MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION OF UKRAINE

Сourse paper
PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS DENOTING EMOTIONAL STATES OF A
PERSON IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Presented by
The student of the group
…………..
Supervised by

City – 2020
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT
OF PHRASEOLOGY IN LINGUISTICS……………………………………….5
1.1 General characteristics of phraseological units………………….............5
1.2 Classification of phraseological units……………………………………8
1.3 Variety idioms in the english language and its clasify on the example of
the Bible…………………………………………………………………………..10
1.4 Verbalization of emotions by means of phraseology…………………15
CHAPTER 2. EMOTIONALIZATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL
UNITS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE……………………………………...20
2.1 Features of use of phraseological expressions in English language……20
2.2 Features of forming phraseological units to indicate emotions in
English…………………………………………………………………………….24
2.3 Analysis of phraseological units that express emotions………………..29
CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................34
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………...36
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………..38
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INTRODUCTION
According to traditional view, idioms are treated as a whole semantically
speaking and they cannot be separated and synthesized. Therefore, idioms are
looked on as a special kind of linguistic phenomenon. Many previous studies of
idioms fail to recognize their metaphorical roots because scholars tend to detect
only a few of these conventional phrases, such as rain cats and dogs. Cognitive
view of metaphors shed new light on idiom learning and teaching, which holds that
metaphors are not only poetical or rhetorical embellishments, but «in essence, a
means of understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another»
(Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) [4]. As a kind of thinking mode, metaphors are so
pervasive in our daily life that we are almost not aware of its existence. This is also
true with many idioms. As researches go deeper and deeper, scholars find that
many idioms are partly analyzable and motivated by conceptual metaphors.
Actuality of Investigation
Emotions, as one of the most pervasive human experience, are
conceptualized and expressed in metaphorical ways as well. Conceptual metaphor
plays an important role in conceptualizing emotions. However, the previous studies
of conceptualizing emotions neglected the studies of linguistic expressions,
especially idioms to a certain extent. Besides, studies of idioms expressing
emotions are mainly based on the English linguistic data.
Aims and Objectives of the Research
Of the present course paper is to research ways of translating idiomatic and
stable expressions denoting feelings, moods and states of a person into the English
language, taking into account different criteria, compare and contrast the results of
investigation in order to discover differences and similarities in translating
meanings, stylistic peculiarities and usage.
The research proposal will therefore seek to explore and investigate the
following:
 to describes the aim, the objectives, the research material, as well as
mentions the methods of translation;
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 to presents the definition of the idiomatic and stable expressions denoting

feelings, moods and states of a person, dwells upon its nature and different
approaches to its classification;
 to which shows the contrastive analysis of phraseological units in both
English and Ukrainian languages and their lexical meaning of expressions;
describe the found equivalents (full and partial) in the languages;
 to summarize the research results given in the practical part of the presented
course paper.
Methodological Background of Scientific Investigation
In order to present the course paper in a logical way, we used several
research methods:
 Descriptive method – that helped to make observations on the
structural and semantic features of phraseological units;
 A method of definition analysis by dictionaries for selecting emotional
vocabulary units that are reflected in the process of expressing certain emotions;
 Method for continuous sampling of phraseological units by
dictionaries.
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CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF

PHRASEOLOGY IN LINGUISTICS

1.1. General characteristics of phraseological units

The vocabulary of a language is enriched not only by words but also by

phraseological units. Phraseological units are word-groups that cannot be made in
the process of speech, they exist in the language as ready-made units. They are
compiled in special dictionaries. The same as words phraseological units express a
single notion and are used in a sentence as one part of it. American and British
lexicographers call such units «idioms». We can mention such dictionaries as:
L.Smith «Words and Idioms», V.Collins «A Book of English Idioms» etc. In these
dictionaries we can find words, peculiar in their semantics (idiomatic), side by side
with word-groups and sentences. In these dictionaries they are arranged, as a rule,
into different semantic groups [6].
Phraseological units differ from free word-groups semantically and
structurally: 1) they convey a single concept and their meaning is idiomatic, i.e. it
is not a mere total of the meanings of their components; 2) they are characterized
by structural invariability (no word can be substituted for any component of a
phraseological unit without destroying its sense (to have a bee in one’s bonnet (not
cap or hat); 3) they are not created in speech but used as ready-made units. Unlike
a word, a phraseological unit can be divided into separately structured elements.
Phraseological units reflect the wealth of a language displaying cultural
paradigms of the speakers of a particular language. They reflect cultural archetypes
of an ethno-linguistic community and help to make explicit the peculiarities of its
world perception [10, p. 1330].
Phraseological units as the particular units of language came into the focus
of linguists attention in the beginning of the 20th century. In the second part of the
20th century these word-combinations became the object of scientific
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investigation. The field of phraseology (or idiomaticity) in any language is so

varied and fascinating that one could spend an entire lifetime considering and
analysing it from various viewpoints.
A phraseological unit is an established, universal and essential element that,
used with care,ornaments and enriches the language.
Michael McCarthy and Felicity O’Dell use the term «idiom» in their book
«English Idioms in Use» and write that idioms are fixed expressions which have a
meaning that is not immediately obvious from looking at the individual words
[16].
Hockett claims that it is a phrase whose meaning is non-compositional, that
is the meaning of the whole cannot be fully deduced from the meanings of the
parts.
The English scholar U. Weinreich asserts that idiom is a phraseological unit
involving at least two polysemous constituents and there is a reciprocal contextual
section of subsenses.
J. Strassler’s definition of an idiom is as follows: «An idiom is a
concatenation of more than one lexeme whose meaning is not derived from the
meanings of its constituents and which does not consist of a verb plus adverbial
particle or preposition».
Though there are differences in opinions, all linguists agree that
phraseological units or idioms are probably «the most picturesque, colourful and
expressive part of the language vocabulary, which reflect nation’s customs,
traditions and prejudices, recollections of its past history, scraps of folk songs and
fairy tales. But it is necessary to distinguish them from other words and phrases
existing in the language» [19].
R.Ginzburg also accepts the term «phraseological units» and the definition
given by her is the following: «Phraseological units are non-motivated word-
groups that cannot be freely made up in speech but are reproduced as ready-made
units». In her turn N.Amosova defines phraseological units as units of fixed
context, that is a context characterized by a specific and unchanging sequence of
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definite lexical components and a peculiar semantic relationship existing between

