;enaHeT GVIEdlGaRkk;enaHKWkarykviTüasa®sþeTAeRbIkñúgpøÚvGaRkk;
GsIlFm’. eBlNaeKGnuvtþviTüsa®sþsMrab;skmµPaBrbs;mnusSsßitkñúgRBMEdnénkatBVkic¨sIlFm’
nigkarTTYlxusRtUvenaH vanwgGacrYmviPaKTanya:gFMéRkElg dUcCakarbM)at;nUvkarb:HTgÁic¬CemøaH¦rvag
mnusSnigmnusS bM)at;PaBRkIRk begáItsnþiPaBnigsNþab;Fñab;enAkñúgBiPBelakenH. b:uEnþGeM BIGaRkk;
GacnwgelcrUbrageLIg RbsinebIGñkviTüasa®sþnigGëkeRbIR)as;viTüasa®sþmineKarBsIlFm’nigTMnak;
TMngl¥kñúgsgÁm nUvrbkKMehIjénkarbegáItfµIécñRbDit nigkarGnuvtþviTüasa®sþrbs;BYkeK .
2>10 karGb;rMsIlFm’enAkñúgRbB½n§salaeron
cMeBaHsalaeronTaMgGs;TUTaMgRbeTsk¾dUcCaTUTaMgBiPBelak karGb;rsM IlFm’mansar³sMxan;
Nas;cMeBaHmnusS eRBaHmnusSmancMeN³dwg nigcMeNHeFIVGacnwgykCMnajTaMgenHeTACYydl;GñkdéT
kñúgsgÁm edaysarsIlFm’CaGëkdwknaMpøÚv[PJak;rBJkmanKMnitecHsRmbsRmYlxønÜ tamkal³eTs³.

11
kareRbIR)as;cMeNHdwgviTüasa®sþedIm,IedaHRsaybBaða edayminKitGMBIsIlFm’ GacCaeRKaHmhnþray
d¾FMsRmab;mnusSelak. karykKMnitRbkbedaysIlFm’mkedaHRsaybBaðaGaceFV[I mnusSCYbRbTH
snþPi aB PaBsuxdumrmnanigPaBekSmkSanþCamYyKña. enAkñúgsalaeronmanmuxviC¢asIlFm’edayELk
edIm,IGb;rMGMBIsIlFm’ suCIvFm’ KuNFm’ sMrab;xøÜn RKYsar sgÁmCati sIlFm’énkarrs;enA nigsIlFm’
sRmab;RTRTg;sgÁm[manesßrPaB. salaeronKWCamCÄmNÐlb¤Cafñald¾sMxan;mYysRmab;bNþHú
bNþalKMnitd¾TUlMTUlayrbs;mnusS. taMgBIburaNmk karGb;rsM IlFm’mantYnaTIds¾ Mxan;edIm,IeRbon
RbedAmnusS[sÁal;xusRtUv sÁal;l¥GaRkk; sÁal;Tabx<s; GMBIrebobrbbénkarrs;enAkñúgPaBsuxsanþ
sMbUrsb,ay.
2>10>1 sIlFm’viC¢aCIv³rbs;RKUbeRgon
RKUbeRgonTaMgGs;RKb;PmU isikSamannamfa}visVkrRBlwg}CabuKÁliksikSa EdlmantYnaTICaGñk
sßabnanUvFnFanmnusSkñgú sgÁm. dUecñHRKUbeRgonRtUvEtbeRgoncMeNHdwgTUeTA nigcMeNHdwgÉkeTs
RBmTaMgpþl;karGb;rMbuKÁliklkçN³rbs;sisS. CaBiessRKUbeRgonRtUvmanRkmsIlFm’viC¢aCIv³ RtUv
manesckþéI føfñÚrrbs;mnusSkñúgeBlRbkbviC¢aCIv³ nigRtUvRbkan;x¢ab;nUv\sSrPaBdUcCaÉkraCü esrIPaB
nig]tþmPaB kñúgeBlbMeBjviC¢aCIv³rbs;xøÜn.
RKUbeRgonRtUvpþl;dMbUnµanb¤eFIVCaGaNaBüa)alénGñksikSaTUeTA edayminlem¥ógnigminRbkan;
GMBIRbPB Gayu ePT Pasa BUCsasn¾ edImkMeNIt BN’sMbur BikarPaB eynD½r CMenO sasna
ninñakarneya)ayb¤zan³sgÁm FnFanb¤sßanPaBÉeTotenAkñúgkarGb;rnM igesvaGb;rM.
¬GnuRkwtüsþIBIRkmsIlFm’viC¢aCIv³RKUbeRgon/ 2008 ¦
2>10>2 karGb;rMsIlFm’enAkñúgsalaeron
enAkñgú salaeronnImYy² manbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgsala enAtamfñak;EdlRKUTTYlbnÞúkCaGñkdwknaM
erobcMedIm,I[sisSGnuvtþtam. kñúgfñak;eron sisSanusisSRtUv)anBnül;ENnaMGMBIrebobrbbénkareron
sURt kareKarBvin½ysala nigkarGnuvtþskmµPaBepSg²eTot. eRkABIenH enAkñgú ema:gbeRgonRKU
beRgonEtgEtbBa©ÚlmenaKmviC¢adl;sisS edayepþateTAelIkareKarBmatabita RKUbeRgon kareKarB
rvagsisSnigsisS nigeKarBcas;RBwT§acarü. CMhanTaMgR)aMénkarbeRgonkñúgfñak;k)¾ aneFV[I RKUbeRgon
eqøóteBlbNþHú sIlFm’l¥²dl;sisSanusisSCadrabpgEdr.

12
2>11 TMnak;TMngrvagkarGb;rMsIlFm’enAsalaeron RKYsar nigsgÁm
edayEp¥ktamkarecHdwgBIsgÁmcas; nigKMnitesssl;rbs;eyIgBImunmk «BukmþayEtgeFVIkar
ENnaMkUn²[eKarBtamsIlFm’Exµr edayeKarBtamRbéBNIl¥²BIsalaeron. RKYsarmYycMnYnmankar
Gb;rMbNþúHbNþalsIlFm’këúgvNѳRKYsarb¤vNѳsasna EdlKat;)anTTYl\T§Bi lBIvtþGaramGMBIskmµ
PaBsgÁml¥²déTeTot. bc©úb,nñenHCasm½yviTüasaRsþbec©kviTüakMuBüÚT½r karGb;rMsIlFm’enAman
kMrit ehIyk¾mankarPan;RcLMEdrcMeBaHyuvv½y.
enAkñúgsgÁm mnusSRKb;²rUbEtgEtR)afñanUvbuNüs½kiþ kitþiys nigRTBüsm,tiþtamrebobepSg²
Kña. sIlFm’ènkarrs;enAmanPaBcuHexSayxøH edaysarkarGb;rMkñúgRKYsarminsUvsIusgVak;Kñanwgsala
eron. «BukmþaysisSmanbMNg[kUnecAedIreTArkPaBTan;sm½yhYsehtu EtsalaeronCaGñkbg¥ak;
sIlFm’minl¥ edayGb;rM[sisSecHEckrMElk bric©akRTBüsm,tþi nigseNþasRbNI EdlmaneBlxøHva
pÞúyBITwkcitþrbs;«Bukmþay.
2>12 karGb;rMsIlFm’tamry³TUrTsSn_ viTüú nigerOgepSg²tamry³ExSvIedGU
skmµPaBTUrTsSn_ viTüú nigPaBynþepSg²CaktþaTak;Tajya:gxøaMgcMeBaHyuvv½y. karGb;rM
sIlFm’tamry³RbB½n§pSBVpSayTaMgenH k¾GaceFV[I BYkeKTTYl)annUvcMnucl¥²mYyEpñkEdr. karGan
esovePAb¤TTYlkarENnaMedaypÞal;BIGñkGb;rMkRmTTYl)anEpøpáal¥Nas; dUcmanXøafa}karGb;rMman
bJslVgI EtmanEpøEp¥m}. ebIbBa©Úlsil,_viFIGb;rMsIlFm’tamrebobdUcxagelIenH eTIbgayRsYlkñúgkar
TTYlykedayminmankarlM)akeRcIneT KWGacTTYl)anpll¥KYrCaTIeBjcitþ.
2>13 karGb;rMsIlFm’enAkñúgsgÁmmnusS
karrs;enArbs;sgÁmmnusStRmUv[mnusSEsVgrkeKalkarN_sIlFm’caM)ac;sRmab;karGnuvtþ
[)anRbesIrkñúgkarrs;enACamYymnusSTaMgBYgenAkñgú sgÁm. GñkxøHbegáItTMenomTmøab; xøHbegáItCMenO
xøHeTotEsVgrksasnaCabEg¥k kñgú eKalbMNgerobcMkarrs;enA[)anl¥RbesIr mann½yfaeKnaMKñaEsVg
rksIlFm’enHÉg. ebIdUecëH etImnusSRtUvRbkan;yksIlFm’dUcemþcxøHkëúgsgÀm? tamn½yTUeTA
sIlFm’smÁal;nUvRTwsþInigBaküTUnµaneRbonRbedATaMgLayNa EdldwknaMmnusSelak[edIreTArkpøvÚ l¥
nigecosvagpøÚvGaRkk;enAkñúgkarRbkbCIvPaBrs;enA. tamn½yBiessKWCaFm’smÀal;karGb;rxM agpøÚv
citþ[)anl¥RbesIr.

13
]TahrN_³kUnRbRBwtþbTelµIsb¤esBKb;CnRbRBwteþ lµsI kñúgsgÁm «BukmþayEtgEtehAkUnmk
Bnül;ENnaMtMrg;citKþ Mnit R)ab;ehtuplénTegVIb¤skmµPaBrbs;kUn[kUnedIrEtkñúgpøvÚ l¥. kñúgkarrs;enA
sIlFm’GacmaneRcInya:g KWsIlFm’pÞal;xøÜn sIlFm’kúëgviC¢aCIv³ sIlFm’kgëú BiPBelak nigsIlFm’
tamTsSn³GñkR)aCJnana.
2>14 sIlFm’pÞal;xøÜn
mnusSmñak;²ecHdwgxusRtUv sÁal;l¥sÁal;GaRkk; rksIutamsmµaGaCIeva ecHeKarBc,ab; begáIn
cMeNHdwg RsLaj;mnusSdUcKña minrMelaPsiTiG§ ñkdéT nigmanmnsikaresñhaCati.
2>15 sIlFm’kñúgRKYsar
«BukmþaymannaTIciBa©wmbI)ac;nigGb;rMeRbonRbedAkUn[RsLaj;karsikSa edIm,IkøayCaBlrdæl¥
ehIycUlcitþkarbgábegáItnigEfrkSaRTBüsm,tþsi gÁm. müa:geTot ebIIyuvCnyuvnarImanviC¢aCIv³nig
sIlFm’l¥eKGacciBa©wmCIvit)anedayRsYlehIyenaH RKYsarrbs;Kat;k¾manmuxmat; ehIyGacrs;enA
)anedaysarEtKuNbMNac;énkarTUnµannigcMeNHdwgEdleK)anTTYlBIsalaeron.
{cMeNHCaes,ógrkkéRm KµanGVéI føCagviC¢aenHeLIy}.
- «BukmþayRtUvciBa©wmkUn nigTMnukbRmugkUn[)aneronsURt
- RsLaj;knU esµ²I Kña
- eFVI[manPaBsuxudumkñúgRKYsar
- erobcMkUn[manKURskr nigEckRTBüsm,tþi[kUn)ansmrmü.
2>16 sIlFm’kñúgsgÁm
- RsLaj;rab;GanKña ecHsamKÁKI ña
- TTYlsÁal; nigelIkTwkcitþGñkbegáItsñaédsRmab;RbeyaCn_sgÁm
- eKarBc,ab;rdæ c,ab;dUnta RbèBNIvb,Fm’
- RsLaj;yutþiFm’
- minrMelaPQøanBanGñkdéT
- TTYlsÁal;TukçevTna nigGaNitGasUrGñkdéT.

14
2>17 viFIsa®sþGb;rMsIlFm’
2>17>1 TsSn³Gb;rMsIlFm’sgÁmpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgvb,Fm’RbéBNI
vb,Fm’KWCakarbNþúHsabRBYsnUvcMeNHdwg nigkarGnuvtþsMedAelIkkm<s;R)aCJasµartInigkar
yl;dgw rbs;mnusS. vb,Fm’KWCasBaØaNd¾TUlMTUlaymYyekþabkþab;témømnusS eTaHbItamry³bBaØa
BlkmµkþIbk¤ ayBlkmµkIþ eTAelI)atuPUtepSg²ènFmµCati. vb,Fm’manEmkFagrbs;vabI KW³
- cMeNHdwg
- karpSBVpSay
- karGnuvtþ.
enAeBlEdlmnusSmancMeNHdwg mnusSBMEu mnykcMeNHdwgenaHeTA»bRkesabb¤kb;Tukkñúg
xøÜnenaHeT KWRtUvykcMeNHdwgenaHeTApSBVpSayeFVIkarGb;r[M mnusSdéTeTot)anRCYtRCabBIGVIEdll¥
EdlmankarrIkcMerIneCOnelOn manRbeyaCn_dl;RbeTsCati [eKecHécñRbDitnigeFVIGVI²Edlman
sñaédCUnRbeTsCatieTotpg. mankarpSBVpSaytamry³sil,³ GkSrsa®sþ GkSrsil,_ B½tm’ an
tamviTüú TUrTsSn_ kaEst TsSnavdþI edaymankarelIkTwkcitþdl;GñkseRmc)ansñaédCUnCatimatuPUmi
ehIyeRCIsykGñkEdlmanekrþ×eQµaH)aneFVlI T¥ aMgenaH CaKMrUdl;CndéTeTotpg.
mancMeNHdwgnigkarpSBVpSayenABMuTan;RKb;RKan;eT mnusSRtUvkar[mankarGnuvtþnigkar
RbtibtþEi fmeTot.
cMeNHdwg karpSBVpSay nigkarGnuvtþmanTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,IeFVI[EpñknImYy²
mankarrIkcMerIn. enaH)ann½yfa eFVI[sgÁmmnusSmankarGPivDÆRbkbedaysIlFm’x<s; kat;bnßy
nUvPaBGskmµ)anRKb;RbePT EdlmnusSnigsgÁms¥b;ex<mI eBalKWCasgÀmmanvb,Fm’l.¥
RbéBNIKWCaTMenomTmøab;t²Kña b:uEnþeyIgKb,IRtUveFVI[TMenomTmøab;enaHenACaTmøab;l¥ ehIyGVI
Edlminl¥ minbeRmIplRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁmCati eyIgKYrnaMKñaTb;sáat; CaBiess[mankarcUlrYmGnuvtþ
c,ab;BIraCrdæaPi)al BIGaCJaFrRKb;lMdab;fñak; nigBIshKmn_edIm,I[mnusSecHeKarBc,ab; nigykc,ab;
CaFM. mnusSkñúgsgÁmRtUvEtmanRkmsIlFm’l¥ ecHeKarBsiT§iKñaeTAvijeTAmk ecHxøacc,ab;ykc,ab;
CaFM GñkeFVIxusRtUvEtha‘nTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHmuxc,ab;edayKµanGMeBIBku rlYy ehIym®nþrI aCkarRKb;
RsTab;Can;fñak;Edlyl;dwgGMBcI ,ab;RtUvEteFVxI nøÜ [l¥ [éføfñÚreFVCI aCnKMrU dl;RbCaBlrdæTUeTAedIm,I
[RbCaCnmanCMenO mankarTukcitþeTAelIkareKarBc,ab; mankarTukcitþcMeBaHkardwknaMrbs;raCrdæa
15
Pi)alkñúgkarTb;sáat;)annUvPaBRkIRkRKb;Ebbya:g nigvb,Fm’BalaGavaEsRKb;RbePTmin[ekItman.
rdæaPi)aldwknaMRbeTsCatiRtUvEteFVIGVI²edIm,ICatimatuPUminigRbCaBlrdæ eFV[I esdækic©sgÁmCatiman
karrIkcMerIn EdlGacpþl;R)ak;eborvtSm®nþIraCkar)ansmrmüGacrs;)anya:géføfrñÚ kñúgCIvPaBrs;enA
rbs;eK elIksÞÜynig[témøelIkarGb;rM CaBiessRKUbeRgon EdlCaGñkbNþúHnUvvb,Fm’ sIlFm’
nigFnFanmnusSRKb;RbePT.
2>17>2 vb,Fm’RbéBNIpSarP¢ab;nwgsasna
eyIgeXIjnigdwgB¤ehIyfa enAkñúgsgÁmCatikm<úCary³eBlknøgmknigeBlbc©úb,nñ RbCaBl
rdæmankareKarBnigeCOeTAelIsasna. eKyl;eXIjfa sasnaCaGñkGb;reM FV[I mnusSRbRBwtEþ tGMeBIl¥
RKb;Ebbya:g eFVI[mnusSecHxøacnUvGMeBIGaRkk; eFVI[mnusSmankarRsLaj;GMeBIl¥ eRBaHeKmanCMenO
faGñkNaRbRBwtþnUvGMeBIlK¥ WTTYlmkvijnUvpll¥ ebIGñkNaRbRBwtGþ MeBIGaRkk;nwgTTYlplGaRkk;.
]TahrN_³ ebIeKdaMkUnGMeBA eKTTYlplmkvijKWedImGMeBA eKminGacTTYlpleRkABIedImGMeBAeLIy.
dUecñHkarGb;rMtamEbbsasnamanRbsiT§PaBNas;. RbsinebIeKmanCMenO sasnanwgCYyGb;rMtRmg;pøÚv
[mnusSedIreTArkpøÚvl¥)an.
sIlFm’Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkarKitnigGakb,kiriyarbs;mnusSmñak;²kñgú karGnuvtþ. karGnuvtþenH
RtUvQrelIeKalkarN_mYycMnYn dUcCaPaByutiFþ m’sgÀmKitKUrplRbeyaCn_CatiFCM agplRbeyaCn_
buKÁl minFøak;cUlkñúgGMeBIBala mankarqáÜtnwgGMNac qáÜtnwgRsI qátÜ nwgRsa qáÜtnwgEl,gBalaGavaEs
EdlCaGMeBIG)aymuxenaHeT.
CarYmGñkdwknaMRtUv³
- minBukrlYy
- mineRbIGMeBIhigSakñúgkaredaHRsayTMnas;sasnaEdl)anGb;rMmnusSCatieday³
- sIlFm’
- GëkmancMeNHdwgTUeTA TaMgpøvÚ elak nigpøÚvFm’
- ecosvagGMeBIGaRkk;RKb;y:ag

