Wednesday 8 January 2020: Biology
Wednesday 8 January 2020: Biology
Wednesday 8 January 2020: Biology
Biology
International Advanced Subsidiary / Advanced Level
Unit 4: Energy, Environment, Microbiology and Immunity
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 90.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• to questions
In marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your ability
structure your answer logically, showing how the points that you make are
related or follow on from each other where appropriate.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Checkanswer
Try to every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over
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©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.
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Answer ALL questions.
1 The diagram shows some processes linking photosynthesis to productivity and the
distribution of biomass in the trees in a forest.
Box A
photosynthesis
. . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................................................
Box B
...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NPP distribution
leaves roots
wood
(a) Complete the diagram by writing the appropriate word or words in box A and in box B.
(1)
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(b) In a healthy forest ecosystem, the NPP should be distributed equally to the leaves,
wood and roots.
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D kJ m–2 yr–1
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2 Plastics are carbon-based polymers made from repeating monomers.
Many plastics do not break down naturally and their disposal is causing a lot of
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(b) Some bacteria have been discovered that can break down one type of plastic,
the polymer polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
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PET
Reaction 1
O O
HO C C
O OH
MET
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Reaction 2
O O
OH + C C
HO
HO OH
Ethylene glycol Terephthalic acid
Reaction 1 Reaction 2
A condensation condensation
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B condensation hydrolysis
C hydrolysis condensation
D hydrolysis hydrolysis
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3 The graph shows the changes in mean temperature of the surface of the Earth from
1970 to 2017.
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Change in mean
temperature of the 0.6
surface of the Earth / °C
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
–0.1
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
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(a) Which of the following gases could be responsible for these temperature changes?
(1)
A carbon dioxide and methane
B carbon dioxide and oxygen
C carbon dioxide, methane and oxygen
D methane and oxygen
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(b) What is the estimated change in the mean temperature of the surface of
the Earth in 2030?
(1)
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A 1.3
B 1.1
C 0.8
D 0.2
(d) Studying the width of tree rings provides evidence for climate change.
(i) Which of the following involves the study of tree rings?
(1)
A dendrochronology
B entomology
C epigenetics
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D proteomics
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(ii) Explain why the width of tree rings produced in 1970 would be different from
the width of tree rings produced in 2010.
(3)
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4 Malaysia is covered by large areas of rainforest. These rainforests have one of the
highest biodiversities in the world.
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However, the rate of loss of rainforest in Malaysia is one of the highest in the world.
(a) (i) From 2000 to 2012, Malaysia lost 14.4% of its rainforest. This is equivalent to
47 278 km2.
Calculate the area of Malaysia covered by rainforest in 2000.
Give your answer in standard form.
(3)
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(b) The diagram shows an Oriental blue clearwing, a species of moth found in the
rainforests of Malaysia.
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(ii) Suggest two advantages to the Oriental blue clearwing of resembling bees.
(2)
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(iii) This moth was seen and a specimen collected in 1887. It was not seen again
in the rainforests of Malaysia until 2017.
The DNA of these recently rediscovered Oriental blue clearwings was
compared with the DNA of the moth collected in 1887.
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5 In December 2018 there was an outbreak of Ebola, with 500 cases being reported.
The diagram shows the structure of an Ebola virus.
protein VP40
protein VP35
protein VP24
RNA polymerase
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(ii) The glycoproteins
(2)
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(c) The proteins VP24 and VP40 are involved in virus assembly.
State what is meant by the term virus assembly, using Ebola as an example.
(2)
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(d) The protein VP35 inhibits the production of interferon by host cells.
Explain why the structure of the Ebola virus includes VP35.
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6 The photograph shows barnacles attached to a rock on a seashore.
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one barnacle
• barnacles reproduce sexually and produce larvae that swim in the seawater
• larvae settle on suitable surfaces such as rocks.
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(a) The diagram shows the distribution of two types of barnacle, Chthamalus and
Balanus, on a rock.
Key
Chthamalus
Balanus
seawater
lowest level the
seawater reaches
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(b) The types of surface that the larvae settled on were studied.
The graph shows the results of this study.
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60
50
Mean 40
number
of settled
larvae per 30
unit area
20
10
0
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(i) Comment on the reliability of the conclusions that can be drawn from this study.
(4)
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(ii) Describe how this study could be carried out in a laboratory.
(4)
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7 The composition of three seaweeds, U. fasciata, S. linifolium and C. officinalis, collected
from a beach in Egypt, was determined.
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(a) The graph shows the chloroplast pigments extracted from these seaweeds.
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Key
20 chlorophyll a
15 chlorophyll b
Concentration
/ mg g–1
dry mass carotenoids
10
0
U. fasciata S. linifolium C. officinalis
Type of seaweed
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The graph shows the absorption spectrum for these three chloroplast pigments.
Key
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
Light absorption carotenoids
(i) Which row of the table shows the colour of each of these seaweeds?
(1)
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(ii) Explain the role of chloroplast pigments in the light-dependent reactions of
photosynthesis.
(2)
(b) The table shows some of the compounds found in two of these seaweeds.
* antioxidants
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*(ii) These seaweeds are considered to be a healthy, environmentally-friendly and
economic food source.
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8 The immune response to cancer involves both T helper and T killer cells.
(a) Which row of the table shows the cells that present antigens to each of these T cells?
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(1)
D macrophages macrophages
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(b) Immunotherapy, using genetically-modified T cells, is being developed to treat
blood cell cancers.
Step 1
Step 2
Blood from the patient with cancer is
A gene coding for CAR is inserted into
removed and the T cells are isolated
a virus.
from it.
Step 4
The CAR-T cells are replicated in the
laboratory.
Step 5
The CAR-T cells are injected back into
the bloodstream of the same patient
with cancer.
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(i) The virus used in this procedure is modified so that it is not pathogenic.
(1)
A Ebola virus
B human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
C lambda phage (Ȝ phage)
D tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
(ii) Explain why the CAR gene is inserted into the T cells in Step 3.
(2)
(iii) Explain the importance of mitosis in the replication of the CAR-T cells in Step 4.
(3)
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(iv) In Step 1, T cells are removed from a patient with cancer.
Explain the advantages of injecting CAR-T cells into the same patient in Step 5.
(v) Currently, the use of CAR-T cells has been effective against blood cell cancers only.
Suggest why CAR-T cells are not effective against cancer cells in solid tumours
growing in other tissues in the body.
(2)
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9 The growth of microorganisms can be studied using optical methods (turbidity).
The number of cells in 1 cm3 of a culture can be estimated by using a photometer to
light detector
source
yeast cells
Optical density
/ a.u. 2
bacterial cells
1
0
0 5 10 15 20
Number of cells × 10 per cm3
6
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The photographs show bacterial cells and yeast cells, as seen using a light microscope.
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(a) State the relationship between optical density and the size of the microorganisms.
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(1)
(b) Calculate how many times more bacterial cells there are than yeast cells if both
samples have an optical density of 1.0 a.u.
(2)
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Answer ......................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c) (i) State the relationship between the number of bacterial cells and optical density.
(1)
(d) A liquid medium was inoculated with 6 × 103 bacterial cells and the culture was
incubated for a period of time.
At the end of this incubation period, there were 1.2 × 107 bacterial cells.
Calculate the time (t) of this incubation period.
Use a value of 0.963 for the growth rate constant (k) and the equation
log10 Nt − log10 N0
k=
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0.301 × t
(3)
Answer ......................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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*(e) Explain why one calibration curve cannot be used to determine the growth of all
microorganisms.
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Use all the information in this question and your own knowledge to support your answer.
(6)
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