Class–XI–CBSE-Mathematics Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

CBSE NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Mathematics Chapter 05

Back of Chapter Questions

1. Express the given complex number in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏:

3
(5𝑖) (− 𝑖)
5
Solution:
Step1:
−3
Given, (5𝑖) ( 5 𝑖)

3
= −5 × × 𝑖 × 𝑖
5
= −3𝑖 2
= −3(−1) [∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]
= 3 + 0𝑖
Overall Hint: Take the given complex number and multiply then write it in the form of a+ib

2. Express the given complex number in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏

𝑖 9 + 𝑖 19
Solution:
Step1:
Given, 𝑖 9 + 𝑖 19
= 𝑖 4×2+1 + 𝑖 4×4+3
= (𝑖 4 )2 ∙ 𝑖 + (𝑖 4 )4 ∙ 𝑖 3
= 1 × 𝑖 + 1 × (−𝑖) [∵ 𝑖 4 = 1, 𝑖 3 = −𝑖]
= 𝑖 + (−𝑖)
=0
Overall Hint: Add the two terms by using i4=1, i3=−i

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Write i9 as i*(i4)^2 and i19 as (i4)^4*i3

3. Express the given complex number in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏:

𝑖 −39
Solution:
Step1:
Given, 𝑖 −39
= 𝑖 −4×9−3 = (𝑖 4 )−9 ∙ 𝑖 −3
= (1)−9 ∙ 𝑖 −3 [∵ 𝑖 4 = 1]
1 1
= = [∵ 𝑖 3 = −𝑖]
𝑖3 −𝑖

−1 𝑖
= ×
𝑖 𝑖
−𝑖 −𝑖
= 𝑖2
= −1 = 𝑖 [∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]

Overall Hint: Write the i^-39 as i^4(-9)*i^-3 and then use i^4=1 and i^3=-i and i^2=-1 to
simplify and write in the form of a+ib

4. Express the given complex number in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏:

3(7 + 𝑖7) + 𝑖(7 + 𝑖7)
Solution:
Step1:
Given, 3(7 + 𝑖7) + 𝑖(7 + 𝑖7)
= 21 + 21𝑖 + 7𝑖 + 7𝑖 2
= 21 + 28𝑖 + 7 × (−1) [∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]
= 14 + 28𝑖
Overall Hint: Multiply the individual terms and then simplify the terms using i^2=-1 the
obtained equation is thus in the form of a+ib

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5. Express the given complex number in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏:

(1 − 𝑖) − (−1 + 𝑖6)
Solution:
Step1:
Given, (1 − 𝑖) − (−1 + 𝑖6)
= 1 − 𝑖 + 1 − 6𝑖
= 2 − 7𝑖
Overall Hint: Expand the given terms by subtracting and the obtained result itself will be in
the form of a+ib

6. Express the given complex number in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏:

1 2 5
( + 𝑖 ) − (4 + 𝑖 )
5 5 2
Solution:
StEP1:
1 2 5
( + 𝑖 ) − (4 + 𝑖 )
5 5 2
1 2 5
= + 𝑖−4− 𝑖
5 5 2
1 2 5
= ( − 4) + 𝑖 ( − )
5 5 2
−19 −21
= +𝑖( )
5 10
−19 21
= − 𝑖
5 10
Overall Hint: Subtract the terms then group the constants and the terms with the imaginary
then write it in the form of a+ib

7. Express the given complex number in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏:

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1 7 1 4
[( + 𝑖 ) + (4 + 𝑖 )] − (− + 𝑖)
3 3 3 3
Solution:
Step1:
1 7 1 −4
Given, [(3 + 𝑖 3) + (4 + 𝑖 3)] − ( 3 + 𝑖)

1 7 1 4
= + 𝑖+4+ 𝑖+ −𝑖
3 3 3 3
1 4 7 1
= ( + 4 + ) + 𝑖 ( + − 1)
3 3 3 3
17 5
= +𝑖
3 3
Overall Hint: Add the first two terms and subtract it with the third term then group all the
constants or real terms one side and the imaginary terms on the other then its written in the
form of a+ib

8. Express the given complex number in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏:

(1 − 𝑖)4
Solution:
Step1:
Given, (1 − 𝑖)4
= [(1 − 𝑖)2 ]2
= [12 + 𝑖 2 − 2𝑖]2
= [1 − 1 − 2𝑖]2 [∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]
= (−2𝑖)2
= (−2𝑖) × (−2𝑖)

= 4𝑖 2 = −4 [∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]
Overall Hint: Expand the given term using (a-b)^4 = ((a-b)^2)^2 and then use i^2=-1 to
express it in the form of a+ib

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9. Express the given complex number in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏:

3
1
( + 3𝑖)
3
Solution:
Step1:
1 3
Given, (3 + 3𝑖)

1 3 1 1
= ( ) + (3𝑖)3 + 3 ( ) (3𝑖) ( + 3𝑖)
3 3 3
1 1
= + 27𝑖 3 + 3𝑖 ( + 3𝑖)
27 3
1
= + 27(−𝑖) + 𝑖 + 9𝑖 2 [∵ 𝑖 3 = −𝑖]
27

1
= − 27𝑖 + 𝑖 − 9 [∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]
27
1
= ( − 9) + 𝑖(−27 + 1)
27
−242
= − 26𝑖
27
Overall Hint: Use (a+b)^3 = (a)^3 + (b)^3 + 3ab(a+b) to expand the given complex number
and then i^3=-i and i^2=-1 and then group all the real numbers and the imaginary numbers to
express it in the a+ib form

10. Express the given complex number in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏:

1 3
(−2 − 𝑖)
3
Solution:
Step1:
1 3
Given, (−2 − 3 𝑖)

1 3
= (−1)3 (2 + 𝑖)
3
𝑖 3 𝑖 𝑖
= − [23 + ( ) + 3(2) ( ) (2 + )]
3 3 3

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𝑖3 𝑖
= − [8 + + 2𝑖 (2 + )]
27 3
𝑖 2𝑖 2
= − [8 − + 4𝑖 + ] [∵ 𝑖 3 = −𝑖]
27 3
𝑖 2
= − [8 − + 4𝑖 − ] [∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]
27 3
22 107𝑖
= −[ + ]
3 27
22 107
=− − 𝑖
3 27