16
2>17>3 eFVIGMeBIl¥
karmineFVInUvGMeBIGaRkk;pgTaMgBYgeRbobdUcCagUtTwksm¥atkay ÉkarbMeBjnUvesckþlI ¥eRbob
dUcCakaresøókBak;sMelokbMBak;nigkarBak;eRKOgRbdab;tubEtgkayedayGlgáar.
karbMeBjnUvesckþlI ¥KWCakarbMeBjnUvtYnaTIeFV[I CIvitrbs;xøÜnmantémø. karGb;rMmnusSTUeTA
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)ab[)anc,as;las; KW)ann½yfaGñkNaRbRBwtGþ MeBIGaRkk;KWTTYlplGaRkk; GñkNaRbRBwtþGMeBIlK¥ W
TTYl)anpll¥.
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pleRkABIenaH)aneLIy. )ann½yfaGñkEdldaMdUgminGacTTYlmkCaeck)anenaHeT. karGb;rMtam
ry³BuT§sasnacg;[mnusSmankitþiys manmuxmanmat;enAkñúgsgÁm KWelIksÞÜysIlFm’sgÀm[man
lkçN³éføfñÚr. mnusSrs;enAedayminebotebonKñaCaehtueFVI[ mnusSecHeKarBsiT§iKñaeTAvijeTAmk
ecHCYyKñaenAeBlmanGasnñ. RBHBuT§sasna)anGb;rMekµg² yuvCn yuvnarI [ecHeKarBcas;TMu ecH
sÁal;buNü)ab b¥ÚnRtUvecHeKarBbg sisSRtUvecHeKarBRKU kUnRtUvdwg]bkarKuNrbs;matabita EdlCa
GñkmanKuNmhaEsnF¶n;cMeBaHkUn. karGb;rMenHKWtamry³GñkEdlmanCMenOmkelIpøÚvRBHBuT§sasnaKW
)anbBa¢nÚ kUnecA[eTAbYseronRBHFm’ vin½y nigCYyGb;rMtamry³FmµeTsnaEfmeTotCaRbcaM edIm,I[
mþay«Buk nigjatiejamyl;[)anc,as;nUvFmµvni ½y CYyGb;rkM UnecARbusRsIrbs;xøÜn[eFVInUvGMeBIl¥
buNükusl nig[køayeTACaBlrdæl¥éføfñÚrenAkñuúgsgÁmCati.
dUecñHRBHBuT§sasnaman\T§iBlmYyEpñkd¾FMkñúgkarGb;rMmnusSTUeTA[eFVInUvGMeBIl¥ eFVInUvGVI²min
[b:HBal;dl;plRbeyaCn_rbs;GñkdéT plRbeyaCn_sgÁmCati eBalKWplRbeyaCn_saFarN³enA
kñúgsgÁm. enHKWCakarelIksÞyÜ sIlFm’sgÀmmin[Føak;cuH. mann½yfa mnusSeyIgyl;dgw nUvGVEI dl
l¥KYreFVInigGVEI dlGaRkk;minKYreFVI eBalKWcg;[mnusSkøayCaBlrdæl¥ ecHrs;enACamYyKñaRbkbeday
suxsnþiPaB.
RBHBuT§CaGgÁm©as;)aneRbonRbedA[mnusSTaMgGs;RbRBwtþnUvGMeBIl¥ dUcCa{eFVlI ¥)anl¥}/ {eFVI
GaRkk;)anGaRkk;} minRtUveRbIGMeBIhigSaeTAelIGñkdéT {minRtUvelaPln;}. BaküeRbonRbedATaMgenH
mansar³RbeyaCn_CaTIbMputkñúgkarGb;rmM nusS EtvaCakargard¾lM)akbMputkñgú karGnuvtþ. enAkñúgsgÁm
EdlyksmÖar³GUsTajCaFM TamTar[manRbB½n§c,ab;CamUldæan dUcCac,ab;kmµsiT§i c,ab;rdæb,evNI
17
c,ab;BaNiC¢kmµ c,ab;esdækci © nigc,ab;siT§imnusS.l. CaTUeTAenAkñúgRbeTsEdlrIkcMerIn GñkdwknaM
PaKeRcInmansmtßPaBnigmansIlFm’. pÞúyeTAvij GñkdwknaMenARbeTsRkIRkxøHeRcInEtCamnusSKµan
smtßPaB KµansIlFm’ nigKµanmnsikarCati. smaKmn_GnþrCati)anCYyEpñkhirBaØvtßGú s;rab;mWun
EsnBan;landuløar nigbBa©ÚnGñkCMnajrab;Ban;nak;[eTACYyRbeTsRkIRk EteyIgsegáteXIjfataMgBI
qña1M 960mkdl;eBlbc©úb,nñenH esdækic©RbeTsRkIRkTaMgenaHxøHKµanrIkcerIn ehIyCIvPaBRbCaCn
kan;EtdundabeTA² CaBiessenATVbI Ga®hVki . etIenHmkBImUlehtuGVI? mUlehtusMxan;enaHKIedaysar
s®gÁamrvagRkumbkSRbqaMgnigRkumBYkmYyeTot. mUlehtuTI2KWbNþalmkBIkardwknaM KµansmtßPaB
ehIynigKµansIlFm’ edayRbRBwtEþ tGMeBIBku rlYyRKb;Ebbya:g. mUlehtuT3I enaHKWBwgEp¥kTaMgRsug
EteTAelICMnYybreTs edayxønÜ minsUvxitxMRbwgERbgb¤mineCOelIkmøaMgrbs;xøÜn. kardwknaMRbeTseday
KµansIlFm’enHehIy EdleFVI[RbeTsTaMgenaHBMumankarrIkcMerIn. CarYmGñkdwknaMRtUvEtCamnusS
s¥ats¥M eKarBvin½y nigGnuvtþc,ab; ehIyCamnusSEdlmansmtßPaBnigeFVCI aKMrUeK.
dMNak;kalRKb;RKgGMNacenARbeTskm<Cú a)anknøghYseTACabnþbnÞab; Gñkneya)ayk¾)an
ERbRbYlBIrbbmYyeTArbbmYy. b:uEnþeyIgsegáteXIjfa kUnExµrRbusRsIrbs;eyIgeBlenHxøHman
kareKarBcas;TMu nigecHsMBHePJóvenAminTan;)anl¥RtwmRtUvenAeLIyeT.
edIm,ICYyEklm¥ enAkñúg»kasenHeyIgsUmelIkykKMnitl¥²enAkñgú esovePAsuCIvFm’RbcaMsgÁm
RKYsarmkbgðaj nigCaKnøHw sRmab;[kUnExµreyIgyl;dwgBIrebobrbbénkarcUlrYmenAkñúgCMnMucMeNam
mnusSnigTIRbCMCu n.
edIm,IeFVxI øÜn[cuHCMnMcu MeNamnwgeK KWRtUvecHreboberobcMeRbIBaküsmþnI iyayelgesIc/ edk/
edIr/ Qr/ GgÁúy/ hUbcuk/ sIupkw / esøókBak;/ sYreqøIy/ eKarBRkabsMBH/ fVaybgÁM/ cab;éd/ gk;k,al/
k¥k/ nigkNþas;CaedIm [manEbbbTnigsNþab;Fñab;.
ebIeyIgmin)andwg minecHerobcMcriyaTaMgenH[manEbbbTl¥eT eKcat;TukeyIgfaCamnusS
eQøIy KµansNþab;Fñab; xVHsuCIvFm’b¤CamnusSmincuHnwgCMnuMcMeNamnwgeK. RbsinebIeTAcUlrYmCamYy
mnusSkñúgcMeNamFMdMungw eKvij nwgeFVI[eKFujfb;Gak;Gn;rMxanciteþ KÉg eBalKWCamnusSmincuHsRmug
minman\riyabfl¥enAkñúgsgÁm.

18
2>17>4 suCIvFm’tamvtþGaram
vtþGaramKWCaTIkEnøgskáar³eKarBbUCa EdleyIgminRtUvsEmþgGakb,kiriyaminKb,IesaHeLIy
dUcCaCiHkg; CiHm:tU U rfynþRKb;RbePTRtUvebIkbredayel,ÓnyWt² [smrmüéføfñÚrcUleTAkñúgvtþeday
esckþIeKarB. GñkBak;mYkb¤TTURkmaRtUvedaHecjBIelIk,alenAeBledIrcUleTAkñúgvtþ b¤minRtUvsMlab;
stVmanCIvitkñúgTIGaramenaHeT nigminRtUvnaMKñaLÚLab¤eh‘arkeRBa¨ìvenAkñúgTIvtþGarameLIy.
narIKCW a])asikaRtUvsRmYlbJkBa[nwgFwg munnwgcUleTAkan;TIGaram kMueFVIEPñkRkLicRkLab;
kMugakeqVgsþaM kMujjwmjEjmkxibkxubxøaMgeBk KYremIlcas;TuM. kMueBalBaküGavaEsenAkñgú TIGaram.
kMuesøókBak;exIcelIexIceRkam eBlcUleTAfVaybgÁRM BHBuT§bdimab¤RBHsgÇKWRtUvesøókBak;[)ansmrmü
eTIbeBjlkçN³CaBuTs§ asnikCn. kMeu lgBaküsmþIb¤cMEGcMGn;RBHsgÇedayRbkarminKb,IenaHeLIy.
kMuBak;eRKOgGlgáar lm¥xøÜnhYsRbmaneBk eBlcUleTATIenaH.
bursKWCa])askRtUveRbIBaküsmþI[)ansmrmü eKarBRBHsgÇedayesµaHRtg;cMeBaHRBHBuT§
sasna. eBlfVaybgÁMRBHBuT§bdimab¤fVaybgÁMRBHsgÇ RtUvgakmux[cMeTArkRBHBuTb§ dimab¤RBHsgÇ.
kMufVaybgÁMcMtitcMtUg edayk,algakmkcrcaCamYyGñkÉeTot[esaH eRBaHkareFVdI UcenHnaM[manesckþI
esAhµg ekþARkhaydl;GñkdéT EdleKarBbUCaedayesµaHcMeBaHRBHBuT§sasna.
eyIgCaBuT§sasnikk¾mni Kb,ItµHtiHedoldl;sasnaNamYyeT eRBaHTegVEI bbenHKWCakarrMelaP
elIsiT§iesrIPaBxagCMenOrbs;eK. yuvCnyuvnarIkúñgsm½yfµIeyIgenHyl;c,as;ehIyfa RBMEdnéncitþ
KMnitb¤esrIPaBrbs;mnusSkñúgkareRCIserIsKURskr)anedIrdl;NaehIy. karTukdak;kUnecAtamRbéBNI
ExµreyIg KWbursRtUvecHsþIdNþgw narI KWcUlsþIdl;«Bukmþayb¤GaNaBüa)alrbs;narI. mann½yfa [cas;
TMujatiepAsnþan)andwgB¤tamTMenomTmøab;RbéBNIrbs;ExµreyIg dUcmanXøafa{RkmMudNþwgmþay emm:ay
dNþwgcitþ b¤nmM inFMCagnaLi }.
dUcenHenAeBlEdleyIgkøayeTACamatabitaeKvij eyIgRtUvKitKUrya:gNaEdredIm,IEfrkSa
kitiþys esckþIsuxsanþbuRtabuRtIrbs;eyIg [køayeTACakulbuRtd¾l¥eqñImEdlmanRbeyaCn_ceM BaH
sgÁmCati.
kñgú sgÁmkm<Cú abc©úb,nñ edaysarEtesdækic©rbs;CatienATn;exSay nigCIvPaBRbCaCnenARkIRk
xVHxat GñkEdlmankUnecARsI² KWeKbgçcM itþkat;ekrþ×kat;xµas [kUneTAbeRmIkarCanarIlk;Rsaebor rt;tu
nigCanarIeRcogxara:GUexenAtamePaCnIydæannigrgÁsalepSg². narI²TaMgenaHPaKeRcInCaGnkçrCn

19
EdlbENþtbeNþayxøÜneTAtamTwkR)ak;duløarGUsTaj Føak;xøÜnmanekrþ×eQµaHGaRsUvminl¥ EdlCaktþa
naM[sIlFm’mankarFøak;cuH.
kalBIsm½ymun bursCasVamIEtgEtecjeTAeFVkI aredIm,IrkkéRmmkpÁt;pÁg;CIvPaBRbcaMéf¶kñúg
RKYsar ehIycUlmkkan;lMenAdæanrbs;xøÜnvij. dUecñHkarGb;rbM uRtFItaCaParkic©rbs;mataEtmñak;
b:ueNÑaH. edaymataenAkñgú RKYsarxøHCamnusSminsUv)aneronecHdwg[eRCARCH minEdl)anTTYldMNwg
BImCÄdæannananigB½t’manenACMvu ijxøÜn xVHkarBiesaFkñgú dMeNIrCIvit k¾bENþtbeNþaykUneTAtamdMeNIr
eCaKvasnarbs;eK CaehtueFVI[kUnrbs;BYkeKGacCYbnwgplGaRkk;edaysarEtmin)anCYyGb;rMknU [
)anditdl;nigxVHkartamdanskmµPaBrbs;kUn.
nasm½ybc©úb,nñenH bursCasVamIPaKeRcIneTAeFVIkarenAkñúgsßab½nrdæ. edaysarEtRbeTsCati
rbs;eyIgeTIbEtegIbBIs®gÁamraMuér:Gs;CaeRcInTsvtS Éesdækic©RbeTsCatike¾ nAmankRmit eFV[I BYkeK
TTYlR)ak;ebovtSsþÜcesþIg xVHxatminGacciBa©wmCIvitRKYsar)an k¾BwgEp¥keTAelIPriyaCYyecjrkR)ak;
cMNUlRbkbmuxrbrepSg² eTAtamkmøagM R)aCJarbs;xøÜn enAtamTIpSarb¤enAtampÞHeFV[I BYkeKxVHeBl
evlaEfTaMknU ecA KWbENþtbeNþay[BYkeKeFVIGVImYytamcitþ eTAtameRBgvasna KWBwgEp¥kTaMgRsug
eTAelIkarGb;rMrbs;RKUenAtamsalaEtmYymuxb:ueNÑaH.
enAtamsalaeron edaysarEtR)ak;ebovtSelakRKUGñkRKUtci tYcxVHxat karGb;rMsIlFm’ceM BaH
sisSk¾min)ansIuCeRmAnigditdl; Ep¥kelIEtRTwseþI meron. karshkarCamYymatabitasisS shKmn_
nigCamYyGaCJaFrenAmankRmit CaBiessxVHTMnak;TMngnwgKña[)anl¥kñúgkarGb;rM. ehIybriyakas
sgÁmk¾manPaBminRbRktICaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ KYbpSMngi vb,Fm’breTscUlmkedayKµanviFITb;sàat;
[manRbsiTP§ aBpgenaH rYmTaMgm®nþmI YycMnYnmanPaBBukrlYyenAtambNþaRksYgBak;B½n§nana eFVI[
sIlFm’sgÀmkm<úCabc©úb,nñmankarFøak;cuHKYr[)armÖ.
2>18 TsSn³Gb;rMrbs;KruviTUnigcitþviTU
2>18>1 elak ERICKSON
etIsalaeronRtUvmantYnaTIya:gNaxøH këúgkarGb;rsM IlFm’cMeBaHsisS? manbuKÁlxøHeCOfakar
Gb;rMsIlFm’minEmnCatYnaTIrbs;salaeroneT xøHfakarGb;rMCabBaðarbs;RKYsar xøHeTotfakarGb;rCM a
Gcié®nþy_PaBrbs;salaeroneTAvij. CakarBit salaeronmantYnaTIsMxan;Nas; këúgkarGb;rsM IlFm’

20
tamkmµviFsI ikSa EdlRksYgGb;rM)ankMNt;. elakRKUGñkRKURtUvRbkan;x¢ab;nUvGakb,kiriyab¤\riyabf
KMrkU gñú karGb;rsM isSanusisS.
lMnaMèndMeNIrkarGPivDÆEpëksIlFm’rbs;elak Erickson EckecjCabYndMNak;kalKW³
k> dMNak;kalGPivDÆsIlFm’CMhandMbUg
sisSTTYlkarGb;rMEpñkTMenomTmøab;kgñú sgÁm BI«Bukmþay nigbgRbus-RsIkñúgRKYsar. eBlkUn
b¤b¥ÚneFVIxus «Bukmþay bgRbus-RsICaGñkdas;etOn ENnaMCYyTUnµanEklMG Biesskñgú TMnak;TMngCamYy
GñkdéTEdlmanlkçN³gay² b¤Gak,kiriyakñúgRKYsar[ecHCYykargarRsal²kñgú RKYsar. ebIkUnb¤b¥Ún
x¢il kardak;TNÐkmµRsal²k¾CakarcaM)ac;. «Bukmþay mamIg bgRbusRsIRtUvGb;rMkUnkµÜynigb¥Ún²[
edIrpøvÚ l¥ sÁal;GMeBIGaRkk;GMeBIl¥ sÁal;BItémøGb;rMkñúgsgÁmeFV[I kUnkøayeTACaBlrdæl¥ KYrCaTIeKarB.
x> dMNak;kalGPivDÆsIlFm’këúgv½ykumarPaB
kñúgv½y2-3qñaM kumarkMBugEtmankarlUtlas;xagkarKitEpñkrUbiy. kumarkMBugEteFVxI useRcIn
CageFVRI tUv. edaykarCYyeRCamERCgBIGaNaBüa)al kumarecHeKarBsiT§iGñkrs;enACamYyKña ecHsþab;
dMbUnµan«Bukmþay eroneFVItambgRbusRsIsþab;bgÁab;RKU)aFüay taMgBIkRmitmetþyüsikSa. kñúgdMNak;
kalenH cMeBaHkumarkarGb;rsM IlFm’sMxan;Nas;. «Bukmþay nigGñkGaNaBüa)alminRtUv³
- bENþtbeNþaykumar[eFVIGVI²tamTMenIgcitþrbs;eK
- Kabsgát;pøÚvcithþ YsRbmaN b¤eFIGV VImYysuT§EtmanlkçxNÐenaHeT
- sMLútKRmamrhUtkumarxøac)ak;s,at )at;bg;sµartIcgcaM minh‘aneFVImþgeTot.
GñkGaNaBüa)al k¾dUcCaGñkRKUmetþyü RtUvykcitþTukdak;Gb;rMsIlFm’dl;kumar[manTmøab;
l¥kñúgkarrs;enA kñúgTMnak;TMngCamYymnusScas;b¤mitPþ kþi nigyl;dwgGMBIGnam½ykñúgkarrs;enA.
K> dMNak;kalGPivDÆsIlFm’enAv½ykNþalènkumarPaB
v½yenHKitBIGayu6-7qñaMngi BI11-12qña.M kñúgv½yenHkumarkMBugmanTMnak;TMngxøagM køaCamYy
smaCikkñúgRKYsar mitþPkþikMBugeronCamYyKña nigCamYyshKn_rbs;xøÜn. eKkMBugRtgRtab;kþab;ykbT
BiesaFn_TegVIepSg² BIkñgú RKYsarnigkñúgsalaeron. sisScab;epþmI yl;dgw nigTTYlxøwmsarénc,ab;kñúg
RKYsar kñúgsgÁm nigkñúgsalaeron. tamBitc,ab; ekIteLIgtamry³kareronsURtBIkúñgsalaeron. kñgú
salaeron kumarRtUvecHeKarBbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;sala kñúgsgÁmRtUvecHeKarBc,ab;sgÁmTUeTA
kñúgskmµPaBénEl,gb¤kLI akumark¾RtUvecHeKarBc,ab;lkçnþik³rbs;kILapgEdr.
21
X> dMNak;kalGPivDÆsIlFm’këúgv½yCMTg;
v½yCMTg;KitBIGayu12-13qñaM nigBIGayu16-17qña.M Cav½yEdlkarKitKUr nigeRKagq¥gw cab;
epþmI lUtlas;ya:grh½s ehIyeKmankarBi)akvincä½ynwgkMNt;GtþsBaØaNrbs;kumarkñúgv½yenHNas;.
kñúgv½yCMTg; eKCYbkarb:HTgáci CamYyc,ab;sIlFm’ nigCamYybTbBa¢aépÞkñúgsala. eBlxøHeKh‘aneFVI
bMBannwgc,ab;saFarN³¬cracrN_¦b¤bTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;salaeTotpg. ekµgCMTg;²cab;epþmI manTMnak;
TMngCamYyekµg Edlmanv½ycMNas;CagxøÜn nigecHsMKal;eXIjGIEV dlEbøk² ehIyk¾TTYlykPøam.
2>18>2 elak JEAN PIAGET(1896-1980)
elakKWCacitþviTUÉkeTsxagRTwsþIGakb,kiriyad¾l,IeQµaHkñúgBiPBelak. RTwsþIénkarGPivDÆ
sIlFm’rbs;elak Jean Piaget k¾manbYndMNak;kal dUcelak Erickson pgEdrKW³
k> tYnaTITTYlB½t’mankëgú sgÀm
cMeBaHkumarmanGayuBI6-8qñaM kumareCOfamnusSmanKMniteFVIGVI²kñúgsßanPaBdUcKñaEtral;eBl
BYkeKTTYl)anB½tm’ anepSg²Kña ehIyBYkeKminGacBüakrN_)anBIRbtikmµrbs;GñkdéT)aneLIy. cMnuc
enHÉgEdlbBa¢ak;fa kumarPaKeRcInmankaryl;dwgepSg²Kña cMeBaHGakb,kiriyarbs;GñkdéT b¤GñkenA
CMuvji xøÜneK.
x> tYnaTITTYlxusRtUvelIxønÜ Ég
)andl;kumarEdlmanGayuB8I -10qña.M kñgú sßanPaBEtmYy kumarGacmanTsSn³epSgKña
eTaHbICaenAeBlxøH eKTTYl)anB½tm’ andUcKëak¾eday. cUldl;v½yenH kumarGacBüakrN_)aneTAelI
RbtikmµBIGñkdéT.
]TahrN_³ ebIsinsisSmñak;mineFVIkic©karsala EdlRKUdak;[ykeTAeFVeI nApÞHyb;enaHeT
c,as;CaelakRKUGñkRKUxwgsm,ar ehIyeKnwgTTYlTNÐkmµ b¤nwgRtUvTTYl)anBinsÞú Unü. b¤faebI
em:ag11/30naTI b¤em:ag5/30naTIehIyxøÜnminTan;eTAdl;pÞHeT c,as;Caelak«BukGñkmþay bgb¥Ún
nwgTnÞwgrg;caMemIlpøvÚ ehIyRBYy)armÖ b¤RtUvmanRbtikmµCamYyeKvijCak;Caminxan.

22
K> tYnaTITTYlxusRtUvenAkñgú TMnak;TMngKña
)andl;kumarGayuBI10-12qñaM. eKyl;faTsSn³pÞal;xøÜnrbs;eKdUcTsSn³mitþPkþei KEdrkñúg
eBlEtmYy. ebIkñúgeBlEtmYykumarmanTsSn³pÞúyKñaeTAvij etIRKUnigmitþPkþirbs;eKmanRbtikmµ
EbbNaeTAvij?
X> tYnaTITTYlykKMnitÉkPaB
)andl;kumarb¤v½yCMTg; EdlmanGayucab;BI12qñaMeLIgeTA. kñgú v½yenHCMTg;EtgEtdwgfaman
mnusSeRcInNas; EdlGacdwgBIRBwtþikarN_NamYynwgekItmaneLIgkñúgsgÁmedayxøÜnÉg. ehIyCMTg;
Gacdwg)aneTotfamnusSxøHmanTsSn³xusEbøkKña.
tamelak Piaget karelIkTwkcitþBIkarGPivDÆsIlFm’RtUv)anEckCabYndMNak;kal³
- RtUvTTYlsÁal;kumarEdlenAv½yekµgGacTTYlcemøIycMeBaHTMnas;sIlFm’xusBI
kumarEdlmanv½ycMNas; EdlEtgEtqøgkat;bTBiesaFn_)aneRcInCagkumarenA
v½yekµg.
- RKUGacsakbegáItTsSn³vis½ycMeBaHsisS ehIyeFVIkarelIkTwkcitEþ pñkTsSn³
vis½yenHcMeBaHsmtßPaBsisS. sisSEdlecHRbkan;yk\riyabf b¤Gakb,kiriya
l¥enAkñúgcMeNamsisSrYmfñak; RKURtUvecHelIkTwkcitþeK edIm,I[sisSÉeTotGnuvtþ
tam. eKalkarN_Gb;rsM IlFm’minRtUveFVsRbEhscMeBaHsisS EdlkMBugeronsURt
enAkñúgsala.
- RKURtUvGPivDÆn_cMeNHdwgnigskmµPaBsIlFm’CaRbcaMeTAelIsisSCaerogral;èf¶ eFVI
[smRsbtamkmµvFi IsikSa eTaHCakñúgema:gbeRgonkþI eRkAfñak;eronkþI [sisS
ecHeKarBKña ecHeRbIBaküsmþIRtwmRtUveTArkKña ecHeKarBsiT§iKñaeTAvijeTAmk.
- begáItRkumBiPakSaBItèmøsIlFm’ edayRKUerobcMsisS[GgÁyú CaRkum. karBiPakSa
KñaenaHRtUvRbRBwtþeTAya:gskmµ. RKURtUvENnaMsisS[ecHriHKn;GñkRbRBwtxþ usqÁg
nigKnøgsIlFm’.

23
2>19 kmµviFIGb;rMsIlFm’enAviTüal½y
2>19>1 Tmøab;l¥rbs;RKYsar´
Tmøab;l¥rbs;RKYsar KWbeRgonsisS[ecHGMBIrebobsMBHmandUcCa³ sMBHRBH sMBH«Bukmþay
sMBHRKU sMBHmitþPkþi sMBHRBHsgÇ sMBHCIdUnCIta nigsMBHG‘¿ ma mIg nigbeRgonsisSGnuvtþkarsMBH.
2>19>2 kareKarB karKYrsm nigsuCIvFm’kñúgkarbriePaK
2>19>2>1 kareKarB
k>kareKarB«Bukmþay³ kUnRbusRsIRtUvykcitþTku dak;sþab;nigeFVItamdMbUnµanrbs;mþay«Buk
RKb;eBlevla. kUnl¥KWkUnEdledIrtamKnøgsIlFm’ nigecHeFVI[mþay«Buksb,aycitþCanic©.
x>KuN«Bukmþay ¬GtßbTbUraN¦
Em:«manKuN KuNmanTm¶n; F¶nd; UcRbwfBI
KµanGVInwgsg KuNelakTaMgeTV masb:unKirI
éføBMeu sµIehag.
K>kareKarBRBHsgdz kUnExµrRtUvecHeKarBRBHsgÇ [)ansmtamTmøab;BIdUntarbs;eyIg. ebI
fVaybgÁúMRBHsgÇGñkRtUvbt;eCIg b¤dak;édTaMgBIrpÁMúKñaRtwmRbCMcu ieBa©Im rYcRkabfVaybgÁM[TabbIdg.
eBlsþab;RBHsgÇsURtFm’ b¤eTsna RtUvGgÁúybt;eCIgEbrmuxeTArkelak edayédsMBHehIynigRbug
sµartIes¶óms¶at;sþab;RBHFm’edayykcitþTukdak;.
2>19>2>2 karKYrsm
k>karKYrsmrvagbgb¥ÚnRbusRsI³ bgb¥ÚnRbusRsIminRtUvniyayeTAkan;KñaedayBakü{Gj Ég
Ga mI>>>}eT RtUveRbIBakü{´ bg b¥Ún} CMnYsvij. bgb¥ÚnRtUvecHfñak;fñmCYyTukçFur³KñanigGFüaRs½y[Kña
eTAvijeTAmk.
x>karKYrsmcMeBaHGñkbeRmI³ m©as;pHÞ RtUvmancitsþ enþasnigrab;rkGñkbeRmI[dUcCasac;jati
rbs;xøÜn. GñkbeRmImñak;²RtUvTTYlkic©karRsbeTAnwgkmøagM kay pþle; BlsRmak[)anl¥ briePaK
GaharRKb;RKan; nig)anTTYltMEhTaMenAeBlQWfáat;. m©as;pÞHKb,ICUnrgVan;dl;GñkbeRmINaEdlman
sñaédl¥kñgú karbMeBjkic©karrbs;xøÜn.
24
K>karKYrsmcMeBaHePJóv³ kalNamanePJóvGeBa¢jI mkdl;pHÞ eyIgRtUvecjeTAebIkTVar ehIy
elIkédCRmabsYr edayTwkmuxjjwmRss;bs;. rYcGeBa¢IjePJóvcUleTAkñgú pÞH edayeBalBaküsmrmü
Tn;PønE; p¥mElðm dUcCaeBalfa{elakBU GëkmIg elakG‘¿>>> GeBa¢IjcUlmk ehIyGeBa¢IjGgÁúy}.
X>karKYrsmrvagsisSnigsisS³ sisSRtUvecHRsLaj;rab;GanKñadUcCabgb¥nÚ . mñak;²RtUvman
snþancitþesµaHRtg;nwgKña ecHCYyykGasaKñaeTAvijeTAmk ecosvagsMEdgGakb,kiriyaminKb,Ib¤rMxan
KñaedayRbkarNamYy. sisSNa)aneFVGI MeBIl¥CamYymitþPkþi sisSenaHRtUv)anTTYlkarrab;Gannig
esckþIsresIrBIelakRKU GñkRKU nigsisSÉeTot.
2>19>3 suPavFm’kñúgkarbriePaK
eyIgRtUvmkbriePaKGahar[Tan;eBlevla kM[u GñkÉeTotrg;caM. enAkñúgRKYsarExµr kUnman
Par³CYyerobcM)ayTwk dUcCaRkalkenÞl e)asRcas dak;Twk erobcan søabRBa elIkmðÚbCaedIm.
2>19>4 karRsLaj;
mitPþ kþiRtUvRsLaj;rab;GanKñaedayesµaHRtg; nigecHCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk. GñkeronBUEkCYy
GñkeronexSay edayBnül;xøwmsaremeron nigENnaM[ecHviFIeron. mñak;²RtUvCYydas;etOneRkInrMlwk
Kña[ecHxitxMeronsURt eKarBvin½ysala[)anl¥ nigsþab;tamdMbUnµanrbs;elakRKU GñkRKU.
2>19>5 kareKarBRbtibtþiepSg²
2>19>5>1 kareKarBnigbeRmICIdUnCIta
CIdnU CItaKWCamþay«Bukrbs;«BukmþayeyIg. elakCaGñkpþl;CIvitnigciBa©wmbI)ac;EfrkSamþay
«BukeyIg. elakmansnþancitþRsLaj;nigeR)asRbNICanic©cMeBaHkUnecA. edIm,ItbnwgGMeBIl¥TaMgenH
kUnb¤ecARtUveKarBbeRmIekatxøac nigsþab;bgÁab;b¤CYyhucenHhucenaH eBlelakRtUvkarGVI. munnwgeTA
NamkNa kUnecARtUvCRmabdMNwgb¤sMGu nuBaØatBIelakCamunsin. GMeBIl¥TaMgenHeFVI[elaksb,aycitþ
nigbMePøckarenOyht;TaMgLay)anxøHCaBMxu an.
2>19>5>2 kareKarBRBwT§acarü
cas;RBwTa§ carüCacas;TMuEdlmanbTBiesaFn_l¥²kñúgCIvit nigecHdwgerOgra:vCaeRcInkñúgsgÁm.
Kat;eRbonRbedAkUnecA[RbRBwtþEtGMeBIl¥ nigmancitþemtþa ecHGt;»n[KñaeTAvijeTAmk.

25
eyIgRtUveKarBRsLaj;»nlMeTan CYysMralTukçFur³RKb;Ebbya:gcMeBaHKat; kñúgkrNIcaM)ac;
dUcCaCYydwkédqøgpøÚv kan;rbs;F¶n; epÞrkEnøgGgÁúyCUnKat;enAtamrfynþQlñÜ b¤kEnøgceg¥ót.l.
2>19>5>3 kareKarB®sþIePT
®sþIePTmandUcCaCIdUn bgb¥ÚnRsI mitRþ sIrYmfñak; GñkmþayFM mþaymIg Gñkmþay. mñak;²RtUveKarB
®sþIePT edayRbkan;Gakb,kiriyaTn;Pøn; TwkmuxrIkray nigcitþsb,úrsCanic©. RtUvCUnkEnøgsmKYreTA
®sþIePTEdlmanépÞeBaH b¤®sþIcas;Cra. RtUvGnuBaØat®sþIePTeTAmun ebIkEnøgceg¥ót nigecosvagniyay
BaküeBcn_GasGaPasenAcMeBaHmux®sþIePT eRBaH{®sþICamataénBiPBelak}.
2>19>5>4 kareKarBCnBikar
CnBikarrs;enAya:glM)aklMbin. eTaHbIGñkenaHBikaredaymUlehtuGVIk¾eday k¾Kat;CamnusS
EdleyIgRtUvGaNitGasUr nigCYyse®gÁaHpgEdr. eyIgminKYrRbmafb¤eFVRI tab;tam edaycMGkLk
LWyenaHeT. BiesseyIgRtUvCYy]btßmÖCaR)ak;b¤Carbs;rbrepSg²dl;yuT§CnBikar Edl)anbUCaCIvit
karBarCatimatuPUmi [)anskþismnwgdwgKuNbMNac;rbs;Kat;.
2>19>6 eyIgeKarBvin½y
mnusSpþúMKñars;enA)anCaRkum CasgÁmCati. RKYsarCasgÁmTImYyrbs;mnusSeyIg. RKYsarsux
dumrmnaGaRs½yedaysmaCikmñak;²ecHeKarBsIlFm’rs;enArbs;RKYsar. salaeronCasgÁmFMCag
RKYsar. salaeronmandMeNIrkarrlUnl¥kG¾ aRs½yelIGñkGb;rMl¥ nigsisSanusisSecHeKarBbTbBa¢aépÞ
kñúgrbs;salaeron. RbCaCnkm<úCaCagdb;lannak;KCW asgÁmCatimYyya:gFM.
edIm,Irs;enA)ansuxsanþ eyIgRtUvykEdndIénmatuPUmiGgÁrd¾bvrCaKMrsU Mrab;mnusSCMnan;eRkay
nUvsIlFm’ÉkPaB EdlCMruj[RbeTsrIkcMerIn. eyIgTaMgGs;KñaRtUveKarBbTbBa¢aépÞkgñú rbs;RbeTs
[)anl¥KWc,ab;. RksYgyutþiFm’ nigRksYgmhaépÞmanParkic©CYyCMrju [BlrdæRKb;rUbeKarBc,ab;.
2>19>7 \riyabfl¥enATIsaFarN³
2>19>7>1 tamrfynþQñÜl
RtUvman\riyabfl¥kñúgkarGgÁúy RtUvecHsMrmY kayminKYrmankiriyadak;édeCIgRceggRcgag.
karniyaysþRI tUvecHeRbIBaküeBcn¾smrmü manTMnak;TnM gl¥CamYyGñkrYmdMeNIr edayeRbIsMdITn;Pøn;

26
mineRbIBaküGasGaPas b¤BaküjúHjúgbgá[manCMelaHenaHeT. CaBiessRtUvecHsenþasnigGnueRKaH
cMeBaHRsþmI anKP’ b¤cas;Cra edayCUnkEnøgGgÁúydl;Kat;[)ansmrmü. ¬RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa/
sikSasgÁm fñak;TI3/ TMB½rTI15¦
2>19>7>2 tameragmehaRsB
CakarRbéB karsikSaeronsURtmanenARKb;TIkEnøg karTTYlcMeNHdwgminfaBImnusScas; b¤ekµg
KWGaceronBIKñaeTAvijeTAmkRKb;eBl. dUcCamanerOgtMNalfa³cuHBIrfynþ suPaBnigKMnitbnþdeM NIr
eq<aHeTAeragmehaRsB edIm,Isþab;nigTsSnakarRbKMut®nþI nigceRmogsm½y. enAxagmuxeragmehaRsB
manmnusSmIredrdas. KMnit³ eyIgeTATijsMbuRt¡ KMnit k¾edIrRbeRCotcUleTA b:uEnþRtUvsuPaBTajéd
mkvij. suPaB³ kMuRbeRCoteKÉg QrtBIeKeTA¡ )ansMbuRt KMnitk¾TajédsuPaB RbeRCotBiteKÉg
eTAmuxeTot EtsuPaBminRBm. suPaB³ ÉgemIleK eyIgeTAQreFVICaknÞúyeKeTA¡ kñúgeragmehaRsB
t®nþIcab;epþImRbKM. eBlcb;bTTI1 KMnit)aneRkakQr ehIyTHèdERskeh‘a. suPaB³ KMnitGgÁúyeTA
kMuERskeh‘a RKan;EtTHéd)anehIyRtUvmansuCIvFm’xøHpg.
2>19>7>3 tamvtþGaram
RbCaBlrdæExµrKWCaBuT§sasnikCn. BYkeKEtgEtyl;dgw GMBITMenomTMlab;RbéBNI ehIycat;
TukTIvtþGaramCakEnøgeKarBskáarbUCa. ehIyk¾)antak;EtgCaerOgniTanTuksMrab;Gb;rMkUnecApgEdr
dUcCa³ mankumarBIrnak;Bak;mYkya:gsgða eBledIrmkdl;muxvtþ eKk¾edaHmYkecj. suPaB³RBHviharenH
eTIbEtsagsg;rcY dUcCas¥atNas;. etaHeyIgeTAfVaybgÁMRBHbnþci sin. KMnit³ gakemIlekµgmYyRkum
kMBugelgKb;vg;k¾rG‘Ur em:ck¾BYkeKmkKb;vg;enATIenHeTAvij¡ KMnit³rknwkeXIjerOgmYyk¾sYr³ etIBYk
eyIgGacebHpáaenHeTAfVayRBH)anEdrb¤eT? suPaB³kMuebHpáaenH vaCarbs;vtþ. GñkTaMgBIredaHEs,k
eCIgrYcedIrcUleTAkñúgRBHvihar ehIyk¾fVaybgÁRM BHBuT§bdimaedaykþIeKarB.
2>19>8 sIlFm’BuT§sasna
BuT§sasnamanRBHBuT§bdima RBHFm’ nigRBHsgÇCaTIeKarB. BuTs§ asna)anTUnµaneRbonRbedA
BuT§sasnik[RbtibtþiGMeBIl¥ evorcakGMeBIGaRkk; tampøÚvkay vaca citþ mankarkab;smøab; karPUt
kuhk esckþxI µas)ab xøac)ab karlYcRTBüeK karniyayedImeK nigKMnsMu gswkCaedIm.
BuT§sasnikeKarBBuT§sanaedayfVaybgÁRM BHBuT§rUbnigRBHsgÇ. ral;éf¶BuT§bris½TRbeKncgðan;
RBHsgÇtamry³karykcgðan;eTAdak;)aRt. eBlmanbuNüepSg² eKnimnþRBHsgÇmksURtmnþ eTsna
27
nigTTYlcgðan;. enHKWCabuNükuslsMrab;GñkEdlenAmanCIvitpg nig]TÞisCUncMeBaHGñkEdl)anEck
zaneTAbrelakpgEdr.
2>19>9 GMeBIsb,úrsFm’
GMeBIsb,úrsKWCaGMeBIlE¥ dlmnusSeFVeI TAelImnusSpgKñaedaykayvacacit.þ mnusSrs;enAkñgú
sgÁmRtUvecHCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk minRtUvRbkan;vNѳ zan³BUCsasn_GeVI LIy. kareFVIGMeNaydl;Cn
RkIRk CnrgeRKaHCaeRKOg]bePaKbriePaKkþI karpþl;QamsRmab;se®gÁaHCIvitGñkCm¶WkIþ karGb;rMbgðaj
pøvÚ kuslkþI KWsuT§swgCaGMeBIsb,úrséføføaCaTIbMput. GgÀkarmnusSFm’CatidcU Cakak)aTRkhmkm<Cú a
mCÄmNÐlCatipþl;Qam KN³kmµaFikarCatiRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþray nigGgÀkarmnusSFm’GnþrCati
dUcCakak)aTRkhmGnþrCati RKUeBTüKµanRBMEdn GuksVam RKYsarfµ>I >> )anCYyse®gÁaHRbCaBlrdæ
edaysb,úrsFm’ enAeBlBYkeKTTYlrgeRKaHedayécndü nigRtUvkarCMnYyCabnÞan;. enAsalaeron
ebIsinCamanmitþPkþiNamñak;TTYlrgeRKaHedaysarGVImYy eyIgRtUvCYy]btßmÖTMnukbMrgu KñaCasµartIkIþnig
smÖar³kþeI daycitþesµaHsµ½RK.
2>19>10 El,gBala
Bakücas;eBalfa{qáÜtmanbI qáÜtmYynwgRsI qáÜtmYynwgRsa qáÜtmYynwgEl,gBala qáÜtenHehA
mhaéRkknøg}. GñkelgEl,gsIusgmanKuNvibtþieRcInNas; sRmab;xøÜnÉgpÞal; RKYsar nigsgÁm
dUcCaxatbg;eBlevlanigRTBüsm,tþi )at;bg;kitþiys ekItTMnas;k,t;citþRkumRKYsarnigmitþPkþi ehIy
GacRbRBwtþecarkmµ b¤XatkmµeTotpg. sgÁm)ancat;Tukfa{El,gsIusgKWCaGMeBIBalanigefakTab}.
eyIgKYrTukeBlevlasRmab;eronsURt nigRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvti edaysucrit RbesIrCageTARbRBwtþEl,g
Balab¤GMeBIG)aymux.
2>19>11 suPavFm’cMeBaHCnbreTs
CnCatidéT)ancUlmkeFVIkarrksIu edIrkmSanþ bMeBjkic©karepSg²b¤kr¾ s;enAkñgú RbeTseyIg
tamc,ab;GenþaRbevsn_ ehAfaCnbreTs. tambTsuPavFm’ eyIgRtUvmanGakb,kiriyasmrmü eRbI
smþITn;Pøn;suPaBrabsa nigecHrak;Tak;cMeBaHCnbreTs [dUcCnCatirbs;xøÜnEdr. ebICnbreTscg;dwg
BIpÚøv Gas½ydæan nigTIkEnøgepSg² eyIgRtUvCYypþl;dMNgw edayrIkraytamlT§PaB. ebIman»kas
eyIgGacbgðajBYkeKGMBITeM nomTmøab; sIlFm’l¥rbs;RbeTseyIg[CnTaMgenaH)anRCYtRCab.

28
2>19>12 karTTYlTanGahar
karTTYlTanGaharkñgú RKYsarnImYy²maneBlkMNt;epSg²Kña. tamTmøab;ExµreyIg GgÁúy
bt;eCIgenAelIkenÞl edIm,IbriePaKGahar. ebImankarGnuBaØat[bBaÄrCgÁgb; ¤EBnEPñn k¾RtUvsRgÜm
\riyabf[)ansmrmü. eBlTTYlTanGaharCamYyePJóvelItukþI elIkenÞlkþI b¤kñúgsPaBEbbNakþI RtUv
esøókBak;[)ans¥at)at eCosvagkarElgxønÜ TeT. ekµg²RtUvbeRmIcas; dUcCaCYydYs)aysmø[lµm
mineBjcaneBkb¤minticeBk. eyIgbriePaKkM[u B¤sUreBlhutTwksmø TMBarGahar b¤søabRBaTgÁiccan
søabRBab:HeFµj.l. eyIgeCosvagkaresIcnigniyayenAeBlmanGaharenAkñúgmat; ebIet¥kI ePI
RtUveFVIedaylak;elom. eyIgRtUvbriePaKGahar[Gs;BIkñúgcan EtminRtUvekascanb¤k¾liT§søabRBa
minlUkb¤eQagdYsmðÚbExVgédKña b¤briePaKEtmðÚbNaq¶aj;². eyIgminRtUvbriePaKRbjab;RbjaleBk
b¤yWteBkeT KWRtUvbBa©b;dMNalKña. ebIQb;munehIyecjBItbu ¤BIkenÞl RtUvniyaysMeu TasedayBakü
KYrsmcMeBaHGñkrYmbriePaKCamYyKña. ebIxanmin)an eBlcak;eFµjRtUvykédb¤kEnSg)aMgmat;.
karbriePaKtameBlevla manrebobrbbTmøab;smrmü naM[manesckþéI føfrñÚ nigsuPmgÁl.
2>19>13 suPavFm’cMeBaHGñkCitxag
GñkCitxagCaGñkEdlrs;enAkñúgPUmipgrbgCamYyKña. CaFmµtakñúgCIvPaBrs;enARbcaMéf¶ mnusS
EtgEtmankarR)aRs½yTak;TgnigBwgBak;KñaeTAvijeTAmk BMmu anEbgEckerIseGIgGVeI LIy. TMnas;rvag
GñkCitxagrEmgekIteLIgedaysarkUnecA/ bsustV/ RBMd/I beRmIbRmas;eRKOgbMBgsMeLg.l. ebIekIt
TMnas;rvagGñknigGñkCitxag GñkRtUvecHGt;Fµtx; nþI BicarNarkehtupl ehIyrkviFIedaHRsayeday
sµartIeyaKyl;Kña. kñgú krNImnusSxøHmanHrwgrUsBi)aknIyayKña GñkKb,ITak;TgCamYyGaCJaFrPUmiXMu
[CYyedaHRsay edIm,IeCosvagkMu[manbBaðaTMnas;. mnusSEdlmanGaFüaRs½yl¥Gacrs;enAeday
suxdumrmnaCamYyKña ehIynwgRtUv)anGñkCitxageKarBRsLaj;rab;Gan.
2>19>14 kUnktBaØÚ
matabita)anqøgkat;esckþITku çlM)akCaeRcInrab;minGs; kñúgdMeNIrCIvitbI)ac;EfrkSakUn. Cakar
eqøIytbeTAnwgRBhµviharFm’rbs;elakTaMgBIr buRtFItaRtUvEtmanktBaØÚcMeBaHmatabitavij.
enAkñúgsalaeron GñkRtUveFVxI øÜnCasisSl¥ nigmitlþ ¥. enApÞHCakUnl¥RtUvCYysRmalkargar
«Bukmþayedaye)assm¥atpÞH emIlb¥Ún EfTaMstVBahn³ c,ardMNaMepSg². karniyaysþCI amYyelak
RtUveBalBaküTn;Pønm; inKMeraHKMerIy. eBlelakmanCm¶dW Mkat;b¤cas;CraRtUvEfrkSabeRmITwkekþATwk
29
RtCak;Kk;Rc)ac; nigciBa©wmelak[)anl¥. eRkayeBlmrNPaB kUn²RtUveFVbI uNü]TÞiskuslCUnelak
tamTMenomTmøab;RbéBNI. kUnktBaØEÚ tgEtelIkkitþiys esckþIéføfñÚrrbs;xøÜn nigRKYsarCanic©.
2>19>15 suCIvFm’
suCIvFm’mantYnaTIsMxan;Nas;kúëgkareFVI[sgÀmCatimanPaBsuxsanþnigsuPmgÁl. TaMgekµg
TaMgcas;RtUvxitxMEsVgyl;nigRbtibtþik,ÜnsuCIvFm’[)anx¢ab;x¢Ünl¥ edIm,IERbkøayxøÜnCaBlrdæl¥ elIk
kitþiysxøÜnÉg RKYsar nigsgÁmCati. dUcsuPasitmYy)aneBalfa {smþsI CatimaryaTsBUC}.
2>19>15>1 enATIsaFarN³
enAtamTIsaFarN³ eyIgRKb;²Kña TaMgekµgTaMgcas; RtUvecHsRmbsRmYl\riyabfrbs;xøÜn
[)ansmrmüRsKt;RsKM. tamTIkEnøgrmNIydæanepSg² RtUveKarBeBlevla CYyEfrkSakarBar
brisßanedaysµartIPJak;rBJk nigeKarBRbtibtibþ Rmam[)anl¥Canic©.
2>19>15>2 enAtamCeNþIr
kñúgkareLIgcuHtamCeNþIrepSg² RtUvRbugRby½tñkMurujRcanb¤RbeRCotGñkdéT edIm,IxøÜn)aneTA
muneK. CakarKYr eBlcuHb¤eLIgCYbKñaenAelIkaMCeNþIreTaHbIsÁal;b¤minsÁal;KñakþI Kb,Ijjwmgk;k,al
dak;KñapgEdr edIm,IsEmþgkarsVaKmn_nigCakarKYrsm.
2>19>15>3 enAtameragmehaRsB
karGeBa¢IjeTATsSnatamema:gkMNt; karrkSaPaBes¶óms¶at; karGgÁúysmrmü karminCk;)arI
karTHédtamEbbbTénxømw sarerOg KWCasuCIvFm’dl¾ ¥rbs;TsSnikCn. TsSnikCnTaMgGs;RtUvyl;
c,as;fasil,krKWCaCaBlrdæéføfñrÚ CavisVkrénmenaseBa©tna nigCaGñkdMNagsil,³vb,Fm’Catirbs;
xøÜn. eyIgRKb;²KñaminRtUvmanTmøab;ehAsil,krTaMgenaHfa{Ga-mwg}enaHeLIy.
2>19>15>4 kñúgvtþGaram
vtþGaramKWCakEnøgeKarBbUCasRmYmkay vaca nigcitþénBuT§sasnik. vtþénsasnadéTk¾CaTI
skáar³énsasnikrbs;eKEdr. cMeBaHvtþénRBHBuTs§ asna eyIgminRtUvCiHkg; m:UtU Bak;mYk ebHe)acpáa
EpøeQI )aj;stV cab;RtI pwkRsa lYcRTBüsm,tþiepSg²enAkñúgTIvtþenaHeT eRBaHCaGMeBI)ab. eyIg
RKb;²KñaKb,IxitxMRbRBwtEþ tGMeBICakusl[)anRKb;eBlevla.

