Computerbasics PDF

Microsoft®
Computer Basics
Student Edition
Complete
Computer Courseware
© 2003 by CustomGuide, Inc. 1502 Nicollet Avenue South, Suite 1; Minneapolis, MN 55403
This material is copyrighted and all rights are reserved by CustomGuide, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
CustomGuide, Inc.
We make a sincere effort to ensure the accuracy of the material described herein; however, CustomGuide makes no warranty,
expressed or implied, with respect to the quality, correctness, reliability, accuracy, or freedom from error of this document or the
products it describes. Data used in examples and sample data files are intended to be fictional. Any resemblance to real
persons or companies is entirely coincidental.
The names of software products referred to in this manual are claimed as trademarks of their respective companies.
CustomGuide is a registered trademark of CustomGuide, Inc.
Table of Contents
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter One: The Essentials ............................................................................................ 11
Lesson 1-1: Hardware, Software, and Information Technology (IT)...................................12
Lesson 1-2: Computer Overview.........................................................................................14
Lesson 1-3: The Front of a Computer and Peripheral Devices ............................................16
Lesson 1-4: The Inside of a Computer.................................................................................18
Lesson 1-5: The Back of a Computer (Ports) ......................................................................20
Lesson 1-6: System Bus and Expansion Cards....................................................................22
Lesson 1-7: Memory Cache.................................................................................................24
Lesson 1-8: Computer Performance ....................................................................................26
Lesson 1-9: Buying a Desktop Computer............................................................................28
Lesson 1-10: Buying a Notebook Computer .......................................................................30
Lesson 1-11: Upgrading a Computer ...................................................................................32
Chapter One Review............................................................................................................34
Chapter Two: Understanding Hardware........................................................................ 37
Lesson 2-1: Central Processing Unit (CPU) ........................................................................38
Lesson 2-2: Memory............................................................................................................40
Lesson 2-3: RAM and ROM................................................................................................42
Lesson 2-4: Mouse...............................................................................................................44
Lesson 2-5: Keyboard..........................................................................................................46
Lesson 2-6: Digital Cameras and Web Cams.......................................................................48
Lesson 2-7: Other Input Devices .........................................................................................50
Lesson 2-8: Monitor ............................................................................................................52
Lesson 2-9: Graphics Card ..................................................................................................54
Lesson 2-10: Printer Basics .................................................................................................56
Lesson 2-11: Types of Printers.............................................................................................58
Lesson 2-12: Sound and Speakers .......................................................................................60
Lesson 2-13: Modem ...........................................................................................................62
Lesson 2-14: Input/Output Devices .....................................................................................63
Lesson 2-15: Hard Drive .....................................................................................................64
Lesson 2-16: Hard Drive Maintenance ................................................................................66
Lesson 2-17: CD-ROM Drive .............................................................................................68
Lesson 2-18: DVD Drive.....................................................................................................70
Lesson 2-19: Floppy Drive ..................................................................................................72
Lesson 2-20: Zip and Jaz Drives .........................................................................................73
Lesson 2-21: Other Storage Devices....................................................................................74
Lesson 2-22: Formatting a Disk ..........................................................................................75
Chapter Two Review ...........................................................................................................76
Chapter Three: Understanding Software......................................................................81
4 Computer Basics
Lesson 3-1: Understanding Graphical User Interfaces.........................................................82

Lesson 3-2: Types of Software.............................................................................................83
Lesson 3-3: Operating Systems............................................................................................84
Lesson 3-4: Word Processing...............................................................................................86
Lesson 3-5: Spreadsheets .....................................................................................................87
Lesson 3-6: Databases..........................................................................................................88
Lesson 3-7: Presentation Software.......................................................................................90
Lesson 3-8: Accounting .......................................................................................................91
Lesson 3-9: Web Browsing ..................................................................................................92
Lesson 3-10: Web Authoring ...............................................................................................93
Lesson 3-11: Programming Languages................................................................................94
Lesson 3-12: Systems Development ....................................................................................96
Chapter Three Review .........................................................................................................98
Chapter Four: Information Networks...........................................................................101
Lesson 4-1: Introduction to Networks................................................................................102
Lesson 4-2: The Internet ....................................................................................................104
Lesson 4-3: Intranets and Extranets ...................................................................................106
Lesson 4-4: Telephones and Networks...............................................................................108
Chapter Four Review .........................................................................................................110
Chapter Five: Introduction to Windows XP.................................................................113
Lesson 5-1: Starting and Logging On to Windows ............................................................114
Lesson 5-2: Understanding the Windows XP Screen.........................................................116
Lesson 5-3: Using the Mouse: Pointing, Clicking, and Double-clicking...........................118
Lesson 5-4: Using the Mouse: Dragging and Dropping.....................................................120
Lesson 5-5: Using the Mouse: Right-clicking ...................................................................122
Lesson 5-6: Using the Keyboard........................................................................................124
Lesson 5-7: Exiting Windows and Turning off Your Computer.........................................126
Chapter Five Review..........................................................................................................128
Chapter Six: Working with a Window ...........................................................................131
Lesson 6-1: Starting a Program..........................................................................................132
Lesson 6-2: Understanding the Parts of a Window ............................................................134
Lesson 6-3: Minimizing, Maximizing, and Restoring a Window ......................................136
Lesson 6-4: Closing a Window ..........................................................................................138
Lesson 6-5: Moving a Window..........................................................................................139
Lesson 6-6: Sizing a Window ............................................................................................140
Lesson 6-7: Switching Between Windows.........................................................................142
Chapter Six Review ...........................................................................................................144
Chapter Seven: Working with Programs...................................................................... 147
Lesson 7-1: How to Use Menus.........................................................................................148
Lesson 7-2: How to Use Toolbars ......................................................................................150
Lesson 7-3: Filling Out a Dialog Box ................................................................................152
Lesson 7-4: Entering Text in the WordPad Program..........................................................154
Lesson 7-5: Editing Text ....................................................................................................156
Lesson 7-6: Saving and Opening a File .............................................................................158
Lesson 7-7: Selecting, Replacing, and Deleting Text.........................................................160
Lesson 7-8: Using Undo ....................................................................................................162
Lesson 7-9: Printing a File .................................................................................................163
Lesson 7-10: Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Text..............................................................164
Lesson 7-11: Changing the Font Type and Size .................................................................166
Lesson 7-12: Using Bold, Italics, and Underline ...............................................................168
Lesson 7-13: Changing Paragraph Alignment ...................................................................169
Lesson 7-14: Getting Help by Contents .............................................................................170
Lesson 7-15: Getting Help with the Help Index and Search..............................................172
 2002 CustomGuide, Inc.

Introduction 5
Lesson 7-16: Saving and Opening Files in Different Locations ........................................ 174
Chapter Seven Review....................................................................................................... 176
Chapter Eight: Working with Files and Folders ........................................................ 183
Lesson 8-1: Understanding Storage Devices, Folders, and Files....................................... 184
Lesson 8-2: Using My Computer to See What’s in Your Computer .................................. 186
Lesson 8-3: Opening a Folder............................................................................................ 188
Lesson 8-4: Creating and Renaming a Folder.................................................................... 190
Lesson 8-5: Copying, Moving, and Deleting a Folder....................................................... 192
Lesson 8-6: Opening, Renaming, and Deleting a File ....................................................... 194
Lesson 8-7: Copying and Moving a File ........................................................................... 196
Lesson 8-8: Restoring a Deleted File and Emptying the Recycle Bin ............................... 198
Lesson 8-9: A Closer Look at Files and Folders ................................................................ 200
Lesson 8-10: Changing How Information is Displayed..................................................... 202
Lesson 8-11: Selecting Multiple Files and Folders............................................................ 204
Lesson 8-12: Finding a File Using the Search Companion ............................................... 206
Lesson 8-13: Using the Folders Pane (Windows Explorer)............................................... 208
Lesson 8-14: File Management Using the Folders Pane.................................................... 210
Chapter Eight Review........................................................................................................ 212
Chapter Nine: Exploring the Internet......................................................................... 219
Lesson 9-1: Introduction to the Internet ............................................................................ 220
Lesson 9-2: Connecting to the Internet.............................................................................. 222
Lesson 9-3: Displaying a Specific Web Page .................................................................... 224
Lesson 9-4: Browse the Web ............................................................................................. 226
Lesson 9-5: Search the Web............................................................................................... 228
Lesson 9-6: Adding a Web Page to Favorites and Changing your Home Page ................. 230
Lesson 9-7: Displaying a History of Visited Web Pages ................................................... 232
Lesson 9-8: Saving Pictures and Files to Disk (Downloading) ......................................... 234
Lesson 9-9: Introduction to E-mail.................................................................................... 236
Lesson 9-10: Composing and Sending E-mail................................................................... 238
Lesson 9-11: Adding a Name to the Address Book ........................................................... 240
Lesson 9-12: Receiving E-mail.......................................................................................... 242
Lesson 9-13: Replying to a Message ................................................................................. 244
Lesson 9-14: Forwarding and Deleting a Message............................................................ 245
Chapter Nine Review......................................................................................................... 246
Index................................................................................................................................... 251
Introduction
Welcome to CustomGuide: Computer Basics. CustomGuide courseware allows instructors to
create and print manuals that contain the specific lessons that best meet their students’ needs.
In other words, this book was designed and printed just for you.
Unlike most other computer-training courseware, each CustomGuide manual is uniquely
designed to be three books in one:
• Step-by-step instructions make this manual great for use in an instructor-led class or as a
self-paced tutorial.
• Detailed descriptions, illustrated diagrams, informative tables, and an index make this
manual suitable as a reference guide when you want to learn more about a topic or
process.
• The handy Quick Reference box, found on the last page of each lesson, is great for when
you need to know how to do something quickly.
CustomGuide manuals are designed both for users who want to learn the basics of the
software and those who want to learn more advanced features.
Here’s how a CustomGuide manual is organized:
Chapters
Each manual is divided into several chapters. Aren’t sure if you’re ready for a chapter? Look
at the prerequisites that appear at the beginning of each chapter. They will tell you what you
should know before you start the chapter.
Lessons
Each chapter contains several lessons on related topics. Each lesson explains a new skill or
topic and contains a step-by-step exercise to give you hands-on-experience.
Chapter Reviews
A review is included at the end of each chapter to help you absorb and retain all that you have
learned. This review contains a brief recap of everything covered in the chapter’s lessons, a
quiz to assess how much you’ve learned (and which lessons you might want to look over
again), and a homework assignment where you can put your new skills into practice. If you’re
having problems with a homework exercise, you can always refer back to the lessons in the
chapter to get help.
8 Computer Basics
How to Use the Lessons

Every topic is presented on two facing pages, so that you can concentrate on the lesson
without having to worry about turning the page. Since this is a hands-on course, each lesson
contains an exercise with step-by-step instructions for you to follow.
To make learning easier, every exercise follows certain conventions:
• Anything you’re supposed to click, drag, or press appears like this.
• Anything you’re supposed to type appears like this.
• This book never assumes you know where (or what) something is. The first time you’re
told to click something, a picture of what you’re supposed to click appears either in the
margin next to the step or in the illustrations at the beginning of the lesson.
Illustrations show what your

screen should look like as you 24 Microsoft Excel 2000
follow the lesson. They also 24 Microsoft Excel 2000
describe controls, dialog boxes,
and processes. Lesson
Lesson4-2:
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worksheet values after being
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An easy-to-understand
Figure 4-3
introduction explains the task or Figure 4-3
topic covered in the lesson and
what you’ll be doing in the
exercise.
Figure 4-4 Figure 4-5

In this lesson, you will learn how to apply number formats. Applying number formatting changes
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lesson.
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click or look for. 1. Select the cell range D5:D17 and click the Comma Style button on
Comma Style 1.theSelect the celltoolbar.
Formatting range D5:D17 and click the Comma Style button on
Comma
button Style theadds
Excel Formatting toolbar.(the comma) and two decimal places to the selected cell
a hundreds separator
button range.
Excel adds a hundreds separator (the comma) and two decimal places to the selected cell
Clear step-by-step instructions range.
guide you through the exercise.

Anything you need to click
appears like this.

Introduction 9
• When you see a keyboard instruction like “press <Ctrl> + ,” you should press and
hold the first key (<Ctrl> in this example) while you press the second key ( in this
example). Then, after you’ve pressed both keys, you can release them.
• There is usually more than one way to do something in Word. The exercise explains the
most common method of doing something, while the alternate methods appear in the
margin. Use whatever approach feels most comfortable for you.
• Important terms appear in italics the first time they’re presented.
• Whenever something is especially difficult or can easily go wrong, you’ll see a:
NOTE:
immediately after the step, warning you of pitfalls that you could encounter if you’re not
careful.
• Our exclusive Quick Reference box appears at the end of every lesson. You can use it to
review the skills you’ve learned in the lesson and as a handy reference—when you need
to know how to do something fast and don’t need to step through the sample exercises.
Formatting a Worksheet 25
Formatting a Worksheet 25
2. Click cell A4 and type Annual Sales.

2. Click cell A4inand
The numbers type Annual
this column Sales. as currency.
should be formatted Anything you need to type
The numbers in this column should be formatted as currency.
3. Press <Enter> to confirm your entry and overwrite the existing appears like this.
3. Press <Enter> to confirm your entry and overwrite the existing
information.
information.
4. Select the cell range G5:G17 and click the Currency Style button on
4. Select the cell range
the Formatting G5:G17 and click the Currency Style button on
toolbar. Currency Style
theA Formatting
dollar sign and toolbar.
two decimal places are added to the values in the selected cell range.
Currency Style
button
A dollar sign and two decimal places are added to the values in the selected cell range. Otherbutton
Ways to Apply Whenever there is more than
5. Select the cell range F5:F17 and click the Percent Style button on Currency
Other Ways to Formatting:
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on the range still toolbar.
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button on the
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Chapter One: The
Essentials
Chapter Objectives: ; Prerequisites
• Learn the difference between hardware and software • A desire to learn about
computers.
• Discover the various types of computers and their roles
• See what’s on the front, back, and inside of a computer
• Learn about the various ports on a computer
• Understand what determines a computer’s performance
• See what you should look for when buying a computer
Computers are useful: they help us write letters, find information on the Internet, and
even create our own music CDs. Some people love computers—they speak a different
language that includes nonsensical words like IP address and gigabytes. But most of us
are somewhat clueless when it comes to computers. We know how to turn our computer
on, how to surf the Internet (maybe), and how to write a quick letter on a word processor.
But that’s about it—we have to ask our kids or friends for help when something goes
wrong, which is all the time.
This guide takes some of the mystery out of computers. In this chapter we’ll take a good
hard look at a computer from the front, back, and yes, even inside. You’ll understand
what all those confusing ports on the back of the computer are for and why it’s important
for your computer to have a fast CPU. Best of all, we’ll explain all of this in simple
terms, so you won’t need an engineering degree to understand everything.
Ready to tackle your computer? Great—turn the page and let’s get started…
12 Computer Basics
Lesson 1-1: Hardware,

Software, and Information
Technology (IT)
Figure 1-1
A typical computer setup.
Figure 1-2
Microsoft Word is an
example of a software
application.
Figure 1-1
Figure 1-2
Your desk probably contains a jumble of equipment commonly known as a computer. But
what is all that stuff? What does a computer do? Unlike many other tools or appliances
that have limited purposes, a computer can do any number of things:
• Write letters
• Browse the Internet
• Send e-mail messages to people around the world
• Play games
• Help you balance your budget
 2003 CustomGuide Inc.

Chapter One: The Essentials 13
…and that’s just the beginning of what you can do with a computer!
Two basic components make up a computer: hardware and software. You simply can’t
have one without the other. All computer parts that you can physically see or touch are
called hardware. Hardware includes the computer’s monitor, case, keyboard, mouse, and
printer. Computer programs that tell hardware how to operate are called software. You
may have used software such as Microsoft Excel or Corel WordPerfect in the past. So
breathe a giant sigh of relief—you don’t have to know how to program a computer to use
one. A computer programmer has already done the work for you by writing the program
(software). All you have to do is tell the software what you’re trying to do, and the
software then directs the work of the hardware. Your computer setup
Figure 1-1 shows an example of a typical computer setup and its components, but don’t may differ from the
worry if your setup is different. More than likely, you have all the parts that you need, one shown in Figure
1-1. For example, you
and those parts are properly connected. In any case, Table 1-1: Parts of a Computer, might have a computer
provides more details about each individual component. case that is tall and
skinny (tower case) or
IT, short for Information Technology, is the broad subject related to computers and
a flat screen monitor.
managing and processing information, especially within large organizations. Many large
companies have departments full of computer experts called IT departments.
Table 1-1: Parts of a Computer

Component Description
Case or System The main computer box, technically known as the system unit, is the most
Unit important part of a computer. It contains the guts and brains of the computer—
something we’ll talk about later. The system unit contains a lot of holes or ports
where you plug in the rest of the computer system.
Monitor The monitor resembles a television set, and is where the computer displays Quick Reference
information.
A typical computer
Keyboard The keyboard is the thing you type on to tell your computer what to do. includes the following:
Mouse Like the keyboard, the mouse is another input device that you use to • System unit
communicate with your computer. • Monitor
Speakers Most computers can make sounds, just like a stereo system. In fact, you can • Keyboard
even listen to audio CD’s on most computers or watch DVDs.
• Mouse
Printer A printer is where a computer writes down information or output, onto paper, or • Speakers
a hardcopy.
• Printer
Hardware:
• A computer item you can
physically see or touch.
Software:
• A computer program that
tells computer hardware
how to operate.
IT:
• Information Technology is
the broad subject related
to computers and
managing and processing
information.
Your Organization’s Name Here

14 Computer Basics
Lesson 1-2: Computer Overview

Figure 1-3
How a computer works.
Figure 1-4
Comparing a TV to a PC.
Input Process/Storage Output

You communicate with the The computer processes data, The computer communicates
computer via an input device makes calculations, directs its results to you via an output
such as a mouse, a keyboard, the work of the hardware, and device such as a monitor, a
or a joystick. stores your files. printer, or speakers.
Figure 1-3
Input
The remote control talks to the TV;
the mouse and the keyboard talk to
the computer.
Process/Storage
The cable box deciphers which
channel you want to watch; the
CPU translates your instructions
(via software) to the hardware.
Output
The television displays the
channel; the monitor displays the
Figure 1-4 results.
Computers are not really as complicated as they initially seem. You just have to learn the
basic functions of the various parts, and then you can separate them into three categories:
• Input
Any device that lets you talk to the computer (such as a mouse or keyboard).
• Process/Storage
Main functions of a computer, which happen inside the computer case. Not
surprisingly, the Central Processing Unit (CPU) does all the processing; the storage
function is handled by any number of drives (hard, floppy, Zip, tape-backup,
CD/DVD-ROM) or disks (compact discs or floppy diskettes).
• Output
Any device that lets the computer talk to you (such as a monitor or speakers).
If you're having trouble understanding this input/output stuff, think of your home
television (TV) set. Televisions and computers are similar in several ways:
• The remote control is comparable to the mouse (or any other input device such as a
mouse or joystick).
A remote control • The cable box (while not nearly as powerful as a computer) is similar to a computer
communicates with a
television much like a in that it can process information (such as deciphering which channel you want to
mouse communicates watch) and, if programmable, store information (such as when to show the film using
with a computer. a built-in timer).
• The TV displays the channel much like a monitor displays information.

There are several different types of computer systems out there. Here's a very brief
description of the most common ones…
Table 1-2: Types of Computers

Computer Description
A mainframe is a big, powerful, expensive computer that can support many users at
the same time. Large businesses and organizations use mainframes.
Capacity: Enormous - the capacity of several hundred or even thousands of PCs
Speed: Very fast - much, much faster than a PC
Mainframe Cost: Very, very expensive - can usually only be afforded by large organizations
Users: Only used by large businesses and organizations
A PC is a personal computer, originally designed by IBM way back in 1981. Many
different companies make PCs, but all of them are IBM-compatible. What this
means, according to Bill Gates, is that they will all run Microsoft Windows.
Capacity: Average hard disk size is 20 GB to 80 GB
Speed: Fast. Average speed is from 1 GHz to 3 GHz
PC Cost: Fairly inexpensive - under $1,000 - and getting cheaper every day!
Users: Just about everyone uses a PC! Homes, offices, schools…
Developed by Apple, a Macintosh is a computer, but it is NOT a PC. Macs have a
different operating system and use their own software and hardware.
Speed: Fast. Average speed is from 500 MHz to 2 GHz
Cost: Fairly inexpensive, but usually more than an equivalent PC
Mac
Users: Just about everyone, especially in the education and design fields
A network is a group of computers that are connected so that they can share
equipment and information. Most people on a network use workstations, which are
simply PCs that are connected to the network. A server is a central computer where
users on the network can save their files and information.
Capacity: (Workstation) Same as a PC, only needs an inexpensive network card
(Server) Greater than a PC, often more than 100 GE
Speed: (Workstation) Same as a PC
Networked (Server) Generally faster than a PC, may use multiple CPUs
Computer Cost:(Workstation) Same as a PC Quick Reference
(Server) More expensive than a PC but not as costly as a mainframe The Basic Computer
Users: (Workstation) People in a networked office or organization Processes Are:
(Server) Generally a network administrator or engineer
1. Input
A laptop, or notebook, is a lighter and more portable version of a PC or Mac that 2. Processing
can run on batteries.
3. Output
Speed: Fast, but slightly less than a PC. Average speed is from 700 MHz to 2 GHz Different Types of
Cost: Fairly inexpensive, but more than an equivalent PC Computers Include:
Laptop
Users: People on the move, especially business people and students • Mainframes
A PDA (Personal Data Assistant) is a handheld computer that is generally used to • PCs
keep track of appointments and addresses. • Macs
Capacity: Much smaller than a PC - 8 MB to 64 MB of storage space • Servers
Speed: Much slower than a PC - 8 MHz to 266 MHz • Laptops
Palmtop/PDA Cost: Expensive when compared to the capacities of a PC
Users: Business people and others who need to be organized • Palmtops or PDAs

16 Computer Basics
Lesson 1-3: The Front of a

Computer and Peripheral Devices
Figure 1-5
The front of a computer
case.
Scanner
Monitor
Printer
Speakers
CD-ROM or System unit

DVD player Floppy drive
Keyboard
Mouse
Figure 1-5
The system unit or computer case is that plastic box that sits under your monitor or desk
and is covered with slots, buttons, and lights. Computer cases come in several shapes and
sizes. Older computers often have the horizontal desktop case, which has gradually been
replaced by the vertical tower case. Manufacturers are now phasing out the tallest towers
because the compact size of the smallest tower, known as a mini-tower, is attractive to
consumers.
Everything outside of and connected to the system unit is called peripherals. You can add
dozens of peripherals and accessories to make it more useful and fun. Common
peripherals include printers, scanners, external hard drives, CD-ROM drives, and digital
cameras. Many peripherals are considered to be input devices, because they allow you to
talk to your computer by inputting information. Other peripherals are output devices,
because they let your computer talk back to you. One more thing: all peripherals are
considered to be part of a computer’s hardware.
Table 1-3: What’s on the Front or Outside of a Computer Case?

Item Description
System Unit or A plastic or metal case with slots, buttons, and lights in the front and holes
Computer Case in the back. This is the most important part of a computer because it
contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The system unit directs the
computer, performs calculations, and stores information.
Floppy Drive Reads and writes to 3½-inch floppy disks. A floppy disk can store about
1.5 MB of information—about as much as a novel.

Item Description
Hard Drive The computer’s main, long-term storing device. Unlike floppy disks and
(Not shown) CD-ROMs, you typically cannot remove a hard disk.
CD-ROM or DVD Drive CD-ROMs and DVDs for your computer can store lots of information and
look exactly like CDs for your stereo and DVDs for your home DVD
player. In fact, you can listen to audio CDs on a CD-ROM drive and even
watch DVD movies on a DVD drive.
The only real difference between a CD-ROM and a DVD is how much
information they can store. A CD-ROM can store approximately 650MB
(megabytes) of information, while a DVD can store much more—up to
17 GB (gigabytes) or 17,000MB on a double-sided DVD.
Most CD-ROMs and DVD are read-only, meaning you can’t write
information to them. You can buy special CD-ROM and DVD drives that
can write or burn information to special CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, and DVD-
RW discs.
Zip Drive A special type of disk drive that can read and write to Zip disks. A Zip disk
(Not shown) is a lot like a floppy disk, although they are faster and can store more
information—from 100 to 250MB (megabytes).
Tape Backup A device that you can use to store backups, or copies, of the information
(Not shown) on a computer’s hard drive.
Keyboard The keyboard is the thing you type on to tell your computer what to do.
Input Devices
Mouse Like the keyboard, the mouse is another input device that you use to
communicate with your computer.
Scanner Scanners work like photocopiers, except the image is translated into a
digital image in your computer rather than copied onto paper.
Monitor The monitor resembles a television set, and is where the computer
displays information.
Output Devices
Speakers If visible, your computer speakers are similar to those on a stereo system
(or at least a cheap stereo system). They allow your computer to play
sounds.
Printer A printer is where a computer writes down information or output, onto Quick Reference
paper, or a hardcopy.
Components Visible from
the Outside of the System
Unit May Include:
• Floppy drive
• CD-ROM or DVD drive
• Zip drive or tape backup
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Monitor
• Speakers
• Printer

18 Computer Basics
Lesson 1-4: The Inside of a

Computer
Power supply Central Processing Unit (CPU) ROM-BIOS
Figure 1-6
The side view of the guts
of a tower case. CD-ROM or
DVD-ROM drive
Floppy disk
Ports drive
Hard disk drive

(HDD)
Expansion
cards
Expansion
slots
Motherboard
Figure 1-6
Random-access memory (RAM)
Now that you know what’s on the outside, let’s crank open that mysterious computer case
and look inside. But no tools required—we’ve done all the work for you. Just compare
Figure 1-6 with Table 1-4: What’s Inside a Computer Case? to see what’s important.
Everything plugs into a Table 1-4: What’s Inside a Computer Case?

computer’s Item Description
motherboard.
Motherboard The main piece of circuitry in a computer. Everything connects to or is wired
to the motherboard.
Central Processing The computer’s brain or heart, the CPU is a computer’s main chip. The CPU
Unit (CPU) is really nothing more than an incredibly fast and powerful calculator.
Random Access A computer’s temporary storage place, where it gets its work done. For
Memory (RAM) example, when you use a word processor to type a letter, the letter is stored
in the computer’s memory.
ROM-BIOS A computer’s ROM-BIOS (stands for Read Only Memory – Basic
Input/Output System) is a special chip with instructions for the computer to
communicate with other hardware parts.
Expansion Slot An expansion slot lets you add more features and capabilities to a computer
by plugging in expansion cards.

Item Description
Expansion Card A card that allows you to expand your computer’s capabilities, such as a
modem card, a network card, a video card, or a sound card.
PCMCIA Cards Notebook computers are too small to use expansion cards, so they use
special credit-card sized PCMCIA cards instead. You plug in a PCMCIA card,
or PC Card, into a notebook computer to give it more features and
capabilities. Nobody’s getting tested on this, but PCMCIA stands for Personal
Computer Memory Card International Association.
Quick Reference
Components Inside the
System Unit May Include:
• Motherboard
• CPU (Central Processing
Unit)
• RAM (Random Access
Memory)
• ROM-BIOS
• Expansion slots and
cards
• PCMCIA cards (laptops
only)

20 Computer Basics
Lesson 1-5: The Back of a

Computer (Ports)
Figure 1-7
The back of a computer On/Off switch
case.
Power receptacle
Keyboard port Mouse port

USB ports Ethernet connector
Serial port (COM1)
Parallel port (printer)

Serial port (COM2)
Air vents
Line-out jack (speakers/headphone)
Line-in jack Joystick port
Microphone jack
Phone jack Wall jack
Video (monitor)
Expansion spaces
Figure 1-7
When you look at the back of a computer, you may feel a bit overwhelmed by all the slots
and holes. Fortunately, manufacturers have added some fairly standard icons and color
coding to help you identify what should be plugged into your computer and where.
Before long, you’ll recognize those icons and colors, and the configuration won’t seem so
mysterious. It’s rather like hooking up cable and a DVD player to the back of your
television—unless you’re one of those people who just wait for the cable guy to take care
of that heinous task. In any case, this lesson will review each item piece by piece so you
You may feel a bit won’t get completely lost.
overwhelmed the first Before we begin, let’s define a couple of terms. The first thing you’ll notice is that the
time you look at the back of your computer has lots of holes. Those holes are called (depending on who you
back of a computer. ask) jacks, ports, or connectors. You may notice that some of the connectors have holes,
but some have what look like stickpins (which are aptly named pins). The ones that have
holes are called female connectors; the ones that have pins are called male connectors.
Let’s leave it at that.
Now let’s begin. Compare Figure 1-7 to Table 1-5: What’s on the Back of a Computer
Case? The back of your computer may be arranged differently but should include the
same elements.

Table 1-5: What’s on the Back of a Computer Case?

Port Icon Description
The keyboard and mouse jacks look identical on most
PCs, so look for colors and icons to help you with plugging
in these devices.
Keyboard & Mouse Some mice and keyboards use USB ports. Older mice
may use a serial port.
Serial (or COM) ports are a very versatile type of port.
Some of the things you can plug into a serial port include:
Serial or COM a mouse, modem, scanner, or digital camera. Most
computers have two serial ports: COM1 and COM2.
You plug your printer into the parallel, or printer, port. Many
Parallel or Printer newer printers may use a USB port.
Designed to replace older Serial and Parallel ports, the

USB (Universal Serial Bus) can connect computers with a
number of devices, such as printers, keyboards, mice,
scanners, digital cameras, PDAs, and more. Better yet, the
USB port supports plug-and-play, so you can simply plug
in a USB device and start using it.
USB
USB 1 ports can transfer information at a speed up to
12 Mbps (Megabytes per Second). Newer USB 2 ports can
transfer information at a speed up to 480 Mbps. Most
computers come with two USB ports.
You plug your monitor into the video port.
Video or Monitor
Plug in your speakers or headphone into the Line Out jack.
Line Out /
The Line In jack allows you to listen to your computer Quick Reference
Line In using a stereo system.
Ports on the Back of a
You can plug a microphone into this jack to record sounds Computer Include:
on your computer. • Keyboard and Mouse
Microphone
• Serial or COM
If you have a joystick, musical (MIDI) keyboard, or other • Parallel or Printer
Joystick or Game gaming device, this is where you plug it in.
• USB
The phone or modem jack is where you plug your • Video or monitor
computer into a phone line.
Phone or Modem • Line in, line out,
microphone
You can connect your computer to a network by plugging
Network or Ethernet
<•••> in an Ethernet cable in this port. • Joystick or game
• Phone or modem
An SCSI port is one of the fastest ways to connect a hard • Ethernet or network
SCSI drive, CD-ROM drive, or other device to a computer.
• SCSI
A FireWire (IEEE 1394 or i.LINK) port lets you connect • Firewire
such devices as hard disks and digital camcorders to a
Firewire
computer. A FireWire port can transfer information at a
speed up to 400 Mbps (Megabytes per Second).

22 Computer Basics
Lesson 1-6: System Bus and

Expansion Cards
Figure 1-8
Expansion cards plug
directly into a computer’s
motherboard.
Figure 1-9
Most computers have
around six expansion
slots.
Expansion
slots
Highway System Bus

• The number of lanes • The bus width determines
determines how many cars can how much information can
use the highway at once flow along the bus at a time
• The speed limit determines • The bus speed determines
how fast cars can drive on the how fast information can travel
highway
You’re furious! You just bought an expensive digital camcorder only to find out that it
can’t connect to your computer because your computer apparently doesn’t have a
Firewire port. Don’t worry—you can easily add a Firewire port to the computer by
buying an expansion card.
Expansion cards allow you to add more gizmos and capabilities to a computer. You can
also use expansion cards to replace a component of a computer that breaks, like a
modem. Expansion cards plug into expansion slots on a computer’s motherboard.
A computer talks to its expansion cards—and everything else on the motherboard—
Expansion cards plug through its bus. A computer’s bus is an electronic pathway that carries information
directly into the between devices in a computer. Two factors determine how information flows through the
motherboard. bus: the bus width and the bus speed.
• Bus Width
The bus width determines how many “lanes” there are on a computer’s electronic
highway. Actually, the bus width isn’t measured in lanes, but in bits. The wider the
bus, the more information can travel across it at the same time.
• Bus Speed
The bus speed determines how fast information can travel through the bus. The
higher the bus speed, the faster information can travel through it. Bus speed is
measured in MHz.

As if this weren’t confusing enough there are several bus types out there. They
include:
• ISA
The Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) is the original, slowest, and oldest type of
bus. The ISA bus has a width of 16 bits and a speed of 8 MHz. The ISA bus is going
the way of dinosaurs and is no longer found on new computers.
• PCI
The Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus is the main bus found in newer
computers. The PCI bus can have a width of 32 or 64 bits. The PCI bus supports
Plug and Play, which lets you add new devices to a computer without a complicated
installation process.
• AGP
An Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is a blazingly fast bus that is currently only
used for video cards. The AGP port has a width of 64 bits and supports Plug and
Play.
So what kind of expansion cards are out there? Here are some of the more common
expansion cards that you may come across…
Table 1-6: Common Types of Expansion Cards

Expansion Card Description
A modem allows computers to exchange information through ordinary
telephone lines. Almost all computers already come with built-in modems, so
Modem you would probably only want to add a modem expansion card if the original
modem in a computer breaks.
A network interface card (NIC) is an expansion card that connects a computer
to other computers on a network.
Network
A video card or adapter is what generates the images and text displayed on a
monitor. Computers come with a built-in video card, but some people like to Quick Reference
upgrade their original video card with faster, more powerful video cards.
Video or Graphics • An expansion card plugs
into a computer’s
A sound card lets a computer play and record sounds, just like a home stereo motherboard to give it
system. additional capabilities.
• A computer
Sound communicates with its
You can use expansion cards to add additional ports to a computer, such as expansion cards and
the newer Firewire or USB 2 ports. devices through the
system bus.
Additional Port(s) • How much information
flows through the system
bus depends on the bus
width and bus speed.
There are several bus
types:
1. ISA
2. PCI
3. AGP

24 Computer Basics
Lesson 1-7: Memory Cache

Figure 1-10
Internal External RAM Hard Disk
An illustration of how a
Cache Cache
computer searches for
information in a memory
cache. 1. The computer looks 2. When the computer 3. If the computer 4. If the computer still
for data in the does not find what can’t find what it can’t find what it
internal cache first. it’s looking for in needs in the needs, it looks at
Figure 1-11 This is the fastest the internal cache, internal or external the slow as
way the computer it next looks in the cache, it looks in molasses hard disk
An illustration of how a can get information. external cache. the slower main cache.
police officer looks for a memory (RAM).
gun in a “weapons cache.” Figure 1-10
1. Hopefully the officer 2. If the officer can’t 3. If the officer can’t 4. If the officer still
has his revolver in find his revolver in find his revolver in can’t find his
his hand, ready for his hand, he next its holster, he next revolver, his last
action. reaches down to runs back to see if stop is a gun store.
his holster for the he left it in the
Figure 1-11 gun. squad car.
A memory cache increases a computer’s performance by storing the most recently used
data. There are two types of cache:
• Internal Cache (also called primary or L1 cache)
When the computer needs data it first looks in the internal cache. The internal cache
is inside the CPU and is the fastest possible way for the computer to get information.
The internal cache can normally only contain a very small amount of information.
• External Cache (also called secondary or L2 cache)
If the computer doesn’t find the data in the internal cache, it then looks in the
external cache. The external cache is slower than the internal cache, but much faster
than the normal RAM memory. The external cache normally holds much more
information than the internal cache, but still not as much as the main memory
(RAM).

Quick Reference
Memory Cache:
• A special type of memory
that greatly increases a
computer’s performance.

26 Computer Basics
Lesson 1-8: Computer

Performance
Figure 1-12
There are lots of factors
that determine a
computer’s speed. Most of
them are listed in Table
1-7: Factors that Affect
Computer Performance.
Figure 1-12
Wondering why your neighbor’s computer is so much faster than your computer? There
are a number of reasons why a computer may run faster or slower. You learn about each
of them by reading Table 1-7: Factors that Affect Computer Performance.
A much simpler reason that your neighbor’s computer is faster than your computer is
probably because it’s newer.
Table 1-7: Factors that Affect Computer Performance

Factor Description
Arguably the single most important factor that determines a computer’s
performance is the speed of its CPU. The speed of the CPU is measured in
megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz). The faster the CPU, the faster the
CPU Speed computer. The first PC in 1981 ran at 4.77 MHz, while today’s computers can
run at speeds exceeding 3,000 MHz, or 3 GHz.
The amount of RAM, or memory, is another very important factor in a
computer’s performance. Generally, the more RAM a computer has the better
its performance. However, you usually won’t see much of an improvement
Amount of RAM after 1 GB of RAM.
Video cards have their own processor and memory, just like the computer
does. The faster the processor and the more memory a video card has, the
faster it can draw images on the monitor. Video card performance is especially
Type of Video Card important if you’re interested in playing newer, 3D computer games.

Factor Description
A hard drive’s average access time is how fast it can find information. Average
access time is measured in milliseconds (ms), or 1/1000 of a second. The
lower the access speed, the faster the hard drive. Most newer computers have
an average access time of 8 to 15 ms.
Another factor that determines hard drive performance is how fast it spins, in
Hard Drive Speed revolutions per minute (rpms). Faster IDE hard drives may have speeds as
fast as 7,200 rpm, while high-end SCSI hard drives have speeds of 15,000
rpm.
Not only do you need a fast hard drive, you have to make sure that is has
plenty of free storage space. Microsoft Windows uses this hard disk space to
create a cache on the hard drive where it stores temporary information.
Free Hard Disk

Space
Normally a computer stores a file in the same location on a hard drive. Over
time, a hard drive can become fragmented, and instead of storing a file in the
same location it begins storing parts of it all over. When the computer needs to
read a fragmented file, it must read several different parts of the hard drive
Hard Disk instead of just one. Defragmenting a hard drive puts the fragmented files back
Fragmentation together in one place. You should defragment your computer’s hard drive
about once a month.
Microsoft Windows can multitask, or run more than one program or task at a
time—probably no different than your job. And, just like your job, the more
programs or tasks you throw at Windows, the longer it takes to complete each
Multitasking one, and hence a drop in computer performance.
Considerations
Quick Reference
Computer Performance is
Determined By:
• CPU speed
• Amount of memory or
RAM
• The type and speed of the
video card
• A hard disk’s speed, free
space, and fragmentation
• How many programs are
running, or multitasking,
at the same time

28 Computer Basics
Lesson 1-9: Buying a Desktop

Computer
Figure 1-13
What should you look for
when you’re buying a new
computer? That depends
on what you want it to do.
Table 1-8: Desktop
Computer Buyer’s Guide
lists some of the more
important factors and
features to be aware of
when buying a new
computer. Just make sure
the information listed isn’t
too out of date!
Figure 1-13
Nothing’s worse than going to the computer store and listening to a know-it-all
salesperson tell you to buy the most expensive computer in the store because the Radon
graphics accelerator with 128 megabytes of RAM is something he thinks you’re
definitely going to need.
Instead of listening to a nerdy computer salesperson, who may be on commission or a
sales quota, call one of your computer-geek friends or relatives, tell them how you’re
going to use your computer, and ask what they would recommend. If a computer-geek
friend isn’t readily available, Table 1-8: Desktop Computer Buyer’s Guide will give you a
good idea of what you should look for when you buy a new computer. Just remember that
computer technology changes about as quickly as the latest fashions (every six months),
so this information will probably be out of date shortly after you read it.
Table 1-8: Desktop Computer Buyer’s Guide

Factor Budget Middle of the Road High End, Gaming
Duron or Celeron at Pentium 4 at 2GHz, Pentium 4 at 3GHz,
2GHz Athlon at 1.7 GHz Athlon at 2.1GHz
CPU
256MB 512MB 1GB
RAM
15-inch or 17-inch CRT 17-inch CRT or 19-inch CRT or
15-inch flat panel/LCD 17-inch flat panel/LCD
Monitor

Factor Budget Middle of the Road High End, Gaming

32MB 64MB to 128MB 128MB or more
Video Memory
40GB to 60GB 80GB 120GB or more
Hard Drive
CD-ROM Drive CD-RW Drive DVD+-R/RW &
CD-R/RW Drive
CD or DVD Drive
USB 1.0 USB 2.0 USB 2.0, Firewire
Ports
Ethernet, 56K modem Ethernet, 56K modem
Included Devices
* This information was updated May 2003.

30 Computer Basics
Lesson 1-10: Buying a Notebook

Computer
Figure 1-14
What should you look for
when you’re buying a new
computer? That depends
on what you want it to do.
Table 1-9: Notebook
Buyer’s Guide lists some
of the more important
factors and features to be
aware of when buying a
new computer. Just make
sure the information listed
isn’t too out of date!
Figure 1-14
Deciding on which notebook to buy is even more confusing than buying a desktop
computer. That’s because there is much more variance in features and prices between
various notebooks. Notebook computers can’t be upgraded as easily as desktop
computers, so your decision is pretty much final.
Table 1-9: Notebook Buyer’s Guide will give you a good idea of what you should look for
when you buy a new notebook computer. Just remember that notebook technology
changes incredibly fast, so don’t use Table 1-9: Notebook Buyer’s Guide after December
2003.
Some other important factors to consider when buying a notebook include:
• Size
Generally speaking, while convenient and cool looking, smaller notebooks aren’t as
powerful or fast as larger notebook computers. If you travel frequently and need to
lug your notebook around with you, you might want to consider a smaller notebook.
If your notebook doesn’t move around much you’re probably better off with a larger
notebook.
• Battery Life
A notebook’s battery life can range any where from 2 to 7 hours. Some notebooks
can even accept a second battery for extra long life. Battery life probably isn’t much
of an issue if you only use your notebook when it’s plugged into the wall.
• Warrantee
Notebook computers are notorious for breaking down. What’s worse, they’re not
very easy to open and they have their own unique notebook parts, so they’re much
harder and more expensive to repair than their desktop counterparts. Most of us hate
the old three-year extended warrantee sales pitch, but if you’re buying a notebook
computer the cost of the extra warranty is probably worth it.

• Included Devices and Features

Notebook computers usually have several devices and gizmos built-in—often more
than a desktop computer! A modem and Ethernet port are usually a standard part of
most notebooks today. Some notebooks also have memory card readers (especially
useful if you have a digital camera or PDA), Firewire ports, and even wireless
networking, known as WiFi. If you’re comparing various notebook models, make
sure that you know what devices are or aren’t included.
Table 1-9: Notebook Buyer’s Guide

Factor Budget Middle of the Road High End
Duron, Celeron, Duron, Celeron, Pentium 4 at 2GHz or
Pentium 3 , or Athlon at Pentium 3 or 4, or better
CPU 700MHz or better Athlon at 1GHz or better
256MB 256MB 512MB
RAM
16MB 32MB to 64MB 32MB to 64MB
Video Memory
20GB 30GB 60GB
Hard Drive
CD-ROM Drive CD-RW Drive DVD & CD-R/RW Drive
CD or DVD Drive
USB 1.0 USB 2.0 USB 2.0, Firewire
Ports
56K modem Ethernet, possibly WiFi Ethernet, WiFi (wireless
(wireless networking) networking), 56K
56K modem modem, Bluetooth (a
next-generation wireless
port)
Included Devices
* This information was updated May 2003.

32 Computer Basics
Lesson 1-11: Upgrading a

Computer
Figure 1-15
Computer upgrades can
get expensive! There’s a
fine line between when it’s
more cost effective to
upgrade an older
computer, or to simply buy
a new computer
altogether.
Figure 1-16
Most computer upgrades
require that you, or better
yet someone who actually
knows about computers,
opens up the computer
case. Figure 1-15 Figure 1-16
When you upgrade a computer, you usually replace older components with newer
components to improve the computer’s performance. You can also upgrade a computer by
adding additional components, such as more memory or a second hard drive. Upgrading a
computer to improve its performance is often cheaper than buying a new computer. For
most upgrades you will need someone with a lot of computer experience to do the
upgrade for you.
It’s often difficult to determine which is better—upgrading an old computer or simply
buying a new computer. If you’re an average computer user, plan on buying a new
computer every four or five years (sorry—someone has to break this news to you). By
then, the cost of a new computer will be less expensive than any effective upgrades you
do.

So what can you do to upgrade a computer? The following table lists some of the more
common upgrades.
Table 1-10: Typical Things to Upgrade on a Computer

Upgrade Description
Increasing the amount of memory in a computer is probably the most effective
and inexpensive upgrades you can make. More memory can significantly
increase the performance of your computer. 512MB to 1GB of memory is all you
Memory (RAM) should ever need—for the next year or so anyway.
The hard drives in newer computers have become so huge that you may never
need to buy another one. If you do somehow run out of room on your hard
drive, you can buy a second one, since most computer can handle two internal
hard drives.
Hard Disk
It’s often better to buy a whole new computer than to upgrade the CPU and
CPU and motherboard. That way you get all new components all once—which is a lot
Motherboard cheaper than buying them all individually.
There are an endless variety of devices that you can add to a computer. You
can add CD-ROM, DVD, and Zip drives, graphics cards, tape backups, and
more.
Add Devices and
Peripherals
Quick Reference
Make sure any upgrades
you make to a computer are
worth the cost—sometimes
it’s simply better to buy a
new computer.
Upgrades to Improve
Performance Include:
• Adding more memory or
RAM
• Adding a bigger hard
drive
• Adding a new CPU and
motherboard (usually not
recommended)
• Adding new devices, such
as a DVD drive

34 Computer Basics
Chapter One Review
Lesson Summary
Hardware, Software, and Information Technology (IT)
• A typical computer includes the system unit, monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers, and printer.
• Hardware: A computer item you can physically see or touch.
• Software: A computer program that tells computer hardware how to operate.
• Information Technology (IT): The broad subject related to computers and managing and
processing information.
Computer Overview
• The basic computer processes are input, processing, and output.
• Different types of computers include mainframes, PCs, Macs, servers, laptops, and PDAs.
The Front of a Computer and Peripheral Devices

• Components visible from the outside of the system unit may include the floppy drive, CD-ROM
or DVD drive, Zip drive or tape backup, keyboard, mouse, scanner, monitor, speakers, and
printer.
The Inside of a Computer

• Components inside the system unit may include the motherboard, CPU (Central Processing
Unit), RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM-BIOS, expansion slots and cards, and PCMCIA
cards in laptops.
The Back of a Computer (Ports)

• Ports on the back of a computer include: keyboard, mouse, serial or COM, printer or parallel,
USB, video or monitor, line in, line out, microphone, joystick or game, phone or modem,
Ethernet or network, SCSI, and/or Firewire.
System Bus and Expansion Cards

• An expansion card plugs into a computer’s motherboard to give it additional capabilities.
• A computer communicates with its expansion cards and devices through the system bus.
• How much information flows through the system bus depends on the bus width and bus
speed.
• There are several bus types, including ISA, PCI, and AGP.

Memory Cache
• Memory Cache: A special type of memory that greatly increases a computer’s performance.
Computer Performance
• Computer performance is determined by CPU speed, amount of memory or RAM, the type
and speed of the video card, the hard disk speed, free space, and fragmentation, and the
number of programs running at the same time.
Upgrading a Computer
• Make sure any upgrades you make to a computer are worth the cost—sometimes it’s simply
better to buy a new computer.
• Upgrades to improve performance include adding more memory or RAM, adding a bigger
hard drive, adding a new CPU and motherboard (usually not recommended), and adding new
devices, such as a DVD drive.
Quiz
1. Hardware is any software that is installed on a computer’s hard disk.
(True or False?)
2. Laptops are faster than desktop PCs, generally speaking. (True or

False?)
3. Which of the following moves the pointer to another location on-

screen?
A. Pressing the arrow keys on the keyboard.
B. Moving the mouse until the pointer points to that spot.
C. Moving the mouse until the pointer points to that spot and clicking the left
mouse button.
D. Moving the mouse until the pointer points to that spot and clicking the right
mouse button.
4. Which of the following is NOT a type of computer port?

A. USB
B. Parallel or printer
C. Backup
D. Network or Ethernet
5. When you type a document on a computer, every letter you type is

saved to the computer’s _______ or temporary storage area.
A. Hard drive
B. RAM
C. ROM
D. CPU

36 Computer Basics
6. What is the ‘brain’ or main chip of a computer called?

A. The RAM
B. The ROM-BIOS
C. The motherboard
D. The CPU
7. ROM stands for ‘Read-Only Memory’ (True or False?)
8. Which of the following does NOT affect a computer’ s performance?

A. The amount of memory or RAM.
B. The speed of the CPU.
C. The type and speed of the video or graphics card.
D. The number of keys on the keyboard.
Quiz Answers
1. False. Hardware is any physical part of the computer you can see and touch.
2. False. Laptops are generally slower than desktop PCs.
3. B. Move the pointer by moving the mouse until the pointer points to that spot.
4. C. There isn’t such as thing as a backup port.
5. B. RAM or Random Access Memory.
6. D. The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the main chip in a computer.
7. True. ROM stands for Read-Only Memory.
8. D. The number of keys on the keyboard does not affect a computer’s
performance.

Chapter Two:
Understanding
Hardware
• Understand what a CPU does • A desire to learn about
computers.
• Learn how memory is measured
• Learn about input devices: mouse, keyboard, and digital cameras
• Learn about output devices: monitor, graphics, and printers
• Learn about storage devices: hard drives, CD-ROMs, and DVDs
Hardware is any physical part of a computer that you can see or touch. A computer’s
monitor, CD-ROM or DVD drive, mouse, keyboard, and printer are all different types of
hardware. This chapter takes a closer look at the physical parts that constitute a computer.
This chapter is broken up into several sections, since there are several different categories
of hardware devices. First we’ll examine processing devices, such as computer’s CPU
and memory. You’ll finally understand what those technical sounding words megahertz
and gigabyte mean. From there we’ll move on to input devices, such as the keyboard and
mouse and output devices, such as the monitor and printer. The last part of this chapter
discusses storage devices, such as hard drives and CD-ROM drives.
That’s a lot of material to cover, so let’s get started!
38 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-1: Central Processing

Unit (CPU)
Figure 2-1
The Intel Pentium 4 is the
fastest and most recent
CPU available.
Central
Figure 2-2 Processing
Unit (CPU)
The CPU can get hot!
Most CPUs have a built-in
fan to keep them from
burning out.
Figure 2-1
Figure 2-2
Inside the computer case, hidden amongst all the wiring and gizmos, is a particularly
important part of the computer known as the central processing unit (or CPU, for short).
The CPU is also known as the computer chip (because that’s what it is) or the
microprocessor (or processor, for short).
Some say the CPU is the brain of the computer while others describe it as the heart. In
any case, it’s the thing that makes your computer a computer. The CPU does all the work:
It calculates, it processes, it keeps things running smoothly. You might think of it as a
A CPU’s speed is
talented stage manager. When it does its behind-the-scenes job well, you don’t notice it;
you simply enjoy the performance.
measured in
megahertz (MHz) or Originally, CPUs were given wildly inventive names like Chip. Okay, maybe not. The
gigahertz (GHz). names were actually based on numbers like 8088. The next few names in the series—the
286, the 386, and the 486—were actually just shortened names for 80286, 80386, and
80486. Then, what would have been the 586 was dubbed the Pentium. After that, the
names became rather mysterious: Pentium Pro and Pentium MMX. Finally, the names
returned to a semi-ordered numbering system (albeit a mix of Roman and Arabic
numerals): Pentium 2, Pentium 3, and Pentium 4. And that’s where we are at the moment.
Both the Pentium 3 and the Pentium 4 are still quite common.
Intel makes most CPUs. In fact, Intel is the company that came up with the name
Pentium. However, AMD and VIA Technologies are two other well-known CPU
manufacturers. Their CPUs are less expensive and use a different naming system (such as
the AMD Athlon and the AMD Duron). Intel actually makes a less expensive version of
the Pentium as well, which it calls the Celeron. The Celeron does what the Pentium does,
but not as quickly.
Speaking of which, speed is what the CPU is all about, and each successive version of the
CPU gets progressively faster. A CPU’s speed is measured in megahertz (MHz) or, for
newer models, in gigahertz (GHz). A megahertz equals millions of cycles per second; a
gigahertz equals billions of cycles per second. Higher numbers equate to higher speeds.
You might see an Intel Pentium 4 at 3.06 GHz, a Pentium III at 1.40 GHz, and a Celeron
at 2.20 GHz.

Chapter Two: Understanding Hardware 39
Another common measure of a CPU is how many bits it can handle at a time. A bit is the
tiniest piece of information processed by a computer. Eight bits make up one byte, and
one byte equals one character. Computers used to handle 8 or 16 bits; now they’re up to
32 and 64 at a time. Don’t worry if all of this seems a bit confusing—we’ll cover bits and
bytes in greater detail in a later lesson.
Table 2-1: Types of CPUs

CPU Speed Description
1 GHz to Intel Pentium 4 Processor
3 GHz The Pentium 4 is Intel’s more recent and fastest generation of CPUs, with
processing speeds over 3 GHz.
450 MHz to Intel Pentium III Processor

1 GHz Launched in 1999, Pentium 3 CPUs are still found in some new
computers.
1.06 to Intel Celeron Processor

2 GHz Intel’s Celeron CPU is an inexpensive processor designed for people on
budget. Celeron processors are very similar to Pentium processors, but
they have less built-in memory.
500 MHz to Intel Xeon Processor
3 GHz Don’t expect to see any Xeon-based computers at your local computer
store—it’s designed for high-end servers.
850 MHz to AMD Athon Processor

1.67 GHz The Athlon processor is equivalent to Pentium processors—only it’s less
expensive.
700 MHz to AMD Duron Processor
800 MHz The Duron CPU is AMD’s is similar to Intel’s Celeron processor. It has
less built-in memory and is designed for people on a budget.
Quick Reference
Older Here’s a summary of the other most common—and obsolete—processors • The CPU, or Central
Processors out there: Processing Unit, is the
Processor Release Date Average Speed computer’s main chip. It
Pentium II 1997 266 MHz calculates and processes
Pentium 1993 133 MHz information.
486 1989 66 MHz CPU Speed is Measured
386 1985 25 MHz In:
286 1982 12.5 MHz
8088 1979 8 MHz • Megahertz (MHz).
• Gigahertz (GHz).
Common CPUs Include:
• Intel Pentium III
• Intel Pentium 4
• Intel Celeron
• AMD Athlon
• AMD Duron

40 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-2: Memory

Figure 2-3
A hard drive might have
60GB of memory.
Figure 2-4
A recordable CD (CD-R)
can have up to 700MB of
memory.
Figure 2-3
A memory chip might have
512MB of memory.
Figure 2-6
A zip disk can have
between 100MB and
250MB of memory.
Figure 2-6
Figure 2-5
Most people know that a computer has memory. But what does that really mean? You
often hear techies toss around numbers like “60GB hard drive.” Okay, that sounds
impressive, but what does it tell you? This lesson breaks memory into measurable units.
The first thing you need to know is that, at its most basic level, a computer only
understands the concept of “on and off.” On is represented by the number one (1); off is
represented by the number zero (0). Everything that a computer does is based on this
combination of ones and zeros, which is known as the binary system. These ones and
zeros are digits, known as bits, which are the smallest memory unit. The term bit is short
for binary digit.
The second thing you need to know is that a computer saves information in bytes, not
bits. So what is a byte? The term byte is short for binary digits eight. So one byte is made
Everything that a up of eight bits. And a byte is the equivalent of a character, which can be a letter, a
computer does is number, or a symbol. So let’s say that you’re a self-involved poet whose latest creation is
based on a combination simply titled “I.” That one-word title would equal one byte.
of ones and zeros, Of course, it would be fairly tedious if a computer stored everything in single bytes. The
which is known as the next largest unit is the kilobyte. A kilobyte (abbreviated K or KB) equals 1,024 bytes or
binary system. characters. Now let’s say you’re a short-story writer. The one-page, double-spaced
masterpiece you submit to your editor would be the equivalent of a kilobyte.
After the kilobyte, the next largest unit is the megabyte. A megabyte (abbreviated M or
MB) equals 1,048,576 bytes or characters. If you were a novelist, your latest bestseller
would equal a megabyte.

The next unit after the megabyte is the gigabyte. A gigabyte (abbreviated G or GB) equals
1,073,741,824 bytes or characters. Let’s pretend you are a researcher. A whole shelf of
books devoted to your favorite subject would be the equivalent of a gigabyte.
Finally, after the gigabyte comes the terabyte. A terabyte (abbreviated T or TB) equals
1,099,511,627,776 bytes or characters. Let’s imagine that you’re an egomaniac who owns MB is an abbreviation
an entire bookstore filled only with books by authors you like. Such a single-minded for megabyte. GB is an
store would be the equivalent of a terabyte. abbreviation for
gigabyte.
Okay, let’s review. The following table summarizes all the units of memory.
Table 2-2: Bits and Bytes

Unit Abbreviation Size Symbol Equivalent
Bit — — — An atom or speck, the
smallest unit of
memory.
Byte — 8 bits A single letter, a

number, or a symbol. Quick Reference
Computers function based
on the binary system:
Kilobyte K or KB 1,024 bytes A one-page, double- • On is represented by a
spaced letter. one (1).
• Off is represented by a
zero (0).
• Ones and zeros are
Megabyte M or MB 1,048,576 bytes A best-selling novel. digits, known as bits.
Bit:
• Short for binary digit
• Smallest memory unit
Gigabyte G or GB 1,073,741,824 bytes An encyclopedia set. • Eight bits equal one byte
Byte:
• Short for binary digits
eight.
Terabyte T or TB 1,099, 511,627,776 A bookstore. • One byte equals one
bytes character (letter, number,
or symbol)
Kilobyte (K or KB):
• 1,024 bytes
Megabyte (M or MB):
• 1,048,576 bytes
Gigabyte (G or GB):
• 1,073,741,824 bytes
Terabyte:
• 1,099, 511,627,776 bytes

42 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-3: RAM and ROM

Figure 2-7
RAM, or Random Access
Memory, works like a
notepad; you can read
from it and write to it.
Figure 2-8
ROM, or Read Only
Memory, works like a
novel, you can read from it
but not write to it.
So now you know that computer memory is measured in various byte-sized units:
kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, petrabytes, and philobytes. Okay, those last two were
just made up to see if you were paying attention.
Next you need to know that computers have two major types of memory: random-access
memory (or RAM) and read-only memory (or ROM). Let’s discuss these two types of
memory in greater detail.
• RAM (random-access memory)
When someone at a computer superstore tells you how much memory a new
computer has, they’re really talking about RAM. RAM is the computer’s main
memory, which it uses to process information. Whenever you work with a file on
your computer, you’re using RAM. And the data in that file is temporarily stored in
When you work with a RAM. However, RAM is volatile, which means that the data is stored only as long as
file on your computer, the computer has power. Once you shut off your computer, the data is gone.
you’re using RAM. However, you can and should save your data (read: your file). That’s where storage
comes in, but more on that later. For now, think of RAM like a notebook: You can
read from it and write to it. Technically, it could be called “read and write memory.”
And, as with a notebook, you can overwrite it many, many times—provided you
have an eraser!
• ROM (read-only memory)
ROM is the computer’s low-level memory, which it uses to perform its most basic
functions. This memory is permanent; the data remains even if you shut off the
computer. This only makes sense because ROM is required to restart your computer.
You never hear people discuss how much ROM you have because the manufacturer
usually installs it, and you never touch it. It does all the behind-the-scenes work and
then disappears once you’re underway, much like a party planner. You can also think
of ROM like a novel: You can read from it, but you can’t write to it (and thus, its
name).

Table 2-3: Comparing RAM and ROM

RAM ROM
Random-access memory Read-only memory
Main memory. Low-level memory.
Necessary to process information (example: work Necessary to perform the most basic functions
with a file). (example: start the computer).
Volatile: If not saved, data disappears when you Nonvolatile: Data remains even when you shut off
shut off the computer’s power. It’s temporary. the computer’s power. It’s permanent.
Often discussed when buying a computer. Seldom mentioned when buying a computer.
You can read from and write to it. Comparable to a You can read from it, but you can’t write to it. Quick Reference
notepad. Comparable to a novel.
Computers have two types
of memory:
• Random-access memory
(RAM).
• Read-only memory
(ROM).
RAM:
• Computer’s main
memory, which is used to
process information
(example: work with a
file).
• Volatile: Unless saved,
data disappears when
you shut off the computer.
• You can read from it and
write to it. Comparable to
a notebook; you can read
and write to it.
ROM:
• Computer’s low-level
memory, which is used to
perform its most basic
functions (example: start
the computer).
• Nonvolatile: Data remains
even when you shut off
the computer. It’s
permanent.
• You can read from it, but
you can’t write to it.
Comparable to a novel;
you can only read it.

44 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-4: Mouse

Figure 2-9 “Click!”
Clicking with the mouse. “Click!” “Click!” “Click!”
Click Double-click Right-click
Figure 2-10 Press and Quickly press and Press and
release the release the left release the
Double-clicking with the left mouse mouse right mouse
mouse. button. button twice, in button.
rapid succession.
Figure 2-11
Figure 2-9 Figure 2-10 Figure 2-11
Right-clicking with the
mouse.
Figure 2-12 Hold down the Use the
mouse button center wheel
Dragging and dropping while you drag to scroll
with the mouse. the mouse across through
your desk. screens of
Figure 2-13 information.
Using the scroll wheel.
Drag and drop
Place the pointer over an object and press and
hold down the left mouse button. While still
holding down the button, move the mouse (and
thus the cursor) to where you want to place the
object and then release the mouse button.
A computer would be useless if you had no way to communicate with it. That’s why you
need an input device. Essentially, an input device lets you talk to your computer. Two
examples of input devices are the keyboard and the mouse. We’ll discuss keyboards later;
for now let’s concentrate on the mouse.
That funny-looking object that, frankly, looks like a mouse (with its oval body and long
tail-like cord connecting it to the computer) is the mouse. Originally, computers only
came with a keyboard. But in 1968 Doug Engelbart invented the mouse. In 1984, Apple
Computers introduced the mouse with its Macintosh computers. Shortly thereafter, the
The underside of a mouse was standard equipment on all computers.
roller ball mouse.
The mouse acts as a handheld pointing device that allows you to control the actions of
that blinking item on your screen known as a cursor. Depending on the software you are
using and the task you are doing, the cursor may resemble such symbols as a slanted
arrow ( ), an “I” ( ), or a vertical line (). A cursor is essentially a place-marker that
appears on your computer screen. You move the mouse to place the cursor over an object
on your screen and click the mouse buttons to select that object. Once an object has been
selected, you can move it or manipulate it. We’ll cover mouse buttons in greater detail in
a later lesson.
Some mouse pads have The standard mouse has two buttons and a rollerball on the underside, which moves the
a wrist rest to help cursor on the screen when you move the mouse. A rollerball mouse works best when used
users keep their hands
and wrists in better
alignment.

on a mouse pad, especially one that has a rough texture on its surface. Some mouse pads
now come with a wrist rest to help users keep their hands and wrists in better alignment.
Like other computer components, mice come in several shapes and sizes. Some mice
have three (or more) buttons, which are programmable, and some include a trackball on
the top (instead of a rollerball on the underside). Most new mice include a center scroll
wheel between the two buttons. Not surprisingly, this scroll wheel lets you scroll through
screens of information in a fluid motion. Many new mice are also ergonomically
designed to fit the user’s hand. And some new mice have Forward and Back buttons off
to the side of the mouse, which help you navigate the Internet.
One of the latest innovations is the optical mouse, which is becoming quite common. An
optical mouse operates by using an infrared sensor, which means it uses neither a
rollerball nor a mouse pad. You can identify an optical mouse by the telltale red glow A wireless mouse
emanating from its underside. works just like a
One other hot innovation is the wireless mouse (and keyboard). A wireless mouse and remote control.
keyboard run on batteries and communicate with the computer the same way a remote
control communicates with a television.
Quick Reference
Input devices on a
standard computer:
• Keyboard.
• Mouse.
What a mouse does:
• It acts as a handheld
pointing device and
controls the actions of
that blinking item on your
computer screen known
as a cursor.

46 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-5: Keyboard

Esc key Function keys or “F” keys Status lights
Figure 2-14
The 101-key enhanced
keyboard Esc F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 Print
Screen
Scroll
Lock
Pause
Num
Lock
Caps
Lock
Scroll
Lock
~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) + Insert Home Page Num

/
Backspace Lock *
` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 = Up
Tab Q W E R T Y U I O P { } | Delete End Page 7 8 9

[ ] \ Down Home PgUp
+
Caps A S D F G H J K L : " 4 5 6
Enter
Lock ; '
Shift Z X C V B N M < > ? Shift 1 2 3

, . / End PgDn
Enter
0 .
Ctrl Alt Alt Ctrl
Ins Del
Alt key Arrow keys Numeric keypad

Shift key
Ctrl key
Figure 2-14
Like the mouse, the keyboard is an input device that allows you to talk to the computer.
The keyboard is easily recognizable because it resembles a typewriter keypad. If the
typewriter predates you, then look for the component that’s covered with buttons that
have letters, numbers, and symbols on them.
An ergonomic If you’ve ever used a typewriter, you probably recognize many of the keys on a keyboard.
keyboard is designed In any case, the alphanumeric, symbol, and punctuation keys are self-explanatory. And
to relieve the stress we’ll review the rest of the keys that are unique to a (101-key and 104-key) keyboard.
of typing for long However, we will ignore the three keys found above the numeric keypad (<Print
periods of time. Screen/Sys Req>, <Scroll Lock>, and <Pause/Break>) because they are all fairly useless
on most computers today.
NOTE: If your keyboard includes multimedia and Internet buttons above the
keys, consult the manual that comes with your keyboard to learn their
functions.
Table 2-4: Special Keys and Their Functions

Key(s) Description
The <Alt> key doesn’t do anything by itself—it needs another key to make things
happen. For example, pressing the <Tab> key while holding down the <Alt> key
switches between any programs that are currently running.
Just like the <Alt> key, the <Ctrl> key doesn’t do anything by itself—you need to
press another key with it to make things happen. For example, pressing the <X>
key while holding down the <Ctrl> key cuts whatever is selected.
The <F1> key is the help key, and pressing it displays helpful information about
what you’re doing.

Key(s) Description
The <Esc> (Escape) key is the “Wait, I’ve changed my mind” key and is the same
as clicking Cancel in a dialog box. For example, if you click something and an
unfamiliar dialog box appears, you can close it by pressing the <Esc> key.
The <Enter> key is the “Carry out my orders” key and is the same as clicking the
OK button in a dialog box. For example, after you’ve typed the name of a program
you want to run in a dialog box, press <Enter> to run the program. The <Enter>
key also adds new lines and starts new paragraphs if you’re entering text.
When you’re in a dialog box, pressing the <Tab> key moves to the next field.
When you’re using a word processor, the <Tab> key works just like you’d think it
would and jumps to the nearest tab stop whenever you press it.
The arrow keys move your computer’s cursor across the screen.
Nothing surprising here. The <Delete> key deletes or erases whatever you
select—files, text, or graphical objects. If you’re working with text, the <Delete>
key erases characters to the right of the insertion point.
Use the <Backspace> key to fix your typing mistakes—it erases characters to the
left of the insertion point.
The <Home> key jumps to the beginning of the current line when you’re working
with text.
The <End> key jumps to the end of the current line when you’re working with text.
The <Page Up> key moves up one screen.
The <Page Down> key moves down one screen. Quick Reference
• A keyboard lets you enter
information and
commands into a
computer.

48 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-6: Digital Cameras and

Web Cams
Figure 2-15
A digital camera.
Figure 2-16
A Web cam usually sits on
top of a computer’s
monitor.
Figure 2-17
Figure 2-15
Cameras with more
megapixels can take
sharper and more detailed
pictures.
Figure 2-17
Figure 2-16
A megapixel contains
A digital camera lets you take pictures that you can transfer to a computer. Once you’ve
one million pixels.
transferred your pictures you can print them, insert them in word processing document, or
send them in an e-mail message. You can also edit digital photos, to remove such
undesirable objects as redeye or an ex-boyfriend.
The quality of the pictures a digital camera takes depends on its resolution, which is
measured in megapixels. One megapixel is equal to one million, or 1000 × 1000 pixels.
The higher the number of megapixels, the clearer and more detailed the picture.
Digital cameras don’t use film—they store their pictures on a type of removable memory
called flash cards. Flash cards can store anywhere from a dozen to several hundred
pictures, depending on how much memory they have. There are three different types or
formats of flash cards out there:
• CompactFlash: Definitely the most common type of “digital film” out

there, CompactFlash cards can typically store anywhere from 8MB to over 1GB.
• SmartMedia: SmartMedia is another a very popular type of memory card

because of its small size. SmartMedia cards are also widely used in many PDAs.
SmartMedia cards are available in capacities ranging from 2 MB to 128 MB.

• Memory Stick: Sony makes this type of memory card for use in its own
products: Sony digital cameras, Sony PDAs, etc. Memory sticks are available in
capacities ranging from 4 MB to 128 MB.
Another popular toy you can add to your computer is a Web cam. A Web cam is a tiny
digital video camera that usually sits on top of a computer’s monitor. People use Web
cams for videoconferencing and to send live images over the Internet.
Table 2-5: Comparison of Megapixels

Megapixels Image Size Description
Under 1 640×480 Entry level and obsolete digital cameras have a measly resolution
of 640x480 pixels. These cameras are fine if you want to e-mail
someone a picture or send someone a photo on a computer, but
the quality of a printed image is terrible when printed as 4x6in
photo.
1 1024×768 Supposedly 1024×768 resolution is this is enough to make sharp
4x6 inch prints. The truth is, at this point it depends more on the
quality of the digital camera than the resolution. Many printed
photos can still look “digital” or blurry at this resolution.
2 1600×1200 Two-megapixel cameras can take fine 4x6 inch prints and even
respectable 8x10s, about what you'd expect from a low-end film
camera.
3 2048×1536 Once you reach the three-megapixel bracket the quality of print is
normally excellent up to 8x11 prints. If you're looking for a really
good digital camera with strong features and good image quality,
three megapixels is a good range to search in.
4 2272×1740 Four-megapixel cameras are starting to get into the “enthusiast”
territory. They take exceptionally sharp photos and can print even
larger prints than 8x11.
5 2560×1920 We’re definitely in enthusiast professional territory now.
Five-megapixel cameras are even used by professional
photographers to take really big prints. Quick Reference
• A digital camera lets you
take pictures and transfer
them to a computer.
• The quality, or resolution
of the pictures a digital
camera can take are
measured in megapixels,
or millions of pixels (dots).
The more pixels, the
better the resolution.

50 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-7: Other Input Devices

Figure 2-18
There’s usually not
enough room to use a
mouse on an airplane or
on the beach. It’s for this
reason that most laptops
have built-in touch pads
and AccuPoint® Pointing
Devices.
Figure 2-18
The keyboard and mouse are the two most common input devices for a computer, but
there are many more. Most respectable laptops have a built-in touch pad or AccuPoint®
Pointing Device or pointing stick that works like a mouse. Other mouse alternatives
include track balls and light pens.
Other common computer input devices include scanners for copying images to a
computer, joysticks for playing games, and microphones for recording sound. You can
learn about these input devices by taking a look at the table on the next page.

Table 2-6: Other Input Devices

Input Device Description
A touch pad is a small, touch-sensitive pad used as a pointing device on some
portable computers. By moving a finger or other object along the pad, you can
move the pointer on the display screen.
Touch Pad
An Accupoint® Pointing Device, or pointing stick, is another mouse substitute
that is found on many laptop computers. An Accupoint® Pointing Device usually
sits in the middle of the keyboard and resembles an eraser at the end of a
AccuPoint® pencil.
Pointing Device
A track ball is essentially a mouse lying on its back. To move the pointer, you
rotate the ball with your thumb, your fingers, or the palm of your hand.
Track Ball
A light pen is input device that utilizes a light-sensitive detector to select objects
on a display screen. A light pen is similar to a mouse, except that with a light
pen you can move the pointer and select objects on the display screen by
Light Pen directly pointing to the objects with the pen.
A scanner is a lot like a photocopier. Instead of producing copies, a scanner

converts images into digital information and stores it in a computer.
Scanner
Mostly used for computer games, a joystick is a lever that moves in all
directions and usually controls some type of movement on the computer.
Quick Reference
Joystick
Other Input Devices
If your computer has a sound card (and most computer have one) you can plug Include:
in a microphone to digitally record sounds to your computer. • Touch pads
• AccuPoint® Pointing
Devices
Microphone
• Track balls
• Light pens
• Scanners
• Joysticks
• Microphones

52 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-8: Monitor

Figure 2-19
Similar in appearance to a
television screen, a
monitor displays images
and text on its screen.
Figure 2-20
Flat-panel monitors are
more expensive than
traditional monitors, but
they take up less space
and use less electricity.
Figure 2-20
Common controls found
Move Image Stretch Image Pincushion
on the front of a monitor. Left-Right Left-Right In-Out Brightness
Move Image Stretch Image Wider-Narrower Contrast

Up-Down Up-Down Image
Figure 2-21
A computer’s monitor looks and works a lot like a TV screen. The monitor is really only
half of what makes text and images appear on the screen. The other half is the graphic
card, or video/display adapter. The monitor plugs into the graphics card in the back of the
computer.
Flat panel or LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors, like the one in Figure 2-20, will
eventually replace older CRT monitors, like the one shown in Figure 2-19. A flat panel
monitor is the same type of display that is found in laptop computers. Flat panel monitors
are thin, lightweight, and use a lot less electricity than traditional monitors. Flat panel
monitors are also considerably more expensive than traditional monitors, although the
price is dropping. Flat panel monitors are wider than traditional monitors are; in fact a 15-
inch flat panel monitor has almost the same viewing area as a 17-inch traditional monitor!
0.28 mm • Size
dot pitch The size of a monitor is measured diagonally across the screen, just like TVs.
Common monitor sizes are 15, 17, 19, and 21 inches. The most popular monitor size
is currently 17 inches.
Dot pitch is the • Dot Pitch
distance between Dot pitch refers to the distance between each pixel, or dot, on the screen, as
pixels or dots on a measured in millimeters (mm). The smaller the dot pitch, the closer the dots, and the
screen. Dot pitch is sharper the image is. If you’re in the market for a monitor try to find one with a 0.28
measured in mm or less.
millimeters (mm).

• Refresh Rate
The refresh rate determines how quickly the monitor redraws, or updates, the image
on the screen. Higher refresh rates are better, since they flicker less and are easier on
the eyes. The refresh rate is measured in herz (Hz), or the number of times per
second the monitor redraws the entire screen. If you’re buying a new monitor, make
sure to get one with a refresh rate of 72 Hz or better.
• Screen Savers and Energy Star Compliance
A screen saver is a moving picture that appears on your computer screen when you
don’t use your computer for a while. Screen savers originally prevented phosphor
burn, which occurred when a static image became etched onto the screen after a long
The Energy Star
period of time. Today’s monitors aren’t susceptible to phosphor burn, but some Logo
people still use screen savers for fun.
Most monitors are Energy Star compliant. This means they automatically turn
themselves off after a period of time to save electricity. You turn the monitor back
only by simply moving the mouse or pressing a key on the keyboard.
Quick Reference
CRT Monitors:
• Older type of monitor that
looks like a television set.
Flat Panel LCD Monitors:
• Newer type of monitor
that is thin, lightweight
and somewhat more
expensive.
Other Things to Know
about Monitors:
• The size of a monitor is
measured diagonally
across the screen.
Average monitor sizes
range from 15-inches to
21-inches.
• The monitor refresh rate
determines how quickly
the monitor redraws, or
updates, the image on the
screen. Most monitors
have a refresh rate of
72MHz or better.
• A screen saver is a
moving picture that
appears on your
computer screen when
you don’t use your
computer for a while.

54 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-9: Graphics Card

Figure 2-22
A computer’s monitor
plugs into the graphic
card, an expansion slot
that plugs into a
computer’s motherboard.
Figure 2-23
Newer computer games
have fantastic graphics— Figure 2-22
but you’ll need a
3D graphics accelerator
card to see them. Figure 2-23
The second part of a computer’s video system is the graphic card or video adapter. A
graphics card is an expansion card that plugs into a computer’s motherboard and is
responsible for all the text and pretty images that appear on your computer’s monitor.
Many computers don’t have a graphics card at all—all the video capabilities are instead
built into the computer’s motherboard.
Graphics cards come in many models and prices. More expensive graphics cards are
faster and can display more complex, 3D graphics—something especially useful if you’re
into computer games. Here are the basics about graphic cards:
• Screen Resolution
Resolution has to do with how much information can fit on the computer screen.
Obviously you can’t adjust how large or small your computer’s monitor is (without
buying a new one that is), but you can make all the images on your screen larger or
smaller so you can see more information at once. You can adjust the screen
resolution to suit your needs and preferences. For more information about screen
resolution see Table 2-7: Common Screen Resolutions.
• Color Depth
Color depth is the number of colors that are displayed on the screen at once. So why
would you want to change the number of colors displayed on your screen? Perhaps
you want to use higher color depth settings to make videos and photographs more
realistic. Or some finicky games also require you to use a specific color depth. For
more information about color depth see Table 2-8: Common Color Depths.
• Graphics Card Memory
Graphics cards have their own memory, or RAM, just like a computer. You’ll need
more memory to display higher screen resolutions and color depths. Video cards can
have anywhere from 1 MB all the way up to 128 MB of memory. If you’re buying a
new computer, make sure it has at least 64 MB of memory.
• 3D Graphics Accelerator
A 3D graphics accelerator card has its own CPU that is used to create 3D graphics. If
you’re even considering playing games on your computer, you should have a
3D graphics accelerator card, as most newer games require one.

Table 2-7: Common Screen Resolutions

Resolution Description
No longer supported in most computers, 640 by 480 used to be the lowest
Higher Resolutions Require More Speed and Video Memory
resolution setting. Larger and cheaper monitors have made 640 by 480
resolution effectively obsolete.
640 by 480
This has been the standard resolution setting for most computers, and is the
lowest setting on newer monitors. This is a good in-between resolution,
allowing you to display quite a bit of information on the screen without having
to use a magnifying glass to read it. Use this setting if you have a 15-inch or
800 by 600 17-inch monitor.
The new standard, 1024 by 768 puts a lot of information on your screen, but
the images can start getting small and difficult to read at this point (unless you
have a large monitor). Use this setting if you have a 17-inch or larger monitor
or when you want to see a lot of information at the same time, for example if
1024 by 768 you’re working on a large spreadsheet, graphic files, or multiple windows.
Depending on how expensive the graphics card in your computer is, there may
be several higher modes of resolution which continue to display more and
more information and smaller and smaller images.
Higher
resolutions
Quick Reference
Table 2-8: Common Color Depths Screen Resolution:
Color Depth Description • Determines how much
No longer supported on many computers, 256 colors was the standard color information can fit on the
More Colors Require More Speed and Video Memory
depth years ago, but most computers and video cards are fast enough to run with computer screen at once.
more colors without taking a performance hit, making this color depth almost Common screen
obsolete. resolutions include
256 Colors 800 by 600 and
1,024 by 768.
16-bit color displays roughly 65,000 colors at once. This is the point where
pictures become photo-realistic. This is a good color depth setting because it can Color Depth:
display photo-realistic images without slowing your computer down. You have to • Color depth is the number
really squint to see much difference between 16-bit color and higher levels of of colors that are
16-bit color depth. displayed on the screen
at once. Common color
24-bit color displays 16.7 million of colors at once. Depending on how expensive depths include 16-bit and
the graphics card in your computer is there may be several higher modes of color 24-bit color.
depth, which continue to display more and more colors on the screen.
Video Cards:
24-bit • Have their own memory
and processor. Generally
32-bit color displays 16.7 million of colors at once. 32-bit color is faster and more
speaking, the more
efficient than 24-bit color.
memory a video card has,
the higher the resolution
32-bit and color depth it can
display.

56 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-10: Printer Basics

Figure 2-24
InkJet printers are the
most inexpensive and
popular type of printer sold
today.
Figure 2-25
A printer’s resolution
determines the quality of
the images it can produce.
Figure 2-24
300 dpi 600 dpi

Figure 2-25
A printer is an output device that puts text and graphics on paper. Using the printer is
often the last step in creating something on a computer, whether it’s a letter, spreadsheet,
or digital photograph.
Unfortunately, there’s a lot to know about printers—especially if you’re buying one. Here
are the main printer concepts you should know:
• Type of Printer
There are several different types of printers out there: InkJet and Laser printers are
the most common. InkJet printers are the cheapest and most common type of printer
and can be found in both homes and businesses. Laser printers are usually faster than
InkJet printers, but they normally can only print in black and white. Laser printers
are used mainly by businesses.
• Color vs. Black and White
Color used to be an expensive option for printers, but not any more. Most InkJet
printers can print in color and so can an increasing number of laser printers. Most
laser printers still print in black in white—great for text but not for images and
graphics.
• Resolution
A printer’s resolution helps determine the quality of the images it can produce.
Higher resolution means higher quality images. Printer resolution is measured in dots
per inch (dpi). Generally, 600-dpi resolution works great for text documents, while
you will probably want 1200 dpi or better resolution for printing images. See Figure
2-25 for a good illustration of varying resolutions.

• Speed
A printer’s speed determines how quickly it can print pages. Speed is measured two
ways: in characters per second (cps) or in pages per minute (ppm). Either way you
want a higher number if you want to have a faster printer. Printers usually slow
down quite a bit when printing pages with a lot of complicated graphics, or color
images.
• Ink Cartridges and Toner
Today many InkJet printers are cheap—about as much as dinner for two at a very
fancy restaurant. Sound too good to be true? Here’s the catch: the ink for most
printers costs a lot of money. InkJet printers use ink cartridges that seem to run dry at
an alarming speed. Laser printers user toner cartridges filled with the same messy
black powder that is found in copy machines. Laser toner cartridges last a lot longer
than InkJet cartridges, but they also cost significantly more.
• Memory
Laser printers have their own memory, or RAM, just like a computer. This memory
is used to store pages before they are printed. Memory is important for printing
complex or high-resolution images. Most laser printers have anywhere from 2 MB to
8 MB of memory.
• Print Buffer and Spooler
Computers are a lot faster than most printers are, so they can send information faster
than the printer can accept it. A printer buffer or spooler fixes this problem. A print
buffer works like a dam: it holds back the information and releases it at a rate that the
printer can handle.
Quick Reference
• InkJet and Laser printers
are the most common
printer types.
• Printer resolution
determines the quality of
the images a printer can
produce. Printer
resolution is measured in
dots per inch (dpi).
• A printer’s speed
determines how quickly it
can print pages.
• Printers get their ink from
expensive cartridges
(InkJet printers) and
toners (laser printers)
• Many printers have their
own memory, which is
required for printing more
complex images.
• A print spooler or buffer
temporarily stores large
print jobs and releases
them when the printer is
able to print them.

58 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-11: Types of Printers

Figure 2-26
There are many different
types of printers available,
with an enormous range of
prices and features.
Figure 2-26
Leonardo da Vinci didn’t limit himself by using only paint and brushes to create his
masterpieces; he also used chalk to make sketches and a chisel and hammer to make
sculptures. Maybe Leonardo would have used an airbrush or spray paint if they had been
invented yet. Hmm… maybe not. Because there are different types of print jobs there are
different types of printers. Are you a home user that prints an occasional letter or two?
You’ll probably want to buy a cheap InkJet printer. Are you a busy office that has lots of
people who need to print lots of documents? You’re probably looking at getting a Laser
printer.
The following table describes the main types of printers out there and how or why you
would use them, so you’ll have no excuse for buying the wrong kind of printer when you
get around to buying one.
Table 2-9: Types of Printers

Printer Type Description
Inkjet printers are easily the most popular and inexpensive type of printer out
there. If you have a printer for your home computer, chances are it’s an InkJet
printer. InkJet printers create images by spraying ink onto a page. The
inexpensive InkJet printer gets its ink from very expensive InkJet cartridges.
Most InkJet printers can print in color, and their speeds vary from 2 to 16 pages
Ink Jet per minute (ppm).

Printer Type Description

Laser printers have blazing speed—anywhere from 4 to 20 pages per minute
(ppm), great resolution—anywhere from 300 to 1,200 dots per inch (dpi), and
recently have become relatively inexpensive. Laser printers are great for
businesses and people who need to produce large amounts of text documents or
correspondence.
Laser printers use the same technology as photocopy machines to create black
Laser and white images on paper. Laser printers use powdered black ink, called toner,
just like photocopy machines do. When the toner cartridge runs out, you have to
replace it with a new toner cartridge. Toner cartridges cost a lot more than InkJet
cartridges do, but they also last a lot longer.
A color laser printer works just like an ordinary laser printer, except that it can
print in color, of course. Color laser printers are quite expensive and the color
toner cartridges for them are even costlier.
Color Laser
As its name implies, a multifunction printer can perform more than one task.
Multifunction printers can usually operate as a fax machine, copier, and scanner
in addition to their traditional printing duties.
Multifunction
Popular in the 1980’s, noisy dot-matrix printers have gone the way of the
dinosaurs, except in businesses that need to print on carbon copies.
Dot matrix printers usually use a type of paper with holes punched along each
side called continuous form paper, and loads it through something called a tractor
feed. Dot-matrix printers range in speed from 25 to 450 characters per second
(cps), or 1 to 18 pages per minute (ppm).
Quick Reference
Resolution is measured differently with dot-matrix printers. Instead of using dot
Dot Matrix
per inch (dpi) dot matrix resolution is measured by how many little pins are on the Print Types Include:
dot-matrix print head. Dot-matrix printers are available with 9-pin (terrible quality) • InkJet
and 24-pin (higher quality) print heads.
• Laser and color laser
Don’t expect to find a plotter at your local computer store. Plotters are special, • Multifunction
very expensive printers that are used to create posters and blueprints.
• Dot matrix
• Plotter
Plotter

60 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-12: Sound and

Speakers
Figure 2-27
Older computers had a
sound card, which
plugged into the
motherboard of the
computer. Newer
computers have sound
capabilities built into the
motherboard.
Figure 2-28
You’ll need to connect a Figure 2-27
pair of speakers or
headphones to your
computer if you want to
hear sound.
Figure 2-28
The term sound card is a little misleading; sound cards used to be expansion cards that
plugged into a computer’s motherboard. Although such sound cards still exist, today most
computers have sound capabilities built-it to their motherboards. Either way, a sound card
basically does two things: it plays and records digital sounds.
The types of sounds your computer can play range from the sounds you hear when you
turn on your computer, to explosions in a computer game. A sound card can also play
MP3 music files. An MP3 is a highly compressed sound file that lets you play CD-quality
music on your computer.
While it’s not nearly as important, sound cards also let you record sounds if you plug in a
stereo or microphone. For example, you could use a sound card to record your aging
cassette tape collection to MP3 files. Newer speech recognition software also requires
that you have a microphone plugged into your computer.
Sound cards have the most confusing ports or jacks on the entire computer. Most of them
look almost exactly the same—especially if you’re crouched in the dark under a desk
trying to plug in a pair of speakers to your computer. The table on the following page
might make things a little easier by describing each of these ports.

Table 2-10: Sound Card Jacks and Ports

Jack Picture Description
This is the main jack where you connect your speakers or

headphones to hear the sounds produced by the sound card.
Speaker
This jack lets you connect a microphone to your computer so

that you record sounds and use speech recognition software.
Microphone
You can listen to your computer through your home stereo

system if you plug it into this jack. This is especially useful if
Line Out you want to play MP3 files on your stereo.
You can record a cassette, audio CD, or the radio by

plugging a stereo system into this jack.
Line In
This port lets you connect a joystick, used for playing games,
Game Port to your computer.
Quick Reference
Sound Cards:
• Allow computer to play
and record digital sounds.

62 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-13: Modem

Figure 2-29
An internal modem plugs
into an expansion slot
inside a computer.
Figure 2-29
Figure 2-30
An external modem plugs
into a serial port and sits
outside a computer.
Figure 2-31
Most laptops have a
built-in modem.
Just about every new computer comes with a built-in modem. A modem translates a
computer’s ones and zeros into audio tones, so that it can transmit information over the
phone lines to other modems. The speed of a modem is measured by how fast it can
transmit information in bits per second (bps).
• Internal: Most computers have an internal modem, like the one shown in Figure
2-29. Internal modems often plug into an expansion slot and are cheaper than
external modems.
• External: An external modem, like the one shown in Figure 2-30, plugs in to a
computer’s serial port. Newer, broadband modem may plug into the USB or Ethernet
port. A broadband modem transmits information directly over a connection, unlike
older traditional modems that have to convert the information to tones or sounds
first. Because of this, broadband modems are very, very fast—much faster than
Quick Reference standard modems. DSL and Cable are the most common types of broadband
Standard Modems: connections.
• Transmit information over Here’s a quick overview of the major types of modems that are available:
standard phone lines to
other computers. Table 2-11: Modem Types and Speeds
Maximum speed is
56K bps. Type Speed (in bps) Description
Standard 56K Standard modems connect to a standard telephone line
Broadband and Digital and are used for dial-up connections to the Internet.
Modems:
• Much faster than standard ISDN 56K to 128K One of the older broadband connections. It’s only twice
modems, with speeds up as fast as a traditional modem and pretty much obsolete.
Digital / Broadband
to 4,000K bps. Broadband DSL 256K to 6,000K DSL modems take advantage of unused frequencies in
modems include ISDN, the phone line, such as a pause in conversation. DSL
DSL, and Cable. modems are very fast; the problem is that you have to be
close to a phone company in order to get DSL service.
Cable 640K to 4,000K A cable modem is the fastest modem you can buy for
home use. The problem is your cable company has to
offer cable Internet access in order to use it.

Lesson 2-14: Input/Output

Devices
Figure 2-32
A touch screen monitor is
an example of an
input/output device.
Figure 2-33
A multifunction printer is
another example of an
input (scanner)/output
(printer) device.
Figure 2-33
Figure 2-32
Some computer devices can be categorized as both an input device and an output device.
For example, a multifunction printer, like the one shown in Figure 2-33 has a scanner
(input) and a printer (output). Touch screen monitors are another example of an
input/output device; they display images (output) and also let users interact with the
computer by pressing areas of the screen (input). Quick Reference
• Some computer devices
have both input and
output functions.
Examples include touch
screen monitors and
multifunction printers.

64 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-15: Hard Drive

Figure 2-34 Taxes Love Letters
Letter to Bill
How information is stored Investments
Letter to Mary
in a file cabinet.
Figure 2-35 Letters
How information is stored

on a hard disk.
A file cabinet’s information is A folder may contain several
organized and grouped into files and even several
folders. subfolders.
Figure 2-34
Storage Notes:
Internal Hard Disk
A computer stores
Speed: Very fast. Most hard information on a hard disk.
disks have an average
access speed of between 8 Information on a hard disk is A folder may contain several
to 15 milliseconds (ms). Figure 2-35 organized and grouped into files and subfolders.
Capacity: Enormous. Many folders or directories.
hard disks have more than
200 Gigabytes (GB) of A hard drive or hard disk is a computer’s main storage device. Most hard drives are
storage. tucked away in the system unit of a computer and hidden from view. Although you
normally can’t see a computer’s internal hard drive you can usually hear it whirring
Cost: Hard disks are
inside when you start the computer or a program. An external hard drive sit outside the
becoming more and more
computer’s system unit and plugs into a USB, Firewire, or SCSI port.
inexpensive. Byte for byte
they are the most The hard drive is like the file-cabinet portion of your desk. And files really are saved in
inexpensive way to store folders on a computer, so this really is the perfect analogy. Most computers have a single
data. hard drive located inside of the computer case labeled C. When a computer has more than
one hard drive they are labeled D, then E, and so on. Unlike RAM, a hard drive retains its
information even when you turn the computer off.
So what’s stored on a hard drive? Let’s take a look…
• Operating System Files
A computer’s operating system, like Windows XP, is stored on the hard drive.
• Program Files
Program files are the programs you work with, like your word processor, your
Internet software, or your games. Programs usually come on floppy disks or CD-
Unlike floppy disks and ROM’s, to use it first install, or copy, it to your hard drive in order to use the
CD-ROMs, most hard program.
disks reside inside of • Data Files
the computer or Whenever you create a document or data file on your computer, like a word
system unit and cannot processing document, the computer stores it in its temporary memory (RAM.) You
be easily removed. must save your documents to the hard drive or they will be lost when you turn off
your computer.

Most hard drives are connected to a computer’s motherboard through something called an
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) connection. You can also connect CD-ROM and DVD
Storage Notes:
External Hard Disk
drives to an IDE connection. A slight problem with IDE is that it only supports a total of
four devices or drives. This isn’t a big deal for most home users, but it is if you’re a Speed: Very fast, though
business and need a server with lots of hard drives. So there’s another way to connect normally slower than internal
hard drives to a computer: through a SCSI (pronounced—get this—scuzzy) port. SCSI hard disks.
connections are often faster than IDE and they can connect up to seven devices instead of Capacity: Enormous – same
four. as internal hard disks.
OK, so what else do you need to need to know about hard drives? Cost: Slightly more
expensive than internal hard
• Hard Disk Size (or Capacity) disks.
How much information (how many programs and data) a hard drive can store is
measured in bytes, just like RAM. Hard drive sizes in newer computers range from
20 Megabytes (MB) all the way up to 200 Gigabytes (GB)! How big a hard drive
should you get when you buy a computer? Normally try to get at least 40 Gigabytes
if you’re a home or small business user. More is better in hard drives, because
programs keep getting bigger.
• Average Access Time
A hard drives average access time is how fast it can find information. Average access
time is measured in milliseconds (ms), or 1/1000 of a second. The lower the access
speed, the faster the hard drive. Most newer computers have an average access time
of 8 to 15 ms.
Quick Reference
Hard Drive:
• A computer’s main
storage device,
sometimes called the C
drive.
• Modern hard drives can
store anywhere from
20GB to 250GB of
information.
• Average access time is
how fast a hard drive can
find information.
• Hard drives are
connected to a computer
through either an IDE or
SCSI interface.

66 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-16: Hard Drive

Maintenance
Figure 2-36
Routine hard drive
maintenance keeps
computers happy and
running smoothly.
Figure 2-37
Most hard disk repair tools
can be found in Microsoft
Windows by right-clicking
the hard drive, selecting
Properties from the
shortcut menu, and
clicking the Tools tab.
Figure 2-38
Hard drives need to be Figure 2-36 Figure 2-37
defragmented periodically
to make them more
efficient.
Create a
fragmentation report
on the selected drive
Defragment the
selected drive
Figure 2-38
Cars require maintenance to keep them running at their peak performance. Some car
maintenance tasks are simple and routine, such as changing the oil every 3,000 miles.
Others are more complicated, such as installing a new radio. Hard drives are no
different—they require routine maintenance to prevent and/or correct problems and to
keep them running at their best performance.

By now you’re probably wondering, “How does one maintain a hard drive?” There are
quite a few ways:
• Repair a Hard Drive
Over time, hard drives can become damaged, effecting their performance.
Fortunately most of the hard drive damage is caused by normal wear and tear and is
not serious. You can diagnose and correct most hard drive problems with a hard drive
repair program. Microsoft Windows comes with a built-in hard drive repair program.
• Defragmenting a Hard Drive
Normally a computer stores a file in the same location on a hard drive. Over time, a
hard drive can become fragmented, and instead of storing a file in the same location
it begins storing parts of it all over. When the computer needs to read a fragmented Make sure you install
file, it must read several different parts of the hard drive instead of just one. antivirus software on
Defragmenting a hard drive puts the fragmented files back together in one place. You your computer to
should defragment your computer’s hard drive about once a month. prevent malicious
• Backing up a Hard Drive computer viruses.
A computer’s hard drive stores information even when the computer is turn off, but
you should still back up the documents you create to some type of removable
storage, like a CD-RW or tape backup. This will give you an extra copy of your files
in case your hard drive is damaged.
• Virus Protection
A computer virus is actually a small computer program written by a malicious person
with the purpose of vandalizing computers by erasing information on their hard drive
and causing other problems. Anti-Virus programs that protect computers against
viruses, like Norton AntiVirus or McAfee VirusScan, are available at most computer Quick Reference
stores. If you’re even thinking about connecting to the Internet, you need to have Hard Drive Repair and
AntiVirus software installed on your computer. Fragmentation:
• Hard Drive Compression • Over time, small errors
A computer can increase space on a hard drive by using a special program to and fragmentation can
compress, or squeeze together, the files stored on a hard drive. Most data degrade the performance
compression programs can effectively double the amount of information a hard drive of a hard drive. These
can store. Sounds great, so why don’t many people use disk compression? First, data problems can be
compression slows your hard drive because the computer has to uncompress files corrected by a hard drive
before it can read them. Second, data compression often causes more problems in utility program.
hard drives. Third, several programs won’t run on the computer with compressed
hard drives. Don’t compress your hard drive unless you absolutely have to, and even Hard Drive Backups:
then it might be better to start looking for a new, larger hard drive than to use data • Should be performed to
compression. give you an extra copy of
your files if your hard
drive becomes damaged.
Virus Protection:
• Software should be
installed on every
computer to protect
against malicious
computer viruses.
Compression:
• Increases the space on a
hard drive by
compressing, or
squeezing together, its
files.

68 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-17: CD-ROM Drive

Figure 2-39 CD-ROM Transfer
Speed Rate
A CD-ROM drive.
8x 1,000 KB/s
Figure 2-40 10x 1,600 KB/s
12x 1,800 KB/s
A CD-ROM drive can also
16x 2,400 KB/s
play the same, great audio
24x 3,600 KB/s
CDs that a stereo system
32x 4,800 KB/s
does.
40x 6,000 KB/s
Figure 2-41 Figure 2-39 48x 7,200 KB/s
60x 9,000 KB/s
Newer CD-ROM drives
can transfer data faster Figure 2-41
than older drives, as this
table shows.
Figure 2-40
Storage Notes: Another type of drive almost all computers have is a CD-ROM drive (CD-ROM stands
CD-ROM for Compact Disc-Read Only Memory). CD-ROM drives play CD-ROM discs—the same
Speed: Much slower than a kind of compact discs you can play in your stereo system. CD-ROMs can store lots of
hard disk, but still faster than information: a single CD-ROM can hold more than 600 Megabytes (MB) of data—more
a floppy. than an encyclopedia set! Unlike a hard drive, most CD-ROMs can only read
information—you can’t save, or record anything on them (that’s what the ROM in CD-
Capacity: About
ROM stands for: Read Only Memory!) On the other hand, CD-RW drives can read and
650 Megabytes (MB).
write (or burn) to special CD-R and CD-RW discs (the RW in CD-RW stands for
Cost: Very inexpensive. ReWritable.) The CD-ROM drive is usually labeled D on most computers.
The speed of a CD-ROM drive determines how quickly the computer can read
information stored on the CD-ROM. Faster CD-ROM drives produce better sound and
video quality. The original CD-ROM drive was no faster than an audio CD player, so the
speed of all subsequent CD-ROM drives is measured by how many times faster they are
than the original, 1x CD-ROM drive. Today’s CD-ROM drives are up to sixty times (60x)
faster than the original.

Here are some things you can do with CD-ROMs:

• Install Programs
More programs are coming on CD-ROMs because of their large storage capacity.
Instead of installing and copying 20 floppies to your hard drive, you only have to
install a single CD-ROM.
• Run CD-ROM Programs
CD-ROM-based programs are usually the coolest programs available for your
computer. CD-ROM programs often have rich, exiting multimedia content: high
quality sounds, music, videos, and animations. For example, a popular CD-ROM
program is a complete, searchable encyclopedia set which contains high quality
pictures, sounds, music, and videos.
• Play Audio CDs
Most CD-ROM drives are capable of playing audio CDs—the same kind your stereo
uses! So your computer can play music while you work.
Table 2-12: Types of CD’s

CD Type Description
CD-ROM The original, standard CD, CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc, Read-Only Memory. What
this means is that you can only read information from a CD-ROM; you can’t add new
information.
CD-R If you have a CD-RW drive you can permanently store information on a CD-R (Compact
Disc-Recordable) disc. The information you write or burn to a CD-R is permanent and
can’t be changed or erased.
You can also use CD-R discs to create musical CDs that you can listen to in a stereo
system.
CD-RW Unlike CD-R discs, a CD-RW (Compact Disc-ReWritable) disc can be written to many
times. You can also modify and erase information on a CD-RW disc—if you have a
CD-RW drive, of course. Quick Reference
CD-ROM:
• Stands for Compact Disc-
Read Only Memory. A
CD-ROM drive lets you
install programs, run
CD-ROM based
programs, and play audio
CDs. A CD-ROM holds
about 650MB of
information.
CD-R:
Recordable. Lets you
permanently write or burn
information.
CD-RW:
ReWritable. Can be
written to and modified
many times.

70 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-18: DVD Drive

Figure 2-42
A DVD disc looks almost
identical to a CD-ROM
disc.
Figure 2-43
The DVD logo.
Figure 2-42
Figure 2-44
A single DVD can store as
much information as
several CD-ROMs.
Figure 2-45 Figure 2-43 Figure 2-45 Figure 2-44
A DVD drive can also play
the same, great movies Next generation DVD drives are quickly replacing CD-ROM drives in newer computers.
that you can watch on a A DVD (stands for Digital Versatile Disc) disc looks just like a CD-ROM, but it can store
DVD player. more than 4 Gigabytes (GB) of information—as much as seven CDs. There are even
rumored to be future DVD discs that can hold up to 17 Gigabytes! Unfortunately there
still really isn’t a lot of software that is available on DVD discs. Most people simply use
their DVD drive to watch DVD movies. The CD-ROM drive is usually labeled D or E on
Storage Notes: most computers.
DVD
New rewritable DVD drives, that can record or burn information to special type of DVD
Speed: Faster than a discs have recently become available the market. Unfortunately for the consumer, the
CD-ROM drive but not as fast greedy DVD manufacturers couldn’t agree on a universal recordable DVD standard, so
as a hard disk. there are several different competing formats out there. Hopefully consumers will
Capacity: Usually about eventually make the decision for the DVD manufacturers, like they did between Betamax
4 Gigabytes (GB), although and VHS videotapes. Until then there isn’t really any clear answer about which
future DVD discs are recordable and rewritable DVD format to go with, although both DVD+RW and DVD-
rumored to hold up to RW discs work in most newer DVD drives and players. We can tell you that recordable
17 Gigabytes (GB). DVD-RAM format is almost universally not compatible with most DVD players. Table
2-13: DVD Formats tries to make sense of all the available formats. For more
Cost: Slightly more than a
information on recordable DVD standards, visit
CD-ROM but still very
http://www.dvdrhelp.com/dvdplayers.php on the Web.
inexpensive.
Table 2-13: DVD Formats

DVD Format Description
DVD-ROM The original, standard DVD. ROM stands for Read-Only Memory. This means
you can only read information from a DVD; you can’t add new information.
DVD-R If you have a DVD-RW drive you can permanently store information on a
DVD-R (DVD-Recordable) disc. The information you write or burn to a DVD-R is
permanent and can’t be changed or erased.
DVD-RW drives can also write to DVD-RW discs

DVD Format Description

DVD-RW If you have a DVD-RW drive you can use DVD-RW (ReWritable) discs, which
can be re-written up to 1,000 times. You can also modify and erase information
on a DVD-RW disc. DVD-RW discs have some compatibility problems with
older DVD Players and DVD ROM drives.
DVD-RW drives can also write to DVD-R discs.
DVD+R If you have a DVD+RW drive you can permanently store information on a
DVD+R (DVD+Recordable) disc. The information you write or burn to a DVD+R
is permanent and can’t be changed or erased.
DVD+RW drives can also write to DVD+RW discs.
DVD+RW If you have a DVD+RW drive you can use DVD+RW (ReWritable) discs, which
can be re-written to up to 1,000 times. You can also modify and erase
information on a DVD+RW disc. DVD+RW discs have some compatibility
problems with older DVD Players and DVD ROM drives.
DVD+RW drives can also write to DVD+R discs.
DVD-RAM DVD-RAM is a rewritable DVD format that can be re-written to many times.
DVD-RAM discs are beginning to look like an orphan format, since they won’t
work in most DVD players.
Quick Reference
DVD:
• Stands for Digital
Versatile Disc. A DVD disc
looks like a CD-ROM, but
can store much more
information.
Recordable and
Rewritable DVDs:
• There are several
competing, non-
compatible formats out
there, including DVD-R
/DVD-RW and DVD+R/
DVD+RW.

72 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-19: Floppy Drive

Figure 2-46
A relic of the past, floppy
disks don’t have the speed
or capacity to be very
useful in the 21st century.
Figure 2-46
Storage Notes: Most desktop computers still have a floppy drive, although most laptops have dropped
Floppy Disk the all-but-obsolete floppy drive. Floppy drives read flat, 3½-inch floppy disks. Floppy
Speed: Very slow. drives are as slow as a glacier when compared to hard drives and CD-ROM drives.
Floppy disks can only store a scant 1.44 Megabytes (MB) – just a little more than your
Capacity: Very small –
typical novel.
1.44 Megabytes (MB).
Cost: Very cheap. So why are these relics from the 1980’s still around? Floppy disks can still be useful for
transferring and backing up small documents. Some other uses for floppy disks include:
• A mini cutting board
• An eye patch (for one-eyed software pirates)
Quick Reference • A room divider for hamsters
Floppy Disks: • An accessory for aging computer nerds
• Are slow and can only
store 1.44MB. They are
all but obsolete.

Lesson 2-20: Zip and Jaz Drives

Figure 2-47
A Zip drive can store
100MB or 250MB on
removable Zip disks.
Figure 2-48
A Jaz drive can store 1GB
or 2GB on a removable
Jaz disk.
Figure 2-48
Figure 2-47
Removable storage drives have features of both hard drives and floppy drives. Storage Notes:
Removable storage drives work like a floppy drive because they read and write Zip Drive
information on small, removable cassettes that are about the size of a floppy disk. They Speed: Significantly slower
are like hard drives because each cassette can usually hold more than 100 megabytes than most hard disks.
(MB) and is much faster than a floppy disk, but still not quite as fast as a hard drive. Two
Capacity: 100 to
of the most popular removable storage drives are the Zip drive and Jaz drive, both made
250 Megabytes (MB).
by Iomega.
Cost: Expensive when
Zip disks can store 100 to 250 Megabytes (MB) on a removable disk—about 70 to 170 compared to costs of
times as much as an old floppy disk. Zip drives are available in both 100MB and 250MB equivalent CD-RW discs and
versions. You’ll need a 250MB version to read both 100MB and 250MB Zip disks. Zip other storage devices.
disks are a great way to transfer and backup information—but they’re not much of a
value when compared to newer CD-RW and even newer DVD-RW discs.
Jaz disks can store 1 to 2 Gigabytes (GB) on a single removable disk—as much as an Storage Notes:
older hard drive! Jaz drives are also fast, though not as fast as a hard disk, so they’re great Jaz Drive
for backing up information. Despite their huge storage capacities, Jaz drives really never Speed: Slower than most
caught on. hard disks, but faster than a
Zip disk.
Capacity: 2 Gigabytes (GB).
Cost: Fairly expensive when
compared to costs of
equivalent CD-RW discs and
other storage devices.
Quick Reference
• Zip and Jaz drives are
removable storage
devices that have
features of both floppy
and hard disks.

74 Computer Basics
Lesson 2-21: Other Storage

Devices
Figure 2-49
Flash cards are most
commonly used as the
‘film’ in digital cameras
and can also be read by
many PDAs and most
computers.
A tape backup
Figure 2-49
automatically makes a
copy, or backup, of all the
files on a computer’s hard
drive.
We’ve covered the main storage devices that are out there, but it seems as if one or two
new storage devices are invented and released every year; some catch on, some don’t.
Here’s a run-down on some of the less common storage devices that are out there:
Table 2-14: Other Storage Devices

Device Description
A tape drive creates copies, or backups, of the files on a computer’s hard drive
onto a tape cartridge. The backed up files can be restored in case the original
files are lost due to disaster or stupidity.
Quick Reference
Other Storage Devices Tape Drive
Include: The LS-120 drive was meant to be an alternative to Zip disks, because it could
• Tape drives store 120 MB of data on a disk, and a replacement for floppy drives, because it
• LS-120 Super drives could also read and write to traditional 1.44 MB floppy disks. Unfortunately
LS-120 never really caught on with the general public.
• Flash cards LS-120 SuperDrive
• USB flash drives Flash cards are commonly used as the ‘film’ for digital cameras. Flash cards
can store anywhere from a dozen to several hundred pictures, depending on
how much memory they have. There are three different types of flash cards:
Flash Cards CompactFlash cards, SmartMedia cards, and Memory Sticks. Flash cards can
store anywhere from 4 MB all the way up to 1 GB. Wow!
A USB flash drive is really another type of Flash Card that plugs into a USB
port. USB flash drives range in sizes from 16 MB to 512 MB.
USB Flash Drive

Lesson 2-22: Formatting a Disk

Quick (erase) Figure 2-51
Erases all information from
the disk, but doesn't scan the Most floppy disks and
disk for damaged areas. Only hard drives come pre-
works on disks that have
previously been formatted. formatted
Figure 2-52
Enable Compression
Formats the volume so that Formatting a floppy disk in
folders and files on it are
compressed. Compression is Microsoft Windows XP.
supported only on NTFS
drives.
Create an MS-DOS startup

disk
If you’re having problems with
your computer, use a startup
disk to help remedy your
Figure 2-51 problems.
Figure 2-52
Floppy disks must be formatted before you can use them. Fortunately, today most floppy
disks you can buy come pre-formatted, so you don’t have to do it yourself. When you
format a disk, you erase everything on it and prepare it so that it can be read and used by
the computer’s operating system. Actually, you can format most storage devices, such as
a hard disks and Zip disks, only you’ll want to be extra careful about formatting these
devices, as there’s a lot more information that will be erased when you format them.
It’s easy to format a floppy disk. Here’s the procedure for formatting a floppy disk in
Windows XP…
1. Click the Start button and select My Computer.

The My Computer window will display your computer’s various storage devices.
2. Right-click the drive containing the floppy disk you want to format Quick Reference
(usually A:), and select Format from the shortcut menu.
Formatting a Disk:
The Format dialog box appears. There are several options you can specify when
formatting a floppy disk—see Figure 2-52 to see what they are. • Prepares it for use, so
3. Click Start.
that it can be read and
used by the computer’s
The floppy drive will whir as it formats the floppy disk. Formatting a floppy disk operating system.
usually takes about a minute, formatting a hard disk takes a long time—over an
• Formatting a disk erases
hour if you have a slow computer and large hard disk.
everything on it.

76 Computer Basics
Chapter Two Review
Lesson Summary
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the computer’s main chip. It calculates and processes
information.
• CPU speed is measured in megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz).
• Common CPUs include: Intel Pentium III, Intel Pentium 4, Intel Celeron, AMD Athlon, AMD
Duron.
Memory
• Computers use the binary system, where on is represented by a one (1) and off is
represented by a zero (0).
• A Bit is the smallest memory unit. Bit stands for binary digit.
• Eight bits make one Byte. A byte equals one character (letter, number, or symbol).
• 1,024 bytes make one Kilobyte (K or KB) which is equivalent to a one-page, double-spaced
letter.
• 1,048,576 bytes make one Megabyte (M or MB) which is equivalent to a novel.
• 1,073,741,824 bytes make one Gigabyte (G or GB) which is equivalent to an encyclopedia
set.
• 1,099, 511,627,776 bytes make one Terabyte (T or TB) which is equivalent to a small
bookstore.
RAM and ROM

• RAM: Stands for Random Access Memory. This is the computer’s main memory, which is
used to process information. You can read from and write to RAM. RAM is volatile, and any
data disappears when you shut off the computer.
• ROM: Stands for Read Only Memory. This is the computer’s low-level memory, which is used
to perform its most basic functions. You can read from ROM but you can’t write to it.
Mouse
• A mouse acts as a handheld pointing device and controls the actions of that blinking item on
your computer screen known as a cursor.
Keyboard
• A keyboard lets you enter information and commands into a computer.

Digital Cameras and Web Cams

• A digital camera lets you take pictures and transfer them to a computer.
• The quality, or resolution of the pictures a digital camera can take is measured in megapixels,
or millions of pixels (dots). The more pixels, the crisper the image will appear when it is
printed.
Other Input Devices

• Other input devices include touch pads, AccuPoint® pointing devices, track balls, light pens.
scanners, joysticks, and microphones.
Monitors
• A CRT Monitor is an older type of monitor that looks like a television screen.
• A Flat Panel LCD Monitor is a newer type of monitor that is thin, lightweight and somewhat
expensive.
• The size of a monitor is measured diagonally across the screen. Average monitor sizes range
from 15-inches to 21-inches.
• The monitor refresh rate determines how quickly the monitor redraws, or updates, the image
on the screen. Most monitors have a refresh rate of 72MHz or better.
• A screen saver is a moving picture that appears on your computer screen when you don’t use
your computer for a while.
Graphics Cards
• Screen Resolution determines how much information can fit on the computer screen at once.
Common screen resolutions include 800 by 600 and 1,024 by 768.
• Color Depth is the number of colors that are displayed on the screen at once. Common color
depths include 16-bit and 24-bit color.
• Video Cards have their own memory and processor. Generally speaking, the more memory a
video card has the higher the resolution and color depth it can display.
Printer Basics
• InkJet and Laser printers are the most common printer types.
• Printer resolution determines the quality of the images a printer can produce. Printer
resolution is measured in dots per inch (dpi).
• A printer’s speed determines how quickly it can print pages.
• Printers get their ink from expensive cartridges (InkJet printers) and toners (laser printers).
• Many printers have their own memory, which is required for printing more complex images.
• A print spooler or buffer temporarily stores large print jobs and releases them when the
printer is able to actually print them.
Types of Printers
• Print types include InkJet, laser and color laser, multifunction, dot matrix, and plotters.

78 Computer Basics
Sound and Speakers

• A sound card lets a computer digitally play and record sounds.
Modems
• A standard modem transmits information over standard phone lines to other computers and
has a maximum speed of 56K bps.
• A broadband or digital modem is much faster than a standard modem, with speeds up to
6,000 Kbps. Broadband modems include ISDN, DSL, and Cable.
Input/Output Devices
• Some computer devices have both input and output functions. Examples include touch screen
monitors and multifunction printers.
Hard Drive
• A hard drive is a computer’s main storage device, usually labeled C.
• Modern hard drives can store anywhere from 20GB to 250GB of information.
• Average access time is how fast a hard drive can find information.
• Hard drives are connected to a computer through either an IDE or SCSI interface.
Hard Drive Maintenance

• Hard Drive Repair and Fragmentation: Over time, small errors and fragmentation can
degrade the performance of a hard drive. These problems can be corrected by a hard drive
utility program.
• Hard Drive Backups: Should be performed to give you an extra copy of your files if your hard
drive becomes damaged.
• Virus Protection: Software should be installed on every computer to protect against
malicious computer viruses.
• Compression: Increases the space on a hard drive by compressing, or squeezing together,
its files.
CD-ROM Drive
• CD-ROM: Stands for Compact Disc-Read Only Memory. A CD-ROM drive lets you install
programs, run CD-ROM based programs, and play audio CDs. A CD-ROM holds about
650MB of information.
• CD-R: Stands for Compact Disc-Recordable. Lets you permanently write or burn information.
• CD-RW: Stands for Compact Disc-ReWritable. Can be written to and modified many times.
DVD Drive
• DVD: Stands for Digital Versatile Disc. A DVD disc looks like a CD-ROM, but can store much
more information.
• Recordable and ReWritable DVDs: There are several competing, non-compatible formats
out there, including DVD-R /DVD-RW and DVD+R/ DVD+RW.

Floppy Drive
• Floppy disks are slow and can only store 1.44MB. They are all but obsolete.
Zip and Jaz Drives

• Zip and Jaz drives are removable storage devices that have features of both floppy and hard
disks.
Other Storage Devices

• Other storage devices include tape drives, LS-120 Super drives, flash cards, and USB flash
drives.
Formatting a Disk
• Formatting a disk prepares it for use, so that it can be read by the computer’s operating
system. Formatting a disk erases everything on it.
Quiz
1. The speed of a CPU is measured in what?
A. Megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz)
B. Horsepower
C. Bits per second (Bps)
D. Lux
2. How much information can be stored in a kilobyte?

A. As much as a one page letter.
B. As much as a novel.
C. As much as an encyclopedia set.
D. As much as a bookstore.
3. Generally speaking, which of the following storage devices can hold

the most information?
A. A hard disk
B. A Zip disk
C. A CD-ROM
D. A DVD
4. What is another name for a computer’s main volatile memory?

A. RAM
B. ROM
C. RUM
D. Flash

80 Computer Basics
5. You can read and write to a computer’s ROM. (True or False?)
6. Which of the following modems is the slowest?

A. ISDN
B. DSL
C. Cable
D. Standard
7. Which of the following can you read and write to many times?
A. CD-ROM
B. CD-R
C. CD-RW
D. DVD-ROM
Quiz Answers
1. A. The speed of the CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is measured in megahertz
(MHz) and gigahertz (GHz).
2. A. A kilobyte holds 1,024 characters; about as much information as a single
page letter.
3. A. A hard disk will generally have more storage capacity than a Zip disk, CD-
ROM, or even DVD.
4. A. RAM or Random Access Memory.
5. False. A computer can read from ROM but not write to it.
6. D. A standard modem is much slower than the other digital modems.
7. C. You can read and write to a CD-RW, or CD ReWritable disc many times.

Chapter Three:
Understanding
Software
• Learn about operating systems • A desire to learn about
computers.
• Learn about application software
• Learn about word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and more
• Learn about programming
This chapter is all about software. Software is a computer program that tells computer
hardware how to operate. Software is even more diverse than hardware—there are
thousands and thousands of software programs out there. Software ranges from the
Windows XP operating system that manages your computer, to the word processor you
use to print letters, to the Web browser you use to peruse the Internet.
This chapter will give you an incredibly broad overview of the various types of software
out there. We’ll explain what an operating system does and provide a quick history of
various operating systems. Next we’ll take a quick tour of the most popular types of
programs out there, from word processors to databases. Finally we’ll take a glance at
some of the more common programming languages that are used to write software.
82 Computer Basics
Lesson 3-1: Understanding

Graphical User Interfaces
Figure 3-53 Microsoft(R) MS-DOS
(C)Copyright Microsoft Corp
The procedure for deleting
a file in a text-based C:\>DEL LETTER.DOC
operating system.
Figure 3-54
The procedure for deleting
a file in a GUI-based
operating system. Which
is easier?
Originally, the information on a computer screen was strictly text, and that text was
manipulated using a keyboard. Then computers started using graphical images on the
screen to represent a program or file. Those images are called icons. Along with the
introduction of icons came the development of graphical user interfaces (GUIs). GUIs
allow computer users to point at pictures and icons and then click the icon to manipulate
that program or file, thus the phrase point and click. Obviously, the mouse is a
manifestation of this point-and-click mentality because the mouse controls the onscreen
Graphical user
cursor.
interfaces (GUIs)
allow computer users Figure 3-53 and Figure 3-54 make a good illustration of how much easier a GUI makes it
to point and click. to do things, like delete a file. The following table describes some of the most common
icons you’ll see in the Windows XP GUI.
Table 3-1: Things You’ll See in the Windows XP GUI

Object Object
You use the arrow or pointer to point and The Recycle Bin stores your deleted files.
Quick Reference
click at things.
• A Graphical User
Interface, or GUI, makes Click the Start button to access Click the Close button to close the current
computers easier to the programs on a computer. window or program.
operate by using pictures Double-click My Computer to access Click the Minimize button to temporarily
and icons to represent the drives and files on a computer. hide a window or program.
files and programs.
Double-click the Hard Drive to access Click the Maximize button to expand a
the hard drive’s folders and files. window or program to fill the entire screen.
Double-click the CD-ROM Drive to play A thumbnail displays a tiny preview of a
or run the contents of the CD-ROM. digital picture or photograph.
Folders hold files and subfolders, just
like a filing cabinet.

Chapter Three: Understanding Software 83
Lesson 3-2: Types of Software

Figure 3-55
Microsoft Windows is an
operating system.
Figure 3-56
Microsoft Excel is an
application program.
Figure 3-57
Not again! Software
Figure 3-55
manufactures release new
versions of their software
regularly to add features,
fix bugs, and line their
pockets.
Figure 3-57
Figure 3-56
Before we delve into the world of software we need to ask and address a few basic
Quick Reference
questions: An Operating System:
• What is an operating system? • Loads automatically and
An operating system is a software program that loads automatically and controls just controls just about
about everything on your computer. There are a number of operating systems out everything on your
there, including MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows XP. computer.
• What is an application program? An Application Program:
An application program helps you accomplish a certain task, such as writing a letter,
browsing the Internet, or playing a game. Examples include word-processing • Helps you accomplish a
programs, spreadsheets, databases, and games. certain task, such as
writing a letter, browsing
• Why are new versions of software released year after year? the Internet, or playing a
Software manufacturers will tell you need a new version of their program because it game.
has new features and fewer bugs. Other people will tell you it’s so the software
manufacturers can continue to make money year after year. Each software release is New Software Versions
given a new name or number, such as Windows 95, Windows 98, to help distinguish and Releases:
the software from older versions. • Come out periodically that
Got it? Great! Let’s continue our tour into the world of computer software. add new features to a
program…and make its
manufacturers more
money.

84 Computer Basics
Lesson 3-3: Operating Systems

Figure 3-58
MS-DOS is a text-based
operating system from the
Stone Age.
Figure 3-59
Introducing… the Start
menu! Microsoft Windows
95 was a very popular
operating system that
features long file names,
better performance, and a Figure 3-58 Figure 3-59
easy-to-use interface.
An operating system is a software program that loads automatically and controls just
about everything on your computer. Here’s what an operating system does:
• Controls Your Computer’s Hardware
Windows controls the different devices of your computer system. It’s what makes
your printer print, what makes graphics and text appear on your monitor, and what
makes your mouse point and click.
• Runs Your Computer’s Programs
An operating system is what runs all your programs. Without an operating system,
your word processor, Web browser (Internet), and games wouldn’t work. An
operating system lets your programs talk to your hardware, so, for example, your
word processor can print things to the printer.
C:\> • Organizes Files
A command prompt is An operating system stores information in files and folders on your computer’s local
where you type disk, just like you store files and folders in a filing cabinet.
commands in MS-DOS. An operating system is like an orchestra conductor who makes sure all the parts of your
computer—your hardware and programs—work together. Operating systems have been
around for a long time—here’s a brief history of the various operating systems out there:
Table 3-2: Types of Operating Systems

Operating System Released Description
MS-DOS 1980 MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System.
MS-DOS was one of the earliest PC operating systems
that displayed boring lines of text on the screen instead
of icons and pictures. You performed tasks in MS-DOS
by typing text commands. MS-DOS file names could
only be eight characters long.
Windows 3.1 1992 Windows 3.1 was the first successful operating system
for the PC that featured a GUI (Graphical User
Interface) that used easy to use pictures instead of hard-
to-remember MS-DOS commands. Technically
speaking, Windows 3.1 was not a true operating system,
since it still required MS-DOS to operate.

Operating System Released Description

Windows 95 1995 The incredibly successful successor to Windows 3.1,
Windows 95 was a true operating system (no more
MS-DOS). It featured long file names, better
performance, and a greatly improved interface.
Windows 98 1998 Very similar with Windows 95, Windows 98 included
several new and improved features. More importantly,
Windows 98 came with support for many of the new
hardware devices out there.
Windows ME 2000 Windows ME was the successor to Windows 98. ME
stands for Millennium Edition or Mistake Eternal,
depending on who you talk to. Windows ME was very
similar to Windows 95 and 98 but it included new
multimedia features, new utilities and lots of new bugs.
Windows NT 1993 Windows NT (stands for New Technology) was a
powerful 32-bit operating system that was faster, more
secure, and much more stable than Windows 95 or 98.
Windows NT was designed for use in large companies
where stability and security were especially important.
Windows 2000 2000 Windows 2000 was the successor to Windows NT.
Windows 2000 includes the best features of Windows
98 (easy Plug and Play hardware installation) and
Windows NT (security and stability). Windows 2000 is
still widely used in many businesses.
Windows XP Home 2001 Windows XP (stands for eXPerience—huh?) Home is
designed for home and consumer computing and is the
successor to Windows ME. Windows XP has the same
technology found in Windows NT and 2000, so it’s much
more stable than earlier versions of Windows.
Windows XP Professional 2001 Windows XP Professional is the business edition of Quick Reference
Windows and is the successor to Windows NT and
Windows 2000. An Operating System…
Windows CE / Pocket PC Varies Windows CE (stands for Consumer Electronics) is the • Loads automatically and
operating system made by Microsoft used to power controls just about
handheld computers or PDAs (Personal Data everything on your
Assistants). computer.
Palm OS® Varies The Palm OS is another operating system that can be
found on handheld computers or PDAs.
UNIX Varies UNIX is an older, very powerful operating system that
can run on a computer, mainframe, or network. UNIX
features great performance, security, and reliability.
Linux Varies Linux is a newer UNIX-base operating system that is
available for FREE on the Internet. Linux is becoming a
popular alternative to Microsoft Windows.
Mac OS X 2001 Mac OS X is the latest operating system for Macintosh
computers.

86 Computer Basics
Lesson 3-4: Word Processing

Figure 3-60
A word processor lets you
write letters, resumes, and
much, much more.
Figure 3-60
Perhaps the most widely used and recognized computer application, word processing
software lets you create letters, reports, and many other documents on a computer.
• Create Letters and Documents
Whether it’s a 500 page steamy romance novel or a quick thank-you note to your
neighbor, a word processor makes writing things easier. Best of all, a word processor
lets you change, or edit, the text in a document before it appears on paper. You can
easily add, delete, or rearrange the text in a word processing document. Most word
processors also allow you to check your documents for spelling and grammar errors.
Microsoft Word is the • Format Text
world’s most popular Most word processors can make the text in your documents look pretty—even if
word processing you’re a terrible writer. For example, you can use various fonts, or typefaces, create
software program. bulleted or numbered lists, and change the alignment of text on the page.
• Create Tables
Tables are great: they are ranked right up there with the spell checker as one of the
neatest word processing features. A table neatly arranges text and data in a grid,
organized by columns and rows.
Quick Reference • Add Images
• A word processor is a Most word processors let you insert pictures and images to create all kinds of neat
program that lets you documents: newsletters, greeting cards, pamphlets, and more.
create letters and • Perform Mail Merges
documents. Mail merge letters are used to send the same or similar documents to many different
people at once. Since they contain the recipient’s name, address, and other
information, mail merge letters feel more personal—just like a typical sweepstake
letter: If you have the winning number, Bob Boyarksi, You are the winner of $10
Million Dollars!

Lesson 3-5: Spreadsheets

Figure 3-61
A spreadsheet program is
useful for calculating and
presenting information—
even if it’s not what you
want to see…
Figure 3-61
Spreadsheet programs are super-powered calculators. Have you ever found yourself using
a calculator to add together more than 5 or 6 numbers? If so, you probably could be using
a spreadsheet program to make working with numbers faster, easier, and more accurate.
You can also analyze data and make it into charts with a spreadsheet.
• Perform Calculations
A spreadsheet can add various cells, perform powerful formulas, and calculate and
analyze information. The entire spreadsheet is updated and recalculated every time
you change a value. That way you can change one number to see how it affects
everything else. Microsoft Excel is the
• Manage and Organize Information world’s most popular
Spreadsheets neatly arrange values in a grid, organized by columns and rows. You spreadsheet software
can use a spreadsheet to present information in a professional and easy-to-read program.
format. You can also use a spreadsheet to store large collections of data, such as
mailing and product lists.
• Format and Present Information Quick Reference
You can enhance the appearance of all those numbers by using various fonts, or • A spreadsheet is a
typefaces, borders, shading, and more. program that organizes,
• Create Charts calculates, and presents
Like the saying “a picture is worth a thousand words,” charts are often better at numbers.
presenting information than hard-to-read numbers in a spreadsheet. A chart illustrates
data, relationships, or trends graphically.

88 Computer Basics
Lesson 3-6: Databases

Figure 3-62 Field Names
A name that
A database stores and identifies the
information in a
manages information field.
related to a particular
subject or purpose. Field
A specific type of
information, such
as the last names
of your
employees.
Record
A collection of
information about
one person or
thing, such as the
name and address
Figure 3-61 of one employee.
In its simplest form, a database is a collection of information that is organized into a list.
Whenever you make a list of information, such as names, addresses, products, or
invoices, you are, in fact, creating a database. Technically speaking, you don’t even have
to use a database program to create a database.
A database program, however, is much more powerful than a simple list you keep on
paper. A database program lets you:
• Store Information
A database stores lists of information that are related to a particular subject or
Microsoft Access is
purpose. A database stores personal information, such as a list of aunt Mildred’s
the world’s most home recipes, or business information, such as a list of hundreds of thousands of
popular database customers. A database also makes it easy to add, update, organize, and delete
software program. information.
• Find Information
You can easily and instantly locate information stored in a database. For example,
you can find all the customers with the last name “Johnson” or all the customers who
live in the 55417 Zip code and are older than 65.
• Analyze and Print Information
You can perform calculations on information in a database. For example, you could
calculate what percentage of your total sales comes from the state of Texas. You can
also present information in a professional-looking printed report.
• Manage Information
Databases make it easy to work with and manage huge amounts of information. For
example, with a few keystrokes you can change the area code for hundreds of
customers in the (612) area code to a new (817) area code.
• Share Information
Most database programs allow more than one user to view and work with the same
information at once. Such databases are called multi-user databases.

Databases usually consist of several parts. The table on this page identifies the main
components of a database.
Table 3-3: Database Objects

Object Description
Tables store a database’s data in rows (records) and columns (fields). For
example, one table could store a list of customers and their addresses while
Tables another table could store the customers’ orders. A database must always
contain at least one table where it can store information—all the other database
objects are optional.
Queries ask a question about data stored in a table. For example, a query might
Queries ask Access to display only customers who are from Texas.
Forms are custom screens that provide an easy way to enter and view data in a
Forms table or query.
Reports present data from a table or query in a printed format.
Reports
Programming codes help you perform routine tasks by automating them into a
Codes single command.
Quick Reference
• A database program
stores, manages, and
organizes lists of
information.

90 Computer Basics
Lesson 3-7: Presentation

Software
Figure 3-63
Even if your presentation
stinks, a presentation
program can at least make
it look pretty.
Figure 3-63
A presentation program turns your ideas into professional, convincing presentations, or

slide shows. If you’ve ever used an overhead projector, flip chart, or even a black board,
you’ll love presentation software. A presentation program lets you create slides that
include text, graphics, charts, and even digital movies. Once you have created a
Microsoft PowerPoint presentation, you can display it as an electronic slide show on any computer.
is the world’s most
• Create Professional Presentations
popular presentation
There really wasn’t much to the movie Star Wars I: Attack of the Clones, but it sure
software program.
looked impressive. Presentation software can do the same thing for presentations,
making even the dullest speech look more professional.
• Add Drawings, Charts, and Illustrations
Quick Reference Presentations with pictures, graphics, and visuals are much more compelling and
effective at conveying messages than ones that contain only boring text. A
• A presentation software presentation software application like Microsoft PowerPoint makes it easy to add
program is used to pictures and drawings to your slides, making them look as though you hired a
create professional, professional graphic design company to create them.
convincing presentations,
or slide shows. • Outline What You Want to Say
If you think way back to your high school speech class, you might remember that
you learned to organize a presentation by writing down its major points in an outline
(if only some public speakers could remember this). Most presentation software has
built-in outlining tools to help you organize your presentation. Just remember to stick
to that outline during your presentation!

Lesson 3-8: Accounting

Figure 3-64
Accounting software, like
Intuit’s Quicken or
QuickBooks (shown
below) can help you pay
bills, balance your bank
account, and even
perform payroll.
Figure 3-64
Personal finance and accounting software keep track of your personal or business
finances. A personal finance program can show you what your current checking, savings,
or credit card balances are, where you’re spending your money, and will even help you
reconcile your account when you get a bank statement. Business accounting programs go
a step further—they will create invoices, keep track of your receivables and payables, and
even do payroll. Once you use a personal financing program for your home finances or an QuickBooks is a very
accounting program for your business, you’ll never know how you ever got along without popular accounting
one. software program for
• Balance Your Checkbook and Manage Finances small businesses.
Accounting software automatically keeps a running balance of your bank accounts—
if you remember to enter your checks and deposits. If you don’t, many account
programs can download your banking statements.
• Write Checks and Pay Bills Quick Reference
You can purchase special checks that you print out on your computer’s printer to
save time and present a more professional image. • Accounting software
helps manage personal
• Create Invoices and/or business finances
If you run a business, an account program can print invoices and keep track of who and balance accounts.
owes you money.
• Perform Payroll
Many accounting programs have a payroll module, which deducts, and tracks Social
Security, Medicare, and state and federal employee taxes.
• Bank Online
Online banking lets you view your current checking and savings balances, pay bills,
and even accept online credit card payments.

92 Computer Basics
Lesson 3-9: Web Browsing

Figure 3-65
A Web browser lets you
view Web pages on the
Internet.
Figure 3-65
Web addresses and pages are everywhere—on television advertisements, in magazine and
newspaper articles, and even on business cards. Together, these Web pages make up what
is know as the World Wide Web (WWW) or Web for short. To view a Web page you’ll
need a piece of software called a Web browser. Luckily you won’t need to buy a Web
browser, since it comes standard on most computers. In fact, Microsoft has spent a
considerable amount of money and time in court determining that Windows is actually a
Web browser.
• Browse and View Web Pages
Web pages are written in a simple language called HTML, which stands for
Hypertext Markup Language. A Web browser converts the HTML in a Web page into
a readable format and displays that information on your computer screen.
• Find Information
You can use a search engine to find just about anything on the World Wide Web. A
search engine catalogs the billions of Web pages on the Internet so that you can find
information on the topics that interest you. Google and Yahoo are two of the most
Quick Reference popular search engines out there.
• A Web browser allows • Download Files
users to view Web pages The Internet is filled with files and programs that you can download, or save to your
on the Internet. computer. You can download images and pictures, programs, even MP3 files that you
can listen to.
• Shop
You can spend lots of money on the World Wide Web. Anything that you can buy in
a store you can probably buy on the Internet. People use the Internet to shop for
books, computers, clothes, and even cars.

Lesson 3-10: Web Authoring

Figure 3-66
Web Authoring software
can help you create
spectacular Web pages,
like the newsletter shown
here.
Figure 3-66
A few years ago, only the brainy computer types knew how to write their own Web
pages. Today Web authoring programs make it easy for even a novice to get their own
Web site up on the Internet for the whole world to see.
• Create Web Pages
All those pretty Web pages you visit on the Internet are written in a simple language
called HTML (stands for HyperText Markup Language). It’s actually possible to Macromedia
create a Web page by writing it directly in HTML using a simple text editor or word Dreamweaver is a very
processor, but most people use Web Authoring software because it’s so powerful and popular Web authoring
easy to use. software program.
• Insert Images
Web Authoring software makes it easy to add pictures and graphics to a Web page,
whether it’s a professional logo for a corporate Web site or a fake photograph for an
online dating service. Quick Reference
• Add Hyperlinks • A Web Authoring
You can easily add hyperlinks to a Web page that point to other sites of interest on program lets users
the Internet. create Web pages in
HTML that they can then
• Publish Your Web Pages to the Internet
publish to the Internet.
A Web site isn’t any good if people can’t see it. Most Web Authoring programs have
tools to help you upload, or save your Web pages on to the Internet.

94 Computer Basics
Lesson 3-11: Programming

Languages
Figure 3-67
Microsoft Visual Basic lets
users create programs
using a graphical
programming environment
and painting metaphor.
Figure 3-67
All software programs, from Microsoft Windows XP to Word 2000 are written in a
programming language. A programming language is a vocabulary and set of grammatical
rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks.
Computers can only understand special machine languages, which consist almost entirely
of numbers. Humans, however, can’t understand these huge series of numbers, so they
use high-level programming languages, such as C++ and Java to write software programs
and then translate or compile them into machine language.
Every language has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, FORTRAN is a good
language for processing numbers, but it’s not well suited to for large programs. C++ has
powerful object-oriented features, but it is complex and difficult to learn. There are
literally hundreds, if not thousands, of programming languages out there. The following
table briefly describes some of the more common programming languages you might
overhear computer nerds discussing.
Table 3-4: Common Programming Languages

Language Description
The lowest-level programming language, machine languages can be read by
Machine Language computers, but are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist
entirely of numbers.
Assembly languages have the same structure and set of commands as
Assembly Language machine languages, but they enable a programmer to use names instead of
numbers when writing code.

Language Description
SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a standardized language for
SQL
requesting information from a database.
Acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, BASIC is one
BASIC of the earliest and simplest high-level programming languages and was taught
by educators to students during the 1970s and 80s.
A high-level programming language developed in the mid-1970s, it is still one
of the most popular programming languages in use today. C is similar
C, C++
assembly language and allows programmers to write very efficient code. C++
adds many object-oriented features to its predecessor, C.
COBOL, or Common Business Oriented Language, was developed back in the
COBOL
late 1950s, and despite its age is still used on many mainframe computers.
High-Level
Acronym for formula translator, FORTRAN is the oldest high-level

FORTRAN programming language. Despite its age, FORTRAN is still popular for scientific
applications that require extensive mathematical computations.
An object-oriented language developed by Sun Microsystems, similar to C++,
but simplified to eliminate language features that cause common programming
Object-Oriented
Java errors. Compiled Java code can run on most computers, including UNIX,
Macintosh, and Windows. Small Java applications called applets can be
downloaded from the Internet and run on your computer.
Based on BASIC, Microsoft Visual Basic allows users to create programs with
Visual a graphical programming environment and painting metaphor. Visual Basic, or
Basic VB, is sometimes called an event-driven language because each object can
react to different events such as a mouse click.
Active Server Pages and Java Server Pages are programming languages that
ASP, JSP
generate dynamic HTML code and send it back to the browser.
HTML, or HyperText Markup Language, is the authoring language used to
HTML create documents, or Web pages on the World Wide Web. HTML defines the
structure and layout of a Web document by using tags and attributes.
Web Development
A scripting language that enables Web authors to design interactive sites.

JavaScript Javascript can interact with HTML source code, enabling Web authors to spice
up their sites with dynamic content.
Short for Practical Extraction and Report Language, Perl is a programming
Perl
language designed for processing text.
An open source, server-side, HTML embedded scripting language used to
PHP
create dynamic Web pages.
Quick Reference
• A programming
Short for Extensible Markup Language, XML allows designers to create their language is a vocabulary
XML own customized tags, enabling the definition, transmission, validation, and and set of grammatical
interpretation of data between applications and between organizations. rules for instructing a
computer to perform
specific tasks.

96 Computer Basics
Lesson 3-12: Systems

Development
Figure 3-68
Define Requirements
Possible steps in
developing a computer
system.
Feasibility Study
System Design and Cost
Programming/
Product Development
Testing
Installation
Training
Monitoring and Maintenance
Figure 3-68
Computer programs and systems don’t appear out of thin air; there are a series of
procedures that are normally followed. The steps and procedures for system development
are very similar, whether it’s a small company replacing its employee time clock with a
computerized attendance system or a huge software company releasing a new software
program.

Table 3-5: Common Stages in System Development

Stage Description
Define Requirements Determine the purpose of the system, all inputs, outputs, and control
mechanisms.
Feasibility Study Determine if the system is economically and technically practical.
System Design and Create an action plan or blueprint for creating the system, and determine
Cost how much the system will cost.
Programming/ Write the programs necessary for the system using a high-level
Product Development programming language. Purchase any hardware required by the system.
Testing Test the completed system using real data to identify and correct any bugs.
Implementation Install the completed system and put it to use.
Training Train users on how to use or operate the new system.
Monitoring and Problems usually arise soon after implementation that must be corrected.
Maintenance Computer systems often require upgrades and routine maintenance.
Quick Reference
Common Steps in
Systems Development:
1. Define Requirements
2. Feasibility Study
3. System Design and Cost
4. Programming/Product
Development
5. Testing
6. Implementation
7. Training
8. Monitoring and
Maintenance

98 Computer Basics
Chapter Three Review
Lesson Summary
Understanding Graphical User Interfaces
• A Graphical User Interface, or GUI, makes computers easier to operate by using pictures
and icons to represent files and programs.
Types of Software
• An operating system loads automatically and controls just about everything on your
computer.
• An application program helps you accomplish a certain task, such as writing a letter,
browsing the Internet, or playing a game.
• New software versions and releases come out periodically that add new features to a
program … and make the software manufacturers rich!
Operating Systems
• An operating system loads automatically and controls just about everything on your
computer.
Word Processing
• A word processor is a program that lets you create letters and documents.
Spreadsheets
• A spreadsheet is a program that organizes, calculates, and presents numbers.
Databases
• A database program stores, manages, and organizes lists of information.
Presentation Software
• A presentation software program is used to create professional, convincing presentations,
or slide shows.
Accounting
• Accounting software helps manage personal and/or business finances and balance
accounts.
Web Browsing
• A Web browser allows users to view Web pages on the Internet.

Web Authoring
• A Web Authoring program lets users create Web pages in HTML that they can then publish
to the Internet.
Programming Languages
• A programming language is a vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a
computer to perform specific tasks.
Systems Development
• Common Steps in Systems Development
1. Define Requirements
2. Feasibility Study
3. System Design and Cost
4. Programming/Product Development
5. Testing
6. Implementation
7. Training
8. Monitoring and Maintenance
Quiz
1. An operating system is built-in to a computer’s ROM-BIOS. (True or
False?)
2. Which of the following is a text-based operating system?

A. Windows 95
B. Windows 2000
C. Windows CE
D. MS-DOS
3. Which of the following programs would be best suited for helping you
calculate a monthly budget?
A. A word processor
B. A spreadsheet
C. A database
D. COBOL
4. Which of the following programs would be best suited for storing a list
of customers and their orders?
A. A word processor
B. A spreadsheet
C. A database
D. COBOL

100 Computer Basics
Quiz Answers
1. False. An operating system is software that the computer loads when it first
starts up.
2. D. MS-DOS is a text-based operating system.
3. B. A spreadsheet would be the program best suited to help you balance your
budget.
4. C. A database would be best suited for storing a list of customers and their
orders.

Chapter Four:
Information
Networks
• Learn about networks • A desire to learn about
computers.
• Learn the difference between a LAN and WAN
• Learn the basics about the Internet
• Learn what Intranets and Extranets are
• Understand telephone networks used to connect to the Internet
This chapter will give you an incredibly brief look into the world of networking. A network is
several computers, printers, and other devices that are connected together. When you think of
a network, you probably think of how your computers are connected at work—and that’s
definitely one type of network. But did you know that the Internet itself is one vast network?
We’ll cover these topics and more in this chapter.
102 Computer Basics
Lesson 4-1: Introduction to

Networks
Figure 4-1
The parts of a network
(see Table 4-1: Network Shared files
Components for a Workstation
description of everything)
Figure 4-2
Network Interface
In a peer-to-peer network, Card (NIC)
everyone stores their files
on their own computer.
Anyone on the network
can access files stored on Cable Shared files Shared files
any other computer.
Workstation Workstation
Figure 4-3
Peer-To-Peer Network
In a client/server network, Hub
Figure 4-2
everyone stores his or her
files on a central computer
called a server. Everyone
on the network can access
the files stored on the Shared files
Sever
server.
Network Software
(Windows 95, 98, NT,
2000, XP and possibly
Novell Netware)
Figure 4-1 Workstation Workstation

Client/Server Network
Figure 4-3
A network is several computers, printers, and other devices that are connected together with
cables. This allows the computers to talk with each other and share information and resources
(usually files and printers). Networks vary in size; they can be as small as two computers
connected to each other by cable, or they can span the entire globe—the Internet is actually
the world’s largest network.
So what are the benefits of networking? Plenty:
• Share Information: Networks allow you to share files and programs. Before networks,
people had to save their files on floppy disks to exchange information. This wasted a lot
of time—especially if the computers were located in opposite ends of the building!

Chapter Four: Information Networks 103
• Share Equipment: Computers connected to a network can share equipment to reduce
costs. For example, rather than buying a printer for each computer, everyone can share
one central network printer.
• Use Network Software: Software designed for networks lets people send and receive
electronic mail (e-mail) with other users on the network, schedule meetings with other
users on the network, and share databases. When you’re browsing the Web, you’re
actually using software designed for a network! A Local Area Network
There are two basic types of networks: (LAN) connects
computers in the same
• Local Area Networks (LAN): A network that connects computers in the same
building or facility.
geographic area or building, using cables. Local Area Networks are what most people
think of when they think of a network—and that’s what we’ll be discussing throughout
the chapter.
• Wide Area Networks (WAN): A network that connects computers across a large
geographic area. The Internet is actually a huge Wide Area Network.
Local Area Networks (LANs) are subdivided into two types of network subcategories:
peer-to-peer and client/server, as shown in Figure 4-2 and Figure 4-3:
• Peer-to-Peer Network or Workgroup: In a peer-to-peer network, everyone stores
their files on their own computer, and anyone on the network can access files stored on
any other computer. Because you don’t need any additional software, peer-to-peer A Wide Area Network
networking is an inexpensive way to connect computers in a small office or home. The (WAN) connects
disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network are that it doesn’t offer as much security as computers over wide
client/server networks, and it can be difficult to find files that are stored on many geographic areas. The
different computers. Both versions of Windows XP—Home and Professional—support Internet is an example
peer-to-peer networking. of a WAN.
• Client/Server Network: In a client/server network, everyone stores their files on a
central computer called a server. Everyone on the network can access the files stored on
the server. Client/server networks are more secure, easier to administer, and much more Quick Reference
powerful than peer-to-peer networks. That’s why they are used to connect computers in
most businesses. The disadvantages of client/server networks are that they require LAN:
special, expensive software, such as Windows XP Server or NetWare, and they are more • Stands for Local Area
complicated to install and configure than peer-to-peer networks. Only Windows XP Network and connects
Professional supports client/server networking. computers in the same
Figure 4-1 shows the basic parts in a network. The following table explains what they are: geographic area or
building, using cables.
Table 4-1: Network Components WAN:
Component Description • Stands for Wide Area
Network and connects
Network Interface A network interface card is a device that plugs into your computer and
computers across a
Card (NIC) physically connects each computer to the network and allows your computer to
large geographic area.
talk to other computers and devices on the network.
Peer-to-Peer/Workgroup:
Cables Cables are the wires that physically connect the computers, printers, and other
equipment on a network. • Files and resources are
shared on every
Hub A hub is a device where all the cables on a network connect, similar to a power computer. Easier to
strip. setup but very
insecure.
Network Operating Your operating system must provide networking capabilities. Windows XP and
Software Windows XP Professional have peer-to-peer networking capabilities. Windows Client/Server Network:
XP Professional and NetWare have client/server capabilities. • Files are stored on a
single central
computer, or server.
More secure and
i

104 Computer Basics
Lesson 4-2: The Internet

Figure 4-4
WWW
The Internet is the largest
network in the world,
consisting of millions of
computers, all over the
world, all connected
together. Headlines
Figure 4-5
Web pages are stored on
Amazon
Web servers—computers
WWW
that are permanently
connected to the Internet.
Figure 4-4
Figure 4-5
The Internet is the largest computer network in the world. It consists of millions of computers
all over the planet, all connected to each other.
The Internet was born in the 1960s when the United States military worried that a nuclear
bomb could destroy its computer systems (there weren’t many of them back then). So it
placed several computers far apart from each other and connected them with some super-fast
telephone lines so that the computers could talk to each other. If a nuclear bomb blew up one
computer, another computer could instantly take over; thus, the computer network wouldn’t
go down. Years passed and other organizations, such as colleges and universities, started
connecting their computers to this growing network to share information.
Although the Internet has been around a long time, it wasn’t until the 1990’s that someone
thought of a wonderful idea called the World Wide Web. Many people use the terms Internet
and World Wide Web or Web interchangeably, but in fact the terms are two separate but
related things. The Internet is a massive network of networks that connects millions of
computers to one another. A good analogy would be the cables that provide cable television.
The World Wide Web is simply one way to communicate and share information over the
Internet. Using our cable television analogy, the World Wide Web would simply be single
channel that is broadcast over the cable system.
The World Wide Web consists of millions of documents that are stored on hundreds of
thousands of computers that are always connected to the Internet. These documents are called
Web pages, and you can find Web pages on every subject imaginable—from your local
newspaper to online catalogs to airline schedules, and much, much more.
Web pages are stored on Web servers. A Web server is a computer, not unlike your own
computer, only bigger and faster. There are hundreds of thousands of Web servers located all
over the world. Web servers are always connected to the Internet so that people can view their
Web pages 24 hours a day.
So what can you do once you’re connected to the Internet? Plenty. Table 4-2: What Can I do
on the Internet? shows just a few of the many things there are to do on the Internet.