Overall Hint: Use (a+b)^3 = (a)^3 + (b)^3 + 3ab(a+b) to expand the given complex number
and then i^3=-i and i^2=-1 and then group all the real numbers and the imaginary numbers to
express it in the a+ib form

11. Find the multiplicative inverse of the complex number

4 − 3𝑖.
Solution:
Step1:
Consider, 𝑧 = 4 − 3𝑖
Then, 𝑧̅ = 4 + 3𝑖
And, |𝑧|2 = 42 + (−3)2 = 16 + 9 = 25
Thus, the multiplicative inverse of 4 − 3𝑖 is given by
𝑧̅ 4 + 3𝑖 4 3
𝑧 −1 = 2
= = + 𝑖
|𝑧| 25 25 25
Overall Hint: Consider the given complex number as z , find the conjugate and square of the
modulus of z then divide the modulus square with the conjugate to give the multiplicative
inverse

12. Find the multiplicative inverse of the complex number

√5 + 3𝑖

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Solution:
Step1:

Consider 𝑧 = √5 + 3𝑖

Then, 𝑧̅ = √5 − 3𝑖
2
And |𝑧|2 = (√5) + 32 = 5 + 9 = 14

Thus, the multiplicative inverse of √5 + 3𝑖

𝑧̅ √5−3𝑖 √5 3𝑖
𝑧 −1 = |𝑧|2 = 14
= 14 − 14.

Overall Hint: Multiply the given complex number with its conjugate, take the square of the
modulus of the complex number divide it with the conjugate to give the multiplicative inverse.

13. Find the multiplicative inverse of the complex number

−𝑖
Solution:
Step1:
Consider𝑧 = −𝑖
Then, 𝑧̅ = 𝑖
And |𝑧|2 = 12 = 1
Thus, the multiplicative inverse of −𝑖 is given by
𝑧̅ 𝑖
𝑧 −1 = 2
= =𝑖
|𝑧| 1
Overall Hint: Take the complex number as z find the conjugate of z then apply the modulus
of z. Divide the conjugate with the square of modulus to give the multiplicative inverse.

14. Express the following expression in the form of 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏.

(3 + 𝑖√5)(3 − 𝑖√5)
(√3 + √2𝑖) − (√3 − 𝑖√2)

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Solution:
Step1:
(3+𝑖√5)(3−𝑖√5)
Given,
(√3+√2𝑖)−(√3−𝑖√2)

2
(3)2 − (𝑖√5)
= [∵ (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ]
√3 + √2𝑖 − √3 + √2𝑖
9 − 5𝑖 2
=
2√2𝑖
9 − 5(−1)
= [∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]
2√2𝑖

Step2:M
9+5 𝑖
= ×
2√2𝑖 𝑖
14𝑖
=
2√2𝑖 2
14𝑖
=
2√2(−1)
−7𝑖 √2
= ×
√2 √2
−7√2𝑖
=
2
Overall Hint: Multiply the terms in the numerator then subtract the terms of denominator then
change the terms i^2 to –1 and rationalise the denominator of the obtained product to give
the expression in the form a+ib

Exercise 5.2
1. Find the modulus and the argument of the complex number

𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖√3
Solution:

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Step1:

Given, 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖√3

Consider, 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = −1 and 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = √3

On squaring and adding, we get,
2
(𝑟 cos 𝜃)2 + (𝑟 sin 𝜃)2 = (−1)2 + (−√3)

⇒ 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) = 1 + 3
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 4 [∵ cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1]

⇒ 𝑟 = √4 = 2 [Conventionally, 𝑟 > 0]
∴ Modulus = 2

Step2:

∴ 2 cos 𝜃 = −1 and 2 sin 𝜃 = −√3

−1 −√3
⇒ cos 𝜃 = 2
and sin 𝜃 = 2

Since both the values of sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃 are negative and sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃 are negative in
III quadrant,
𝜋 −2𝜋
Argument = − (𝜋 − ) =
3 3
−2𝜋
Therefore, the modulus and argument of the complex number −1 − √3𝑖are 2 and 3
respectively.
Overall Hint: Take the x and y terms as rcos θ and rsin θ then the modulus r could be found
by adding the squares of these two. For the argument we take the sign of values of cos θ
and sin θ depending on that we calculate the argument

2. Find the modulus and the argument of the complex number

𝑧 = −√3 + 𝑖
Solution:
Step1:

Given, 𝑧 = −√3 + 𝑖

Consider, 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = −√3 and 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 1

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On squaring and adding, we get,

2
𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = (−√3) + 12

⇒ 𝑟 2 = 3 + 1 = 4 [cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1]
⇒ 𝑟 = √4 = 2 Conventionally, 𝑟 > 0]
Therefore, Modulus = 2

Step2:

∴ 2 cos 𝜃 = −√3 and 2 sin 𝜃 = 1

−√3 1
⇒ cos 𝜃 = 2
and sin 𝜃 = 2
𝜋 5𝜋
Therefore, 𝜃 = 𝜋 − = [As 𝜃 lies in the II quadrant]
6 6
5𝜋
Therefore, the modulus and argument of the complex number −√3 + 𝑖 are 2 and
6
respectively.
Overall Hint: Take the x and y terms as rcos θ and rsin θ then the modulus r could be found
by adding the squares of these two. For the argument we take the sign of values of cos θ
and sin θ depending on that we calculate the argument

3. Convert the given complex number in polar form:

1−𝑖
Solution:
Step1:

Given, 1 – 𝑖

Consider𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 1 and 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = – 1

On squaring and adding, we get
𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = 12 + (−1)2
⇒ 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) = 1 + 1
⇒ 𝑟2 = 2

⇒ 𝑟 = √2 [Conventionally,𝑟 > 0]

Therefore, √2 cos 𝜃 = 1 and √2 sin 𝜃 = −1

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Step2:
1 1
⇒ cos 𝜃 = and sin 𝜃 = −
√2 √2
𝜋
⇒ 𝜃 = −4 [As 𝜃 lies in the IV quadrant]
𝜋 𝜋
∴ 1 − 𝑖 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = √2 cos (− ) + 𝑖√2 sin (− )
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
= √2 [cos (− ) + 𝑖 sin (− )]
4 4
Thus we obtained the required polar form.
Overall Hint: The polar form of a complex number z= a+ib is z=r(cosθ+isinθ) . So, first find the
absolute value of r . Since a>0 , use the formula θ=tan−1(ba) .

