SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021- FIRST SEMESTER

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Ms. April Jane E. Rasgo

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
FIRST QUARTER
UNIT I- ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
Lesson 1
(Origin of the Universe and the Solar system) ……………............... 1-10
LESSON 2
(Formation of the Universe , Solar System and the Planets)...... 10-13
UNIT II- EARTH MATERIAL AND PROCESS
LESSON 3
(Rock Cycle) …………………………….………............................................15-16
LESSON 4
(Astronomy) ..............................................................................18-17
LESSON 5
(Natural Hazard)............................................................................18

SECOND QUARTER

UNIT III- CONCEPT OF LIFE

LESSON 1

(Biology)
LESSON 2
(Origin of Life) ...................................................................................19-22
LESSON 3
(Cell Cycle) .......................................................................................22-23
LESSON 4
(Biochemistry)..................................................................................24

I.Module Learning Competencies:

At the end of the module the students will be able to;

a. State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe.

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 b. Describe the different hypothesis explaining the origin of the universe.

c. Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the solar system, with
the properties necessary to support life.

d. Explain that the Earth consist of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter
and energy flow

e. Identify the common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical
properties

f. Classify rocks in Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks.

I. Identify and Describe the different hazards caused by geological processess such as
earthquakes, eruption and landslides) different hazards caused by
hydrometeorological Phenomena (like tropical cyclones, monsoons and etc.,) and
lastly Different hazards caused by coastal processes includes waves, tides, sea level
changes and etc.

j. Give practical ways in coping with the different natural hazards.

k. Learn the key characteristics shared by all living things.

l. Explore the different theories on how life began.

m. To distinguish the different types of cells- the basic unit of life.

II. Pre-test
1. The universe expansion occurred about how many years ago?

a. 100 years b. 10 billion years c.100 billion years d. 1 million years

2. A system which is made up of the sun and the heavenly bodies that move around it
is known as;

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 a. Lunar System b. Solar System c. Space d. Galaxy

3. Heavenly bodies which revolve around the sun are called;

a. Orbit b. Planets c. Stars d. Galaxies

4. Natural satellites of Planet are______

a. Moons b. Sun c. Spacecraft d. Hovecraft

5. The term "BIG-BANG" refers to:

a. Ultimate fate of the universe b. Formation of Planets

c. Supernova Explosion d. Origin of the universe

6. The following planets have rings around them except

a. Jupiter b. Saturn c. Uranus d. Mars

7. The correct ascending order of distance of planets from the sun is

a. Mars, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn. b. Earth, Mars, Saturn, Jupiter

c. Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn d. Earth, Jupiter, Mars, Saturn

8. Which among the planet is not a gas giant?

a. Venus b. Neptune c. Saturn d. Uranus

9. Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has

a. Clouds b. a core c. Ocean of water d. an atmosphere

10. The Leading explanation about how the universe began is called

a. Universal Theory b. Solar Theory c. Milky Way Theory d.Big-

Bang Theory

11. Which is not one of the 4 major geological subsystems of the Earth?

a. Biosphere b. Hydrosphere c. Watersphere d. Geosphere

12. Which geological subsystem is comprised of all of the waters on earth including
subsurface and stmospheric water?

a. Geosphere b. Hydrosphere c. Biosphere d. Atmosphere

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 13. Which subsystem contains all living organism of earth including those on land , in
the water, and air?

