CHARACTER FORMATION WITH LEADERSHIP, DECISIONM MAKING,

ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT

MODULE: Sept 14 – 19, 2020
CHAPTER 1 (CHARACTER FORMATION)
Introduction
Character is a psychological notion that refers to all the habitual ways of feeling
and reacting that distinguish one individual from another. Sigmund Freud had a
sustained interest in the question of character formation, since it touches on the major
themes that interested him: "anatomo-physiological destiny," memory traces, and,
more generally, the role of acquired traits, as well as the function of sublimation with
regard to the "remains" of the pregenital libido.
In The Interpretation of Dreams (1900a), Freud defined character in relationship
to the unconscious: "What we describe as our 'character' is based on the memory-
traces of our impressions; and, moreover, the impressions which have had the greatest
effect on us—those of our earliest youth—are precisely the ones which scarcely ever
become conscious" (pp. 539-540). This definition posits character as a sort of memory,
a collection of traces. Five years later, in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
(1905d), Freud emphasized individual psychic activity: "

Learning outcome:
At the end of the topic, the students will be able to:

 Define the concept of character formation

 Discuss the contributing factors of character formation
 Enumerate the different types of character formation
 Identify the different character traits

Learning content
It contains readings, selection and discussion questions and sets of activities that
students can work on individually or by group.
1.1. Character Formation
1.2. Contributing Factors of Character Formation
1.3. General Types of Character Formation
 1.4. Six (6) Pillars of Good Character Formation
1.5. Types of Character
1.6. Character Traits
A. What is Character Formation?
It is derived from greek word “charassein” referring to an engraving
instrument; originally used of a marked impressed upon a coin or the mark cut by it.
Then it was applied to a distinctive mark of a personality; and gradually, to the sum
total of such mark, each individual one is being called characteristics.
It is a trademark of being a person.

Character Building
It is the process by which the individual, through interaction of biologically
transmitted predispositions with the environment, develops stable pattern of
functioning, thinking and feeling.

B. What are the different Contributing Factors of Character Formation?

The following are different contributing factors of character formation:

1. Parental Influence- is the most important of all the factors responsible for
personality development.
2. Home Environment- home as cradle of human character and personality largely
contribute to the character formation of a child.
3. School Environment- to perfect the total development of a childs character and
attitude, besides the home environment, a childs school
environment too plays a major role in shaping the childs
personality.
4. Culture- everyone has different character and values because of the
different cultures where everyone is exposed
C. What are the five (5) Factors that determine the Character Personality
Traits?
Five Factors that Determine Character or Personality Traits
 1. Openness
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism

What are the different General Types of Character Formation?

General Types of Characters:
1. Positive Character
2. Negative Character
3. Neutral Character

1. Positive Character- Positive character traits are those things that draw us to
other people. When someone is generous, kind, energetic, or
optimistic they exude energy that attracts others. Of course, who
wouldn’t want to spend time with a warm, open, and loving
person?
Now, when we turn the mirror back on ourselves, many times we
notice not-so-positive character traits…things like jealousy,
selfishness, immaturity, or greed. These can all be changed. If you
are not getting the results you want in life, the first place to look is
at how you are interacting with the world.
Positive character traits can be developed in ourselves. There is a
simple, three step process to integrate a new positive trait into
your life.

2. Negative Character- The majority of people would consider the character traits
described below to be "bad" or “negative”. However, "bad"
or “negative” is defined by the culture in which one lives. For
example, for a priest "aggressive" might be a negative trait
while for a soccer player or salesman, it is usually a
desirable trait. 
Negative personality adjectives

 angry
  bewildered
 clumsy
 defeated
 embarrassed
 fierce
 grumpy

3. Neutral Character - A neutral character does what seems to be a good idea. She
doesn't feel strongly one way or the other when it comes to
good vs. evil or law vs. chaos. Most neutral characters exhibit a
lack of conviction or bias rather than a commitment to
neutrality. Such a character thinks of good as better than evil-
after all, she would rather have good neighbors and rulers than
evil ones. Still, she's not personally committed to upholding
good in any abstract or universal way.

Some neutral characters, on the other hand, commit themselves

philosophically to neutrality. They see good, evil, law, and chaos
as prejudices and dangerous extremes. They advocate the
middle way of neutrality as the best, most balanced road in the
long run.

Neutral is the best alignment you can be because it means you

act naturally, without prejudice or compulsion.

Neutral can be a dangerous alignment when it represents

apathy, indifference, and a lack of conviction.

