GENERAL MATHEMATICS I – 1st Midterm Examination 13.

|y – 3| = 4y
14. y + 4 = 0
Relation 15. y = -|x+1|
- a rule that relates values from a set of values called domain to a
second set of values called the range. Evaluating Functions
- a set of ordered pairs (x, y). - replacing the variable in the function with a value from the
Domain function’s domain and computing for the result.
- set of all possible values that the variable x can take. Function Notations
Range  f: x -> 2x – 5
- set of all possible values that the variable y can take.  f(x) = 2 x – 5
 f = {(x, y) | y = 2x-5}
Function  y = 2x – 5
- a relation for which each value from the set the first components  under the function f, x maps 2x – 5
of the ordered pairs is associated with exactly one value from the  In function f, x is a sign to 2x – 5
set of 2nd components of the ordered pair.
FUNCTION: {(2, 3), (4, 5)} ; {(2, 3), (2, 3), (4, 5)} Exercise #2
NON-FUNCTION: {(2, 2), (2, 3), (4, 5)} 1. Evaluate the functions at x = 1.5
a. f(x) = 2x +1
THINGS TO REMEMBER: b. q(x) = x2 – 2x + 2
 If the graph is given, use the vertical line test like so: c. g(x) = √ x+1
2 x +1
d. r(x) =
x−1
e. f(x) = [x] + 1
2. For what values of x can we not evaluate the function f(x) =
x+3
.
x2 −4
3. Evaluate f(a + b) where f(x) = 4x2 – 3x
 Given that the problem is an expression, if: 4. The velocity V (in m/s) of a ball thrown upward t seconds after
 y ^ (odd), it is F; y ^ (even), it is NF the ball was thrown is given by V(t) = 20 – 9.8t. Calculate V(0)
 x = 0, it is F; y = 0, it is NF and V(1).
 y = |x|, it is F; |y| = x, it is NF
 expression is equality, it is F; the expression is inequality, it Operations on Functions
is NF 1. Addition
(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)
Exercise #1 2. Subtraction
Determine whether it is a function or not. (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x)
3. Multiplication
(f ∙ g) (x) = f(x) ∙ g(x)
4. Division
(f / g) (x) = f(x) / g(x)
5. Composition
(f ○ g) (x) = f(g(x))

