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    The Abdomen: (2012 Edition)

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    EJ Gejon
    This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the abdomen, including: 1) The divisions of the alimentary tract into foregut, midgut, and hindgut. 2) The four quadrants of the abdomen and structures located in each. 3) The nine regions of the abdomen and referred pain patterns associated with different organs. 4) Descriptions of the major muscles of the abdomen and their origins, insertions, innervation, and actions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    The Abdomen: (2012 Edition)

    Uploaded by

    EJ Gejon
    35 views7 pages
    This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the abdomen, including: 1) The divisions of the alimentary tract into foregut, midgut, and hindgut. 2) The four quadrants of the abdomen and structures located in each. 3) The nine regions of the abdomen and referred pain patterns associated with different organs. 4) Descriptions of the major muscles of the abdomen and their origins, insertions, innervation, and actions.

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    THE-ABDOMEN

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    This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the abdomen, including: 1) The divisions of the alimentary tract into foregut, midgut, and hindgut. 2) The four quadrants of the abdomen and structures located in each. 3) The nine regions of the abdomen and referred pain patterns associated with different organs. 4) Descriptions of the major muscles of the abdomen and their origins, insertions, innervation, and actions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views7 pages

    The Abdomen: (2012 Edition)

    Uploaded by

    EJ Gejon
    This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the abdomen, including: 1) The divisions of the alimentary tract into foregut, midgut, and hindgut. 2) The four quadrants of the abdomen and structures located in each. 3) The nine regions of the abdomen and referred pain patterns associated with different organs. 4) Descriptions of the major muscles of the abdomen and their origins, insertions, innervation, and actions.

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    THE ABDOMEN (2012 edition)

    DIVISIONS OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT

    Foregut
    Midgut
    Hindgut

    FOUR QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMEN

    Right Upper Quadrant

    • Liver
    • Gallbladder
    • Cystic duct, hepatic duct, and Common bile duct
    • Hepatic flexure
    • Portion of the ascending and transverse colon
    • Portion of the small intestines
    • Right kidney posteriorly
    • Pylorus of the stomach
    • Small part of the pancreas
    • Portion of the right ureter

    Left Upper Quadrant

    • Body and cardia of the stomach


    • Portion of the esophagus
    • Spleen
    • Splenic flexure
    • Portion of the descending and transverse colon
    • Portion of the small intestines
    • Most of the pancreas
    • Left kidney posteriorly
    • Portion of the left ureter

    Right Lower Quadrant

    • Portion of the ascending colon


    • Cecum
    • Appendix
    • Portion of the small intestines
    • Right spermatic cord
    • Right adnexa
    • Portion of the right ureter

    Left Lower Quadrant

    • Portion of the descending colon


    • Sigmoid colon
    • Left spermatic cord
    • Left adnexa
    • Portion of the small intestines
    • Portion of the left ureter

    NINE REGIONS OF THE ABDOMEN


    REFERRED PAIN OF DIFFERENT ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN

    RUQ –cholecystitis, hepatitis, liver tumors, choledocholithiasis, pyelonephritis,


    nephrolithiasis

    LUQ –splenic disease or rupture, pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis, hiatal hernia,


    Mallory-Weiss tear

    LLQ –diverticulitis, sigmoid volvulus, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, referred hip


    pain, UTI

    RLQ –appendicitis, cecal diverticulitis, intussusception, Meckel’s Diverticulum,


    ruptured ectopic pregnancy, referred hip pain, UTI

    MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMEN

    External oblique

    1. Origin
    • Lower eight ribs

    2. Insertion
    • Xiphoid process, linea alba, pubic crest, pubic tubercle, iliac crest

    3. Innervation
    • Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12)

    4. Action
    • Compress abdominal contents; both muscles flex trunk; each muscle
    bends trunk to same side, turning anterior part of abdomen to opposite
    side

    Internal oblique

    1. Origin
    • Thoracolumbar fascia; iliac crest between origins of external and
    transversus; lateral two-thirds of inguinal ligament

    2. Insertion
    • Inferior border of the lower three or four ribs; aponeurosis ending in linea
    alba; pubic crest and pectineal line

    3. Innervation
    • Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12) and L1

    4. Action
    • Compress abdominal contents; both muscles flex trunk; each muscle
    bends trunk and turns anterior part of abdomen to same side

    Transversus abdominis

    1. Origin
    • Thoracolumbar fascia; medial lip of iliac crest; lateral one-third of inguinal
    ligament; costal cartilages lower six ribs (ribs VII to XII)

    2. Insertion
    • Aponeurosis ending in linea alba; pubic crest and pectineal line

    3. Innervation
    • Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12) and L1
    4. Action
    • Compress abdominal contents