30
2>19>15>5 kñúgrfynþQñÜl
yanynþQñÜlmaneRcInRbePT KWyanynþtampøÚveKak pøvÚ Twk pøÚvEdk nigpøÚvGakas. eBleFVI
dMeNIrtamrfynþQñÜl eyIgRtUvecHeKarBsiT§Gi ñkdéT ehIyRbkan;Gakb,kiriyaéføfñÚr. Cakarl¥minRtUv
Ck;)arI CECkKñsxøaMg²b¤xakesþaH ejIssMe)ar ecalsm,knMcMNItambg¥cÜ rfynþenaHeT eRBaHvaGacb:H
Bal;dl;GñkdMeNIrepSg²eTot. ebImancas;Cra ®sþImanépÞeBaH CnBikar ®sþIePT eyIgKb,IepÞrb¤CYy
sRmYlkEnøgGgÁúyCUnGñkTaMgenaH tamkarKYrb¤PaBCak;Esþg RbkbedayTwkmuxjjwmrak;Tak;.
2>19>15>6 kñúgkarsresrsMbuRt
sMbuRtCasarepJIsRmab;Tak;TgB½tm’ aneTAvijeTAmk. RkdassresrsMbuRtRtUvEts¥atCanic©
sresrp©itp©g;manEbbbTRtwmRtUv eCosvageRbIbc‘é BN’Rkhm.
Cakarl¥KYreRbIeRsamsMbuRtxñatFMedIm,IeCosvagkarbt;sMbuRteRcInpñt.; xñgsMbuRtsresrb¤kaGas½y
dæan[c,as;las;tamBum<KMrUehIymanbiTEtm[)anl¥ RKb;cnM YntamkRmit. kareFIVsMbuRt)ans¥atnig
RtwmRtUvnwgnaM[GñkTTYlsMbuRtBIeyIgsb,ayrIkraycitþ kñgú karGanpg nwgkareqøIytbpg.
2>19>15>7 karxakesþaHnigkNþas;
karxakesþaHnigkNþas;CabTrMxanGñkdéT ehIyeFVI[eKex<mI reGImpg. eBlBisaGahareTaHbI
kñúgRKYsarkþI kñúgePaCnIydæankþI Kb,IkuMxakesþaHcMeBaHmuxeKÉg. ebIRtUvxakesþaHb¤kNþas;RtUvecjeTA
bnÞb;Gnam½yxageRkAb¤TqI ¶ayBIeK. karxakesþaHkNþas;\tsNþab;Fñab; KWCakMhusmYyya:gFM
EdlpÞúyRslHBIRkmsuCIvFm’.
2>19>15>8 eRKaHfñak;nigTukçGñkdéT
eBlCYbRbTHGñkdéTEdlmanTukRç BYyGVImYyCayfaehtu Kb,IsEmþgGakb,kiriyasmrmü
TwkmuxRseBan. ebIGñkdéTmaneRKaHfñak; Kb,ICYyxñHExñgcMeBaHkardwkbBa¢ÚneTAmnÞrI eBTü pþlB; ½t’man
eTARKYsar b¤Pñak;garmansmtßkic© tamlT§PaBEdlGaceFV)I an. RbsinebICYbk,ÜndEgðsB Kb,IedaHmYk
sRmYl\riyabf kMuCiHkg; CiHm:UtUkat;k,Ün. enAeBlNa)anCYbCnBikar Kb,IkMuesIccMGk sMLwgemIl
elIeRkamenaHeT. ebIKat;RtUvqøgpøÚv KYrCYydwkédcMlgKat;pg.

31
2>19>16 sIlR)aM
kñúgmYyExmanéf¶sIlbYndg³ éf¶R)aMbIekIt éf¶db;R)aMekIt éf¶R)aMbIerac nigéf¶Exdac;¬14
b¤15erac¦. sIlmansIlR)aM sIlR)aMbI sIldb;CaedIm.
sIlR)aM b¤nic©sIl EdleyIgRbkan;x¢ab;xn¢Ü ral;éf¶man³
1>)aNati)ata KWkarevorcakkarsmøab;mnusSnigstVmanCIvittUc b¤FM
2>GTinñaTana KWkarevorcakkarlYcRTBürbs;GñkdéT
3>kaemsumicäacara KWkarevorcakRbRBwtxþ uskñgú kam minlYcRbBn§kUneK
4>musavaTa KWkarevorcakkiriyaeBalBakükuhkPUtPr
5>suraemry KWkarevorcakkarpwkRsanigkaresBeRKOgRsvwgepSg² EdlnaM[vegVg.
2>20 viFIGb;rMsIlFm’enAviTüal½y
viTüal½y)aneRbIR)as;viFIsMxan;²caM)ac;4ya:gkëúgkarGb;rsM IlFm’³
- karbNþHú KMnitsIlFm’
- karbBa¢ak;BItèmøsIlFm’
- karGPivDÆsIlFm’
- karviPaKeTAelItèmøènsIlFm’
xusEbøkBIsalaeronxøH EdleRbIR)as;vFi Isa®sþcMruHènkarGb;rMsIlFm’eTACaeKalviFImYyehAfa
{eKalviFIyl;dwgBIkarGb;rMsIlFm’}.
2>20>1 karbNþúHKMnitsIlFm’
karbNþHú KMnitsIlFm’ KWCakic©xitxMRbwgERbgmYyd¾FMkñúgkarbgðat;beRgonsisS EdlRKUeCOCak;
faviFIGb;rMsIlFm’GacnaMeq<aHeTArkkarmanGakb,kiriyaRbkbedaysIlFm’l¥. tèmøènsIlFm’TaMg
Gs;enHmanPaBeTogRtg; emtþaFm’ yutiFþ m’ nigkareKarBGëkdèT. viFIbeRgonsIlFm’mYyEbb EdleK
cat;TukfaCasþg;daenaH KWsMedApþl;[sisSnUvkarelIksresIrCaTIeBjcitþ nigdak;TNÐkmµ. meFüa)ay
Gb;rMsIlFm’mYyeTot KWRKUmëak;²RtUvqøúHbBa©agM [eXIjnUvtémøGakb,kiriyapÞal;xnøÜ pgEdr.

32
2>20>2 karbBa¢ak;BItémøsIlFm’
karbBa¢ak;BItèmøsIlFm’sRmab;CYysisS[ecHGPivDÆnUvtémøpÞal;xnøÜ nigsþg;dasIlFm’ eday
elakRKUGñkRKURtUvbeRgonBYkeK[yl;dgw GMBIdMeNIrkarénkareFVIesckþIseRmccitþRtUv. nItivFi IenAkñúg
karsikSasgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarecHbegáIteKalbMNg CeRmIskarKittamEbbenHEdlmanlkçN³qøas;Kña
nwgTegVIeTAtamCMenOrbs;eKpÞal;xønÜ .
2>20>3 karGPivDÆsIlFm’
karGPivDÆsIlFm’CYysisS[ecHelIkkm<s;bMNinCIvit kñúgkarvinicä½ybBaðasIlFm’. viFeI nH
RtUvQrelImUldæanRTwsþI EdlsisSRtUvdMeNIrkarGPivDÆBIkRmitTabeTAkRmitx<s; nUvvicarNBaØaN
sIlFm’. eyageTAtamRTwseþI nH sisSmandMeNIrkarGPivDÆBIkarecHeFVIesckþIseRmccitþxagEpñk
sIlFm’ edayQrelImUldæanéncMNg;cMNUlcitpþ Þal;rbs;xøÜn viFEI sVgrkkaryl;RBmcuHsRmugBI
GñkdéT karecHGnuvtþc,ab; karecHeKarBsiT§iGñkdéT.l. cMeBaHsIlFm’kRmitx<s;bMputbuKÁlmñak;²
GacRbqaMgnwgc,ab;sgÁm RbsinebIeKmanTMnas;CamYynwgeKalkarN_sIlFm’ EdlsßitenAkRmit
x<s;enaH.
RKUbeRgonTaMgGs;RtUvdas;etOnsisScMeBaHdMeNIrkarGPivDÆEpëksIlFm’ edayecHerobcMcat;
Ecg[sisSBiPakSabBaðalM)ak² EdleKehAfa {etIeyIgKYrykcMNIBIkEnøgeFVIkarrbs;eyIgeTAciBa©wm
RKYsareyIg EdlGt;XøanEdrb¤eT?} RKUbeRgonk¾RtUvdas;etOncMeBaHkarGPivDÆsIlFm’ edaybegáIt[
mankmµviFIski SaRtwmRtUvenAkñgú salaeron EdlsisSGacRKb;RKg)anedayxøÜnÉg eyaleTAtameKal
karN_esµaHRtg; nigyutiFþ m’.
2>20>4 karviPaKeTAelItémøénsIlFm’
karviPaKeTAelItèmøènsIlFm’CYysisS[ecHGnuvtþbec©keTs EdlCaviFIesIubGegátd¾sm
ehtusmpl nigRbkbedaylkçN³viTüasa®sþ cMeBaHerOgEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgtèmøsIlFm’. RKURtUvecH
niyaysgát;F¶n;eTAelIxøwmsarb¤GtßRbeyaCn_énkarrukrkb¤karRsavRCavnUvral;viFIqøas;Kña edayecH
cgRkgnigecHvaytémøeTAelIkarBit ehIynigkarecHeFVIesckþsIi eRmccitþ)anya:gsmehtusmpl.
sIlFm’s¥ats¥MCaGakb,kiriyasMxan;rbs;GëkdwknaMenAkñúgRkbxNÐénRbeTsEdlGnuvtþnUvlT§i
RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd. Gñks¥ats¥MKWCaGñkEdlmanRTBüsm,tþi edaykmøaMgBlkmµkgñú kar
rksIuRsbc,ab; nigkarlk;cMeNHviC¢akñúgkarkan;kab;GMNacedayminRbRBwtnþ UvGMeBIBku rlYy. enA
33
RbeTsrIkceRmIn GñkmanRTBüsm,tþiPaKeRcInCaBaNiC¢kr EdlrkR)ak;cMeNjtamlMnaMc,ab;rbs;
RbeTseK. pÞúyeTAvij enARbeTskm<úCak¾dUcCaRbeTsRkIRkdéTeTotpgEdr GñkmanRTBüsm,tþi
PaKeRcInKWCam®nþBI ukrlYynigBaNiC¢krEdlrksIureM laPbMBanelIc,ab;rbs;rdæ. karykGMNacbuNü
skþei dIm,IbegáItnUvRTBüsm,tþpi Þal;xøÜnedayxusc,ab;CaGMeBIBku rlYy EdlRtUvpþnÞaeTastampøÚvc,ab;.
2>21 tYnaTIrbs;sisSR)aMya:g
2>21>1 sisSRtUveRkakeKarBTTYlRKU
sisSanusisSRtUveKarBelakRKUGñkRKUedaycitþRCHføa eKarBcMeBaHKuNEdl)anmkBIRKUKWCasirI
sYsþrI bs;sisS. karbeBa©jnUvkayvikarTn;Pønx; ageRkA Etrwgbwugxagkñúg xusGMBIRbePTmnusSl¶g;Edl
cUlcitþGYtGagrwgt¥gw man³Etsm,kxageRkA rIÉxagkñgú vijKµansmtßPaBGVeI sµaH.
2>21>2 sisSRtUvdwgKuNRKU
karbeRmItbsñgsgKuNRKUbnþicbnþcÜ bnÞab;bnSMminmanxatbg;GVIeLIy b:uEnþkéRmRtLb;mkvij
enaHKWCabuNükuslpg CacMeNHdwgsRmab;edaHRsaybBaðaCIvitpg. srubmk vaKWCakic©karEdlman
RbeyaCn_BitR)akd.
mnusSeyIgmñak;²RtUvEtxitxMeFVIesckþIl¥RtUvsnSMbuNü[)aneRcIn. CIvitEdlmantémøvasßitenA
Rtg;bNu üKWGMeBIl¥EdlxøÜn)anksagekr×þTukmk. smÖar³Gacrlt;rlay Etekr×þeQµaHminsabsUnüeT.
2>21>3 sisSRtUvsþab;»vaTRKU
KWsþab;[)anyl; ehIyBicarNatamehtunigpl. sisSTaMgLayKb,IRsLaj;nigeKarBRKU
edayesµaH eKarBkarecHdwgnigKuNFm’rbs;RKU ehIyRtUvecHsikSacMeNHBIFmµCatiCMuvijxøÜnminfamnusS
stVbr¤ ukçCatieLIy eRBaHFmµCatiRKb;ya:gGacCYybeRgoneyIg)anral;sPaBCasPavKti. vaCakBa©k;
sRmab;lm¥xøÜn[)anl¥pg nigCabMninpgEdr. sisSminRtUvykFmµCatiCMuvji xøÜnCasRtUvenaHeT eRBaH
rbs;TaMgenaHCaRKU Edlpþl;cMeNHdwg nigbTBiesaFn_TaMgl¥nigGaRkk;dl;eyIg.
sisSRtUvmansµartIGt;Fn;ral;skmµPaB EdlRtUvTTYlykBIelaRKU-GñkRKU. sisSminRtUvxwg
cMeBaH»vaTrbs;RKU EdlxøÜnKitfaKµanRbeyaCn_ b¤GsursenaHeT.

34
2>21>4 sisSRtUvRbNibtþiedayeFVIkargar
RtUvCYykargarRKU eTaHbItictYck¾eday EtvaCasmancitþ. CMnan;edImsisSRtUveKarBRbNibtþRi KU
edayeFVIkic©karCUnKat; manBuHGus ErkTwkCaedIm rhUtTal;EtRKUeBjcitþ eTIbKat;epÞrcMeNHdwg[.
karsEmþgesckþIeKarBedaybeRmIkargarCakic©karrbs;mnusSqøat EdlrEmgEsVgrkKuNFm’
Tukkñgú xønÜ sagKuNceRmIn[dl;sgÁmmnusS mankarebþCJataMgcitmþ induteralsgÁm eBalKWmineFV[I
sgÁmekþARkhayedaysarxøÜneLIy. eKarBRsLaj;KaMRTbuKÁlNaEdlmansmtßPaBGacpþl;pl
RbeyaCn_[sgÁmtUc-FM)ansuxekSmkSanþ.
2>21>5 sisSRtUveronsil,_viC¢aBIelakRKUedayesckþIeKarB
minfacMeNHviC¢aGVeI naHeT ebIsisSmansmtßPaBeronecH)aneRcInnUvmuxviC¢aenaHKWrwtEtl¥. KuN
b¤eTasrbs;muxviC¢asßitenAelIGñkeRbIR)as;CacMbg ebIeRbIcMeNHTaMgenaHkñúgpøÚvRtUvKWTTYl)anesckþIsux
EtebIeRbIkñúgpøÚvxusKWCaeTas. karRbkbnUvmuxrbrGVImYyedIm,IciBa©wmCIvit RtUvKitBIplRbeyaCn_dl;
sgÁmCatiCaFM nigRtUvsegátemIlqnÞ³rbs;xnøÜ .
2>22 tYnaTIR)aMya:grbs;RKU
2>22>1 RKURtUvdwknaMsisS[)anl¥
erOgl¥rbs;mnusSKWmaryaT sNþab;Fëab; mansuCIvFm’ manGaFüaRs½yeyaKyl; ecHGP½y
eTas xnþIKña.l.
edIm,Ikaø yCamnusSl¥ eyIgRtUveronsURt[ecHdwgGMBImnusSFm’ sIlFm’ suCIvFm’kúñgsgÁm.
karGanesovePAEtgmanRbeyaCn_eRcIny:ag ehIyBüayamEklm¥xøÜnCaerOy²ral;éf¶nUvTMlab;GaRkk;
EdlmnusSTUeTAs¥b;ex<Im.
2>22>2 RKURtUvbeRgonsisS[)anl¥
kartaMgcit[þ sisSTTYlcMeNHdwg edayemtþaCakarRbwgERbgCYydl;sgÁm CamnusSEdleK
KYreKarBKWGñkbgðat;beRgonpþlc; MeNHviC¢aepSg²dl;sisS)anyl;dwg. RKUKWCaGñkeRbonRbedAb¤bgVkw
bgðat;maryaT CaGñkRbRBwtþl¥ CaGñkRbkan;PaBRtwmRtUvmanyutþiFm’ CaGñkRbRBwtGþ MeBICaRbeyaCn_
man\riyabféføfÚñr CaKMrUdl;sisS[RbRBwtþtam.

35
2>22>3 RKUbeRgonRtUvbgðat;beRgonsisS[ecHsil,_sa®sþ
RKUmaneQµaHfabuBkV arIrbs;sisSTaMgLay EdlmankþIemtþakþIGnueRKaHcMeBaHsisS nigcg;[
sisSecHdwgBitR)akd. muxviC¢asRmab;ciBa©wmCIvitRtUv)anGñkGaNaBüa)albgðat;beRgonpg nigeronBI
RKUpg. kUnRbusRsIRtUvnwkdl;kmøaMgejIsQamrbs;matabita ehIyxMRbwgERbg]sSah_eronsURtedIm,I
CaRbeyaCn_cMeBaHxøÜnÉgpg nigRbeTsCatimatuPUmipg.
2>22>4 RKURtUvecHelIkTwkcitþsisS
elIksresIrsisSedaycitþesµaH nUvcMNucEdlKYrsresIr. CYyR)ab;ral;khM usqÁgnUvTIs¶at;
kM)aMg nigpþl;viFIsa®sþEklm¥ku[M RCulhYs. enAkñúgTIRbCMuCn ebIcg;elIkeTaskMhusRtUveFVICaTUeTA
kMucucsMedAcMeQµaHnaM[mankareGonxµas. sisSGacdwgnUvkMhus)anehIyrIkraynwgEklm¥kMhus
rbs;eK.
2>22>5 RKURtUvkarBarsisS
kardwknaMsisSkñúgkarbeRgon RKURtUvmankartaMgcitþkarBarsisSkñúgTITaMgBYg edIm,I[sisSman
TIBwgnigmanGarmµN_kk;ekþA karBarsisSkMu[vegVgedayRsvwggb;gl;kúñgGMeBIG)aymux eCosvagkar
RbRBwtnþ UvGMeBIepþspþas ebotebonGñkdéT edayRbkarNamYy EdlnaMmknUvesckþIvinas.