D. What are different Pillars of Good Character?

1. Trustworthiness - This is the pillar of good character that is considered the
most complicated of the six core ethical values.
 Honesty
 Truthfulness
 Sincerity
 Candor
 Integrity
 Loyalty
2. Reliability- This pillar of good character takes into consideration the
reliability.
 Avoid faith excuses
 Avoid unwise commitments
 Avoid unclear commitments
3. Responsibility- They exhibit the ability to respond to expectations.
4. Fairness
5. Caring
6. Citizenship

E. What is the definition of Character Traits?

1. Self-realized character - a person with this type of character is ever

enthusiastic for he knows his potentialities and
limitations.
2. Covetous Character- this refer to a jealous or acquisitive character
3. Superstitious Character- in a way that all are superstitious but when were over
superstitious then problem starts.
4. Egoistic Character- the person thinks that worlds runs due to him and
everything and everybody should respect him as
such.
5. Anti-social Character- a person who neither cares for the norms set by the
society nor cares for the moral or ethical values is an
anti-social character.
6. Insincere Character- when a person does something good for us, we
express our sincere thanks and go extra mile in being
sincere to that person in whatever way it is possible
for us. Contrarily, a person who thinks others is there
for serving him and is without any warmth feelings for
others.
7. Complacent Character-
F. What are the different character traits?

1. Alertness - being aware of what is taking place around.

2. Attentiveness - showing the worth of a person or task but giving
undivided concentration.
3. Availability - making own schedule on priorities secondary to the
wishes of those being served.
4. Benevolence - giving to others basic needs without the motivation
for acquiring personal rewards.
5. Boldness - confidence that what is say or do is true, right and
just.
6. Cautiousness - knowing how important right timing is in
accomplishing right actions
7. Compassion - investing whatever is necessary to heal the hurts of
others.
8. Contentment - realizing that true happiness does not depend on
material conditions.
9. Creativity - approaching a need, a task, or an idea from a new
perspective.
10. Decisiveness - the ability to recognize key factors and finalize
difficult decisions.
11. Deference - limiting freedom so not to offend the tastes of
others.
12. Dependability - fulfilling what is consented to do, even if it means
unexpected sacrifice.
13. Determination - purposing to accomplish right goals at the right time,
regardless of the opposition.
14. Diligence - investing time and energy to complete each task
assigned.
15. Discernment - understanding the deeper reasons why things
happen.
16. Discretion - recognizing and avoiding words, actions, and
attitudes that could bring undesirable consequences.
17. Endurance - the inward strenght to withstand stress and do the
best.
18. Enthusiasm - expressing joy in doing and accomplishing each tasks.
19. Faith - confidence that actions rooted in good character will
yield the best outcome, even when its not personally
observed.
20. Flexibility - willingness to change plans or ideas according to the
direction of the authorities.
21. Forgiveness - clearing the records of those who have wronged and
not holding a grudge.
22. Generosity - carefully managing resources to be capable of freely
giving to those in need.
23. Gentleness - showing consideration and personal concern for
others.
24. Gratefulness - letting others know by ones words and actions how
they have benefited ones life.
25. Honor - respecting those in leadership because of the higher
authorities they represent.
26. Hospitality - Cheerfully sharing food, shelter, or conversation to
benefit others.
27. Humility - acknowledging that achievement results from the
investment of others in ones life.
28. Initiative - recognizing and doing what needs to be done before
being asked to do it.
29. Joyfulness - maintaining a good attitude, even when placed with
unpleasant condition.
30. Justice - taking personal responsibility to uphold what is pure,
right and true.
31. Loyalty - using difficult times to demonstrate commitment to
those being served.
32. Meekness - yielding personal rights and expectations with a desire
to serve.
 33. Obedience - quickly and cheerfully carrying out the direction of the
superior.
34. Orderliness - arranging self and surroundings to achieve greater
efficiency.
35. Patience - accepting a difficult situation without giving a
deadline to remove it.
36. Persuasiveness - guiding vital truths around anothers mental
roadblock.
37. Punctuality - showing esteem for others by doing the right thing at
the right time.
38. Resourcefulness - finding practical uses or that which others woud
overlook or discard.
39. Responsibility - knowing and doing what is expected
40. Security - structuring ones life around that which cannot be
destroyed or taken away.
41. Self-control - rejecting wrong desires and doing what is right.
42. Sensitivity - perceiving the true attitudes and emotions of others.
43. Sincerity - eagerness to do what is right with transparent
motives.
44. Thoroughness - knowing what factors will diminish the effectiveness
of ones work or words if neglected.
45. Thriftiness - allowing oneself and others to spend only what is
necessary

Learning Task 1:
1. Read the following resource materials. (Module or E-resources)
a. Please read: A Neutral Behavior.
http://easydamus.com/trueneutral.html#:~:text=A%20neutral%20character
%20does%20what,than%20a%20commitment%20to%20neutrality.
b. Character Formation. https://www.encyclopedia.com/psychology/dictionaries-
thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/character-formation.
2. List down 10 Negative Character and 10 Positive Character?
 https://loveenglish.org/character-traits/
References:
 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0034408910860309?
journalCode=urea20#:~:text=Character%20formation%20is%20that
%20deeply,are%20appropriate%20for%20young%20children.
 https://www.encyclopedia.com/psychology/dictionaries-thesauruses-
pictures-and-press-releases/character-formation
 http://www.rexpublishing.com.ph/character-formation/
 https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-007-
1494-6_46
 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/004057365801400406?
journalCode=ttja
 https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=659
 https://www.slideshare.net/AnuRadha107/moral-development-character-
formation-and-education
 Module ___-
CHAPTER 2: Filipino Traits and Characteristics

Introduction

Filipinos has one of the best in world one of you must know. Although they have
been colonized by several countries, a core value from their ancestors remained intact
and is still applied to this time. Filipinos are not perfect, but they have great
characteristics and qualities every one of them must be proud of.

