Instrumentation What Is Istrumentation?

INSTRUMENTATION
WHAT IS ISTRUMENTATION?
Instrumentation is defined as instruments and procedures used in

collecting and analyzing data in a study.
In Instrumental analysis, a physical property of a substance is measured

to determine its chemical composition.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES
Instrumental techniques can be classified under three principle areas:
 Spectroscopy
 Electrochemistry
 Chromatography
Depending on the necessity the method could be selected.
TYPES OF INSTRUMENTATION FOR ENVIORNMENTAL SCIENCES
Different types of data are required for different categories of

environmental studies, hence different instruments and procedures for
their data collection and analyses exist too.
1. Spectroscopic Techniques
I. Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometry
II. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Spectrophotometry
III. Atomic Spectrophotometry(Emission and Absorption)
IV. Infrared Spectrophotometry
V. Raman Spectroscopy
VI. X-ray Spectroscopy
2. Electrochemical Techniques
I. Potentiometry
II. Conductometry
III. Coulometry
IV. Stripping techniques
V. Voltammetry
VI. Volta metric Techniques
3. Chromatographic Techniques
I. Gas Chromatography (GC)
II. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
III. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Different methods of data acquisition can be summarily described as

the following:
1. INSTRUMENTATION FOR FIELD OBSERVATIONS:
Instrumentation for these includes land survey equipments, both

analogue and digital.
I. Analogue Instruments: include tape, arrow, Günter chain etc.

II. Digital Instruments: include Total Stations, Global Positioning
Systems (GPS).
Other categories of instrument for field surveys include samplers,

which are of various types depending on the parameter to sample; air,
water, sediment and soil samplers.
2. INSTRUMENTATION FOR LABORATORY ANALYSES
In a particular application the selection of a technique will be based on

the particular requirements:
1. What species (parameters) are to be measured?
2. Is the simultaneous determination of several parameters necessary?
3. What are the required accuracy, time resolution, and spatial

resolution?
CLASSIFICATION OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
I. Specialized Techniques: it allows only one parameter (specie) to

be detected by an instrument, e.g. UV absorption detection.
II. Universal Techniques: it allows one to measure many species with
one instrument, e.g. GC.
APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INSTRUMENTATION
1. Soil testing
Contaminated soil can impact human health, especially when
agricultural land is affected. GC-MS enable the detection and
identification of contaminants in soil samples.
2. Water Testing
Ammonia is a toxic metabolic waste product excreted by fish, and it
can be fatal in high concentrations. Water testing, including quality
assessment for aquaculture, drinking water, and wastewater
management is carried out with different spectrophotometers and
Chromatographs.
3. Analyzing components
Spectrophotometers and chromatographic techniques are used to
determine different components and their composition in
compounds.
4. DNA Concentration
UV Spectroscopy is also used in quantifying protein and DNA
concentration as well as the ratio of protein to DNA concentration.
5. Isotopes Detection
Differences in mass among isotopes of an element are very small and
the less abundant isotopes of an element are typically very rare.
Mass Spectroscopy is used for sensitive testing.
6. Water Salination Detection
Conductometric techniques are used for analysis of salinity of sea
water in oceanographic work. They are useful in providing
information regarding association or dissociation equilibria in
aqueous solutions, provided that one or more of the reacting species
are ionic.
IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL INSTRUMENTATION
 To identify and resolve environmental issues and other functions

that may arise during the implementation and operational issues.
 To implement water quality, air quality and noise impact monitoring
program during the operational phase.
 To check and quantify the different processes overall environmental
performance, implement action plans and recommend and
implement remedial actions.
OBJECTIVE OF ENVIORNMENTAL MONITORING
 To provide a database against which short or long term

environmental impacts of the project can be determined.
 To provide an early indication should any of the environmental
control measures or practices fail to achieve the acceptable
standards.
 To monitor the performance of the project and the effectiveness of
mitigation measures.
 To verify the environmental impact predicted in the EIA studies.
 To determine compliance with regulatory requirements, standards
and government policies.
 To take remedial action if unexpected problems or unacceptable
impacts arise.
 To provide data to enable an environmental audit.
REFERENCES
https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/11039194/1-msc-
environmental-sciences-instrumental-
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239401846_INTRODUCTION
_TO_INSTRUMENTATION_MEASUREMENTS_AND_FIELD_METHODS_IN
_ENVIRONMENTAL_SCIENCE
http://www.wd2-cwb.com/web/index.php/project-blog1

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INSTRUMENTATION

Instrumentation is defined as instruments and procedures used in

In Instrumental analysis, a physical property of a substance is measured

CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES

Instrumental techniques can be classified under three principle areas:

Depending on the necessity the method could be selected.

TYPES OF INSTRUMENTATION FOR ENVIORNMENTAL SCIENCES

Different types of data are required for different categories of

Different methods of data acquisition can be summarily described as

1. INSTRUMENTATION FOR FIELD OBSERVATIONS:

Instrumentation for these includes land survey equipments, both

I. Analogue Instruments: include tape, arrow, Günter chain etc.

Other categories of instrument for field surveys include samplers,

2. INSTRUMENTATION FOR LABORATORY ANALYSES

In a particular application the selection of a technique will be based on

2. Is the simultaneous determination of several parameters necessary?

3. What are the required accuracy, time resolution, and spatial

CLASSIFICATION OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS

I. Specialized Techniques: it allows only one parameter (specie) to

APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INSTRUMENTATION

IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL INSTRUMENTATION

 To identify and resolve environmental issues and other functions

OBJECTIVE OF ENVIORNMENTAL MONITORING

 To provide a database against which short or long term

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