a. Biosphere b. Hydrosphere c. Atmosphere d. Geosphere

14. What is Earth's sphere that contains oxygen, water vapor, nitrogen, and other
gases to help us survive?

a. Biosphere b. Atmosphere c. Hydrosphere d. Geosphere

15. What is the name of the thin layer of solid rock that makes up the outermost part
of the Earth?

a. Core b. Crust c. Mantle d. Biosphere

16. Geosphere is ________

a. All liquid water on Earth b. A 100 km thick layer of gases

c. Frozen water on Earth d. Earth's entire solid body

17. Igneous Rocks w/c formed from lava which erupted on Earth's surface

a. Intrusive rocks b. Extrusive Rocks c. Endotrusive rocks d. Peritrusive

rocks

18. Are small solid pieces of material that comes from rocks or living things.

a. Debris b. Sediments c. Deposits d. Soil

19. The process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and give particles of
sediments together is also known as

a. Crystallization b. Compaction c. Cementation d. Melting

20.Scientists determine what Earth's interior looks like by using

a. Volcanoes b. Continental drift c. Plate tectonics d. Seismic

Wave

21. The basic Unit of life is called ______

a. Atom b. Cell c. Organ System d. Tissues

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 22. The chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell is found in the _________

a. Cytosol b. Mitochondria c. Nucleus d. Plasma Membrane

23. The following characteristics ate shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes except.

a. Plasma membrane b. Cell wall c. Cytoplasm d. DNA e. Ribosomes

24. A cell with DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria could be cell
from.

a. Plant b. Bacterium c. Plant, animal, and bacterium

d. animal e. A plant or an animal

25. Which of the ff is not a monomer of a biomolecule.

a. Amino acid b. Cholesterol c. Glycerol d. Nucleotides e.

Monosaccharides

III. Teaching Methods/ Discussion of Topics

Think About It

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 Have you ever wondered how universe began? How does solar system formed? in
this chapter we will investigate and explore the different theories regarding the
origin of the universe and solar system.

• What do these movements tell astronomers about how the universe formed?

• How did the solar system form?

• What is the probability that there are planetary systems beyond our own? How do
you know?
Record the ideas about these questions in your notebook, prepared to discuss your
responses with your small group and the class.

INVESTIGATE
In this Investigate, you will explore how the universe formed and continues to
expand. You will then run a model that examines how scientists measure the motion
of stars and galaxies. Finally, you will observe a model that demonstrates how the
solar system formed.

Part A: Evidence of Motion

1. Scientists have found that the motion of a star or galaxy relative to Earth can be
determined by a shift in the wavelength of the light it emits. You will model this
effect using sound. One person from your group will swing an alarm clock, buzzer,
or constant-pitch noisemaker around on a string. The other members of your group
will stand outside the reach of the swinging noisemaker.

a) How will the circular swinging of the noisemaker affect the sound it produces?
Record your prediction.

2. Turn on the noisemaker and observe the sound it makes when stationary.

3. Attach a string securely to the noisemaker. Have one person from your group
swing the noisemaker around on the string while the other members of your group
stand outside its reach.

a) How does swinging the noisemaker affect the pitch of the sound that is heard?

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 b) Explain your observations.

c) What other changes in pitch have you observed from an object in motion?

d) How do you think the change in pitch that you observed compares to a change in
light produced by a moving star or galaxy?

Part B: Model of an Expanding Universe

1. Many astronomers theorize that our universe is expanding. They support their
ideas by observations of distant galaxies that appear to be moving away from our
galaxy at enormous speeds. You will use a large balloon, marker, and tape measure
to model the movement of galaxies away from each other as the universe continues
to increase in size. Mark 10 dots on the surface of the deflated balloon.
Distribute the dots all over the balloon. Label the dots with letters. The dots
represent galaxies. Galaxy A is the Milky Way Galaxy.

a.) Predict what will happen to the distances between the galaxies as the balloon is
inflated.

2. Have one person from your group inflate the balloon until its diameter is about 20
cm. Pinch the opening of the balloon to keep air from leaking out.

3. Have another person use a tape measure to measure the distance from the Milky
Way to each of the other galaxies.

a) Record your measurements in a data table in a row labeled “Expansion Time 1.”

4. Inflate the balloon until its diameter is about 28 cm. Pinch the opening of the

balloon to keep air from leaking out.

a) Record the new distance from the Milky Way to each of the other galaxies.
Record your measurements in the data table in a second row
labeled “Expansion Time 2.”