Learning outcome:

At the end of the topic, the students will be able to:

• Discuss the Most well – Known Traits and Attitudes of Filipino.

• Enumerate different negative traits.
• Enumerate the different positive traits
• Enumerate and discuss the different Negative Traits of the Filipino
• Identify and discuss the three (3) traits underlying Filipino Values
• Enumerate the four(4) main obligations underlying Filipino Values Orientation

Learning content:

2.1. The Most Well- Known Traits and Attitude of the Filipino
2.2. Positive Traits
2.3. Negative Traits
2.4 Negative Traits of the Filipino
2.5. Filipino Values Orientation
2.6. Four Main Obligations Underlying Filipino Values Orientation

A. The Most Well- Known Traits and Attitude of the Filipino

 POSITIVE TRAITS

1. Hospitality- hospitality is a trait displayed by every Filipino, characterized by

heart-warming generosity and friendliness exhibited to foreigners
and local alike.
2. Respect- this is often observed not just by younger people-but also by
people of all ages. In the Philippines, respect for one’s elders is a
tradition.
3. Strong Family Ties and Religion- Filipinos value their families so much that they
tend to keep families intact through the generations.

4. Generosity and Helpfulness- Aside from being hospitable, Filipinos are also
well known from being generous. They share what
they have to the people around them even when they
only have little.

5. Strong Work Ethics - another good thing most Filipinos have is being hardworking
people. They are always willing to work almost the whole
day to provide the needs of their families.
6. Loving and Caring- because of their generosity, hospitality and religiosity,
Filipinos are found to be the sweetest and most loving
people in the world.

 POSITIVE TRAITS

1. Fatalism- when Filipinos are facing difficulties and shortcomings they have
this attitude of leaving it up to God to sort things out.

2. Procrastination - true blooded Filipinos have the attitude of causing delays in

accomplishing things or making transactions.

3. Crab Mentality- this is an attitude of some Filipinos where they tend to push each
other down to clear the way for their own gain.

4. Hypocrisy- this is a trait of Filpino where criticisms to others’ failure to live with
the moral standards of the society are inevitable. In the Philippines
morality is highly valued, most of us try to live up to the standards
set by the traditional society. However, as no one is perfect many
of us are not able to sustain these standards.

5. Ningas Cogon- most of the Filipinos are very good at the start when doing
something. Nevertheless, after a few hours of days. That exitement
to to do accomplish something is lost and e become too lazy to
finish what were have been started.

6. Tardiness- referring to persons that we are waiting or who keeps on coming

late to the set time schedule of events. It brings negative
impression to our people.
7. Gossiping- Filipinos are fond of talking about others’ business. It is not true
that only women are into gossiping. Even men can also be nosy on
other people’s lives.

8. Blaming- Filipinos can sometimes be too self-righteous. This shows how

irresponsible we are in our actions. This attitude destroys
teamwork, and realiability becomes an issue.

9. Selfishness- this could be an outcome of having too many problems that

Filipinos are facing and the tendency is to focus on their own need
first before others.

10. Disobedience to Simple Rules and Instructions- some Filipinos, despite of

the understanding of the purpose of laws and ordinances have
inability to observed and follow them.

11. Attention Taker- Filipinos are fun and people loving race. Thus, attracting
attention is natural for them. Nevertheless, it is a different tthing to
be an “epal” or “kapalmuks” – simply, being an attention grabber
or seeker.

12. Being Onion-skinned- another habbit or attitude that we need to change is our
being too proud which usually results to being oversensitive.

13. Living beyond their means- one of the reasons why a lot of Filipinos live in
poverty is because of overspending.
Since, most people want to live an elite lifestyle,
many resort to social climbing or living beyond their
means.

14. Passivity- Filipinos lack of initiative for change is also one

reason why our country does not progress.

15. Other Negative Traits

B. Filipino Values Orientation

Values Orientation – is the approach that may influence work or social

relationships by persons relating to objects, events
and ideas.
 C. Four (4) Main Obligations underlying Filipino Value Orientation

1. Pakikiramay

2. Pakikisama

3. Bayanihan

4. Galang

D. Three Main Traits Underscoring Filipino Values

1. Personalism – Filipinos valued interpersonal relationship. It is firmly believed that

harmonious personal relationship is the key to successful
endeavours.