Exercise #3
1. 2.
1
1. If f(x) = √ 2 x + 4 and g(x) = , find:
√ 2 x +4
 f(f(x))
 g(g(x))
 f(f(g(g(x)))
2. If f(x) = 8 – 3x and g(x) = 5 – x 2, find f + g, f – g, f ∙ g f / g and f
○ g.
3. If f(x) = 2x+5 and f(g(x)) = 4x2+40x+100, find g(x)
4. Suppose that N(x) = x denotes the number of bags sold by a
shop and the selling price per bag is given by p(x) = 320 – 8x for
3. 4.
which 0 ≤ x ≤ 10. Suppose that the further that the cost of
5. {(2, 2), (-1, 5), (5, 2), (2, -4)}
producing x bags is given by c(x) = 200x. Find N ∙ P)(x) and (N ∙ P
6. y = ½ x + 2
– C)(x).
7. y = 4x2 + 3x
8. y2 = x 3 x −5
5. If (f ○ g)(x) = and g(x) = 4x + 11, find f(x).
9. x + 10 = 0 2
10. y = [x]
11. x2 + 4x + 5 Polynomial Expression
12. y = 1/x - any expression wherein every exponent is a positive integer.
Term 2 x−2
- the addend of the sum. a. f(x) =
Coefficients x 2−1
- the constants in every term. x 2 +2 x +1
b. f(x) =
Leading Coefficient 2 x 2−x−3
- the constant of the term with the highest degree.
Leading Term x3 + x
c. f(x) =
- the term with the highest degree. x2
Constant Term 3−14 x−5 x 2
- the term with the exponent raised to zero. d. f(x) =
Polynomial Function 3+2 x 2+ 7 x
- a polynomial expressed to f(x)
One-to-one Function
Rational Expression - a function in which every element of the range of the function
- an expression with only rational numbers which can be corresponds to exactly one element of the domain.
expressed as a ratio of 2 integers which are non-terminating with a - determined by the horizontal and vertical line test.
pattern. One-to-many Function
- has no irrational numbers which has no pattern and a pattern of - a function in which two or more elements of the range
2 polynomials corresponds to one element of the domain.
a c ad +bc Many-to-one Function
RATIONAL: + = - a function in which an element of the range corresponds to two or
b d bd more element of the domain
Rational Function
- a function whose numerator and denominator are two Inverse Function
polynomials, N(x) and M(x), where Q(x) is not equal to 0. - a function that reverses another function.
- has to be a one-to-one function.
Finding the Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes - the graph is usually reflected through y = x
N (x ) Properties of an Inverse of a One-to-one Function
Given the rational function: f ( x )= , where N(x) and D(x)
D(x )  The inverse of f-1(x) is f(x)
have no common factor:  f(f-1(x)) = x for all x in the domain of f-1.
 The graph has a vertical asymptote at the zeros of the  f-1(f(x)) = x for all x in the domain of f.
denominator D(x)
 The graph of f has at most one horizonal asymptote Steps in Finding the Inverse of a Function
determined by comparing the degrees of N and D. 1. Write the function in the form y = f(x).
o If n < m, the horizontal asymptote is y = 0 2. Interchange the x and y variables.
an 3. Solve for y in terms of x.
o If n = m, y =
bm Exercise #5
o If n > m, f has no horizontal asymptote 1. Which of the following are one-to-one functions:
If N(x) and D(x) have at least one common factor, the zero of the  SIM cards to cell phone numbers
common factor of both polynomials is considered a hole.  {(0, 0), (1,1), (2, 8), (3, 27), (4, 64)}
 y = x5
Finding the Domain and Range 2. Find the inverse of each one-to-one function of the ff:
The domain is found by all real numbers except a number  y=| x|
determined by the zero of the denominator while the range is all
real numbers except a number found by solving x in terms of y and  y= √ x 2 +4 x −5
finding the zeros of the denominator. 7−4 x
 y=
4
Exercise #4 3. To convert from Fahrenheit to Kelvin, the function is k(t) = 5/9
x 1 8 (t – 32) + 273.15, where t is the temperature in Fahrenheit. Find
1. Solve for x: − = 2 the inverse function converting the temperature in Kelvin to
x+2 x−2 x −4
2. In an inter-barangay basketball league, the team from Barangay degrees Fahrenheit.
Culiat has won 12 out of 25 games, a winning percentage of 48%. 4. If f ( x )= √ 4−x is restricted on the domain
How many games should they win in a row to improve the win { x ∈ R|−5≤ x <3 }, what is the domain of its inverse?
percentage to 60%. 5. At what point will the graph of f(x) = 2x – 5 and its inverse will
3 1 intersect?
4. Solve for the inequality <
x−2 x
5. Find the addends of the expression given that the sum is Exponential Functions
2 - function defined by f{x) = bx for b > 0, b ≠ 1 with base b.
. Graphing Exponential Functions
( x−3 ) ( x −2 ) Given the function f(x) = ax+b + c:
 as a increases, the graph comes closer to the y-axis.
6. Graph the following function and find its domain, range,  If a is negative, the graph is reflected along x-axis.
horizontal asymptote and vertical asymptote/s:
 If x is negative, the graph is reflected along y-axis.
  If b is positive, it moves to the left, else it moves to the right. - derived from b0 = 1
 If c is positive it goes up, else it goes down.
Exponential Models Graphing Logarithmic Functions
1. Population Growth - the range is the set of all real numbers
- suppose a quantity y doubles every T units of time. If y 0 is the - has a vertical asymptote and no vertical asymptote.
initial amount, then the quantity y after t units of time is given by y - has only one x-intercept and no y-intercept.
= y0(2)t/T.* Given the function f(x) = logbx:
*Otherwise, use the formula P(t) = P(0)(1+r) t, where P(t) is the  as base b increases, the graph comes closer to the x-axis.
population after t time, P(0) is the initial population and r is the  When base b is less than 1, the graph reverses
rate of the population growth.
2, Half-Life Laws of Logarithms
- if the half-life of a substance is T units, and y 0 is the amount of 1. logb UV = logb U + logb V
the substance corresponding to t = 0, then the amount y of 2. logb U/V = logb U – logb V
substance remaining after t units of time is given y = y0(1/2)t/T. 3. logb Up = p ∙ logb U
3, Compound Interest 4. loga U = (logy U)/(logba)
- if a principal P is invested at an annual rate of r, compounded 5. logb a = 1/loga b
annually, then the amount after t years is given by A = P(1 + r)t.*
r tp, Exercise #7
*Otherwise, use the formula A(t) = A(0)(1+ ) where A(t) is the 1. Expand the following logarithms:
p
amount of the investment after t years, A(0) is the principal  logb (7u2v3w4)
u2
amount, r is the rate and p is the number of periods in a year in
which the interest is compounded.

Exercise #6
 log
√
3

v w2
2. Simplify the following logarithms:
1. Solve for x:  2logb x + 3logb x – logb y
a. 32x-1 = 35  logb (x2 – 4) – logb (x+2)
b. 8x = 16(21-x) 3. If log 2 = a, log 3 = b and log 7 = c, find:
c. 5x-2 < 125  log 5
d. 3x+1 – 3x + 3x-1 = 189  log 10
3
2. How much would P10,000 amount to in five years at 16%  log √ 4.2
compounded quarterly? 4. Solve for n:
3. A barangay has a number of certain individuals and its  a2n-1 = b
population doubles every 60 years. Give an exponential model for  log(log(log(n))) = 0
the barangay. What is the barangay’s initial population if after 6  log n = log(n2 – 12)
years there are 30,000 individuals?  logn (2n2 + 8n) = 3
4. The half-life of a radioactive substance is 1200 years. If the
 log5 (log5 ( log5 (n))) = 0
initial amount of the substance is 300 grams, give an exponential
5. Solve for x:
model for the amount remaining after t years. What amount of
 3(52x) + 4(5x) – 2 = 0
substance remains after 1000 years?
5. The half-life of Zn-71 is 2.45 minutes. At t = 0 there are y 0  log (2x + 1) – log (x – 2) = 1
 logx (2x2 – 5x) = 1
1
grams of Zn-71, but only of this amount remains after some  log(log x) = 2
256  ln (4x – 5) = 3
time. How much time has passed?

Logarithm
- let a, b and c be positive real numbers such that b ≠ 1, it is
defined as: c = logb a if only if a = bc.
- expression is defined as the logarithm of a with base b.
- the inverse of an exponential expression.
Common Logarithm
- logarithms with base 10.
- can also be written as log x.
Natural Logarithm
- logarithms with base e (approx.. 271828), and are denoted by
“ln”.
- can also be written as ln x.

Properties of a Logarithm
1. blogbx= x, ∀ x > 0
- derived from logb x = logb x
2. logbbx = x ∀ x ∈ ℝ
- derived from bx = bx
3. logb 1 = 0