Table 4-2: What Can I do on the Internet?

Task Description
Send and Receive Exchanging electronic mail (or e-mail) is the most used and most popular
E-mail feature on the Internet. Just like regular paper mail, you can send and
receive e-mail with people around the world, as long as they have access
to a computer and the Internet. Unlike regular paper mail, e-mail is usually
delivered to its destination almost instantly.
Browse the World Wide The World Wide Web is what most people think of when they think of the
Web Internet—although it’s really only a part of the Internet. The World Wide
Web is an enormous collection of interconnected documents stored on
Web servers all over the world. The World Wide Web has information on
every subject imaginable.
Join online discussions Newsgroups are discussion groups on the Internet that you can join to read
with newsgroups and post messages to and from people with similar interests. There are
thousands of newsgroups on topics such as computers, education,
romance, hobbies, politics, religion, and more.
Chat with other online Chatting lets you communicate with people on the Internet instantly—no
users matter how far away they are! Most chats are text-based, meaning you
have to type when you converse with people on the Internet. A growing
number of chats have voice and even video capabilities—all without having
to pay long distance changes.
Download software You can download pictures, demo programs, patches and drivers for your
computer, and many other types of files and save them to your computer.
Listen to music and You can listen to sound on the Web, such as radio stations, or music by
watch videos your favorite artists.
Quick Reference
Internet:
• The Internet is the largest
computer network in
the world, connecting
millions of computers.
World Wide Web:
• A way of accessing
information over the
Internet.

106 Computer Basics
Lesson 4-3: Intranets and

Extranets
Figure 4-6
An Intranet is a miniature
version of the Internet that
works within a company or
organization.
Figure 4-7
An Extranet is also like a
miniature version of the
Internet, but Extranets are Figure 4-6
accessible to authorized
users outside of a
company or organization.
Figure 4-7
An Intranet is a miniature version of the Internet that works within a company or

organization. Web sites on an Intranet look and act just like any other Web sites, but can only
be viewed by users within the company or organization. A firewall surrounds the Intranet and
fends off unauthorized access.
An Extranet is similar to an Intranet, but while an Intranet is generally only accessible to users
within same company or organization, an Extranet is accessible by authorized outside users.
Business partners use Extranets to share information.
Like the Internet itself, Intranets and Extranets are used to share information. Secure Intranets
are now the fastest-growing segment of the Internet because they are much less expensive to
build and manage than private networks based on proprietary protocols.

So what are the advantages of Intranets and Extranets? Both Intranets and Extranets can:
• Share Information: Intranets and Extranets offer a very simple and inexpensive way to
make internal company documents, such as a phone directory, available to employees.
• Connect Documents: Documents on an Intranet or Extranet can be connected by
hyperlinks, so users can easily jump from one related document to another.
• Use Special Software: Some software can only be used on an Intranet or Extranet,
such as Web based e-mail programs.
Quick Reference
Intranet:
• A miniature version of the
Internet that works on a
network within a
company or
organization.
Extranet:
• A miniature version of the
Internet that allows
access to authorized
outside users, such as
business partners.

108 Computer Basics
Lesson 4-4: Telephones and

Networks
Figure 4-8
An internal modem plugs
into an expansion slot
inside a computer. Figure 4-8
Figure 4-9
An external modem plugs
into a serial port and sits
outside a computer.
Figure 4-10
Most laptops have a
built-in modem. Figure 4-9 Figure 4-10
A modem is a device that translates a computer’s ones and zeros into audio tones, so that it
can transmit information over the phone lines to other modems. The speed in which a modem
can transmit and receive data is measured in bits per second (bps), or baud. For example, a
300-baud modem can transmit 300 bits per second. The most common way people use
modems is to connect to the Internet. By the way, modem stands for modulator-demodulator.
Modems come in two basic flavors:
• Analog Modems: Computers store information digitally, while telephone lines transmit
conversations and sounds. An analog modem converts a computer’s ones and zeros to
tones than can then be transmitted over standard phone lines. Analog modems are limited
to speeds of 56Kbps.
• Digital Modems: Use binary ones and zeros to transmit data like a computer. Digital
modems can transmit information much faster than analog modems. Digital modems are
often referred to as broadband modems.
Table 4-3: Modem Types and Speeds describes the most common analog and digital modems
out there.

Table 4-3: Modem Types and Speeds

Type Speed (in bps) Description
PSTN, PSDN 56K PSTN stands for Public Switched Telephone Network,
and is nothing more than your everyday, ordinary
telephone system based on copper wires. PSTN is often
Analog
referred to as POTS, or plain old telephone service.

PSDN stands for Public Switched Data Network and is
just another technical term for the telephone system in
use today.
ISDN 56K to 128K One of the older broadband connections. It’s only twice
as fast as a traditional modem and pretty much obsolete.
Digital, Broadband
ADSL, DSL 256K to 8,000K ADSL modems take advantage of unused frequencies in
the phone line, such as a pause in conversation. DSL Quick Reference
modems are very fast; the problem is that you have to be
Analog Modem:
close to a phone company in order to get DSL service.
• Converts a computer’s
Cable 640K to 4,000K A cable modem is the fastest modem you can buy for ones and zeros to
home use. The problem is your cable company has to tones that can then be
offer cable Internet access in order to use it. transmitted over
standard phone lines.
Analog modems are
limited to speeds of
56Kbps.
Digital Modem:
• Uses binary ones and
zeros to transmit data
like a computer. Digital
modems can transmit
information much faster
than analog modems.
PSTN, PSDN:
• Ordinary, everyday
telephone network,
limited to 56Kbps.
ISDN:
• An older broadband
connection, twice as
fast as a traditional
modem at 128Kbps.
ASDL, DSL:
• Fast digital connection
with speeds up to
8,000Kbps.
Cable:
• Fast digital connection
with speeds up to
4,000Kbps.

110 Computer Basics
Chapter Four Review
Lesson Summary
Introduction to Networks
• LAN: Stands for Local Area Network and connects computers in the same geographic area or
building, using cables.
• WAN: Stands for Wide Area Network and connects computers across a large geographic area.
• Peer-to-Peer/Workgroup: Files and resources are shared on every computer. Easier to setup but
very insecure.
• Client/Server Network: Files are stored on a single central computer, or server. More secure and
expensive.
The Internet
• Internet: The Internet is the largest computer network in the world and connects millions of
computers.
• World Wide Web: A way of accessing information over the Internet.
Intranets and Extranets

• Intranet: A miniature version of the Internet that works on a network within a company or
organization.
• Extranet: A miniature version of the Internet that allows access to authorized outside users, such
as business partners.
Telephones and Networks

• An analog modem converts a computer’s ones and zeros to tones that can then be transmitted
over standard phone lines. Analog modems are limited to speeds of 56Kbps.
• A digital modem uses binary ones and zeros to transmit data like a computer. Digital modems can
transmit information much faster than analog modems.
• PSTN, PSDN: Ordinary, everyday telephone network, limited to 56Kbps.
• ISDN: An older broadband connection, twice as fast as a traditional modem at 128Kbps.
• ASDL, DSL: Fast digital connection with speeds up to 8,000Kbps.
• Cable: Fast digital connection with speeds up to 4,000Kbps.

1. A LAN connects computers in the same building or facility. (True or False?)
2. What does LAN stand for?

A. Linked Area Network
B. Lots of Anarchy and Nonsense
C. Local Area Network
D. Linked Applications Node
3. An Intranet is a miniature version of the Internet that allows access to

authorized outside users, such as business partners. (True or False?)
4. Which of the following modems is the slowest?

A. ISDN
B. DSL
C. Cable
D. Standard
Quiz Answers
1. True. A LAN connects computers in the same building or facility.
2. C. LAN stands for Local Area Network.
3. False. An Extranet is a miniature version of the Internet that allows access to
authorized outside users, such as business partners
4. D. A standard modem is much slower than the other digital modems.

Chapter Five:
Introduction to
Windows XP
• Start and log on to Windows • An IBM-compatible
computer
• Understand the Windows XP screen • Windows XP installed
on the computer
• Use the mouse to: point, click, double-click, right-click, drag,
and drop
• Use the keyboard
• Exit Windows and turn off the computer
Welcome to Windows XP! If you’re new to Windows you’re starting at the right chapter. This
chapter covers the “bare bones” basics about learning how to start your computer and load
Windows. You’ll learn how to operate the mouse by clicking, double-clicking, dragging and
dropping, and right-clicking. You’ll also learn about your computer’s keyboard and what
those cryptic-looking keys on it are used for. Finally, you’ll learn how to exit Windows and
shut your computer down.
Before we start, take a deep breath and relax. You may find this difficult to believe, but
Windows isn’t nearly as difficult and complicated as you probably think they are. No matter
what your previous experience with computers has been, this chapter assumes you’re the most
computer-illiterate person in the world and keeps everything as simple as possible. Actually,
you’re probably going to find that some of the lessons in this chapter are a little too easy.
When you come across something you already know how to do, go ahead and skip the lesson
(unless you’re in a classroom of course—then go ahead and show everyone what a computer
whiz you are!).
Ready? Did you take that deep breath? Then turn the page and let’s get started!
114 Computer Basics
Lesson 5-1: Starting and Logging

On to Windows
Figure 5-1
The Welcome to Windows
dialog box.
Figure 5-2
The Windows XP Desktop
Figure 5-
Figure 5-2
When you get to work, after taking off your jacket and grabbing a cup of coffee, you probably
begin your day by turning on your computer and starting Windows. This lesson explains how
to do the absolute most basic thing there is to do with your computer—turn it on. Windows
should automatically start after you turn on your computer. If it doesn’t, or if a confusing-
looking screen greets you, this lesson also explains what you need to do to load Windows.
1. Turn on your computer’s monitor.

The On/Off switch for most monitors is located just below the monitor’s screen. Most
monitors won’t display anything until the computer is turned on.

Chapter Five: Introduction to Windows XP 115
2. Turn on your computer.
Finding your computer’s On/Off switch for the first time can be a little tricky. Refer to
your computer’s reference manual if you can’t find the On/Off switch for your
computer. Your computer should make a whirring sound and several clicks and/or
beeps after you turn it on and as it powers up.
NOTE: If nothing happens when you turn your computer on, first check the
computer’s power cord—is it plugged into to the wall or power strip? Check
the other end of the power cord— is it securely plugged into the back of the
computer? If your computer is plugged into a power strip or surge protector (it
really should be) check and make sure that the power strip is turned on.
Eventually you should see the Welcome to Windows dialog box. If you’re connected to
a Novell Network the dialog you see may be slightly different, but the message will
usually be the same—press Ctrl + Alt + Delete to log on.
3. If necessary, press <Ctrl> + <Alt> + <Delete> to start the log on
wprocedure.
The Windows Log On dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 5-.
4. Enter your user name and password and press <Enter>.
Depending on how your computer is setup, the Getting Started with Windows XP
dialog box may appear. Here’s how to close it:
5. If the Getting Started with Windows XP dialog box appears click the Exit
button to close it.
If you didn’t already know how to turn your computer on, congratulations! You’ve just taken
your first step in learning how to operate a computer and Microsoft Windows XP.
Quick Reference
To Start Windows
1. Turn on your computer.
2. If necessary, press <Ctrl>
+ <Alt> + <Delete> to
start the log on
procedure.
3. Enter your user name and
password and press
<Enter>.
116 Computer Basics
Lesson 5-2: Understanding the

Windows XP Screen
Figure 5-3
Those are the major parts
of the Windows XP
screen. More items will
probably appear on your
computer, depending on
how it is set up.
Desktop
Recycle
Bin
Start Menu
Figure 5-3 Quick Launch Toolbar Taskbar System Tray Area
You might find the Windows screen a bit confusing and overwhelming the first time you see
it. Nothing on the screen appears familiar to you—where do you even start? This lesson will
help you become familiar with the main Windows screen, known as the desktop. There isn’t a
step-by-step exercise anywhere in this lesson—all you have to do is look at Figure 5-3 and
then refer to Table 5-1: Major Parts of the Windows XP Screen, to see what everything you’re
looking at means. And, most of all, relax! This lesson is only meant to help you get aquatinted
with Windows—you don’t have to memorize anything.

Table 5-1: Major Parts of the Windows XP Screen

Item Description
Desktop This is the large, background area of the Windows screen. You can customize the
desktop by adding shortcuts to your favorite programs, documents, and printers.
You can also change the look of the desktop to fit your mood and personality.
My Documents My Documents is a special folder that provides a convenient place to store files and
documents you create on your computer.
My Computer My Computer lets you see everything on your computer. Double-click the My
Computer icon on the desktop to browse through your files and folders.
My Network If you’re on a network, the My Network Places icon will appear on your desktop.
Places You can double-click the My Network Places icon to browse through the computers
in your workgroup and the computers on the network. If you’re connected to the
Internet, the My Network Places icon will on your desktop, since the Internet is
actually a network too.
Recycle Bin The Recycle Bin stores all the files you delete from your computer. You can use the
Recycle Bin to retrieve files you’ve accidentally deleted and to create more disk
space by emptying the Recycle Bin.
Taskbar The Taskbar usually appears at the bottom of your screen, and contains the famous
Start button, which you use to start your programs. Whenever you open a program,
document, or window, an icon for that program appears on the taskbar. This lets
you see which programs are currently running and allows you to easily switch
between them.
Start Button The Start button lets you quickly open your programs and documents. You can also
use the Start button to find files and change the settings for Windows.
Quick Launch The Quick Launch Toolbar gives you quick access to your most frequently used
Toolbar applications. Internet Explorer, Outlook Express, the Windows desktop, and several
Web sites, called channels, are already included on the Quick Launch Toolbar by
default.
Don’t worry if you find some of these things confusing at first—they will make more sense
after you’ve actually had a chance to use them in the upcoming lessons.
118 Computer Basics
Lesson 5-3: Using the Mouse:

Pointing, Clicking, and
Double-clicking
Figure 5-4 “Click!”
“Click!” “Click!”
Clicking and double-
clicking with the mouse Click Double-click
Press and Quickly press and
Figure 5-5 release the left release the left
mouse button. mouse
Click the Start button to button twice, in
open the Windows XP rapid succession.
Start menu. Figure 5-4
Figure 5-6
Double-click the My “Click!”
Computer icon to open it
and display its contents.
Figure 5-5
Close button
“Click!”
“Click!”
Figure 5-6
Just like you control your television set using a remote control, you control Windows by using
the mouse and keyboard. A mouse is a palm-sized device that lets you point at, select, and
move objects on your computer screen. The mouse is linked to the pointer on your computer
screen—when you move the mouse on your desk, the pointer moves on the computer screen.
Think of the mouse as an electronic extension of your hand. This lesson will show you how to
perform the two most basic mouse actions: clicking, and double-clicking.
1. Rest your hand on the top of the mouse, then move the mouse and watch
Pointer as the arrow moves across the screen.
The arrow (also called the cursor or pointer) follows the mouse as you move it across
the desk or mouse pad.
Pointing is the most basic action you can do with the mouse. To point to something,
simply place the mouse pointer over it by moving the mouse. You must point to objects
in order to click or double-click them.

2. Move the mouse pointer until the tip of the pointer is over the Start
button. Leave the pointer there for a few seconds.
A message “Click here to begin” appears by the pointer after several seconds.
Clicking means pressing and releasing the left mouse button one time. The mouse
makes a clicking noise whenever you press and release one of its buttons, hence the
name clicking. The next steps will show you how to open the Start menu by clicking it.
3. Move the pointer over the Start button and then click the left mouse
button.
When you click the Start button, the Windows XP menu pops-up, as shown in Figure
5-6. Congratulations! You’ve just made your first click!
Start button
NOTE: Most mice have two mouse buttons. Normally, you use the left mouse button
(unless someone has changed the mouse options and reversed the buttons!)
You can assume you will use the left mouse button whenever you see the
words click or double-click. The right mouse button has its own purpose—and
we’ll discuss it in an upcoming lesson.
You can close the Windows XP menu without selecting anything by clicking anywhere Recycle Bin icon
outside the Start menu.
4. Move the pointer anywhere outside the Windows XP Start menu and click
the left mouse button.
Now that you’re feeling comfortable with pointing and clicking, we’ll move on to
something a little more tricky: double-clicking. Just as it sounds, double-clicking
means pressing and releasing the mouse button twice in rapid succession. You will Close button
usually open an object, such as a file, folder, or program by double-clicking it.
5. Position your pointer over the Recycle Bin icon and double-click it with
your left mouse button.
Quick Reference
Recycle Bin opens to reveal its contents, as shown in Figure 5-6.
To Point to Something:
NOTE: A lot of people have problems the first time they try double-clicking. If your
double-click doesn’t seem to work, it’s probably because you’re either not • Move the mouse so that
holding the mouse steady while you’re double-clicking, or else you’re not the pointer ( ) is over the
double-clicking fast enough. If you click the mouse button too hard, you may object.
inadvertently slide the mouse before you’ve finished double-clicking—and To Click:
your double-click won’t register. If you’re certain that you’re holding the
mouse steady while you double-click, you can adjust the double-click speed in • Point to the object and
the Windows Control Panel. press and release the
mouse button.
6. Close the Recycle Bin window by clicking its Close button, as shown in
Figure 5-6. To Double-click:
• Point to the object and
Table 5-2: Things you can click and double-click rapidly click the mouse
button two times.
Click when you want to: Double-click when you want to:
Select something. Open a file.
Open a menu. Open a folder.
Press a button on a toolbar or in a dialog box. Display the properties or settings for an object (in
certain programs)
Move to the area or field you want in a program or
dialog box.
120 Computer Basics

Dragging and Dropping
Figure 5-7
Hold down the mouse
Dragging and Dropping button while you drag
with the mouse the mouse across your
desk.
Figure 5-8
You can start a game of
Solitaire by looking under
Programs → Games → Drag
Solitaire. Place the pointer over an object and
press and hold down the left mouse
Figure 5-9 button. While you are still holding the
button, move the mouse to the where
The Solitaire game, which you want to place the object and then
comes with Windows release the mouse button.
Figure 5-7
Figure 5-8
Close button
Figure 5-9
You can move items around your computer screen by dragging and dropping them with the
mouse. To drag and drop something, you: (1) Move the mouse pointer over the object you
want to move, then click and hold down the mouse button. (2) While you are still holding
down the mouse button, move the mouse until the pointer is over the place you want to put the
object, then (3) Release the mouse button.
This will probably be the most entertaining lesson in the book, because your assignment is to
master dragging and dropping by playing a game of Solitaire! Microsoft included Solitaire
Start button
with Windows to help people improve their mouse skills. You’ve probably noticed that a lot of
people never stop practicing these skills with Solitaire. Here’s how to open Solitaire:

You may have trouble
1. Click the Start button. mastering drag and
Remember the Start button is located in the bottom-left corner of your screen. The drop right away. Don’t
Windows XP Start menu appears. get discouraged; this
2. Point to the word All Programs. is a tricky task for
beginners. Just keep
The All Programs menu pops out to the right.
practicing and you’ll
3. Point to the word Games. improve.
Another menu, the Games menu, pops out, as shown in Figure 5-8.
4. Click the word Solitaire.
You’re finally there! The Solitaire program opens, as shown in Figure 5-9.
5. Play a game of Solitaire and practice dragging and dropping the cards.
If you don’t know how to play Solitaire, you can still practice your dragging and
dropping. Just point to a card, click and hold down the mouse button and move the card
around the screen. Release the mouse button to drop the card. If you try dropping a
card in an invalid location, the card will be whisked back to its original pile.
6. Click the Close button located in the top right corner of the Solitaire
program to exit the program when you’ve finished playing.
The Solitaire program closes. Close button
Okay, there have to be more things to drag and drop besides cards! Although we’ll be
covering this stuff later on, Table 5-3: Things you can drag and drop gives some examples of
when you can use drag and drop.
Table 5-3: Things you can drag and drop

You can do this: By dragging this:
Move a window to a new Drag the window by its title bar and drop it in a new location on the
location on the screen screen.
Move a file to a new folder Drag the file and drop it in the desired folder.
Change the size of a window Drag the borders or corners of the window. Quick Reference
To Drag-and-Drop:
Scroll a window to see Drag the scroll box (the little elevator) up or down the scroll bar and
something located off-screen drop it in a new location. 1. Point to the object you
want to drag and drop
and click and hold down
Move just about anything on Point to the object, click, and hold down the mouse button, drag the
the mouse button.
your computer’s screen object to a new place, and then release the mouse button.
2. While you’re still holding
down the mouse button,
drag the object to the
desired location on the
screen.
3. Release the mouse
button.
122 Computer Basics

Right-clicking
Figure 5-10
“Click!”
Right-Clicking
Right-click
Figure 5-11 Press and
release the right
The right mouse button mouse button.
shortcut menu for the
Recycle bin
Figure 5-12 Figure 5-10 Figure 5-11
The right mouse button

shortcut menu for the
clock
Figure 5-13
The Local disk (C:)
Properties dialog box
You already know that the left mouse button is the primary mouse button, used for clicking
and double-clicking, and it’s the mouse button you will use over 95 percent of the time when
you work with Windows. So what’s the right mouse button used for? Whenever you right-
click something, it brings up a shortcut menu that lists everything you can do to the object.
Whenever you’re unsure or curious about what you can do with an object, point to it and click
it with the right mouse button. A shortcut menu will appear with a list of commands related to
the object or area you right-clicked.
Right mouse button shortcut menus are a great way to give commands to Windows because
you don’t have to wade through several levels of unfamiliar menus when you want to do
something.
1. Move the pointer over the Recycle Bin icon on your desktop and click
the right mouse button.
Recycle Bin
A shortcut menu appears with a list of commands related to the Recycle Bin, as shown
in Figure 5-11.

2. Point to and click the Empty Recycle Bin option on the shortcut menu Right-click an object
with the left mouse button. to open a shortcut
You still use the left mouse button to select menu items, even if they are found in a menu that lists
right-mouse button shortcut menu. A dialog box appears, asking you if you are sure everything you can do
you want to delete the contents of the Recycle Bin. Better play it safe and… to the object.
3. Click No with the left mouse button.
Next, you realize the clock displayed on the far right side of the taskbar is ten minutes
fast. You can display the clock’s properties by right-clicking the clock.
4. Move the pointer over the Clock, located on the far right side of the
Windows Taskbar, and click the right mouse button.
Another shortcut menu appears, with commands related to the Windows clock, as Windows clock
shown in Figure 5-12. Notice one of the commands listed on the shortcut menu is
Adjust Date/Time. You would select this menu item if you really wanted to adjust the
date and/or time. You don’t want to adjust the date or time, however, so you can move
on to the next step and close the shortcut menu without selecting anything.
5. Click anywhere outside the Clock shortcut menu with the left mouse
button to close the menu without selecting anything.
The final object we’ll right-click in this lesson is the computer’s local disk. To get to My Computer
the local disk you have to open My Computer. Do you remember how to do it?
6. Double-click the My Computer icon.
The My Computer window opens, displaying the contents of your computer. You want
to see how much space is left on your computer’s local disk. Right-click the Local disk
(C:) icon to get this information.
7. Right-click the Local disk (C:) icon.
A shortcut menu appears, with a list of commands related to the local disk. Local Disk (C:)
8. Click the Properties option on the shortcut menu with the Left mouse icon
button.
A dialog box appears, showing a graph with how much space is left on your hard drive,
as shown in Figure 5-13.
9. Click Cancel to close the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box. Quick Reference
You’re done! You’ve learned all the actions you can perform with the mouse. Quick! What are To Display a Shortcut
they again? Pointing, Clicking, Double-clicking, Dragging and Dropping, and Right-clicking. Menu for Something:
What an accomplishment! • Point to the object and
click the right mouse
button. Select items from
the shortcut menu with
the left mouse button.
To Close a Shortcut Menu
without Selecting
Anything:
• Click anywhere outside
the shortcut menu with
the left mouse button, or
press the <Esc> key.
124 Computer Basics
Lesson 5-6: Using the Keyboard

Esc key Function keys or ‘F’ keys
Figure 5-14
A standard keyboard
(Your computer may have Num Caps Scroll
a slightly different layout Esc F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 Print Scroll

Pause Lock Lock Lock
Screen Lock
than the one pictured

here.) ~
`
!
1
@
2
#
3
$
4
%
5
^
6
&
7
*
8
(
9
)
0
+
=
Backspace Insert Home Page
Up
Num
Lock
/ *
Q W E R T Y U I O P { } | 7 8 9
Figure 5-15
Tab Delete End Page
[ ] \ Down Home PgUp
+
Caps A S D F G H J K L : " 4 5 6
Enter
Lock ;
The Shut Down Windows < > ?
'
Z X C V B N M 1 2 3
dialog box Shift , . / Shift
End PgDn
Enter
0 .
Ctrl Alt Alt Ctrl
Ins Del
Ctrl key Shift key Alt key Shift key Numeric keypad
Figure 5-14 Alt key Ctrl key
Arrow keys
Figure 5-15
Now that you’ve mastered the mouse, it’s time to move on to the other device that you use to
control your computer: the keyboard. The keyboard may seem more familiar and easy to use
than the mouse at first, but don’t be fooled! Computer keyboards sneak in some extra keys
that you need to know about. This lesson explains what these extra keys on the keyboard are
and when to use them.
1. Press and hold down the <Alt> key, press the <F4> key, and release both
buttons.
Pressing <Alt> + <F4> closes the currently running program. Since you’re using the
Windows Desktop, the Shut Down Windows dialog box appears, as shown in Figure
5-15.
We’re not ready to shut Windows down just yet (we’ll cover that in a future lesson).
Follow the next step to back out of the Shut Down Windows dialog box without
selecting anything.
2. Press the <Esc> key.
Pressing <Esc> does the same thing as clicking the Cancel button. The Shut Down
Windows dialog box disappears and you’re back at the Windows desktop.
Table 5-4: Special Keys and Their Functions describes the <Alt> and <Esc> keys you just
used, as well some of the other confusing keys on the keyboard.

Table 5-4: Special Keys and Their Functions

Key(s) Description
The <Alt> key doesn’t do anything by itself—it needs another key to make things
happen. For example, pressing the <Tab> key while holding down the <Alt> key
switches between any programs that are currently running.
Just like the <Alt> key, the <Ctrl> doesn’t do anything by itself—you need to press
another key with it to make things happen. For example, pressing the <X> key
while holding down the <Ctrl> key cuts whatever is selected.
The <F1> key is the help key, and pressing it displays helpful information about
what you’re doing.
The <Esc> (Escape) key is the “Wait, I’ve changed my mind” key and is the same
as clicking Cancel in a dialog box. For example, if you click something and an
unfamiliar dialog box appears, you can close it by pressing the <Esc> key.
The <Enter> key is the “Carry out my orders” key and is the same as clicking the
OK button in a dialog box. For example, after you’ve typed the name of a program
you want to run in a dialog box, press <Enter> to run the program. The <Enter>
key also adds new lines and starts new paragraphs if you’re entering text.
When you’re in a dialog box, pressing the <Tab> key moves to the next field.
When you’re using a word processor, the <Tab> key works just like you’d think it
would and jumps to the nearest tab stop whenever you press it.
The arrow keys move your computer’s cursor across the screen.
Quick Reference
Nothing surprising here. The <Delete> key deletes or erases whatever you
To Use a Keystroke
select—files, text, or graphical objects. If you’re working with text, the <Delete>
Combination:
key erases characters to the right of the insertion point.
• Press and hold down the
Use the <Backspace> key to fix your typing mistakes—it erases characters to the first key, press the second
left of the insertion point. key, then release both
keys. For example, press
the <Tab> key while
The <Home> key jumps to the beginning of the current line when you’re working
you’re holding down the
with text.
<Alt> key.
The <End> key jumps to the end of the current line when you’re working with text. To Use the Special Keys
on the Keyboard:
• Refer to Table 5-4:
The <Page Up> key moves up one screen. Special Keys and Their
Functions.
The <Page Down> key moves down one screen.

126 Computer Basics
Lesson 5-7: Exiting Windows and

Turning off Your Computer
Figure 5-16
The Shut Down Windows
dialog box
Click the arrow and

select Shut down…
...and click OK.
Figure 5-16
At the end of the day, when you’ve finished using your computer, you need to shut down
Windows before you turn your computer off. Shutting down gives Windows a chance to tidy
up after itself, saving information in the computer’s memory to the local disk, cleaning up
temporary files, and verifying that you’ve saved any changes you made to any files you
worked on.
Should I turn my computer off at all? One of the great computer debates is whether you
should turn your computer off at all. Some people turn off their computer whenever they’ve
finished working on it, just like a television set. Others don’t turn their computers off—ever.
People who turn their computers off at night say that keeping the computer on 24 hours a day,
7 days a week wears out the computer’s mechanical components and wastes electricity. Other
people say that leaving your computer on keeps temperature fluctuations down, which is
better for the computer’s delicate internal components. Plus, most new computers enter a
standby or hibernate mode after a period of time, so they don’t really consume that much
power. Which method is best? That’s a decision you’ll have to make on your own. Some
people turn their home computer off when they finish using it and leave their office computer
on 24 hours a day.
Whether or not you turn your computer off, you should always follow the next few steps at
the end of the day, when you’ve finished using your computer.
1. Save all your work and exit all your programs.

Saving any files you’ve been working on is the most important step of all when you
shut down your computer. You should also consider backing up any vital information if
you have a tape backup, Zip drive, or other backup device. You can also save any
important files to a floppy.
2. Click the Start button.
Start button The Start menu appears.
3. Click the Shut Down option from the Start menu.
The Shut Down Windows dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 5-16.

4. Make sure the Shut down option is selected and click the OK button.
The computer’s hard drive hums as Windows cleans up and shuts itself down.
NOTE: Leaving nothing to chance, Windows checks to make sure you’ve saved
Shut Down button
everything you’ve been working on, such as letters you created in your word
processing program. If Windows notices you haven’t saved a file, it asks if Other Ways to Shut
Down:
you want to save the changes you made to the file before it completes the shut
down procedure. • Press <Ctrl> + <Alt> +
<Delete>. A dialog box
After a minute or two, Windows finishes shutting down and tells you it’s safe to turn
will appear, and you can
off your computer.
choose to shut down.
5. Turn your computer and monitor off.
This final step is optional.
Congratulations! You’ve completed the chapter and are well on your way to mastering
Windows XP! You’re probably wondering “What were those other Shut Down options for?”
Table 5-5: Shut Down Windows Options explains them:
Table 5-5: Shut Down Windows Options

Shut Down Option What it Does
Stand by Use Stand by if you have a laptop and are going to leave your computer
briefly but want to conserve as much energy as possible while you are
away. After you return your computer to its original running state, you will
be able to pick up exactly where you left off. (Make sure you save
everything you were working on first!)
Shut down Use this option if you want to turn your computer off. It saves your
Windows settings and saves any information stored in memory to the
local disk.
Restart Saves any Windows settings, writes any information stored in your
computer’s memory to the local disk, and restarts your computer. Use
this option if Windows or your Windows-based programs start acting
flaky. You often have to restart your computer after installing new Quick Reference
software.
To Shut Down Windows:
Log Off As… This option appears only if your computer is connected to a network. 1. Save any files you’ve
This option closes all your programs and disconnects your computer been working on and exit
from the network, preparing your computer to be used by someone else. all your programs.
2. Click the Start button and
select Shut Down.
3. Select the Shut Down
option and click OK.
128 Computer Basics
Chapter Five Review
Lesson Summary
Starting and Logging On to Windows
• To Start Windows XP: Turn on your computer. Enter your user name and password, and then
click OK.
Understanding the Windows XP Screen

• Be able to identify the main components of the Windows screen.
Using the Mouse: Pointing, Clicking, and Double-clicking

• Point: Move the mouse so that the pointer ( ) is over the object.
• Click: Point to the object and press and release the left mouse button.
• Double-click: Point to the object and click the left mouse button twice in rapid succession.
Using the Mouse: Dragging and Dropping

• To Drag-and-Drop: Point to the object you want to drag and drop, and click and hold down the
mouse button. While you’re still holding down the mouse button, drag the object to the desired
location on the screen, and then release the mouse button.
Using the Mouse: Right-clicking

• To Display an Object’s Shortcut Menu: Point to the object and click the right mouse button.
Select items from the shortcut menu with the left mouse button.
• To Close a Menu without Selecting Anything: Click anywhere outside the shortcut menu with
the left mouse button, or press the <Esc> key.
Using the Keyboard

• To Use a Keystroke Combination: Press one key while holding down the other key. For example,
press the <Tab> key while you’re holding down the <Alt> key.
Exiting Windows and Turning off Your Computer

• To Shut Down Windows: Save any files you’ve been working on, exit all your programs, click the
Start button, select Shut Down, select the Shut Down option, and click OK.

Quiz
1. Microsoft Windows is a (an):
A. Word processing program.
B. Database program.
C. Operating System.
D. Graphics program.
2. Windows uses only the left mouse button. (True or False?)
3. Which of the following moves the pointer to another location on-screen?

A. Pressing the arrow keys on the keyboard.
B. Moving the mouse until the pointer points to that spot.
C. Moving the mouse until the pointer points to that spot and click the left mouse
button.
D. Moving the mouse until the pointer points to that spot and click the right mouse
button.
4. A keystroke combination is:

A. Pressing two or more keys at the same time, like pressing the <Shift> and <Tab>
keys at the same time.
B. A way to lock your computer to prevent unauthorized access. To unlock the
computer, simply retype your keystroke combination.
C. Using the keyboard in conjunction with the mouse.
D. A type of mixed drink.
5. To display a shortcut menu for an object, do the following:

A. Point to the object and press <Ctrl> + .
B. Touch the object on-screen with your finger.
C. Click the object.
D. Right-click the object.
6. The <F1> key displays help on whatever you’re working on. (True or
False?)
Homework
1. Turn on your computer and start Windows XP.
2. Find, point to, and click the Start button, then close the Start menu without selecting
anything.
3. Find and double-click My Computer.
4. Shut down Windows by selecting Shut down from the Start menu, verifying the Shut
down option is selected, and clicking the OK button.
130 Computer Basics
Quiz Answers
1. C. Microsoft Windows is an Operating System.
2. False. Windows uses both the left and right mouse buttons.
3. B. Move the pointer by moving the mouse until the pointer points to that spot.
4. A. A keystroke combination is when you press two or more keys at the same time,
for example <Shift> + <Tab>.
5. D. Right-click the object.
6. True. Pressing the <F1> key displays help on whatever you’re working on.

Chapter Six:
Working with a
Window
• Starting a program • How to start and shut
down Windows
• Understanding the parts of a window • How to use the mouse
to click, double-click,
• Minimizing, maximizing, and restoring a window
drag and drop, and
• Moving and closing a window right-click
• Changing the size of a window

• Switching between several programs
• Tiling and cascading windows
No doubt about it: computers are sophisticated, complex machines. To make computers easier
to use, Microsoft designed Windows to operate how you work at the desk in your office.
When you work at your desk, you spread everything out, grab a piece of paper, work on it for
a while, and then shuffle another piece of paper on top of it. That’s how Windows works,
except instead of working with papers, you work with windows—boxes that contain programs
and information.
You can shuffle these windows around the screen just like you shuffle papers on your desk—
which is why the main Windows screen is called the desktop. Just like your desk, if you’re
working with a lot of things at the same time, the Windows desktop can become messy and
difficult to find things on.
This chapter explains how to manage the windows and programs on your screen. First, you’ll
learn how to open a window. Next, you’ll discover the parts that constitute a window (which
are A LOT different than the ones on your house). Then you’ll learn how to change the size of
a window—minimizing it to a tiny little icon that appears only on the Taskbar and maximizing
it so that it fills the entire screen. You’ll also learn how to “shuffle” windows around, sending
some to the background and bringing others up to the forefront. Let’s get started!
132 Computer Basics
Lesson 6-1: Starting a Program

Figure 6-1
Click on the Start button to
open the menu, and then
point to All Programs to
open the menu.
Figure 6-2
Click on Accessories to
open the menu, and then
click on WordPad to open
the program.
Figure 6-3
The WordPad program
Any programs that are currently

running appear as icons on the
taskbar
Figure 6-3
To do just about anything with your computer, you need to run a program. A program is a
complex set of instructions that tells your computer how to do something. Your word
Start button processor is a program, and so is the Solitaire game that comes with Windows. The easiest
way to start a program is by clicking the Windows Start button and then selecting the program
from the All Programs menu. This lesson explains one of the most basic operations you can
do with Windows: starting a program.

Remember that the Start button resides in the bottom-left corner of the computer
screen. The Start menu pops up.

Chapter Six: Working with a Window 133
2. Point to All Programs.
A menu listing the different program categories pops out above the Start menu, as
shown in Figure 6-1.
3. Point to the word Accessories. All Programs
Another menu, the Accessories menu, shoots out to the side of the All Programs menu,
as shown in Figure 6-2. The program you want to load, WordPad, is in the Accessories
menu. Can you find it?
4. Click the word WordPad.
The WordPad program appears on the screen in its own window, as shown in Figure Accessories
6-3. WordPad is a simple word processing program that is included with Microsoft
Windows.
NOTE: The All Programs menu is merely a list of the programs that should be
available on your computer. When installed, programs should automatically
add themselves to the Start menu. Occasionally, old MS-DOS programs or
programs that are poorly written may not put themselves on the Start menu WordPad program
when you install them, and you will have to find and add the program to the
All Programs menu yourself. You’ll learn how to manually add programs to
the Start menu in an upcoming lesson.
Most programs run in
Great! You’ve just started your first program. Turn the page and we’ll examine the parts of the
their own separate
WordPad window.
window on the screen.
Quick Reference
To Start a Program:
2. If the program appears on
the Start menu click it,
otherwise point to the All
Programs option.
3. Click the menu and any
submenus where the
program you want to run
is located.
4. Click the name of the
program you want to run.
134 Computer Basics
Lesson 6-2: Understanding the

Parts of a Window
Title bar Minimize Maximize
Figure 6-4 button button
The parts of a typical Menu Close button

window bar
Toolbars
Main
Window or
Document
Area
Status bar
Figure 6-4
Located in every window are several little buttons, menus, and controls that you use to control
the program and window. Because they appear in every Windows program, you’re going to
have to learn what these little buttons, menus, and controls are and learn how to use them.
Here’s the good news: once you can find your way around a window for one program, you’ll
be familiar with the windows for most programs since this window/menu/button concept
appears in just about every Windows program.
There are no exercises or homework for you in this lesson—it’s just here to help you become
familiar with the parts of a window. All you have to do is look at Figure 6-4 and then refer to
Table 6-1: Parts of a Window to identify what you’re looking at.
And don’t worry; you’ll get a chance to play with some of these buttons and menus later on.

Table 6-1: Parts of a Window

Part Description
Title bar Displays the name of the program or window
Minimize button Minimizes a window, hiding it from your screen but keeping it running in your
computer’s memory, ready for quick use. You can minimize a program you’re
not using so that it is still running, but is out of sight.
Maximize/Restore Depending on the size of the window, this button toggles between maximize
button and restore. Here’s what each one does:
Maximize: Enlarges the window so that it fills the entire screen. This lets
you see more of the window’s contents. The Maximize button only
appears when the window isn’t maximized (doesn’t fill the entire screen).
Restore: When a window is maximized (fills the entire screen), clicking
the Restore button returns the window to its previous size.
Close button Closes the window or program when you’re finished working with it, removing it
from the screen and the computer’s memory.
Menu bar Controls what the program does. The items listed on the menu bar change from
program to program, but the menu bar’s location doesn’t—it’s always perched
near the top of a window, right below the Title bar.
Toolbar Some (but not all) windows and programs have one or more toolbars, which
contain buttons you point and/or click to access frequently used commands.
Main Window or This is where all the action takes place—where you work on whatever you’re
Document Area working on. If you were using a word processor, this is where your letter would
appear. If you were browsing the Internet, this is where the Web pages would
appear.
Status bar Displays information such as instructions, messages about the state of the
computer, or your location in the window.
Got everything down? Don’t worry if you don’t; this lesson is just a quick-guided tour of a
typical window. The rest of the lessons in this chapter focus on how to use a window’s
controls, buttons, and menus.
136 Computer Basics
Lesson 6-3: Minimizing,

Maximizing, and Restoring a
Window
Minimize Maximize button (or
Figure 6-5 button Restore button if the
The Minimize, Maximize, window is already
maximized)
and Restore buttons
appear in the upper right
corner of most programs.
Figure 6-6
A window in a restored Figure 6-5
state only fills up part of
the screen.
A window in a maximized
state fills up the entire
screen.
Figure 6-8
A window in a minimized
state appears only as an
icon on the taskbar.
One of the benefits of Windows XP is that it enables you to open and work with several
programs at the same time. To make working with several programs at once easier, you can
change the size of the windows. You can maximize, or enlarge, a window so it takes up the
entire screen; minimize, or reduce, a window so that it only appears as a button in the
Windows taskbar; or size a window somewhere in between. This lesson explains how to
change the size of a window by maximizing, minimizing, and restoring.
First, let’s look at how to maximize a window. Some programs, such as word processors and
Maximize button Web browsers, are easier to work with and fill the entire screen. To enlarge a window to fill
your computer screen, click the Maximize button.
1. Click the WordPad window’s Maximize button—the middle button in

WordPad’s titlebar.
The WordPad program maximizes, filling the entire screen. You can change a
maximized window back to its original size by clicking the Restore button. The
Restore button Restore button appears in place of the Maximize button whenever a window is already
in a maximized state.

2. Click the WordPad window’s Restore button to restore the WordPad Other Ways to Maximize
window back to its previous size. and Restore a Window:
The window returns to its previous size. • Double-click the title bar
Just like you can keep several papers on top of your desk, Windows can run more than of the window to toggle
one program at a time. For example, you can work on a letter with your word between maximized
processing program while your Web browser is open and downloading a file from the and restored states.
Internet. There is a potential pitfall with running several programs simultaneously
though—there isn’t enough room for all of them to fit on your computer screen!
Luckily, you can tuck programs away, keeping them running and ready for use, yet
away from view, by minimizing them.
3. Click the WordPad window’s Minimize button to minimize the WordPad
program.
Minimize button
The WordPad program shrinks to an icon located in the Windows taskbar. WordPad is
still open and running—it’s just hidden from view, tucked away and ready for future
use. It’s important to note that minimized programs can still run in the background. If a
program is doing something, such as downloading a file from the Internet, it will keep
going, even when the program is minimized.
It’s easy to redisplay a minimized program or window when you’re ready to use it
again.
WordPad icon
4. Find and click the WordPad icon in the Windows taskbar.
The WordPad program springs back to life and appears on the screen.
It’s important that you get all this maximize/minimize/restore stuff down, because it will help
you be more productive with your computer.
Quick Reference
To Maximize a Window:
• Click the window’s
Maximize button.
Or…
• Double-click the window’s
title bar.
To Restore a Maximized
Window:
Restore button.
Or…
• Double-click the window’s
title bar.
To Minimize a Window:
Minimize button.
To Restore a Minimized
Window:
• Click the window’s icon
on the taskbar.
138 Computer Basics
Lesson 6-4: Closing a Window

Figure 6-9
Click the Close button on
the window you want to
close.
Figure 6-10
The window disappears
from your screen.

Close button Close button The icon for the window
Other Ways to Close a disappears from the taskbar.
Window:
• Select File → Exit from When you’re finished working with a window or program, you can close it to remove it from
the menu. the screen and computer’s memory. You can close any window or program by clicking its
Close button, which appears in the upper-right corner of the window.
• Right-click the
program’s icon on the
task bar and select
1. Click the WordPad window’s Close button.
Close from the shortcut The WordPad program closes. Notice the WordPad icon no longer appears in the
menu. Windows taskbar at the bottom of the screen. That’s all there is to closing a window or
program.
• Press <Alt> + <F4>.
NOTE: If a program has more than one window open, you can close all of its open
windows by holding down the <Shift> key when you click the Close button
for any window.
Quick Reference Since you’re going to be working with the WordPad program in the next few lessons,
you will need to open it again.
To Close a Window:
• Click the window’s Close
button. The Windows XP Start menu appears.
Or… 3. Select All Programs → Accessories → WordPad from the Start menu.
• Right-click the program’s The WordPad program reappears.
icon on the task bar and If a program happens to be minimized, you need to restore it by clicking its icon on the
select Close from the taskbar before you can see and click the window’s close button.
shortcut menu.
Or…
• Press <Alt> + <F4>.
To Close All Open
Windows:
• Hold down the <Shift>
key while you click the
Close button of any
window.

Lesson 6-5: Moving a Window

Move a window by Figure 6-11
dragging it by its title
bar to a new location Moving a window to a new
on the screen. location on the screen
Figure 6-11
When you have several programs or windows open, you may find that one window covers the
other windows or other items on your screen. When this happens, you can simply move a
window to a new location on the screen—just like you would move a report or folder to a
different location on your desk. Here’s how to move a window:
1. Position the mouse pointer over the title bar of the WordPad program.
Remember that the title bar is the colored bar at the very top of a window or program. Quick Reference
It displays the name of the program or window.
2. Click the title bar and move the mouse while still holding down the
To Move a Window:
mouse button. • Click and drag the
window by its title bar.
Yep, it’s that drag and drop stuff you learned earlier. An outline of the window follows
Release the mouse
your mouse as you drag the window, as shown in Figure 6-11, showing you where you
button to drop the window
are moving it.
in the desired location on
3. Release the mouse button to drop the window to a new location. the screen.
140 Computer Basics
Lesson 6-6: Sizing a Window

Figure 6-12
Dragging a window’s edge
or corner changes the size
of the window.
1. Point at the border of 2. Click and hold the 3. Release the mouse
the window until the mouse button and button when the
pointer changes to drag the border of window is the size
a the window you want
Figure 6-12
If you’ve been following the lessons in this chapter, you should already know how to change
the size of a window or program by minimizing, maximizing, and restoring it. This lesson
explains how you can fine-tune the size of a window to meet your own specific needs.
The mouse pointer

1. Make sure the WordPad program appears as a window and doesn’t fill the
entire screen.
changes shapes over
A window doesn’t have to be maximized (fill up the entire screen) or minimized
the border of a
(appear only as a button on the Taskbar) if you want to manually size it.
window.
2. Position the mouse pointer over the right border of the WordPad window
until it changes to a .
The two arrows point in the directions that you can drag the window's border, in this
case, left or right. Had you positioned the pointer over the top or bottom of the
window, the pointer would have changed to a , indicating that you could drag the top
or bottom of the window up or down.
NOTE: Windows is very picky where you place the pointer, and sometimes it can be
tricky finding the exact spot where the pointer changes. It’s there—just move
the pointer slowly over the border until you find it.
3. Click and hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse to the
right 1 inch to move the window border.
Notice that the window stretches as you drag the mouse. When the window is the size
you want, you can release the mouse button.
4. Release the mouse button.
The window is displayed in its new size.