36
CMBUkTI3
viFIsaRsþRsavRCav
viFsI a®sþEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kúñgkarsikSaRsavRCavTinñn½yEckecjCaBIr KWTinnñ ½ycm,gnig
Tinñn½ybnÞab;bnSM.
3>1 Tinñn½ycm,g
karRsavRCavTinñn½ycm,gRtUv)aneFVItamry³ kareFVIsmÖaspÞal;CamYynwgKN³RKb;RKg
sMxan;² Edlmanelaknayksala1nak;/ elaknaykrgcMnYn3nak;/ nayikarg1nak;/ nigelakRKU
RKb;RKgEpñkyuvCnnigvin½y1nak;. buKÁlikkariyal½½ysikSacMnYn2nak;. elakRKUbeRgonÉkeTs
sIlFm’BlrdæcMnYn2nak; EdlbeRgonenAkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmi. elakRKUbeRgonÉkeTssIlFm’
BlrdæcnM Yn2nak;eTotEdlbeRgonenAkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi. RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgtMbn;CMuvij
viTüal½ycMnYn2nak;. emPUmi1nak; nigRbFanb:usþ×rdæ)alRbcaMXEMu RBkÉg1nak;.
3>2 Tinñn½ybnÞab;bnSM
karRsavRCavTinñn½ybnÞab;bnSMRtUv)aneFVItamry³
- karENnaMnigkarbgðat;bgðajrbs;sa®sþacarü EdldwknaMkarRsavRCavenH
- ÉksarmYycMnYnenAkñgú bNÑal½yénsaklviTüal½y
- ÉksarmYycMnYnenAkñgú bNÑal½yénviTüal½yERBkÉg
-ÉksarmYycMnYneTotBIGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnigsßab½nepSg²EdlBak;Bn½ §.
3>3 viFIsa®sþviPaKTinñn½y
edIm,ITTYl)anlT§plykmkviPaK ral;cemøIyEdlTTYl)anBIkareFVsI mÖasn_ niglT§pl
eRCIserIstamry³kMrgsMNYr RtUv)anykmkviPaKtamviFIsa®sþEbbKuNvis½y nigkareRbobeFob.

37
3>4 TItaMgRsavRCav
salaeronenH)ancab;bdisn§itaMgBIqñaM1964-1965 eRkamkarRbwgERbgGs;BIkmøaMgkaycitþ
énRbCaCn mhaCn EdlsßitenAkñúgXMuERBkÉg eRkamkardwknaMedayRBHecAGFikarvtþERBkÉg.
BuTb§ ris½TcMNuHeCIgvtþnigRbCaCnkñgú RsukekonsVay)ancUlrYmy:agskmµ rhUtbegIát)anCamrtkCati
edIm,IbeRmIplRbeyaCn¾knU ecARbCaBlrdæelIvis½ysikSaGb;r.M
eRkamrbbraCaniymqña1M 967-1970 nigsm½ysaFarNrdæExµr¬ln; nl;¦ salaeronenH
maneQµaHfa :GnuviTüal½yrsµsI emþc« :.
enAcenøaHqñaM1973-1975 salaeronenHRtUvbiTTVarTaMgRsug BIeRBaHenAtMbn;enHBMuman
suvtßiPaB snþsi uxRKb;RKan; ¬sRgÁam ¦.
eRkamrbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü¬b:ulBt¦BIqña1M 975-1979 RbeTskm<úCaTaMgmUl)anTTYl
rgnUvPBexµAggwt eRkamrbbExµrRkhm. salaeronRtUv)anbiTTVar ehIyvis½yGb;rMk¾dUcCavis½yepSg²
eTotEdr RtUv)anBYkExµrRkhmlubbM)at;ecal. salaeronRtUvkøayCamnÞIrXMuXaMg kEnøgciBa©wmstV
rIÉTIGaramkøayCakEnøgBiesaFeFVITaruNkmµya:géRBépSnigCaTIsMrab;sMlab;mnusSya:geXareXA.
eRkayéf¶rMedaH 7mkra 1979 eRkamkardwknaMd¾RtwmRtUvQøasév énfñak;dwknaMrbs;KN³bkS
RbCaCnkm<úCanigrNsirSsamKÁIseRgÁaHCatikm<úCa RKb;vsi ½yTaMgGs;RtUv)ancab;epþImksagnigman
dMeNIrkareLIgvij eRkayBI)ankMeTcdl;bJsKl;kñúgrbbExµrRkhm. karebIkTVar[dMeNIrkareLIgvij
KWcab;epþmI BI)atédTeT b:uEnþedaykarxitxMrbs;RbCaCn rdæGMNac nigRksYgGb;rM GVI²TaMgGs;RtUv)an
begáIteLIgCaCMhan² rhUtsMerc)anCaRbB½nG§ b;rmM Yyd¾l¥.
qña1M 981-1993 salaenHmaneQµaHfa {salakMritsikSaTI2 ERBkÉg :.
qña1M 982-2005 salaenHmaneQµaHfa{GnuviTüal½yERBkÉg :. ehIycab;BIqñaM2005 rhUt
mkbc©úb,nñsalaenH)anbþrÚ eQµaHCa { vITüal½yERBkÉg : tamesckþRI bkasrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn
nigkILa elx1753 G>y>k>Rb>k cuHéf¶T3I 0 Exvicäika qñaM2005 EdleBlenaHmanelaknayk
sala1rUb manKNRKb;RKgnaykrg2rUb nignayika2rUbpgEdr .
kñúgqñaMsikSa2008-2009 viTüal½yERBkÉgmanbuKÁlki -saRsþacarüTaMgGs;cMnYn131rUb
RsIcnM Yn57rUb Edlkñgú enaHmanRKUmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi52rUb RsIcnM Yn16rUb RKUmFümsikSabzmPUmi
cMnYn72rUb RsIcMnYn37rUb nigRKUbzmsikSacMnYn7rUb RsIcnM Yn3rUb.
38
sisSsrubcMnYn2443nak; RsIcnM Yn1071nak;. manfñak;eronsrubcMnnY 54fñak; EdlEbgEck
CaBIrkMrit KWkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmi nigkMritmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi.
viTüal½yERBkÉgmanTItaMgsßitenAkñúgPUmiTlY tacan; XMuERBkÉg RsukekonsVay extþkNþal.
Edlmancm¶ayRbEhl13KILÚEm:RtBIraCFanIPeñM Bj. viTüal½yenHsßitenAtampøÚvCatielx1
BIraCFanIPñMeBjeTAextþsVayerog cUltamekøagTVarvtþERBkÉg Edlmancm¶ay800Em:RtBIpÚøvCati
nigmanépÞdsI rub54/174Em:Rtkaer.

39
CMBUkTI4
lT§plénr)aykarN_RsavRCav
Ep¥kelIlT§plénkarRsavRCavtamÉksarnigkarsmÖas xageRkamenHKWCacemøIyénsMNYr
RsavRCavEdlmanlT§pldUcxageRkam³
4>1 xøwmsaremeron
4>1>1 sMNYrsMrab;sYrKN³RKb;RKgsalanigbuKÁliksikSa
1>etIkmµviFIGb;rMsIlFm’enAviTüal½ymanGVIxøH?
kmµvFi IGb;rsM IlF’enAtamviTüal½y Edl)aneRCIserIseFVCI asMNakRsavRCav k¾dUcCaenAtam
viTüal½yTUTaMgRbeTsEdr KWeFVIkarhVwkhat;Gb;rMtameKalkarN_nigckçúvsi ½yrbs;RksYgGb;rM Edl)an
kMnt;TaMgEpñkRTwsþInigTMrg;énxømw sarCaeRsc. kñúgkic©sikSaRsavRCavenH eyIgdkRsg;EtemeronNaEdl
manxøwmsarsþIGMBIkarGb;rMsIlFm’ suCIvFm’kñúgkarrs;enAxøH²Etb:ueNÑaH.
cMeBaHkmµvFi IsikSaTaMgenH ebItamTsSn³rbs;saRsaþcarümñak;CaGñkbgðat;;sisSfñak;TI10pÞal;
yl;eXIjfakmµviFIski SaenAfñak;bzmsikSanigmFümsikSabzmPUmimanxømw sarGb;rlM ¥ sMrab;hVwkhat;
\riyabf[)ansmrmü b:uEnþsMrab;kmµviFIski SaenAmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi karGb;rMsIlFm’enAmankMrit
edayemeronsIlFm’minEmnmanlkçN³Gb;rMtamEbbsIlFm’eT KWEbrCaGb;rMsIlviC¢aeTAvij. cMeBaH
sIlFm’sgÁm sisSminykcitTþ ukdak;sþab;tamkarTUnµaneRkInrMlwkrbs;RKU b¤matabitaeLIy. BYkeK
eRcInEteRbIR)as;Tmøab;tammnusSsm½ymun Edl)anRbRBwtqþ ÀaMqÀgnwgc,ab;slI Fm’CagsuCIvFm’KWeRbI
siT§iBlrdæCaFM.
GMBkI aresBKb;mitþ³ TMnak;TnM grvagyuvv½ynigyuvv½ymanPaBsñiT§sñalRCulhYsRBMEdn man
lkçN³TMenIgCagRkmsIlFm’ nigkareKarBBakücas;. dUcXøaEcgfa³
eronbTeron)aTcas kMuRclaselIeromc,g
RsdInwgGñkpg Bakü[KYrkMuÉgvuI.
GIeGIGjdac;sac; qÁgBaküeBcn¾eKRsdI
edImedol[GRbiy RsdIfakUn\tBUC. ¬c,ab;Rbus bNÐit mWun ém¦

40
mü:ageTot cas;TMumYycMnYntUc)ansMEdgGakb,kiriyaminsmrmütamTIsaFarN³b¤karcuHpSay
tamsarBt’manepSg² EdlCaKMrGU aRkk;dl;CnanuCnCMnan;eRkay.
TnÞwmKñaenH saRsþacarübgðat;fñak;TI11k¾manTsSn³Rbhak;RbEhlKñaEdr edayKat;yl;fa
xwømsaremeronkñúgkMritenHeRcInEtTak;TgeTAnwgPaBCaGñkdwknaM KuNFm’ Gb;rMtamEbbBuTs§ asnaman
sIlR)aM b¤TsBiFraCFm’ TsSnviTU kare)aHeqñat KNbkSneya)ay viTüasaRsþ smÖar³TMenIbeTAvij
BMmu ankarGb;rMEbbsIlFm’enaHeT.
rIÉsaRsþacarübgðat;beRgonTI12vijk¾)anmanRbsasn_RsedogKñaEdrfa kmµviFIsikSaman
Gtßn½yTak;TgeTAnwgc,ab;esdækic©sklnIykmµ CnePosxøÜn suxPaB nigkarbnþBCU ]tþmPaBkñúg
muxviC©aCIv CMerOn>>>eTAvij. dUecñHBMumanlkçN³Gb;rsM IlFm’[)anRCaleRCAEpñkGb;rMcriyasaRsþrbs;
mnusSenaHeT.
cMEnksaRsþacarümYycMnYneTot Edlbgðat;bgðajfñak;T7I /TI8 k¾)anbegðbI R)ab;GMBIxmøw sarGb;rM
kñúgkmµvFi IsikSapgEdr³ kñúgCMBUkTI1³sÁal;xnøÜ Ég/ emeronTI1³ PaBxøaMgnigPaBexSayrbs;´ Rtg;cMnuc
\riyabfEdlKYr[cg;)an manxømw sarGb;rMdUcCa³
esckþIkøahan³ CasmtßPaBrbs;mnusS edIm,ICYyGñkdéTedayKµankarP½yxøackñúgRKalM)ak.
GñkmanesckþIkøahanEtgEtTTYl)aneCaKC½yCanic©kgñú CIvitrs;enArbs;eK ehIyGacCYydl;GñkdéT
nigCatirbs;xønÜ pg.
yutiþFm’³ CakarminlMeGog nigkarkarBarsiT§iGëkdèTeTAtamc,ab;. buKÀlEdlmanyutiFþ m’KWCa
buKÁlEdlRbkbedayesckþIeTogRtg; ehIybMeBjParkic©rbs;xøÜnya:geBjelj nigRKb;RKan;.
citþTUlay³ CatémøkñúgkarTTYlykKMnitGñkdéT edayminbBa©Úlkarvinicä½ypÞal;xnøÜ . sisS
EdlmancitþTUlayEtgEtTTYlyksMNUmB½r sþab;mtieyabl;epSg²rbs;GñkdéTedayykmk
BicarNa.
suPaBrabsa³ CatémøEdlGacTTYl b¤pþl;esckþIRslaj;BIGñkdéT. sisSEdlman\riyabf
suPaBrabsaEtgEtTTYlkarRslaj;eBjcitþB«I Bukmþay RKU mitþPkþi nigGñdéTEfmeTot.
cMEnkenAkñgú emeronTI4³ ecHvaytémøkarRbtibtþirbs;xnøÜ Rtg;cMnuc\riyabfEdlCaTMlab;rbs;
Exµr eyIgRtUvTTYlsÁal;faenAkñgú sgÁmEtgEtmanc,ab;rbs;sgÁmnigc,ab;TUnµanepSg².
\riyabfCaTMlab;EdlExµrRbusRsIKYrRbkan;ykman³
41
-ExµreKarBcas;TMu edaykarsMBH nigeGanlMeTan
-ExµreKarBRBHsgÇ edayGgÁúybt;eCIgfVaybgÁMú
-ekµg²RtUvCYyeFVIkargarkñgú pÞH
-CnCatiExµrRtUvR)arBeFIVbuNüRbéBNI
-sVamIPriyaRtUvTTYlxusRtUvrYmcMeBaHCIvPaBRKYsar
-CnCatiExµrRtUveKarBsiTi§KñaeTAvijeTAmkkñúgkarrs;enA
-CnCatiExµrRtUveKarBc,ab;rbs;RbeTs
-CnCatiExµrRKb;rUbRtUvecosvagkarRbRBwtþGMeBIeXareXA GmnusSFm’.
enAkñgú emeronTI5³ ecHerobcMGnaKtrbs;xnøÜ EdlbgðajGMBkI arKitBicarNa KMeragénkarerobcM
GnaKtman³
-eFVIEpnkar³ etIGñkcg;)anGVxI øH kñúgCIvitrbs;Gñk?
-GnvtþEpnkar³ RtUvecHeFVIEpnkarsikSa
-manR)aCJa³ ecHBaküeBcn_ ecHGan ecHsresr)anl¥
-KYr[Tukcitþ³ mancitþkøahan mansmtßPaB edIm,IbMeBjkic©karsMxan;²
-sÁal;xusRtUv³ GnuvtþRtwmRtUv tameKalkarN¾sIlFm’
-sV½yTukcitþ³ GHGagcMeBaH cMeNHdwg smtßPaB ecHRbugRby½tñCanic©edIm,Isakl,gKMnitfµI²
-ecHpþÜcepþIm³ manvin½y manGakb,kiriya buKÁliklkçN³viC©man nig]sSah_BüayamCanic©
-sMNag³ CaCMnYydl;RBhµlixit.
ral;xømw sarGb;rMkñgú emeronTaMgenHsuTE§ t)anbgáb;nvU PaBdwknaM GUsTajnigBt;sµartIEdlman
TMenarGaRkk; [PJak;rlwkvilmkedIrtamKnøgvifICIvitEdll¥. manstiRbugRby½tñCanic© ral;skmµPaB
én\riyabf GVIEdlKYrKb,IeFIVnigminKYreFIV. ehIykarrs;enAkñúgv½ysikSaRtUvmanTwkcitþGg;GacesµaH
Rtg;kñúgkarbMeBjParkic© ecHrab;GanmitþPkþiedaykiriyaTn;Pnø ; TwkcitRþ CHføa edayminmankarerIseGIg
Rbkan;vNѳ zan³GIeV LIy. CagenHeTot )anGb;rMsisS[ecHCYysMralkic©karpÞH CYyCMnYsédeCIg
«Bukmþy eRkayecjBIsalab¤eRkayBIeFVIkci ©karsala. karrs;enAkñúgpÞHenHeTotesat RtUveronc,ab;
sIlFm’ criyaFm’ BICIdnU CIta «Bukmþay edayesckþIeKarB EdlmankarecHsMrmY \riyabfedayecH
eKarB ecHeRbIBaküsMdTI n;Pøn; ecHeKarBTMenomTMlab;RbéBNI eFIVbuNü]TÞsi kuslplbuNütamTMenom
BIburaNCUncMeBaHbuBVkarICn. cMeNHdwgTaMgenH)anCMrju [eKsÁal;BIsiT§irbs;mnusS ecHrs;enAtam

42
lkçN³shKmn_FM edayecHeKarBsiTiK§ ñaeTAvijeTAmk ecHpþl;témøcMeBaHc,ab;epSg²rbs;sgÁmCati.
ecHEsVgrkklüaNmitþ edayecHsegáteTAelIskmµPaBénBaküsMdI Gtþcrit nigskmµPaBén\riyabf
TaMgR)aMrbs;mnusS munnwgcgsm<½n§mitþCamYynrNamñak;. CaBiess )anGb;rMBYkeK[ecHTTYlxus
RtUvkñgú karrs;enACamYyKñaCabþIRbBn§ cMeBaHCIvPaBrs;enA ecHeFVIkarsMerccitþRtUv nigecHkarBarpl
RbeyaCn_RKYsar RBmTaMgecHKitBicarNa RbkbedaykarécñRbDitx<s; kñgú kareFIVKMeragsMrab;karrs;enA
naeBlGnaKt bgáb;eTAedayxømw sar.
lkçN³TaMgGs;enHCaRtIvis½y sMrab;cg¥lú bgðajTis kMu[vegVgRclMgakerxusTisedAb¤eKal
bMNgrbs;mnusS EdlCaktþaCMruj[GñksikSaTTYl)aneCaKC½ykñgú CIvitya:gRtcHRtcg;.
2>etIemronsIlFm’TaMgGs;enaH man\T§iBlGVIxøHsRmab;karrs;enArbs;sisSTaMgenAkñgú sala
eron enAkñúgRKYsar nigkñgú sgÁm?
qøgtamkarsikSaRsavRCav sþIBkI arGb;rsM IlFm’enAviTüal½yxagelI eyIgsegàteXIjfasala
TTYl)anlT§pldUcCa³
viTüal½ymanviFIRKb;Ebbya:gsRmab;eFVIkarGb;rMdl;sisSanusisS [yl;BIsIlFm’ nigKuN
tèmøsIlFm’.
sisSanusisS)anTTYlcMeNHdwgsþIBIsIlFm’ dUcCasIlFm’tamsalaeron vtþGaram enAtamTI
saFarN³ nigsIlFm’TeU TABIsgÀm.
sisSanusisSmancMeNHdwgGMBTI møab;l¥RbcaMRKYsar dUcCakarsMBH nigGMBIrebobénkarsMBH
eTAtamEbbbTnImYy² dUcCasMBHRBH sMBH«Bukmþay sMBHCIdUnCIta sMBHG‘¿mamIg sMBHRKUGacarü
nigsMBHmitþPkþCi aedIm. elIsBIenHeTot sisSanussi S enAeBlmunecjeTAsalaeron eKEtgEtsMBHla
«Bukmþay. muneBlcUlfñak;eronnigmuneBlecjBIfñak;eroneTApÞHvij sisSanusisSecHsMBHlaelakRKU
GñkRKU nigeBlmkdl;pÞHBYkeKecHsMBHsYr«Bukmþay. minEtb:ueNÑaH BYkeKecHeRbIBaküKYrsmdUcCa
CRmabsYr CRmablaCaedIm.
kñúgdMeNIrkarbeRgonnigeron RKU)anykcitþTku dak;bMput )ancUlrYmRKb;skmµPaBenAkñúgsala.
karbBa¨ÚlmenaKmviC¢a sIlFm’l²¥ RTwsþIrbs;GëkR)aCJepSg²eTot CaBiessRTwsþIRBHBuT§sasna
RKwsþsasna dUcCaeFVlI ¥)anl¥ mineFVI)abeK eKk¾mineFVI)abeyIgEdr [esckþlI ¥dl;GñkdéT eKnwg[
esckþIl¥dl;eyIgvijCaedIm.

