Natural Science Basic

“ Chemistry : Proteins Are Polymers of Amino Acids”

Michael Faraday’s group :

EKA MIFTAHUL JANNAH

FEELYA MONICA

HANIFA SHABILA

NANDINI PRAMADHANI

NISRINA AFIFAH

Accounting Department

Faculty of Economic

Andalas University

2018
1. Definition of Protein

Protein are large biomolecules made of amino acids. Or according to wikipedia,

protein are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of
amino acid residues.

2. Special Property
Protein are polymers of amino acid. Amino acids consist of an amine group and a
carboxylic acid group bonded to the same carbon atom. There is also side group which
attached to the same carbon atom.This side group differ amino acids from one another by
the chemical identity in it.
There are 20 amino acids commonly used to build proteins.
Amino acids are formed by condensation reaction (H2O), which the carboxylic acids
end of one amino acid is linked by peptide bones with the amine end of the second amine
group.
This group of amino acids called peptide. There is several kind of peptide; dipeptide
(2 Amino Acids), tripeptide (3 AA), tetrapeptide (4 AA), polypeptide (>10 AA).
Protein are naturally occuring polypeptides that consist of large number of amino
acids- up to several hundreds.

3. Explanation
In this section, we are going to explain the structure of protein. The structure of
protein can be described on four levels, which is :
 Primary - exact sequence of amino acids before folding (polypeptide chain)
 Secondary - simple folding create simple structures (into alpha helix, beta sheet or random
coil)
 Tertiary - folding results in complex 3D structures (into a long fiber or globular clump)
 Quaternary - multiple 3D subunits organized into a bigger structure.
This final shape is maintained by chemical bonds and attraction between amino
acide side groups. Protein are viable only under specific condition, such as particular ph and
temperature.changes in these condition can break chemical attraction and cause a loss of
structure-loss of biological function.

4. Source

Protein
Food Group Food
Content
Meat and Beef sirloin steak, 75 g 26 g
Alternatives Tofu, firm, raw, 75 g 21 g
Chicken, skinless breast, 75 g 20 g
Eggs, whole cooked, 2 large, 13 g
Milk and Cheddar cheese, 50 g 12 g
Alternatives Milk, 250 ml 8 g
Yogurt, 175 ml 8g
Grain Products Whole- wheat pasta, cooked, 125 ml 4g
Whole wheat bread, 1 slice 3g
 Brown rice, cooked, 125 ml 3g
Oatmeal, prepared, 175 ml 3g
Vegetables and Potato, with skin, cooked, 125 ml 5g
Fruit Broccoli, cooked, 125 ml 2g
Banana raw, 1 medium 1g

5. Function and Example of Protein

Function Example

Regulatory Insulin, estradial, albumin, glycoprotein.

Energy Source Glutelin.

Maintenance (preventing) Antibody, glycoprotein, globulin.

Cell Regeneration DNA/RNA, lipoprotein.

Transportation Hemoglobin.

Catalisator for Chemical Reaction Amylase, glycoprotein.

Further description of example above will describe in sentences below.

1. Insulin

Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells
of the pancreatic islets, and it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone
of the body. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by
promoting the absorption of, especially, glucose from the blood into liver, fat
and skeletal muscle cells.

2. Estradiol

Estradiol, also spelled oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the

major female sex hormone. It is involved in the regulation of the estrous and
menstrual female reproductive cycles. Estradiol is responsible for the
development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as the breasts,
widening of the hips, and a feminine pattern of fat distribution in women and
is important in the development and maintenance of female reproductive
tissues such as the mammary glands, uterus, and vagina during puberty,
adulthood, and pregnancy. It also has important effects in many other tissues
including bone, fat, skin, liver, and the brain.

3. Albumin
- is a major protein found in human blood. That brings fatty acids, calcium,
cortisol, certain dyes, and bilirubin through the plasma.
 - primary function of albumin is to regulate the osmotic pressure in the blood
- albumin balance needed to keep the liquid contained in the blood does not leak
into body tissues.
- Commonly found in milk (lactalbumin)
4. Glycoprotein
- molecules that contain mostly protein and at least one serving of carbohydrates.

- serves to provide structural support for cells, helps form connective tissue and
facilitate digestion by producing secretions and mucus in the digestive tract

- located in the cell wall, blood plasma and connective tissue, and they have
different forms depending on their location

- serves as hormones, antibodies, enzymes ( including a role in blood clotting) and

as a component of extracellular matrix structure.

5. glutelin
Is a simple protein derived from plants, are not soluble in water, alcohol, or in a
salt solution, but late in acidic or alkaline aqueous solution.

6. Antibody
An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large, Y-shaped protein
produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to
neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

7. Globulin
- proteins that can not soluble in water, but soluble in saline solution. This protein
have globular-shaped, and has a high molecular weight.

- Globulin antibodies are found as the so-called immunoglobuli

- serves as a carrier of steroid hormones, hormone lipids and fibrinogen;

necessary for blood clotting

- globulin consists of four fractions, namely; globulin alpha-1, alpha-2 globulin,

beta globulin and gamma globulin. The fourth fraction can be obtained
separately through the process of protein electrophoresis. Gamma globulin
makes the biggest part of all globulin proteins.

- Globulin level may increase because of chronic infections, liver disease, carcinoid
syndrome, etc., but also may be decreased due to nephrosis, acute hemolytic
anemia, liver dysfunction, etc.

- Example: serum globulin,globulin egg

- The normal concentration of globulins in human blood is about 2.6-4.6 g/dL.

8. DNA/RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic
instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all
known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are
 nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates
(polysaccharides), they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are
essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer
strands coiled around each other to form a double helix.

9. Lipoprotein
Proteins work to emulsify lipids inside the lipoprotein, which allows the fat to move
through the air inside and outside the cell.

- water-soluble proteins that join lecithin, cepalin, cholesterol, or fat and

phospholipids

- special particle composed of fat droplet surrounded by a layer of phospholipids.

Phospholipids are fatty molecules attached to the phosphorus-containing groups.

- Example of lipoprotein: HDL (collect fat molecules from the body's cells/tissues, and
take it back to the liver) & LDL (bring cholesterol from the liver to the cells of the
body)

10. Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood
cells of all vertebrates. Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen from the lungs or
gills to the rest of the body. Hemoglobin are consist of one kind of protein, called
hemoprotein.

11. Amylase
An amylase (also called as amylase protein) is an enzyme that catalyses the
hydrolysis of starch into sugars. Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some
other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion.