Q #1) What is Automation Testing?

Automation testing or Test Automation is a process of automating the manual task to test the
application/system under test.

Q #2) What are the benefits of Automation Testing?

Benefits of Automation testing are:

1. Supports execution of repeated test cases

2. Aids in testing a large test matrix
3. Enables parallel execution
4. Encourages unattended execution
5. Improves accuracy thereby reducing human generated errors
6. Saves time and money.

Q #3) Why should Selenium be selected as a test tool?

Selenium

1. is free and open source

2. have a large user base and helping communities
3. have cross Browser compatibility (Firefox, chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari etc.)
4. have great platform compatibility (Windows, Mac OS, Linux etc.)
5. supports multiple programming languages (Java, C#, Ruby, Python, Pearl etc.)
6. supports distributed testing.

Q #4) What is Selenium? What are the different Selenium components?

Selenium is one of the most popular automated testing suites. Selenium is designed in a way to
support and encourage automation testing of functional aspects of web based applications and a
wide range of browsers and platforms. Due to its existence in the open source community, it has
become one of the most accepted tools amongst the testing professionals.

Selenium is not just a single tool or a utility, rather a package of several testing tools and for the
same reason it is referred to as a Suite. Each of these tools is designed to cater different testing and
test environment requirements.

The suite package constitutes of the following sets of tools:

 Selenium Integrated Development Environment (IDE) – Selenium IDE is a record and

playback tool. It is distributed as a Firefox Plugin.
 Selenium Remote Control (RC) – Selenium RC is a server that allows user to create test
scripts in a desired programming language. It also allows executing test scripts within the
large spectrum of browsers.
 Selenium WebDriver – WebDriver is a different tool altogether that has various advantages
over Selenium RC. WebDriver directly communicates with the web browser and uses its
native compatibility to automate.
  Selenium Grid – Selenium Grid is used to distribute your test execution on multiple
platforms and environments concurrently.

Q #5) What are the testing types that can be supported by Selenium?
Selenium supports the following types of testing:

1. Functional Testing
2. Regression Testing

Q #6) What are the limitations of Selenium?

Following are the limitations of Selenium:

 Selenium supports testing of only web based applications

 Mobile applications cannot be tested using Selenium
 Captcha and Bar code readers cannot be tested using Selenium
 Reports can only be generated using third party tools like TestNG or Junit.
 As Selenium is a free tool, thus there is no ready vendor support though the user can find
numerous helping communities.
 User is expected to possess prior programming language knowledge.

Q #7) What is the difference between Selenium IDE, Selenium RC and WebDriver?

Feature Selenium IDE Selenium RC WebDriver

Browser Selenium IDE Selenium RC WebDriver supports

Compatibility comes as a Firefox supports a varied a varied range of
plugin, thus it range of versions of versions of Mozilla
supports only Mozilla Firefox, Firefox, Google
Firefox Google Chrome, Chrome, Internet
Internet Explorer Explorer and Opera.
and Opera Also supports
HtmlUnitDriver
which is a GUI less
or headless
browser. 

Record and Selenium IDE Selenium RC doesn't WebDriver doesn't

Playback supports record supports record and support record and
and playback playback feature playback feature
feature

Server Selenium IDE Selenium RC WebDriver doesn't

Requirement doesn't require any requires server to require any server
server to be started be started before to be started before
before executing executing the test executing the test
the test scripts scripts scripts

Architecture Selenium IDE is a Selenium RC is a WebDriver uses the

Feature Selenium IDE Selenium RC WebDriver

Javascript based JavaScript based browser's native

framework Framework compatibility to
automation

Object Oriented Selenium IDE is not Selenium RC is semi WebDriver is a

an object oriented object oriented tool purely object
tool oriented tool

Dynamic Finders Selenium IDE Selenium RC doesn't WebDriver supports

(for locating web doesn't support support dynamic dynamic finders
elements on a dynamic finders finders
webpage)

Handling Alerts, Selenium IDE Selenium RC doesn't WebDriver offers a

Navigations, doesn't explicitly explicitly provides wide range of
Dropdowns provides aids to aids to handle utilities and classes
handle alerts, alerts, navigations, that helps in
navigations, dropdowns handling alerts,
dropdowns navigations, and
dropdowns
efficiently and
effectively.