43
begánI KuNPaBbeRgonnigeron tameKalviFIsisSmCÄmNÐl EdlsisSbeBa©jKMnitl¥²Rbkb
edaysIlFm’l¥ kñúgCIvPaBrs;enArbs;xøÜnk¾dUcCakñúgsalaeron RKYsar nigsgÁm.
mansisSxøHPJak;rBJknwkeXIjKuNUbkar³RKUbeRgonedaypþl;CaGMeNayepSg² dUcCaexaGav
nigrbs;rbrepSg²eTot b¤karecHCMrabsYr »nlMeTaneBlCYbRKUmþg² enHCalT§plénkarGb;rMl¥.
BYkeKmankaryl;dwgGMBIsuCIvFm’KWenATIsaFarN³ enAtamCeNþrI enAtameragmehaRsB kñúg
TIvtþGaram kñúgrfynþQñlÜ kñúgkarsresrsMbuRt nigkarxakesþaHkNþas; nigecHCYyFur³GñkdéTenA
eBlmaneRKaHfñak; b¤manTukCç aedIm. elIsBIenHeTAeTot BYkeK)ansÁal; nigRbkan;P¢ab;nUvsIlR)aM
eTotpg.
BYkeKmankarecHCYyTukçFur³GñkCitxag minbgáTnM as; nigminerIseGIgCamYyGñkCitxag.
elIsBIenHeTot BYkeKecHGaFüaRs½yl¥rs; enAedaysuxdumrmnaCamYyGñkpg nigmankareKarB
RsLaj;BIGñkEdlrs;enACitxagKñaEfmeTot eRBaHmanEtGñkCitxagenaHehIy EdlGacCYyBYkeK
enAeBlmanTukçFur³mþg². minEtb:eu NÑaHesat BYkeKeTAsalaeron )anksagxønÜ CasisSl¥ mitþl¥
nigmkdl;pÞHvij ecHCYyeFVIkargar«Bukmþay dUcCae)assm¥atpÞH emIlb¥ÚnEfTaMstVBahn³ nigniyay
sþCI amYy«Bukmþay edayeRbIBaküTn;Pøn; Ep¥mElðmrmüTuMrak;Tak; minKeRmaHKeRmIyehIyecHEfrkSa
nigbeRbITwkekþATwkRtCak; Kk;Rc)ac;GñkmanKuNeTotpg.
3>etIsIlFm’Føak;cuH b¤y:agdUcemþc?
ebIeyIgsegátnigBinitüral;skmµPaBrbs;sisSanusisS Ep¥kelIxøwmsaremeronnigbTBiesaFn_
énkarRKb;RKg enaHGacsnñdi æan)anfasIlFm’mankarFøak;cuH eRBaHkareRbIBaküsMdImin)ansmrmü
enAkñgú fñak; minsUvsþab;RKUBnül;. sisSxøHmineKarBbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;sala edayerobcMGakb,kiriya
rbs;xøÜnmin)anl¥KWmkeronminTan;eBlevla esøókBak;minsmrmüCasisS sisSRbusTuksk;Evgnig
manlabfñaMBN’;dUcCaGñkcMerog. CagenHeTot eRkayeBlecjBIsala sisSmYycMnYnbgáTMnas;epSg²
CamYysisSrYmsala k¾dUcCasisSsaladéT. ehtukarN_TaMgenH KW)anTTYlBt’man b¤bNþwgBImata
bitasisSenAeBlEdlkUn²rbs;Kat;manrbYssñam b¤TMnas;epSg²eTot EdlBYkKat;Kitfa vanwgGac
ekItmanenAéf¶eRkay.
CarYmsIlFm’BitCamankarFøak;cuH edaysarsisSmYyPaKtUceTEdlminyl;GMBIxøwmsarGb;rM
enAkñgú emeronnImYy². BYkeK)aneRbIsiTC§ aFM nigkarePøItePøIntambribTsgÁmviTüasaRsþ.

44
4>etIGñkNamantYnaTIGb;rMsIlFm’?
CakarBitNas; elakRKUGñkRKUmangarfaCa {matabitaTI2} bnÞab;BImatabitabegáItrbs;sisS.
dUcenH GñkGb;rmM anmatabita KWCaGñkGb;rMTI1b¤CabuBVacarü. mataKWCaGñkbegáItkUn )anGb;rfM ñak;fñm
kUntaMgBImanKP’enAkëgú èpÞ. Kat;)antmcMNINa Edlbgá[xUcsuxPaBkUn eFVIkargareTAtamkMlaMg
min[hYsRbmaN. eBlkUnmankMeNIt mþayEtgEtbgðat;beRgonrebobrbbénkarTTYlTanGahar
edIm,IsuxPaB [ecHnIyaysþI ecHesøókBak; skmµPaBsMBHcas;TuM elakRKUGñkRKU. minEtb:eu NÑaH mata
)anGb;rMknU edayxitxMeRCIserIssMritsMraMgnUvbTcMerogNa EdlmanxøwmsarGb;rpM gnigGacbMeBr
GarmµN_kUn[lg;lk;sáb;sál;pg. CaBiessmþayk¾dUcCa«Buk )anGb;rMkUn[Rslaj;salaedaydwk
édkUneTAsala edIm,IsikSaeronsURt.
eBlenH Parkic©CaGñkpþl;BuT§ibnþeTotenaH KWelakRKUGñkRKUmantYnaTIbgðat;beRgonBYkeK[ecH
Rslaj;karsikSa. yl;dwgGMBItémøcMeNHviC¢a nigbgVwknUvbMNni epSg² EdlCabTBiesaFn_ énCIvit.
CaBiess Gb;rMsisSTaMgGs;[mancMeNHdwgRbkbedayRkmsIlFm’l¥ nigc,ab;sgÁmkñúgkarrs;enA.
kñúgenaHEdr manGaCJaFrEdndI smtßkic©RKb;lMdab;fñak;CaGñkCYyGb;rMbEnßm eBlNamansisS
Namñak;manskmµPaBminRbRktI edayRbRBwtþxusnwgc,ab;criyasaRsþ k¾dUcCac,ab;sgÁmCati. eday
Gb;rMCnTaMgenaH[yl;dwgGMBIc,ab;cracrN_ eRKaHfñak;kñúgkareFVIdMeNIr nigc,ab;epSg²eTot edIm,I[b¥Ún
EdleFVIxusecHEkERbxøÜneLIgvij eRBaHkarRbRBwtxþ usRtUvpþnÞaeTas Cab;TNÐkmµeTAtamkMriteTasén
c,ab;. dUecñH sisSanusisSRtUvykcMeNHdwg Edl)ansikSaenAsala TUnµanxøÜnÉg[køayCaBlrdæl¥.
GñkEdlcUlrYmGb;rpM gEdrenaH KWsisSxøÜnÉgCaGñkTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHral;skmµPaBrbs;xøÜn
)aneFV.I mþay«BukRKan;EtCaGëkbegàIt nigTUnµansIlFm’rs;enAeTAtamlMGanRbéBNIb:ueNÑaH. mþay
«BukCaGñkpþl;kMeNIt[kUn EteBlkUnQWKat;minGacdwgfa kñgú xøÜnkUnQWGVIeLIy KWmanEtkUnxøÜnÉgeT
eTIbdwgfaxøÜnQWGI. dUecñH GñksikSaxøÜnÉgCaGñkGb;rxM øÜnÉgya:gsMxan; RtUvykcMeNHdwgEdl)ansikSa
BIRKb;TisTI ykmkhVwkhat; EkERbral;cMnucGskmµrbs;xøÜn edIm,Ikaø yCakUnl¥ sisSl¥ nigBlrdæl¥.
5>etI\T§Bi lBINaxøH EdleFVI[sIlFm’Føak;cuH?
emeraKGacekItmancMeBaHbuKÁlNaEdlxVHGnam½y. ehIyCMgWenaHnwgrIkraldalEfmeTotebI
CnenaHÉgminRBmBüa)al[)anTan;eBlevla.
ehtuenH \T§iBlcm,gbMputènkarFøak;cuHsIlFm’ KWsisSxøÜnÉgCaGñkcMlg b¤RbRBwtþtameK
TaMgRsug edaymin)anEsVgyl;GVEI dlxøÜnmanBImunmkeLIy. mþay«Bukmin)anRtYtBinitünigtamdan
45
karsikSarbs;kUn[)anditdl; minCYyGb;rbM Enßm[)anRCaleRCAeTAelIKuNFm’énkarrs;enA Edlmin
RtUvePøItePøIntamsmÖar³niymGUsTaj nasm½ysklPavUbnIykmµenaHeT.
mYyvijeTot rbbsgÁmmankarpøas;bþÚr Edlsm½ymunCarbbnMminFMCagnaLi. cMENksBVéf¶
CarbbRbkan;yktamEbblT§Ri bCaFibetyüesrI. enHCa\T§iBlmYy Edlbgá»kas[kUn² b¤sisSa
nusisSmYycMnYnh‘anegIbeLIgttaMgTaMgBaküsMdI k¾dUcCaeRbIkMlaMg)ayRbQmeTAnwgGñkGb;rMvijEdr
dUcCakñúgerOgTuMTav nigCIvitrs;enAsBVéf¶EdlmankUnxøHxwgnig«Bukmþay EdlGb;rMeCrsIþbnþicbnþÜck¾
h‘anrt;ecjBIpÞH bgáGsnþisux bgðajPaBminsmrmü xusnwgRbéBNIepSg²kñgú sgÁmxageRkA b¤h‘an
RbmafkitþiysnigGayuCIvitelakRKU-GñkRKUEfmeTotpg. TaMgenH edayBYkeKsMGagelIsiT§irs;enACaFM
tamlT§iRbCaFibetyüRCulhYsehtu pSMnwgcitþmanHrbs;xøÜn. ktþamYyeTot KWRbeTsCatiRkIRkkMBgu
GPivDÆn_ EdllMhUrcUlènvb,Fm’breTsnaMmkTaMgl¥nigGaRkk; eFVI[stVmmaCelatcUlPñk;ePøIg
b¤yvu Cnkm<Cú aTTYlykvb,Fm’TaMgenaHedaymindwgfaekþA b¤RtCak;eLIy.
karGnuvtþc,ab;RbeTsenAminTan;manlkçN³suRkitnigyutiFþ m’ edaymanGMeBIBukrlYy.
Biess c,ab;RBhµTNÐEdlkarkMNt;kMriteTasmanenAEtelIRkdas. RBwtiþkarN_TaMgenHehIyEdleFVI
[b¥Ún²xøHElgxøacjejItcMeBaHc,ab;GIVTaMgGs;.
CaBiess karGnuvtþbTbBa¢aépÞkgñú rbs;salamin)anmuWgm:at;nighµt;ct;eFVI[sisS)at;bg;CMenO
RKb;karGnuvtþc,ab;TaMgGs; TaMgenAkñúgsala kñúgsgÁmRKYsar nigsgÁmxageRkA.
\T§iBld¾FMmYyeTotenaH KWRbB½np§ SBVpSayB½tm’ anTaMgGs;)anbgðajedaylkçN³cMh Edl
mandMNgw xøHeFVI[b:HBal;GarmµN_sisSanusisSCaGñksikSa dUcCakarcab;rMelaP rUbPaBGasGaPas
erOgra:vpøvÚ ePT ExSvIedGUvaytb; kab;cak; )aj;RbharCaedIm. cMeBaHerOgra:vTaMgenH sisSxøHKitmin
dl;nUvkarGb;rM EdlbgðajGMeBIGaRkk;kuM[ykdMrab;tam EbrCaTTYlykedayminsMlwgemIlpl
lM)akenATIcugbBa©b; énehtukarN_TaMgenaHeLIy. cMENkGMeBIl¥ eKEbrCaminTTYlykeTAGnuvtþtam
EbrCaeFVItamGV²I EdlCaGMeBIGaRkk;eTAvij.
\T§Bi lénsRgÁam EdlbgáPaBvinashinehaceFV[I CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæmanlkçN³
Tn;exSayminGacpÁt;pgÁ ;karsikSarbs;kUn)an. GñkdwknaMRKb;RKgkñúgsalaxVHkarTTYlxusRtUv KµansiT§I
sMercelIkargarmYycMnYn .
RKUbeRgonmYycMnYnmincab;GarmµN_nwgkarGb;rMsIlFm’ eRBaHKat;Kitfa cMeNHdwgsm½yfµICa
erOgsMxan;EdlnaM[BYkeKeCOnelOneTArkGnaKtfµIrbs;BYkeK.
46
karedIrtamesdækci ©TpI SaresrIeFV[I eKxitxMrkGVI²EdlnaM[mancMNUlesdækic©x<s;GsIlFm’Edl
b:HBal;dl;karcuHfyéncMNlU cMNayrbs;GñkEdll¶g;exøA. enHCacMNucPan;RcLMFMNas;kñúgkarGb;rM
sIlFm’.
El,gsIusgKWCaEl,gmYyEdleFVI[sisSanussi SQøkv; egVgeTAtamkarGUsTaj. GñkxøHcaj;
El,glk;RTBüsm,tþpi Þal;xøÜn nigxøHeToth‘aneFVGI VI²RKb;ya:g rhUtdl;minh‘ancUleroneTotpg.
El,gehÀm b‘Íy:ak¾CaEl,gmYyRbePT EdlhUrcUlmkRbeTskm<úCa nigmanesÞIrRKb;TkI Enøg
ehIykEnøgxøHenACab;rbgsalaeroneTotpg eFVI[sisSanusisSxøHQøk;vegVgnwgEl,genH ePøceron
sURt ehIyeKcevsBIsala ecHPUtkuhk«Bukmþay bgb¥Ún b¤GaNaBüa)al minEtb:ueNÑaH ecHlYcRTBü
sm,tþi ecHlYcR)ak;«BukmþayeTotpg. emRKYsarPaKeRcIn EdlmanR)ak;cMNUltictYcxitxMEtrkR)ak;
edIm,IbMeBjesckþRI tUvkarRbcaMéf¶ min)aneFVIkarGb;rMkUneT. RKYsarxøHeTot bENþtbeNþaykUnedaymin
)antamdanskmµPaBBYkeK edaysm¥agfa xøÜnCaRKYsarGñkman ehIyminxVl;GMBITegVIxusqÁgrbs;kUn.
RkumekµgCMTg;²minyl;GMBItémøènsIlFm’ mineKarBc,ab;saFarN³nigbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;
salaeron Edl)anpSBVpSayrYcmkehIyenaHeT.
karpSBVpSayrUbPaBGasGaPasenAtamsarB½t’man nigtamTsSnavdþI vIedGU TUrTsSn_k¾b:H>>>
k¾Bal;dl;karGb;rMsIlFm’Edr.
GñkxøHCaGñkmanGMNacnigmanRTBüsm,tþism,ÚrhUrehorkñúgsgÁm b:uEnþeKCamnusSxVHsIlFm’
ehIyCamnusSKµantémøkñúgsgÁm.
RksYgnigsalaeronminTan;pþle; BlevlasmRsb cMeBaHema:gbeRgonsIlFm’nigBlrdæviC¢a
Edl[sisSeRcInEtcat;Tku faCaema:gsikSa\ttémø cg;eronk¾)anmincaM)ac;eronk¾)anEdr b¤k¾eronedIm,I
ykBinÞEú tb:eu NÑaH ehIyeKEfmTaMgbMpsu KMnitsisS[eKxMeronmuxviC¢aKNitviC¢a nigviTüsa®sþBitedIm,I
eTARblg[)anelxl¥ sRmab;eronenAmhaviTüal½y nigedIm,IEsVgrkkargareFVI )angayRsYleBl
ecjBIsalaeron.
6>etImanviFankarGVIedIm,ITb;sàat;karFøak;cuHsIlFm’?
edIm,ITb;sàat;karFøak;cuHsIlFm’enH[)anl¥ CMhandMbUgKW«Bukmþayb¤GaNaBüa)alsisSRtUv
CYyTUnµanbEnßm bnÞab;BIkUnecjBIsala XøaMemIlskmµPaBrbs;kUn[)anditdl;kñúgkarsikSak¾dUcCa
TMnak;TnM gmitþPkþi.
47
KN³RKb;RKgsalaRtUvGnuvtþbTbBa¢aépÞkgñú rbs;sala[)anmaMl¥. CYyBRgwgbEnßmcMeBaH
elaksaRsþacarüNa EdlGskmµkúñgkarGb;rMBuT§.i pSBVpSay[)anTUlMTlU aynUvtémøsIlFm’dl;
sisS. elakRKUGñkRKUTaMgGs;RtUvGb;rsM isStamniyamKruekaslü xitxMepÞrcMeNHdwgrbs;xøÜntam
sil,_viFEI bbBRgwgKuNPaBGb;rMCacMbg.
edaysalaTaMgGs;sßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RksYg dUcenHRtUvEcgc,ab;[)anc,as;las;
eFIVGIVeTAtamRkitRkmc,ab;EdlxønÜ )anEcgnigkMNt; CYyEkERbral;cMnucGskmµkgñú kmµvFi IsikSa kMNt;
lkçxNÐ[Cak;lak; kñúgkareRCIserIsebkçCn bMerIkargarsgÁmGVmI Yy. ebICnNamYymansIlFm’minl¥
EdlsBVéf¶eKcat;cUlCaCnTMenIg enaHKµansiT§idak;BakücUlrYmkarRbKYtRbECgeLIy.
GñkdwknaMsgÁmCaGñkmanGMNacRtUvRtYtBinitümRnþeI Rkam»vaT[)anRtwmRtUv. hamR)amral;
vb,Fm’breTsNaEdlminl¥ eFVI[RsTab;yuvv½yTTYlykehIybgáPaBvikvrdl;sgÁm naM[Gab;eGan
dl;vb,Fm’rbs;CatixøÜn.
b¥Ún²sisSanusisSRtUvEsVgyl;[)anl¥cMeBaHtèmøsIlFm’nigTTYlykcMeNHdwgEdlxøÜn)an
sikSa edayBicarNaeRbobeFobrvagcrnþcMeNHdwgenAsm½ymunnigsm½ybc©úb,nñ.
4>1>2 sMNYrsMrab;sYrmatabitasisS
1>etIkUneronfñak;TIb:unµan?
enAkñgú bnÞúkRKYsar mankUnbInak; kUnTI1eronfñak;TI11énviTüal½yERBkÉg. kUnTI2eronfñak;
TI9kñúgsalaCamYykUnTI1Edr. cMEnkÉkUnTI3CakUneBAeK eronfñak;TI4énsalabzmsikSaERBkÉg.
2>etIknU eFIVdMeNIreTAsalaedaymeFüa)ayGV?I
kñúgkareFIVdMeNIreTAsalaeronCaerogral;éf¶enH kUnTI1nigkUnTI2eronenAviTüal½yKWCiHm:UteU TA
salaeronCamYyKña. rIÉkUnTI3eronenAsalabzmsikSa KWCiHkg;eTAeronedayxønÜ Ég.
3>etIkUnmanCYyeFVIkargarpÞHEdrb¤eT bnÞab;BBI YkeK)aneFVIkci ©karsala?
CaTUeTA kUnTI1nigkUnTI2hak;bIdcU CaminsUvrvIrvl;nwgkic©karpÞHenaHeT. Ékic©karsalavij
luHRtaEtCYydas;etOn eTIbTajykesovePAmkGanb¤eFVIkic©kar. cMEnkkUnEdltUcCageK
eRkayeBlRtlb;mkBIsalavij eK)anykkic©karsalamk[CYyBnül;bEnßm rYcehIyeK)anCYy
CMnYsédeCIgeFVIkargarkñúgpÞHpgEdr cMeBaHkic©karNaEdlRsal².