This lesson explained how to resize a window by adjusting the right border of a window, but
you can change a window’s size by dragging its left, top, and bottom borders. You can also
resize a window by dragging its corners just like you drag its borders.
Quick Reference
To Change a Window’s
Size:
1. Point at the window’s
borders or corners until
the pointer changes to a
double-arrow (like ).
2. Click and hold down the
mouse button and drag
the border or corner to a
new location, until the
window is the size you
want.
142 Computer Basics
Lesson 6-7: Switching Between

Windows
Figure 6-13 Click any part of a window to switch to
that window.
You can only work in one
window at a time. Notice
that WordPad appears in
front of all other windows
and has a blue title bar.
Figure 6-14
Click any part of the
Calculator window or its
button on the taskbar so The taskbar displays icons for each
that it appears in front of open window. Click an icon to switch
all the other windows. to its window.
Figure 6-13
Figure 6-15
Pressing <Alt> + <Tab>
lists all the programs that
are currently running.
Figure 6-15
The active window’s icon is darker

blue to show it is pressed down on
the taskbar.
Figure 6-14
You can have several programs or windows open and running simultaneously, but you can
only work in one window at a time. The window you’re working with is called the active
window and always appears on top of any other windows that you have open. If you think
about it, you do the same thing when you work at your desk. When you want to work on a
piece of paper, you place it on top of everything else on your desk.
This lesson explains how to switch between the programs you’re running. There are actually
several ways to switch between windows, and we’ll cover all of them in this lesson. First, you
need to make sure you have several programs running…
1. Make sure the WordPad program is still open.

If it isn’t open, click the Start button and select All Programs → Accessories →
WordPad. Notice an icon for the WordPad program appears on the taskbar. Next, you
need to open another program that comes with Windows XP—the calculator.

2. Start the calculator by clicking the Start button and selecting All
Programs → Accessories → Calculator.
The calculator program appears in front of the WordPad program. An icon for the
Calculator program also appears in the taskbar, next to the WordPad icon. Notice the
Calculator program appears in front, and its icon is depressed on the taskbar, which
indicates it is the active window. You can make WordPad the active window by
clicking its icon on the taskbar.
3. Click the WordPad button on the taskbar.
The WordPad program appears in front, and its icon on the taskbar is depressesed, WordPad button
which indicates it is the active window. You can make another open window the active on the taskbar
window by clicking on any visible part of the window.
4. Click any portion of the Calculator window.
If you can’t see the Calculator window at all, it’s because the Calculator window is
completely covered by the WordPad window. In this case, you will have to click the
Calculator icon on the taskbar.
Yet another method of switching between windows is the most famous keystroke
combination in Windows: <Alt> + <Tab>.
5. Press and hold down the <Alt> key, press and release the <Tab> key, but
don’t release the <Alt> key.
The task window appears, as shown in Figure 6-15. The task window lists all the
windows and programs that are currently running. Move on to the next step to see how
you can retrieve a program or window from the task list.
6. While still holding down the <Alt> key, press and release the <Tab> key
until the WordPad program is selected, then release the <Alt> key.
When you release the <Alt> key, the selected window or program is activated and
displayed in front of any other windows.
NOTE: <Alt> + <Tab> is especially useful when you use programs that fill the entire
computer screen, such as MS-DOS programs and some games. When you
can’t see the taskbar or any part of another window, <Alt> + <Tab> is the only
way you can switch between programs.
Quick Reference
NOTE: When you’re working with multiple programs, be careful not to accidentally
run a second copy of the same program. This wastes memory and makes To Switch between Open
things confusing. For example, if you’ve been using the Calculator program Programs:
and want to bring it back up, make sure you check the taskbar to see if it’s • Click the program’s icon
already running (a Calculator icon appears on the taskbar). If it is, use any of on the taskbar.
the methods you’ve learned in this lesson to switch to it. If a program is Or…
already running and you load it again from the Start menu, a second copy of
the program opens and two icons for the program will appear on the taskbar. • Click on any part of the
window you want to
Think you have a handle on switching between programs and windows? Good, because when appear in front.
you work with Windows, you’ll find yourself switching between programs and windows Or…
throughout the day.
• Press and hold down the
<Alt> key and press the
<Tab> key to display the
task list. Press the <Tab>
key until the program you
want is selected, then
release the <Alt> key.
144 Computer Basics
Chapter Six Review
Lesson Summary
Starting a Program
• Start a program by clicking the Start button, clicking the All Programs menu, clicking the menu
and any submenus where the program you want to run is located, and clicking the name of the
Understanding the Parts of a Window

• Be able to identify a window’s title bar, menu, minimize, maximize, and close buttons.
Minimizing, Maximizing, and Restoring a Window

• Maximize a window so that it fills the entire screen by clicking its Maximize button, or by double-
clicking its title bar.
• Restore a window to its previous size by clicking its Restore button, or by double-clicking its title
bar.
• Minimize a window so that it only appears as an icon on the taskbar by clicking the window’s
Minimize button.
• Restore a minimized window by clicking its icon on the taskbar.
Closing a Window
• Close a window by clicking its Close button, or by pressing <Alt> + <F4>.
• Close all open windows by holding down the <Shift> key while you click the Close button of any
window.
Moving a Window
• To Move a Window: Click and drag the window by its title bar. Release the mouse button to drop
the window in the desired location on the screen.
Sizing a Window
• To Change a Window’s Size: Point at the window’s borders or corners until the pointer changes
to a double-arrow (like ). Click and hold down the mouse button and drag the border or corner
to a new location until the window is the size you want.
Switching between Windows

• You can only work on one window at a time. The window you’re working on is the active window
and appears in front of all the inactive windows.

• To Switch between Open Programs: There are three ways to switch between open programs:
1. Click on the program’s icon on the taskbar.
2. Click on any visible part of the window that you want to appear in front.
3. Press and hold down the <Alt> key and press the <Tab> key to display the task list. Press the
<Tab> key until the program you want is selected, then release the <Alt> key.
Quiz
1. To start a program in Windows XP, do the following:
A. Make sure the Program Manager is open, double-click the Program Group where the
program you want to run is located, and double-click the Program.
B. Click the Start button, point to the All Programs menu, click the menu and any
submenus where the program you want to run is located, and click the name of the
C. Click the Start button, point to the Run menu, click the menu and any submenus
where the program you want to run is located, and then click the name of the
D. None of the above.
2. The little bar that lists a program’s name and is found at the top of a
window is called the:
A. Windows bar.
B. Program bar.
C. Title bar.
D. Very top of the window bar.
3. You start your favorite word processing program to type a letter, but the
program appears in a window that’s too small to use. How can you
maximize the window so it fills the entire screen? (Select all that apply.)
A. Select Window → Full Screen from the menu.
B. Double-click the window’s Title bar.
C. Click the program’s icon on the taskbar.
D. Click the Maximize button located in the right side of the window’s Title bar.
4. You can open or restore a minimized window by clicking its icon on the
taskbar. (True or False?)
5. You can move a window to a different position on your computer screen by

dragging it by its:
A. Title bar.
B. Status bar.
C. Move handle.
D. Tail.
146 Computer Basics
6. You have several programs open at the same time—how can you switch
between these programs? (Select all that apply.)
A. Restart the program—Click the Start button, point to the All Programs menu, click
the menu and any submenus where the program you want to switch to is located, and
click the name of the program you want to view.
B. Click the program’s icon on the taskbar.
C. Click on any visible part of the window you want to appear in front.
D. Press and hold down the <Alt> key and press the <Tab> key to display the task list.
Press the <Tab> key until the program you want is selected, then release the <Alt>
key.
Homework
1. Click the Start button, select All Programs, and click the Accessories menu.
2. Start the NotePad program (located under All Programs → Accessories).
3. Make the NotePad window a few inches bigger.
4. Maximize the NotePad window.
5. Restore the NotePad window to its previous size.
6. Move the NotePad window to a different location on the screen.
7. Open the Calculator program.
8. Tile both windows on the screen by right-clicking a blank area of the taskbar.
9. Close both windows.
Quiz Answers
1. B.
2. C. The little bar along the window’s top that lists the program name is the Title bar.
3. B and D. Double-clicking the window’s Title bar or clicking the window’s Maximize
button will maximize the window so it fills the entire screen.
4. True. Clicking the icon of a minimized program on the taskbar restores the window.
5. A. Move a window by dragging its Title bar.
6. B, C, and D. You can use any of these methods to switch between open programs.
Don’t use A, which starts another copy of the program instead of switching to the
already open program.

Chapter Seven:
Working with
Programs
• Use menus and toolbars • How to start and shut
down Windows
• Fill out a dialog box • How to use the mouse
• Enter and edit text
drag and drop, and
• Save and open a file right-click
• How to use the
• Select, replace, and delete text
keyboard
• Use the undo function
• Print a file
• Cut, copy, and paste text
• Format fonts and paragraphs
• Get help
• Save and Open Files in Different Locations
Up until now, we’ve only been focusing on how to use the Windows XP operating system. In
this chapter, you’ll be working with a program. This chapter explains how to control programs
using menus and toolbars. You’ll learn what a dialog box is (you’ll see a lot of them in
Windows), and how to fill one out.
Next, we’ll get more specific. Every program is different, but the procedure for doing things
in all programs is the same. This chapter explains these basic generic chores using the
WordPad program. You’ll learn how to enter, edit, and delete text; how to open, save, and
print a file; and how to get help when you need it. Once you’ve learned these basic skills in
WordPad, you can apply them to just about every other Windows program. This is one of the
longest chapters about Windows XP, so we have a lot of ground to cover. Let’s get started…
148 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-1: How to Use Menus

Figure 7-1
Starting the WordPad
program.
Figure 7-2
The Insert menu
Figure 7-3
The Insert Date and Time
dialog box
Figure 7-2
Figure 7-1
Figure 7-3
To make a program do your bidding, you give it commands. You can give commands to your
Window program in several different ways: by using menus, toolbars, right-mouse button
shortcut menus, and keystroke shortcuts. This lesson explains the most common method of
issuing commands to Windows programs—through menus. You can find a program’s menu
near the top of a window, just beneath the title bar. In Figure 7-2, notice the words File, Edit,
View, Insert, Format, and Help that appear near the top of the WordPad program. Those words
are menus, and the next few steps will show you why they’re there.

Start button The Start menu appears.
2. Select All Programs → Accessories → WordPad from the Start menu.

That means you should click “All Programs”, then click the word “Accessories” from
the All Programs menu, and then click the word “WordPad” from the Accessories
menu, as shown in Figure 7-1. The WordPad program appears.
3. Move the pointer to and click the word Insert on the menu bar, as shown
in Figure 7-2.
A menu drops down under the word Insert, as shown in Figure 7-2. The Insert menu
contains a list of commands to insert things, such as the “Date and Time”, which
inserts the current date and/or time, and “Object”, which inserts a file created in
another program.

Chapter Seven: Working with Program 149
4. Under the Insert menu, point to and click the Date and Time option.
The Date and Time dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 7-3, presenting you with
several different date and time formats you can insert. You’ll learn more about dialog
boxes in an upcoming lesson.
5. Click the OK button.
The Date and Time dialog box disappears and the current date is inserted into the OK button
WordPad document. Take a close look at the WordPad menu—notice how every word
in the menu has an underlined letter somewhere in it? For example, the F in the File
menu is underlined. Pressing the <Alt> key and then pressing the underlined letter in a
You can open menus by
menu does the same thing as clicking the menu with the mouse.
clicking the menu name
6. Press the <Alt> key then press the <F> key. with the mouse or by
The File menu appears. Once a menu is open, you can use the arrow keys on your pressing the <Alt> key
computer’s keyboard to navigate through the menus, or press any other underlined and the underlined
letters in the menu. letter in the menu
7. Press the Right Arrow Key <→>. name.
The next menu to the right, the Edit menu, opens. If you opened a menu and change
your mind, it’s easy to close it without selecting any commands. Just click anywhere
outside the menu or else press the <Esc> key.
8. Click anywhere outside the menu to close the menu without selecting any You can close a menu
commands. without selecting any
commands by clicking
NOTE: The procedure for using menus and the general order/layout of the menu is anywhere outside the
usually similar in most Windows programs. So if you master the menus in one menu or by pressing
Windows program, you will be somewhat familiar with the layout and the <Esc> key.
function of the menus in other Windows programs.
Table 7-2: Common Windows Program Menus Table gives you a preview of some of the
different menu items you will come across.
Table 7-2: Common Windows Program Menus

File Description
Quick Reference
File Commands to open, save, close, print, and create new files
To Open a Menu:
Edit Commands to copy, cut, paste, find, and replace text in a document
• Click the menu name with
View Commands to change how the document is displayed on the screen the mouse.
Insert Lists items that you can insert into a document, such as graphics, page Or…
numbers, and the current date • Press <Alt> and then the
underlined letter in menu.
Format Commands to format text, paragraphs, tab stops, etc. Strangely, the command
to format the page (i.e. margins, etc.) is located in the File menu under Page
Setup.
Window Commands to display and arrange multiple windows (if you have more than one
document open). WordPad doesn’t have this option since it can only have one
file open at a time.
Help Get help on the Windows program you are using
150 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-2: How to Use Toolbars

Figure 7-4
Move the pointer over a
button and wait a few
seconds for the button’s
description.
The Date and Time dialog
box
Figure 7-6
The updated WordPad
document
Figure 7-5
Figure 7-6
Toolbars are another common way to boss your programs around. While menus contain every
conceivable command for a program, toolbars contain buttons only for the commands you use
most frequently. Instead of having to wade through several menus to do something, you can
click a single button. Two toolbars appear in the WordPad program—the Standard toolbar and
Formatting toolbar. The Standard toolbar appears on top and contains buttons for the most
frequently used commands in WordPad, such as saving and printing a document. The
Formatting toolbar is located right underneath the Standard toolbar and has buttons for
quickly formatting fonts and paragraphs.
Toolbar buttons have small icons to indicate what they do. For example, a small picture of a
printer appears on the Print button. If you still don’t know what a button is used for, move the
pointer over the button and wait a few seconds. Usually, a little window will appear with a
brief description of the button.
1. Click after the date you entered in the last lesson and press the <Enter>
key to add a blank line.
2. Position the mouse pointer over the Date/Time button on WordPad’s

Date/Time button Standard toolbar, as shown in Figure 7-4.
A small window appears over the button, briefly identifying what the button is—in this
case “Date/Time” as shown in Figure 7-4.
3. Click the Date/Time button.
The Date and Time dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 7-5, presenting you with
several different date and time formats to insert.

4. Click the OK button.
WordPad inserts the current date and time in the WordPad document.
5. Backspace over the date you just entered to delete it. OK button
Only one date remains on your screen. You will learn more about deleting text in a later
lesson.
Compare your screen with the one in Figure 7-6.
Quick Reference
To Use a Toolbar Button:
• Click the toolbar button.
To See What a Toolbar
Button Does:
• Position the pointer over
the toolbar button and
wait a second. A
ScreenTip will appear
above the button.
152 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-3: Filling Out a Dialog

Box
Figure 7-7
The Font dialog box Text box OK Button
Figure 7-8 Cancel
Button
A Scroll Bar
List box
Check box
Sample Area
Combo box
Figure 7-7
Scroll Up Button
Click here to scroll up
Scroll Box
Indicates your current position in
Scroll Down Button the list (you can also click and
Click here to scroll drag the scroll box to scroll up or
You can select a down down)
control in a dialog box
Figure 7-8
by clicking the control
with the mouse or by
Some commands are more complicated than others are. For example, saving a file is a simple
pressing the <Tab> key
process—all you have to do is select File → Save from the menu or click the Save button on
until the control is
the Standard toolbar. Other commands are more complex. Whenever you want to do
selected.
something relatively complicated in Windows, you need to fill out a dialog box. Filling out a
dialog box is not much different than filling out a paper form. Dialog boxes usually contain
several types of controls, including:
• Text boxes
Text Box • List boxes
• Check boxes
• Combo boxes (also called drop down lists)
• Buttons
This lesson will give you a quick tour of a more complicated dialog box and show you how to
use the various dialog box components you will come across.
List Box 1. Select Format from the menu.

The Format menu appears. Look at the items listed in the Format menu—Font,
Paragraph, and Tabs are followed by ellipses (…). Whenever you see a menu item
followed by ellipses, it means that there is a dialog box lurking just behind the menu.

2. Select Font from the Format menu.
The Font dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 7-7. The Font dialog box is one of the
most complex dialog boxes in the WordPad program and contains several types of
components you can fill out. You have to go to, or select, a control before you can use
it. You can do this by clicking the control with the mouse or by pressing the <Tab> key Combo Box
to move to the next control, or <Shift> + <Tab> to move to the previous control, until
the blinking cursor appears in it or it becomes highlighted. or Drop-Down List
First, let’s look at text boxes. Look at the Font text box, as shown in Figure 7-7. Text
boxes are the most common component of a dialog box and are nothing more than the
fill-in-the-blank box you’ve undoubtedly already used in many types of paper forms.
Check Box
Text boxes are incredibly easy to use—just select and type in the text you want.
3. Make sure the Font text box is selected and type Arial.
You’ve just filled out the text box—nothing to it. The next stop in our dialog box tour
Quick Reference
is the List Box. You can find a list box directly beneath the Font text box. A list box To Select a Dialog Box
puts several options together into a small box. Sometimes list boxes contain so many Control:
options that they can’t all be displayed at once, and you must click the list box’s scroll • Click the control with the
bar to move up or down the list. See Figure 7-8 for an illustration of a scroll box. mouse.
4. Click and hold the Font list box’s Scroll Down button until Times New Or…
Roman appears in the list.
• Press <Tab> to move to
5. Click the Times New Roman option in the list. the next control in the
Our next destination is the Combo Box. The combo box is the cousin of the list box— dialog box or <Shift> +
it, too displays a list of options. The only difference is that you must click the combo <Tab> to move to the
box’s downward pointing arrow in order to display its options. previous control until you
6. Click the Color combo box’s down arrow. arrive at the desired
control.
A list of color options appears below the Color combo box.
7. Select the Blue color from the combo box. To Use a Text Box:
Sometimes you need to select more than one item in a dialog box. For example, what if • Simply type the
you want to add Strikeout formatting and Underline formatting to the selected font? information directly into
You use the check box control when you’re presented with multiple choices. the text box.
8. In the Effects section, click the Strikeout check box and click the To Use a List Box:
Underline check box. • Click the option you want
The last destination on our dialog box tour is the Button. Buttons are used to execute or from list box. Use the
cancel commands. Two buttons can be found in every dialog box. They are: scroll bar to move up and
• OK: Applies and saves any changes you have made and then closes the dialog down through its options.
box. Pressing the <Enter> key usually does the same thing as clicking the OK To Use a Combo Box (or
button. Drop-Down List):
• Cancel: Closes the dialog box without applying and saving any changes. • Click the Down Arrow to
Pressing the <Esc> key usually does the same thing as clicking the cancel list the combo box’s
button. options. Click an option
9. Click the Cancel button to cancel the changes you made and close the from the list to select it.
Font dialog box. To Save Changes and
Close a Dialog Box:
• Click the OK button or
press <Enter>.
To Close a Dialog Box
without Saving Changes:
• Click the Cancel button or
press <Esc>.
154 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-4: Entering Text in the

WordPad Program
Figure 7-9
A simple letter created in
the WordPad program
Figure 7-9
This lesson explains how to create a document using the WordPad program. Actually, there
isn’t much to explain—all you have to do is type!
1. Open WordPad by clicking the Start button, then All Programs,

Start button Accessories, and then WordPad.
The WordPad Program screen pops up. Let’s enter some text.
2. Click inside the WordPad screen, and type the following text: 9/29/01
Good. Now we’re going to write a letter.
3. Press the <Enter> key twice.
WordPad inserts a new paragraph, or new line, each time you press the <Enter> key.
4. Type the following text: To the La Fanci Nails Company:
As you type, notice that the insertion point (the small, blinking vertical bar) moves to
indicate where you are typing.
5. Press the <Enter> key twice, and type the follow text: I bought a set
of your press-on nails last month, and I was extremely
displeased with them. While pressing my La Fanci Nails on,
I went to pet my poodle, Pizzy, and my hand and nails
stuck to her shaggy little pelt. That was in August, and
we’re still glued together.

The press-on nail glue should not have been so strong!
Pizzy’s barking is driving me mad. Please reconsider the
strength of your product.
Make sure you press the <Enter> key twice to add a blank line between the two While you type, word-
paragraphs. Don’t press <Enter> when you reach the end of a line—WordPad will wrap continues text
automatically move the text to the next line for you. This feature is called word-wrap. from one line to the
next without making
When you’re finished typing, compare your letter with the one in Figure 7-9. you press Enter.
Quick Reference
To Open WordPad:
• Click on the Start button,
then All Programs,
Accessories, then
WordPad.
To Enter Text in WordPad:
1. Place the insertion point
in WordPad by clicking in
the WordPad screen.
2. Type your text.
156 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-5: Editing Text

Figure 7-10
Use the keyboard or the
mouse to move the
insertion point in a
document.
Move the insertion …or by using the

point with the arrow mouse to click
keys on your where you want to
computer’s Figure 7-10 place the insertion
keyboard… point with the
pointer
After typing a document, you will often discover that you need to make some changes to your
text—perhaps you want to rephrase or even delete a sentence. Editing a document by inserting
and deleting text is very simple. To insert text, you move the insertion point (the blinking bar)
to where you want to insert the text. You move the insertion point using the arrow keys on the
keyboard or by using the mouse to click where you want to move it, as shown in Figure 7-10.
Once the insertion point is where you want, just start typing.
There are a couple ways to delete text. One way to delete text is to place the insertion point to
the left of the text you want to delete and press the <Backspace> key. Another way to delete
text is to place the insertion point to the right of the text you want to delete and press the
<Delete> key.
In this lesson, you’ll get practice inserting and deleting text and revising the letter you created
in WordPad.
1. Press the Up Arrow Key <↑> button.

The insertion point moves up one line.
2. Press and hold the Up Arrow Key <↑> to move the insertion point to the
very top line in the document.
Now you need to move the insertion point to the beginning of the current line.
3. Press and hold the Left Arrow Key <←> button to move the insertion
point to the very beginning of the line.
4. Type Subject: Glue Trauma and press <Enter> twice.

The text and blank line is inserted at the insertion point, before the rest of the
Placing the document. You’ve just learned how to insert text in a document—pretty easy huh?
insertion point 5. Move the insertion point immediately after the word extremely in the first
body paragraph.
Here, you need to delete some text; delete the word “extremely.”

6. Press the <Backspace> key several times, until the word “extremely” is
deleted.
The Backspace key deletes one space to the left (backwards) of the insertion point.
7. Type very.
You’ve just deleted the word “extremely” and inserted the word “very” to take its The <Backspace> key
place. deletes one space to
You can also use the mouse to move the insertion point instead of the arrow keys. the left, or behind,
Simply move the pointer where you want to place the insertion point with the mouse the insertion point.
and click.
8. Click immediately after the word August in the sentence “That was in
August, and we’re still stuck together” with the pointer.
The insertion point appears immediately after the word “August”—right where you
clicked the mouse button.
You can also use the Delete key to delete text. Like the Backspace key, the Delete key
also deletes text, but in a slightly different way. The Backspace key deletes text before,
The <Delete> key
or to the left of the insertion point, while the Delete key deletes text after, or to the right
deletes once space to
of the insertion point.
the right, or after,
9. Press the <Delete> key. the insertion point.
The Delete key deletes text after, or to the right of, the insertion point.
10. Press and hold the <Delete> key until you have deleted the rest of the
sentence “, and we’re still stuck together”.
Great! You’ve learned how to delete text using the Delete key.
Compare your revised document with the one shown in Figure 7-10.
Quick Reference
To Move the Insertion
Point:
• Use the arrow keys.
Or…
• Click where you want to
place the insertion point
with the pointer.
To Insert Text:
• Move the insertion point
where you want to insert
the text and then type the
text you want to insert.
To Delete Text:
• The <Backspace> key
deletes text before, or to
the left of the insertion
point.
• The <Delete> key deletes
text after, or to the right of
the insertion point.
158 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-6: Saving and Opening a

File
Figure 7-11
Look in list
The Save As dialog box Select the drive or folder where
you want to save the file.
Figure 7-12
The Open dialog box Displays files located in the
selected drive or folder
File name text box

Type the name you want to
save your file as here.
Figure 7-11
Look in list
Select the drive or folder where
the file you want to open is
located.
Displays files located in the
selected drive or folder—select
the file you want to open here
The letter file
Figure 7-12
Once you have created something in a program, you must save the file if you ever want to use
it again in the future. When you save a file, you’re transferring it from your computer’s
Save button memory (which is erased when you close the program) to the computer’s local disk (which is
Other Ways to Save: permanent and not erased when you close the program). In this lesson, you will learn how to
• Select File → Save save a file and then open, or retrieve it from the local disk.
from the menu.
1. Click the Save button on the Standard toolbar.
The Save As dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 7-11. You must give your file a
name and specify where you want to save it. First, tell the computer you want to save
the file in your Practice folder.
2. Navigate to and open your practice folder or floppy disk.
Your computer stores information in files and folders, just like you store information in
a filing cabinet. To open a file, you must first find and open the folder where it’s saved.
The Save dialog box has its own toolbar that make it easy to browse through your
computer’s drives and folders. Two controls on this toolbar are particularly helpful:

• Look In List: Click to list the drives on your computer
and the current folder, then select the drive and/or folder whose contents you
want to display.
• Up One Level button: Click to move up one folder.

If necessary, follow your instructor’s directions to select the appropriate drive and
folder where your practice files are located.
Next, you need to give your file a name.
3. Click the File name text box.
The File name box is where you give your file a name.
NOTE: Filenames can be up to 255 characters long and contain letters, numbers, and Close button
some symbols. You can’t use the symbols " \ / : * | < > in a file name.
4. Type Letter in the File name text box.
This will save the document you created in a file named “Letter” in the floppy disk.
5. Click Save to save your document to the floppy disk.
The floppy disk hums as your computer saves the Letter file to it. Open button
NOTE: You can also save any files you’ve created to your computer’s local disk— Other Ways to Open a
which is normally where most people save their files, instead of a floppy disk. File:
Now that you’ve saved the file to a disk, you can safely close WordPad or even turn off • Select File → Open
the computer, knowing that your WordPad “Letter” file is stored and can be retrieved from the menu.
whenever you want to work on it again.
6. Close the WordPad program by clicking its Close button.
The WordPad program closes. Now, make sure the Letter document you created and
saved in WordPad is still there.
7. Start the WordPad program again.
Once you have started WordPad, you will need to open the Letter document you saved.
8. Click the Open button on the Standard toolbar.
The Open dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 7-12. The Open dialog box is very
Quick Reference
similar to the Save dialog box—except you specify the name and location of the file To Save a File:
you want to open.
• Click the Save button
9. If necessary, navigate to your practice folder or floppy disk. on the Standard toolbar.
The Open dialog box will display any WordPad files that have been saved in the Or…
practice folder or floppy disk. Here’s how to select a file you want to open.
• Select File → Save from
10. Click the Letter file. the menu.
Shading appears over the Letter file, indicating it is selected.
To Open a File:
11. Click the Open button to open the selected file.
• Click the Open button
The Letter document appears in the WordPad window. on the Standard toolbar.
When you open a file, instead of selecting a file and clicking the Open button, you can save a Or…
half-second or so by simply double-clicking the file you want to open.
• Select File → Open from
the menu.
160 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-7: Selecting, Replacing,

and Deleting Text
Figure 7-13
1. Position the insertion point before or
You can select and after the text that you want to select.
replace text.
Figure 7-14 2. Click and hold down the left mouse
button, drag the mouse across the text
The updated letter you want to select, and then release
the mouse button.
3. If you want to replace the selected text,

simply type in the new text – it will
overwrite the selected text.
Figure 7-13
Figure 7-14
This lesson explains how to select text. Whenever you want to edit more than one character at
a time, you must select it first. A lot of editing and formatting techniques—such as formatting,
cutting, copying, and pasting text—also require that you select the text you want to modify.
There are probably hundreds of reasons to select text in many Windows-based programs, so it
pays if you’re an expert at doing it.
To replace text, select
the text you want to 1. Place the insertion point immediately in front of the word August in the
replace and type the first body sentence of the paragraph.
new text you want to You learned how to move the insertion around using the mouse earlier in this chapter.
replace it with. Actually, you can place the insertion point before or after the text you want to select.
2. Click and hold down the mouse button and drag the mouse across the
word August (the words should be highlighted). Release the mouse
button when you’re finished.
The word August should be highlighted in blue, as shown in Figure 7-13. Selecting text
with the mouse can be a little tricky at first, especially if you’re still a novice at using
the mouse. When you select text, anything you type will replace the selected text.

3. Type July.
Double-click a word to
The word “July” replaces the selected text, “August.” A quick way to select a single select it.
word is to double-click the word you want to select.
4. Double-click the word Trauma in the Subject line. Other Ways to Select
Text:
5. Type Crisis. • Move to the beginning
The word Crisis replaces the word Trauma. You can also use the keyboard to select text or end of the text that
if you don’t like using the mouse. To select text using the keyboard, move the insertion you want to select,
point before or after the text you want to select, press and hold down the <Shift> key press and hold down
while you use the arrow keys to select the text. the <Shift> key while
6. Move the insertion point to the very end of the Subject: Glue Crisis line.
using the arrow keys to
select the text.
Try selecting text with the keyboard in the next step.
7. Press and hold down the <Shift> key and press and hold down the left
arrow key <←> until the Subject line is selected.
If you change your mind after selecting text, it’s easy to deselect it. Just click anywhere
else on the screen.
8. Click anywhere in the document to deselect the text.
The Subject line is no longer selected.
Quick Reference
Another trick you should know is that you can delete any selected text by pressing the To Select a String of Text:
<Delete> key. 1. Move the insertion point
9. Select the date and press the <Delete> key. to the beginning or end of
the text you want to
The date is deleted.
select.
And that’s all there is to selecting text in Windows. Again, it’s very important that you know 2. Click and hold the left
how to select text. Knowing how to select text will make you much more proficient at using mouse button and drag
many Window programs. the insertion point across
the text, then release the
Table 7-3: Shortcuts for Selecting Text mouse button once the
text is selected.
To Select This Do This
Or…
A word Double-click the word.
Press and hold down the
A line Click next to the line in the left margin. <Shift> key while using
the arrow keys to select
A sentence Press and hold <Ctrl> and double-click the sentence. the text you want.
The entire document Press and hold <Ctrl> and double-click in the left margin. To Select a Single Word:
• Double-click the word you
want to select.
To Replace Text:
• Replace text by first
selecting it, then typing
the new text you want.
To Deselect Text:
• Click anywhere on the
computer screen.
To Delete Selected Text:
1. Select the text.
2. Press the <Delete> key.
162 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-8: Using Undo

Figure 7-15
You can cancel a text
deletion with the Undo
feature.
Undo
Figure 7-15
You may not want to admit this, but you’re going to make mistakes when you use Windows.
Undo button You might accidentally delete a sentence in your word processing program you didn’t mean to
delete, or paste something in you didn’t mean to paste. Fortunately, Windows and most
Other Ways to Undo: Windows programs come with a wonderful feature called undo that does just that—it undoes
• Select Edit → Undo your last action, making it as though it never happened.
from the menu.
Many people that are new to Windows or computers in general are often terrified of using
• Press <Ctrl> + <Z>. computers because they are afraid they will make a mistake and seriously mess things up.
First of all, it’s more difficult to “mess up” your computer than you think it is. Secondly, you
will learn how to use Undo, so even if you do make a mistake, you can easily cancel it.
1. Select the Subject: Glue Crisis line and delete it by pressing the
<Delete> key.
Whoops! You didn’t really want to delete that! Watch how you can undo your
“mistake.”
Quick Reference 2. Click the Undo button on the Standard toolbar to cancel your last
change.
To Undo Your Previous
Action: Poof! WordPad cancels your last action and the deleted text “Subject: Glue Crisis”
reappears.
• Click the Undo
button on the toolbar. In most programs, Undo will only cancel your last action or change; if you don’t catch your
mistake right after you make it, Undo may not be able to help.
Or…
• Select Edit → Undo from
the menu.
Or…
• Press <Ctrl> + <Z>.

Lesson 7-9: Printing a File

Figure 7-16
The Print dialog box
Figure 7-16
This lesson will show you how to send whatever you’re working on to the printer. Printing is
one of the easiest things to do in Windows.
Other Ways to Print:
1. Select File → Print from the menu.
• Click the Print
The Print dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 7-16. The Print dialog box may differ button if it appears on
depending on the program you’re using, but it should usually contain the options listed the toolbar.
in Table 7-4: Print Dialog Box Options.
• Press <Ctrl> + .
2. Click OK.
Windows sends the document to the printer.
Table 7-4: Print Dialog Box Options Quick Reference

Print option Description To Print a File:
Name Used to select what printer to send your file to when it prints (if you are • Click the Print button
connected to more than one printer). The currently selected printer is on the Standard toolbar.
displayed.
Or…
Properties Displays a dialog box with options available to your specific printer such as • Select File → Print from
the paper size you want to use, if your document should be printed in color or the menu.
black and white, etc.
Or…
Page range Allows you to specify what pages you want printed. There are several • Press <Ctrl> + .
options:
All: Prints the entire document.
Selection: Prints only the text you have selected (before selecting the
print command).
Pages: Prints only the pages of the file you specify. Select a range of
pages with a hyphen (like 5-8) and separate single pages with a comma
(like 3,7).
Number of copies Specifies the number of copies you want to print.

164 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-10: Cutting, Copying,

and Pasting Text
Figure 7-17
The steps involved in 1. Select the text or object you
cutting and pasting text want to cut and click the Cut
button on the Standard
Toolbar. The text or object is
removed or “cut” from its
original location.
2. Move the insertion point to

where you want to place the
cut text or object.
3. Click the Paste button on

the Standard Toolbar to
paste the cut text or object.
Cut button
Other Ways to Cut: By now, you should already know how to select text in a document. Once text is selected, you
• Select Edit → Cut from can move it to another place in the document by cutting it and then pasting elsewhere. Cutting
the menu. and pasting text is one of the more common tasks you will use in your programs. Anything
you cut is placed in a temporary storage area called the Windows Clipboard. The Clipboard is
• Press <Ctrl> + <X>.
available to any Windows program, so you can cut and paste text between different programs.
1. Select the entire subject line.

Paste button Remember how to select text? Point to the beginning or end of the text you want to
Other Ways to Paste: select, hold down the left mouse button, drag the cursor across the text, and release the
• Select Edit → Paste mouse button.
from the menu. Now you can cut the selected text to the Windows clipboard.
• Press <Ctrl> + <V>.

2. Click the Cut button on the Standard toolbar.
The selected text, the current date, disappears from WordPad and is placed in the
Windows Clipboard, ready to be moved to a new location.
Copy button
NOTE: The Windows Clipboard can only hold one piece of information at a time.
Every time you cut or copy something to the Clipboard, it replaces the Other Ways to Copy:
previous information. • Select Edit → Copy
3. Move the insertion point to the blank line immediately below To the La from the menu.
Fanci Nails Company:. • Press <Ctrl> + <C>.
This is where you want to paste the line you cut.
4. Click the Paste button on the Standard toolbar.
Poof! The cut text, the subject line, appears at the insertion point.
Copying information is very similar to cutting information. Both commands put your
Quick Reference
selected information in the Clipboard where you can then paste it to a new location. To Cut Something:
The only difference between the two commands is that Cut command deletes selected 1. Select the text or object
information when it copies it to the clipboard, while the Copy command copies the you want to cut.
selected information to the clipboard without deleting it.
5. Select the entire document by holding down the <Ctrl> key and clicking
2. Click the Cut button
on the Standard toolbar.
the pointer in the left margin.
Or…
Now you can copy the selected text to the clipboard.
6. Click the Copy button on the Standard toolbar.
Select Edit → Cut from
the menu.
Nothing appears to happen, but the selected text has been copied to the clipboard.
Or…
One of the great things about Windows is that it allows you to share information
Press <Ctrl> + <X>.
between programs. For example, the information that you just copied to the Windows
clipboard from WordPad can be pasted into another Windows program. To see how this To Copy Something:
works, you will need to open another Windows program—the Notepad. 1. Select the text or object
7. Click the Start button and select All Programs → Accessories → you want to copy.
Notepad.
2. Click the Copy button
The Notepad program appears. Notepad is a bare-bones simple program and doesn’t on the Standard toolbar.
have a toolbar like WordPad does, so you will have to access the Paste command
Or…
through the menu.
Select Edit → Copy from
8. Select Edit → Paste from the Notepad menu.
the menu.
The document you copied from the WordPad program is pasted into the Notepad
Or…
program. You won’t be using the Notepad program anymore in this chapter, so you can
close it. Press <Ctrl> + <C>.
9. Click the Notepad program’s Close button. To Paste a Cut or Copied
A dialog box appears, asking if you want to save the changes you made to the Notepad Object:
file. You don’t need to save any changes, so you can safely click No. 1. Place the insertion point
10. Click No. where you want to paste
the text or object.
You should save the changes you’ve made to your WordPad document.
11. Click the Save button on WordPad’s Standard toolbar to save the 2. Click the Paste
changes you’ve made to the document. button on the Standard
toolbar.
WordPad saves your recent changes to the local disk.
Or…
Select Edit → Paste
from the menu.
Or…
Press <Ctrl> + <V>.
166 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-11: Changing the Font

Type and Size
Figure 7-18
Select a font from the font
list.
Figure 7-19
The Font dialog box
Figure 7-18
The currently Select the font type

selected font type (Bold and/or Italic)
Select the font type Change the size of

the font
Special font
formatting
effects
Preview of the
Change the color current font
of the font settings
Figure 7-19
In this lesson, you’ll learn how to change the font or text size and style. Although you’ll be
working with the WordPad program, the basic procedure for changing the size and type of a
font is the same in all Windows programs.
Font list 1. Move the insertion point the very end of the document and press
<Enter> twice to add a blank line.
Other Ways to Change
Fonts: You are going to add your name to the document here, but first you want to use a
different font to make it stand out.
• Select Format → Font
from the menu, select 2. Click the Font list arrow on the Formatting toolbar.
the font options you A list appears with all the fonts that are available on your computer, listed in
want from the font alphabetical order. Since there isn’t enough room to display all the font types at once,
dialog box, then click you may have to scroll up or down the list until you find the font type you want.
OK. 3. Scroll up the Font list until you see the Bookman Old Style font, then
click the Bookman Old Style font.
Anything you type at this point will appear in the selected Bookman Old Style font.

4. Type Jane Plain.
The name Jane Plain appears in the Bookman Old Style font. You can also select text
and change it to a new font.
5. Select the line To the La Fanci Nails Company:.
In the next step, we’ll change the selected text to Courier New font type.
6. Click the Font list arrow and select Courier New from the Font list.
The selected text changes to the Courier New font. Font Size list
You can also change the size of a font and make it larger or smaller. Font size is Other Ways to Change
measured in points: the bigger the point number, the larger the size of the font. 10 point the Font Size:
and 12 point are the most commonly used font sizes. Changing the font size is similar
to changing font types.
from the menu, select
7. Make sure the To the La Fanci Nails Company: line is still selected, the font options you
and click the Font Size list arrow. want from the font
A list of font sizes appears. dialog box, and click
8. Select 14 from the Font Size list. OK.
The font for the selected line is enlarged to 14 point.
So far, you’ve been using the Formatting toolbar to change the type and size of fonts.
Another method of adjusting the type and size of fonts is to use the Font dialog box,
which you can open using the menu. Since not all Windows programs have a
Formatting toolbar, you should know how to format fonts with this method.
9. Select Format → Font from the menu.
The Font dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 7-19. Notice there are options for
changing the font type and size, as well as other formatting options. After you’ve
surveyed the Font dialog box, you can close it without making any changes by clicking
the Cancel button.
10. Click Cancel to close the Font dialog box without making any changes.
Quick Reference
Table 7-1: Examples of Font Types and Sizes
To Change Font Size:
Common Font Types Common Font Sizes
Arial 8 point
• Select the point size from
Arial
the Font Size list on
Comic Sans MS Arial 10 point the Formatting toolbar.
Or…
Courier New Arial 12 point • Select Format → Font
Times New Roman from the menu and select
Arial 14 point the font size in the Font
dialog box.
To Change Font Type:
• Select the font from the
Font
Style list on the
Formatting toolbar.
Or…
from the menu and select
the font type in the Font
dialog box.
168 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-12: Using Bold, Italics,

and Underline
Align Align
Figure 7-20 Font list Font script list Bold Underline Left Right
WordPad’s Formatting
toolbar
Figure 7-20
Figure 7-21 Font Size Italics Font Color Center Bullets
The document with bold

and italics formatting
Italics button
Other Ways to Italics:
Figure 7-21
from the menu, select Bold Italics
Italic from the Font
Style box, and then
click OK. In the previous lesson, you learned how to format characters in a document by changing their
font type and font size. This lesson will show you how to emphasize text in a document by
• Press <Ctrl> + . making the text darker and heavier (bold), slanted (italics), or by adding underlining.
1. Select the text La Fanci Nails, located in the first body paragraph in your
Bold button document.
You can make the selected text stand out by formatting with Italics.
Quick Reference 2. Click the Italics button on the Formatting toolbar.
To Format Text with Bold, The selected text, La Fanci Nails, appears in italics. Notice that the Italics button is
Italics, or Underlining: pushed down on the Formatting toolbar, indicating the text is formatted with Italics.
• Click the Bold, Italics, It’s just as easy to format characters with bold or underline formatting.
or Underline button on 3. Select the line Subject: Glue Crisis.
the Formatting toolbar. Now format the selected text with bold formatting.
Or… 4. Click the Bold button on the Formatting toolbar.
• Select Format → Font The selected text appears in bold. To remove the bold style, repeat step 4.
the formatting from the
5. Make sure the Subject: Glue Crisis is still selected, then click the Bold
button on the Formatting toolbar.
Font Style list.
Or… The bold style is removed from the selected text. You can apply italic and underline
formatting from text by using the same method, except you would click the Italics or
• Press the <Ctrl> key and: Underline button.
 for Bold
 for Italics
 for Underlining

Lesson 7-13: Changing Paragraph

Alignment
Figure 7-22
Place the insertion point
in the paragraph you want
to align, or select the
paragraph(s).
Figure 7-23
Clicking the Center button
Figure 7-22 Figure 7-23 on the Formatting toolbar
centers the selected
paragraphs.
Left Align Right Align Figure 7-24

Left, right, centered, and
justified paragraphs
Centered Justified
Figure 7-24
This lesson moves on to paragraph formatting and explains how to justify paragraphs or align Align Right button
them to the left, right, or center of a page. These are common formatting tasks for all word
processing programs.
Center button
1. Place the insertion point anywhere in the last line, Jane Plain, and then
click the Align Right button on the Formatting toolbar.
The last line is aligned to the right with a ragged left edge. Align Left button
2. Drag the mouse pointer to select the two body paragraphs, as shown in
Figure 7-22, then click the Center button on the Formatting toolbar.
The selected paragraphs are centered on the page. Quick Reference
3. Press the <End> key to move to the end of the current line, then press To Change a Paragraph’s
<Enter>. Alignment:
Notice the new paragraph will be centered like the one above it. That’s because when • Place the insertion point
you press <Enter>, the new paragraph “inherits” the formatting from the paragraph in the paragraph and click
above it. the Align Left, Center,
4. Select the two paragraphs again, and click the Align Left button on the or Align Right button.
Formatting toolbar. Or…
The selected paragraphs are again aligned to the left. • Place the insertion point
5. Click the Save button on the Standard toolbar to save your work. in the paragraph, select
Format → Paragraph
the alignment, from the
Alignment list.
170 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-14: Getting Help by

Contents
Figure 7-25
The Contents tab of the
Help window
Figure 7-26
You can expand a Help
Topic.
Figure 7-27
The displayed help topic
Figure 7-27
When you don’t know how to do something in Windows or a Windows based program, don’t
despair—most programs come with a built-in help feature. Help is one of the greatest—and
sadly, the least used—feature of most Windows programs. There is often more information
about how to use a program under the Help feature than there is in the program manual! Many
people actually learn how to use entire programs by simply using the Help feature of the
program when they don’t know how to do something.
Help allows you to try new, exciting things in programs all by yourself. It simply cannot be
stressed how important and useful the Help feature is. There are several ways you can get help
in Windows—we’ll look at them in the next couple of lessons.
For this lesson, imagine that you’ve seen several of your co-workers use different sized fonts
in their WordPad documents. You decide it’s time you learned how to change the size of fonts
in WordPad, so you decide to use the help feature.
Most Windows applications have a Help menu listed at the far right of the menu bar. You can
also open Help pressing the <F1> key.

1. Make sure the WordPad program is opening/loading the active window
and press the <F1> key.
The Help window appears with the Contents tab in front, as shown in Figure 7-25. One The <F1> key displays
way to get help is by going to Contents. Using Help’s Contents is similar to using a help on what you’re
book’s table of contents. Help’s Contents is a good way to get general information on a doing.
topic, especially if it’s a subject you’re not familiar with. The Help’s Contents are
organized in outline form. The book icons ( ) that appear to the left of a topic tells
you there are sub-topics and information under this topic. To view this information,
you have to open or expand the topic by double-clicking it.
2. Click the WordPad icon and then click the Format Text topic to expand
it.
The topic opens and a list of sub-topics appear under it, as shown in Figure 7-26. Options button
3. Click the Change a font type, style, or size topic (it has a question
mark icon that appears to the left of it).
Information on text formatting appears in the right pane of the Help window, as shown
in Figure 7-27. You can easily print any Help topic.
4. Click the Options button at the top of the dialog box and select the
Print… item.
The Print Topics box appears. We just want to print one topic.
5. Select Print Selected Topic and click OK.
The Print dialog box appears, ready to carry out your print command. Since you
already know how to print in Windows, save the paper and cancel the print job.
6. Click the Cancel button to close the Print dialog box without sending the
Help topic to the printer.
Quick Reference
To Get Help by Contents:
1. Press <F1> or select
Help from the menu, and
click the Contents tab if
necessary.
2. Scroll down the screen
and double-click the help
topic you’re looking for.
3. Double-click any Help
subtopic(s).
To Move a Previous Help
Screen or Topic:
• Click the Back button.
To Print a Help Topic:
• Click the Options button
and select Print Topic.
172 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-15: Getting Help with

the Help Index and Search
Figure 7-28
The Index tab of the Help
dialog box
Figure 7-29
The Topics Found dialog
box
Figure 7-30
Click the to display

help on what a dialog box
control does.
Figure 7-28
Figure 7-29
Figure 7-30
Two more methods of getting help are with the Help Index and Search. You use the Help
Index just like you would use the index in the back of a book.
1. If the Help window isn’t already open, press <F1> to open it.
2. Click the Index tab to bring it to the front.

The Index tab appears in front of the Help Window. This time, let’s get some help on
how to save files in WordPad.

3. In the Type in the keyword to find box, type the word Saving.
The Index topics list box displays all index entries that begin with the words “Saving”,
as shown in Figure 7-28. A help topic called Saving Documents is listed—see what this
topic is about.
4. Double-click the Saving Text subtopic to open it.
The Topics Found dialog box appears. We need to choose a topic.
5. Double-click the Create Open or Save a WordPad Document topic.
Information on saving changes to a document appears in the right pane of the Help
window.
The Search function is another way that you can search for Help topics. Search is much
more specific and powerful than either Help’s Contents or the Help Index. Search
allows you to search for specific information.
6. Click the Search tab.
What’s This
Next, you must specify what help you want to look for. button
7. In the Type the word(s) you want to find box, type the word Save and
click the List Topics button.
Both the words and topics lists are updated to show all help topics that contain the
word “Save.” You can refine a help search by typing in more than one word.
8. In the Type the word(s) you want to find box, type a <Space> then the
Quick Reference
words File after the word table so that the text box reads Save File. To Use the Help Index:
Then click Display. 1. Press <F1> or select
Both the words and topics lists are updated and display only those help topics that Help from the menu and
contain both the words “Save” and “File” in them. click the Index tab.
9. Double-click the WordPad Overview topic. 2. Type the keyword(s) that
Windows displays the WordPad Overview help topic. describe the help topic
you are looking for.
10. Click the Close button to close the Help dialog box.
3. Double-click the help
During your journey with Windows you will probably come across dialog boxes with a topic you’re looking for.
number of confusing controls and options. To help you find out what the various
controls and options in a dialog box do, many dialog boxes contain a “What’s This” To Find a Help Topic:
button, located right next to the close button. 1. Press <F1> or select
11. Select Format → Paragraph from the menu. Help from the menu and
The Paragraph dialog box appears. Notice the Help button located in the dialog box’s click the Search or Find
title bar just to the left of the dialog box’s close button. tab.
12. Click the “What’s This” button.
2. Type the keyword(s) topic
you are looking for.
The mouse pointer changes to a , indicating you can point to anything on the dialog
3. Double-click the Help
box to find out what it does, as shown in Figure 7-30.
topic you’re looking for.
13. Click the Alignment combo box.
To See what a Control in a
A window appears with a brief description of what the Alignment combo box does. Dialog Box Does:
14. Click Cancel to close the Paragraph dialog box. 1. Click the Dialog box
That’s it—you’re done learning the various ways to get help in Windows. If you know how to “What’s This” button
use a program’s Help feature, you may never need to attend another computer class— (located right next to the
everything you need to know is there, buried somewhere in Help. Make yourself a promise close button).
that the next time you have a question about how to do something in a program, you will try 2. Click the control you want
using the program’s built-in Help feature before you reach for the manual or ask one of your more information on with
computer-savvy friends. the pointer.
174 Computer Basics
Lesson 7-16: Saving and Opening

Files in Different Locations
Look In List
Figure 7-31 Select the drive or folder Return to the Create a new
The Open/Save toolbar where you want to open or last folder folder
save the file
Figure 7-32
The Open dialog box for
the WordPad program Figure 7-31
Move up one level, Display in
to the previous different views
folder or drive
Figure 7-32
By saving your files in related folders right away, you make them easier to find and don’t
have to do as much file management later. This lesson will show you how to save your files in
Open button different locations. You’ll also learn how to save files in different file formats.
Other Ways to Open a
File: 1. Open the WordPad program by clicking the Start button and selecting
• Select File → Open File → All Programs → Accessories → WordPad from the program
from the menu. menu.
The WordPad program appears.
2. Click the Open button on the Standard toolbar.
The Open Dialog box for the WordPad program appears, as shown in Figure 7-32.
Before we open a file, first let’s take a closer look at the Open dialog box. Notice the
toolbar that appears near the top of the dialog box, as shown in Figure 7-31. If several
of the buttons on the toolbar look somewhat familiar, they should—because they’re the
same toolbar buttons that you’ll find in My Computer and Windows Explorer. When
you’re opening or saving a file you can navigate through the drives, folders, and files
on your computer just like you do in My Computer and Windows Explorer.
3. Navigate to and open your practice folder or floppy disk.
Your computer stores information in files and folders, just like you store information in
a filing cabinet. To open a file, you must first find and open the folder where it’s saved.
The Save dialog box has its own toolbar that make it easy to browse through your
• Look In List: Click to list the drives on your computer
and the current folder, then select the drive and/or folder whose contents you
want to display.


The Open dialog box reads the contents of the practice folder or disk and displays any You can perform basic
Word for Windows (*.doc) files. Here’s how you can view all the file types in the root file management, such
directory on the drive—not just Word for Windows files. as renaming, deleting,
4. Click the File of type list and select All Documents (*.*). moving, and copying
files and folders from
The Open dialog box is updated to display all the files in the root directory of the inside any Open or
floppy disk.
Save dialog box, just
5. Double-click the Canada Meeting Memo file to open it. as if you were in My
WordPad opens the Canada Meeting Memo file. Normally, when you save an existing Computer.
file, it’s saved with its original file name in its original location or folder. There are
times, however, when you will need to save a copy of a file in a new location, with a
different file name, or in a different file format.
6. Select File → Save As from the menu.
The Save As dialog box appears.
Whenever you save or store files on a computer, try to save them in a related folder.
For example, you might create a “Personal Letters” folder to store all your personal
correspondence files and a “Business” folder for your business-related files. Selecting a
folder to save a file in is easy—simply double-click the Create New folder icon on the
toolbar.
NOTE: If you don’t specify a drive or folder when you’re saving a file, the program
will save the file in the current folder—the drive and folder that happens to be
open at that time. This can often make the file more difficult to find in the
future.
7. Double-click the Trade Show folder.
The Trade Show folder opens—this is where you want to save the file.
Earlier in this chapter, you learned that computer programs save and open files in their
own different types or formats, just like people from different countries speak different
languages. But, just as some people can speak more than one language, many computer Quick Reference
programs can open and save files using other file types or formats. WordPad normally To Save a File in a New
saves files in Word for Windows (*.doc) format, but it’s easy to save files in different Location:
formats.
• Select File → Save As
8. Click the Save as type list arrow. from the menu, open the
A list of different types of file formats appears. drive and/or folder where
9. Select Text Documents (*.txt) from the Save as type list. you want to save the file,
and click Save.
One more thing before we save the file—we want to save it with a different name. If
you clicked the Save button at this point, WordPad would save the file in the Trade To Save a File in a
Show folder with the original file name, “Canada Meeting Memo.” To save the file Different File Format:
with a different name, simply type the new file name in the File Name box. • Select File → Save As
10. Click in the File Name box and type Canada Letter. from the menu, select the
file format from the Save
11. Click Save and click Yes to confirm the loss in formatting. as type list, and click
WordPad saves the Canada Letter as a text file under the Trade Show folder. Save.
12. Close the WordPad program.
176 Computer Basics
Chapter Seven Review
Lesson Summary
How to Use Menus
• Open a menu by clicking the menu name with the mouse or by pressing <Alt> and then the
underlined letter in menu.
How to Use Toolbars

• Click the toolbar button you want to use.
• To See What a Toolbar Button Does: Position the pointer over the toolbar button and wait a
second. A ScreenTip will appear above the button.
Filling Out a Dialog Box

• Be able to identify and use text boxes, list boxes, check boxes, combo boxes, and buttons.
• Use a scroll bar to move up or down when a list or screen can’t display all its information at once.
• To Select a Dialog Box Control: Click the control with the mouse or press <Tab> to move to the
next control in the dialog box or <Shift> + <Tab> to move to the previous control until you arrive at
the desired control.
Entering Text in the WordPad Program

• Place the insertion point in WordPad by clicking in the WordPad screen, and type your text.
Editing Text
• Move the insertion point by pressing the arrow keys on the keyboard or by clicking where you want
to place the insertion point.
• To Insert Text: Move the insertion point where you want to insert the text and then type the text
you want to insert.
• To Delete Text: The <Delete> key deletes text before, or to the right of, the insertion point. The
<Backspace> key deletes text after, or to the left of, the insertion point.
Saving and Opening a File

• To Save a File: Click the Save button on the Standard toolbar or select File → Save from the
menu, select the drive and/or folder where you want to save the file, give the file a name, and click
Save.
• To Open a File: Click the Open button on the Standard toolbar or select File → Open from the
menu, select the drive and/or folder where the file you want to open is located, select the file and
click Open.

Selecting, Replacing, and Deleting Text

• Selecting Text with the Mouse: Move the insertion point to the beginning or end of the text you
want to select. Click and hold the left mouse button and drag the insertion point across the text,
releasing the mouse button once the text is selected.
• Selecting Text with the Keyboard: Move the insertion point to the beginning or end of the text
you want to select, and press and hold the <Shift> key while you use the arrow keys to select the
text.
• Double-click the word to select it.
• Typing replaces any selected text; pressing the <Delete> or <Backspace> key deletes any
selected text.
• Deselect text by clicking anywhere on the screen.
Using Undo
• To Undo Your Last Action: Click the Undo button on the Standard toolbar, or select Edit →
Undo from the menu, or press <Ctrl> + <Z>.
Printing a File
• Print a file by clicking the Print button on the Standard toolbar, or by selecting File → Print from
the menu, or by pressing <Ctrl> + .
• Select File → Print from the menu to display the Print dialog box, which allows you to specify
printing options—such as printing specific pages or multiple copies.
Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Text

• To Cut Something: Select the text or object you want to cut. Cut the selection by clicking the Cut
button on the Standard toolbar, or by selecting Edit → Cut from the menu, or by pressing <Ctrl> +
<X>.
• To Copy Something: Select the text or object you want to copy. Copy the selection by clicking the
Copy button on the Standard toolbar, or by selecting Edit → Copy from the menu, or by pressing
<Ctrl> + <C>.
• To Paste a Cut or Copied Object: Place the insertion point where you want to paste the text or
object. Click the Paste button on the Standard toolbar, or select Edit → Paste from the menu, or
press <Ctrl> + <V>.
Changing the Font Type and Size

• To Change Font Size: Select the pt. size from the Font Size list on the Formatting toolbar or
select Format → Font from the menu and select the font size in the dialog box.
• To Change Font Type: Select the font from the Font Style list on the Formatting toolbar or select
Format → Font from the menu and select the font type in the Font dialog box.
178 Computer Basics
Using Bold, Italics, and Underline

• Format text with bold, italics, or underling by clicking the corresponding button (Bold, Italics, or
Underline) on the Formatting toolbar or by selecting Format → Font from the menu and selecting
the formatting from the Font Style list. You can also press the <Ctrl> key and:
 for Bold
 for Italics
 for Underlining.
Changing Paragraph Alignment

• Change a paragraph’s alignment by placing the insertion point in the paragraph and then either
clicking the Align Left, Center, or Align Right button on the Formatting toolbar, or by selecting
Format → Paragraph from the menu and selecting the paragraph alignment from the Alignment
list.
Getting Help by Contents

• Pressing the <F1> key displays information on what you’re currently doing.
• To Get help by Contents: Press <F1> or select Help from the menu, and click the Contents tab if
necessary. Scroll down the screen and click the topic you’re looking for. Double-click any subtopics
if necessary.
• Click the Back button to move to the previous help screen or topic.
• To Print a Help Topic: Click the Options button and select Print Topic.
Getting Help with the Help Index and Search

• To Use the Help Index: Press <F1> or select Help from the menu and click the Index tab and
type the keyword(s) that describe the Help topic you are looking for. Double-click the Help topic
you’re looking for.
• To Search for a Help Topic: Press <F1> or select Help from the menu and click the Search tab
and type the keyword(s) that describe the help topic you are looking for. Double-click the Help topic
you’re looking for.
• Clicking the Dialog box’s Help button and then clicking a control with the pointer explains what the
control does.
Saving and Opening Files in Different Locations

• To Save a File in a New Location: Select File → Save As from the menu, open the drive and/or
folder where you want to save the file, and click Save.
• To Save a File in a Different File Format: Select File → Save As from the menu, select the file
format from the Save as type list, and click Save.

Quiz
1. You can open a program’s menu by: (Select all that apply.)
A. Clicking the menu name with the mouse.
B. Pressing <Esc> and then the underlined letter in menu.
C. Pressing <Alt> and then the underlined letter in menu.
D. Saying “Computer, open the (state the name of the menu here) menu”.
2. How can you move the insertion point in WordPad? (Select all that apply.)
A. By pressing the arrows keys on your computer’s keyboard.
B. By using the mouse and clicking where you want to place the insertion point with the
pointer.
C. By selecting the Window → Move Insertion Point command.
D. The insertion point is an immovable object and can’t be moved.
3. Which key deletes text before, or to the left, of the insertion point?
A. <Page Up>
B. <Page Down>
C. <Delete>
D. <Backspace>
4. Typing overwrites, or replaces, any text that is selected (True or False?)
5. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. You can undo the last action or mistake you made by clicking the Undo button on the
toolbar or by selecting Edit → Undo from the menu.
B. You can print the file you’re working on by clicking the Print button on the toolbar
or by selecting File → Print from the menu.
C. You should save your work or file whenever you think about it.
D. Files names can contain up to 8 characters.
6. The following will cut selected text or information and place it on the
clipboard (Select all that apply.)
A. Pressing <Ctrl> + <X>.
B. Pressing <Ctrl> + <Delete>.
C. Clicking the Cut button on the toolbar.
D. Selecting Edit → Cut from the menu.
7. Unlike cutting, when you copy something, you can’t see it on-screen (True
or False?)
8. Pressing <F5> displays Help on what you’re doing (True or False?)
Homework
1. Either insert your Practice Files CD, or navigate to where your practice files are
located. If you don’t know where they are, ask your instructor.
2. Start WordPad. Open the Homework 3 file from your practice files.
180 Computer Basics
3. Select File → Save As from the menu. Save the “Homework 3” as “Memo” on the
Practice CD in the D: drive, or in your practice files.
4. Move the insertion point to the end of the TO: line, press the <Spacebar> and type
“All Staff.”
5. Select the top three address lines.
6. With the top address lines still selected, click the Center button on the Formatting
toolbar to center align them.
7. Select the top “North Shore Travel” line and change the font type to Times New
Roman, the font size to 14 pt., and apply bold formatting.
8. With the top “North Shore Travel” line still selected, press the <Delete> key to erase
the line. Click the Undo button on the Standard toolbar to undo the deletion.
9. Select the text “Sandra Willes, Communication Director” and copy it by clicking the
Copy button on the Standard toolbar
10. Move to the very end of the document, press the <Enter> key to add a blank line,
type “Sincerely,” and press <Enter> four times to add several blank lines.
11. Click the Paste button on the Standard toolbar to paste the text you copied in Step 9.
12. Save your work and exit WordPad.
Quiz Answers
1. A and C. Clicking the menu name or pressing the <Alt> key and the underlined letter
in the menu will both open a menu.
2. A and B. Either method will move the insertion point.
3. D. The <Delete> key deletes text before, or to the left, of the insertion point.
<Backspace> deletes text after, or to the right, of the insertion point
4. True. Typing replaces any selected text.
5. D. MS-DOS files had an 8 character limit, but in Windows XP file names can
contain up to 255 characters.
6. B. All the other methods will cut selected text or information and place it on the
clipboard.

7. True. You can’t see anything happen when you copy something, although it has been
placed in the invisible Windows clipboard behind the scenes.
8. False. <F1> is the Windows help key.
Chapter Eight:
Working with Files
and Folders
• Understanding storage devices, folders, and files • How to use the mouse
• Using My Computer to navigate through folders and files drag and drop, and
right-click
• Opening, creating, and renaming files and folders
• How to use menus,
• Copying, moving, and deleting files and folders toolbars, and dialog
boxes
• Restoring a deleted file, and emptying the Recycle Bin
• Changing how information is displayed
• Selecting multiple files and folders
• Finding a file using the Search Companion
• Using Windows Explorer
When you work at a desk, unless you make an effort to stay organized, all your papers and
files begin to pile up and become messy. It takes a little more time, but the same phenomenon
occurs when working with Windows—the files you create using your computer start to
become disorganized, and are harder and harder to find.
In this chapter, you’ll take your first step beyond the Windows basics and enter the world of
file management. You’ll learn how Windows stores information in files and folders, just like a
file cabinet does. You’ll find you will need to clean and organize your files and folders from
time to time, just like you would the contents of a file cabinet. This chapter explains how to
organize your computer by creating folders to store related information, how to move and
copy files between folders, how to delete and rename files and folders, and how to retrieve a
deleted file if you change your mind. You can perform file management using several
different programs—My Computer, Windows Explorer, Files and Settings Transfer Wizard,
and the Open and Save dialog boxes found in most programs.
184 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-1: Understanding

Storage Devices, Folders, and
Files
Figure 8-1 Taxes Love Letters
Letter to Bill
How information is stored Investments
Letter to Mary
in a file cabinet
Figure 8-2 Letters
How information is stored

on a disk
A file cabinet’s information is A folder may contain several
organized and grouped into files and even several
folders. subfolders.
Figure 8-1
A computer stores
information on disks.
Information on a disk is A folder may contain several

Figure 8-2 organized and grouped into files and subfolders.
folders or directories.
In order to understand file management, you need to understand how your computer stores
information. Filing cabinets store information in files, which are organized and grouped in
folders and kept in big drawers. Computers also store information in files, which are also
organized and grouped in folders, and stored not in big drawers but on disks. A disk drive is
the part of the computer that reads and writes information onto disks, just like a tape recorder
records and plays music on a cassette. There are four main types of disks/drives computers
use to store their information, as shown in the following table:
Table 8-1: Common Computer Disks/Drives

Type Drive Letter Size Description
A or B 1.44 MB Floppy disks are the square plastic things that look
like coffee coasters. Floppy drives can’t hold a lot
of information, but they’re ideal for moving small
files, such as word processing documents,
between computers.
Floppy Disk

Chapter Eight: Working with Files and Folders 185
Type Drive Letter Size Description

C and above Over 4 GB Hard disks hide permanently inside your computer.
Your computer’s hard disk is its main filing
cabinet—where it stores almost all of its programs
and files.
Hard Disk
D or above 600 MB Compact discs, or CD-ROMs, look like the audio

discs you play in your stereo. CD-ROMs are cheap
and they can store a lot of information, which is
why they’re used to install software for games and
CD-ROM programs with a lot of multimedia. Unlike floppy or
hard disks, most CD-ROMs can only read
information—you can’t save anything on them.
D or above Over 100 MB Removable storage drives have features of both

hard disks and floppy disks. Removable drives are
Removable like a floppy drive because they read and write
Drive information on small, removable cassettes that are
about the size of a floppy disk. They are like hard
drives because each cassette can usually hold
more than 100 MB and is almost as fast as a hard
drive.
Most computers come with a floppy drive, a hard drive, and a CD-ROM drive. Your computer
labels these drives with letters, as shown in Table 8-1: Common Computer Disks/Drives.
Just as liquids are measured in quarts and gallons, computers save their information in units
called bytes. Unlike gallons, computers use the metric system, so 1,000 bytes make up a
kilobyte and 1,000,000 (one million) bytes make up a megabyte, as shown in Table 8-2: How
Memory is Measured.
Table 8-2: How Memory is Measured

Term Description Size
Byte A byte can store a single character, A single character.
such as the letter j or numeral 8.
Kilobyte A kilobyte (K) is about 1,000 bytes 1,024 bytes
(K or KB) (1,024 to be exact). A kilobyte is
equivalent to a page of double-spaced
typing.
Megabyte A megabyte (MB) is about one million 1,048,576 bytes
(MB or MEG) bytes—about as much text as an
average-length novel.
186 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-2: Using My Computer to

See What’s in Your Computer
Figure 8-3
My Computer displays the
drives, folders
(directories), and files that
are in your computer.
Figure 8-4
The Properties dialog box
for a Local Disk (C:) drive.
Figure 8-5
The My Computer toolbar.
Figure 8-4
Figure 8-3
Moves back Moves back Changes how
or up to the or up to the the contents
previous previous of the folder
folder or level folder or level are displayed
Figure 8-5 Moves forward Search for files Displays a

to the last and folders on history of files
subfolder or your computer you have
level or on the opened
network recently
When you want to see what’s in a file cabinet, you simply pull open one of its drawers. You
can view the information stored on your computer’s drives in much the same way—by
opening the drive you want to access. This lesson will show you how to look at the drives,
folders, and files in your computer.
Start button
1. Click the Start button and select the My Computer icon.
The My Computer window appears, as shown in Figure 8-3. The main window lists all
the drives on the computer. Since your computer may have different drives, the
contents of your computer may differ from those shown in Figure 8-3. Want to see
what’s inside something? All you have to do is double-click the drive, folder, or file
you want to open.
My Computer Notice that My Computer appears in its own window, with its own little buttons, scroll
bars, and menus. The My Computer window works just like the other windows you’ve
been working with. You can move it, resize it, and minimize it.

2. Double-click the (C:) Local Disk icon.

The contents of the (C:) drive appear in the window. What do all those symbols in the
window mean? Each item you see has an icon, or symbol, to help you identify what
type of item it is. We’ll take a look at what each of these symbols mean in an upcoming
Local Disk (C:)
lesson.
To move back to the previous folder or level, click the Up button on the toolbar.
3. Click the Up button on the toolbar to move back to the My Computer
level.
You’ve moved from the (C:) drive back to My Computer. Now that you know the Up button
procedure for displaying the contents of a drive, move on to the next step to display the
properties of the Local Disk (C:) drive.
4. Right-click the (C:) Local Disk icon and select Properties from the
shortcut menu.
The floppy drive hums as Windows examines it. After a moment, the Properties
window appears, as shown in Figure 8-4. The Properties window displays the amount
of used and free space on the disk in megabytes (MB) and gigabytes (GB). Refer to the
previous lesson if you’re unfamiliar with these terms.
5. Close the Properties dialog box by clicking its Close button.
The Properties dialog box closes. Go ahead and close the My Computer window to
complete the lesson.
6. Close the My Computer window.
Getting the hang of opening and exploring your computer? Good, because we’ll be doing a lot Quick Reference
more snooping inside the contents of your computer throughout the rest of this chapter.
To View the Contents of
Your Computer:
• Click the Start button and
click the My Computer
icon.
To View the Contents of a
Disk Drive:
• Follow the above step to
open My Computer and
then double-click the drive
you want to open.
To View the Properties of
Something:
• Right-click the drive,
folder, or file and select
Properties from the
shortcut menu.
188 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-3: Opening a Folder

Figure 8-6
Double-click a folder to
open it and view its
contents.
Figure 8-7
The files and folders
appear in the window.
Figure 8-6
The Address bar displays the

name of the current drive and
folder
Figure 8-7
Your computer stores related files together in folders, just like you do with your file cabinet.
In the previous lesson, you learned how to use My Computer to view the contents of your
computer and open a disk drive and display its contents. In this lesson, we’ll go a little bit
further and show you how to open a folder.
Windows XP gives you your very own a special folder named “My Documents” as a
convenient location to store all your files. Here’s how to open the My Documents folder (and
any other folder).
1. Click the Start button and select My Documents.

My Documents The contents of the My Documents—several files and subfolders—appear in the
window. The My Documents folder contains several folders, or subfolders. If you think
about it, you probably do the same thing—keep several subfolders inside a larger
folder—in your own file cabinet.

2. Double-click the My Pictures folder.

The contents of the My Pictures folder appear in the Window. Notice the Address bar
displays the current folder you are in: My Pictures.
Instead of clicking the Up button several times to jump back through several levels of
My Pictures
folders, you can click the Address bar to quickly jump to the root directory of any of
drive on your computer.
NOTE: This is where the comparison we’ve been using between a file cabinet and a
computer begins to break down a bit. When you file things in your file
cabinet, you probably never have more than two, possibly three nested
folders (i.e. a folder inside another folder). Your computer’s folders, on the
other hand, can contain as many subfolders as you want, nested as deep as
you want, so you can have a folder inside a folder inside a folder—ad
infinitum.
3. Click the Address Bar arrow .

A list of your computer’s drives and the folder you are currently in appears. You can
click any folder or drive to go to that folder or drive.
4. Select the Local Disk (C:) drive from the list.
You return to the root directory of the (C:) drive. The Address bar is a fast way of
selecting a drive, especially if you are in a folder that is nested several levels deep.
You can think of the Address Bar as your compass because even when you’re exploring Address Bar
unfamiliar folders nested deep in the far recesses of your computer, it always tells you where
you are. If you get really lost, you can always click the Address Bar and jump back to the
familiar (C:) drive.
All this moving around your computer, opening disk drives and folders is a little boring, but
it’s something you have to get used to if you want to have any degree of proficiency with
Windows. Going back to our trusty file cabinet metaphor, imagine what would happen if you
didn’t know how to open the drawers and folders in your file cabinet. How would you find
your tax returns if you were audited, or your insurance policy if you were in an accident? Quick Reference
Opening disk drives and folders, and being able to navigate through the contents of your To Open a Folder:
computer are among of the most important Windows skills you can learn.
• Double-click the folder.
To Move Back or Up to the
Previous Level or Folder:
• Click the Up button

on the toolbar.
Or…
• Click the Back

button on the toolbar.
Or…
• Click the
Address Bar on the
toolbar and select the
appropriate drive or
folder.
190 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-4: Creating and

Renaming a Folder
Figure 8-8
The expanded File and
Folder Tasks menu
Figure 8-9
Every Windows XP folder provides
A newly created folder easy access to common file and folder
management tasks. You can select a
file or folder and then click one of the
tasks described in Table 8-3: File and
Folder Tasks.
Figure 8-8
Figure 8-9
Windows XP comes with the My Documents folder which you can use to save your files in,
but sooner or later you’ll want to expand your horizons and create your own folders inside the
File and Folder My Documents folder or on the network to help you better organize your files. This lesson
Tasks panel will show you how to create a new folder to hold and organize your files. You’ll also learn
Other Ways to Create a how to rename an existing folder.
Folder:
• Right-click on an empty 1. Click the Start button and select the My Computer icon.
area of the (C:) drive The My Computer window appears after you click the My Computer icon.
window and select 2. Click the Local Disk (C:) icon.
New → Folder from The contents of the (C:) drive appear.
the shortcut menu.
New to Windows XP is the folder task pane which makes working with files and
folders even easier. If the My Computer window is small the contents of the folder task
pane may be hidden from view at first.

3. If necessary, click the File and Folder Tasks arrow in the folder task
panel.
The contents of the File and Folder Tasks panel appear.
4. Select Make a new folder task from the File and Folder Tasks panel.
A new folder appears with a temporary name “New Folder” as shown in Figure 8-9.
Now all you have to do is move on to the next step and give the new folder a name.
5. Type Practice Folder as the name for the new folder, and then press
<Enter>.
Your new Practice Folder is located in the root directory, or first folder, of the
(C:) drive. You can create a folder inside any existing folder the same way—by
opening the folder and then repeating Steps 3-5. You can create as many folders as you Other Ways to Rename a
like to develop your own filing system to help organize your files and folders. Open the Folder:
Practice Folder to display its contents. • Right-click the folder
NOTE: A file name can contain up to 255 characters, including spaces. File names and select Rename
cannot contain the following characters: \ / : * ? " < > | from the shortcut menu.
6. Double-click the Practice Folder to open it.
The contents of the Practice Folder appear in the window. That’s right, there’s nothing Quick Reference
there. The Practice Folder is an empty folder, since you just created it.
To Create a New Folder:
7. Click the Up button to move back to the root directory. 1. Open the disk or folder
You can easily change the name of a folder. Here’s how: where you want to place
the new folder.
8. Click the Practice Folder icon.
2. Select Make a new
Now let’s rename the folder. Here’s how:
folder task from the File
9. Select Rename this folder from the Files and Folders Tasks panel, and Folder Tasks panel.
type Temp Folder and press <Enter>. Or…
The “Practice Folder” is renamed “Temp Folder.” Select File and Folder
Tasks → Make a new
Table 8-3: File and Folder Tasks folder from the menu.
Task Description Or…
Make a new folder Creates a new folder. Right-click any empty
area in the window and
Rename this folder Gives the selected file or folder a new name. select New → Folder
from the shortcut menu.
Move this folder Moves the selected items to the destination you choose.
3. Type a name for the
Copies the selected items to the destination you choose. folder and press <Enter>.
Copy this folder
To Rename a Folder:
Publish this folder to the Web Transfers a copy of the selected items to a public Web page so
that you can share them with other people. • Click the folder to select
it, select Rename
Share this folder Makes the selected folder available to computers on a network this folder from the Files
so that other people can access it. and Folders Tasks panel,
Sends an e-mail message with copies of the selected items type a name for the folder
E-mail this folder’s files
attached. and press <Enter>.
Or…
Delete this folder Deletes the selected items and sends them to the Recycle Bin.
• Right-click the folder,
select Rename from the
shortcut menu, type a
name for the folder and
press <Enter>.
192 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-5: Copying, Moving, and

Deleting a Folder
Figure 8-10
To move a folder, drag it to
a new location on your
computer, in this case to
the Temp Folder.
Figure 8-11
The Move Items dialog
box lets you specify where
you want to move or copy
a file or folder.
You probably don’t reorganize the folders in your file cabinet very often—and you probably
won’t need to move or copy the folders on your computer very often either. When you find
you do need to move or copy a folder however, you can do so by using one of two simple
methods:
• Drag-and-dropping
To copy a folder, hold • Using the File and Folder Tasks panel
down the <Ctrl> key as
you drag the folder to You’ll learn how to use both methods in this lesson and how to delete a folder when you no
the new location. longer need it.
1. Create a new folder called My Stuff in your (C:) drive.

You learned how to create a folder in the previous lesson.
Other Ways to Move a 2. Drag the My Stuff folder to the Temp Folder, as shown in Figure 8-10.
File or Folder: Already forgot how to drag and drop? If so, here it is one more time: position the
• “Cut” the file or folder by mouse over the My Stuff folder, click and hold down the mouse button as you move
selecting Edit → Cut the pointer to the Temp Folder, then release the mouse button. The My Stuff folder is
from the menu or moved inside the Temp Folder. Let’s make sure we really moved the My Stuff folder.
pressing <Ctrl> + <X>, 3. Double-click the Temp Folder to open it.
moving to the desired Yep, there’s the My Stuff folder. Here’s another method for moving folders you might
location and then want to know—using Window XP’s blue side panel.
“paste” the file or folder
by selecting Edit → 4. Click the My Stuff folder to select it.
Cut from the menu, or Once you have selected the folder you want to move, go to the File and Folder Tasks
pressing <Ctrl> + <X>. menu in the blue side panel.

5. Select Move this folder from the File and Folder Tasks menu.
The Move Items dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 8-11. This is where you tell Quick Reference
Windows where you want to move the selected folder. The Move Items dialog box
displays the drives and folders on your computer in a hierarchical view. A plus symbol To Move a Folder:
( ) or a minus symbol ( ) beside a folder means a folder contains several subfolders. • Drag the folder to the
Normally these subfolders are hidden. You can display the hidden folders within a desired location (you
folder by clicking the plus sign ( ) beside the folder. might have to open
6. Click the Plus Symbol to the left of the My Computer icon. another My Computer
My Computer expands and displays its contents. The Local Disk (C:) is where you window).
want to move the My Stuff folder. Or…
7. Click the Local Disk (C:) icon and click OK. 1. Select the folder and click
The My Stuff folder is moved from the Temp Folder back to the root directory of the Move this folder from
(C:) drive. the File and Folder Tasks
8. Click the Up button on the toolbar to move back to the root directory.
menu in the side panel.
2. Select the folder or disk
If you can move a folder you can copy a folder—because all you need to do to copy a
where you want to move
folder is hold down the <Ctrl> key while you drag the folder to where you want it
the folder and click OK.
copied.
9. Hold down the <Ctrl> key while you drag the My Stuff folder to the To Copy a Folder:
Temp Folder. • Hold down the <Ctrl> key
Although you can’t see it, the My Stuff folder has been copied to the Temp Folder. while you drag the folder
Let’s make sure. to the desired location
(you might have to open
10. Double-click the Temp Folder to open it. another My Computer
The contents of the Temp Folder appear in the window. Sure enough, the My Stuff window).
folder has been copied. Or…
11. Click the Up button to move back to the root directory. 1. Select the folder and click
Next we’ll delete a folder. Copy this folder from
12. Click the Temp Folder to select it and then press the <Delete> key. the File and Folder Tasks
A dialog box may appear, asking you to confirm the action. menu in the side panel.
13. Click Yes to delete the folder. 2. Select the folder or disk
where you want to move
The Temp Folder and all its contents are deleted and disappear from the window.
the folder and click OK.
Windows places any deleted files or folders in the Recycle Bin in case you change your
mind later on and decide you want to restore the file or folder. We’ll discuss the To Delete a Folder:
Recycle Bin in an upcoming lesson. • Select the folder and
NOTE: Deleting a folder can be dangerous. Before you delete a folder, make sure it press the <Delete> key.
doesn’t contain any important files. If you don’t know what the contents of a Click Yes to confirm the
folder are, you shouldn’t delete it. folder deletion.
14. Delete the My Stuff folder by repeating the procedure in Steps 12 and 13 Or…
and then close the My Computer window. • Select the folder and click
Delete this folder from
We’ve worked on copying and moving folders to locations on the same drive, but you can
the File and Folder Tasks
also copy a folder to a different drive by dragging it to the drive icon where you want it
menu in the side panel.
copied. If you can’t see the drive or folder where you want to move or copy something, you
Click Yes to confirm the
can open a second My Computer window and drag the folder from one window to the other.
folder deletion.
194 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-6: Opening, Renaming,

and Deleting a File
Figure 8-12
Double-clicking the Open
Me file opens it in the
Notepad program.
Figure 8-13
Select a file to show all
File and Folder Tasks, or
right-click a file to display Figure 8-12
a list of things you can do
to it.
You can rename a file by selecting the
file and clicking Rename this file from
the File and Folder Tasks panel…
…or by right-clicking the file and
selecting Rename from the shortcut
menu. Figure 8-13
In the past few lessons, you’ve learned all about folders—how to open, rename, move, copy,
and delete them. In the next couple of lessons, we’ll be working with the files that are stored
in those folders. Working with files is very, very similar to working with folders. So similar, in
fact, that the procedures for opening, renaming, moving, copying, and deleting a file are
exactly the same as opening, renaming, moving, copying, and deleting a folder!
Start button 1. Click the Start button and select My Computer.

The My Computer window appears.
2. Navigate to and open your Practice folder or floppy disk.
Every folder window has its own toolbar that make it easy to browse through your
My Computer • Address List: Click to list the drives on your
computer and the current folder, then select the drive and/or folder whose
contents you want to display.

3. Find and double-click the Open Me file.
The Open Me file opens in the NotePad program—the program it was created in, as
Open Me shown in Figure 8-12. You could review, make changes to, and then save the Open Me
file if you wanted at this point.
4. Click the Notepad program’s close button to close the program and the
Open Me file.
The Notepad program closes.

You’ve already learned how to rename and delete a folder, so the next few steps should
be really easy for you because you rename and delete a file in exactly the same way.
5. Select the Open Me file.
Now we can rename the Open Me file using the File and Folder Tasks panel.
6. Select Rename this file from the File and Folder Tasks panel, type
Text File as the new name for the folder, then press <Enter>.
The “Open Me” file is renamed “Text File”.
7. Click the Text File to select it, and then press the <Delete> key.
A dialog box may appear, asking you to confirm the file deletion. Other Ways to Rename a
8. Click Yes to delete the selected file. File:
The Text File is deleted and disappears from the window. Deleting a file isn’t quite as • Right-click on the file
dangerous as deleting a folder is, but you should always consider if you might need the and select Rename
file again. Don’t delete a file unless you’re absolutely sure you will never need it again. from the shortcut menu.
And NEVER delete a file if you don’t know what it is.
9. Close the My Computer window. Other Ways to Delete a
File:
• Right-click on the file
and select Delete from
the shortcut menu.
Quick Reference
To Open a File:
• Double-click the file.
To Rename a File:
• Click the file to select it,
select Rename this file
from the File and Folder
Tasks menu, type a name
for the folder and press
<Enter>.
Or…
• Right-click the file, select
Rename from the
shortcut menu, type a
name for the folder and
press <Enter>.
To Delete a File:
• Click the file to select it
and select Delete this file
Tasks menu. Click Yes to
confirm the folder
deletion.
• Select the file and press
the <Delete> key. Click
Yes to confirm the folder
deletion.
196 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-7: Copying and Moving a

File
Figure 8-14
To move a file, drag the
file to the desired location.
Figure 8-15
The Copy Items dialog
box.
Figure 8-15
Figure 8-14
The procedure for moving and copying files is no different than moving or copying folders.
This lesson about moving and copying files should be a refresher for you.

Again, you can use the following toolbar buttons to find your way around your
computer:
My Computer • Address List: Click to list the drives on your

Other Ways to Move or If necessary, follow your instructor’s directions to select the appropriate drive and
Copy a file: folder where your practice files are located.
• Click the file to select it, When copying or moving files or folders, you may find it easier if you have two
click Edit, and select windows open at the same time: one window with the source file(s) and another
Move to or Copy to from window for the destination where you want to move or copy the file(s).
the menu. 3. Drag the Current Budget file to the Accounting folder.
Or… The Current Budget file is moved to, or inside, the Accounting folder. Open the
• Right-click the file and Accounting folder to make sure the file was moved.
select where you want 4. Double-click the Accounting folder to open it.
to copy the file from the
Sure enough, the Current Budget file has been moved to the Accounting folder.
shortcut menu.
To copy a file using the drag and drop method, press the <Ctrl> key as you drag the file
to a new folder.

You can also copy files.

5. Click the Current Budget file to select it.
Now that the file is selected, you can move it to a different location.
6. Click Copy this file in the File and Folder Tasks panel.
Quick Reference
The Copy Items dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 8-15. Now you can tell
Windows where you want to move the selected file. To Move a File:
The Copy Items dialog box displays the drives and folders on your computer in a • Drag the file to the
hierarchical view. A plus symbol ( ) or a minus symbol ( ) beside a folder means a desired location (you may
folder contains several subfolders. Normally these subfolders are hidden. You can have to open another
display the hidden folders within a folder by clicking the plus sign ( ) beside the window).
folder. Or…
Now copy the file to the Desktop of your computer. 1. Click the file to select it,
7. Select Desktop in the Copy Items dialog box and click Copy. and click Move this file
The Current Budget file is copied to your computer’s Desktop. from the File and Folder
Tasks menu.
NOTE: Some people actually do save their most important files to the Desktop so that 2. Select the folder where
they won’t lose them. Just make sure that you don’t save too many files you want to move the file
there—nobody likes a messy desktop! and click OK.
We don’t want to clutter your computer’s desktop with practice files, so let’s delete the Or…
Current Budget files from the Desktop.
1. Select the file, click Edit
8. Close the file windows. from the menu bar, and
The windows close, allowing you to view the Desktop and the copied Current Budget select Move to.
file. 2. Select the folder you want
9. Select the Current Budget file and press <Delete>. to move the file to and
A dialog box appears, asking if you really want to delete the file. click OK.
10. Click Yes. To Copy a File:
The dialog box closes and the Windows deletes the file. 1. Hold down the <Ctrl> key
while you drag the file to
the desired location (you
might have to open
another My Computer
window).
Or…
1. Click the file to select it
and select Copy this file
Tasks menu.
2. Select the folder where
you want to copy the file
and click OK.
Or…
1. Select the file, click Edit
from the menu bar, and
select Copy to from the
menu.
2. Select the folder where
you want to copy the file
and click OK.
198 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-8: Restoring a Deleted

File and Emptying the Recycle Bin
Figure 8-16
Restoring files and
emptying the Recycle Bin
Figure 8-17
The Recycle Bin shortcut Empty the You can also restore
menu Recycle Bin a file by right-clicking
it and selecting
Restore all files Restore from the
in the Recycle shortcut menu
Bin
Figure 8-16
Figure 8-17
Just like a wastebasket, the Recycle Bin stores all of the files and folders you have deleted. If
you change your mind and decide you need a deleted file, it’s easy to find and retrieve it. This
Recycle Bin lesson will show you how to open the Recycle Bin and see what’s inside, restore a previously
contains deleted deleted file, and empty the Recycle Bin to free up some space on your hard disk.
files
1. Double-click the Recycle Bin to open it.
The Recycle Bin opens and displays all the files you have recently deleted. If you
accidentally delete a file or folder, you can retrieve it from the Recycle Bin.
Recycle Bin does 2. Find and select the Current Budget file.
not contain You can restore a selected file by selecting Restore this item from the Recycle Bin
deleted files Tasks panel. Let’s try it!
3. Select Restore this item from the Recycle Bin Tasks panel.
Restoring a file pulls it out of the Recycle Bin and puts it back in its original location.
4. Close the Recycle Bin window.
Now, make sure the Current Budget file is in its original location.
5. Verify that the Current Budget file has been retrieved to the Desktop.
Okay, you can delete the Current Budget file from the Desktop again, and this time we
won’t restore it.

6. Delete the Current Budget file from the Desktop.

There is theoretically a limit to how many deleted files and folders the Recycle bin can
hold. The maximum size of the Recycle bin is normally set 10 percent of the hard
drive. So for example, if you have a 10GB hard drive, the maximum amount of files
the recycle bin could hold would be 1GB. When the Recycle Bin reaches its limit,
Windows automatically starts deleting files from the Recycle bin, starting with the
oldest file.
You can adjust the properties for the Recycle Bin, so you could adjust its maximum Other Ways to Empty
size from 10 percent of the hard drive to 5 percent, by right-clicking the Recycle Bin the Recycle Bin:
and selecting Properties from the shortcut menu. • Right-click the Recycle
Usually it’s best to let Windows automatically handle the Recycle Bin, but you can Bin and select Empty
also manually empty the Recycle Bin if you need more free space on your computer. Recycle Bin from the
7. Double-click the Recycle Bin to open it.
menu, as shown in
Figure 8-17.
The contents of the Recycle Bin appear.
8. Click Empty the Recycle Bin from the Recycle Bin Tasks panel.
A dialog box may appear and ask you to confirm your deletion.
9. Click Yes if asked to confirm the deletion(s).
All the files and folders are permanently deleted from your computer. Notice the
Recycle Bin icon no longer displays any trash, indicating that it is empty.
NOTE: Be careful when emptying the Recycle Bin. Since Windows automatically
erases the oldest files from the Recycle Bin, you shouldn’t have to manually
empty the Recycle Bin much at all. A lot of users empty the Recycle Bin just
about every time they delete something—and then later kick themselves
because they realize they needed the file they just permanently erased.
One final word about the Recycle Bin—any files you delete from a floppy disk are not placed
in the Recycle Bin. So be extra careful when you’re deleting files from a floppy disk, because
the Recycle Bin won’t be able to restore them.
Quick Reference
To Restore a Deleted File:
1. Double-click the Recycle
Bin to open it.
2. Find and right-click the
deleted file and select
Restore this item
from the Recycle Bin
Tasks menu.
Or…
2. Find and right-click the
deleted file and select
Restore from the shortcut
menu.
To Empty the Recycle Bin:
• Right-click the Recycle
Bin and select Empty
Recycle Bin from the
shortcut menu.
200 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-9: A Closer Look at Files

and Folders
Figure 8-18
Letter to Sue.TXT
Files display different
types of icons to help you
File Name File Extension
identify what type of file Can be up to 255 Usually hidden from
they are. characters (although view, these three
older MS-DOS programs characters tell Windows
Figure 8-19 will only see the first 8 what type of file it is and
characters, such as what type of icon to
Every file has a three- Letter~1.txt). assign to it.
letter extension, which is
normally hidden from view, Figure 8-19
so Windows knows what Figure 8-18
type of file it is.
Figure 8-20 The WordPad.EXE file is located in:
Files with their three-letter In the C: drive…

file extensions displayed.
In the Windows folder…
Figure 8-21 In the Accessories folder…
A file’s path name is The WordPad.EXE file
determined first by the
drive, then by the So its path name would be:
folder(s), then by the file C:\Program Files\Accessories\WordPad.EXE
name. Figure 8-21
Figure 8-20
In this lesson, we’ll take a break from all that pointing, clicking, dropping, and dragging and
take a closer look at files. When you’re viewing the contents of your computer, you’ve
probably already noticed that everything has its own picture or icon to represent what it is.
Program Files
Except for a few exceptions, folder icons always look like little manila folders ( ). Files, on
Root Folder Stuff
(Hard Disk) the other hand, come in a variety of types and icons.
Windows
There are two parts to every file: the file name, which you’ve already seen and are familiar
A root folder, or
with; and the file extension, a three letter extension that tells Windows what type of file it is
directory, is the first
(see Figure 8-19). Since Windows assigns pictures or icons to the types of files it recognizes,
folder from which all
it normally hides these file extensions from view. Whenever you open a file by double-
the other folders clicking it, Windows automatically opens the file in the program it knows created the file. For
branch. When you example, Microsoft Word always adds the file extension DOC to its files, so when you
double-click the C: double-click a DOC file, Windows knows it has to open the file in Microsoft Word.
Hard Drive icon, the
window shows the Another file and folder related term you might hear is path. A path is the drive and folder(s)
contents of the root where a file or folder is located—think of it as a street address. A path contains the drive
folder of the C drive. letter, followed by a colon, followed by any folders (which must be separated by
backslashes \), and last comes the name of the file. For example C:\Program
Files\Accessories\WordPad.EXE (see Figure 8-21 for an illustration).

Table 8-4: Common Files Types

File Description
MS-DOS programs are written for an earlier, more primitive operating system
MS-DOS Program than Windows. MS-DOS programs don’t have the fancy graphics, icons, and
features of more-advanced Windows programs. All Windows or DOS programs
have .EXE, or sometimes .COM, extensions. EXE stands for executable,
meaning the file is a program that will run or execute when you open it.
Windows doesn’t know what type of file this is, so you can’t readily open it by
Unknown File Type double-clicking it. That doesn’t mean the file isn’t important – it’s probably a very
important file for Windows or a program. Leave these files alone unless you
absolutely know what they are for.
This is a document created in the word processing program, Microsoft Word.

Word Document Word documents normally have a .DOC extension.
This is a spreadsheet created with the program Microsoft Excel. Excel

Excel Workbook spreadsheets normally have a .XLS extension.
This is a graphic file or picture, which was created in Paint or another graphics
program. These files are also sometimes referred to as bitmaps. The extension
Paint File (BMP) for this particular type of graphic file is BMP or bitmap. There are also other
types of graphic files that use different extensions and icons.
Another very popular graphic file, most of the photographs you see on the
Internet are JPEGs.
JPEG File
Text or ASCII files are simple files that only contain text – no formatting,
graphics, or any fancy stuff. Text files usually have a .TXT extension.
Text File
Shortcut files point to files and folders elsewhere on your computer so that you
can quickly open that file, folder, or program without having to go to its actual
Shortcut File location. All of the Programs in the Start Menu and some of the items on your
desktop are actually shortcuts that point to the program files, located elsewhere
on your computer. Shortcuts only point to files or folders, so moving, renaming,
or deleting a shortcut does not affect the original program or file in any way. You
can tell the difference between a shortcut and original file because the shortcut
has an arrow ( ) in the lower left corner.
Setup files are special executable (EXE) program files, except instead of
running a program when opened, they install software programs onto your
Setup Program File computer.
Since Windows assigns pictures to help you distinguish between the different types of files,
normally the three letter file extensions are hidden from view, but you can tell Windows to
display the extension—we’ll cover that when learn how to customize Windows.
202 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-10: Changing How

Information is Displayed
Figure 8-22
A bullet (•) appears next
to the current view. Here
the window is displayed in
Icons view.
Figure 8-23
The window displayed in
Details view
Figure 8-22 Figure 8-23 While in Details view, click the

column heading you want to use to
sort the items. Click the column
heading again to sort the items in
reverse order
When you work with files and folders on your computer, you may find that you need to
change how you view information on the screen. This lesson will show you how to change the
appearance of items using one of four view modes: Thumbnails, Icons, Tiles, List, or Details.
Experiment to find the view that works best for you. You’ll also learn how to change the order
in which files and folders are sorted. You can sort the contents files and folders by name, date
(when they were created), size, and type (what type of file they are).

Windows normally displays items as icons by default.
3. Verify that you are viewing your computer’s contents as icons by
My Computer selecting View → Icons from the menu.
You can display more items in a window at a time by using List view. Try switching to
List view now.
4. Select View → List from the menu.
The items are displayed as small icons in a list. Details view displays information
about each item, including the name, size, type of item, and when it was created or last
modified.
5. Select View → Details from the menu.
You can sort items in a variety of ways: alphabetically by name, by size, or even by the
date they were last modified or saved. If you’re in Details view, all you have to do to
Other Ways to Change sort the items is click the heading for the column you want to use.
Views: 6. Click the Name heading to sort the items by name.
• Select a view from the The list is sorted alphabetically by name. Clicking the heading again sorts the items in
View button list arrow reverse order (Z-A).
on the toolbar.

7. Select View → Icons from the menu.

You can have Windows arrange and organize items so they appear in neat columns and
rows, instead of a cluttered mess.
8. Select View → Arrange Icons by → Auto Arrange from the menu.
A check mark (9) appears by Auto Arrange when this feature is on. (You can skip step
8 if Auto Arrange already has a check mark). Now, whenever you change the size of a
window, or add, move, or delete a file, Windows will automatically rearrange the
items.
9. Select View → Arrange Icons by → Name from the menu.
The list is sorted alphabetically by name.
Table 8-5: Different Methods of Viewing Items

View Description
Files and folders are displayed as icons. This is a good view
for when you’re learning how to use Windows or have
trouble clicking a file with the mouse.
Icons Quick Reference

Files and folders are displayed as icons, but with more To Change How Items are
information. The type and size of a file is displayed to the Displayed:
right of the icon. • Select View from the
menu bar and select from
one of the five view
modes (Thumbnails,
Tiles Tiles, Icons, List, or
Details).
Files and folders are displayed as small icons in a list. This Or…
is a great default view, because it allows you to see as
many files as possible. • Select a view from the
View button list arrow
on the toolbar.
To Change How Items are
List Sorted:
Displays information about every file and folder, such as its 1. Follow the above step to
name, size, type, and when it was last modified is display the window in
displayed. You can change the order the list is sorted by Details View.
clicking the column headings. 2. Click the column
heading you want to use
to sort the window. Click
Details the column heading again
to sort in reverse order.
Thumbnails view is useful if you are working with pictures
To Automatically Arrange
and graphics because it previews every graphic file instead
Icons:
of only displaying an unhelpful file name.
• Select View → Arrange
Icons by → Auto
Arrange from the menu.
Thumbnails
204 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-11: Selecting Multiple

Files and Folders
Figure 8-24
To select several files that
are next to each other,
hold down the mouse
button and drag a
rectangle around the files
you want to select.
Figure 8-25
When you want to select a
group of consecutive files,
Figure 8-24 1. Move the pointer to 2. Hold down the mouse button
select the first file you an empty area in the and drag a rectangle around
want to select, hold down window. the files you want to select.
the <Shift> key and click
the last file.
Figure 8-26
Use the <Ctrl> key when Click the first Press and hold
you want to select several file you want to down the
select, press <Ctrl> key
random files. and hold down while you click
the <Shift> key each file you
and click the want to select.
last file you
want to select.
By now, you know that you must select a file or folder before you can do something to it, such
as move or delete it. In this lesson, you will learn how to select more than one file and/or
folder at a time, so you can move, copy, or delete a group of files at the same time.

Again, you can use the following toolbar buttons to find your way around your
computer:
• Address List: Click to list the drives on your

First, let’s review how to select a single file.
2. Click the Paris file to select it.
The Paris file is highlighted, indicating that it is selected. Now you could delete, move,
or copy the Paris file. To deselect a file, just click in any empty area on the window.