them [5, p. 76].
Shansky defines phraseologisms as «frozen patterns of language that consist
of two or more components and allow little or no variation in form, structure or
meaning».
Another linguist, Senina, defines phraseological units as a semantically
bound set of words that are not produced at the moment of conversation but are
reproduced as a rigid lexico-grammatical units with a firm semantical background.
Another outstanding Russian linguist A.Kunin having done an elaborate
research comes to the conclusion that phraseological units are stable combinations
of words with a fully or partially figurative meaning.
This definition is best suited for the purpose as it includes two inherent
properties of phraseological units: stability and figurative meaning which
differentiate these units from free word combinations and also from set expressions
with no figurative meaning [8].
The same understanding of a phraseological unit is shared also by Latvian
scholars A.Naciscione, A.Veisbergs. Emotions are one of the forms of reflection of
reality and its understanding. They are expressed by language means only when
they are reflected in the consciousness. Interjections, which are highly emotive
phraseological units, are not subject to a dictionary definition, the intellectual
content is given instead, for example:
 (God) bless me! (or my soul!) – an expression of surprise.
 God bless his soul (heart)! – an expression of fondness, gratefulness,
kind feelings.
Emotions as a form of the man's attitude to reality are always accompanied
by evaluation. Emotivity is emotionalism through the language refraction, i.e. it is
a sensual evaluation of the object, the expression of the man's feelings, emotional
experience, mood – by means of language or speech. Emotivity is always
expressive an evaluative but not vice versa [1].
As emotions are divided into two classes – positive and negative – their
 8

expression in the language may be negatively emotive and positively emotive. But
unfortunately they do not have their necessary index in the dictionary. In English
lexicography and phraseography there is no special note of positive evaluation and
the notes of negative evaluation are not sufficiently worked out.
Nowadays there are such notes in the dictionaries as derog (= derogatory),
sometimes impol (= impolite), taboo or vulg (= vulgar) for negative values.

1.2 Classification of phraseological units

In modern language science, there are a number of classifications of

phraseological units. In this course paper, we agree to rely on the classification of
phraseological units in terms of semantic unity of their components, which belongs
to the academician.
Let's consider these types of phraseological units in relation to modern
English.
Phraseological splices, or idioms – are absolutely indivisible,
indecomposable stable combinations, the general meaning of which does not
depend on the meaning of their constituent words:
 kick the bucket – razg.) - bend, die, stretch your legs;
 piece of cake – very easy work;
 to keep one's heels – waste time;
 at bay-cornered, in a hopeless position;
 be at smb.’s beck and call – be always ready for services, be at your
Beck and call;
 to knock off-stop working (for a while);
 to rain cats and dogs-pour like a bucket (about rain);
 to be all thumbs – to be awkward, clumsy;
 call it a day-end a certain period of work [13].
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Thus, the connection between direct and figurative meanings is lost in

phraseological splices, since the figurative meaning has become the main one for
them. This is why phraseological splices are difficult to translate into other
languages.
Another type of phraseology, phraseological unities – stable combinations of
words in which, in the presence of a common figurative meaning, the signs of
semantic separateness of components are clearly preserved:
 to spill the beans-give out a secret;
 bridges to burn – burn the bridges;
 to have other fish to fry – have more important things to do;
 to throw dust into smb.’s eyes-spell your teeth;
 to burn one's fingers – get burned on something;
 to throw mud at smb.;
 to be narrow in the shoulders – don't understand jokes;
 to paint the devil blacker than he is-thicken the paint;
 to put a spoke in smb.’s wheel-putting sticks in the wheels;
 to hold one's cards close to one's chest – keep something secret;
 to gild refined gold-to gild pure gold;
 to paint the lily – touch up the color of the Lily [15, p. 234].
The next type of phraseological units – phraseological combinations – are
stable turns, which include words with both a free and phraseologically related
meaning:
 bosom friend – a bosom friend;
 a pitched battle – a fierce battle;
 (to have) a narrow escape-escape by a miracle;
 to frown one's eyebrows-furrow your brows;
 Adam's apple – Adam's Apple;
 a Sisyfean labor-Sisyphean labor;
 rack one's brains-break your head (think hard, remember);
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 to pay attention to smb – - pay attention to someone [17].

In contrast to phraseological splices and phraseological units that have an
integral indecomposable meaning, phraseological combinations are characterized
by semantic decomposability, which brings them closer to free phrases.
Phraseological expressions are only phrases with the literal meaning of the
components. Phraseological expressions include numerous English Proverbs and
sayings that are used in a direct sense. Such Proverbs, however, have no figurative
allegorical meaning:
 live and learn-century live, century learn;
 better untaught than ill taught – it is better to be unlearned than
incorrectly learned;
 many men, many minds – how many heads, so many minds;
 easier said then done – easier said than done;
 nothing is impossible to a willing heart who wants to, he will achieve
[19].
So, phraseological units arise from a free combination of words, which is
used in a figurative sense. Depending on how much the nominative values of the
components of phraseology are erased, and how strong the figurative meaning is in
them, phraseological units are divided into four types: phraseological splices,
phraseological unities, phraseological combinations, and phraseological
expressions.
1.3 Variety idioms in the english language and its clasify on the example
of the Bible
As we know, phraseological units arise from a free combination of words,
which is used in a figurative sense. Gradually, the tolerance is forgotten, erased,
and the combination becomes stable.
In English there are the following typologies of phraseological units
1. Typology based on grammatical similarity of the component composition
of phraseological units:
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a) the combination of an adjective with a noun:Vicious circle – a vicious

circle.The Indian summer
b) the combination of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the
genitive case: point of view, apple of discord;
C) the combination of the prepositional-case form of a noun with an
adjective: be on a good footing with someone;
d) combination of a verb with a noun (with a preposition and without a
reason): come to one's senses,cock one's nose-turn up your nose;
e) combination of a verb with an adverb: to see through somebody see
through, fly high be very ambitious, get down to earth – go down from the clouds
to the earth;
f) the combination of a participle with a noun: one's heart is bleeding.
2. Typology based on the correspondence of syntactic functions of
phraseological units and parts of speech with which they can be replaced.
a) Nominal phraseological units: Swan song (In a sentence, they perform the
functions of a subject, predicate, complement; by the nature of relations with other
words, in combination, they can control a member and be controlled);
b) Verbal phraseological units hold one's ground hold very firmly, don't give
up your positions (In a sentence, they serve as a predicate; in combination with
other words, they can agree, manage, and be managed);
c) Adjectival phraseology in blooming health blood with milk(Have the
value of a qualitative characteristic and, like adjectives, act in the sentence as the
definition or nominal part of the predicate);
d) adverbs or adverbial phraseological units: Up one's sleeves – through the
sleeves (like adverbs, they characterize the quality of an action and perform the
role of circumstances in a sentence);
e) wax phraseological units: Good luck! Good day! (like interjections, such
phraseological units express the will, feelings, speaking as an individual
undifferentiated offerings).
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We can also systematize phraseological units and other features. For

example, from the point of view of sound organization, all phraseological units are
divided into ordered and neutral ones. The first ones combine phraseological units
with a pronounced rhythmic organization, with rhyming elements with sound
repetitions[19].
The classification of phraseological units by their origin is interesting.
In this case, we can distinguish native British phraseological units A special
group includes phraseological units borrowed from the Latin language. Their
source was Christian books (the Bible), later translated into English.
Phraseological units are widely used in literature of all styles. Without
knowledge of phraseology, it is impossible to assess the brightness and
expressiveness of speech, to understand the joke, wordplay, and sometimes just the
meaning of the entire statement.
Sola Scriptura
The Bible is the main literary source of phraseological units. It has enriched
phraseology not only in English, but also in many other languages of the world.
Much has been said and written about the tremendous impact that Bible
translations have had on the English language. For centuries, the Bible has been
the most widely read and quoted book in England: not only individual words, but
entire idiomatic expressions entered the English language from the pages of the
Bible. The number of biblical phrases and expressions that have entered the
English language is so great that it would be a very difficult task to collect and list
them. The phrases of modern English that have been firmly established in the Bible
include the following[12]:
Ø the apple of Sodom;
Ø the beam (the mote) in one's eye;
Ø the blind leading the blind;
Ø by the sweat of one's brow;
Ø the camel and the needle's eye;
Ø a crown of glory;
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Ø daily bread;
Ø a drop in the bucket;
Ø a fly in the ointment;
Ø loaves and fishes;
Ø the prodigal son;
Ø the promised land;
A prophet is not without honor, save in his own country.
Ø beautiful but rotten fruit; deceptive success;
Ø not to see the «log» in your own eye; your own big disadvantage;
Ø the blind leads the blind.
Ø in the sweat of his brow;
It is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man
to enter the Kingdom of heaven; (an allusion to the gospel saying, which has
received this form in translation from Latin:);
Ø crown of glory;
Ø daily bread;
Ø drop in the bucket, drop in the sea;
Ø a fly in the ointment;
Ø bread and fish (with which Christ,according to the gospel tradition, fed
hundreds of people who gathered to listen to him);
Ø the prodigal son;
Ø the promised land;
In addition to the above expressions, which include whole sentences-sayings
and various nominal (with the main word noun), attributive and adverbial turns, the
English language includes many more verb turns from the Bible:
Ø to bear one's cross;
Ø to condemn oneself out of one's mouth;
Ø to escape by the skin of one's teeth
Ø to kill the fatted calf;
Ø to laugh to scorn;
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Ø to sit under one's vine and fig-tree;

Ø to sow the wind and reap the whirl wind;
Ø to worship the golden calf;
Ø barely escape, barely avoid danger;
Ø to kill a well-fed bull (that is, to meet cordially, to treat the best that is at
home);
Ø ridicule with contempt;
Ø sit under your own vine and Fig tree, (that is, sit quietly and safely at
home)
Ø sow the wind and reap the storm;
Ø to worship the Golden calf, that is, to value wealth and money above all
else.
Phraseologisms of biblical origin often differ in many ways from their
biblical prototypes. This is due in some cases to the fact that the biblical prototype
was reinterpreted over time, it may also have changed the word order or archaic
forms of words were discarded. For example, the phrase to kill the fatted calf in the
parable of the prodigal son is used in the literal sense of "to stab the fatted calf".
Later, this turn took on a new meaning to treat the best that is at home. Under the
phraseological unit gall and wormwood-something hateful, disgusting changed the
order of words in comparison with the biblical prototype and discarded articles (the
wormwood and the gall). In the expression whatever a man sows, that shall he reap
- what you sow, you will reap, the archaic form of the verb to show is dropped
(compare. whatever a man soweth, that shall he reap). There are cases when the
biblical phrase is used in a positive sense, but in modern language it is
reinterpreted and is a phraseological unit with a negative assessment, for example:
Not to let one's left hand know what one's right hand does – the left hand
does not know what the right hand does (modern version). When you doest alms
let not thy left hand know what thy right hand does-with thee, when thou doest
alms, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand does (the biblical prototype).
 15

Some phraseological units converge to the biblical story. Thus, biblical

images and concepts can be found in such phraseological units as forbidden fruit -
forbidden fruit, job's comforter - grief-Comforter, Judah's kiss - Judah's kiss, a
prodigal son - prodigal son, a dead letter - a dead letter; a law that has lost its
meaning, a slogan.
1.4 Verbalization of emotions by means of phraseology
Within the framework of the anthropocentric paradigm of modern linguistics
in the center of attention is a person who is characterized by feeling and express
emotions in speech, since the emotional sphere of the person it is one of the most
important in its life. Various emotional experiences represented in the words and
utterances that are understandable to all native speakers of this language. This is
explained by the fact that emotions in this language community are socialized and
psychologized, that is, generalized by the species national the experience of this
people. Therefore they are not just a form assessment of the environment of a
particular language, but also make up a significant fragment of this environment
and the picture of the world as a whole. In this respect emotivity as a linguistic
category is immanent language property, can express psychological (emotional)
states and human experiences through special units of language and speech –
emotives [12]
A.Wolf argues that the language of description should be distinguished
emotions and the language of expression of emotions [4]. Bifurcation of the
language of emotions it is explained by the presence in the linguistic tradition of
different ways of their research. Many researchers have chosen an approach that
excludes areas of emotivity are units that nominate emotional States [11].
They insist that the vocabulary that denotes emotions, it differs from
emotive vocabulary because its content is denotative meaning of words for
emotions. In the semantics of such vocabulary there is no obvious expression of
emotional attitude, so it follows that it does not mean the feelings themselves, but
only a logical thought about them. So, linguists consider those words as emotive
vocabulary, the lexical meaning of which contains a certain assessment of the
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denoted the vocabulary of emotions includes words, subject-logical the meaning of