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 5. Calculate the increase in distance between expansion times. Do this by
subtracting the distance for each galaxy at “Expansion Time 1” from the distance for
each galaxy at “Expansion Time 2.”

a) Record the increase in distances in the data table in a third row.

6. Assume that the time between expansions was a period of 8 years. Calculate the
speed that each galaxy moved away from the Milky Way using the equation:

speed = distance
time

a) Add a fourth row to your data table to record the rate of expansion.

7. Use the rates to calculate how far each galaxy will be from the Milky Way after
24 years and after 32 years.

a) Record these distances in the table.

8. Use your results to help you answer the following questions:

a) How do the distances from the Milky Way Galaxy to the other galaxies change
over time?

b) What happens to the size of each galaxy over time?

c) If the universe is expanding, do galaxies that are close together move apart faster
or slower than galaxies that are far apart?

Part C: Formation of the Solar System

1. Scientists believe that the Sun and planets formed at the same time froma large
cloud of gas and dust. You will observe a model of the formation of the solar system
using a cup of hot chocolate and powdered coffee creamer. The hot chocolate
represents space and the coffee creamer represents gas and dust.

a) Predict what will happen when you swirl the creamer on the surface of the hot
chocolate.luke warm water. Now, sprinkle some creamer onto the surface of the hot
chocolate.

3. Use a spoon to stir the liquid inside the cup in a gentle, circular motion.

4. Observe how the creamer moves in the cup.

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 5. Use your observations to help you answer the following questions:

a) What is the effect of swirling on the creamer?

b) How does this model demonstrate how the Sun and planets formed from a cloud
of gas and dust?

FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE, SOLAR SYSTEM,

AND PLANETS

Geology- the study of the Earth, a multi-disciplinary science that aims to

understand process occurring within and on the surface of the planet. These process
is important in explaining how the planet come to be, the formation of materials we
acquire from the earth and preparing for the natural phenomena that may pose threat
to our survival.

The Big Bang Theory

You just modeled how the universe formed and is expanding. You also investigated
how scientists track the motion of objects in the universe. The Milky Way Galaxy
formed about 10 billion years ago and is one of billions of galaxies in the universe.
According to a popular theory, the universe itself formed somewhere between 12
and 14 billion years ago in an event called the big bang. This is known as the big
bang theory. Big bang makes it sound like the universe began in an explosion.
However, it did not. Scientists call the beginning of the universe “time zero.” At
time zero, the universe consisted almost entirely of energy. The energy was
concentrated into a volume smaller than a grain of sand. The temperatures were
unimaginably high. Then the universe expanded extremely rapidly. As it expanded,
the temperature dropped. As the temperature dropped, matter was formed from some
of the original energy.

Cosmologists are scientists who study the origin and dynamics of the universe.
Cosmologists think that most of the matter in the universe was formed within
minutes of time zero. Initially, this matter was too hot to form into atoms.

After a few hundred thousand years, the temperature of the universe dropped to the
point where atoms could exist.

The atoms were mostly hydrogen and helium. Eventually, under the force of gravity,
these atoms began to clump together. They clumped into clouds of gas, which in

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 time formed the first stars. As more stars formed, they grouped together to form the
earliest galaxies. The expansion and cooling that started with the big bang continues
to this.

Doppler Effect: Evidence of the Big Bang

Scientists point to shifts in the wavelength of light produced by distant galaxies as

evidence that the universe is expanding. This phenomenon is known as the
Dopplereffect. You experienced the Doppler effect in the Investigate when you were
swinging the noisemaker. You probably noticed that the pitch of the noisemaker
grew higher as it approached you and then dropped suddenly as it passed by you.
You may have had a similar experience with the changing pitch in the tone of the
siren of a passing emergency vehicle. (See Figure 1.)