48
4>etIFøab;)anCYybgðat;bgðajkUnbEnßm b¤eTkñúgkarsikSarbs;eK?
vaerOgGkuslNas; BYkeyIgCamnusSRkIRkpg CasMNl;énrbbvalBiXadpg. dUecñHkarCYy
bgðat;kUnenApÞH KWCYybgðajkUn)anEtfñak;Tab²b:ueNÑaH cMEnkÉfñak;x<s;krM itTI8eLIgeTA hYssmtßPaB
rbs;xøÜnehIy minGacCYyR)ab;b¤Bnül;knU )anenaHeT.
5>etI)andwgGMBIlT§plénkarsikSaRbcaMExnigRbcaMqñaMrbs;knU ²Edrb¤eT?
kñúgkarTTYldMNwgGMBIlT§plénkarsikSaRbcaMExrbs;kUn²minsUv)aneTogTat;eT. RbsinebI
ExNaeK)anlT§pll¥enaH eTIbeK[cuHhtßelxaTTYldwgB¤ nigEføgGMNrKuNelakRKU-GñkRKUEdl)an
bgðat;beRgonkUn[CYybeRgonbEnßmeTot. ÉlT§plRbcaMqñaMvji enaH KW)andwgral;bMNac;qñaM eRBaH
kUn²RtUvpþl;dMNwgCab;b¤Føak;edIm,IeRtomsmÖar³sikSaenAqñaMbnÞab;eTot.
6>etIkUneKarBtambTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;salanigvin½yRKYsarEdrb¤eT?
cMeBaHkareKarBbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;sala kUn²TaMgGs;mankareKarB)anl¥ eTaHbICamankar
lM)akCYydas;etOnbEnßmya:gNakþI b:uEnþminEdlmanelakRKUGñkRKUpþl;dMNwgGaRkk;GMBIskmµPaB
énkarsikSarbs;knU ²eLIy eRBaHsmÖar³sikSarbs;BYkeKmanRKb;RKan; karesøókBak;)ansmrmü kar
eTAeronnigvilmkpÞHvij)anTan;eBlevla nigminEdlQb;eronedayKµanmUlehtuenaHeT. cMeBaHkar
eKarBvin½yRKYsar k¾BuMEdlbgápllM)akF¶n;Fr¶ l¥k;kkrkñúgRKYsarEdr.
7>etIknU ²)anbgákarlM)akGVxI øHdl;sgÁmRKYsar?
CaTUeTA BUYkeKEtgEtedIrelghYseBlevlatictYc edaysaresBKb;CamYymitþPkþiminl¥.
karniyaysþIeRbIBakümin)ansmrmüCamYynwg«Bukmþayb¤sac;BaØatiCitxag. esøókBak;eqItqayhYs
RbmanBIGVEI dlxøÜnman. cg;)anEtrbs;rbreRbIR)as; EdlTan;sm½yminKitGMBICIvPaBRKYsarRkIRk.
mankarRbRBwtxþ usKnøgTMenomTMlab;RbéBNIxøH² Etmin)aneFV[I )at;bg;kitþiysRKYsarenaHeT.
4>1>3 sMNYrsMrab;sYrGaCJaFrEdndInigmRnIþb:usþ×rdæ)al
1>etIsßanPaBsIlFm’enAkëúgTItaMgénkarRKb;RKgrbs;elakdUcemþcEdr?
karRKb;RKgsuvtßiPaBsnþisuxenATIenHmanbBaðabnþicbnþÜc minmankarbgáGVIF¶n;F¶redaysarb¥Ún²
sisSanusisSenaHeT. b:uEnþmankarbMBanc,ab;cracrN_edayCiHkg;m:UtUminecHeKarBsiT§Ki ña eFVI[man
rbYssñamekIteLIg. b¥Ún²xøHeTotmanTaMgbursnigi narI)anesBsura eRcograM karaGUexrMxandl;brisßan
CMuvji eFVI[shKmn_lM)akkñúgkarrs;enApg niglM)akRKb;RKgpgEdr enAeBlBYkeKRsvwgehIyebIkbr.
49
2>etIsisSanusisS)anRbRBwtxþ usqÀgKnøgRkmsIlFm’nigc,ab;sgÁmdUcemþc?
CakarpÞúyeTAnwgxøwmsarGb;rkM ëúgemeronsIlFm’Edl)anTUnµanGñkTaMgenaH[ecHRslaj;Kña CYy
KñaenAeBlmanFur³ EbrCaBYkeK)anbegáItCabkSBYkbgáCMelaHnwgKñaeTAvij. edayBYkeK)anedjvayKña
edayeRbIdMbg b¤davsam:Uér:CaedIm. CagenHeTot sisSxøHbnøMlYckg;mitþPkþiykeTAlk;edayKµan
citGþ aNitRslaj;Kañ esaH.
3>etIelakmanviFankarGVxI øHkñúgkarGb;rMedIm,IEkERbBYkeK?
kñúgTMnak;TMngKñaCamYyfñak;dwknaMsala eyIg)ankMNt;kMriteTaseTAtamTegVIrbs;eK man
kMrit{k>x>K>X}nig{g}. eTaskMrit{k>x} CakMritRsal KWRKan;EteFVkI arGb;rMTUnµanCalaylkçN_GkSr
b:ueNÑaH edaysarBYkeKRKan;EtTMnas;BaküsMdI. EtebIcUlkñgú kMrit {K}vijenaHKWmanEfmTaMgkarBin½y
CaR)ak;pgEdr. cMeBaHkMriteTas{X}nig{g}CakMriteTasF¶n; edaysarkarbgárbYssñam RtUvksag
sMnueM rOgbBa¢nÚ eTAtulakar edIm,Ikat;eTaseTAtamc,ab;CaFrman.

50
CMBUkTI5
esckþIsnñidæannigGnusasn_
karsikSaRsavRCavTaMgEpñkRTwsþI nigkarGnuvtþenAkññúgviTüal½yxagelI)anqøHú bBa©aMg[eXIjfa
RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa)anerobcMkmµviFIski SaenAtamviTüal½ysMrab;Gb;rMTUnµansisSanussi STaMg
Gs;[mancMeNHdwgTUeTAnigbMNinCIvit. CaBiess cMeNHdwgEpëksIlFm’suCIvFm’nigGb;rMGakb,kiriya
kUnExµredIm,I[køayeTACaBlrdædl¾ ¥ b:uEnþlT§ply:agNaenaH KWGaRs½yeTAelIbuKÁliklkçN³GñkepÞr
nigGñkTTYlcMeNHdwgykeTAGnuvtþ.
CarYmmk eyIgsegáteXIjfakarGb;rsM IlFm’enAviTüal½yTTYl)anlT§plKYrCaTIeBjcitþ
edaysisSanusisSmankaryl;dgw GMBIsIlFm’kñúgkarrs;enA nigsisSanusisSmYycMnYn)ankøayeTACa
sisSKMrRU bcaMsalaeTotpg. lT§plTaMgenHKW)anmkBIkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;elakRKUGñkRKUEdl)an
EsVgrkviFIsa®sþl¥²edIm,Ibgðat;beRgonsisS[manTaMgcMeNHdwg CMnajnigcMeNHdwgEpñksIlFm’ edIm,II
køayeTACaBlrdæl¥.
viTüal½y)anerobcMRKb;vFi Isa®sþ yuT§sa®sþ yuT§viFIedIm,IGb;rMdl;sisSanusisS[TTYl)an
cMeNHdwgEpëksIlFm’nigsuCIvFm’rbs;sgÀmxøÜn. müa:gvijeTot eTaHbIsalaviTüal½yTTYl)anlT§pl
l¥këúgkarGb;rMsIlFm’ya:gNak¾eday k¾sIlFm’bc¨úb,nëenHenAmankarFøak;cuH edayeyIgsegáteXIj
fasisSanusisSmYycMnYn)anedIrelgminRBmcUleron nigmineKarBbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgsala.
tamGMNHGMNagenH eyIgeXIjfakarGb;rsM IlFm’BitCamansar³sMxan;Nas;kúñgkarCYy
sgÁmmnusS[rs;enARbkbedaysNþab;Fñab; ecHeKarBKñaeTAvijeTAmk ecHGt;»n[KñanigecHCYyKña
kñúgRKamanGasnñ.
srubmkeyIgGacniyay)anfaRbCaCnkm<úCa k¾dUcCaRbCaCatinanaTUTaMgBiPBelakEdr Rbsin
ebIeKmñak;²sÀal;tèmøBitènsIlFm’ eKarBc,ab;sIlFm’ eKarBc,ab;rdæ nigeKarBsiT§imnusS)anl¥RbèB
enaHBYkeKBitCaGackøayeTACaBlrdæl¥ EdlminRKan;Etrs;enAkñgú namCamnusSb:ueNÑHeT b:uEnþeKEfm
TaMgrs;enAkñúugnamCaBlrdæ CakmøaMgrbs;rdæ EdlGacCYyksagnigkarBar RbeTsrbs;eK[sMbUr
rugerOg nigeFVI[sgÁmRbkbedaysNþab;Fëab; esßrPaByutiFþ m’ snþPi aB nigPaBsuxdumrmna.

51
ÉksarBieRKaH
can; rdæsupa ¬2004¦TidæPaBcriyaFm’ nigRsbc,ab;rbs;karGb;rM . PñeM Bj
smaKmGadhuk ¬2010¦r)aykarN¾sßanPaBsiT§imnusS qñaM2009. PñeM Bj
raCrdæaPi)alkm<Cú a GKÁelxaFikardæanK>C>G>T ¬2003¦EpnkarCatiGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña 2003-
2015. PñMeBj
Gwum kuc ¬1996¦viFbI eRgonTMenIb .
viTüal½yERBkÉg ¬2008¦EpnkarGPivDÆviTüal½yqñaM2008-2009 . extþkNþal
CYn Nat vcnanuRkmExµrPaKTI1/TI2 ¬1986¦. PñMeBj
naykdæanRsavRCavKruekaslü¬ qñaM2006¦ sikSasgÀm sIlFm’-BlrdæBIfñak;T1I -6/ fñak;TI7-9 nig
BIfñak;T1I 0-12. PñeM Bj
F esa ¬2005¦sIlFm’vCi ¢aCIv³. PñMeBj
TsSavdþIkm<úCsuriya ¬Extula/ vic¢ika/ FñÚ 2002¦GkSrsaRsþsasna nigGkSrsaRsþTeU TA. PñMeBj
Kwm eBRCBIrnn; ¬1996¦RKU nigsisS . extþkNþal
GnuRkitü ¬2008¦RkmsIlFm’vCi ¢aCIv³RKUbeRgon . PñMeBj

52
]bsm½<n§
]bsm½<n§
]bsm½<n§TI1
sMNYrsMrab;sMPas
sMNYrsMrab;sYrKN³RKb;RKgsala nigbuKÁliksikSa
1>etIkmµviFIGb;rMsIlFm’enAviTüal½ymanGVIxøH?
2>etIemronsIlFm’TaMgGs;enaHman\T§Bi lGVxI øH sRmab;karrs;enArbs;sisSTaMgenAkñgú sala
eron enAkñúgRKYsar nigsgÁm?
3>etIsIlFm’Føak;cuHb¤y:agdUcemþc?
4>etIGëkNamantYnaTIGb;rMsIlFm’?
5>etI\T§Bi lGVxI øHEdleFVI[sIlFm’Føak;cuH?
6>etImanviFankarGVIedIm,ITb;sáat;karFøak;cuHsIlFm’?
sMNYrsMrab;sYrmatabitasisS
1>etIkUneronfñak;TIb:unµan?
2>etIknU eFIVdMeNIreTAsalaedaymeFüa)ayGV?I
3>etIkUnmanCYyeFVkI argarpÞHEdrb¤eT bnÞab;BeI K)aneFVIkic©karsala?
4>etIFøab;)anCYybgðat;bgðajbEnßm b¤eTkñúgkarsikSarbs;kUn?
5>etI)andwgGMBIlT§plénkarsikSaRbcaMExnigRbcaMqñaMrbs;knU Edrb¤eT?
6>etIkUneKarBtambTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;salanigvin½yRKYsarEdrb¤eT?
7>etIknU )anbgákarlM)akGVIxøHdl;sgÁmRKYsar?
sMNYrsMrab;sYrGaCJaFrEdndInigmRnIbþ :usþ×rdæ)al
1>etIsßanPaBsIlFm’enAkëúgTItaMgènkarRKb;RKgrbs;elakdUcemþcEdr?
2>etIsisSanusisS)anRbRBwtxþ usqÀgKnøgRkmsIlFm’nigc,ab;sgÀmdUcemþc?
3>etIelakmanviFankarGVIxøHkñúgkarGb;rMedIm,IEkERbBYkeK?

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