INDIAN PERSPECTIVES ON PEACE AND CONFLICT (BGP-002)

TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT

Course Code: BGP- 002

Assignment Code: BGP-002/ Asst/TMA/2020

Marks: 100

Answer five questions in all, selecting at least two questions from each section.

Each question is to be answered in about 500 words. Each question carries 20

marks.

SECTION- I

1. Trace the evolution and concept of peace movements in Indian perspective.

2. Describe the nature of religious pluralism in India.

3. Describe Gandhi’s thought on Rural-Urban Divide.

4. Examine the factors responsible for the breakdown of the joint family in

India.

5. Explain the nature of government policy and programme to reduce

economic disparity.
 SECTION- II

Write a short note on each part of the following questions in about 250 words.

6. a) Approaches to determine quality of life

b) Sustainable management of natural resources

7. a) Principle of Structural Violence

b) Role of judiciary in protecting the Fundamental Rights of the Indian citizens

8. a) Gandhi’s non-violent resistance movement

b) The Role of United Nations to resolve conflicts and peace keeping

9. a) Inter-state conflicts in Asia

b) Ethnic conflicts in India

10. a) Difference between Imposed and Consensual Peace

b) Means of Justice in India

 SECTION- I

2. Describe the nature of religious pluralism in India.

SOLUTION

In any general public there continue developing inside clashes or debates.

These are caused in light of different reasons social, financial and political. The

Social reasons emerge from the social structure of the general public. Divisions

or gatherings in the public eye, due the distinctions in values, openings,

admittance to assets or force or blends of social semantic, strict, ethnic and

monetary components cause clashes. In this manner to get reasons and

nature of inner clashes and approaches to oversee them it is imperative to

comprehend the social structure of society. The social structure comprises of

strict, social, ethnic, station, local and phonetic personalities. Based on these,

social orders might be homogenous or heterogeneous comprising of one

personality or other. While homogenous society comprises of it is possible

that one character or just about one personality with some minor different

personalities, heterogeneous social orders comprise of majority of gatherings.

One gathering might be in larger part however others – the minority

gatherings – are additionally critical in number and for the most part aware of

their personality.
India is among the most plural and complex social orders on the planet.

Practically all religions in the world are obvious here. The nation is contained

various districts whose individuals communicate in various dialects. 28 dialects

have been Recognized by the Constitution as public dialects. There are likewise

many dialects and lingos. Aside from Varna framework in Hindu Society

isolating it into four classifications, there are different positions, subcastes and

sub-sub ranks. Cultural fracture, on occasion, turns into the reason for social

or then again even political clashes. Among different social gatherings, position

and religions have been the premise of different clashes and debates

Another significant part of pluralism of India and now and again cause for a

social clash is religion. As is notable, India is home to numerous religions.

Practically all significant religions in the world have supporters in India. These

incorporate Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism and a

few others in little numbers. Hindus establish 79.8% of populace and are

available in pretty much all aspects of the nation. Islam is the second most

predominant religion with 14.2% populace; Sikhs, Christians and Buddhists are

relatively little in numbers yet are significant aspect of India's variety. Sikhs

comprise a lion's share of about 60% in the province of Punjab, Muslims

comprise lion's share in Jammu and Kashmir and have critical presence in

conditions of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Kerala, Maharashtra and

Assam. Christians likewise are spread all over India with noteworthy populace

in North Eastern States, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. At Social level, by and large,

there is amicable conjunction and regard for one another's religion.

Notwithstanding, a few personal stakes especially for political help, abuse the

strict assumptions of masses to keep them partitioned. That now and again

causes clashes and development of communalism

3. Describe Gandhi’s thought on Rural-Urban Divide.

SOLUTION

The roots of Rural-Urban partition are first found in Gandhian financial idea.