which is the concept of emotions. To emotional vocabulary these are emotionally
colored words that are characterized by sensuality [2].
As a follower of a broad understanding of the category emotional I.
Kvasyuk, analyzing the name of negative emotivity, highlights two classes of
emotive vocabulary: 1) words that call emotional state; 2) words whose semantics
is characterized by the presence of mandatory emotive component included in the
main the subject-logical content of the value [8].
It should be noted that there are also a number of researchers who use the
term «emotional vocabulary» to refer to units that Express emotions in the form of
conceptual signs (love, agitation, hatred, etc.), which sometimes include the
notation emotional symptoms such as turn green with envy etc. [3].
However the concept of emotivity has the most supporters, which is
conventionally called functional. According to this point for example, «emotional
vocabulary in terms of language can be highlighted only on the basis of the
function of expressing the speaker's emotional attitude to environment (as a result,
emotional vocabulary is not attached words that name emotions: anger, joy, etc.)»
[1].
So, by giving a particular set of tokens a special expression function of
emotions, linguists contrast them with neutral vocabulary, to which includes names
of emotions. Recognizing implementation as the main characteristic of emotives
for the specified function, researchers disagree on the definition of the volume of
emotional units. A number of scientists believe that the number of such words
insignificant, because only a limited number of lexical units it has, in addition to
the lexical meaning, an element of feeling, attitude the speaker refers to the
concept that denotes the word. Other scientists add to emotivnih lexemes a wide
class of affectionate and abusive words, shouts, as well as words with special
affixes that have emotional value [1].
Some linguists believe that the main the layer of emotive vocabulary
consists of lexical units, to the content which includes an emotional assessment of
 17

designated objects and phenomena [5]: metaphorical names whose emotivity is

created due to the internal shape (elephant, magpie, broom); lexemes whose
emotional evaluation is determined by the meaning of words (ignoramus, slob,
talentless, big man, liar, etc.); emotional-evaluative words that are non-derivative
(djendjik, FIFA, fraer etc.). In the composition of emotive vocabulary, except for
the above classes words are sometimes assigned stylistically marked lexical units,
in particular, lexemes used in colloquial vernacular style [9].
In modern psychology, there are such states of emotions: love, happiness,
joy, surprise, fear, suffering, disgust, anger, contempt, determination, and sadness
[6]. At the same time, according to A. Kalimullina, it is advisable to differentiate
more than twenty types of fundamental emotions, such as horror, anger, rage,
disgust, joy, surprise, sadness, love, desire, contempt, shame/ shyness, suffering /
grief, hatred, curiosity, happiness etc. [7].
K. Izard identifies 10 main emotions: anger, contempt, disgust, distress
(grief-suffering), fear, guilt, interest, joy, shame, surprise.
For this course paper, it is important to divide emotions into positive and
negative. However. Izard believes that «instead of saying about negative and
positive emotions, it would be more correct to consider, that there are such
emotions that contribute to an increase in psychological entropy, and emotions,
which, on the contrary, facilitate constructive behavior. This approach will allow
us to attribute one or the other an emotion in the category of positive or negative,
depending on what impact does it have on intrapersonal processes and processes of
interaction of the individual with the nearest social environment when taking into
account more General ethological and environmental factors» [6].
In the course of this study, a considerable amount of PU( phraseological
units) was found that they don't nominate emotions. They can be classified into the
following groups:
PU with color names: see red – become extremely angry – get angry;
scream blue murder – make a great deal of noise and fuss-raise terrible scandal,
white as chalk – very pale in appearance as a result of shock, fear, illness-white
 18

chalk; FL, which include includes the blood token: create bloody hell (murder) –
make an uproar or be aggressively angry-make a huge scandal, blood runs cold –
be fi lled with horror and fear-from horror the blood froze, blood boils-one feels
extremely angry, resentful-maddened to distraction (blood boils);
PU that include animal names: weep crocodile tears – false tears; express
feigned sorrow-to shed crocodile tears, sick as a dog (cat) – deeply concerned or
depressed – angry as hell, like a bull at a gate – in a headlong, vigorous or
aggressive way-madly, fiercely; fo waxy type: devil take sb/sth! – an exclamation
of annoyance with sb/sth – to hell with it!, damn it all! – an expletitive
accompanying a plea, protest, argument, accusation – damn it all to hell!, damn
and blast (sth/sb)! – can be used to curse sb/sth violently – damn it!;
PU, in which the negative the relationship is expressed non-verbally: stamp
one's foot (feet) – bang one's foot on the ground in a gesture of anger, annoyance,
impatience – stomp your feet, pull a face-grimace in order to dislike show, disgust,
impudent defiant or in order to anger, frighten sb-bend, look as if one has seen a
ghost – look pale, shocked, frightened – as if I saw a ghost.
Note that there were also selected PU, which include lexemes that name
emotions, but in small numbers. Us the following groups were identified:
PU with color names: green with envy – extremely, or resentfully, envious of
what another has or does-turn green with envy,
PU waxy type: good grief! exclusion of dismay or displeasure – what a
horror!, for shame! – exclusion of reproach, usually addressed directly to the
person who has behaved badly, or said or done sth shameful – shame on you! FO,
which are called pronounced negative States: blind fury/rage – a state of fury or
rage so violent that it prevents consideration of other matters, obscures one's
judgment, makes one lose one's selfcontrol – mad (blind) rage, in fear and
trembling – in a frightened, or cowed manner – with fear and trepidation, in a
towering passion/rage – in an uncontrolled, or frenzied state of anger – in a state
of frenzy rage, righteous anger/indignation-anger, resentment that is morally
justifi ed-just anger/indignation and the like.
 19

So, after analyzing the PU data with the value of negative emotions, we can
conclude that the nomination of emotional States are included in the sphere of
emotivity, but such FL are manifested in a small amount. In addition, emotional
vocabulary includes groups of words:
1) call the emotions and feelings of a person;
2) describing various manifestations of human emotions and feelings
(evaluation vocabulary, words that describe behavioral features in a certain
emotional state);
3) acquire an emotional color in the context.
We see further prospects for our research in the analysis other domestic and
foreign editions of phraseological dictionaries, as well as in determining the
criterion for the intensity of emotions in the PU.
 20

CHAPTER 2. EMOTIONALIZATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL

UNITS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
2.1 Features of use of phraseological expressions in English language
Phraseology, one of the sections of lexicology that studies stable language
turns (Alimov, 2005). The object of research is phraseology as a branch of
linguistics, there are persistent sayings, their structure, semantics, origin and
relationship with other language units. Phraseology is also called a set of well-
established phrases a specific language.
The phraseology of the national language is enriched and it improves by
taking in priceless treasures from sayings and proverbs, aphorisms and anecdotes,
jokes and puns, maxims and paradoxes, professionalism, language cliches and
clichés – with all that for many centuries cherishes and keeps in its memory of the
native speaker.
Phraseological units have a special place in the dictionary the structure of
the English language. Their specific structure attracts and it is of great interest to
scientists, and on the other hand parties require a serious analysis of the content
and form of language units. Domestic scientists, in particular experts on the
English language are of the opinion that the phraseology has evolved as a separate
language industry. So consider O. Kunin, M. Kopylenko, Z. Popova and others.
Foreign authors do not single it out as a separate division and served without
detailed classification. The term «phraseology» was introduced by a French
linguist Sh. Bally, F. de Saussure attributed stable combinations in speech, and not
until broadcasting. Russian scientist O. Potebnya even earlier asked a question
about the sign character of stable turns, stated considerations about their «internal
form» and studied them value.
V. Vinogradov introduced the term «phraseological unit» and offered a
thorough classification of phraseological units.
The terms «phraseology» and «idiom» are also used (which is inherent in
research in the field of English linguistics-idiom), «sustainable phrase», «stable
turnover», «stable phrase» [12].
 21

In comparison with free phrases persistent turnovers are, according to FR.

