International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE)

ISSN: 2319–6378, Volume-2 Issue-9, July 2014

Analysis and Design of Prestressed Concrete

Girder
Vishal U. Misal, N. G. Gore, P. J. Salunke

Abstract— In this present study, cost analysis and design of Figure 1(b) shows the same unloaded beams with prestressing
prestressed concrete girder and reinforced concrete girder is forces applied by stressing high strength tendons. By placing
presented. The aim and objective can be summarized as to analyze the prestressing low in the simple-span beam and high in the
and design the concrete girder under a IRC class 70 R loading. To
cantilever beam, compression is induced in the tension zones;
formulate the entire problem for a couple of span under the
loading mentioned above to obtain shear force and bending creating upward camber.
moment at regular intervals along the beam. To use the software
STAAD PRO for the analysis and design of prestressed concrete
girders. Before using the software for analysis it will be validated
by comparing its results with the corresponding classical theory
result. To carry out the parametric analysis for prestressed
concrete I girder and reinforced concrete girder. To calculate the
quantities of concrete and steel required as per the analysis and
design carried out for the girders and to carry out the comparative
study for the same.
Index Terms— Reinforced concrete girder, Deck slab, I girder,
Prestressed concrete.

I. INTRODUCTION
Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which internal
stresses of suitable magnitude and distribution are introduced
so that the stresses resulting from external loads are Fig. 1 Comparison of Reinforced and Prestressed
counteracted to a desired degree. In reinforced concrete Concrete Beams
members, the prestress is commonly introduced by tensioning Figure 1 (c) shows the two prestressed beams after loads have
the steel reinforcement. The development of early cracks in been applied. The loads cause both the simple-span beam and
reinforced concrete due to incompatibility in the strains of cantilever beam to deflect down, creating tensile stresses in
steel and concrete was perhaps the starting point in the the bottom of the simple-span beam and top of the cantilever
development of a new material like ‘prestressed concrete”. beam. The Bridge Designer balances the effects of load and
The application of permanent compressive stress to a material prestressing in such a way that tension from the loading is
like concrete, which is strong in compression but weak in compensated by compression induced by the prestressing.
tension, increases the apparent tensile strength of that Tension is eliminated under the combination of the two and
material, because the subsequent application of tensile stress tension cracks are prevented. Also, construction materials
must first nullify the compressive prestress. In 1904, (concrete and steel) are used more efficiently; optimizing
Freyssinet attempted to introduce permanently acting forces materials, construction effort and cost.
in concrete to resist the elastic forces developed under the
name of “prestressing”. III. PROBLEM FORMULATION
Design a post-tensioned prestressed concrete I-beam slab
II. PRINCIPLE OF PRESTRESSING
bridge-deck.
The function of prestressing is to place the concrete structure 1. Permissible stresses:
under compression in those regions where load causes tensile - For deck slab: As per IRC: 21-2000 for various grade
of concrete and steel. Evaluate σ cb , σ st , m, Q and j.
stress. Tension caused by the load will first have to cancel the
compression induced by the prestressing before it can crack
the concrete. Figure 1 (a) shows a plainly reinforced concrete - For prestressed concrete girder: As per IRC: 18-2000
simple-span beam and fixed cantilever beam cracked under for various grade of concrete. Evaluate fck, fci, fct=
applied load. 0.45 fci, fcw= 0.33 fck.
2. Design of interior slab panel:
Manuscript Received on July2014.
a. Bending moments
Mr. Vishal U. Misal, (M.E. student), Department of Civil Engineering, - Dead weight of slab: 1*1* thickness of slab*density of
M.G.M’s College of Engineering & Technology, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, concrete…….“(1)”
India. - Dead weight of wearing coat: thickness of wearing
Prof. N. G. Gore, (Guide), Department of Civil Engineering, M.G.M’s coat* density of wearing coat... “(2)”
College of Engineering & Technology, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, India.
Prof. P. J. Salunke, (Guide), Department of Civil Engineering, M.G.M’s
- Total dead load: eq “(1+2)”.
College of Engineering & Technology, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, India.