4. Convert the given complex number in polar form:

−1 + 𝑖
Solution:
Step1:
Given, −1 + 𝑖
Consider,𝑟 cos 𝜃 = −1 and 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 1
On squaring and adding, we obtain
𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = (−1)2 + 12
⇒ 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) = 1 + 1
⇒ 𝑟2 = 2

⇒ 𝑟 = √2 [Conventionally,𝑟 > 0]

∴ √2 cos 𝜃 = −1 and √2 sin 𝜃 = 1

Step2:
1 1
⇒ cos 𝜃 = − and sin 𝜃 =
√2 √2
𝜋 3𝜋
⇒𝜃=𝜋−4 = 4
[As 𝜃 lies in the II quadrant]

We can write it as,

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3𝜋 3𝜋
−1 + 𝑖 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = √2 cos + 𝑖√2 sin
4 4
3𝜋 3𝜋
= √2 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
4 4
Thus we obtained the required polar form.
Overall Hint: The polar form of a complex number z= a+ib is z=r(cosθ+isinθ) . So, first find the
absolute value of r . Since a>0 , use the formula θ=tan−1(ba)

5. Convert the given complex number in polar form:

−1 − 𝑖
Solution:
Step1:
Given, −1 − 𝑖
Consider, 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = −1 and 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = −1
On squaring and adding, we get,
𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = (−1)2 + (−1)2
⇒ 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) = 1 + 1
⇒ 𝑟2 = 2

⇒ 𝑟 = √2 [Conventionally, 𝑟 > 0]

∴ √2 cos 𝜃 = −1 and √2 sin 𝜃 = −1

Step2:
1 1
⇒ cos 𝜃 = − and sin 𝜃 = −
√2 √2
𝜋 3𝜋
∴ 𝜃 = − (𝜋 − 4 ) = − 4
[As 𝜃 lies in the III quadrant]

−3𝜋 −3𝜋
∴ −1 − 𝑖 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = √2 cos + 𝑖√2 sin
4 4
−3𝜋 −3𝜋
= √2 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
4 4
Thus we obtained the required polar form.
Overall Hint: The polar form of a complex number z= a+ib is z=r(cosθ+isinθ) . So, first find the
absolute value of r . Since a>0 , use the formula θ=tan−1(ba)

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6. Convert the given complex number in polar form:

−3
Solution:
Step1:
Given, −3
Consider, 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = −3 and 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 0
On squaring and adding, we obtain
𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = (−3)2
⇒ 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) = 9
⇒ 𝑟2 = 9

⇒ 𝑟 = √9 = 3 [Conventionally, 𝑟 > 0]
∴ 3 cos 𝜃 = −3 and 3 sin 𝜃 = 0

Step2:
⇒ cos 𝜃 = −1 and sin 𝜃 = 0
Therefore, 𝜃 = 𝜋
−3 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 3 cos 𝜋 + 𝛽 sin 𝜋
= 3(cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝜋)
Thus we obtained the required polar form.
Overall Hint: The polar form of a complex number z= a+ib is z=r(cosθ+isinθ) . So, first find the
absolute value of r . Since a>0 , use the formula θ=tan−1(ba)

7. Convert the given complex number in polar form:

√3 + 𝑖
Solution:
Step1:

Given, √3 + 𝑖

Consider𝑟 cos 𝜃 = √3 and 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 1

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On squaring and adding, we get,

𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = (√3)2 + 12

⇒ 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) = 3 + 1
⇒ 𝑟2 = 4

⇒ 𝑟 = √4 = 2 [Conventionally, 𝑟 > 0]

Therefore, 2 cos 𝜃 = √3 and 2 sin 𝜃 = 1

Step2:
√3 1
⇒ cos 𝜃 = 2
and sin 𝜃 = 2
𝜋
⇒𝜃= [As 𝜃 lies in the I quadrant]
6
𝜋 𝜋
∴ √3 + 𝑖 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 2 cos + 𝑖 2 sin
6 6
𝜋 𝜋
= 2 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
6 6
Thus we obtained the required polar form.
Overall Hint: The polar form of a complex number z= a+ib is z=r(cosθ+isinθ) . So, first find the
absolute value of r . Since a>0 , use the formula θ=tan−1(ba)

8. Convert the given complex number in polar form:

𝑖
Solution:
Step1:
Given, 𝑖
Consider, 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 0 and 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 1
On squaring and adding, we get,
𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = 02 + 12
⇒ 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) = 1
⇒ 𝑟2 = 1

⇒ 𝑟 = √1 = 1 [Conventionally,𝑟 > 0]

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Step2:
∴ cos 𝜃 = 0 and sin 𝜃 = 1
𝜋
⇒𝜃=
2
∴ 𝑖 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2
Thus we obtained the required polar form.
Overall Hint: The polar form of a complex number z= a+ib is z=r(cosθ+isinθ) . So, first find the
absolute value of r . Since a>0 , use the formula θ=tan−1(ba)

Exercise 5.3
1. Solve the equation 𝑥 2 + 3 = 0
Solution:
Step1:
Given quadratic equation is 𝑥 2 + 3 = 0
When we compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
We get,
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑐 = 3
Discriminant of the given equation is given by,
𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 02 − 4 × 1 × 3 = −12

Step2:
The required solutions are:

−𝑏 ± √𝐷 ±√−12 ±√12𝑖
= = = [√−1 = 𝑖]
2𝑎 2×1 2
±2√3𝑖
=
2
= ±√3𝑖

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Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots

2. Solve the equation 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0

Solution:
Step1:

The given quadratic equation is 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0

When we compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
We get,
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1 and 𝑐 = 1
Discriminant of the given equation is given by,
𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 12 − 4 × 2 × 1 = 1 − 8 = −7
Step2:
The required solutions are

−𝑏 ± √𝐷 ±√−7
=
2𝑎 2×2
−1±√7𝑖
= 4
[∵ √−1 = 𝑖]

Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots

3. Solve the equation 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9 = 0

Solution:
Step1:

The given quadratic equation is 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9 = 0

When we compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
We get,
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3 and 𝑐 = 9

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Discriminant of the given equation is given by,

𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 32 − 4 × 1 × 9 = 9 − 36 = −27
Step2:
The required solutions are

−𝑏 ± √𝐷 −3 ± √−27 −3 ± 3√−3
= =
2𝑎 2(1) 2
−3±3√3𝑖
= 2
[∵ √−1 = 𝑖]

Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots

4. Solve the equation −𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0

Solution:
Step1:

The given quadratic equation is −𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0

When we compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
We get,
𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 1 and 𝑐 = −2
Discriminant of the given equation is given by,
𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 12 − 4 × (−1) × (−2) = 1 − 8 = −7

Step2:
The required solutions are

−𝑏 ± √𝐷 −1 ± √−7
=
2𝑎 2 × (−1)
−1±√7𝑖
= [∵ √−1 = 𝑖]
−2

Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots

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5. Solve the equation 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5 = 0

Solution:
Step1:

The given quadratic equation is 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5 = 0

When we compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
We get,
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3 and 𝑐 = 5
Discriminant of the given equation is given by,
𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 32 − 4 × 1 × 5 = 9 − 20 = −11

Step2:
The required solutions are

−𝑏 ± √𝐷 −3 ± √−11
=
2𝑎 2×1
−3±√11𝑖
= 2
[∵ √−1 = 𝑖]

Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots

6. Solve the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0

Solution:
Step1:

The given quadratic equation is 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0

When we compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
We get,
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −1 and 𝑐 = 2
Discriminant of the given equation is given by,
𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−1)2 − 4 × 1 × 2 = 1 − 8 = −7

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Step2:
The required solutions are

−𝑏 ± √𝐷 −(−1) ± √−7
=
2𝑎 2×1
1±√7𝑖
= [∵ √−1 = 𝑖]
2

Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots

7. Solve the equation √2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + √2 = 0

Solution:
Step1:

The given quadratic equation is √2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + √2 = 0

When we compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
We get,

𝑎 = √2, 𝑏 = 1 and 𝑐 = √2
Discriminant of the given equation is given by,

𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 12 − 4 × √2 × √2 = 1 − 8 = −7

Step2:
The required solutions are

−𝑏 ± √𝐷 −1 ± √−7
=
2𝑎 2 × √2
−1±√7𝑖
= 2√2
[∵ √−1 = 𝑖]

Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots

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8. Solve the equation √3𝑥 2 − √2𝑥 + 3√3 = 0

Solution:
Step1:

The given quadratic equation is √3𝑥 2 − √2𝑥 + 3√3 = 0

When we compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
We get,

𝑎 = √3, 𝑏 = −√2 and 𝑐 = 3√3

Discriminant of the given equation is given by,
2
𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−√2) − 4(√3)(3√3) = 2 − 36 = −34
Step2:
The required solutions are

−𝑏 ± √𝐷 −(−√2) ± √−34
=
2𝑎 2 × √3
√2±√34𝑖
= [∵ √−1 = 𝑖]
2√3

Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots. Use √(-1)=i

1
9. Solve the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + =0
√2

Solution:
Step1:
1
The given quadratic equation is 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + =0
√2

This equation can also be written as √2𝑥 2 + √2𝑥 + 1 = 0

When we compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
We get,

𝑎 = √2, 𝑏 = √2 and 𝑐 = 1
Discriminant of the given equation is given by,

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2
(𝐷) = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (√2) − 4 × (√2) × 1 = 2 − 4√2
Step2:
The required solutions are

−𝑏 ± √𝐷 −√2 ± √2 − 4√2 −√2 ± √2(1 − 2√2) −√2 ± √2 (√2√2 − 1) 𝑖

= = =( ) [√−1 = 𝑖]
2𝑎 2 × √2 2√2 2√2

−1 ± (√2√2 − 1) 𝑖
=
2
Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots. Use √(-1)=i

𝑥
10. Solve the equation 𝑥 2 + + 1=0
√2

Solution:
Step1:
𝑥
The given quadratic equation is 𝑥 2 + + 1=0
√2

This equation can also be written as √2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + √2 = 0

When we compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
We get,

𝑎 = √2, 𝑏 = 1 and 𝑐 = √2
Discriminant of the given equation is given by,

(𝐷) = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 12 − 4 × √2 × √2 = 1 − 8 = −7
Step2:
The required solutions are

−𝑏 ± √𝐷 −1 ± √−7
=
2𝑎 2√2
−1±√7𝑖
= 2√2
[∵ √−1 = 𝑖]

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Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots. Use √(-1)=i

Miscellaneous
3
1 25
1. Evaluate: [𝑖 18 + ( 𝑖 ) ]

Solution:
Step1:
3
1 25
Given, [𝑖 18 + ( ) ]
𝑖

3
4×4+2
1
= [𝑖 + ]
𝑖 4×6+1
3
4 )4 2
1
= [(𝑖 .𝑖 + 4 6 ]
(𝑖 ) . 𝑖
13
2
= [𝑖 + ] [∵ 𝑖 4 = 1]
𝑖
1 𝑖 3
= [−1 + × ] [∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]
𝑖 𝑖
𝑖 3
= [−1 + 2 ]
𝑖
= [−1 − 𝑖]3
Step2:
= (−1)3 [1 + 𝑖]3
= −[13 + 𝑖 3 + 3 ∙ 1 ∙ 𝑖(1 + 𝑖)]
= −[1 + 𝑖 3 + 3𝑖 + 3𝑖 2 ]
= −[1 − 𝑖 + 3𝑖 − 3]
= −[−2 + 2𝑖]
= 2 − 2𝑖
Overall Hint: Write i^18 as ((i^4)^4)*i^2 and i^25 as (i^4)^6)*i^1 then change i^4 as 1 and i^2 =
-1 . Also expand the expression by using (a+ib)^3 as a^3 +b^3 + 3ab(ab)