Light also occurs in waves. As a result, the Doppler effect can be used to determine
whether a star or galaxy is moving toward Earth or away from it. Light from a star or
galaxy can be detected as a spectrum of colors. You will learn more about the
spectrum of light in a later section. Shorter wavelengths of light are blue or violet in
color. Longer wavelengths of light are red. If a star or galaxy is approaching Earth,
the wavelengths of light it emits become shorter. If a star or galaxy is moving away
from Earth, the wavelengths of light are
longer.

The Steady-State
Theory
There is strong evidence for the big
bang theory. However, it continues to be
tested and examined. Another
explanation is the steady-state theory. It
is also known as the infinite-
universe theory. This theory
suggests the universe has always
existed. It did not have a moment
of creation, or a time zero. The
theory suggests that new matter is
continuously created out of empty
space. The matter created out of
empty space is mostly hydrogen.
The rate at which new matter

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 appears is in balance with the expansion of the universe. Therefore, the average
density of the universe remains constant.

The Fate of the Universe

What will ultimately

happen to the universe?
Historically, cosmologists
have considered three possible
outcomes: it will expand
forever; it will expand to a
certain size and stop; it will
stop expanding and begin to
collapse. All three cases are
based on the idea that the rate
of expansion of the universe has slowed down since its beginning.

The Nebular Theory

If there was a big bang, how did the
solar system form? When you made a
scale model of the solar system in
Section 1, you probably noticed
howlarge the Sun is in comparison to
most of the planets. In fact, the Sun
contains over 99 percent of all of the
mass of the solar system. Where did all this
mass come from? According to current
thinking, the birthplace of our solar system was a nebula. A nebula is a cloud of gas
and dust. This particular nebula that gave rise to our solar system was probably cast
off from other stars that existed in this region of our galaxy. More than 4.6 billion
years ago, this nebula started the long process that led to the formation of a star and
planets. The idea that the solar system evolved from such a swirling cloud of dust is
called the nebular theory. In the nebula that gave birth to our solar system, gravity
caused the gases and dust
to be drawn together into a denser cloud. At the same time, the rate of rotation
(swirling) of the entire nebula gradually increased. The effect is the same as when a
rotating ice skater draws his or her arms in, causing their rate of rotation to speed up.
As the nebular cloud began to collapse and spin faster, it flattened out to resemble a

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 disk. Most of the mass collapsed into the center. You saw something similar when
you sprinkled the creamer onto the hot chocolate. Initially, the creamer spread out
over the surface of the liquid. But, when you stirred the chocolate in a circular
motion, the creamer clumped together in the center. Matter in the rest of the disk of
the nebula clumped together into small masses called planetesimals. The
planetesimals gradually collided together to form larger bodies called protoplanetary
bodies.

EARTH'S SPHERES

Everything in Earth's system can be placed into one of four major subsystems: land,
water, living things, or air. These four subsystems are called "spheres." Specifically,
they are the "lithosphere" (land), "hydrosphere" (water), "biosphere" (living things),
and "atmosphere" (air). Each of these four spheres can be further divided into sub-
spheres.

The Lithosphere-- contains all of the

cold, hard solid land of the planet's crust
(surface), the semi- solid land underneath
the crust, and the liquid land near the center of
the planet. The surface of the lithosphere is
very uneven. There are high mountain ranges
like the Rockies and Andes, huge plains or
flat areas like those in Texas, Iowa, and
Brazil and deep valleys along the ocean
floor.The solid, semi- solid, and liquid land
of the lithosphere form layers that are

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 physically and chemically different. If someone were to cut through Earth to its
center, these layers would be revealed like the layers of an onion. The outermost
layer of the lithosphere consists of loose soil rich in nutrients, oxygen, and silicon.
Beneath that layer lies a very thin, solid crust of oxygen and silicon. Next is a thick,
semi-solid mantle of oxygen, silicon, iron, and magnesium. Below that is a liquid
outer core of nickel and iron. At the center of Earth is a solid inner core of nickel and
iron.