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 Analysis and Design of Prestressed Concrete Girder

- Live load calculation: for IRC class AA tracked

vehicle. One wheel is placed at the centre of panel

Fig. 3 Transverse Disposition of IRC Class AA

Tracked Vehicle
Fig. 2 Position of IRC Class AA Wheel Load for
Maximum Bending Moment • Reaction factor of outer girder A is

2W1  
Where,
4* a * e
- L= length of panel. * .
4  ( 2* a 2 )( 2* b 2 ) 
RA=
- B= Width of panel.
- u= 0.85+2*thickness of wearing coat.
 
- v= 3.60+2*thickness of wearing coat. • Reaction factor for inner girder B is
• Bending moment along short span (MS): W (m1 + 2W1  4* b * e 
* .
4  ( 2* a 2 )( 2* b 2 ) 
0.15m2). RB=
• Bending moment along short span (ML): W (0.15m1 +  
m2). Where,
• Where: m1 and m2 is computed by using Piegeauds a= distance between c/l to girder A.
curves & W= 350 KN. b= distance between c/l to girder B.
• Design bending moment= 1.25 * 0.8 * Bending b. Dead load on slab per girder:
moment.
b. Shear forces:
Dispersion in the direction of span= [0.85 + 2 (thickness
of wearing coat + thickness of deck slab)]
- For maximum shear, load is kept such that the whole
dispersion is in the span. The load is kept at
(dispersion in the direction of span/2) from the edge
of beam (x).
- Effective width of the slab= kx[1-(x/L)]+bw.
- Load per metre width= 350/ Effective width of the
slab.
Fig. 4 Details of Footpath, Parapet and Deck Slab
- Shear force per metre width= [Load per metre width*
(Clear width of panel - x)]/ Clear width of panel. Weight of
c. Dead load Bending moments and Shear force: • Parapet railing = 0.92KN/m(assume)
- Total load on panel (W) = (length of panel * width of • Footpath and kerb= depth * width * density.
panel * total dead load). • Deck slab= depth * width * density.
- MS= W (m1+ 0.15m2).
- ML= W (m2+ 0.15m1). Total dead load of the deck= [2 * {weight of (parapet railing +
d. Design moment: Including the continuity factor by footpath and kerb + deck slab)} + (total dead load of interior
multiplying 0.8 to Bending moments. slab panel * width of slab)].
e. Design of slab section and reinforcement. It is assume that the deck load is shared equally by all
M four girders.
- Effective depth, d= .
Qb
c. Dead load on main girder: the overall depth of the girder
 M  is assumed to be 1800 mm at the rate of 60 mm of every
- Area of steel: Ast=  .
 σ st jd  meter of span.
Overall depth: 60 * span of girder.
f. Check for shear: (As per IRC: 21-2000).
• Self-weight of girder= (dead weight of rib + dead
V 
- τv =  . weight of bottom flange)
 bd  • Weight of cross girder= (width of cross girder *
3. Design of longitudinal girder: depth of cross girder * density)
a. Reaction factor d. Dead load moments and shears in the main girder:
Using Courbon theory:

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 International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE)
ISSN: 2319–6378, Volume-2 Issue-9, July 2014

• fbr = (η fct − ftw )

h. Prestressing force:
( Af inf Z b )
• P=
( Z b + Ae)
Fig. 5 Dead Load on Main Girder  f   M D 
Where, • f in f =  tw  +  
X= total dead load on the girder.  η  η Zb 
W= reaction on main girder. i. Permissible tendon zone:
• Reaction from deck slab on each girder: load on  f ct   Zb 
each girder. • e  Zb − 
• Reaction on main girder= Weight of cross girder  P   A 
* spacing of main girders.  f tw   Zb 
• Total dead load on the girder= (self-weight of the
• e  Zb − 
main girder + Reaction from deck slab on each
 P   A 
4. Check for stresses:
girder )
• Maximum bending moment: it will act at the A. At transfer stage
centre.
• Maximum shear force:  P   Pe   M D  
e. Live load bending moments in the girder: - σ t =  − + 
  A   Zt   Zt 
 P   Pe   M D  
- σ b =   +  − 
  A   Z b   Zb 
B. At working stage:

  P  Pe   M   M 
- σt = η   −η   +  D  +  L 
  A   Zt   Zt   Zt 
 P  Pe   M D   M L  
σ b = η   +η  − − 
Fig. 6 Influence Line for Bending Moment in Girder   A  Zb   Zb   Zb 
5. Check for ultimate flexural strength:
Where: According to I.S: 1343-1980, the ultimate flexural strength of
- x= 3.6m. the centre of span section is computed as follow:
- z= Wab/l Ap= (Apw + Apf)
- L= length of girder.
- a=b= length of girder/2. Where,
- W= 1.
- B.M at centre of span= 0.5(y+z)*700.  Df 
- A pf = 0.45 f ck (b − bw )  
- B.M, including the impact and reaction factors,  f
- For outer girder is= (reaction at A * 1.1)  p 
- For inner girder= (reaction at B * 1.1) ∏ 2
- Ap = d x No of tendon in each cable * No of
f. Properties of main girder section: 4
cable.
- Apw = Ap − A pf .

 Apw f p 
- Ratio:  
 bw df ck 
f pu x
- = x, u = y.
0.87 f p d

- MU =  f pu Apw ( d − 0.42xu ) + 0.45 fck ( b − bw ) Df ( d − 0.5Df ) 

Fig. 7 Cross-Section of Main Girder
 
M u req = (1.5 M D + 2.5 M L ) .
Calculate A, Zt, Zb.
g. Check for minimum section modulus:
M q + (1 − η ) M d
• Zb = 6. Check for ultimate shear strength:
f br Ultimate shear force: Vu= (1.5 Vg + 2.5 Vq)

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 Analysis and Design of Prestressed Concrete Girder

According to IRC: 18-2000, the ultimate shear resistance of • But by strength wise and long term durability prestressed
the support section uncracked in flexure is given by, concrete is much strong than reinforced concrete girder.

- Vcw = 0.67bw h ft 2 + 0.8 f cp ft + η P sin θ REFERENCES

Where, [1] X.J. Chen, C.W. Shen and L. J. Jacobs: Prediction of Deflection for
• bw= width of the web. Prestressed Concrete Girders ACI materials journal. (1987), 83, (02)
• h= overall depth of girder. pp: 83-91.
[2] Robert F. Mast f: Lateral Stability of Long Prestressed Concrete Beams
• ft= maximum principal tensile stress at the PCI Journals (1987), 32, (06) pp 86-107.
centroidal axis. [3] Maewaka T., Ichiki T., Niki, T: Development of Ultra-high Strength
• ft= 0.24fck0.5. Prestressing Strand (1991), 22, (02)
• fcp= compressive stress at the centroidal axis due [4] Husham Almansour, Zoubir Lounis: Structural Performance of Precast

ηP 
Prestressed Bridge Girders Built with Ultra High Performance
Concrete PCI Journal, (1993), 38, (4), pp 60-77
to prestress =  .
 A  [5] Test and Analytical Approach to PC Grouting Based on Filling
Performance (1994), 36, (3)
• Slope of cable= (4e/L) [6] Peter Lundqvist, Juha Riihimäki: Testing of five 30-year-old
Where, prestressed concrete beams PCI Journals. (1996), 41, (6)
• e= Eccentricity of cable at the centre of span - [7] Enhanced Durability, Quality Control and Monitoring of Electrically
Isolated Tendons (1997), 11, (2)
Eccentricity of cable at the support.
[8] Santa Maria: Theoretical-Experimental damage determination in
• Ast= provide 10 mm diameter two-legged prestressed concrete beams (2000), 5, (07)
stirrups of Fe 415 HYSD bars. [9] Live-Load Distribution Factors In Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges

 0.87 f y Asv d t 
Journal of Bridge Engineering, (2001), 6, (5).