2. Familialism – Filipinos are family oriented. Decision on matters is centered on

the welfare and best interest of the of the family rather than on the
betterment and interest of individuals.

3. Particularism – displayed behaviour by the individuals may it be good or bad is

blamed against the family.

Learning Task 1:

1. Read the following resource materials. (Module or E-resources)

a. Filipino Traits and Characteristics. https://www.wattpad.com/19719649-
philippine-history-filipino-traits-and
b. Pinoy Life: 8 Classic Filipino Traits and Characteristics.
https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/Filipino-Traits-and-Characteristics

2. What Filipino traits are you proud of?. 15 Filipino Traits that Make the Philippines Fun
to Visit. https://www.7stonesboracay.com/15-filipino-traits-that-make-the-philippines-
fun-to-visit/

Reference:

 https://www.wattpad.com/19719649-philippine-history-filipino-traits-and
 https://www.slideshare.net/12071989/filipino-traits-and-characteristics-
30717747
 https://www.wattpad.com/19719649-philippine-history-filipino-traits-and
 https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/Filipino-Traits-and-Characteristics
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_values
 https://www.slideshare.net/12071989/filipino-traits-and-characteristics-
30717747
 Module ___-
CHAPTER 3: Leadership

Introduction

There are many different kinds of leaders, therefore there are no ‘set’ qualities
that have to be present in all leaders. Rather an effective leader draws from a range of
personal qualities to help them deal with different circumstances and challenges.
Part of growing strong as a leader is through expanding our personal qualities. When
we are not strong in a particular quality it is also wise to seek the contributions of
others who are strong in that quality. This asks for a complementary team. The well-
organised person can help to complement the creative person, and the person with the
sense of humour can complement the serious minded person.

Learning outcome:

At the end of the topic, the students will be able to:

• Discuss the concept of leadership

• Enumerate the different factors of leadership
• Understand the trait theory of Leadership
• Discuss the process theory of leadership
• Identify the concept of a leader
• Understand the concept of follower
• Discuss the importance of communication in the concept of leadership
• Explain on how to assess situation in the concept of leadership

Learning content:

3.1. Concept of Leadership

3.2. Factors of Leadership
3.3. Trait Theory of Leadership
3.4. Process Theory of Leadership
3.5. What is a Leader?
3.6. What is a Follower?
3.7. Importance of Communication in Leadership
3.8 How to assess situation in the concept of leadership

A. Concept of Leadership
 Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish
an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and
coherent. A process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a
common goal (Northouse, 2007, p3).

The U.S. military has studied leadership in depth. One of their definitions is a
process by which a person influences others to accomplish a mission (U.S. Army, 1983).
Leadership is inspiring others to pursue your vision within the parameters you set, to
the extent that it becomes a shared effort, a shared vision, and a shared success
(Zeitchik, 2012).

Leadership is a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others,

towards the achievement of a goal (Kruse, 2013).

B. Factors of Leadership

1. Leader- You must have an honest understanding of who you are, what you know,
and what you can do. Also, note that it is the followers, not the leader or
someone else who determines if the leader is successful. If they do not
trust or lack confidence in their leader, then they will be uninspired. To be
successful you have to convince your followers, not yourself or your
superiors, that you are worthy of being followed.

2. Followers- Different people require different styles of leadership. For example, a

new hire requires more supervision than an experienced employee does. A
person who lacks motivation requires a different approach than one with a
high degree of motivation. You must know your people! The fundamental
starting point is having a good understanding of human nature, such as
needs, emotions, and motivation. You must come to know your
employees' be, know, and do attributes.

3. Communication - You lead through two-way communication. Much of it is

nonverbal. For instance, when you “set the example,” that
communicates to your people that you would not ask them to
perform anything that you would not be willing to do. What and
how you communicate either builds or harms the relationship
between you and your followers.

4. Situation- All situations are different. What you do in one situation will not
always work in another. You must use your judgment to decide the
best course of action and the leadership style needed for each
 situation. For example, you may need to confront an employee for
inappropriate behavior, but if the confrontation is too late or too
early, too harsh or too weak, then the results may prove
ineffective.

C. Trait Theory of Leadership

The trait theory of leadership focuses on identifying different personality
traits ancharacteristics that are linked to successful leadership across a variety of
situations.
This line of research emerged as one of the earliest types of investigations into
the nature of effective leadership and is tied to the "great man" theory of
leadership first proposed by Thomas Carlyle in the mid-1800s.