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2. For any two complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , prove that

Re (𝑧1 𝑧2 ) = Re𝑧1 Re𝑧2 − Im𝑧1 Im𝑧2
Solution:
Step1:
Consider,𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2
Therefore, 𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 )
= 𝑥1 (𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 ) + 𝑖𝑦1 (𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 )
= 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑥2 + 𝑖 2 𝑦1 𝑦2
= 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 [∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]

Step2:
= (𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 ) + 𝑖(𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑦1 𝑥2 )
⇒ 𝑅𝑒(𝑧1 𝑧2 ) = 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2
⇒ 𝑅𝑒(𝑧1 𝑧2 ) = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑅𝑒𝑧2 − 𝐼𝑚 𝑧1 𝐼𝑚 𝑧2
The result is proved.
Overall Hint:

1 2 3−4𝑖
3. Reduce ( − )( ) to the standard form.
1−4𝑖 1+𝑖 5+𝑖

Solution:
Step1:
1 2 3−4𝑖
Given, (1−4𝑖 − 1+𝑖) ( 5+𝑖 )

(1 + 𝑖) − 2(1 − 4𝑖) 3 − 4𝑖
=[ ][ ]
(1 − 4𝑖)(1 + 𝑖) 5+𝑖
1 + 𝑖 − 2 + 8𝑖 3 − 4𝑖
=[ ][ ]
1 + 𝑖 − 4𝑖 − 4𝑖 2 5 + 𝑖
−1 + 9𝑖 3 − 4𝑖
=[ ][ ]
5 − 3𝑖 5+𝑖
−3 + 4𝑖 + 27𝑖 − 36𝑖 2
=[ ]
25 + 5𝑖 − 15𝑖 − 3𝑖 2

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33 + 31𝑖 33 + 31𝑖
= =
28 − 10𝑖 2(14 − 5𝑖)

Step2:
(33+31𝑖) (14+5𝑖)
= 2(14−5𝑖) × (14+5𝑖) [On multiplying numerator and denominator by (14 + 5𝑖)]

462 + 165𝑖 + 434𝑖 + 155𝑖 2

=
2[(14)2 − (5𝑖)2 ]
307 + 599𝑖
=
2(196 − 25𝑖 2 )
307 + 599𝑖 307 + 599𝑖
= =
2(221) 442
307 599𝑖
= +
442 442
Therefore, we obtained in the standard form..
Overall Hint: Subtract the first two terms by taking LCM of denominator and then multiply it
with the last term to get a simplified fraction then rationalise the denominator of this one to
convert it to the standard form

𝑎−𝑖𝑏 𝑎 2 +𝑏2
4. If 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 =. √𝑐−𝑖𝑑 prove that (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 = 𝑐 2 +𝑑2

Solution:
Step1:

𝑎−𝑖𝑏
Given, 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = √𝑐−𝑖𝑑

𝑎−𝑖𝑏 𝑐+𝑖𝑑
=√ × [On multiplying numerator and denominator by (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑)]
𝑐−𝑖𝑑 𝑐+𝑖𝑑

(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐)

=√
𝑐 2 + 𝑑2
(𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑)+𝑖(𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐)
Therefore, (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)2 = 𝑐 2 +𝑑2

(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐)

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 =
𝑐 2 + 𝑑2

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Step2:
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get,
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2
, −2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2……….(i)

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2

𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 2
=( 2 ) +( 2 ) [Using (𝑖)]
𝑐 + 𝑑2 𝑐 + 𝑑2
𝑎2 𝑐 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑑2 + 2𝑎𝑐𝑏𝑑 + 𝑎2 𝑑2 + 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑑𝑏𝑐
=
(𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 )2

Step3:
𝑎2 𝑐 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑑 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
=
(𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 )2
𝑎2 (𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 ) + 𝑏 2 (𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 )
=
(𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 )2
(𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 )(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
=
(𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 )2
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
=
𝑐 2 + 𝑑2
𝑎 2 +𝑏2
Thus we proved(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 = 𝑐 2 +𝑑2 .

Overall Hint: Rationalise the denominator of x-iy , square it and get the values of x^2-y^2 and
2ixy by comparing 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 with RHS then take
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 keep simplifying it (the RHS) to prove the desired result

5. Convert the following in the polar form:

1+7𝑖
(i) (2−𝑖)2

1+3𝑖
(ii) 1−2𝑖

Solution:
(i) Step1:
1+7𝑖
Let, 𝑧 = (2−𝑖)2

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1 + 7𝑖 1 + 7𝑖 1 + 7𝑖
= 2
= 2
=
(2 − 𝑖) 4 + 𝑖 − 4𝑖 4 − 1 − 4𝑖
1 + 7𝑖 3 + 4𝑖 3 + 4𝑖 + 21𝑖 + 28𝑖 2
= × =
3 − 4𝑖 3 + 4𝑖 32 + 42
3 + 4𝑖 + 21𝑖 − 28 −25 + 25𝑖
= =
32 + 42 25
= −1 + 𝑖
Consider 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = −1 and 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 1

Step2:
On squaring and adding, we get,
𝑟 2 (cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) = 1 + 1
⇒ 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) = 2
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 2 [cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1]

⇒ 𝑟 = √2 [Conventionally, 𝑟 > 0]

∴ √2 cos 𝜃 = −1 and √2 sin 𝜃 = 1

Step3:
−1 1
⇒ cos 𝜃 = and sin 𝜃 =
√2 √2

𝜋 3𝜋
∴𝜃 =𝜋− = [As θ lies in II quadrant]
4 4
∴ 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃
3𝜋 3𝜋
= √2 cos + 𝑖√2 sin
4 4
3𝜋 3𝜋
= √2 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
4 4
Thus, we obtained the required polar form.
Overall Hint: Expand the denominator by using (a-b)^2 = a^2+b^2 -2ab , rationalise the
denominator by multiplying with the conjugate and then take the x and y as rcos θ and rsin θ
also square and add them to get the values of cos θ and sin θ . We can then express it in the
polar form
(ii) Step1:
1+3𝑖
Let, 𝑧 = 1−2𝑖

