4.2 Urgency of Food Security On Sulu & Sulawesi Coastal Areas 4.2.1 Significance of Sulu & Sulawesi Area
4.2 Urgency of Food Security On Sulu & Sulawesi Coastal Areas 4.2.1 Significance of Sulu & Sulawesi Area
4.2 Urgency of Food Security On Sulu & Sulawesi Coastal Areas 4.2.1 Significance of Sulu & Sulawesi Area
Figure 4.1 The Coral Triangle bordered by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Solomon
Islands, Papua New Guinea, and Timor Leste1
Located in the heart of the Coral Triangle- the world’s biggest marine
covers an area of 1 million square kilometers area that is considered as the global
centre of tropical marine diversity with the highest number of species of coral reef,
1
“Sulu Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion - ASEAN Heritage Parks,” accessed November 15, 2020,
http://chm.aseanbiodiversity.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&Itemid=220.
2
Ibid
3
Evangeline F.b. Miclat, Jose A. Ingles, and Jose Noel B. Dumaup, “Planning across Boundaries for the
Conservation of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion,” Ocean & Coastal Management 49, no. 9-10 (2006):
597-609.
fishes, green sea turtles, algae, mangrove, and sea grass which provide livelihood to
Both Indonesia and Philippines which encompass the area of Sulu & Sulawesi
sea are the world largest archipelagic nations that contribute to approximately 5.4
million tons of fish every year with potential overall production assessed to be up to
9.93 million tons and total allowable catch set at 7.95 million tons.5 The key valuable
fisheries production relies on demersal species, pelagic fish, and non-fish species such
as turtles, crabs, and shrimp.6 Besides, the region also contributes to the world’s
largest producer of seagrass- the habitat for over 600 species of fish, around 2,000
species of coral reefs which is equal to 40% of total world’s production, home to
world’s most known species of marine turtle, whale, and shark and contributed about
34% of world’s small pelagic fisheries production and 30% of green sea turtles. 7
internationally where the centre of its production is located on the Sulawesi Sea.8
4
Evangeline F.b. Miclat, Jose A. Ingles, and Jose Noel B. Dumaup, “Planning across Boundaries for the
Conservation of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion,” Ocean & Coastal Management 49, no. 9-10 (2006):
597-609.
5
Ibid
6
Ibid
7
Ibid
8
“State of the Coral Triangle: Indonesia,” accessed November 15, 2020,
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/42409/state-coral-triangle-indonesia.
Figure 4.3- Significance of Indonesia’s tuna industry in 20159
In relation to food security, the national demand for fisheries products of both
countries have been significantly increasing and is estimated to provide around 50%
consumption on animal protein which has become the world’s highest dependency
rate in 2016.10 Moreover, the capture fisheries activity on Sulu & Sulawesi sea have
created up million jobs in production and generates up to $50 billion in revenue which
on this region have estimated to attract around 30% of all foreign and domestic tourist
crucial threats that undermine food security and livelihoods of the people.
4.2.2 Key threats to the marine & coastal development on Sulu & Sulawesi area
Diagnostic Analysis, it was agreed food security and sustainable fisheries are the most
serious threats and thus important reasons for ensuring sub-regional conservation of
marine biodiversity by taking onto account the fact that Sulu & Sulawesi coastal areas
encompasses complex issues on: first, ecological well-being, includes the practice of
overfishing & destructive fishing practices (blast fishing, beach seine netting, and
poison fishing), bycatch & injury which have killed over 7,000 turtles and tuna
every year, pollution, in which around 40% of both countries’ domestic sewage are
9
“Sulu Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion - ASEAN Heritage Parks,” accessed November 15, 2020,
http://chm.aseanbiodiversity.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&Itemid=220.
10
“WWF International Corals Initiative Sulu Sulawesi Marine ...,” accessed November 15, 2020,
https://wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/sulusulawesisignifiance.
11
Ibid
12
Ibid
discharged untreated into the ocean, wildlife trafficking & trade of turtles and
sharks, and destruction of almost 40% of total coral reefs and mangroves over the
13
“ABOUT THE USAID OCEANS AND FISHERIES PARTNERSHIP,” accessed November 15, 2020,
https://www.seafdec-oceanspartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/USAID-Oceans_EAFMCapstone-04-04-
2020_approved.pdf.
14
Shion Takemura, “Fisheries Management Toolbox: A Fishers' Self-Assessment Scheme Toward Sustainable
Development of Coastal Communities,” 2018 OCEANS - MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno-Oceans (OTO) (2018).
Figure 4.5- Catch, effort, and catch per-unit of effort (CPUE) of large tuna fishery in Sulu &
Sulawesi Sea during 2005-201515
Figure 4.6- The declining status of marine fisheries in Sulu & Sulawesi Sea as indicated by the
declining catch per-unit-effort
Figure 4.6- threats to coral reefs on Sulu & Sulawesi coastal areas16
Furthermore, the impacts of climate have exacerbated the situation on the rise
affects significantly on the ocean circulation that decreases the fisheries productivity
and carbon dioxide uptake which have put around 20% of valuable species are under
15
Ibid
16
“Sulu Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion - ASEAN Heritage Parks,” accessed November 15, 2020,
http://chm.aseanbiodiversity.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&Itemid=220.
17
Ibid
18
Ibid
Second, human well-being relates to the rapid population growth and
deterioration of resources in this ecoregion indicates that it has exceeded the natural
capacity of the marine ecosystem to fulfil the basic needs of the coastal communities
which thus impacted the inability of coastal communities to further attempt the market
demand while at the same time there are high demand on seafood products, then
resulted on the conflicts over the resources’ use and poverty. 19 Lastly, the devastation
modification have also cited weak governance system, including lack of stakeholder
availability, along with weak enforcement of fishery regulations have resulted on the
lack of awareness among the people on the resources management followed by the
emergence on wider issues such as transnational crime, illegal fishing, and sea
piracy.20 Those issues identified at the subregional level are correlated and identical to
The analysis above imply that the Sulu-Sulawesi coastal areas have forms a
major geopolitical focus with porous borders that is complicated by the intersection of
political boundaries among countries and further face various kind of threats that
19
Salamun Pasda, Basri Bado, and Siti Hasbiah, “Model of Poverty Reduction by Strengthening Institutional
Cooperatives for Coastal Areas of South Sulawesi,” Proceedings of the First International Conference on
Materials Engineering and Management - Management Section (ICMEMm 2018) (2019).
20
“Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape,” Conservation International, accessed November 15, 2020,
https://www.conservation.org/philippines/projects/sulu-sulawesi-seascape.
21
Ibid
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Proceedings of the First International Conference on Materials Engineering and
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http://chm.aseanbiodiversity.org/index.php?
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“WWF International Corals Initiative Sulu Sulawesi Marine ...” Accessed November 15,
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———. “Planning across Boundaries for the Conservation of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine
Ecoregion.” Ocean & Coastal Management 49, no. 9-10 (2006): 597–609.