The Hydrosphere -- contains all the solid, liquid, and gaseous water of the planet. It
ranges from 10 to 20 kilometers in thickness. The hydrosphere extends from Earth's
surface downward several kilometers into the lithosphere and upward about 12
kilometers into the atmosphere. A small portion of the water in the hydrosphere is
fresh (non-salty). This water flows as precipitation from the atmosphere down to
Earth's surface, as rivers and streams along Earth's surface, and as groundwater
beneath Earth's surface. Most of Earth's fresh water, however, is frozen.

The Biosphere --contains all the planet's living things. This sphere includes all of the
microorganisms, plants, and animals
of Earth. Within the biosphere, living
things form ecological communities
based on the physical surroundings of
an area. These communities are
referred to as biomes. Deserts,
grasslands, and tropical rainforests are
three of the many types of biomes that
exist within the biosphere.

The Atmosphere--contains all the air

in Earth's system. It extends from less
than 1 m below the planet's surface to more than 10,000 km above the planet's
surface. The upper portion of the atmosphere protects the organisms of the biosphere
from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. It also absorbs and emits heat. When air
temperature in the lower portion of this sphere changes, weather occurs. As air in the
lower atmosphereis heated or cooled, it moves around the planet. The result can be
as simple as a breeze or as complex as a tornado.

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE 4 SPHERES

Although the four systems have their individual identities, there is important
interaction between them. Environmental scientists study the effects of events in one

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 sphere on the other spheres. Four of these interactions are between the event and
each of the earth's spheres. The double-headed arrows indicate that the cause and
effect relationships of these interactions go in both directions. These four types of
interactions can be illustrated in Figure #1. The "event < >hydrosphere" refers to the
effects of the event on the hydrosphere, as well as the effects of the hydrosphere on
the event. For example, a volcanic eruption in the geosphere may cause profound
direct and indirect effects on the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere as follows.

THE ROCK CYCLE

Minerals make up rocks. Rocks are formed in many environments upon and
within the Earth's crust. There are three types of rock, each formed in a different
way. Igneous rock, formed by the cooling of magma (molten rock) inside the Earth
or on the surface. Sedimentary rocks, formed from the products of weathering by
cementation or precipitation on the Earth’s surface. Metamorphic rocks, formed by
temperature and pressure changes inside the Earth. All three types of rock make up
the Earth’s lithosphere, the outermost layer.

Rock Cycle
The rock cycle is a process in which rocks are continuously transformed between the
three rock types igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

Rocks of any type can be converted into any other type, or into another rock of the
same type, as this diagram illustrates. Conversion to metamorphic rocks requires
conditions of increased temperature and/or increased pressure, conversion to
sedimentary rocks occurs via
the intermediate stage of
sediments, and conversion to
igneous rocks occurs via the
intermediate stage of magma.
Sediments are produced
when rocks are uplifted,
weathered and eroded, and
the resulting detrital material
deposited in marine or
terrestrial basins. If the

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 sediments are buried under further layers of sediment, they can become lithified to
produce a sedimentary rock.

Magma is produced when rocks are melted. This melting can occur when a
lithospheric plate descends into the Earth’s crust at a subduction zone, or when a
mid-ocean ridge opens up and produces decompression melting in the athenosphere
under the ridge. When the magma solidifies, it becomes an igneous rocK

ASTRONOMY
Astronomy is a growing science that celestial bodies and the process of their
formation and evolution to understand the
Earth better.

Works of 5 notable scientist and

astronomers in the field of astronomy

Nicolaus Copernicus- an astronomer who

proposed a heliocentric system , that the
planets orbit around the Sun ; that Earth is a
planet which, besides orbiting the Sun annually, also turns once daily on its own
axis; and that very slow changes in the direction of this axis account for the
precession of the equinoxes .

Tyco Brahe- His lunar theory

was the best ever devised, and he
produced data for the best star
catalog that had ever been
compiled. His outstandingly
rigorous observations enabled his
one-time assistant Johannes
Kepler to discover that planets
move around the sun in elliptical
orbits.