WAP Selenium IDE Selenium RC doesn't WebDriver is

(iPhone/Android) doesn't support support testing of designed in a way
Testing testing of iPhone/Andriod to efficiently
iPhone/Andriod applications support testing of
applications iPhone/Android
applications. The
tool comes with a
large range of
drivers for WAP
based testing.
For example,
AndroidDriver,
iPhoneDriver 

Listener Support Selenium IDE Selenium RC doesn't WebDriver supports

doesn't support support listeners the implementation
listeners of Listeners

Speed Selenium IDE is fast Selenium RC is WebDriver

as it is plugged in slower than communicates
with the web- WebDriver as it directly with the
browser that doesn't web browsers. Thus
launches the test. communicates making it much
Thus, the IDE and directly with the faster.
browser browser; rather it
Feature Selenium IDE Selenium RC WebDriver

communicates sends selenese

directly commands over to
Selenium Core
which in turn
communicates with
the browser.
Q #8) When should I use Selenium IDE?
Selenium IDE is the simplest and easiest of all the tools within the Selenium Package. Its record and
playback feature makes it exceptionally easy to learn with minimal acquaintances to any
programming language. Selenium IDE is an ideal tool for a naïve user.

Q #9) What is Selenese?

Selenese is the language which is used to write test scripts in Selenium IDE.

Q #10) What are the different types of locators in Selenium?

Locator can be termed as an address that identifies a web element uniquely within the webpage.
Thus, to identify web elements accurately and precisely we have different types of locators in
Selenium:
 ID
 ClassName
 Name
 TagName
 LinkText
 PartialLinkText
 Xpath
 CSS Selector
 DOM

Q #11) What is difference between assert and verify commands?

Assert: Assert command checks whether the given condition is true or false. Let’s say we assert
whether the given element is present on the web page or not. If the condition is true then the
program control will execute the next test step but if the condition is false, the execution would stop
and no further test would be executed.
Verify: Verify command also checks whether the given condition is true or false. Irrespective of the
condition being true or false, the program execution doesn’t halts i.e. any failure during verification
would not stop the execution and all the test steps would be executed.

Q #12) What is an Xpath?

Xpath is used to locate a web element based on its XML path. XML stands for Extensible Markup
Language and is used to store, organize and transport arbitrary data. It stores data in a key-value
pair which is very much similar to HTML tags. Both being markup languages and since they fall under
the same umbrella, Xpath can be used to locate HTML elements.
The fundamental behind locating elements using Xpath is the traversing between various elements
across the entire page and thus enabling a user to find an element with the reference of another
element.

Q #13) What is the difference between “/” and “//” in Xpath?

Single Slash “/” – Single slash is used to create Xpath with absolute path i.e. the xpath would be
created to start selection from the document node/start node.
Double Slash “//” - Double slash is used to create Xpath with relative path i.e. the xpath would be
created to start selection from anywhere within the document.

Q #14) When should I use Selenium Grid?

Selenium Grid can be used to execute same or different test scripts on multiple platforms and
browsers concurrently so as to achieve distributed test execution, testing under different
environments and saving execution time remarkably.

Q #15) What do we mean by Selenium 1 and Selenium 2?

Selenium RC and WebDriver, in a combination are popularly known as Selenium 2. Selenium RC
alone is also referred as Selenium 1.

Q #16) Which is the latest Selenium tool?

WebDriver

Q #17) How do I launch the browser using WebDriver?

The following syntax can be used to launch Browser:
WebDriver driver =  new  FirefoxDriver();
WebDriver driver =  new  ChromeDriver();
WebDriver driver =  new  InternetExplorerDriver();

Q #18) What are the different types of Drivers available in WebDriver?

The different drivers available in WebDriver are:

 FirefoxDriver
 InternetExplorerDriver
 ChromeDriver
 SafariDriver
 OperaDriver
 AndroidDriver
 IPhoneDriver
 HtmlUnitDriver

Q #19) What are the different types of waits available in WebDriver?

There are two types of waits available in WebDriver:
1. Implicit Wait
2. Explicit Wait
Implicit Wait: Implicit waits are used to provide a default waiting time (say 30 seconds) between
each consecutive test step/command across the entire test script. Thus, subsequent test step would
only execute when the 30 seconds have elapsed after executing the previous test step/command.
Explicit Wait: Explicit waits are used to halt the execution till the time a particular condition is met or
the maximum time has elapsed. Unlike Implicit waits, explicit waits are applied for a particular
instance only.

Q #20) How to type in a textbox using Selenium?

User can use sendKeys(“String to be entered”) to enter the string in the textbox.

Syntax:
WebElement username =  drv.findElement(By.id(“Email”));
// entering username
username.sendKeys(“sth”);

Q #21) How can you find if an element in displayed on the screen?

WebDriver facilitates the user with the following methods to check the visibility of the web
elements. These web elements can be buttons, drop boxes, checkboxes, radio buttons, labels etc.

1. isDisplayed()
2. isSelected()
3. isEnabled()
Syntax:
isDisplayed():
boolean  buttonPresence = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfba”)).isDisplayed();
isSelected():
boolean  buttonSelected = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfba”)).isDisplayed();
isEnabled():
boolean  searchIconEnabled = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfb”)).isEnabled();

Q #22) How can we get a text of a web element?

Get command is used to retrieve the inner text of the specified web element. The command doesn’t
require any parameter but returns a string value. It is also one of the extensively used commands for
verification of messages, labels, errors etc displayed on the web pages.

Syntax:
String Text = driver.findElement(By.id(“Text”)).getText();

Q #23) How to select value in a dropdown?

Value in the drop down can be selected using WebDriver’s Select class.

Syntax:
selectByValue:
Select selectByValue =  newSelect(driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_One”)));
selectByValue.selectByValue(“greenvalue”);
selectByVisibleText:
Select selectByVisibleText =  new  Select (driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_Two”)));
selectByVisibleText.selectByVisibleText(“Lime”);
selectByIndex:
Select selectByIndex =  newSelect(driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_Three”)));
selectByIndex.selectByIndex(2);

Q #24) What are the different types of navigation commands?

Following are the navigation commands:
navigate().back() – The above command requires no parameters and takes back the user to the
previous webpage in the web browser’s history.
Sample code:
driver.navigate().back();
navigate().forward() – This command lets the user to navigate to the next web page with reference
to the browser’s history.
Sample code:
driver.navigate().forward();
navigate().refresh() – This command lets the user to refresh the current web page there by
reloading all the web elements.
Sample code:
driver.navigate().refresh();
navigate().to() – This command lets the user to launch a new web browser window and navigate to
the specified URL.
Sample code:
driver.navigate().to(“https://google.com”);

Q #25) How to click on a hyper link using linkText?

driver.findElement(By.linkText(“Google”)).click();
The command finds the element using link text and then click on that element and thus the user
would be re-directed to the corresponding page.

The above mentioned link can also be accessed by using the following command.

driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText(“Goo”)).click();
The above command find the element based on the substring of the link provided in the parenthesis
and thus partialLinkText() finds the web element with the specified substring and then clicks on it.

Q #26) How to handle frame in WebDriver?

An inline frame acronym as iframe is used to insert another document with in the current HTML
document or simply a web page into a web page by enabling nesting.

Select iframe by id
driver.switchTo().frame(“ID of the frame“);
Locating iframe using tagName
driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElements(By.tagName(“iframe”).get(0));
Locating iframe using index
frame(index)
driver.switchTo().frame(0);
frame(Name of Frame)
driver.switchTo().frame(“name of the frame”);
frame(WebElement element)
Select Parent Window
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

Q #27) When do we use findElement() and findElements()?

findElement(): findElement() is used to find the first element in the current web page matching to
the specified locator value. Take a note that only first matching element would be fetched.
Syntax:
WebElement element =driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//div[@id=’example’]//ul//li”));
findElements(): findElements() is used to find all the elements in the current web page matching to
the specified locator value. Take a note that all the matching elements would be fetched and stored
in the list of WebElements.
Syntax:
List <WebElement> elementList =driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//div[@id=’example’]//ul//li”));

Q #28) How to find more than one web element in the list?