Leadership Traits
While the list of leadership traits can vary by whoever is drawing up the list, a
recent study from Spain outlined behavioral traits that separated lower-level supervisors
from higher-level supervisors.5

According to the researchers, the traits most commonly associated with

great leadership include:

1. Adaptability and flexibility: Effective leaders don't get stuck in a rut. They are
able to think outside of the box and adapt quickly to
changing situations.
2. Assertiveness: A great leader is able to be direct and assertive
without coming off as overly pushy or aggressive.
3. Capacity to motivate people: A great leader knows how to inspire others and
motivate them to do their best.
4. Courage and resolution: The best leaders are brave and committed to the
goals of the group. They do not hide from challenges.
5. Creativity: Perhaps most importantly, great leaders not only
possess their own creativity, but they are also able to
foster creativity among members of the group.5
6. Decisiveness: A great leader is capable of making a decision and is
confident in his or her choices.
7. Eagerness to accept responsibility: Strong leaders take on responsibility and
don't pass the blame on to others. They stand by
their success and take ownership of their mistakes.
8. Emotional stability: In addition to being dependable overall, strong
leaders are able to control their emotions and avoid
overreactions.
9. Intelligence and action-oriented judgment: Great leaders and smart and make
choices that move the group forward.
10. Need for achievement: Strong leaders have a need to succeed and help the
group achieve goals. They genuinely care about the
success of the group and are committed to helping
the group reach these milestones.
11. People skills: Excellent interpersonal skills are essential for leading
effectively. Great leaders know how to interact well
with other leaders as well as with team members.
12. Perseverance: Strong leaders stick with it, even when things get
difficult or the group faces significant obstacles.
13. Self-confidence: Many of the best leaders are extremely self-assured.
Because they are confident in themselves, followers
often begin to share this self-belief.
14. Task competence: A great leader is skilled and capable. Members of the
group are able to look to the leader for an example of
how things should be done.
15. Trustworthiness: Group members need to be able to depend upon and
trust the person leading them.
16. Understanding their followers and their needs: Effective leaders pay
attention to group members and genuinely care about
helping them succeed. They want each person in the
group to succeed and play a role in moving the entire
group forward.
D. Process Theory of Leadership
The Process Theory of leadership is based around the Social Change Model of
Leadership, Relational Leadership Model, Transformational Leadership and the Servant
Leadership Theory. In class we spent a great time evaluating both models of this style
in leadership. This leadership theory has been around since the nineteen seventies and
continues to be used to the present day.
As we start to look through the Social Change Model of leadership we can infer
that leadership, in this since, is a process by which individuals and groups work toward
the common goal of improving the quality of life for all. They intend to do this by
developing and promoting seven basic values. These seven values include:

E. What is a Leader?

 Courage: Does not hide from challenging or scary situations; speaks

up for what is right even if there is opposition.

 Creativity: Thinks of many different ways to solve challenges.

 Loyalty: Stays true to friends and family or team members through

difficult times.

 Honesty: Speaks truthfully; acts sincerely; takes responsibility for own

feelings and actions.

 Self-regulation: Controls emotions and sticks to decisions; is

disciplined.

 Forgiveness: Accepts shortcomings of others without anger; gives

people a second chance.

 Compassion: Thinks of how others are feeling.

 Intelligence: Learns quickly and thinks of good solutions; has a love

of learning.

 Determination: Focuses on goals and works hard to achieve them.

  Enthusiasm: Has lots of energy and excitement for life.

 Humour: Sees the lighter side of life and helps people laugh.

 Fairness: Treats people fairly and advocates for their rights; doesn’t

let personal feelings bias decisions.

 Generosity: Gives freely of time and possessions; demonstrates

kindness.

F. Follower - Researchers widely recognize that followership is an emerging

concept. It seems that anyone you ask would know what a follower is, but
cast connotations aside and consider the role of a follower, and the
definition does not seem so simple.
According to Kellerman “Followers are subordinates who have less
power, authority, and influence than do their superiors, and who therefore
usually, but not invariably, fall in to line” (Kellerman, 2008). The majority
of people, particularly in organizations, are more often followers than
leaders but until recently the role of the follower has not been considered
an inherently valuable position, or a role with a specialized set of skills,
motivations, and the power to enhance organizational potential.
(Kelley, 1988) The world and the organizations in it have been
viewed through the leader-centric lens and little attention has been paid
to those who do not lead. (Kelley, 2008) Followership recognizes that
followers can be in a position to better recognize the day to day events
within an organization that can actively cultivate good followers, and that
sometimes following is more difficult than leading. (Bennis, 2010)

H. Communication - Leadership communication is defined as inspiring and

encouraging an individual or a group by systematic and meaningful
sharing of information by using excellent communication skills.