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 Johannes Kepler- Kepler’s improvement of Copernicus’s
heliocentric system led to its more general acceptance,
and his three laws describing the way planets move are
fundamental laws of astronomy. However, this wasn’t
his only contribution to science. "Law of planetary
motion"

Galileo Galilei - is considered the father of

modern science and made major contributions
to the fields of physics, astronomy,
cosmology, mathematics and philosophy.
Galileo invented an improved telescope that let
him observe and describe the moons of Jupiter,
the rings of Saturn, the phases of Venus,
sunspots and the rugged lunar surface.

Isaac Newton - he discovers the law of universal

gravitation.

NATURAL HAZARDS
Naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset events
which can be geophysical (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic activity),
hydrological (avalanches and floods), climatological (extreme temperatures, drought
and wildfires), meteorological (cyclones and storms/wave surges) or biological
(disease epidemics and insect/animal plagues).

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 Earthquakes are the result of forces deep within the earth's interior. Sudden break
within the upper layers of the earth, sometimes breaking the surface, resulting in the
vibration of the ground, which were strong enough will cause the collapse of
buildings and destruction of life and property.

Volcanic eruptions happen when lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic vent.
The most common consequences of this are population movements as large numbers
of people are often forced to flee the moving lava flow. Volcanic eruptions often
cause temporary food shortages and volcanic ash landslides called Lahar.

landslide is the movement of soil or rock controlled by gravity and the speed of the
movement usually ranges between slow and rapid, but not very slow. It can be
superficial or deep, but the materials have to make up a mass that is a portion of the
slope or the slope itself

tsunami is a series of waves caused by a rapid displacement of a body of water

(ocean, lake, etc)

Tropical storms, cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons, although named differently,

describe the same disaster type.

Essentially, these disaster types refer to a large-scale closed circulation system in the
atmosphere which combines low pressure and strong winds that rotate counter
clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.

The system is referred to as a "cyclone" in the Indian Ocean and and South Pacific,
"hurricane" in the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific and "typhoon" in the
Western Pacific.

BIOLOGY

Concept of life
Manifestation of life

Biology is branch of science that studies living things: their structure, function,
reproduction and interactions with one another and with their non-living environment.

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 LIVING THINGS are things that possess life and all its inherent characteristics are
called biological process. Biology encompasses all studies about life. But what is "life"
exactly?

Characteristics of living things

2. Living things are organized into basic units of life called cell.

Cells are the basic unit of structure, function, and reproduction of living things.

3. Living things use energy. Organisms use the energy to maintain and also increased
degree of orderliness of their bodies, to grow, and to reproduce

4. Living things are irritable. Living things respond to stimuli.

5. Living things develop1. Living things have an orderly structure.

Living organisms change as they grow in particularly complex way called

development.

6. Living things reproduce. Organisms produce their own kind, providing continuity of
life via sexual and asexual mechanism.

7. Living things are coded by genes. An organism's genetic material - its

chromosomes and genes in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA.

8. Living things evolve and adapt to their environment.

Critical thinking….

Why do living things require energy?

How does irritability contribute chances of survival?

Are viruses living organisms?

ORIGIN OF LIFE
How did life begin? The prevailing question for anyone who wants to study life is
that of its origin. There is only speculation and deduction of plausible scenarios from
the fossils and scientific proofs available. There are three possibilities that have been
either supported or refuted by many scientist

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 1. Special Creation- life may have been placed on earth by supernatural divine forces.
God created heaven and earth and give life to living organism.

2. Panspermia- Life may

have been seeded by life-
forms from another planet.

3. Spontaneous Origin- also

known as the biochemical
theory, life may have been
evolved from inanimate
matter.

Critical thinking……

With the recent discovery of

water in Mars, can Mars be
inhabited by humans?