3. Click any empty area of the window to deselect the Paris file.
The Paris file is no longer selected. Other Ways to move or
copy a file:
You can select more than one file or folder at a time, so you can delete, move, or copy
a whole bunch of files at once. Like so many Windows functions, there are several • Click the file to select it,
methods to select multiple files. If the files you want to select are next to each other, click Edit, and select
you can move mouse pointer to empty area on the screen, hold down the mouse button Move to or Copy to from
and drag a rectangle around the files you want to select, as shown in Figure 8-24. the menu.
4. Move the pointer to any empty area in the folder window, click and hold Or…
down the mouse button, and drag a rectangle around several files, as • Right-click the file and
shown in Figure 8-24. select where you want
The only problem with this method is that it only works when you want to select files to copy the file from the
that are next to each other. shortcut menu.
5. Click any empty area of the screen to deselect the files.
Another method of selecting adjacent files and folders is to click the first file you want
to select, hold down the <Shift> key as you click the last file of the group of files you
want to select.
6. Click the Carbrake file to select it, press and hold the <Shift> key as you
click the Paris file.
You’ve selected the Carbrake file, the Paris file, and all the files that are in between the
two.
7. Click any empty area of the screen to deselect the files.
To select random, or non-adjacent files and folders, hold down the <Ctrl> key, and then
click each item you want to select.
8. Click the Carbrake file to select it, press and hold down the <Ctrl> key,
click Paris file, and the Trade Show folder, then release the <Ctrl> key.
Remember, you can move, copy, or delete any selected files all at once. Holding down
the <Ctrl> key also lets you click and deselect any selected files.
9. With the files still selected, click and drag one of the selected files (the Quick Reference
Carbrake, or Paris files, or the Trade Show folder) from the folder To Select Multiple Files:
window to the desktop.
• If the files are next to
The selected files are copied to the desktop. each other you can click
10. With the newly copied files still selected on the desktop, press the and drag a rectangle
<Delete> key. around the files you want
The selected files are all deleted from the desktop. to select.
To select all the files and folders in the window, select Edit → Select All from the Or…
menu. • If the files are next to
11. Select Edit → Select All from the menu. each other you can click
the first file you want to
All the files in the window are selected.
select, press and hold
12. Close the window to end this lesson. down the <Shift> key and
click the last file you want
to select.
• If the files aren’t next to
each other you can select
random files by holding
the <Ctrl> key and
clicking the files you want
to select.
206 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-12: Finding a File Using

the Search Companion
Figure 8-27
The Search Companion
guides your search by
asking questions about
your search.
Figure 8-28
Beginning a music file
search
Figure 8-29
The search results window
1. Choose the category 2. Enter information Figure 8-29 3. Finish the search, or refine
that describes what about the file you’re the search for better results
you’re searching for searching for
It’s just as easy to misplace and lose a file in your computer as it is to misplace your car
keys—maybe easier! Luckily, Microsoft has simplified the search process by introducing the
Search Companion to Windows XP. A cousin of the Office Assistant, the Search Companion
helps you organize your search by asking certain questions, such as what you want to search
for (i.e. picture or file), which drive to search in, and the file name.
The Search Companion can search for files even when you can’t remember the exact file
name or location.
You can search for a file by:
• The file name or any part of the file name
• The date the file was created or modified
• The type of file, such as a Microsoft Word document or graphic file
• The text within the file
• The size of the file
You can set one or several of these criterions to search for a file.
1. Click the Start menu and select Search.

The Search The Search window appears with the Search Companion in the blue side panel, as
Command shown in Figure 8-27.
The Search Companion will ask you different questions to help you with your search.
For now, let’s search for a music file.
2. Click Pictures, music, or video.
The “Search for all files of a certain type, or search by type and name” dialog box
appears.

3. Check the Music box, type David Byrne in the text field as shown in
Figure 8-28, and click Search.
The Search Companion begins searching for the file, and displays the names and Search button
locations of all the files it finds that have the words David Byrne in their names. You
can open any of these files by double-clicking them.
4. Double-click the music file.
The music file begins playing in the Windows Media program.
5. Close the Windows Media program.
If you don’t quite remember the file name, you can always search by when you last
modified the file, or by the size of the file. We won’t do a search using these criterion
right now, but we can at least go ahead and get to know where they are a little better.
6. To start a new search, click the Search button on the toolbar.
The first Search Companion dialog box reappears.
7. Click the All Files and Folders option.
A dialog box appears, giving options to search by file name, text within the file,
location of the file, when it was last modified, size of the file, and other advanced
search options to choose from.
8. Type Practice folder in the search options dialog box, and click Search Options
Search.
The Search Companion searches for folder, and displays all finds in the results
window.
9. Close the Search Results window.
Table 8-6: Search Options

Search For Description
Pictures, music, or Search for pictures and digital photos (.jpg, .gif, and .bmp) files,
video music (.mp3) files, and digital video (.avi and mpeg) files.
Documents (word Search for files created with a program, such as Microsoft Access (.mdb),
processing, Microsoft Excel (.xls), Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt), Microsoft Word (.doc), or Quick Reference
spreadsheet, etc.) Notepad (.txt)
Use the Search
All files and folders Search for all types of files and folders. Companion to Find a File:
Computer or people Search for computers on your network or the name of a person in your 1. Select Search from the
address book. Start menu.
2. Click the type of file you
Information in Help Search for information in Microsoft Windows XP’s built-in Help system. want to search for.
and Support Center
3. Enter part of the file name
Search the Internet Search the Internet for information on a key word or phrase. or text within the file. You
can also search for files
Change Preferences Change your search preferences, such as if you want to display an animated using the drop-down lists
character or if you want to use advanced search options. at the bottom of the dialog
box.
4. Click Search to start
searching for the file(s).
208 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-13: Using the Folders

Pane (Windows Explorer)
Figure 8-30
The Windows Explorer
window Click the Folders button
to display/hide the
Folders pane
To display the contents of

a folder or drive, click the
name of the folder or
drive
Figure 8-30
The left pane displays The right pane displays the contents of
the folders and drives the folder or drive you selected. This pane
on your computer works just like My Computer
A plus symbol ( ) next

to a folder indicates If you have been following the lessons in this chapter and haven’t been skipping ahead, by
that all the subfolders now you should know just about everything there is to know about file management. You
learned that you can use the My Computer program to view the contents of your drives, and
it contains are hidden.
how to create, open, rename, copy, move, and delete files and folders.
Click the plus symbol
to display the hidden This lesson introduces the folders pane (Windows Explorer), which you can use to view and
subfolders. work with the contents of your computer. The folders pane lets you see the organization of all
the folders on your computer, as shown in Figure 8-30. The folder pane is especially useful
for when you want to copy and move files—you can drag the files from the left pane to the
appropriate folder in the right pane. To view the folders pane, simply click the Folders button
from anywhere in My Computer.
If you’re a Windows 95, 98, or NT user, the folder pane replaces Windows Explorer; click the
Folders button anytime you want to view or work with the folders on your computer.
1. Click My Computer from the Start menu.

A minus symbol ( ) The familiar My Computer window appears. In Windows XP you can view the My
next to a folder Computer folders pane at any time—all you have to do is click the Folders button on
indicates that all the the toolbar.
subfolders it contains 2. Click the Folders button on the toolbar
are displayed. Click
The Windows Explorer folder pane appears. The drives and folders in the right pane of
the minus symbol to
the window are the contents of your computer. You can see what’s in a drive or folder
collapse or hide the by clicking it in the left Folders pane.
subfolders.

3. Click My Documents in the left pane of the Explorer window.

Explorer displays the contents of My Documents in the right pane of the window, as
shown in Figure 8-30. Move on to the next step and we’ll look at the contents of the
If there isn’t a symbol
hard drive.
next to a folder, the
4. Click the Local Disk (C:) in the left pane of the Explorer window. folder does not
Explorer displays the contents of the hard drive in the right pane of the window. The contain any subfolders,
left pane of Windows Explorer displays the drives and folders in a hierarchical view. A although it may still
plus symbol or a minus symbol beside a folder means a folder contains several contain files.
subfolders. Normally these subfolders are hidden. You can display the hidden folders
within a folder by clicking the plus sign beside the folder.
5. Click the plus symbol beside the Windows folder.
The Windows folder expands and displays all the folders within it. The plus symbol
changes to a minus symbol, indicating the folder is expanded and is displaying all the
The mouse pointer
folders within it. Notice some of the Windows subfolders also have pluses by them,
indicating that they contain several subfolders. changes shapes over a
border.
6. Click the Windows folder in the left pane of the Explorer window to
select it.
The contents of the Windows folder appear in the right pane of the Explorer window.
Notice the subfolders in the Windows folder are displayed in both the left and right
panes.
You can collapse or hide folders to reduce the amount of information that is on the Quick Reference
screen. To collapse a folder, click the minus sign beside the folder.
7. Click the minus symbol beside the Windows folder. To Display the Folders
Pane (Windows Explorer):
The Windows folder collapses all its subfolders are hidden from view. The minus
symbol changes to a plus symbol, indicating that all the subfolders in the Windows • Open My Computer and
folder are hidden from view. click the Folders button
on the toolbar.
You can adjust the size of either pane of the window.
8. Position the mouse over the bar separating the two sides of the window To View the Contents of a
Drive or Folder:
until the pointer changes to a , then drag the bar to the right or left
about a half-inch. • Click the drive or folder in
the left folder pane—the
Just like in My Computer, you can change how information is displayed by using the
contents of that drive or
View menu.
folder will appear in the
9. Select View → Icons from the menu. right pane.
The contents in the right pane of Explorer are displayed in Icon View.
To Display or Hide a Drive
10. Select View → List from the menu. or Folder’s Subfolders:
The contents in the right pane of Explorer are displayed in List View. • Click plus symbol ( ) to
It’s important to remember that the right pane is still My Computer, so the procedures for display any hidden
creating, opening, renaming, moving, copying, and deleting files and folders are exactly the subfolders, click the
same. minus symbol ( ) to hide
any subfolders.
To Adjust the Size of
Windows Explorer’s
Panes:
• Drag the bar separating
the two panes to the right
or left.
210 Computer Basics
Lesson 8-14: File Management

Using the Folders Pane
Figure 8-31
You can move and copy
files using drag and drop
in Windows Explorer.
Figure 8-31
In this lesson, you’ll learn how to perform basic file management in the folders pane.
Specifically, you’ll move a file and create a new folder. Again, although the folders pane
looks a little different than the rest of the My Computer screen, all the file management
procedures you’ve learned work exactly the same. If you’ve followed the other lessons, this
should be one of the easiest lessons in the chapter.
1. Make sure My Computer is open with the Folders pane displayed.

Remember that all you have to do to view the Folders pane is click the Folders button
on the toolbar.
2. Click the Local Disk (C:) drive icon in the left Folders pane.
The contents of the (C:) drive appear in the right pane of My Computer, and it expands
in the left pane to show its subfolders.
3. Click the plus symbol beside the Practice folder to display its contents.
The folder expands and displays all the files inside it, and the plus symbol ( ) changes
to a minus symbol. Since you can see all the files in the right pane, it’s much easier to
move and copy files and folders.
4. Hold down the <Ctrl> key while you click and drag the Open Me file to
the Accounting folder, as shown in Figure 8-31.
It doesn’t matter if you drag and drop the Open Me file to the Accounting folder in the
left pane or the right pane—they’re both the same folder. The Open Me file is copied to
the Accounting folder. Move on to the next step and let’s see if you can create a new
folder while the Folders pane is displayed.
5. Create a new folder named 2002 in the root directory of the (C:) drive.
Need a refresher on how to create a folder? First you need to click the (C:) drive in the
left folder pane to select it and display its contents in the right pane. Next, click Make a
new folder from the File and Folder Tasks menu in the blue side bar, type 2002, and
press <Enter>.

6. Move the 2002 folder in the root directory of the (C:) drive to the
Accounting folder by dragging the 2002 folder from the right pane to
the Accounting folder in the left pane.
Verify that the 2002 folder was moved inside the Accounting folder.
7. Click the plus symbol beside the Accounting folder to display the files
in the Accounting folder.
The Accounting folder expands and displays all the folders inside it. Try deleting a
folder using Windows Explorer—you already know the technique.
8. Click the 2001 folder to select it, press the <Delete> key, and then
confirm the deletion. Quick Reference
It doesn’t matter if you use the left or right pane to select a folder—they’re the same To Open a File or Folder:
folder, and you can rename, copy, move, and delete folders in either pane of the
window. • Double-click the file or
folder.
9. Close the My Computer window to end this lesson.
To Move a File or Folder:
Congratulations! You’ve just about completed what is probably the most difficult chapter in
the book. Move on to the review sections and see how much you’ve learned. • Drag the file or folder to
the desired location in
either pane of the window.
To Copy a File or Folder:
• Hold down the <Ctrl> key
while you drag the file or
folder to the desired
location in either pane of
the window.
To Create a New Folder:
1. Click the disk or folder
where you want to put the
new folder.
2. Click Make a new folder
in the File and Folder
Tasks menu.
3. Type a name for the
folder and press <Enter>.
To Delete a File or Folder:
• Select the file or folder
and press the <Delete>
key. Click Yes to confirm
the deletion.
To Rename a File or
Folder:
• Right-click the file or
folder, select Rename
from the shortcut menu,
type the new name and
press <Enter>.
212 Computer Basics
Chapter Eight Review
Lesson Summary
Understanding Storage Devices, Folders, and Files
• Computers store information using files and folders, on disks drives, just like you store information
in a file cabinet.
• Know the following memory terminology:
Term Size
Byte A single character such as the letter j or number 8.
Kilobyte (K or KB) 1,024 bytes – a typed page.
Megabyte (MB or MEG) 1,048,578 bytes – a novel.
Gigabyte (GB or GIG) Several encyclopedia sets.
Using My Computer to See What’s in Your Computer

• Double-click the My Computer icon on the Windows Desktop displays the contents of your
computer.
• Double-click a disk drive in the My Computer window to display the disk drive’s contents.
• To View the Properties of Something: Right-click the object and select Properties from the
shortcut menu. For example, right-clicking a hard drive and selecting Properties from the shortcut
menu would display how much space is left on the hard disk.
Opening a Folder
• Double-click a folder to open it and display its contents.
• To Move Back or Up to the Previous Level or Folder: Click the Up button on the toolbar, click
the Back button on the toolbar, or click the Address Bar on the toolbar and select the appropriate
drive or folder.
Creating and Renaming a Folder

• To Create a New Folder: Open the disk or folder where you want to put the new folder. Select
Make a new folder task from the File and Folder Tasks panel, or, right-click any empty area in
the window and select New → Folder from the shortcut menu, or select File → New → Folder
from the menu. Type a name for the folder and press <Enter>.
• To Rename a Folder: Click the folder to select it, select Rename this folder from the Files
and Folders Tasks panel, type a name for the folder and press <Enter>.You can also rename a
folder by clicking the folder to select it, selecting File → Rename from the menu, typing a name for
the folder and pressing <Enter>.

Copying, Moving, and Deleting a Folder

• Move a Folder (Drag and Drop Method): Move a folder by dragging it to the desired location,
such as another folder or on the desktop (you might have to open another My Computer window if
you want to copy it to another folder).
• Move a Folder: Click the folder to select it and click Move this folder from the File and Folder
Tasks menu, select the folder or disk where you want to move the folder and click OK.
• Copy a Folder (Drag and Drop Method): Hold down the <Ctrl> key while you drag the folder to
the desired location (you might have to open another My Computer window if you want to copy it to
another folder).
• Copy a Folder: Click the folder to select it, click Copy this folder from the File and Folder
Tasks menu, select the folder or disk where you want to move the folder and click OK.
• To Delete a Folder: Select the folder and press the <Delete> key. Click Yes to confirm the folder
deletion.
Opening, Renaming, and Deleting a File

• Double-click a file to open the file in the program that created it.
• To Rename a File: Click the file to select it, select Rename this file from the Files and Folders
Tasks panel, enter the file’s new name and press <Enter>. Or, right-click the file, select Rename
from the shortcut menu, type a name for the folder and press <Enter>. You can also rename a file
by clicking the file to select it, selecting File → Rename from the menu, typing a name for the
folder and pressing <Enter>.
Copying and Moving a File

• You can copy and move files the same as you copy and move folders.
• Move a File: Click the file to select it and click Move this file from the File and Folder Tasks
menu, select the folder or disk where you want to move the file and click OK.
• Copy a File (Drag and Drop Method): Hold down the <Ctrl> key while you drag the file to the
desired location (you might have to open another My Computer window if you want to copy it to
another folder).
• Copy a File: Click the file to select it, click Copy this file from the File and Folder Tasks menu,
select the folder or disk where you want to move the file and click OK.
• To Copy a File or Folder to a Floppy Disk: Right-click the file or folder and select Send To →
3½ Floppy (A:) from the shortcut menu.
Restoring a Deleted File and Emptying the Recycle Bin

• To Restore a Deleted File: Double-click the Recycle Bin to open it. Click the file to select it and
click Restore this file from the Recycle Bin Tasks menu. Or, right-click the deleted file and
select Restore from the shortcut menu.
• To Empty the Recycle Bin: Right-click the Recycle Bin and select Empty Recycle Bin from the
shortcut menu.
A Closer Look at Files and Folders

• There are two parts to a file: the file name, which can be up to 255 characters and the file
extension, which is three characters long and tells Windows what type of file it is.
214 Computer Basics
Changing how Information is Displayed

• To Change How Items are Displayed: Select View from the menu and select one of the five view
modes or select a view from the View button list arrow on the toolbar.
• The five view modes are Thumbnails, Tiles, Icons, List, and Details.
Selecting Multiple Files and Folders

• By selecting multiple files and folders you can move, copy, or delete a group of files and folders all
at once.
• If the files are next to each other you can click and drag a rectangle around the files you want to
select.
• If the files are next to each other you can click the first file you want to select, press and hold down
the <Shift> key, and click the last file you want to select.
• If the files aren’t next to each other you can select random files by holding the <Ctrl> key and
clicking the files you want to select.
Finding a File Using the Search Companion

• To Find a File: Click the Start button and select Search from the Start menu. Use the Search
Companion to enter information (file name, size, type, text within the file, date it was last modified,
etc.) about the file you’re searching for.
Using the Folders Pane (Windows Explorer)

• The folders pane lets you view and manage the contents of your computer. This was a separate
program called Explorer in previous versions of Windows.
• To Display the Folders Pane: Open My Computer and click the Folders button on the toolbar.
• A plus symbol ( ) next to a folder indicates that all the subfolders it contains are hidden. Click the
plus symbol to display the hidden subfolders.
• A minus symbol ( ) next to a folder indicates that all the subfolders it contains are displayed. Click
the minus symbol to collapse or hide the subfolders.
• No symbol next to a folder indicates that the folder does not contain any subfolders, although it
may still contain files.
• To View the Contents of a Drive or Folder: Click the drive or folder in the left folder pane—the
contents of that drive or folder will appear in the right pane.
• To Adjust the Size of Windows Explorer’s Panes: Drag the bar separating the two panes to the
right or left.
File Management Using the Folders Pane

• To Open a File or Folder: Double-click the file or folder.
• To Move a File or Folder: Drag the file or folder to the desired location in either pane of the
window.
• To Copy a File or Folder: Hold down the <Ctrl> key while you drag the file or folder to the desired
location in either pane of the window.

• To Create a New Folder: Click the disk or folder where you want to put the new folder, right-click
any empty area in the window and select New → Folder from the shortcut menu. Type a name for
the folder and press <Enter>.
• To Delete a File or Folder: Right-click the file or folder, select Delete from the shortcut menu, type
the new name and press Yes.
Quiz
1. Computers store information on which types of disks? (Select all that
apply.)
A. Floppy disks.
B. Hard disks.
C. Compact discs (CD-ROMs).
D. Removable disks.
2. Drives are named with one letter. Most computers have a floppy disk called
(A:) and a hard disk called (C:). (True or False?)
3. The purpose of your computer’s folders is to: (Select all that apply).
A. Lose your important files.
B. Store related files and programs in the same place.
C. Make it difficult to delete things unless you really know what you’re doing.
D. Organize related files and information on your computer.
4. .TXT, .DOC, and .BMP — these are all examples of:

A. Three meaningless letters with a period in front of them.
B. File extensions.
C. Types of advanced degrees in computers.
D. How confusing computers are.
5. Which program(s) can you use to view and manage the contents of your
computer? (Select all that apply.)
A. Netscape Navigator.
B. My Computer.
C. System Sleuth.
D. Windows Explorer.
6. You open a file or folder by double-clicking it. (True or False?)
7. Do this to display the contents of a certain drive or folder:

A. Right-click the drive or folder.
B. Click the drive or folder while holding down the <Alt> key.
C. Double-click the drive or folder.
D. Triple-click the drive or folder.
216 Computer Basics
8. To view an object’s properties, right-click the object and select Properties

from the shortcut menu. (True or False?)
9. When you’re browsing the contents of your computer, do this to move back
or up to the previous level or folder. (Select all that apply.)
A. Click the Up button on the toolbar.
B. Click the Back button on the toolbar.
C. Press <Ctrl> + <Z>.
D. Click the Address Bar on the toolbar and select the appropriate drive or folder.

A. You can move a file or folder to a new location by dragging and dropping it.
B. You can rename a file or folder by right-clicking it, selecting Rename from the
shortcut menu, typing the new name and pressing <Enter>.
C. A plus symbol ( ) next to a folder in Windows Explorer indicates the folder is
locked and cannot be modified or deleted.
D. Holding down the <Ctrl> key while you’re dragging and dropping something copies
it instead of moving it.
11. Delete a file or folder by clicking it, pressing the <Delete> key, and
confirming the deletion. (True or False?)
12. Do this to select multiple files and folders: (Select all that apply.)
A. Click and drag a rectangle around any adjacent files you want to select.
B. Select File → Select Multiple Files from the menu, and then click the files you want
to select.
C. Click the first file you want to select, press and hold down the <Shift> key and click
the last file you want to select.
D. Hold down the <Ctrl> key and click the files you want to select.
13. Which of the following statements is NOT true? (Select all that apply.)
A. You can find a file on your computer by clicking the Start button, selecting Search,
enter what you want to search for using the Search Companion and click Search.
B. Open Windows Explorer by clicking the Start button and selecting All Programs →
Windows Explorer.
C. To save a file in a location other than the program’s default folder you have to save
the file, then use My Computer or Windows Explorer to move the file to the desired
location.
D. You can display the contents of a drive or folder using Thumbnails, Tiles, Icons, List,
or Details View.
14. The three-letter extension of a file is normally displayed in Windows XP.

(True or False?)
Homework
1. Open My Computer.
2. View the contents of your Local Disk (C:).
3. Create a new folder in the root directory of your Local Disk (C:).

4. Name the new folder “Project Files.”

5. Insert a floppy disk in the (A:) drive and copy the Project Files folder there.
6. Delete the Project Files folder from the (C:) drive.
7. Open the Recycle Bin and find the deleted Project Files folder. Do you know how to
retrieve it?
8. Open Windows Explorer and view the contents of the (A:) drive.
9. Use the Windows Explorer View menu to display the contents of the (A:) drive in
List view.
10. While you're still in List view, sort the files in alphabetical order.
11. Use the Start menu's Search feature to find all the files named "readme.txt" on your
(C:) drive. Open one of these files by double-clicking it.
Quiz Answers
1. A, B, C, and D. Computers can store their information on any of these disk types.
2. True.
3. B and D.
4. B. File extensions, which are used to identify the file type.
5. B and D. My Computer and Windows Explorer both display the contents of your
computer and allow you to manage your computer’s files and folders.
6. True. Double-clicking a file or folder opens it.
7. C. Double-click a folder to open it and display its contents.
8. True. Right-clicking an object and selecting Properties from the shortcut menu
displays the properties of the object.
9. A, B, and D. Any of these will bring you back to the previous level or folder.
10. C. A plus symbol ( ) next to a folder in Windows Explorer means the folder
contains subfolders.
11. True.
12. A, C, and D. You can use any of these methods to select multiple files and folders.
13. C. You can easily save a file in a different location by opening the drive and/or folder
where you want to save the file and clicking Save.
14. False. File extensions are normally hidden in Windows XP.
Chapter Nine:
Exploring the
Internet
• Understand and connect to the Internet • How to use the mouse
• Find a specific Web page drop-and-drag, and
right-click
• Browse and search the Web
• How to start programs
• Add Web pages to Favorites in the Start Menu
• How to use menus,
• Change your Home page
toolbars, and dialog
• Display a history of visited Web pages boxes
• Download pictures and software

• Use e-mail
Unless you’ve been living on a deserted island for the past five years, you already know that
the Internet is the biggest thing to happen to computers since… well, computers! You can’t
ignore it—the Internet is not going away and it’s already changing the world we live in.
Fortunately, for the most part, the Internet is incredibly easy to use. Even the most
computer-phobic users seem to feel right at home on the Internet.
This chapter explains the ins and outs of the Internet. If you’ve ever spent a sleepless night
wondering exactly what the Internet is and how it got started, you’ll finally learn it all. Then
you’ll learn how to get your computer connected to the Internet and how to surf the Web
using the Windows XP Internet Explorer. You’ll also learn some useful tips like how to search
for information, how to save your favorite Web pages so that you can easily come back to
them later, and how to change the Web page that first appears when you connect to the
Internet. Finally, you’ll learn how to download software, and send and receive e-mail.
220 Computer Basics
Lesson 9-1: Introduction to the

Internet
Figure 9-1
WWW
The Internet is the largest
network in the world,
consisting of millions of
computers, all over the
world, all connected
together. Headlines
Figure 9-2
Web pages are stored on
Amazon
Web servers—computers
WWW
that are permanently
connected to the Internet.
Figure 9-1
Figure 9-2
The Internet is the largest computer network in the world. It consists of millions of computers
all over the planet, all connected to each another.
The Internet was born in the 1960’s when the United States military worried that a nuclear
bomb could destroy its computer systems (there weren’t many of them back then). So it
placed several computers far apart from each other and connected them with some super-fast
telephone lines so that the computers could talk to each other. If a nuclear bomb blew up one
computer, another computer could instantly take over; thus, the computer network wouldn’t
go down. Years passed and other organizations, such as colleges and universities, started
connecting their computers to this growing network to share information.
Although the Internet has been around a long time, it wasn’t until the 1990’s that someone
thought of a wonderful idea called the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web is what you
probably think of when you think of the Internet, although it’s really just a part of the Internet.
The Web consists of millions of documents that are stored on hundreds of thousands of
computers that are always connected to the Internet. These documents are called Web pages,
and you can find Web pages on every subject imaginable—from your local newspaper to
online catalogs to airline schedules, and much, much more.
Web pages are stored on Web servers. A Web server is a computer, not unlike your own
computer, only bigger and faster. There are hundreds of thousands of Web servers located all
over the world. Web servers are always connected to the Internet so that people can view their
Web pages 24 hours a day.
So what can you do once you’re connected to the Internet? Plenty. Table 9-1: What Can I do
on the Internet? shows just a few of the many things there are to do on the Internet.

Chapter Nine: Exploring the Internet 221
Table 9-1: What Can I do on the Internet?

Task Description
Send and Receive Exchanging electronic mail (or e-mail) is the most used and most popular
E-mail feature on the Internet. Just like regular paper mail, you can send and
receive e-mail with people around the world, as long as they have access
to a computer and the Internet. Unlike regular paper mail, e-mail is usually
delivered to its destination almost instantly.
Browse the World Wide The World Wide Web is what most people think of when then think of the
Web Internet—although it’s really only a part of the Internet. The World Wide
Web is an enormous collection of interconnected documents stored on
Web servers all over the world. The World Wide Web has information on
every subject imaginable.
Join online discussions Newsgroups are discussion groups on the Internet that you can join to read
with newsgroups and post messages to and from people with similar interests. There are
thousands of newsgroups on topics such as computers, education,
romance, hobbies, politics, religion, and more.
Chat with other online Chatting lets you communicate with people on the Internet instantly—no
users matter how far away they are! Most chats are text-based, meaning you
have to type when you converse with people on the Internet. A growing
number of chats have voice and even video capabilities—all without having
to pay long distance changes.
Download software You can download pictures, demo programs, patches and drivers for your
computer, and many other types of files and save them to your computer.
Listen to music and You can listen to sound on the Web, such as radio stations, or music by
watch videos your favorite artists.
222 Computer Basics
Lesson 9-2: Connecting to the

Internet
Figure 9-3
Microsoft’s Internet
Connection Wizard will set
you up with an Internet
Service Provider.
Figure 9-4
The Dial-up Connection
dialog box
Figure 9-5
The Internet Start Web
Figure 9-4
page
Figure 9-3
Figure 9-5
There are three things you’ll need to connect to the Internet:

• An Internet Service Provider (ISP): An Internet Service Provider is a lot like a
phone company, except instead of letting you make telephone calls to other people, an
Internet Explorer Internet Service Provider lets your computer connect to the Internet. Just like your
Other Ways to Open telephone company, Internet Service Providers charge for their services— currently the
Internet Explorer: average rate seems to be about $20 a month for unlimited usage. You’ve probably already
• Click the icon on heard of the most famous Internet Service Provider—America Online, or AOL.
the Windows Quick • A Web Browser: A Web browser is a program that lets your computer view and
Launch toolbar. navigate the World Wide Web. One of the biggest improvements in Windows XP is that it
comes with a built-in Web browser—Internet Explorer. Another Web browsing program
that is very popular is Netscape Navigator.

• A Phone Line and Modem or Other Connection: A modem is your computer’s
very own telephone that lets it talk to other computers over the telephone line. Your
existing phone line will work just fine with your modem, although it will be tied up This icon appears on
whenever you’re connected to the Internet. If you or someone in your home is a heavy the taskbar whenever
Internet user, you might consider getting a second phone line for your computer. If you your computer is
have the Internet at work, you might have a network connection to the Internet, which is connected to the
much, much faster than a modem and is connected to the Internet 24 hours a day. Internet via modem.
1. Double-click the Start menu and then click Internet Explorer to start
Internet Explorer.
If you have America Online, you would double-click the America Online icon, instead.
If you’re already set up with an Internet provider, the Dial-up Connection dialog box
appears, as shown in Figure 9-4. Point to the icon and
wait a few seconds to
If this is the first time you’ve ever tried connecting to the Internet, you may be greeted
see what your
by the Internet Connection Wizard, as shown in Figure 9-3. Microsoft included the
connection speed to
Internet Connection Wizard to help you get connected to the Internet and find an
the Internet is.
Internet Service Provider. If you want, you can follow the step-by-step instructions and
let the Internet Connection Wizard help find you a Internet Service Provider—or you
can find your own. Ask a computer-savvy friend or an employee at a local computer
store for the name and number of a local Internet Service Provider. Once you are set up
with an Internet Service Provider, come back finish the rest of this lesson.
2. Enter your User name and Password, if necessary, and click Connect.
If you have previously entered your user name and password and checked the Save
password option, the user name and password characters will already appear in their
respective text boxes. (Your password will appear masked by asterisks.)
If you listen to your computer, you should hear a dial tone, then your modem dial the
phone, and finally a screeching sound as your ISP answers the phone.
NOTE: If you’re connected to the Internet through a network at work, an ISDN or
DSL line, or a cable modem, you won’t hear anything at all, since these are all
digital connections. Actually, it would probably pay off if you checked if the
Internet is available in your area by cable or DSL connections. If it is, it’s
probably worth the extra ten or twenty dollars a month to get a connection to Quick Reference
the Internet that is at least ten times faster than a standard phone connection.
Plus, you don’t have to worry about people getting busy signals when you’re To Connect to the
using the Internet. Internet:
After a connection to the Internet has been established, Internet Explorer appears on 1. Double-click the
screen and displays your home page. Internet Explorer
icon on the desktop.
A home page is the page your Web browser displays when it connects to the Internet. The
default start page for Microsoft Internet Explorer is Microsoft’s start page (what else did you Or…
think it would be?), but you can easily change your default start page—more about that in Click the Internet
another lesson. Explorer icon on the
Quick Launch toolbar.
2. If necessary, enter your
user name and password
and click Connect.
224 Computer Basics
Lesson 9-3: Displaying a Specific

Web Page
Figure 9-6
The Microsoft Web site.
Address bar
Figure 9-7 Type the address of the Web
page you want to view here
When a Web page is and press <Enter>.
currently unavailable, this
screen is displayed in
Internet Explorer.
Figure 9-6
Figure 9-7
Other Ways to Enter an Web addresses are everywhere—on television advertisements, in magazine and newspaper
Internet Address:
articles, and even on business cards. These www.something.com’s you’ve seen and heard so
• Press <Ctrl> → <L>. much about are URLs (if you really want to know, URL stands for Uniform Resource
Locator). Just like there is a house, office, or building behind a postal address, there is a Web
page behind every Web address. Unlike postal addresses, through the magic of technology,
you can arrive instantly at a Web page by typing its Web address, or URL, into your Web
browser. Well, hopefully instantly… if you’ve already been on the Internet for any amount of
time, you probably know that sometimes the Internet gets busy and net congestion can cause a
Web page to come up slowly—if at all! This lesson will show you how to visit the Web sites
behind all the Web addresses you’ve seen.

1. Connect to the Internet.
It doesn’t matter where you are on the Internet—you can always enter a Web address.
2. Click the words in the Address bar.
The text in the Address bar becomes highlighted.
3. Type the address of the Web page you want to view; in our example we’ll
use www.microsoft.com and press <Enter>.
Web addresses are preceded by http://. For example, the address we want is
http://www.startribune.com. Technically, you don’t need to add the http:// before typing
Address Bar
the Web address—save yourself some time and leave it out.
NOTE: If you forget the www in front of a Web address or a .com an Internet
Explorer called IntelliSense® attempts to correct the Web address by adding
the www or .com for you. Sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn’t.
You can leave off the
After a moment, you’re connected to the Minneapolis Star Tribune Web site, as shown http:// when you type
in Figure 9-7 (though hopefully your headlines won’t be as out-of-date!). Let’s try a Web page address.
going to another Web site. For example, type
4. Type www.yahoo.com in the Address bar and press <Enter>. www.nbc.com instead
Possibly the most famous Web site on the Internet, the Yahoo home page, appears. of
http://www.nbc.com.
Sometimes when you’re browsing the Web, you’ll see a screen like one in Figure 9-6. This
means the Web site is unavailable. Several things can cause a Web page not to load:
• The computer where the Web page is stored is down.
• Too many users are trying to view the same Web page at the same time.
• You’ve lost your connection to the Internet.
• The Web page no longer exists, or maybe it never existed in the first place (did you type
in the correct Web address?).
For all these cases, try going to the Web site again later. Whatever was causing the problem
might be fixed a few minutes or hours later.
Quick Reference
To Display a Specific Web
Page:
• Type the Web address in
the
Address bar and press
<Enter>.
Or…
• Press Ctrl → <L>, type
the Web address, and
press OK.
226 Computer Basics
Lesson 9-4: Browse the Web

Brings you back to Brings you to Shows your favorite
Figure 9-8 the previously Stops loading a your home Web pages that Opens your
viewed Web page Web page page you bookmarked e-mail program
The Internet Explorer
toolbar
Figure 9-9
The Yahoo home page Brings you Reloads or Search the Brings Find Web Prints the current
forward to the refreshes the Web for you to pages Web page
next viewed Web current Web specified your you've
page page information media recently
folders visited
Figure 9-8
Click the to display a list of Web

sites that you have typed in.
Figure 9-9
Luckily, the World Wide Web is remarkably easy to navigate. It’s so easy, in fact, that most
users seem to have an uncanny ability to browse through Web pages without any previous
Back button training—even if they have difficulty with other computer programs. This chapter explains
how to find your way through the millions of Web pages that are on the Internet. Even if you
already think you have browsing down, you should read this chapter—you might learn a trick
or two you didn’t know.
1. Make sure your Web browser is open so that you’re connected to the
Internet.
Hopefully you know how to do this by now!
Tip: Instead of 2. Go to the Yahoo home page by clicking the Address bar, typing
repeatedly clicking the www.yahoo.com, and pressing <Enter>.
Back and Forward The Yahoo home page fills the screen. Many of the underlined words and pictures you
buttons, you can click see on the Yahoo page are actually hyperlinks. When you position the pointer over a
their down arrows to hyperlink, it changes to a . Clicking a hyperlink will automatically:
display a list of
• Take you to a different page within the same Web site.
previous Web pages.
• Take you to a different page in a different Web site.
• Take you to a different part of the same Web site.

• Allow you to download a file.
• Send an e-mail to a specified e-mail address.
• Play a video or sound.
Forward button
3. Position the pointer over the What’s New icon near the top of the Yahoo
page.
The pointer changes into a anytime it is over a link. Remember, links can be either
text or pictures.
4. Click the What’s New icon or text.
Stop button
The What’s New Web page connected to the link appears. Notice the address bar
displays the address of the new Web page, http://www.yahoo.com/new/. You can easily
move back to the previous Web page.
5. Click the Back button on the toolbar.
You’re back at the Yahoo home page. The Forward button moves forward through the
Web pages you have viewed. Refresh button
6. Click the Forward button on the toolbar.
You return to the What’s New Web page.
Just like a metro highway system at rush hour, the Internet often becomes congested
when too many users try to view the same Web site at the same time. When this
happens, it may take a long time for the Web page to appear on screen, or you may
even get a screen like the one shown in Figure 9-7. Here are a few strategies to try if
you are having problems displaying Web pages.
If a Web page is taking too long to display on your computer screen, you can stop
loading the page and try again later. Here’s how to stop transmitting a page:
7. Click the Address bar, type www.microsoft.com, and press <Enter>. Quick Reference
After a second or two—before the Microsoft home page completely
loads—click the Stop button on the toolbar. To Use a Hyperlink:
You can also try refreshing a sluggish or difficult Web page. There are basically two • Click the hyperlink with
reasons to refresh a Web page: the pointer.
• To attempt to view a Web page that is not loading. To Go Back to the
• To update a Web page that contains information that is constantly changing, Previous Page:
such as headline news stories or financial information. • Click the Back button on
8. Click the Refresh button on the toolbar. the toolbar.
Another way you can return to previously visited Web sites is to use the Address bar, To Stop the Transfer of
which remembers every Web address that you’ve manually typed into it. Information:
9. Click the Address bar list arrow. • Click the Stop button on
A list of the Web addresses you’ve previously entered appears below the address bar. the toolbar.
10. Select the http://www.yahoo.com site from the list. To Refresh a Web Page:
You return to the Yahoo Web site. • Click the Refresh button
on the toolbar.
To Return to a Web
Address you Typed in the
Address Bar:
• Click Address bar’s
arrow and select the
Web address.
228 Computer Basics
Lesson 9-5: Search the Web

`
Figure 9-10
You can search the Web
with Internet Explorer’s
integrated search function.
Figure 9-11
You can search the Web
with Yahoo. Your search results
appear here.
Figure 9-10 Enter a word or phrase you want to search for

here and click Search.
Enter a word or phrase

you want to search for
here and click search.
Figure 9-11
The Internet’s greatest strength is also its greatest weakness: with so much information—
literally millions of Web pages—it can be extremely difficult to find what you’re looking for.
Fortunately, there are many search engines that catalog the millions of Web pages on the
Internet so that you can find Web pages on topics that interest you. There are many search
engines available on the Internet—you’ve probably heard of some of the more popular ones,
like Yahoo, Excite, and HotBot. In this lesson, you’ll learn how you can search the Web to
find information on the topics you specify.
1. Make sure your Web browser is open so you are connected to the
Search button Internet.
2. Click the Search button on the toolbar.
A Search pane appears on the left side of Internet Explorer, as shown in Figure 9-10.
This is where you specify what you want to search for.

3. Click the Search box and type in the word or phrase you want to search
for.
For better search results, use complete sentences or several keywords that describe
what you’re looking for. For example, typing “Where can I find a good oyster
restaurant in Chicago?” would yield better results than simply “oysters”.
4. Click Search.
The Security Alert dialog box may appear (it appears any time you send information
over the Internet, unless you check the “In the future do not show the warning” check
box). If it does, you can safely click OK.
Microsoft Internet Explorer returns a list of Web pages, ranked by relevance, that
contain the word or phrase you specified. You may have to scroll down to view the
entire list. Search Box
5. Click the Web page you want to view.
Are you finding mostly irrelevant information in your search results? Then you may
have to refine your search. For example, a search on the word “Windows” may result
in links to “Anderson® Windows,” “Stained Glass Windows,” and “Microsoft
Windows”, while a search on the phrase “Microsoft Windows” will result in links to
“Microsoft Windows.” Some search engines will let you search within your results. For
example, you could do a search for “Microsoft Windows” and then further refine your
search by searching the results for the word “Networking.”
6. Click the Search button to close the search panel.
You don’t have to click Microsoft Internet Explorer’s search button to look for
information on the Web—you can also go directly to a search engine’s Web site and Quick Reference
specify what you want to look for there. Table 9-2: Popular Search Engines on the
Web is by no means a definitive inventory of the dozens of search engines that are To Search the Web for
currently available on the Web, but it lists the best and most popular Web search Information Using Internet
engines and their Web addresses. Explorer:
1. Click the Search
Table 9-2: Popular Search Engines on the Web button on the toolbar.
Site Web Address Description 2. Type the word or phrase
you want to search for in
AltaVista www.altavista.com Operated by Digital, AltaVista claims to catalog and index more
the Search the Web for
Web pages than any other search engine.
box and click Search.
Excite www.excite.com Excite has a powerful, highly rated search engine, and it also has 3. Click the link for the Web
one of the best customizable home pages on the Internet. page you want to look at.
Google www.google.com Google is consistently ranked as the best and most relevant search 4. Click the Search
engine. However, it doesn’t contain many other features other than button on the toolbar to
search. close the search panel.
Hotbot www.hotbot.com Though not as popular as some of the others, HotBot consistently To Search the Web for
ranks as one of the best, most relevant search engines. Information Using a
Search Engine:
Lycos www.lycos.com Lycos is another powerful search engine, especially if you’re
looking for information in formats other than Web pages, such as • Type the Web address for
MP3 sound files. the search engine in the
Address bar and press
Yahoo www.yahoo.com The mother of all Web pages, Yahoo is actually more of a directory <Enter>. Type the word
service than a search engine, but it makes it very easy to find or phrase you want to
topics, especially if you’re new to the Internet. search for in the Web
page’s search box and
press <Enter>.
230 Computer Basics
Lesson 9-6: Adding a Web Page to

Favorites and Changing your Home
Page
Figure 9-12
The Add Favorites dialog
box
The name of the Web
Click the Favorites button page appears here.
to display a list of your Click the Web page you want
favorite Web pages. to visit. If the Web is in a
folder, click the folder ( ).
Figure 9-14
The General tab of the
Internet Options dialog Figure 9-13
box. You can change your
home page here.
Figure 9-15
The Organize Favorites
dialog box
Figure 9-15
Figure 9-14
Other Ways to Add a You have finally found a Web page about hippopotamus food, and you want to return back to
Web Page to Favorites: it later. What should you do? Well, you don’t have to write down the Web address on a Post-It
• Right-click anywhere on note and stick on your monitor—you can add the Web page to Internet Explorer’s Favorites
the Web page and feature so you can always quickly return back to any Web page in the list! In this lesson,
select Add to you’ll learn how to add your favorite Web sites to Internet Explorer. You’ll also learn how to
Favorites from the change your home page (also called a start page)—the Web page that appears each time you
shortcut menu. start Internet Explorer.
1. Make sure your Web browser is open so that you’re connected to the
Internet.
2. Go to a Web page that you visit frequently and want to add to your
Favorites list.
It doesn’t matter how you get to the Web site—type the page’s Web address in the
Address bar (if you know it) or navigate there by clicking a hyperlink from another
Web site. When the desired Web page appears on your screen, you can add it to your
Favorites so you can always easily return to it later.

3. Select Favorites → Add to Favorites from the menu.
The Add Favorites dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 9-12. The name of the Web
page appears in the name box—if you want, you can replace the Web page’s default Favorites button
name with one that is more meaningful to you. Clicking the Create In button lets you Other Ways to View
add shortcuts to a folder. Your Favorite Web
4. Click OK to add the Web page. Pages:
A shortcut to the Web page is added to your list of favorites. • Select Favorites from
Here’s how to display your favorite Web sites: the menu and select the
Web page.
5. Click the Favorites button on the toolbar.
A list of your favorite Web pages appears in a panel on the left side of Internet
Explorer, as shown in Figure 9-13.
Quick Reference
6. Click the favorite Web page you want to view. To Add a Web Page to
If your favorite Web page is in a folder, just click the folder ( ) and then the favorite Your List of Favorites:
Web site. The Web page you clicked appears in the right panel of Internet Explorer. • Go to the Web page,
Is there a Web page that you really like and use almost every time you’re on the select Favorites → Add
Internet? You might consider making that Web page your Home page—the Web page to Favorites from the
that appears each time you start Internet Explorer. Some of the search engines we menu and click OK.
discussed in the previous lesson make excellent home pages. Here’s how to make a Or…
Web page your home page: • Go to the Web page,
7. Go to a Web page that you want to set as your home page and select right-click anywhere on
Tools → Internet Options from the menu. Click the General tab, if the Web page and select
necessary. Add to Favorites from
The Internet Options dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 9-14. The address of your the shortcut menu.
current home page appears in the box in the Home page section. To Go To a Favorite Web
8. Click Use Current button to set the Web page that is displayed on your Page:
screen as your new home page. • Click the Favorites button
on the toolbar and select
9. Click OK. the Web page from the
The Internet Options dialog box closes. The next time you start Internet Explorer, the left side of Internet
Web page you selected will appear as your start page. Explorer. Click the
If you’ve added a lot of Web pages to your list of favorites, it can be difficult to find a Favorites button when
specific Web page out of all those entries. You can organize your favorites list by you’re finished.
creating subfolders to keep related Web pages together—for example, you might create Or…
a folder called “Travel” to keep all your travel related Web pages together, and another • Select Favorites from the
folder called “Financial” to hold your financial and investment related Web pages. menu and select the Web
Here’s how to organize your list of favorites: page.
10. Select Favorites → Organize Favorites from the menu. To Change Your Start
The Organize Favorites dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 9-15. We don’t need to Page:
go in detail here—you can organize your favorites using the same Windows file • Go to the Web page,
management techniques you already know (if you don’t, review the file management
select Tools → Internet
chapter). The Organize Favorite dialog box even provides you with several handy
Options from the menu
buttons to move, rename, and delete files and shortcuts.
and click the Use Current
11. Close the Organize Favorites dialog box. button.
To Organize Favorites:
• Select Favorites →
Organize Favorites from
the menu.
232 Computer Basics
Lesson 9-7: Displaying a History

of Visited Web Pages
Figure 9-16
Internet Explorer displays
a history of previously
visited Web sites.
Select the day or
week when you last
viewed the Web
page
Select the Web

site ( ) then the
specific Web
page ( ).
Figure 9-16
Can’t find your way back to that that really neat “101 Lutefisk Recipes” Web site you were
looking at yesterday? Don’t worry—Internet Explorer keeps track of the Web pages you’ve
visited during the past 20 days. You can use Internet Explorer’s history feature to easily return
to any of these sites, and that’s the topic of this lesson.
1. Make sure your Web browser is open so you’re connected to the Internet.
2. Click the History button on the toolbar to display a list of the Web pages
you have recently visited.
History button A history of all the Web pages you’ve visited recently appears in the left side of
Internet Explorer. The history is grouped chronologically—all you have to do it click
the day or week you viewed the Web page that you want to view again.
3. Click the day or week you viewed the Web page that you want to view
again.
If you can’t remember the day or week off hand, don’t worry. Finding the Web page
you want to view in the history may take a bit of trial and error, because who really
remembers the exact day when they visited a specific Web page?
When you click a day or week, the Web sites you viewed during that day or week
appear. A (Web site) symbol appears by each Web site.
4. Click the Web site you want to revisit.
The Web site’s individual Web pages appear, each with a (Web page) symbol beside
them.
5. Click the Web page you want to view.
The Web page appears.

6. Click the History button on the toolbar when you’ve finished working
with your history of recently view Web pages.
The History panel disappears.
Quick Reference
To Display a History of
Visited Web Pages:
1. Click the History
button on the toolbar.
2. Click the day or week you
viewed the Web page.
3. Click the Web site you
want to revisit.
4. Click the specific Web
page you want to view.
5. Click the History button
on the toolbar when
you’ve finished working
with your history of
recently view Web pages.
234 Computer Basics
Lesson 9-8: Saving Pictures and

Files to Disk (Downloading)
Figure 9-17
There are many files and
programs on the Internet
that you can download
onto your computer’s hard
drive.
Figure 9-18
Specify where on your
hard drive you want the
downloaded file to be
saved. Figure 9-17
Figure 9-18
Figure 9-19
Windows displays the
progress of a download.
Figure 9-19
Another common way people use the Internet is to download files from a Web server on the
Internet and save them onto their local hard drive. Some of the most common types of files
people download from the Internet include:
• Images: You can save any picture that you see on a Web page, print it, use it as your
Windows wallpaper, or anything else you can think of.
• Programs: Many software companies have demo versions of their programs available
on the Internet that you can download and evaluate. In addition, thousands of shareware
programs are available for you to download for free!
• Patches, Fixes, and Drivers: One of the great things about the Internet is how you
can find and download bug fixes for your programs, and drivers for your hardware
devices, such as a driver for a discontinued foreign printer.
• Music: A new file format called MP3 is revolutionizing the music industry. MP3 files
are sound files that you can listen to on your computer. They have digital CD quality
sound, but use compression so that they are 11 times smaller than the CD equivalent and
small enough to be easily downloadable from the Internet.
• Viruses: Just kidding—the last thing the world you want to download from the Internet
is a computer virus! Since you won’t always know where a program or file you want to
download comes from, you should make sure your computer has a virus protection
program installed before you download anything from the Internet.