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1 + 3𝑖 1 + 2𝑖
= ×
1 − 2𝑖 1 + 2𝑖
1 + 2𝑖 + 3𝑖 − 6
=
1+4
−5 + 5𝑖
= = −1 + 𝑖
5
Consider, 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = −1 and 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 1

Step2:
On squaring and adding,
we get,
𝑟 2 (cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) = 1 + 1
⇒ 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) = 2
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 2 [cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1]
⇒ 𝑟 = √2 [Conventionally, 𝑟 > 0]

∴ √2 cos 𝜃 = −1 and √2 sin 𝜃 = 1

Step3:
−1 1
⇒ cos 𝜃 = and sin 𝜃 =
√2 √2
𝜋 3𝜋
∴𝜃 =𝜋− = [As 𝜃 lies in II quadrant]
4 4

∴ 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃
3𝜋 3𝜋
= √2 cos + 𝑖√2 sin
4 4
3𝜋 3𝜋
= √2 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
4 4
Thus we obtained the required polar form.
Overall Hint: rationalise the denominator by multiplying with the conjugate and then take the x
and y as rcos θ and rsin θ also square and add them to get the values of cos θ and sin θ . We can
then express it in the polar form

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20
6. Solve the equation 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
=0
Solution:
Step1:
20
Given quadratic equation is 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + =0
3

It can be written as 9𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 20 = 0

Comparing this equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
We get, 𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = −12 and 𝑐 = 20

Step2:
Discriminant of the given equation is given by,
𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−12)2 − 4 × 9 × 20 = 144 − 720 = −576
Therefore, the required solutions are
−𝑏±√𝐷 −(−12)±√−576 12±√576 𝑖
= = = [∵ √−1 = 𝑖]
2𝑎 2×9 18

12 ± 24𝑖 6(2 ± 4𝑖) 2 ± 4𝑖

= = =
18 18 3
2 4
= ± 𝑖
3 3
Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots. Use √(-1)=i

3
7. Solve the equation 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 = 0

Solution:
Step1:
3
Given quadratic equation is 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 = 0

It can be written as 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
Comparing this equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
We get, 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −4 and 𝑐 = 3
Discriminant of the given equation is given by,

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𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−4)2 − 4 × 2 × 3 = 16 − 24 = −8
Step2:
Thus, the required solutions are

−𝑏 ± √𝐷 −(−4) ± √−8 4 ± 2√2𝑖

= = [√−1 = 𝑖]
2𝑎 2×2 4
2 ± √2𝑖
=
2
√2
=1± 𝑖
2
Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots. Use √(-1)=i

8. Solve the equation 27𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = 0

Solution:
Step1:
Given quadratic equation is 27𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = 0
On comparing the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
We get, 𝑎 = 27, 𝑏 = −10 and 𝑐 = 1
Discriminant of the given equation is given by,
𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−10)2 − 4 × 27 × 1 = 100 − 108 = −8
Step2:
Thus, the required solutions are

−𝑏 ± √𝐷 −(−10) ± √−8
=
2𝑎 2 × 27
10±2√2𝑖
= 54
[∵ √−1 = 𝑖]

5 ± √2𝑖
=
27
5 √2
= ± 𝑖
27 27

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Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots. Use √(-1)=i

9. Solve the equation 21𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 + 10 = 0

Solution:
Step1:
Given quadratic equation is 21𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 + 10 = 0
Comparing the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
we get,𝑎 = 21, 𝑏 = −28 and 𝑐 = 10
Discriminant of the given equation is given by,
𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−28)2 − 4 × 21 × 10 = 784 − 840 = −56
Step2:
Thus, the required solutions are

−𝑏 ± √𝐷 −(−28) ± √−56
= =
2𝑎 2 × 21
28 ± √56𝑖
=
42
28 ± 2√14𝑖
=
42
28 2√14
= ± 𝑖
42 42
2 √14
= ± 𝑖
3 21
Overall Hint: Compare the given equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and get the value of a, b and
c . Also find the Discriminant D as 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and use the formula x = (-b±√D)/2a to obtain the
roots. Use √(-1)=i

𝑧 +𝑧 +1
10. If 𝑧1 = 2 − 𝑖, 𝑧2 = 1 + 𝑖, find | 𝑧1 −𝑧2 +𝑖 |
1 2

Solution:

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Step1:
Given, 𝑧1 = 2 − 𝑖, 𝑧2 = 1 + 𝑖
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 1 (2 − 𝑖) + (1 + 𝑖) + 1
∴| |=| |
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 + 1 (2 − 𝑖) − (1 + 𝑖) + 1
4 4
=| |=| |
2 − 2𝑖 2(1 − 𝑖)
2 1+𝑖 2(1 + 𝑖)
=| × |=| 2 |
1−𝑖 1+𝑖 1 − 𝑖2
2(1+𝑖)
=| | [∵ 𝑖 2 = −1]
1+1

2(1 + 𝑖)
=| |
2

= |1 + 𝑖| = √12 + 12 = √2
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 1
Therefore, the value of | 𝑧1 −𝑧2 +1
| is √2.

Overall Hint: Substitute the values of 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 in the equation which we need to find then
rationalize the denominator and simplify, finally apply the modulus and take the square root.