Cells
Cells are the basic unit of life, there 2 types of, Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

PARTS OF THE CELL

1. PLASMA MEMBRANE- A barrier that separates the cell from the environment.

2. Cytoplasm- the gel-like content of the cell where intracellular materials are
suspended.

3. Nucleic Acids- Genetic material of a cell.

4. Ribosomes- factories that turn the information from nucleic acids into proteins.

5. Endoplasmic reticulum - network of internal membrane.

6. Nucleus - holds DNA

7. Vacuoles- water storage of the cell.

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 8. Mitochondria- the power house of the cell, the site of ATP synthesis, they help turn
energy we take from food into energy that cell can use.

9. Cell wall - provide structure, support and protection for the cell.

10. Lysosomes- helps in protein synthesis, fertilization, and intracellular digestion.

11. Golgi body- modifies protein and lipids.

12, Chloroplast - produce energy, through photosynthesis

Biochemistry
All living things are made up of organic molecule. Organic essentially pertains to the
presence of carbon as the starting chemical elements in living matter. Which is
important in the foundation of life.

Biomolecules

Large organic carbon-containing compounds which have unique properties that impart
essential structure and function to cells.

Monomers- the basic unit

of biomolecules

THE 4 MAJOR
BIOMOLECULES IN
LIVING ORGANISM

1. Carbohydrates- also
known as sugar. The most
abundant among all organic
compounds. The monomers
of carbohydrates are
monosaccharides.

Carbohydrates perform
multitude of functions on their own such as storing energy.

2. Proteins- proteins are the most versatile among the organic molecules tasked with a
wide array of functions: catalyze biological reactions protect against infection and

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 disease supply energy, binds cell together, intercellular signaling and recognition.
protein monomers are amino acid

3. Lipids- Lipids function for energy supply, protection, support and communication.
The monomer of lipids are Glycerol and fatty acids.

4. Nucleic Acid- Nucleic Acids are made up of monomers called Nucleotides Nucleic
Acids are repositories of cellular information that are passed on from generation to
generation.

Cell Cycle

An organism grows by increasing the number of cells. Each cell undergoes rounds of
the cell cycle where the cell prepares to divide by doubling its genetic material and cell
content then divides through mitosis. The stages of mitosis illustrate how the genetic
material is distributed between the two-daughter cell. Cells that escape the control of
the cell cycle become cancer cells

Cell Cycle

G1 Phase- Cell increases in size Cellular contents duplicated.

S Phase- DNA replication, each of the 46 chromosomes (23pairs) is replicated by

the cell.

G2 Phase- Cell grows more, Organelles and protein develop in preparation for cell
division.

M Phase- Mitosis followed by cytokinesis (Cell separation), formation of two

identical daughter cells.

G0 Phase- While
some cells are
constantly dividing,
some cell types are at
rest, these cells may
exit G1 and enter a

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 resting state called G0. G0 a cell is performing its function without actively preparing
to divide.

Summative Evaluation
A Structured Essay

Introduction: In your own words, describe and explain the Big Bang Theory. Use the
following terms: Expansion, Distribution of Matter, Galaxy Formation, Gravity,

Electromagnetic Spectrum (Light energy), WMAP, and Cosmic Background

Radiation.

Supporting Paragraph # 1: In your own words, use light spectra as evidence to

describe how scientists study the composition of stars and matter in the Universe.
Use the following terms: Radiation, Electromagnetic Spectrum,
Absorption/Emission Spectrum, Spectrometer, Wavelength, Frequency, Elements in
stars, Fusion, Stars (size and luminosity).

Supporting Paragraph # 2: In your words, use your knowledge of the red and blue
shift of light, to defend the idea of an expanding Universe. Use the following terms:
Red Shift, Violet Shift (aka Blue Shift), Wavelength, Frequency, moving toward,
moving away, Galaxies, Universe.

Supporting Paragraph # 3: In your own words, using your knowledge of the future of
the Universe, write about at least two of the scientific theories, including the forces
involved to create each future.

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 Concluding Paragraph: I can develop a conclusion that reflects on the information
from the unit, and I can form a prediction of the future of the universe.

B. Chapter Activity and brain teasers

Direction: Answer the following questions.

1.Look for particular reclaimed area in your region or country. Observe the
structures that are built on this area. Do you think that they were built with additional
measures to resist the effects of subsidence coastal erosion and tidal surges?

2. What areas in your region are most susceptible to tsunami and storm surges?

Are there any mitigation and structures built in this area?

3. If fossils only represent the "preservable" portion on ancient life, what do you
think older, non-fossilized animals looked like?

4. Why do you think underwater volcanoes don' erupt as much as surface volcanoes
given? that they outnumber the latter?

5. Will landslides happen on planets with a very weak gravitational pull? Why or
Why not?

6. What are the unique characteristics of Earth that allow the existence of life? How
is everyday life supported on Earth?

7.How do Earth Subsystem affect one another?

C. Enumeration

Direction: Enumerate what is being asked:

1-3. Give the 3 types of rocks

4-9- List down some natural hazards.

10-11 Theories on the origin of the universe

12-15. Enumerate the 4 basic Earth System

16-20 famous scientists and astronomers in the field of atronomy

21-22 two types of cell.

23-30. characteristics of living organism

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 D. Illustrate and explain the ff

a. Rock Cycle

b. Plant and animal cell (label the parts and state their functions)

c. Cell Cycle

E. Identification

Direction: Identify the following statement, by choosing the correct answer inside
a. litosphere h. Isaac Newton o. Hydrosphere b.atmosphere
the box. Write the letter only.
i. Minerals p. Solar Nebula Hypothec.
c. metamorphic rocks j. Weathering q. Mantle
d. Rock cycle k. biomolecules r. crust
e. Galileo Galilei l. Nebula s. core
f. Geology m. Geosphere t. Astronomy
g. Cosmology n. Volcanism u. Cell

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 ____1. The scientist who proposed the law of gravity.

____2. The basic unit of life

____3. Layers of gases that surround the planet Earth such as nitrogen, oxygen,
argon, carbon dioxide including water vapor.

____4. A process involving the transformation and generation of igneous,

sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

____5. The father of the modern science, who invented the telescope.

____6. A cloud of dispersed interstellar gases and dust.

____7. The solid part of the planet Earth which composed of naturally occurring
solid aggregate of minerals, organic materials and rocks.

____8. The building blocks of rocks.

____9.it is the organic carbon containing compound which is essential to structure

and function of the cell.

____10. The study of stars, moons and other heavenly bodies.

____11. This theory presumes that the solar system is began as a cloud of dispersed
interstellar gases.

____12. It occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other.

____13. The eruption of molten rock called magma onto earth’s surface through a
vent.

____14. Hottest layer of the Earth.

____15. A process of breaking down of rocks into small pieces.

References:
https://www.uu.edu/societies/inklings/books/scienceandfaith/Chapter4.pdf

https://www.scielo.br/pdf/ea/v20n58/en_20.pdf

https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?
url=https://academic.oup.com/astrogeo/article-pdf/41/1/1.12/13148072/41-1-

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 1.12.pdf&hl=en&sa=T&oi=ucasa&ct=ufr&ei=2aT1XsDsDruB6rQPxbmDwAo&sci
sig=AAGBfm1nMh3W20QbmYKHMNR5wKPshRFTdg

https://subbie3science.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/1-3-origin-of-the-universe-and-
the-solar-system.pdf

Book- Earth and Life Science- Author: James Cesar Refran, Pamela Louise
Tolentino, and Ruth Marian Genuino.

Student’s Name:
Grade & Section:
Passing of Modules’ Date:
Parent’s/ Guardian’s Name with Signature:

Prepared by: Checked by:

Ms. April Jane E. Rasgo LPT Ms. Ma. QueserieB.Dramayo, LPT

SHS Teacher SHS Academic Coach

Noted by: Approved by:

Ms. Mary Jane E. Gula, LPT Mr. Kristoffer B. Viloria, LPT, MAEd

Assistant Principal BED Principal

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