Other than the slight risk of contracting a virus (if you don’t have virus protection software
installed), the only other downside of downloading files off the Internet is how long it can
take—especially if you’re downloading a huge file over a 33.6 modem connection to the
Internet!
In this lesson, you’ll learn how to download files and images from the Internet and save them
to your hard disk. When you come across a picture or image on the Internet that you really
like, here’s how you can permanently save it to your computer’s hard drive:
1. Right-click the image you want to save and select Save Picture As from
the shortcut menu.
Windows asks where you want to save the image by presenting you with the Save As
dialog box, as shown in Figure 9-18.
2. Navigate to the drive and folder where you want to save the image, give
the image a different name (if you want), and click OK.
Windows saves the image to the specified drive and folder.
The procedure for downloading and saving programs and other files from the Internet
is almost the same as downloading and saving an image. Here’s how to do it:
3. Find the file you want to download, right-click it and select Save Target Internet Explorer
shortcut menu
As from the shortcut menu.
You can usually also simply click a file you want to download, but doing this will
sometimes open the file in Internet Explorer instead of saving it to your computer. As
with images, you have to specify where you want to save the file.
4. Navigate to the drive and folder where you want to save the file, give the
file a different name if you want, and click OK.
A ZIP file
Windows will download the file and save it to the drive and folder you specified. It
may take several minutes or several hours to download the file, depending on the file’s
size and how fast your connection to the Internet is. Windows displays a dialog box
that shows the progress of the download, as shown in Figure 9-19. Quick Reference
NOTE: Make sure you remember where you save your downloaded files! Many To Save an Image on a
people download software without thinking about where they’re saving it, Web Page to Disk:
only to be unable to find the file once it’s finished downloading. It makes 1. Right-click the image you
sense to create and use a folder called “Downloads” or something similar want to save and select
when you can save your downloaded files. Save Picture As from the
One more note about downloading files and programs off the Internet: a large percent of the shortcut menu.
programs you can download off the Internet are stored in ZIP files. ZIP files package 2. Navigate to the drive and
programs and files together and make them must easier to download. folder where you want to
save the image, give the
ZIP files do two things: image a different name if
• Compress Information: Instead of downloading a 2 MB file, you can download a you want, and click OK.
1 MB file in half the time.
To Download a File:
• Store multiple files together in a single ZIP file: Instead of downloading 20 or so
1. Right-click the file you
files that a program requires to run, you only have to download a single ZIP file.
want to download, select
Once you have downloaded a ZIP file, Microsoft Windows XP should unzip it for you. If it Save Target As from the
doesn’t, there is another program that will unzip files called WinZIP. You can find and shortcut menu.
download the WinZIP program at www.winzip.com. 2. Navigate to the drive and
folder when you want to
save the file, give the file
a different name if you
want, and click OK.
236 Computer Basics
Lesson 9-9: Introduction to

E-mail
Figure 9-20
Microsoft Outlook Express Toolbar
is the e-mail program that
is included with Windows
XP.
E-mail folders:
Figure 9-21 see Table 9-3:
E-mail Folders
for their Click the task
Outlook Express’s toolbar you want to
descriptions
perform here
Figure 9-22
Many people prefer to use
Web-based e-mail, such
as Hotmail, since you can
use it anywhere on any
computer that has a Figure 9-20
connection to the Internet.
Figure 9-23
Sends any messages you’ve
An Internet e-mail address Compose a new composed, and downloads
E-mail message any new messages
consists of two parts: a
user name and a domain
name, separated by the @
symbol.
Figure 9-21 Opens the Finds people,
address book messages, or
text
Figure 9-22
[email protected]
User Name Domain Name
This is the name of the person’s This is the location of the person’s
e-mail account. It is similar to the account on the Internet. It is similar to
person’s name on an envelope. the address on an envelope.
Figure 9-23
Do you really need a definition of e-mail? You already know that you can use e-mail to send
messages to the staff at the office or to people all over the world. You probably also know that
e-mail is fast (almost instantaneous) and economical (many e-mail accounts are completely
free!).
Just like you need to know a person’s street address if you want to send them a letter, you
need to know a person’s e-mail address if you want to send that person an e-mail message.
Figure 9-23 is an example of what a typical e-mail address looks like.
Windows XP comes with an e-mail program called Outlook Express. Outlook Express is a
stripped-down version of Microsoft’s full-featured e-mail program Outlook, which comes
with Microsoft Office. Outlook Express allows you compose, send, and receive e-mail

messages over the Internet. The remainder of the lessons in this lesson will show you how to
accomplish these tasks.
Move on to the one and only step in this lesson and we’ll take a quick look at Outlook
Express before we move on and learn how to compose, send, and receive e-mail.
1. Open Outlook Express by clicking the Outlook Express button on the

taskbar’s Quick Launch toolbar.
The main screen of Outlook Express appears, as shown in Figure 9-26. Notice the
folders in the left pane of Outlook Express? These folders categorize your messages
and work just like the In and Out boxes you’ve seen at the office. Table 9-3: E-mail Outlook Express
Folders describes each of these folders. button
Although we’ll be working in Microsoft Outlook Express throughout the remaining lessons in Other Ways to Start
Outlook Express:
this chapter, Outlook Express is by no means the only program you can use to send and
receive e-mail. There are many, many different e-mail programs available, such as • Select Go → Mail from
GroupWise, Lotus Notes, and even America Online that can also send and receive e-mail. In Internet Explorer’s
fact, if you’re connected to the Internet and have a Web browser, you don’t even need an e- menu.
mail program at all to send and receive e-mail—you can do it right from the Web! Web based
e-mail is usually free, and it allows you to compose, send, and receive e-mail using a Web
page instead of an e-mail program. Many people actually prefer using Web-based e-mail
instead of an e-mail program because it’s free and can be accessed anywhere there is a
computer with an Internet connection. Hotmail, shown in Figure 9-22, owned by Microsoft
(who else?) is the largest Web based e-mail program in the world.
Table 9-3: E-mail Folders

Folder Description
Stores the messages you’ve received

Inbox
Temporarily stores any messages that you’ve composed that have not been
Outbox sent
Quick Reference
Stores copies of messages you have sent To Start Outlook Express:
Sent Items
• Click the Outlook
Stores messages that you’ve deleted Express button on the
Deleted Items taskbar’s Quick Launch
toolbar.
Stores draft messages that you haven’t completed yet
Drafts
238 Computer Basics
Lesson 9-10: Composing and

Sending E-mail
Figure 9-24
To: Enter the recipient(s) of the message
The New Message
Cc: Send a copy of the message to these recipients
window
Subject: Enter the subject of the message
Figure 9-25
The New Message toolbar Formatting Toolbar: Use to apply font and paragraph
formatting to your message, and to insert lines, pictures,
and hyperlinks to Web pages
Body: Type your e-mail message here, as you

would using a word processor
Figure 9-24
Send the
message to Check names Attach a Encrypt
the Outbox Cut Paste for errors file message
Figure 9-25 Copy Undo Spell Set as a Digitally sign Work

check priority message offline
Outlook Express
button Here’s a quick explanation on how to compose and send an e-mail message:
1. If it’s not already opened, start Outlook Express by clicking the Outlook
Express button on the taskbar’s Quick Launch toolbar.
The Outlook Express program appears.
2. Click the Create Mail button on the Outlook Express toolbar.
Create Mail The New Message window appears, as shown in Figure 9-24, ready for you to write
button
your e-mail message. The first thing you have to do is specify the recipient’s e-mail
Other Ways to Compose
a Message: address in the To: field. You can either type this address in the To: box, or you can click
the Select Recipients from a list button that appears immediately to the left of the To:
• Select Compose → box.
New Message from the
If the recipient of your e-mail isn’t in the Address Book or if you want to type out their
menu.
address in the To: field,move on to the next step. If you want to select your recipient’s
• Press <Ctrl> + <N>. name from the Address Book (providing that they are in the address book), skip to Step
4.
3. Type the recipient’s e-mail address in the To: field.
If you need to send a message to more than one person, simply enter all the recipient’s
e-mail addresses, making sure you separate them with a comma (,) like this:
Select Recipients [email protected], [email protected]. Skip to Step 7 when you’re finished.
from List button 4. If the recipient is in your Address Book, click the Select recipients from
a list button to the left of the To: field.
The Select Recipients dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 9-27.

5. Click the name of the recipient in the Name list and click the To: button.
If you need to send a message to more than one person, you can repeat Step 5 to add
the other recipients. When you’re finished, move on to the next step.
6. Click OK.
Attach button
The Select Recipients dialog box closes and the recipient(s) appear in the To: field.
7. (Optional) To send a copy of a message to someone, click in the Cc: field
and/or the Bcc: field and Repeat Steps 3-6 to enter their e-mail
addresses, only click the Cc: or Bcc: button instead of the To: button.
Table 9-4: Ways to Address an E-mail Message gives a description of carbon copies
Send and Receive
button
(Cc) and Blind Carbon Copies (Bcc). Next, you have to enter the subject of the
message so your recipient(s) will know what your message is about. The subject will
appear in the heading of the message in the recipient’s inbox.
8. Click the Subject field and enter a subject for the e-mail.
Now you can type an actual e-mail message. Quick Reference
9. Click the pointer in the body of the message, in the lower pane, then type To Compose a Message:
the message as you would in a word processor. 1. Open Outlook Express.
Keep in mind that all the generic Windows programs commands you’ve learned—such 2. Click the Create Mail
as cutting, copying, pasting, and formatting text—will work in Outlook Express. button on the Outlook
10. (Optional) To check the spelling of your message, select Tools → Express toolbar.
Spelling from the menu. 3. Type the recipient’s
Outlook Express checks the spelling in your message, flags each word it can’t find in address in the To: field.
its dictionary, and suggests an alternate word. To replace an unknown word with a Or…
suggestion, select the suggestion in the Change To list and click the Change button. To Click the Select
ignore a word the spell checker doesn’t recognize, such as the name of a city, click recipients from a list
Ignore All. button to the left of the To:
11. (Optional) To send a file or picture along with your message click the field, click the name of the
Attach button on the toolbar and then select the file in the Insert recipient in the Name list,
Attachment dialog box. then click the To: button.
Click OK when you’re
12. When you’re finished with the message, click the Send Message button finished.
on the toolbar.
4. Click the Subject field
The message is sent to the Outbox folder, and will be sent the next time you click the and enter the message’s
Send and Receive button. Go to Step 13 if you want to send the message immediately. subject.
13. Click the Send and Receive button on the Outlook toolbar. 5. Click the pointer in the
Outlook sends all the messages that are stored in the Outbox folder and retrieves any lower pane and type the
new e-mail messages it finds on the e-mail server. message.
6. (Optional) Check the
Table 9-4: Ways to Address an E-mail Message spelling of your message
by selecting Tools →
Address Description Spelling from the menu.
To Sends the message to the recipient you specify (required) 7. (Optional) Attach a file by
Carbon Copy (Cc) Sends a copy of the message to a recipient who is not directly involved, clicking the Attach button
but would be interested in the message on the toolbar and then
selecting the file in the
Blind Carbon Copy (Bcc) Sends a copy of the message to a recipient without anyone else Insert Attachment dialog
knowing that they received the message box.
8. Click the Send Message
button on the toolbar to
send the message.
240 Computer Basics
Lesson 9-11: Adding a Name to

the Address Book
Figure 9-26
The Address Book window Add to
To: list
Figure 9-27
Add to
The Select Names window Cc: list
Figure 9-28
Add to
The Contact Properties Bcc: list
dialog box
Figure 9-26 Figure 9-27 Select the recipient(s)
Figure 9-28
Unless you only write to two or three people, it’s almost impossible to memorize the e-mail
addresses of everyone you correspond with, especially when they have e-mail addresses that
Address Book look something like [email protected]. Fortunately, if you use the
button Windows Address Book, you don’t have to. Simply enter the peoples’ name and e-mail
Other Ways to Open the addresses to whom you regularly send messages, and you’ll never have to remember another
Address Book: obscure e-mail address again. This lesson will show you how to add an e-mail address to the
Address Book.
• Press <Ctrl> + .
1. If it isn’t already open, start Outlook Express by clicking the Outlook
Express button on the taskbar’s Quick Launch toolbar.
The Outlook Express main program screen appears.

2. Click the Address Book button on the Outlook Express toolbar.
The Address Book window appears, as shown in Figure 9-26. Two types of items
appear in the Windows Address Book:
• Contacts: Contacts are the individual recipients in your Address Book.
• Groups: A group allows you to send messages to a group of recipients.
3. Click the New button on the Windows Address Book toolbar.
The New Entry dialog box appears with the Personal tab in front, as shown in Figure
9-28. Choose what type of entry you’d like to create, and where you want to put it. New Contact
button
4. Choose Internet Mail Address in the Select the Entry Type box, and
select Personal Address Book from the Put This Entry box. Select OK.
The New cc:Mail Address Properties dialog box appears.
5. Type the recipient’s first and last name in the appropriate fields.
6. Enter the recipient’s name in the Display Name box, then enter the e-
mail address
You can also click on the other tabs in the New Internet Mail Address Properties dialog
box to add additional information—such as phone numbers and addresses—about the
recipient.
7. Click OK to close the Properties dialog box.
You return to the Windows Address Book window, where the new contact appears.
8. Click the Address Window’s Close button to close it.
Quick Reference
To Add a Name to the
Address Book:
1. Start Outlook Express.
2. Click the Address Book
button on the Outlook
Express toolbar.
3. Click the New Entry
button on the Windows
Address Book toolbar.
4. Choose Internet Mail
Address and Personal
Address Book.
5. Type the recipient’s first
and last name and enter
the recipient’s e-mail
address.
6. To add additional
information about the
recipient, click on other
tabs in the New Internet
Mail Properties dialog
box.
7. Click OK, then close the
Address Book.
242 Computer Basics
Lesson 9-12: Receiving E-mail

Figure 9-29
This area displays the
Outlook Express’s Inbox messages in the highlighted
folder folder. Click or double-click the
message you want to read.
Figure 9-30
Messages that have not been
Outlook Express’s Inbox opened appear in bold and
have a closed envelope ( ). A
toolbar paper clip ( ) indicates an
attached message.
The contents of the selected

message appear in this area.
Figure 9-29
Compose a new Reply to all the recipients Send or receive a Find a contact
E-mail message of a message Print a message message or message
Reply to the author Forward a message Delete the Open the

of a message to someone else message address book
Figure 9-30
This lesson explains how to receive and read your e-mail messages with Outlook Express.
You’ll find it’s a lot easier to retrieve and read e-mail messages than it is to sort through and
read postal mail—no envelopes to rip open, no scribbled handwriting to decipher, no junk
mail to go through… well that’s not quite true. Unfortunately, the online world is plagued
with junk mail, called Spam, just like the postal world. Oh well.
1. If it isn’t already open, start Outlook Express by clicking the Outlook

Inbox folder Express button on the taskbar’s Quick Launch toolbar.
The Outlook Express main program screen appears.
2. Click the Inbox folder in the left pane of the Outlook Express window.
The contents of the Inbox folder appear in the upper-right pane of the Outlook Express
window, as shown in Figure 9-29. Let’s check and see if you have any new e-mail.
3. Click the Send and Receive button on the Outlook Express toolbar.
Normally, Outlook Express automatically checks your mail server for new messages
Send and Receive every 30 minutes. If it finds any new messages on your mail server, it downloads them
button and saves them to your computer. You can force Outlook to check for new messages by
Other Ways to Send and clicking the Send and Receive button. If you connect to the Internet with a modem
Receive Messages: connection, Outlook Express will automatically dial out and connect to the Internet to
establish a connection with your mail server.
• Press <Ctrl> + <M>.

Your new messages are saved in the Inbox folder. Any new, unread messages appear in
bold and have a closed envelope icon ( ) next to them. Here’s how to open and read a
message.
4. Click the message you want to read.
The contents of the message appear in the lower-right pane of Outlook Express, and the
From and Subject information appear at the top of this pane. You can also open a
message its own window—this is especially helpful when you want to read a long
message. Simply double-click the message you want to read. The message appears in
its own window. You can close the message’s window when you’re finished reading it
by clicking the window’s close button.
If a message has one or more files attached to it, a paper clip will also appear in this
area. If a message contains an attachment, go to Step 5 to open it. If not, skip ahead to
Step 6.
5. (Optional) To open any files attached to a message, click the paper clip
icon and then click the file you want to open from the list that appears
Paper Clip
from the paper clip.
Sometimes you’ll want to print a copy of a message. Here’s how to do it:
6. (Optional) To print a message, select File → Print from the menu, or
press <Ctrl> + . Click OK to print the message.
Quick Reference
To Receive and Read
E-mail Messages:
1. Start Outlook Express
and click the Inbox folder.
2. Click the Send
and Receive button on
the Outlook Express
toolbar.
3. Click or double-click the
message you want to
read.
To Open an Attached File:
• Follow the above steps to
read the message, then
click the paper clip icon,
and then click the file you
want to open from the list
that appears from the
paper clip.
To Print a Message:
• Follow the above steps to
read the message, then
select File → Print from
the menu, or press
<Ctrl>+ . Click OK to
print the message.
244 Computer Basics
Lesson 9-13: Replying to a

Message
Figure 9-31
You can reply to a
message. Outlook Express fills in the
address and subject fields
for you.
Type your reply here.
A copy, or quote, of the

original message is
included to help the reader
know which message you
are replying to.
Figure 9-31
You can reply to a message, just like you would answer a letter. This lesson explains how to
Reply to All do it.
button
1. Find and open the message you want to reply to.
You learned how to open and read messages in the previous lesson. Next, you need to
decide who you want to respond to. You have two choices:
Reply to Author • Reply to Author: Sends the reply only to the author of the message.
button • Reply to All: Sends the reply to everyone who received the message.
2. Click the reply option you want to use: Reply to Author or Reply to All.
A window appears where you can type your reply.
3. Type your reply and click the Send button on the toolbar when you’re
Quick Reference finished.
To Reply to a Message: You can use special characters to express emotion in your e-mail messages, in chat rooms, or
1. Find and open the elsewhere on the Internet. Table 9-5: Expressing Emotion in Your Messages has some of the
message you want to more common ones. Some of them resemble a face if you turn them sideways.
reply to.
2. Click the reply option you Table 9-5: Expressing Emotion in Your Messages
want to use: Reply to
Abbreviation Description Abbreviation Description
Author or Reply to All.
: ) or : - ) Smile FAQ Frequently asked questions
3. Type your reply and click
the Send button on the : ( or : - ( Frown IMHO In my humble opinion
toolbar when you’re
finished. ; ) or ; - ) Wink LOL Laughing out loud
: )~ or : - )~ Sticking tongue out ROTFL Rolling on the floor laughing
: O or : - O Surprise FWD Forwarded message

Lesson 9-14: Forwarding and

Deleting a Message
Figure 9-32
You can forward a
message.
Type the e-mail address of the
recipient you want to receive the
forwarded message.
Type any comments you want to

add to the message here.
The original message appears

here.
Figure 9-32
Forward Message
After you’ve read a message, you can add your own comments and forward it to someone button
else. Besides the typical business correspondence, many people especially like to forward e-
mails that contain jokes or words of wisdom.
1. Find and open the message you want to forward.
2. Click the Forward Message button on the toolbar. Quick Reference

A window appears with the message you are forwarding. You need to specify to whom To Forward a Message:
you want to send, or forward, the message. 1. Find and select the
3. Type the recipient’s e-mail address in the To: field or use the Address message you want to
Book to enter the recipient’s address. forward and click the
Forward Message button
You can also add your own comments about the message you are forwarding.
on the toolbar.
4. (Optional) To add your own comments to the message, click the message
2. Enter the recipient’s e-
body area and type your comments.
mail address in the To:
You’re ready to send the forwarded message. field.
5. Click the Send button on the toolbar to forward the message. 3. (Optional) Enter your own
Remember that clicking Send normally only sends it to the Outbox folder. You’ll have comments in the
to click the Send and Receive button to actually send the message. message body area.
When you no longer need a message, you can delete it to prevent your Inbox folder 4. Click the Send button on
from becoming cluttered with dozens of messages. Deleting a message is very, very the toolbar.
easy. Here’s how to do it: To Delete a Message:
6. Select the message you want to delete and press the <Delete> key. • Select the message you
The message is removed from the current folder and is placed in the Deleted Items want to delete and press
folder. the <Delete> key.
246 Computer Basics
Chapter Nine Review
Lesson Summary
Introduction to the Internet
• The Internet is the largest computer network in the world, with millions of computers all over the
world connected to each other.
• Web pages are stored on Web servers, which are always connected to the Internet so that people
can view their Web pages 24 hours a day.
• Some of things you can do using Internet include sending and receiving e-mail, browsing the World
Wide Web, posting and reading newsgroup messages, chatting with other Internet users, and
downloading software.
Connecting to the Internet

• To connect to the Internet you need an Internet Service Provider (ISP), a Web browser program,
and a phone line and modem or other connection to the Internet.
• To Connect to the Internet: Double-click the Internet Explorer icon on the desktop or click
the Internet Explorer icon on the Quick Launch toolbar. If necessary, enter your user name
and password and click Connect.
Displaying a Specific Web Page

• To Display a Specific Web Page: Type the Web address in the Address bar and
press <Enter>.
• Sometimes a Web page may not be available for viewing. This can be caused by a Web server
being down where the Web page is stored, by Internet congestion, or by the Web page no longer
existing. Try returning to the Web page later.
Browse the Web

• A hyperlink is a link to another Web page or file. The pointer changes to a whenever it is
positioned over a hyperlink.
• To Use a Hyperlink: Click the hyperlink with the pointer.
• To Go Back to the Previous Page: Click the Back button on the toolbar.
• To Stop the Transfer of Information: Click the Stop button on the toolbar.
• To Refresh a Web Page: Click the Refresh button on the toolbar.
• To Return to a Web Address you Typed in the Address Bar: Click Address bar’s arrow and
select the Web address.

Search the Web

• To Search the Web for Information Using Internet Explorer: Click the Search button on
the toolbar, type the word or phrase you want to search for in the Search the Web for box and
click Search, then click the link for the Web page you want to look at. Click the Search button on
the toolbar to close the search panel.
• To Search the Web for Information Using a Search Engine: Type the Web address for the
search engine in the Address bar and press <Enter>. Type the word or phrase you
want to search for in the Web page’s Search box and press <Enter>.
Adding a Web Page to Favorites and Changing your Start Page

• To Add a Web Page to Your List of Favorites: Go to the Web page, select Favorites → Add to
Favorites from the menu and click OK or right-click anywhere on the Web page and select Add to
Favorites from the shortcut menu.
• To Go To a Favorite Web Page: Click the Favorites button on the toolbar and select the
Web page from the left side of Internet Explorer, then click the Favorites button when you’re
finished. You can also go to a favorite Web page by selecting Favorites from the menu and
selecting the Web page.
• To Change Your Start or Home Page: Go to the Web page, select View → Internet Options
from the menu and click the Use Current button.
• To Organize Your Favorites: Select Favorites → Organize Favorites from the menu.
Displaying a History of Visited Web Pages

• To Display a History of Visited Web Pages: Click the History button on the toolbar and
click the day or week you viewed the Web page. Click the Web site you want to revisit and then the
specific Web page. Click the History button on the toolbar when you’ve finished.
Download Software
• To Save an Image on a Web Page to Disk: Right-click the image you want to save and select
Save Picture As from the shortcut menu, navigate to the drive and folder when you want to save
the image, give the image a different name if you want, and click OK.
• To Download a File: Right-click the file you want to download, select Save Target As from the
shortcut menu, navigate to the drive and folder when you want to save the file, give the file a
different name if you want, and click OK.
• Many programs and files on the Internet are stored in compressed ZIP files and need to be
unpacked using a program called WinZip.
Introduction to E-mail
• To Start Outlook Express: Click the Outlook Express button on the taskbar’s Quick Launch
toolbar or select Go → Mail from Internet Explorer’s menu.
Composing and Sending E-mail

• To Compose a Message: Start Outlook Express, click the Create Mail button on the
Outlook Express toolbar, type the recipient’s address in the To: field or click the Select recipients
from a list button to the left of the To: field, click the name of the recipient in the Name list, then
click the To: button and OK when you’re finished. Click the pointer in the lower pane and type the
message. Click the Send Message button on the toolbar to send the message.
248 Computer Basics
• To Check a Message for Spelling Errors: Before you send the message, select Tools →
Spelling from the menu.
• To Attach a File to a Message: Before you send the message click the Attach button on the
toolbar and then select the file in the Insert Attachment dialog box.
• You can address a message using To which sends the message to the recipient you specify
(required), Carbon Copy (Cc) which sends a copy of the message to a recipient who is not directly
involved, but would be interested in the message, and Blind Carbon Copy (Bcc) which sends a
copy of the message to a recipient without anyone else knowing that they received the message.
Adding a Name to the Address Book

• To Add a Name to the Address Book: Start Outlook Express, click the Address Book button on
the Outlook Express toolbar, and click the New Contact button on the Windows Address Book
toolbar. Choose Internet Mail Address and Personal Address Book. Type the recipient’s first
and last name in the appropriate fields and enter the recipient’s e-mail address in the Add New box
in the E-Mail Addresses section. To add additional information about the contact, click on other tabs
in the New Internet Mail Properties dialog box. Click OK, and then close the Address Book.
Receiving E-mail
• Outlook Express checks your mail server for new messages every 30 minutes, but you can also
check for new messages on-demand by clicking the Send and Receive button on the
Outlook Express toolbar.
• To Receive and Read E-mail Messages: Start Outlook Express and click the Inbox folder, click
the Send and Receive button on the Outlook Express toolbar, and click or double-click the
message you want to read.
• To Open an Attached File: Follow the above steps to read the message, then click the paper clip
icon and then click the file you want to open from the list that appears from the paper clip.
• To Print a Message: Follow the above steps to read the message, then select File → Print from
the menu, or press <Ctrl>+ . Click OK to print the message.
Replying to a Message
• To Reply to a Message: Find and open the message you want to reply to, click the reply option
you want to use: Reply to Author or Reply to All. Type your reply and click the Send button on
the toolbar when you’re finished.
Forwarding a Message
• To Forward a Message: Find and select the message you want to forward and click the
Forward Message button on the toolbar, enter the recipient’s e-mail address in the To: field, enter
your own comments in the message body area, and click the Send button on the toolbar.
• To Delete a Message: Select the message you want to delete and press the <Delete> key.

Quiz
1. A Web server is:
A. The world’s largest supercomputer that contains and runs the Internet.
B. A computer that stores Web pages and that is always connected to the Internet.
C. A computer that acts as a gateway between your office network and the Internet.
D. A waiter at a restaurant for spiders.
2. A Home page is the first Web page you see when you connect to the
Internet. (True or False?)
3. Which button on Internet Explorer’s toolbar brings you back to the page
you last viewed?
A. Home
B. Stop
C. Refresh
D. Back

A. Internet Explorer keeps a history of visited Web pages for 20 days.
B. A search engine lets you search for Web pages for topics that interest you.
C. Eudora is an e-mail program that comes with Windows XP.
D. You can download and save images from a Web page onto your computer.
5. When you’ve finished writing a letter in Outlook Express, clicking the Send
button on the toolbar will instantly send the message to its destination
(True or False?)

A. When you reply to a message, Outlook Express includes the content of the original
message to make it easy for the recipient to know which message you’re replying to.
B. E-mail messages can contain files, such as pictures and word processing documents
called attachments.
C. You can send anonymous e-mail using the Blind Carbon Copy (Bcc) field.
D. You can save a list of Web pages you visit frequently in Internet Explorer’s Favorites
list.
Homework
1. Get a subscription to the Internet.
2. Open Internet Explorer.
3. Go to the Yahoo Web site (www.yahoo.com).
4. Search the Internet for information on Russia.
5. Spend at least 30 minutes browsing the Web on whatever topics you want.
250 Computer Basics
Quiz Answers
1. A. A Web server is a computer that holds Web pages and is connected to the Internet
24 hours a day so that people can view those Web pages.
2. True.
3. C. The Back button returns you to the Web page you just left.
4. C. Eudora is a popular e-mail program, but it doesn’t come with Windows XP.
Outlook Express is the answer you want.
5. False. This was a trick question—when you click the Send button, you save the
message to the Inbox folder. In order to send any messages that are in the Inbox, you
need to click the Send and Receive button on the toolbar.
6. C. Adding a recipient to the Blind Carbon Copy field allows them to receive a
message without seeing who else received the message.

Index 251
Index
average access time, hard drive .............65
1
B
16-bit color ............................................55
back up
2
hard drive...........................................67
24-bit color ............................................55 tape drive ...........................................74
286 processor.........................................39 backspace key........................................47
Backspace key ............................. 113, 145
3 BASIC ...................................................95
32-bit color ............................................55 battery life, laptop..................................30
386 processor.........................................39 bit...........................................................41
3D graphics card....................................54 blind carbon copies (Bcc).................... 227
bold...................................................... 154
4 broadband modem .................................62
486 processor.........................................39 browsing
contents of your computer ....... 174, 176
8 help .................................................. 158
8088 processor.......................................39 Web pages........................................ 214
buffer, printer.........................................56
A bus speed ...............................................22
Access, Microsoft ..................................88 bus width ...............................................22
accounting software...............................91 buttons, toolbar.................................... 138
AccuPoint pointing device.....................51 buying a computer .................................28
adding buying a notebook .................................30
names to address book.....................228 byte ................................................ 41, 173
Address Bar, Internet Explorer ............213 C
address book
adding names ...................................228 C drive ................................................. 173
selecting names from .......................226 C, C++ ...................................................95
AGP .......................................................23 cable Internet connection..................... 211
Alt + Tab key combination ..................130 cable modem..........................................62
alt key ....................................................46 cache, memory.......................................24
Alt key ................................................. 113 camera, digital .......................................48
AltaVisa ...............................................217 carbon copies (Cc)............................... 227
application program...............................83 cartridges, printer...................................56
arrow keys ..................................... 47, 113 case, computer .......................................16
ASP........................................................95 CD-R .....................................................69
assembly language.................................94 CD-ROM....................................... 69, 173
Athlon processor....................................38 CD-ROM drive................................ 17, 68
attaching file, e-mail ............................227 CD-RW..................................................69
252 Index
Celeron processor ................................. 38 D

center alignment.................................. 157
database .................................................88
Central Processing Unit .............. See CPU
date
check boxes......................................... 140
finding file by ..................................194
clicking ............................................... 106
sort files by ......................................190
clipboard ............................................. 153
sorting files by .................................190
closing a window ................................ 126
delete key...............................................47
COBOL................................................. 95
Delete key ....................................113, 145
color
deleting
graphics card ..................................... 54
e-mail ...............................................233
InkJet printer ..................................... 58
files ..................................................182
laser printer ....................................... 59
folders ..............................................180
color depth ............................................ 54
Recyle Bin .......................................186
color laser printer .................................. 59
text ...................................................144
COM port.............................................. 21
delsecting files .....................................192
combo boxes ....................................... 140
Details view .........................................190
CompactFlash ....................................... 48
dialog boxes.........................................140
composing e-mail................................ 226
combo boxes ....................................140
compression .......................................... 67
list boxes ..........................................140
computer
text boxes.........................................140
back of .............................................. 20
digital camera.........................................48
buying ............................................... 28
digital modem ........................................62
inside of ............................................ 18
dot matrix printer ...................................59
laptop ................................................ 15
dot pitch, monitor...................................52
Macintosh ......................................... 15
double-clicking ....................................106
mainframe ......................................... 15
downloading files.................................222
networked ......................................... 15
dragging and dropping .........................108
overview ........................................... 14
resizing a window ............................128
pc15
window to new position...................127
PDA .................................................. 15
drivers
performance ...................................... 26
downloading from Internet ..............222
ports .................................................. 20
drives
server................................................. 15
types of ............................................172
speed ................................................. 26
DSL Internet connection ......................211
upgrading .......................................... 32
DSL modem...........................................62
computer case ....................................... 16
Duron processor.....................................38
computer, viewing contents of ............ 174
DVD drive .......................................17, 70
Copy command ................................... 152
DVD+R..................................................71
copying
DVD+RW ..............................................71
files ................................................. 184
DVD-R ..................................................70
folders ............................................. 180
DVD-RAM ............................................71
text and information........................ 152
DVD-ROM ............................................70
cpu ........................................................ 26
DVD-RW ...............................................71
CPU .................................................18, 38
upgrading .......................................... 33 E
CRT....................................................... 52
editing text ...........................................144
ctrl key .................................................. 46
Ctrl key ................................................113 e-mail
Cut command...................................... 152 address book, adding names ............228
address, overview ............................224
cutting
files ................................................. 184 attaching files to...............................227
folders ............................................. 180 composing........................................226
text and information........................ 152 deleting ............................................233
forwarding .......................................233
hotmail .............................................224

Index 253
introduction to .................................224 flat panel monitor ..................................52

printing ............................................231 floppy disk
receiving and reading.......................230 displaying properties of ................... 174
replying............................................232 formatting ..........................................75
sending.............................................226 viewing contents of.......................... 174
using Outlook Express.....................224 floppy disk........................................... 172
emotion, displaying in e-mail ..............232 floppy disks
emptying Recycle Bin .........................186 description of.....................................72
End key.......................................... 47, 113 floppy drive ..................................... 16, 72
Energy Star compliance .........................53 folder path ........................................... 188
enter key ................................................47 folders
Enter key.............................................. 113 copying ............................................ 180
ergonomic keyboard ..............................46 creating ............................................ 178
esc key ...................................................47 deleting ............................................ 180
Esc key ................................................ 113 moving............................................. 180
Ethernet port ..........................................21 opening ............................................ 176
Excel, Microsoft ....................................87 renaming.......................................... 178
Excite...................................................217 root folder ........................................ 177
Exiting Windows XP ........................... 114 selecting multiple............................. 192
expansion card .......................................18 fonts
expansion slot ..................................18, 22 changing type and size..................... 154
Explorer using bold, italics, and underlining.. 156
dragging and dropping in.................198 formatting text
font size ........................................... 154
F
font type........................................... 154
F1 key .................................... 46, 113, 158 paragraph alignment ........................ 157
Favorites Web pages ............................218 using bold, italics, and underlining.. 156
file extensions......................................188 formatting, floppy disk ..........................75
file management ..................................172 FORTRAN ............................................95
files forwarding e-mail ................................ 233
copying ............................................184 fragmentation.........................................67
deleting ............................................182
G
displaying details .............................190
extensions ........................................188 game port...............................................21
finding .............................................194 gb...........................................................41
moving.............................................184 GHz .......................................................38
naming .............................................146 gigabyte .................................................41
opening ....................................146, 182 gigahertz ................................................38
printing ............................................151 graphical user interface..........................82
renaming ..........................................182 graphics card..........................................26
rules for naming...............................146 grapics card ...........................................54
saving...............................................146 GUI........................................................82
saving in different formats and
H
locations.......................................162
selecting multiple.............................192 hard disk .............................................. 173
sorting ..............................................190 upgrading...........................................33
types of ............................................188 viewing contents of.......................... 174
finding hard drive...............................................17
files ..................................................194 back up ..............................................67
help ..................................................160 compression.......................................67
information on the Web ...................216 external ..............................................64
Firewire port ..........................................21 fragmentation............................... 27, 67
flash cards..............................................74 free space...........................................27
254 Index
internal .............................................. 64 ISP .............. See Internet Service Provider

maintenance ...................................... 66 IT12
repair ................................................. 67
J
speed ................................................. 27
hardware ............................................... 12 Java ........................................................95
help JavaScript...............................................95
Contents tab .................................... 158 Jaz drive.................................................73
Index tab ......................................... 160 joystick ..................................................51
Search tab........................................ 160 joystick port ...........................................21
Help JSP .........................................................95
F1 key ..............................................113
highlighting text.................................. 148 K
history of viewed Web pages .............. 220 kb ...........................................................41
home key............................................... 47 keyboard ..................................17, 46, 112
Home key.............................................113 keyboard combinations ........................112
home page............................................211 keyboard port.........................................21
home page, changing .......................... 219 kilobyte ..........................................41, 173
Hotbot ................................................. 217 kilobyte (K or KB)...............................173
hotmail ................................................ 224
HTML ................................................... 95 L
hyperlink ............................................. 214 laptop .....................................................15
I laptop, buying ........................................30
Large Icons view..................................190
IDE........................................................ 64 laser printer ............................................59
images, saving from Web pages.......... 222 LCD monitor..........................................52
information technology (IT) ................. 12 left align...............................................156
ink, printer............................................. 56 left mouse button .................................106
InkJet printer ......................................... 58 light pen .................................................51
input ...................................................... 14 line in jack .............................................21
input device Linux......................................................84
AccuPoint pointing device ................ 51 list boxes ..............................................140
joystick.............................................. 51 List view ..............................................190
keyboard ........................................... 46 Look in list...........................................146
light pen ............................................ 51 LPT port.................................................21
microphone ....................................... 51 LS-120 SuperDrive................................74
mouse................................................ 44 Lycos....................................................217
scanner .............................................. 51
touch pad........................................... 51 M
trackball ............................................ 51 Mac OS X ..............................................84
input devices machine language ..................................94
keyboard ........................................... 17 Macintosh ..............................................15
mouse................................................ 17 mainframe ..............................................15
scanner .............................................. 17 maximizing a window..........................122
input/output device ............................... 63 mb ..........................................................41
insertion point ..................................... 144 megabyte................................................41
Internet megabyte (MB)....................................173
connecting to................................... 210 megahertz...............................................38
introduction to................................. 208 megapixel...............................................48
Internet Connection Wizard .................211 memory............................................18, 26
Internet Service Provider .................... 210 cards...................................................48
Iomega .................................................. 73 compared to ROM .............................42
ISA........................................................ 23 graphics card......................................54
ISDN Internet connection ....................211 measuring...........................................40
ISDN modem ........................................ 62 printer.................................................56

Index 255
upgrading...........................................33 composing messages ....................... 226

memory cache........................................24 deleting ............................................ 233
Memory Stick ........................................48 folders.............................................. 225
menu ....................................................136 forwarding ....................................... 233
MHz.......................................................38 printing ............................................ 231
microphone ......................................51, 60 receiving messages .......................... 230
microphone jack ....................................21 replying............................................ 232
mimimizing a window .........................122 sending messages ............................ 226
modem ...................................................62 starting............................................. 224
modem port............................................21 output.....................................................14
monitor ............................................17, 52 output device
monitor port ...........................................21 graphics card......................................54
motherboard...........................................18 monitor ..............................................52
mouse.......................................17, 44, 106 printer .......................................... 56, 58
clicking ............................................106 sound card .........................................60
double-clicking ................................106 output devices
dragging and dropping.....................108 monitor ..............................................17
left mouse button .............................106 printer ................................................17
pointing............................................106 speakers .............................................17
right mouse button ........................... 110
P
right-clicking ................................... 110
mouse port .............................................21 page down key.......................................47
moving Page Down key.................................... 113
files ..................................................184 page up key............................................47
folders ..............................................180 Page Up key......................................... 113
window ............................................127 Palm OS.................................................84
MP3 file .................................................60 PalmPilot ...............................................15
MS-DOS ................................................84 palmtop..................................................15
multifunction printer..............................59 paragraph alignment ............................ 157
multitasking ...........................................27 parallel port............................................21
My Computer.......................................174 Paste command.................................... 152
My Computer.......................................104 pasting
My Documents ....................................104 files .................................................. 184
My Network Places .............................104 folders.............................................. 180
text and information ........................ 152
N
patches, downloading .......................... 222
naming files .........................................146 path ...................................................... 188
network port...........................................21 pc15
notebook ................................................15 PCI.........................................................23
notebook, buying ...................................30 PCMCIA cards ......................................18
PDA.......................................................15
O
Pentium processor .................................38
opening performance, computer..........................26
files ..................................................182 Perl ........................................................95
files in programs ..............................146 personal computer .................................15
folders ..............................................176 PHP .......................................................95
My Computer...................................174 pictures
operating system ..............................83, 84 saving from Web pages.................... 222
optical mouse.........................................44 plotter ....................................................59
Outlook Express Pocket PC ..............................................15
address book, adding names ............228 pointer.................................................. 106
address book, selecting names .........226 pointing................................................ 106
attaching files to messages...............227 ports.......................................................20
256 Index
COM ................................................. 21 programs

Ethernet............................................. 21 closing..............................................126
Firewire............................................. 21 maximizing ......................................124
game.................................................. 21 minimizing.......................................124
IEEE 1394......................................... 21 opening files in ................................146
joystick.............................................. 21 printing from....................................151
keyboard ........................................... 21 restoring ...........................................124
line in ................................................ 21 saving files in...................................146
line out .............................................. 21 starting .............................................120
LPT ................................................... 21 switching between ...........................130
microphone ....................................... 21
Q
modem .............................................. 21
monitor.............................................. 21 QuickBooks ...........................................91
mouse................................................ 21 Quicken..................................................91
network ............................................. 21
parallel .............................................. 21 R
phone................................................. 21 RAM ................................................18, 26
printer................................................ 21 compared to ROM .............................42
SCSI.................................................. 21 measuring...........................................40
serial.................................................. 21 upgrading ...........................................33
USB................................................... 21 receiving e-mail ...................................230
PowerPoint, Microsoft .......................... 90 Recycle Bin..........................................104
presentation software ............................ 90 emptying ..........................................186
Print command.................................... 151 retrieving deleted files from.............186
Print Dialog box.................................. 151 refresh a Web page...............................215
printer.................................................... 17 refresh rate, monitor...............................53
cartridges and toner........................... 56 removable drive ...................................173
color .................................................. 56 renaming
color laser.......................................... 59 files ..................................................182
dot matrix.......................................... 59 folders ..............................................178
grayscale ........................................... 56 repair
InkJet................................................. 58 hard drive...........................................67
laser................................................... 59 replacing text .......................................148
multifunction..................................... 59 reply, e-mail .........................................232
plotter................................................ 59 resizing a window ................................128
resolution .......................................... 56 resolution
speed ................................................. 56 digital cameras ...................................48
printer port ............................................ 21 printer.................................................56
printing screen .................................................54
e-mail .............................................. 231 Restart option.......................................115
number of copies............................. 151 restoring a window ..............................122
options............................................. 151 right mouse button ...............................110
page range ....................................... 151 right-clicking .......................................110
properties ........................................ 151 ROM ......................................................42
selecting printers ............................. 151 ROM-BIOS............................................18
processor root folder ............................................177
286 .................................................... 39
386 .................................................... 39 S
486 .................................................... 39 Save As command................................162
Athlon ............................................... 38 saving
Celeron.............................................. 38 files in a program .............................146
Duron ................................................ 38 images from Web pages ...................222
Pentium ............................................. 38 scanner .............................................17, 51
programming languages........................ 94 screen saver............................................53

Index 257
scroll bars ....................................122, 140 hard drive...........................................64

SCSI.......................................................64 Jaz drive.............................................73
SCSI port ...............................................21 LS-120 SuperDrive............................74
search tape drive ...........................................74
Web..................................................216 USB flash drive .................................74
searching Zip drive ............................................73
for files.............................................194 SuperDrive ............................................74
help ..................................................160 switching between program................. 130
selecting system unit.............................................16
multiple files and folders .................192 systems development.............................96
text ...................................................144
T
selecting text........................................148
sending e-mail .....................................226 tab key ...................................................47
serial port ...............................................21 Tab key ................................................ 113
shortcut menus..................................... 110 tape backup............................................17
Shut Down options .............................. 115 Task window........................................ 130
Shutting down Windows XP................ 114 taskbar
Small Icons view .................................190 switching between programs ........... 130
SmartMedia ...........................................48 taskbar ................................................. 104
software .................................................12 telephone port ........................................21
accounting..........................................91 terabyte ..................................................41
application program...........................83 text
database .............................................88 copying ............................................ 152
operating system ................................83 cutting.............................................. 152
presentation........................................90 deleting ............................................ 144
programming languages ....................94 editing.............................................. 144
spreadsheet ........................................87 pasting ............................................. 152
versions..............................................83 replacing .......................................... 148
Web Authoring...................................93 selecting........................................... 148
Web browser ......................................92 text boxes............................................. 140
word processing.................................86 thumbnail...............................................82
Solitaire title bar................................................. 122
dragging and dropping.....................108 toner, laser .............................................56
sound card..............................................60 toolbars ................................................ 138
sound card ports.....................................21 touch pad ...............................................51
speakers ...........................................17, 60 track ball................................................51
speed, computer .....................................26 turning off computer............................ 114
spooler, printer.......................................56 turning on computer and monitor ........ 102
spreadsheet ............................................87
SQL .......................................................95 U
Stand by option.................................... 115 underline.............................................. 156
Start button ..........................................104 Undo command ................................... 150
Start command.....................................120 upgrades, software.................................83
starting upgrading a computer ............................32
programs ..........................................120 USB flash drive .....................................74
Windows..........................................102 USB port................................................21
Status bar .............................................122
stop transfer of Web pages...................215 V
storage device versions, software..................................83
CD-ROM drive ..................................68 video card ........................................ 26, 54
DVD drive .........................................70 Video port ..............................................21
flash card ...........................................74 virus, computer......................................67
floppy drive .......................................72 Visual Basic...........................................95
258 Index
W Windows XP
exiting ..............................................114
wallpaper
loading .............................................102
saving images from Web pages....... 222
starting .............................................102
Web ..................................................... 208
Welcome window ............................102
browsing ......................................... 214
Windows, operating system ...................84
downloading files............................ 222
WinZIP program ..................................223
Favorites ......................................... 218
wireless mouse.......................................44
history of viewed Web pages .......... 220
word processing .....................................86
home page ........................................211
Word, Microsoft.....................................86
home page, changing ...................... 219
WordPad
saving images.................................. 222
cutting, copying, and pasting text ....152
search .............................................. 216
deleting text .....................................144
WEB
editing text .......................................144
links................................................. 214
entering text in .................................142
Web address ........................................ 212
paragraph alignment ........................157
Web Authoring software ....................... 93
printing.............................................151
Web browser ....................................... 210
selecting and replacing text..............148
web cam ................................................ 48
using Undo.......................................150
Web server .......................................... 208
World Wide Web..................................208
Web, moving to a specific Web page .. 212
window X
closing......................................122, 126
XML ......................................................95
maximizing ..................................... 124
maximizing button .......................... 122 Y
menus.............................................. 136
minimizing ...............................122, 124 Yahoo...................................................217
moving ............................................ 127 Z
resizing............................................ 128
restoring ...................................122, 124 Zip drive ..........................................17, 73
switching between........................... 130 zipped files...........................................223

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Microsoft®

Lesson 3-1: Understanding Graphical User Interfaces.........................................................82

 2002 CustomGuide, Inc.

How to Use the Lessons

Illustrations show what your

Figure 4-4 Figure 4-5

guide you through the exercise.

 2002 CustomGuide, Inc.

2. Click cell A4 and type Annual Sales.

Lesson 1-1: Hardware,

 2003 CustomGuide Inc.

Table 1-1: Parts of a Computer

Your Organization’s Name Here

Lesson 1-2: Computer Overview

Input Process/Storage Output

 2003 CustomGuide Inc.

Table 1-2: Types of Computers

Your Organization’s Name Here

Lesson 1-3: The Front of a

CD-ROM or System unit

Table 1-3: What’s on the Front or Outside of a Computer Case?

 2003 CustomGuide Inc.

Your Organization’s Name Here

Lesson 1-4: The Inside of a

Hard disk drive

Everything plugs into a Table 1-4: What’s Inside a Computer Case?

 2003 CustomGuide Inc.

Your Organization’s Name Here

Lesson 1-5: The Back of a

Keyboard port Mouse port

Parallel port (printer)

 2003 CustomGuide Inc.

Table 1-5: What’s on the Back of a Computer Case?

Designed to replace older Serial and Parallel ports, the

Your Organization’s Name Here

Lesson 1-6: System Bus and

Highway System Bus

 2003 CustomGuide Inc.

Table 1-6: Common Types of Expansion Cards

Your Organization’s Name Here

Lesson 1-7: Memory Cache

 2003 CustomGuide Inc.

Your Organization’s Name Here

Lesson 1-8: Computer

Table 1-7: Factors that Affect Computer Performance

 2003 CustomGuide Inc.

Free Hard Disk

Your Organization’s Name Here

Lesson 1-9: Buying a Desktop

Table 1-8: Desktop Computer Buyer’s Guide

 2003 CustomGuide Inc.

Factor Budget Middle of the Road High End, Gaming

* This information was updated May 2003.

Your Organization’s Name Here

Lesson 1-10: Buying a Notebook

 2003 CustomGuide Inc.

• Included Devices and Features

Table 1-9: Notebook Buyer’s Guide

* This information was updated May 2003.