    Rectus abdominis

    1. Origin
    • Pubic crest, pubic tubercle, and pubic symphysis

    2. Insertion
    • Costal cartilages of ribs V to VII; xiphoid process

    3. Innervation
    • Anterior rami of lower seven thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12)

    4. Action
    • Compress abdominal contents; flex vertebral column; tense abdominal
    wall

    Pyramidalis

    1. Origin
    • Front of pubis and pubic symphysis

    2. Insertion
    • Into linea alba

    3. Innervation
    • Anterior ramus of T12

    4. Action
    • Tenses the linea alba

    Psoas major

    1. Origin
    • Transverse process of L1-L5 vertebrae
    • Vertebral bodies of T12-L5

    2. Insertion
    • With Iliacus at the lesser trochanter of femur

    3. Innervation
    • L2-L4 nerves

    4. Action
    • Flexes the hip joint

    Iliacus

    1. Origin
    • Anterior 2/3 of iliac fossa

    2. Insertion
    • With Psoas major at the lesser trochanter of femur

    3. Innervation
    • L2-L3 nerves

    4. Action
    • Flexes the hip joint
    Quadratus lumborum

    1. Origin
    • Iliac crest
    • Iliolumbar ligament

    2. Insertion
    • Rib #12
    • L1-L4 vertebrae

    3. Innervation
    • T12-L3 nerves

    4. Action
    • Elevation of the pelvis as in hip hiking

    Diaphragm

    • Primary inspiratory muscle


    • Divided into three parts:

    1. Sternal part –with right and left small slips arising from the posterior
    surface of the xiphoid process
    2. Costal part –arises from the deep surfaces of the lower six ribs and their
    costal cartilages
    3. Vertebral part –arising by means of vertical columns or crura and from
    the arcuate ligaments

    • Right crus –arises from the sides of the bodies of L1-L3 vertebra and
    intervertebral discs
    • Left crus –arises from the sides of the bodies of L1-L2 vertebra and
    intervetebral discs
    • Right dome –reaches as high as the upper border of the fifth rib
    • Left dome –reaches as high as the lower border of the fifth rib
    • Central tendon lies at the level of the Xiphisternal joint
    • Domes support the right and left lungs, central tendon supports the heart
    • On contraction, the diaphragm pulls down its central tendon and increases
    the vertical diameter of the thorax
    • Supplied by the Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

    Openings of the Diaphragm

    1. At the level of T8 –transmits the following:


    • Inferior vena cava and terminal branches of the right phrenic nerve

    2. At the level of T10


    • Esophagus, right and left Vagus nerves

    3. At the level of T12


    • Aorta, azygos vein, and thoracic duct

    Functions of the diaphragm

    • Muscle of inspiration
    • Muscle of abdominal straining
    • Weight-lifting muscle –increases intra-abdominal pressure to help support
    the vertebral column and prevent flexion
    • Thoraco-abdominal pump –compresses blood in the IVC and forces it
    upward to the right atrium
    ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE ABDOMEN AND ITS ASSOCIATED ORGANS

    VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE ABDOMEN AND ITS ASSOCIATED ORGANS


    NERVES AND GANGLIA OF THE ABDOMEN AND ITS ASSOCIATED
    ORGANS

    Ganglia

    • A part of the autonomic nervous system controlling the involuntary


    functions of smooth muscles and glands
    • Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic nervous system effect on the abdominal
    organs they innervate

    Splanchnic Nerves

    1. Thoracic splanchnic nerves


    2. Lumbar splanchnic nerves
    3. Sacral splanchnic nerves
    4. Pelvic splanchnic nerves

    Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves

    • Carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunk to


    ganglia in the prevertebral plexus, and also visceral afferent fibers
    • Greater splanchnic nerve –arises from the T5-T10 ganglion
    • Lesser splanchnic nerve –arises from the T9-T11 ganglion
    • Least splanchnic nerve –arises from the T12 ganglion

    Lumbar Splanchnic Nerves

    • Carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunk to


    ganglia in the prevertebral plexus, and also visceral afferent fibers
    • Nerves enter the prevertebral plexus

    Sacral Splanchnic Nerves

    • Carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunk to


    ganglia in the prevertebral plexus, and also visceral afferent fibers
    • Nerves enter the inferior hypogastric plexus

    Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves

    • The pelvic splanchnic nerves (parasympathetic root) carry preganglionic


    parasympathetic fibers from the S2 to S4 spinal nerves to an extension of
    the prevertebral plexus in the pelvis
    • For motility functions of the hindgut, bladder, and rectal functions

    END!

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