Gandhi, who attempted profound investigation of Indian neediness in the light

of history of India and British India government approaches, set up the way
that Indian Poverty isn't because of its Culture of Poverty however British

private enterprise in India was forcefully occupied with what Schumpeter calls

imaginative annihilation. Above all else it crushed bungalow enterprises like

hand turning. Another basic reason for neediness was presentation of

metropolitan inclination by the British organization. This metropolitan

inclination strategy drove improvement of urban communities at the expense

of towns and agrarian area (B. N. Ghosh. 2012, pp. 64-65). As indicated by

Gandhi, when the English first settled themselves in Quite a while their

thought was to fabricate urban communities where all rich individuals will

float and help them in abusing the open country. These urban communities

were made somewhat lovely; administrations of assorted types were made

accessible to their inhabitation while the a large number of towns were left

overflowing with sad obliviousness and hopelessness. To Gandhi, metropolitan

predisposition by suggestion implied the development of current capital

serious ventures, dehumanization and misuse of work and convergence of

financial power. Gandhi had a procedure of advancement that obviously was

rustic one-sided. He engaged this thought of town swaraj (Gandhi 1942). He

clarified that India's salvation could just get through the rancher (Erikson,

1969, p. 283).
Since India decided on the westernized model with the weakened arrangement

of Communist/ Communist organization under the blended economy focusing

on fair communism key interest in large enterprises/essential ventures and

urbanization was made more prominent than interest in agribusiness and

town improvement. The seeds of rustic metropolitan separation subsequently,

got planted in Indian arranging. 'I am contemplating Gandhi's Approach, I am

mindful of the best machines and innovation yet looking to the situation of

India, notwithstanding the quick advancement that we can make in current

age; for the long time, it won't contact ordinary citizens hand. We should pick

creation frameworks where individuals can partake underway regardless of

whether it is less productive in contrast with current procedures' (Nehru,

11-12-1963 in Lok Sabha).

Micheal Lipton (1980) in his examination on Rural-Urban gap draws out that

individuals in South Asia and India are generally poor because of metropolitan

inclination as in arranging and assets got redirected for the improvement of

metropolitan urban communities at the expense of country towns.

Subsequently, uncalled for circulation of assets and helpless portion of

interest in horticulture, considerably less assets for the advancement of

provincial foundation and social overheads prompted three major harming

results, in particular (1) Denial of equity as in biggest non-provincial individuals

(80%) got not even 20% of arranged assets (2) the restricted assets in this

manner drove to wasteful use as more prominent rate gets back with huge

country business might have been conceivable and (3) Rural area got misused

to create metropolitan area as could be seen in different confirmations of

various provincial metropolitan similar pointers, for example, (I) Investment in

Horticulture (ii) Investment in Rural street and Electricity and water and so

forth (iii) Correction of Ominous Terms of exchange Agriculture and so forth

4. Examine the factors responsible for the breakdown of the joint family in

India.

SOLUTION

Causes of breakdown of Joint Family:

The causes responsible for the ​breakdown of the joint family system are as

follows.

1. Industrialisation:

With the coming of the British in India a cycle of industrialisation began which

achieved expansive changes in the Indian social and monetary life.

Industrialisation brought about the progression of rustic populace to the

metropolitan regions.

2. Urbanization:

Alongside the cycle of industrialisation, the cycle of urbanization has brought

about the debilitating of the joint family framework in India. Metropolitan

populace has developed at a quicker rate in our nation in most recent couple

of many years

3 education

Education has influenced joint family framework in a larger number of ways

than one. It has achieved changes in mentalities, convictions, qualities and

philosophies of the individuals. These progressions are obvious among the two

guys and females who are instructed. Education has additionally made

individualistic mentalities among the informed people. Thus, education has

neutralized the support of the joint family framework.

4. Edification of Women:

The informed Indian ladies are dazzled by the advanced family life. They have

gotten aware of their privileges and balance with men. They have begun

utilizing educational and business openings.

5. The Impact of Western Culture:

The effect of Western culture can be seen from numerous points of view. First

it brought about the beliefs of freedom and fairness. Second, it brought about

independence. Third, it brought about realism. As a consolidated aftereffect of

this Western impact, the old and conventional Hindu qualities went through

enormous changes and the very idea of joint living was influenced.

6. Over-Population:

Over-populace has caused unreasonable weight on the agrarian and private

land. The horticulture no longer gives work to the ever-expanding number of

individuals relying upon it. Poor people and the jobless desert their homes

looking for work somewhere else.

7. Family Quarrels:

Struggle or family squabble has caused the breakdown of joint family

framework. Clashes with respect to family property, its salary and use,
inconsistent dispersion of work at home and individual conflicts between ladies

lead to the separation of joint families.

SECTION- II

Write a short note on each part of the following questions in about 250

words.

9. a) Inter-state conflicts in Asia

​SOLUTION

Europe since the 1990s was 'prepared for harmony' due to the melting away of

elements like offense strength, militarism and hyper-patriotism in their

international strategy arranging and usage. Furthermore, democratization,

less delineation of social orders on social and monetary grounds and missing

'warlike' forceful progressive states at their inward 'foundational' level.

Interestingly, Asia, since the 1990s saw the dominance of frail/fizzled

(generally a Western {American} imagine) states attributable to delayed inside

common wars, political flimsiness, absence of common society, ethnic, racial

distortions presenting overwhelming difficulties to the statecraft and

administration. In South Asia, for example, India and Pakistan have been

examples of feeble states. Pakistan, since its initiation, needed to attempt

numerous difficulties like framing the administration, establishment of

Constitution, incessant and proceeded with military autocracy, partisan

viciousness, financial unrest, defilement, exercises of assailants and numerous

undemocratic practices. The Islamic personality which was previously the

cornerstone of the establishment of the state has been utilized to raise,

sustain and spoil revolutionaries. With the outcome that US President Barak

Obama once labeled Pakistan as the 'spoon of illegal intimidation'. Any

researcher would have questioned the very presence of the state for what it's

worth. India as a country state has been seen both as a solid and a feeble state

by its faultfinders what's more, admirers. While one considered the to be as

an 'abusive monopolist of intensity', others accepted that it came up short on

the will and the solidarity to face the West or put its own minorities in their

place. One appeared to invite the conceivable crumbling of the

nation; others were 'alarmed by the separation of India,' imagining that 'India

has still not recuperated from parcel and any further severances would

prompt 'Balkanization' of the nation. Jawaharlal Nehru once brought up that

India was home to all that is really sickening just as really respectable in the
human condition. Contemporary India, says Ramchandra Guha, similar to

bygone eras, is home to pluralists and liberals just as to devotees and

sectarians; to caring social laborers just as to voracious government officials; to

legit and upstanding authorities just as to authorities who are deadbeats; to

industrialists who disperse their riches unobtrusively and broadly just as to the

individuals who look for just to openly what's more, provocatively show it.

"We are somehow or another where Europe needs to be, however we have a

gigantic activity of change, of fixing our harmed establishments, and of

creating new ones."

b) Ethnic conflicts in India

SOLUTION

Language Conflict

In 1980s strain and struggle emerged over the issue of language. The

government's longing to make a more extensive public development in a

something else segmental ethnic culture sped up pressures in a few pieces of

the nation. The Government chose Hindi as the public language to make a

public network by joining all the individuals from the distinctive ethnic

networks. This endeavor at 'solidarity in variety' had antagonistic impact on

the Indian populace. We have confirmations of brutality in the South like Tamil

Nadu, where extreme revolting occurred over the Hindi issue. As indicated by

the non-Hindi speakers, the language strategy of the legislature implied a bit

of leeway for the Hindi speakers, who are seen to overwhelm the monetary

establishments and have political power. To represent this kind of contention,

we will portray the language struggle in Assam

religious Conflict

The beginning of strict clashes in India is regularly credited to the approach of

Muslims to this nation. Yet, this sort of theorisation is incorrect, as

communalism, as a socio-political structure is a cutting edge wonder. Pressures

had won between the Hindus and Muslims preceding the provincial standard,

due to the seizure or dispossession of intensity of the Hindus by the Muslims

(Malabar). In any case, these strains were highlighted later with the British

presentation of appointive strategy and the radical gap and-rule strategy; this

offered ascend to the seriousness and aggression between the two networks.