At times, we may come across elements of same type like multiple hyperlinks, images etc arranged
in an ordered or unordered list. Thus, it makes absolute sense to deal with such elements by a single
piece of code and this can be done using WebElement List.

Sample Code
1 // Storing the list
2 List <WebElement> elementList = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//div[@id='example']//ul//li"));
3 // Fetching the size of the list
4 int listSize = elementList.size();
5 for (int i=0; i<listSize; i++)
6 {
7 // Clicking on each service provider link
8 serviceProviderLinks.get(i).click();
9 // Navigating back to the previous page that stores link to service providers
10 driver.navigate().back();
11 }

Q #29) What is the difference between driver.close() and driver.quit command?

close(): WebDriver’s close() method closes the web browser window that the user is currently
working on or we can also say the window that is being currently accessed by the WebDriver. The
command neither requires any parameter nor does is return any value.
quit(): Unlike close() method, quit() method closes down all the windows that the program has
opened. Same as close() method, the command neither requires any parameter nor does is return
any value.

Q #30) Can Selenium handle windows based pop up?

Selenium is an automation testing tool which supports only web application testing. Therefore,
windows pop up cannot be handled using Selenium.

Q #31) How can we handle web based pop up?

WebDriver offers the users with a very efficient way to handle these pop ups using Alert interface.
There are the four methods that we would be using along with the Alert interface.
 void dismiss() – The accept() method clicks on the “Cancel” button as soon as the pop up
window appears.
 void accept() – The accept() method clicks on the “Ok” button as soon as the pop up window
appears.
 String getText() – The getText() method returns the text displayed on the alert box.
 void sendKeys(String stringToSend) – The sendKeys() method enters the specified string
pattern into the alert box.
Syntax:
// accepting javascript alert 
                              Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
alert.accept();

Q #32) How can we handle windows based pop up?

Selenium is an automation testing tool which supports only web application testing, that means, it
doesn’t support testing of windows based applications. However Selenium alone can’t help the
situation but along with some third party intervention, this problem can be overcome. There are
several third party tools available for handling window based pop ups along with the selenium like
AutoIT, Robot class etc.

Q #33) How to assert title of the web page?

//verify the title of the web page
assertTrue(“The title of the window is incorrect.”,driver.getTitle().equals(“Title of the page”));

Q #34) How to mouse hover on a web element using WebDriver?

WebDriver offers a wide range of interaction utilities that the user can exploit to automate mouse
and keyboard events. Action Interface is one such utility which simulates the single user interactions.

Thus, In the following scenario, we have used Action Interface to mouse hover on a drop down
which then opens a list of options.

Sample Code:
1 // Instantiating Action Interface
2 Actions actions=new Actions(driver);
3 // howering on the dropdown
4 actions.moveToElement(driver.findElement(By.id("id of the dropdown"))).perform();
5 // Clicking on one of the items in the list options
6 WebElement subLinkOption=driver.findElement(By.id("id of the sub link"));
7 subLinkOption.click();

Q #35) How to retrieve css properties of an element?

The values of the css properties can be retrieved using a get() method:

Syntax:
driver.findElement(By.id(“id“)).getCssValue(“name of css attribute”);
driver.findElement(By.id(“id“)).getCssValue(“font-size”);

Q #36) How to capture screenshot in WebDriver?

1 import org.junit.After;
2 import org.junit.Before;
3 import org.junit.Test;
4 import java.io.File;
5 import java.io.IOException;
6 import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
7 import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
8 import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
9 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
10 import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
11  
12 public class CaptureScreenshot {
13        WebDriver driver;
14        @Before
15        public void setUp() throws Exception {
16             driver = new FirefoxDriver();
17             driver.get("https://google.com");
18      }
19      @After
20      public void tearDown() throws Exception {
21             driver.quit();
22      }
23  
24      @Test
25      public void test() throws IOException {
26             // Code to capture the screenshot
27 File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
28             // Code to copy the screenshot in the desired location
29 FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("C:\\CaptureScreenshot\\google.jpg"));                  
30      }
31 }

Q #37) What is Junit?
Junit is a unit testing framework introduced by Apache. Junit is based on Java.

Q #38) What are Junit annotations?