H. Situation- Situational leadership is a leadership style that has been

developed and studied by Kenneth Blanchard and Paul Hersey.
Situational leadership refers to when the leader or manager of an
 organization must adjust his style to fit the development level of
the followers he is trying to influence. With situational leadership, it
is up to the leader to change his style, not the follower to adapt to
the leader’s style. In situational leadership, the style may change
continually to meet the needs of others in the organization based
on the situation.
Learning Task 1:

1. Read the following resource materials. (Module or E-resources)

a. E- learning training: Management and leadership. http://www.elearning-
cegos.com/catalogue/management-leadership/
b. Leadership development learning modules.
https://www.wolfmotivation.com/programs/leadership-development-learning-
modules
c. Leadership Skills.
https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/physhlth/frame_found_gr12/rm/module_d_l
esson_3.pdf

2. Leadership Test. https://www.vskills.in/practice/leadership-test-questions

3. Leadership in Management Chapter Exam.
https://study.com/academy/exam/topic/leadership-in-management.html

References:

 https://www.thoughtco.com/differential-association-theory-4689191
 http://my.ilstu.edu/~jawalsh/Sp13/CJS_201/Ch7_structure/Chapter74.html
 https://study.com/academy/practice/quiz-worksheet-what-is-cultural-deviance-
theory.html
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/reading-theoretical-
perspectives-on-deviance/
 https://www.thoughtco.com/differential-association-theory-4689191
 https://study.com/academy/practice/quiz-worksheet-differential-association-
theory.html
 https://law.jrank.org/pages/814/Crime-Causation-Sociological-Theories-Strain-
theory.html
 https://oxfordre.com/criminology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.001.00
01/acrefore-9780190264079-e-249
 https://www.tutor2u.net/sociology/reference/robert-merton-strain-theory-
explained
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/neutralization-theory-in-criminology-
definition-lesson.html
 Module ___-
CHAPTER 4: Bass Theory of Leadership

Introduction

As the word "transformation" suggests, Bass Transformational Leadership Theory

is one of a set of various Transformational Leadership Theories. More information of a
general nature about these can be found in the article Transformational Theories. Burns
originally said that leaders can transform the life of followers by altering their
perceptions, aspirations, expectations, values, and so forth. Qualities within the leader
her or himself are behind the changes. The leader demonstrates, communicates, and
does whatever it takes to get the audience see a vision and exhort them to do things.
Bass main contribution in 1985 to Burns' original theory was describing psychological
mechanisms and setting forth ways of measuring the efficacy of the Bass
Transformational Leadership Theory.

Learning outcome:

At the end of the topic, the students will be able to:

 Differentiate management and leadership, and Boss versus Leader.

 Enumerate and discuss the four (4) pillars of Leadership
 Discuss the concept of Leadership
 Identify the most important keys in Effective leadership
 Understand the purpose of Leadership and attributes of Leadership

Learning content:
 a. Management versus Leadership
b. Boss verus Leader
c. The Four Pillars
 Leadership
 Management
 Command
 Control
d. Total Leadership
e. The Most Important Keys in Effective Leadership
f. Purpose of Leadership
g. Attributes of Leadership

A. Management versus Leadership

Three Differences between Managers and Leaders

A young manager accosted me the other day. “I’ve been reading all about
leadership, have implemented several ideas, and think I’m doing a good job at leading
my team. How will I know when I’ve crossed over from being a manager to a leader?”
he wanted to know.

I didn’t have a ready answer and it’s a complicated issue, so we decided to talk
the next day. I thought long and hard, and came up with three tests that will help you
decide if you’ve made the shift from managing people to leading them.

1. Counting value vs Creating value - You’re probably counting value, not adding it,
if you’re managing people. Only managers count
value; some even reduce value by disabling those
who add value. If a diamond cutter is asked to report
every 15 minutes how many stones he has cut, by
distracting him, his boss is subtracting value.

2. Circles of influence vs Circles of power- Just as managers have subordinates

and leaders have followers, managers create circles of
power while leaders create circles of influence.
The quickest way to figure out which of the two
you’re doing is to count the number of people outside
your reporting hierarchy who come to you for advice.
 The more that do, the more likely it is that you are
perceived to be a leader.
3. Leading people vs Managing work- Management consists of controlling a
group or a set of entities to accomplish a goal.
Leadership refers to an individual’s ability to
influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute
toward organizational success. Influence and
inspiration separate leaders from managers, not
power and control.

Management's primary focus is on the conceptual side of the business, such as

planning, organizing, and budgeting. It does the leg work to make visions reality. Do
NOT equate the term “management" with “controlling people." Management is more
about ensuring that the organization's resources are allocated wisely, rather than trying
to control people. In fact, good managers know that trying to control others is
extremely difficult if not impossible.

Management helps to acquire, integrate, and allocate resources in order to

accomplish goals and task. Going back to the above example of increasing informal
learning by implementing a new social media tool, the managers must look at the real
goal, rather than the tool. The real goal is to increase informal learning and human
interactions in order to make them more effective, not to put into place a social media
tool. The tool is simply an objective to help you reach your goal.