This later appeared in the rise of the Muslim League driving later to the

arrangement of Pakistan.
10. a) Difference between Imposed and Consensual Peace

SOLUTION

Haavelsrud (1975) proposed that harmony instruction, as on account of all

training, ought to be directed in three territories: (1) Information; (2)

Attitudes; and (3) Action. It comprises of Awareness, Investigation and Action.

Harmony training is a section in the bigger system focusing on social change. It

is an extraordinary change for better. In this plan, the change of the individual

is the essential imperative. This individual change bit by bit gets a change in

the framework/structure. Separately and all in all, it gets basic to meet up for

'figuring out how to live respectively, making mindfulness about others'

adversities, dissecting the circumstance soundly and making a move with

eagerness to create the positive outcomes'. It is critical to note that harmony

instruction can be advanced uniquely in a climate of peacefulness. There is a

vital connection between human instinct and savagery. As Gandhi accepted,

the evil can be defeat by an unflinching adherence to peacefulness. In any

case, comprehensively, he accepted that all human creatures are inalienably

acceptable. It is through this conviction that he drew out the outline for

improvement, 'Useful Program'. It focuses on social change through

peacefulness. So also, during the time spent harmony instruction, the

individual is presented to the obvious real factors of the world wherein there
are extreme differences and makes him/her comprehend the ground real

factors in which a huge number of their brethren live. This builds up the

capacity to get others, and furthermore the eagerness to change things for

better. This is the thing that John Dewey named as 'world energy', or making a

superior world.

b) Means of Justice in India

SOLUTION

The Judiciary is a system of ​courts which interpret and apply the ​law​.

The role of the courts is to decide cases by determining the relevant

facts and the relevant ​law​, and applying the relevant ​facts to the relevant

law​. The Indian Judiciary administers a ​common law system in which

customs​, securities and legislation, all ​codify the law of the land. It has,

in fact, inherited the legacy of the legal system established by ​the then

colonial powers and the ​princely states since the mid-19th century, and

has partly retained the characteristics of practices from the ancient​[ and

medieval times.

The Indian Judicial system is totally managed and administrated by

officers of judicial service unlike in the past when ​civil service officers

also were part of judicial system. As per the ​Constitution of India​, judicial

service in India is an arm of the ​All India Services but, due to various
reasons, judges are appointed through the respective ​state public

service commissions or by the ​High Court up to the post of district judge.

Judges of the High Court and ​Supreme Court are appointed by the

President of India on the recommendation of a ​collegium​. The Judicial

system of India is classified into three levels with subsidiary parts.

The ​Supreme Court of India​, also known as the Apex Court, is the top

court and the last ​appellate court in India, and the ​Chief Justice of India

is its top authority. High Courts are the top judicial bodies in the states

controlled and managed by Chief Justices of States. Below the High

Court are District Courts, also known as subordinate courts, controlled

and managed by the District & Sessions Judges. The subordinate court

system is further classified into two: the civil court of which a Sub-Judge

is the head followed by the munsif court at the lower level, and the

criminal court headed by Chief Judicial/Metropolitan Magistrate at top

and followed by ACJM /ACMM & JM/MM at the lower level.

The another court is executive & revenue court which are managed and

controlled by state government through District Magistrate &

Commissioner, respectively. Although the executive courts are not the

part of judiciary but various provisions and judgements empower the

High Courts and the Session Judges to inspect or direct the working of

executive courts