2
(𝑥+𝑖)2 (𝑥 2 +1)
11. If 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = , prove that 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = (2𝑥+1)2
2𝑥 2 +1

Solution:
Step1:
(𝑥+𝑖)2
Given, 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 2𝑥 2 +1

𝑥 2 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑥𝑖
=
2𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑖2𝑥
=
2𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥2 − 1 2𝑥
= 2
+𝑖( 2 )
2𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 + 1
Step2:
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get,
𝑥 2 −1 2𝑥
𝑎 = 2𝑥2 +1 and 𝑏 = 2𝑥 2 +1

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2 2
2
𝑥2 − 1
2
2𝑥
∴𝑎 +𝑏 =( 2 ) +( 2 )
2𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥 4 + 1 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2
=
(2𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥 4 + 1 + 2𝑥 2
=
(2𝑥 2 + 1)2
(𝑥 2 + 1)2
=
(2𝑥 2 + 1)2
(𝑥 2 + 1)2
∴ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 =
(2𝑥 2 + 1)2
2
(𝑥 2 +1)
Thus, we proved 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = (2𝑥2 +1)2.

Overall Hint: Expand the RHS and get the values of a and b by comparing with a+ib form then
find 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 which will be equal to the RHS of what is required to prove

12. Let 𝑧1 = 2 − 𝑖, 𝑧2 = −2 + 𝑖, find

𝑧1 𝑧2
(i) Re ( )
𝑧̅1

1
(ii) Im (𝑧 )
1 𝑧̅1

Solution:
(i) Step1:
Given, 𝑧1 = 2 − 𝑖, 𝑧2 = −2 + 𝑖
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (2 − 𝑖)(−2 + 𝑖) = −4 + 2𝑖 + 2𝑖 − 𝑖 2 = −4 + 4𝑖— 1
= −3 + 4𝑖
𝑧̅1 = 2 + 𝑖
𝑧1 𝑧2 −3+4𝑖
Therefore, 𝑧̅1
= 2+𝑖

Multiplying numerator and denominator by (2 − 𝑖), we get,

𝑧1 𝑧2 (−3 + 4𝑖)(2 − 𝑖)
=
𝑧̅1 (2 + 𝑖)(2 − 𝑖)
Step2:

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−6 + 3𝑖 + 8𝑖 − 4𝑖 2
=
22 + 12
−6 + 11𝑖 − 4(−1)
=
22 + 12
−2 + 11𝑖 −2 11
= = + 𝑖
5 5 5
Comparing real parts, we get,
𝑧1 𝑧2 −2
𝑅𝑒 ( )=
𝑧̅1 5
Overall Hint: Multiply 𝑧1 with 𝑧2 and divide it with the conjugate of 𝑧1 then take the x or the real
part by comparing it with x+iy

(ii)Step1:
1 1 1 1
= = 2 2
=
𝑧1 𝑧̅1 (2 − 𝑖)(2 + 𝑖) (2) + (1) 5
Comparing imaginary parts, we get,
1
𝐼𝑚 ( )=0
𝑧1 𝑧̅1
Overall Hint: Multiply 𝑧1 with its conjugate 𝑧̅1 and then take the reciprocal. Now compare it with
x+iy to get the imaginary part or take the y coefficient

1+2𝑖
13. Find the modulus and argument of the complex number 1−3𝑖

Solution:
Step1:
1+2𝑖
Consider,𝑧 = 1−3𝑖, then

1 + 2𝑖 1 + 3𝑖
𝑧= ×
1 − 3𝑖 1 + 3𝑖
1 + 3𝑖 + 2𝑖 + 6𝑖 2
=
12 + 32
1 + 5𝑖 + 6(−1)
=
1+9

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−5 + 5𝑖
=
10
−5 5𝑖
= +
10 10
−1 1
= + 𝑖
2 2
Consider,𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃
−1 1
i.e., 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 2
and 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 2

Step2:
On squaring and adding, we get,

2 (cos 2 2
−1 2 1 2
𝑟 𝜃 + sin 𝜃) = ( ) + ( )
2 2
1 1 1
⇒ 𝑟2 = + =
4 4 2
1
⇒𝑟= [Conventionally, 𝑟 > 0]
√2
1 −1 1 1
∴ cos 𝜃 = and sin 𝜃 =
√2 2 √2 2
−1 1
⇒ cos 𝜃 = and sin 𝜃 =
√2 √2

𝜋 3𝜋
∴𝜃 =𝜋− = [As θ lies in the II quadrant]
4 4
1 3𝜋
Thus, the modulus and argument of the given complex number are and respectively.
√2 4

Overall Hint: Take the given complex number as z and rationalize its denominator to get in x+iy
form then take x and y as rcos θ and rsin θ then square and add them to get modulus and find
argument using signs of cos θ and sin θ

14. Find the real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦 if (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)(3 + 5𝑖) is the conjugate of −6 − 24𝑖.
Solution:
Step1:
Consider𝑧 = (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)(3 + 5𝑖)
𝑧 = 3𝑥 + 5𝑥𝑖 − 3𝑦𝑖 − 5𝑦𝑖 2 = 3𝑥 + 5𝑥𝑖 − 3𝑦𝑖 + 5𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 5𝑦) + 𝑖(5𝑥 − 3𝑦)

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Therefore, 𝑧̅ = (3𝑥 + 5𝑦) − 𝑖(5𝑥 − 3𝑦)

Given that, 𝑧̅ = −6 − 24𝑖
Therefore, (3𝑥 + 5𝑦) − 𝑖(5𝑥 − 3𝑦) = −6 − 24𝑖
Step2:
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get,
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −6…(i)
5𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 24…(ii)
Multiplying equation (i) by 3 and equation (ii) by 5 and then adding them, we get,
9𝑥 + 15𝑦 = −18
25𝑥 − 15𝑦 = 120
34𝑥 = 102
102
∴𝑥= =3
34
Step3:
Substituting the value of 𝑥 in equation (i), we get,
3(3) + 5𝑦 = −6
⇒ 5𝑦 = −6 − 9 = −15
⇒ 𝑦 = −3
Therefore, the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 are 3 and −3 respectively.
Overall Hint: Find the conjugate of the given complex number and equate it to −6 − 24𝑖 then
equate the real and imaginary parts to get the values of x and y

1+𝑖 1−𝑖
15. Find the modulus of 1−𝑖 − 1+𝑖.

Solution:
Step1:
1+𝑖 1−𝑖
Given, −
1−𝑖 1+𝑖

(1 + 𝑖)2 − (1 − 𝑖)2
=
(1 − 𝑖)(1 + 𝑖)
1 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖 − 1 − 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖
=
12 + 12

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4𝑖
= = 2𝑖
2

Step2:
1+𝑖 1−𝑖
Therefore, |1−𝑖 − 1+𝑖|

= |2𝑖|

= |2√−1|
=2
Overall Hint: First subtract the two terms by taking the LCM and then apply modulus by taking
sum of squares.

𝑢 𝑣
16. If (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)3 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, then show that: + = 4(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑥 𝑦

Solution:
Step1:
Given, (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)3 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
⇒ 𝑥 3 + (𝑖𝑦)3 + 3 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑖𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
⇒ 𝑥 3 + 𝑖 3 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑖 2 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
⇒ 𝑥 3 − 𝑖𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 [𝑖 3 = −𝑖]
⇒ (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖(3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

Step2:
Comparing the equating real and imaginary parts, we get,
𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑣 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
𝑢 𝑣 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
∴ + = +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 ) 𝑦(3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
= +
𝑥 𝑦
= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
= 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2

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= 4(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑢 𝑣
Therefore, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑢 𝑣
Thus, proved + = 4(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑥 𝑦

Overall Hint: First expand the LHS as (a+b)^3 = a^3 +b^3 +3ab(a+b) then compare the real and
imaginary terms to get the values of x and y in terms of u and v . Now take the values of u and v
in terms of x and y and put them in the LHS of what we need to prove which proves RHS

𝛽−𝛼
17. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are different complex numbers with |𝛽| = 1, then find | ̅𝛽
|
1−𝛼

Solution:
Step1:
Consider 𝛼 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝛽 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 which are different complex numbers.
Given that, |𝛽| = 1

∴ √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 …(i)
𝛽−𝛼 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) − (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)
| |=| |
1 − 𝛼̅𝛽 1 − (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑖(𝑦 − 𝑏)
=| |
1 − (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑖𝑦 − 𝑖𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)
(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑖(𝑦 − 𝑏)
=| |
(1 − 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑖(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦)

Step2:
|(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑖(𝑦 − 𝑏)| 𝑧1 |𝑧1 |
= [| | = | |]
|(1 − 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑖(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦)| 𝑧2 |𝑧2 |

√(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2

=
√(1 − 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦)2 + (𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦)2

√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑏𝑦
=
√1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑏𝑦 + 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑥𝑦

√(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑦

=
√1 + 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑏 2 (𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 ) − 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑦

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√1+𝑎2 +𝑏2 −2𝑎𝑥−2𝑏𝑦

= [Using (i)]
√1+𝑎2 +𝑏2 −2𝑎𝑥−2𝑏𝑦

=1
𝛽−𝛼
Therefore we proved, |1−𝛼̅𝛽| = 1

Overall Hint: Consider 𝛼 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝛽 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 which are different complex numbers then
x^2+y^2 =1 . Now substitute 𝛼 and 𝛽 in what is required to find so that we get the result

18. Find the number of non-zero integral solutions of the equation |1 − 𝑖|𝑥 = 2𝑥
Solution:
Step1:
Given, |1 − 𝑖|𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑥
⇒ (√12 + (−1)2 ) = 2𝑥
𝑥
⇒ (√2) = 2𝑥
𝑥
⇒ 22 = 2 𝑥

Step2:
By comparing the power we have,
𝑥
⇒ =𝑥
2
⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑥
⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0
⇒𝑥=0
Therefore, 0 is the only integral solution of the given equation.
Thus, the number of non-zero integral solutions of the given equation is 0.
Overall Hint: Since the LHS is modulus we need to take the square root of the sum of squares of
1 and i then raise it to the power of x/2 then compare the powers as the bases will be equal
from x = x/2 we can get x = 0 as the only integral solution of the given equation.

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19. If (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑)(𝑒 + 𝑖𝑓)(𝑔 + 𝑖ℎ) = 𝐴 + 𝑖𝐵, then show that

(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )(𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 )(𝑒 2 + 𝑓 2 )(𝑔2 + ℎ2 ) = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 .
Solution:
Step1:
Given, (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑)(𝑒 + 𝑖𝑓)(𝑔 + 𝑖ℎ) = 𝐴 + 𝑖𝐵
⇒ |(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑)(𝑒 + 𝑖𝑓)(𝑔 + 𝑖ℎ)| = |𝐴 + 𝑖𝐵|
⇒ |(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)| × |(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑)| × |(𝑒 + 𝑖𝑓)| × |(𝑔 + 𝑖ℎ)| = |𝐴 + 𝑖𝐵| [|𝑧1 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 |]

⇒ √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 × √𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 × √𝑒 2 + 𝑓 2 × √𝑔2 + ℎ2 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2

Step2:
On squaring both sides, we get,
(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )(𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 )(𝑒 2 + 𝑓 2 )(𝑔2 + ℎ2 ) = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 .
Thus we proved, (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )(𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 )(𝑒 2 + 𝑓 2 )(𝑔2 + ℎ2 ) = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 .
Overall Hint: Apply the modulus in the given condition and then square on both the sides to
prove the required. Use [|𝑧1 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 |] while simplifying

1+𝑖 𝑚
20. If ( ) = 1 then find the least positive integral value of 𝑚.
1−𝑖
Solution:
Step1:
1+𝑖 𝑚
Given, (1−𝑖) = 1

1+𝑖 1+𝑖 𝑚
⇒( × ) =1
1−𝑖 1+𝑖
𝑚
(1 + 𝑖)2
⇒( 2 ) =1
1 + 12
𝑚
12 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖
⇒( ) =1
2

Step2:
1 − 1 + 2𝑖 𝑚
⇒( ) =1
2

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Class–XI–CBSE-Mathematics Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

2𝑖 𝑚
⇒( ) =1
2
⇒ 𝑖𝑚 = 1
Therefore, 𝑚 = 4𝑘, where 𝑘 is some integer.
so, the least positive integer is 1.
Therefore, the least positive integral value of 𝑚 is 4(= 4 × 1).
Overall Hint: Rationalise the denominator of the LHS and decide the value of power of the
imaginary i depending upon the value in the RHS. Then we will get the least positive integral
value of m

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