If the tool becomes the primary goal, then the wrong polices could be put into
place that decrease its value as an informal learning tool, for example, implementing a
 policy that no one in the company can ask a question on Twitter as it might make us
look stupid or our competitors will know what we are trying to do. This policy removes
the real purpose of the tool—enabling the employees to learn informally from each
other.
Secondly, if the focus is only on the tool, then other options are omitted, such as
tearing down cubicles and creating open spaces where people can meet with each
other. In contrast, Leadership deals with the interpersonal relations such as being a
teacher and coach, instilling organizational spirit to win, and serving the organization
and workers.

B. Boss versus Leader

A boss manages their employees, while a leader inspires them to innovate, think
creatively, and strive for perfection. Every team has a boss, but what people need is a
leader who will help them achieve greatness. Not sure how to tell the difference
between the two? Here are some key traits that differentiate bosses from leaders.

DEFINITION OF A BOSS

Boss is a word that tends to evoke negative responses. When we describe

someone as ‘bossy’, we generally don’t imply the person is behaving extremely
positively. While we might consider ‘boss’ to be a more negative word, what does the
actual definition of the word state? The Oxford Dictionary defines the noun as “a person
who is in charge of a worker or organization”.

Therefore, being a boss is a specific status and the person will hold a higher
position to the people he or she is in charge of in the organization. In a way, being a
boss refers to a specific position of power and whether you like it or not, a boss will
have power over his or her subordinates because of this role.

The word should also be examined through the lens of the verb ‘to boss’, as it
can help define the differences between a leader and a boss more clearly. According to
the Oxford Dictionary, the verb is informally defined as to act to “give (someone orders
in a domineering manner”. A boss, through his position of power, tells the subordinates
what to do and expects the subordinates to act accordingly. A boss gives orders and
supervises people, making sure the people he or she is in charge of will do the job as
required.

Essentially the defining features of the word ‘boss’ are direct. The word is
defined by clarity and power. Being a boss is a position requiring the ability to provide
instructions and orders, ensuring people do the things the boss tells them to do. Bosses
 don’t ask or prefer certain actions, they expect and they tell what needs to be done. If
you strip down the role of a boss into its most basic form, the position is all about
supervision. A boss is required to tell the subordinates what is needed and to ensure
the needs are adequately met.

DEFINITION OF A LEADER

A leader, on the other hand, is a word, which gets a more positive response from
people. We tend to say things like “he was a natural leader” or “she was a great and
accomplished leader”. The association with the word is more positive and the word is often
used only in the context of people we revere or look up to.

The Oxford Dictionary defines the noun as, “a person who leads or commands a

group, organization, or a country”. The difference to a boss is not necessarily apparent in
the word. After all, a leader is also in a commanding role and has the ability to tell others
what to do. But when you examine the verb from which the word is derived from, you can
see the subtle differences at play. The verb ‘to lead’ is defined as an act to “show
(someone or something) the way to a destination by going in front of or beside them”.
Unlike a boss, a leader is thought to be someone who advices the subordinates and who
doesn’t just bark orders, but actually does the acts he or she is waiting others to do.

C. Four Pillars of Leadership

As the above diagram shows, the four pillars overlap, thus they are not separate
processes. This blending gives the organization the ability to focus on opportunities and
deal with threats (Department of the Army, 1987, 1996):
o Leadership drives the interpersonal aspects of the organization, such as moral
and team spirit.
o Management deals with the conceptual issues of the organization, such as
planning, budgeting, and organizing.
o Command guides the organization with well thought-out visions that make
it effective.
o Control provides structure to the organization in order to make it more efficient.
D. Total Leadership

Ever wondered how to manage all of the different areas of your life more
effectively? Total Leadership might just have the answers that you’ve been looking for.
Total Leadership is an organisation that aims to help people to improve in all areas of
their lives.

It is the belief of Total Leadership that by focusing on improvement in the areas

of work, home, community and self and by working to develop mutual value between
the different areas, leaders can be more successful. The concept has arisen from the
fact that life and work have become more integrated, and so determining ways to get
better at handling the different areas will lead to improved leadership overall. It is a
holistic approach that aims to drive sustainable change in leaders.

D. The Most Important Keys in Effective Leadership

A Hay’s study over 75 key components of employee satisfaction. They found that,

 Trust and confidence in top leadership was the single most reliable predictor
of employee satisfaction
  Effective communication by leadership in three critical areas was the key to
winning organizational trust and confidence:

1. Helping employees understand the company’s overall business

strategy.
2. Helping employees understand how they contribute to achieving key
business objectives
3. Sharing information with employee on both how the company is doing
and how an employee’s own division is doing-relative to strategic
business objectives.

E. Purpose of Leadership

What is Leadership

Leadership is a process by which an executive can direct, guide and influence the
behavior and work of others towards accomplishment of specific goals in a given
situation. Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce the subordinates to work with
confidence and zeal.