Espersen – ready to use formulars[4]. For example: to have a bee under the bonnet
«feeble-minded», to be on the anvil «be ready», to have one's fi nger in the pie «to
be involved in something», to sell one's wild Oats «overweight», Mare's nest
«nonsense», to come out of the blue «fall from the sky». Structure of these
messages more complex than the structure of free phrases. Component dependency
phraseology, their meaning, and the persistence of word combinations are issues
that have been the subject of recent controversy.
Variety of grammatical structure, stable internal component relationships,
value integrity, semantic changes the meanings of words that are part of
phraseological units, and finally,accuracy, expressiveness and imagery of
phraseological units – all these phenomena require study and explanation. Thanks
to the structure of phraseology is not transformed, as the structure of a normal
message. Indian summer phraseology does not correspond to the extension of a
summer of an Indian in any way, since it means either «Indian summer, Golden
autumn» or «blossom, second youth». The peculiarity of phraseology is that it
explained by other lexical means, outside of the input to its structure [16,p.21].
The concept of phraseological stability is based on the concept of the
volume of invariance (generality) of various aspects O. Kunin emphasizes the
following aspects phraseological structures [4]:
1) stability of use, which consists in the fact that a phraseology is a
commonly used message for a given language collective, por.: to bite more than
one can chew «bite a piece that doesn't survive», to break one's word break the
word (promise)», from the frying-pan to the fire «from the fire Yes to the fire»;
2) structural and semantic stability based on non-modelovanosti stable
combination. This feature is good this is seen when translating phraseology from
one language to another – to bring the housedown "cause loud applause", bring-
and-buy;
3) stability of the meaning and lexical composition of phraseology, which
cause messages to become frozen with traditional models, they are difficult to
 22

change (most of them they are currently not changing at all). Lexical components
phraseological units retain the General definition of conjugation and do not allow
changes except in isolated cases when the value of related phenomena-to turn a
blind eye; to turn a deaf ear «ignore»; guilty makes the world go round «guilt
makes the world go round» by the love model makes the world go round; chastity
is its own reward «virtue self-reward» has a parallel promiscuity is its own reward
«promiscuity is its own reward». Except in such cases and phraseological
synonyms (such as to play truant – to play hookey «skip classes») phraseological
units do not go beyond their own normativity;
4) syntactic stability of phraseological units consists in the following: that
they have a certain word order that only occasionally can be violated by adding
individual tokens to it, for example: The well-known rule of dog eat dog always
applies; I run so fast that, my watch is fast too; It’s money that makes the world go
round.
Minimal stability of the structure is inherent in all phraseological units, although it
is not the same for the General composition. Kunin distinguishes three thresholds
of stability: Lower, middle and upper depending on the number of changes, which
allows them to structure of phraseology. These properties allow you to distinguish
phraseological units from free messages.
In speech, the stability of phraseology is often conditional – it it can be
supplemented with other elements, restructured, have intensifiers, quite often used
only fragments of a particular phraseology, and such overexposure (or free use of a
hard established structures) may also be subject to winged expressions, including:
As Ellie prophesied, there was far more fuss on her side. We'd stirred up a regular
hornet's nest of trouble (Christie) – phraseology to stir up a hornet's nest (stir up a
hornet's nest) common by the regular (current) intensifier and the refinement of
trouble[18].
It should be noted that this restructuring of phraseology it is often used as a
stylistic device – phraseology as a unit of language has template properties, often
its expressiveness is conditional, to a certain extent «affected» by the long use.
 23

And then there are such, for example, variations as: But but they don't look for
caries in a gift horse, and besides, they don't look for «movie» caries. Any moment
can be stopped in a well-proven way – financial freeze (gift horse in the teeth is not
watch).
From the point of view of comparing phraseological systems interesting the
study of semantic groups of phraseological units is presented. Conceptually,
phraseologisms based on these or other types of activities that naturally reflect
geographical and historical conditions for the development of the people. So,
England is an island country with a soft a humid climate that depends on the sea
and the maritime profession – therefore, marinizmi and phraseologisms that use
weather vocabulary, occupy an important place. Ethnonyms in phraseology – also
component of the geographical location and historical ties of the country [8].
Let's consider several semantic groups of phraseological units. Somatic, that
is, those that contain the name of a part of the human body bodies: hand – at hand
within reach – to hand within reach; accessible or nearby in one’s possession try
one s hand (at) to test one’s skill or aptitude for turn or put one’s hand to to set to
work at; busy oneself with wash one’s hands of to disclaim any further
responsibility for with a heavy hand with severity; oppressively a high hand in an
arrogant or dictatorial manner; arbitrarily (at hand, by others hands heat rake,
pass from hand to hand, get into hands/ in hand, from hand to hand, shake hands,
take hands, attach hands, tie hands, twist hands, firm hand, fight back hands and
feet, hands up, hands down, on hands, hands off, have on hands, have a hand in
the Ministry, etc.).
Pull one's head in to keep quiet or mind one's own business;shut up take it
into one s head to form a concept, purpose, or plan turn someone’s head to cause
someone to become smug or conceited (hot heads, heads will fly, from a sick head
to a healthy one (translate), fool your head, put your head on, answer head, do not
take the bad in the head, the head does not fit – it is interesting that some English
phraseologisms that have in their the somatic component has the equivalent word
 24

that calls the function of this organ-to come to mind, remember, not full of mind)
[5].
After analyzing the components of phraseological units, features and
semantics of phraseological expressions can be made the conclusion that despite
the fact that the components of phraseological units they are devoid of the main
features of the word, phraseological units are still they have a draining nature of
components. After analyzing the classifications phraseological units, we can
conclude that there are different approaches regarding the principles of classifying
phraseological units: structural-semantic, grammatical, functional-stylistic. Also
there is a classification that is related to parts of speech. For a student who is
learning English, it is very important correctly own phraseological expressions that
have syntactic and semantic features of construction. Memorizing a single word,
especially a multi-valued word, does not provide ability to use it correctly in
speech. Present language proficiency is the ability to speak and convey your
thoughts. That is why it is so important to know and be able to use it correctly
phraseological expressions of a english language

2.2 Features of forming phraseological units to indicate emotions in

English

Ways of forming phraseological units

Phraseological units can be classified according to the ways they are formed,
according to the degree of the motivation of their meaning, according to their
structure and according to their part-of-speech meaning.
A.Koonin classified phraseological units according to the way they are
formed. He pointed out primary and secondary ways of forming phraseological
units.
Primary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a unit is
formed on the basis of a free word-group:
a) most productive in Modern English is the formation of phraseological
 25

units by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups, e.g. in

cosmic technique we can point out the following phrases: «launching pad», «to
link up»;
b) a large group of phraseological units was formed from free word groups
by transforming their meaning, e.g. «granny farm, «Troyan horse»;
c) phraseological units can be formed by means of alliteration, e.g. «a sad
sack», «culture vulture», «fudge and nudge»;
d) they can be formed by means of expressiveness, especially it is
characteristic for forming interjections, e.g. «My aunt!», «Hear, hear !» etc;
e) they can be formed by means of distorting a word group, e.g. «odds and
ends» was formed from «odd ends»;
f) they can be formed by using archaisms, e.g. «in brown study» means «in
gloomy meditation» where both components preserve their archaic meanings;
g) they can be formed by using a sentence in a different sphere of life, e.g.
«that cock won’t fight» can be used as a free word-group when it is used in sports
(cock fighting ), it becomes a phraseological unit when it is used in everyday life,
because it is used metaphorically;
h) they can be formed when we use some unreal image, e.g. «to have
butterflies in the stomach», «to have green fingers» etc;
i) they can be formed by using expressions of writers or polititions in
everyday life, e.g. «corridors of power» (Snow), «American dream» (Alby) «locust
years» (Churchil), «the winds of change» (Mc Millan) [18].
Secondary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a
phraseological unit is formed on the basis of another phraseological unit; they are:
a) conversion, e.g. «to vote with one’s feet» was converted into «vote with
one’s feet»;
b) changing the grammar form, e.g. «Make hay while the sun shines» is
transferred into a verbal phrase – «to make hay while the sun shines»;
c) analogy, e.g. «Curiosity killed the cat» was transferred into «Care killed
the cat»;
 26

d) contrast, e.g. «cold surgery» – «a planned before operation» was formed

by contrasting it with «acute surgery», «thin cat» – «a poor person» was formed by
contrasting it with «fat cat»;
e) shortening of proverbs or sayings e.g. from the proverb «You can’t make
a silk purse out of a sow’s ear» by means of clipping the middle of it the
phraseological unit «to make a sow’s ear» was formed with the meaning
«ошибаться»;
f) borrowing phraseological units from other languages, either as translation
loans, e.g. «living space» (German), «to take the bull by the horns» (Latin) or by
means of phonetic borrowings «meche blanche» (French), «corpse d’elite»
(French), «sotto voce» (Italian) etc [10].
Phonetic borrowings among phraseological units refer to the bookish style
and are not used very often.
Semantic classification of phraseological units
Phraseological units can be classified according to the degree of motivation
of their meaning. This classification was suggested by acad. V.Vinogradov for
Russian phraseological units. He pointed out three types of phraseological units:
a) fusions where the degree of motivation is very low, we cannot guess the
meaning of the whole from the meanings of its components, they are highly
idiomatic and cannot be translated word for word into other languages, e.g. on
Shank’s mare – (on foot), at sixes and sevens – (in a mess) etc;
b) unities where the meaning of the whole can be guessed from the meanings
of its components, but it is transferred (metaphorical or metonymical), e.g. to play
the first fiddle (to be a leader in something), old salt (experienced sailor) etc;
c) collocations where words are combined in their original meaning but their
combinations are different in different languages, e.g. cash and carry – (self-
service shop), in a big way (in great degree) etc [6].
Structural classification of phraseological units
Prof. A.Smirnitsky worked out structural classification of phraseological
units, comparing them with words. He points out one-top units which he compares
 27

with derived words because derived words have only one root morpheme. He
points out two-top units which he compares with compound words because in
compound words we usually have two root morphemes.
Among one-top units he points out three structural types:
a) units of the type «to give up» (verb + postposition type), e.g. to art up, to
back up, to drop out, to nose out, to buy into, to sandwich in etc;
b) units of the type «to be tired». Some of these units remind the Passive
Voice in their structure but they have different prepositons with them, while in the
Passive Voice we can have only prepositions «by» or «with», e.g. to be tired of, to
be interested in, to be surprised at etc. There are also units in this type which
remind free word-groups of the type «to be young», e.g. to be akin to, to be aware
of etc. The difference between them is that the adjective «young» can be used as an
attribute and as a predicative in a sentence, while the nominal component in such
units can act only as a predicative. In these units the verb is the grammar centre
and the second component is the semantic centre;
c) prepositional-nominal phraseological units. These units are equivalents of
unchangeable words: prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs , that is why they have no
grammar centre, their semantic centre is the nominal part, e.g. on the doorstep
(quite near), on the nose (exactly), in the course of, on the stroke of, in time, on the
point of etc. In the course of time such units can become words, e.g. tomorrow,
instead etc [8, p. 131].
Among two-top units A.Smirnitsky points out the following structural types:
a) attributive-nominal such as: a month of Sundays, grey matter, a millstone
round one’s neck and many others. Units of this type are noun equivalents and can
be partly or perfectly idiomatic. In partly idiomatic units (phrasisms) sometimes
the first component is idiomatic, e.g. high road, in other cases the second
component is idiomatic, e.g. first night. In many cases both components are
idiomatic, e.g. red tape, blind alley, bed of nail, shot in the arm and many others;
b) verb-nominal phraseological units, e.g. to read between the lines, to speak
BBC, to sweep under the carpet etc. The grammar centre of such units is the verb,
 28