Sv = 
[10] T. Patrick Earney: End cracking in pretensioned concrete girder: PCI
• Spacing=  journals, (2001), 42, (4) pg 102-108
 V  [11] Chung C. Fu [1], Fellow, and Yi Tang[2]: Torsional Analysis for
Prestressed Concrete Multiple Cell Box, Journal of Engineering
• V= Vu - Vcw Mechanics, (2001), 127, (1).
Supplementary reinforcements: Longitudinal reinforcements [12] Byung Hwan Oh, Kwang Soo Kim, and Young Lew: Ultimate Load
of not less than 0.15 percent of the gross cross-sectional area Behavior of Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge
are to be provided to safeguard against shrinkage cracking. through In-Place Failure Test (2002), 99, (02)
[13] O.A. Rosenboom and S.H. Rizkalla: Fatigue Behavior of Prestressed
Illustrative examples: Concrete Bridge Girders Strengthened with Various CFRP Systems
• For span of 16.30 m and 31.4 m we have design I (2002), 47, (1), pp. 76-93.
girder and Box girder by using M 45 grade concrete [14] Anchoring of Cables for Single Pylon Extradosed Post-tensioned
and Fe 415 steel. Concrete Bridge [6]: (2002)
[15] Gladys Graciela, Cuadros Olave Evaluation of high strength concrete
prestressed bridge girder design, (2003), 6, (3)
IV. RESULT [16] Makarand Hastak, Amir Mirmiran, Richard Miller, Ronak Shah, and
Reid Castrodale: State of Practice for Positive Moment Connections in
A. For16.4 m span Prestressed Concrete Girders Made Continuous Journal of Bridge
Prestressed Reinforced Engineering, 2003, (8), 5.
[17] Sabhahit, N and Hegde, Chetan GA: Optimum Design of Prestressed
girder concrete girder Concrete beam Journal of Structural Engineering, (2004), 31, (3). pp.
Volume of steel 0.523 m3 1 m3 167-174.
Volume of concrete 89.568 m3 60 m3 [18] Dongning Li; Marc A. Maes; Walter H. Dilger: Thermal design criteria
for deep prestressed concrete girders based on data from Confederation
Fig. 8 Total Quantities of Steel and Concrete Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, (2004), 31, (5), pp. 813-825
[19] Thiru and Witchukreangkrai, Eakarat and Mutsuyoshi, Hiroshi:
V. CONCLUSION Flexural behavior of two-span continuous prestressed concrete girders
with highly eccentric external tendors. ACI Structural Journal, (2005),
• In view of achieving the aim and objectives of this study a 102 (3).
detailed literature survey was being carried out. It gave us [20] P. J. Barr; J. F. Stanton; and M. O. Eberhard: Effects of Temperature
an idea regarding different methodologies adopted for Variations on Precast, Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders (2005),
analysis and design of prestressed concrete slabs and 186, (10).
[21] Yamaguchi, M. Nojima, S. Tsuji, Y. Yamaguchi, T.: A Study on
girders. It was decided to go for the use of the software Rheology Test Methods of Grout for Prestressed Concrete fib journals,
STAAD PRO for the analysis and design of slab and (2006), 14, (2)
girders. For validation purpose the analysis results of a [22] Prestressed Concrete by N. Krishna Raju
problem of “I girder” using STAAD PRO were compared [23] IS : 1343 – 1980 Indian Standard Code of Practice for Prestress
Concrete
with the corresponding analytical results. It is observed [24] IRC: 6-2000 Standard specification and code of practice for road
that the result obtained by both method showing good bridges. Section- II, load and stresses.
agreement [25] IRC: 18-2000 Design criteria for prestressed concrete road bridges
• By using this software the analysis and design of (Post tensioned concrete).
[26] IRC: 22-1986 Standard specification and code of practice for road
prestressed concrete I girder and Reinforced concrete Box bridges. Section- VI, Composite construction.
girder was carried out. A comparative study was carried [27] www.fhwa.dot.gov
out between prestressed concrete I girder and Reinforced [28] nptel.iitm.ac.in
concrete Box girder. [29] www.dot.ca.gov
• By extracting result we have concluded that Prestessed
concrete girder is costlier than reinforced concrete girder.

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46 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
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 International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE)
ISSN: 2319–6378, Volume-2 Issue-9, July 2014

Mr. Vishal U. Misal, (M.E.-Structures-Student) Civil

Engg. Dept., M.G.M’s College of Engineering &
Technology, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai.

Prof. N. G. Gore, (M.E.-Structural Engineering-Guide) Civil Engg. Dept.,

M.G.M’s College of Engineering & Technology, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai.

Prof. P. J. Salunke, (M.Tech.- Environmental Engineering-Guide) Civil

Engg. Dept., M.G.M’s College of Engineering & Technology., Kamothe,
Navi Mumbai.

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