Leadership is the potential to influence behaviour of others. It is also defined as

the capacity to influence a group towards the realization of a goal. Leaders are required
to develop future visions, and to motivate the organizational members to want to
achieve the visions.

According to Keith Davis, “Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined
objectives enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a group together and
motivates it towards goals.”

Characteristics of Leadership

1. It is a inter-personal process in which a manager is into influencing and guiding

workers towards attainment of goals.
2. It denotes a few qualities to be present in a person which includes intelligence,
maturity and personality.
3. It is a group process. It involves two or more people interacting with each other.
4. A leader is involved in shaping and moulding the behaviour of the group towards
accomplishment of organizational goals.
5. Leadership is situation bound. There is no best style of leadership. It all depends
upon tackling with the situations.

G. Attributes of Leadership
 1. Honesty and Integrity
The 34th President of
United States,
Dwight.D.Eisenhower once said,
“The supreme quality of
leadership is unquestionably
integrity. Without it, no real
success is possible, no matter
whether it is on a section gang, a
football field, in an army, or in an
office.” Honesty and integrity
are two important ingredients
which make a good leader. How
can you expect your followers to
be honest when you lack these
qualities yourself? Leaders
succeed when they stick to their
values and core beliefs and
without ethics, this will not be
possible.

2. Confidence
To be an effective leader, you
should be confident enough to ensure
that other follow your commands. If you
are unsure about your own decisions
and qualities, then your subordinates
will never follow you. As a leader, you
have to be oozing with confidence, show
some swagger and assertiveness to gain
the respect of your subordinates. This
does not mean that you should be
overconfident, but you should at least
reflect the degree of confidence
required to ensure that your followers
trust you as a leader.
3. Inspire Others
Probably the most difficult job for
a leader is to persuade others to follow.
It can only be possible if you inspire
your followers by setting a good
example. When the going gets tough,
they look up to you and see how you
react to the situation. If you handle it
well, they will follow you. As a leader,
should think positive and this positive
approach should be visible through your
actions. Stay calm under pressure and
keep the motivation level up. As John
Quincy Adams puts it, “If your actions
inspire others to dream more, learn
more, do more and become more,
you are a leader.” If you are
successful in inspiring your
subordinates, you can easily overcome
any current and future challenge easily.

4. Commitment and Passion

Your teams look up to you and if
you want them to give them their all,
you will have to be passionate about it
too. When your teammates see you
getting your hands dirty, they will also
give their best shot. It will also help you
to gain the respect of your subordinates
and infuse new energy in your team
members, which helps them to perform
better. If they feel that you are not fully
committed or lacks passion, then it
would be an uphill task for the leader to
motivate your followers to achieve the
goal.
5. Good Communicator
Until you clearly communicate
your vision to your team and tell them
the strategy to achieve the goal, it will
be very difficult for you to get the
results you want. Simply put, if you are
unable to communicate your message
effectively to your team, you can never
be a good leader. A good communicator
can be a good leader. Words have the
power to motivate people and make
them do the unthinkable. If you use
them effectively, you can also achieve
better results.

6. Decision-Making Capabilities
Apart from having a futuristic
vision, a leader should have the ability
to take the right decision at the right
time. Decisions taken by leaders have a
profound impact on masses. A leader
should think long and hard before taking
a decision but once the decision is
taken, stand by it. Although, most
leaders take decisions on their own, but
it is highly recommended that
you consult key stakeholders before
taking a decision. After all, they are the
ones who will benefit or suffer from
your decisions.

7. Accountability
When it comes to accountability,
you need to follow the approach
highlighted by Arnold H Glasow when he
said, “A good leader takes little
more than his share of the blame
and little less than his share of the
credit.” Make sure that every one of
your subordinates is accountable for
what they are doing. If they do well,
give them a pat on the back but if they
struggle, make them realize their
 mistakes and work together to improve.
Holding them accountable for their
actions will create a sense of
responsibility among your subordinates
and they will go about the business
more seriously.
Learning Task 1:

1. Read the following resource materials. (Module or E-resources)

a. Five Leadership Theories and How to Apply Them.
https://cvdl.ben.edu/blog/leadership_theories_part1/
b. Leadership Theories and Models.
http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/79485/7/04chapter4.pdf

2. What are the 7 Most Common Leadership Styles.

https://www.americanexpress.com/en-us/business/trends-and-insights/articles/the-7-
most-common-leadership-styles-and-how-to-find-your-own/

References:

 Collins, E., Devanna, M. (1990). The Portable MBA. New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
 Department of the Army (1996).  Command, Leadership, And Effective Staff
Support. Washington, DC: The Information Management Support Center
Pentagon.
 Department of the Army (1987). Leadership and Command at Senior Levels . FM
22-103. Washington, DC: GPO.
 http://changingminds.org/disciplines/leadership/theories/bass_transformational.h
tm
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effective.html
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key-question
 https://www.trainingjournal.com/articles/feature/purpose-leadership
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