the semantic centre in many cases is the nominal component, e.g. to fall in love. In
some units the verb is both the grammar and the semantic centre, e.g. not to know
the ropes. These units can be perfectly idiomatic as well, e.g. «to burn one’s boats,
to vote with one’s feet, to take to the cleaners» etc. Very close to such units are
word-groups of the type to have a glance, to have a smoke. These units are not
idiomatic and are treated in grammar as a special syntactical combination, a kind
of aspect.
c) phraseological repetitions, such as: now or never, part and parcel, country
and western etc. Such units can be built on antonyms, e.g. ups and downs, back
and forth; often they are formed by means of alliteration, e.g cakes and ale, as busy
as a bee. Components in repetitions are joined by means of conjunctions. These
units are equivalents of adverbs or adjectives and have no grammar centre. They
can also be partly or perfectly idiomatic, e.g. cool as a cucumber (partly), bread
and butter (perfectly) [1].
Phraseological units the same as compound words can have more than two
tops (stems in compound words), e.g. to take a back seat, a peg to hang a thing on,
lock, stock and barrel, to be a shaddow of one’s own self, at one’s own sweet will
(Appendix А).
Syntactical classification of phraseological units
Phraseological units can be clasified as parts of speech. This classification
was suggested by I.Arnold. Here we have the following groups:
a) noun phraseologisms denoting an object, a person, a living being, e.g.
bullet train, latchkey child, redbrick university, Green Berets;
b) verb phraseologisms denoting an action, a state, a feeling, e.g. to break
the log-jam, to get on somebody’s coattails, to be on the beam, to nose out, to
make headlines;
c) adjective phraseologisms denoting a quality, e.g. loose as a goose, dull as
lead;
d) adverb phraseological units, such as: with a bump, in the soup, like a
dream, like a dog with two tails;
 29

e) preposition phraseological units, e.g. in the course of, on the stroke of;
f) interjection phraseological units, e.g. «Catch me!», «Well, I never!» etc
[9].
In I.Arnold’s classification there are also sentence equivalents, proverbs,
sayings and quatations, e.g. «The sky is the limit», «What makes him tick», «I am
easy». Proverbs are usually metaphorical, e.g. «Too many cooks spoil the broth»,
while sayings are as a rule non-metaphorical, e.g. «Where there is a will there is a
way».

2.3 Analysis of phraseological units that express emotions

A special aspect of the study of phraseological units is to identify their

possibilities in the metaphorical designation of emotions. Emotional meanings here
are explicit, more stable, stable, and represent direct signs of emotions. The
material of the research was the data of the card index compiled on the basis of the
method of continuous sampling of the language material of modern English
dictionaries and reference books edited etc.
There are several basic groups of phraseological units that are typical for
distinguishing the emotional sphere of a person. Thus, the phraseosematic group
«Men's emotions», which characterizes the emotional area of a person's life
associated with the reflection of the world in his mind, is extremely extensive and
diverse in the semantics of its phraseological units. The expression of an emotional
state and an emotional attitude to an event constitute two independent segments of
the emotive phraseosemantic field. Each of these segments is divided into three
marked sections – with positive, negative, and zero rating. In turn, each of these
sections is structured on a thematic basis into macropoles. So the segment
«Emotional state of a person», in accordance with the accepted classification of
emotions in psychology, can be represented in the following composition:
1. Phraseological units – presentation of positive emotions: units of the
emotive phraseosemantic macropole of Gladness, including the micro-fields of
 30

Gladness, Delight, Admiration, and Happiness. For example: lost in admiration –

in full delight, admiration, be in a fat city – to be in a great mood, blow your mind-
to delight.
2. Phraseological units – presentation of negative emotions:
- units of the emotive phraseosemantic macropole Annoyance, which
includes the micro-fields Irritation, Annoyance;
- units of the Anger macro field, including the Indignation, Resentment,
and Anger microfields;
- macro field Agitation-micro field Anxiety, Agitation, Endurance,
Alarm;
- macropole Fear-micropole Fright, Dread, Fear, Horror;
- macro-field of Sorrow-micro-field of Sadness, Grief, Melancholy. For
example: to get off one's boots – to get angry, see red – to get angry, to take the
alarm, fear makes his flesh creeps-goosebumps ran, out of mind-beside himself
with grief, get the monkey off your back – to throw the load off your shoulders.
3. Phraseological units-presentation of neutral emotions:
- units of the emotive phraseosemantic macropole Astonishment, which
includes the micro-fields Astonishment, Bewilderment, Amazement;
- units of micropole Tactilitation, including the microfield Tactilitation
Calm.
For example: raise eyebrows-to surprise, breathe freely – to breathe freely –
as a mountain from shoulders, make big eyes-eyes on a forehead climb [16].
Let's look at the above sections in more detail.
The phraseosemantic subgroup of Gladness, Delight, and Admiration
combines phraseological units whose content concentrates a range of feelings close
to the state of happiness. The functions of these emotions are that they are the
emotional basis for establishing social contacts and help to eliminate accumulated
negative emotions.
Here are examples of such phraseological units: tread on air – to fly on the
wings, to be at one's best – to be in shock, lost in admiration – in full delight,
 31

admiration, to have smb. in the aisles – bring someone to delight, a green of old
age-happy old age, to be in alt – be in a high mood, go ape – be in a high mood, go
crazy, have a ball – have fun, bill and coo – be tender, bright as a button – happy,
be in a fat city – be in a great mood, blow your mind – to delight, Sunny side up –
rejoice, tickled pink –glowing with happiness, Jolly as a sandboy – full of life [3].
Such phraseology as be on the seventh heaven-to get to the seventh heaven,
has biblical and Quranic sources that reveal the idea of heaven as seven rotating
crystal spheres, where the seventh sphere is Paradise.
Studying the expression of negative emotions, it should be noted that
negative reactions largely depend on the worldview, self-esteem of a person, the
attitude of others to him [17].
Macropole appouapse partially represent expressions of the type to flash
with anger, he became white as a sheet (to be annoyed). In the course of our
research, the features of language expression of feelings are established: it is
difficult to convey irritation by any one part of speech, since in most cases it is
represented by phrases such as: sick as a pig – annoyed, get under your skin –
annoyed, do your nut – angry, cut someone to the quick – strongly irritate, get
SMB's back up – angry, give smb. the bellyache-to annoy someone, to get off one's
boots – to get angry, out of joint – to get upset, give smb. a turn-to greatly upset
someone, grave as an owl-sullen as a owl, to tear one's hair out – to tear one's hair
out [19].
Analysis of one of the basic emotions – anger indicates that these
phraseological units reflect transitivity.
Here are examples: to rend the air – shake the air, one's blood is up – blood
boils, go postal – get angry, get up someone's nose – anger someone, go nuclear-
get angry, mad as a hornet – angry as hell, froth at the mouth – in a strong anger, to
rub salt into SMB's wounds – annoy someone, be after SMB's scalp – bloodlust.
The function of the emotion anxiety is that it helps the interlocutor
understand the speaker's wishes and serves as a means of representing a negative
attitude to a situation, character, event, etc.phraseological Units within this
 32