Following are the Junit Annotations:

 @Test: Annotation lets the system know that the method annotated as @Test is a test
method. There can be multiple test methods in a single test script.
 @Before: Method annotated as @Before lets the system know that this method shall be
executed every time before each of the test method.
  @After: Method annotated as @After lets the system know that this method shall be
executed every time after each of the test method.
 @BeforeClass: Method annotated as @BeforeClass lets the system know that this method
shall be executed once before any of the test method.
 @AfterClass: Method annotated as @AfterClass lets the system know that this method shall
be executed once after any of the test method.
 @Ignore: Method annotated as @Ignore lets the system know that this method shall not be
executed.

Q #39) What is TestNG and how is it better than Junit?

TestNG is an advance framework designed in a way to leverage the benefits by both the developers
and testers. With the commencement of the frameworks, JUnit gained an enormous popularity
across the Java applications, Java developers and Java testers with remarkably increasing the code
quality. Despite being easy to use and straightforward, JUnit has its own limitations which give rise
to the need of bringing TestNG into the picture. TestNG is an open source framework which is
distributed under the Apache software License and is readily available for download.
TestNG with WebDriver provides an efficient and effective test result format that can in turn be
shared with the stake holders to have a glimpse on the product’s/application’s health thereby
eliminating the drawback of WebDriver’s incapability to generate test reports. TestNG has an inbuilt
exception handling mechanism which lets the program to run without terminating unexpectedly.
There are various advantages that make TestNG superior to JUnit. Some of them are:

 Added advance and easy annotations

 Execution patterns can set
 Concurrent execution of test scripts
 Test case dependencies can be set

Q #40) How to set test case priority in TestNG?

Setting Priority in TestNG
Code Snippet
1 package TestNG;
2 import org.testng.annotations.*;
3 public class SettingPriority {
4       @Test(priority=0)
5       public void method1() {   
6       }
7       @Test(priority=1)
8       public void method2() {  
9       }
10       @Test(priority=2)
11       public void method3() {   
12       }
13 }
Test Execution Sequence:
1. Method1
2. Method2
3. Method3
Q #41) What is a framework?
Framework is a constructive blend of various guidelines, coding standards, concepts, processes,
practices, project hierarchies, modularity, reporting mechanism, test data injections etc. to pillar
automation testing.

Q #42) What are the advantages of Automation framework?

Advantage of Test Automation framework
 Reusability of code
 Maximum coverage
 Recovery scenario
 Low cost maintenance
 Minimal manual intervention
 Easy Reporting

Q #43) How can I read test data from excels?

Test data can efficiently be read from excel using JXL or POI API. See detailed tutorial here.

Q #44) What is the difference between Selenium and QTP?

Quick Test Professional
Feature Selenium
(QTP)

Browser Selenium supports almost all QTP supports Internet

Compatibility the popular browsers like Explorer, Firefox and Chrome.
Firefox, Chrome, Safari, QTP only supports Windows
Internet Explorer, Opera etc Operating System

Distribution Selenium is distributed as an QTP is distributed as a

open source tool and is freely licensed tool and is
available commercialized

Application Selenium supports testing of QTP supports testing of both

under Test only web based applications the web based application
and windows based
application

Object Object Repository needs to be QTP automatically creates

Repository created as a separate entity and maintains Object
Repository

Language Selenium supports multiple QTP supports only VB Script

Support programming languages like
Java, C#, Ruby, Python, Perl etc

Vendor As Selenium is a free tool, user Users can easily get the
Support would not get the vendor’s vendor’s support in case of
 Quick Test Professional
Feature Selenium
(QTP)

support in troubleshooting any issue

issues

Q #45) Can WebDriver test Mobile applications?

WebDriver cannot test Mobile applications. WebDriver is a web based testing tool, therefore
applications on the mobile browsers can be tested.

Q #46) What is Object Repository? How can we create Object Repository in Selenium?
Object Repository is a term used to refer to the collection of web elements belonging to Application
Under Test (AUT) along with their locator values. Thus, whenever the element is required within the
script, the locator value can be populated from the Object Repository. Object Repository is used to
store locators in a centralized location instead of hard coding them within the scripts. In Selenium,
objects can be stored in an excel sheet which can be populated inside the script whenever required.