emotion are also reflected in the English language, although they do not differ in
frequency. Among them: to take the alarm – to be alarmed, move SMB's blood-to
excite excitement in someone, be on nettles-to fidget with excitement, all of a
jump-in tension, be sick at heart-heavy on the soul, on the rack-in an anxious state
[4].
Proteoliticescuu subgroup оffence represent English phraseological units
with a lexeme with the meaning of resentment, which are based on the description
of the human physiological States, for example: make (up) a lip – lip cheat, to hit
the nail on the head the nail on the head, in the altogether to be resentful, bear a
drudge against smb. – to have a grudge against anyone, at odds with yourself –
mad at the world, take smth. in a thin skin to be sensitive, to perceive all close to
heart.
When talking about the phraseosemantic subgroup Dread, Fear, Horror, you
should keep in mind the phraseological units of the language that reflect the
sensations that accompany the state of fear: to shake in one's boots – to shake with
fear, to frighten someone to death, to scare someone to death – to scare someone to
death, to become petrified; to grow (become) dumb – fall into a stupor, fear makes
his flesh creeps – goosebumps ran, to frighten (scare) the wits out of someone –
lose your mind, fear twists one's mouth – cringe with fear, to make one's hair stand
on end – hair stand on end, to grow cold with fear – freeze with fear, take one's
heels – run without looking back, to throw a scare into someone – intimidate
someone, a cold shiver ran down his spine-goosebumps ran, fear eats one's heart
out – the heart sank [2].
Phraseologisms of the subgroup Sadness, Grief, Melancholy convey an
amalgam of feelings corresponding to the state of sadness, grief, and suffering, and
contain the components «heart» and «head». These States are accompanied by
characteristic bodily movements: hang (down) one's head – hang your nose, to be
down in the mouth – hang your head, smb. lost heart – lowered hands; tears: cry
like a baby – shed tears, to weep copiously – sob in three streams. The function of
emotion here can be traced in that it helps to show the hopeless situation of the
 33

participants in the conversation: feel like a wet-rag – to be completely broken, to

be in agony of despair – to be in despair, smb. looks downcast – as if in water
lowered, lose one's mind-to lose presence of mind, smb. lost heart – dropped
hands, smb. is deeply perturbed – not himself, in the throes of smth – in
experiences, at rock bottom-to be in despair, in the doldrums – in despondency, out
of mind – beyond himself from grief [7].
The next group is phraseological units that are included in the
phraseosemantic subgroup of Astonishment and Bewilderment. The peculiarity of
these units is that their semantics reflect the external manifestations of the state of
surprise: make big eyes-eyes on the forehead climb, to be at a loss – to be
confused, to be in two minds – to be undecided, to be surprised – to make big eyes,
all at sea – in complete bewilderment, take smb's breath – to hit someone, make
smb. sit up-to plunge into amazement, raise eyebrows – to surprise.
It is interesting to note that some idioms frazeologicheskih some subgroups,
for example, Tactilitation contain the image of a stroking hand that points to the
healing technique of pain relief, anxiety, evil eye: smooth OPE s / smb.’s ruffled /
rumpled feathers – vanished; set one's heart at rest to calm down, have one's brain
on ice – keep icy calm, be a load off smb''s mind – relieved, breathe freely is to
breathe freely – as mountain from shoulders put someone out of their misery – to
end the experience, get the monkey off your back – to unburden yourselves [13].
So, the research confirms that phraseological units serve as a receptacle of
emotions and are one of the features of the language picture of the world. At the
word-formation level, the concept of derivation is important. The vocabulary and
phraseology of the conversational style have a huge potential. Consideration of the
symbolic value of these units for the English language allowed us to reveal some
features of the culture of the English-speaking people, to identify cultural
information encoded in the components of phraseological units.
 34

CONCLUSIONS
Emotions, as one of the most pervasive human experience, are
conceptualized and expressed in metaphorical ways as well. Conceptual metaphor
plays an important role in conceptualizing emotions. However, the previous studies
of conceptualizing emotions neglected the studies of linguistic expressions,
especially idioms to a certain extent. Besides, studies of idioms expressing
emotions are mainly based on the English linguistic data.
Phraseological units are word-groups that cannot be made in the process of
speech. They exist in the language as ready-made units. They are compiled in
special dictionaries. Phraseological units differ from free word-groups
semantically and structurally. They can be classified according to the ways they
are formed, according to the degree of the motivation of their meaning, according
to their structure and according to their part-of-speech meaning.
Having theoretically studied the basics of phraseology, we came to the
conclusion that this lexical concept is understood as a fairly broad class of
semantic correlation and is a means of expressing emotions.
As a result of our research:
- expanded the idea of phraseology as a stable combination of lexemes
and a means of expressing expressiveness;
- features of phraseological units and their classification are indicated;
- analyzed phraseological units that reflect emotions in the English
language.
In the course of research, it was found that due to the use of phraseological
expressions that do not have a literal translation, but are perceived reinterpreted,
speech becomes expressive and gets a unique national-expressive flavor.
Emotions, in turn, have a twofold way of detection in language:
- first, they are found in the language as an emotional accompaniment,
an emotional coloring that manifests itself as a result of a breakthrough in the
speaker's speech of his emotional state in the form of emotional evaluations;
 35

- secondly, emotions are displayed in language as a special psychic

reality, similar to any other specifically observed reality.
Conclusions of the work in no way claims to be a final and complete
solution to the problem of expressing emotions in the English-language text. It is
possible to identify and analyze other ways of presenting emotions that are not
covered by phraseology. Nevertheless, the results obtained can be considered as a
guideline for further research in this area.
Phraseology as an integral part of a language still demands further complex
and interdisciplinary investigations in which the different humanities and social
science methods are used.
 36

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Book of English Idioms, with Explanations/ Collins V.H. London:
Longman. 1998. 258 p.
2. British national corpus [Online resource] – Access mode
http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/
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 38

APPENDIX
Appendix A

1. Phraseological fusions
Green as envy
Frozen with terror
Soft in the brain
A young Tartar
Have a head dizzy with
Butterflies in a stomach
Dog tired
Beat about the bush
Boiling mad
To be downhearted
 39

2. Phraseological unities
As cold as ice
Be over the moon
Chicken heart
Good Samaritan
Be out of sorts
Lose one’s temper
As pale as corpse
As proud as peacock
To feel like a bush out of water
To be scared to death
 40

3. Phraseological combinations
As hungry as a hunter
To be dead with cold
To shrug one’s shoulder
Furious over/with
Bite the dust
Hands feel clammy
To sell the bears skin before one has caught it
To be red as a lobster
Heart bleeds
Fall in love