Ilovehousing Merged PDF

HOUSING
INTRODUCTION
Ar/EnP Junar P. Tablan, PhD, uap, piep

AR174-1_Housing
1st Quarter AY 2020-2021
Mapua University
DEFINITIONS
Housing
 More than just the provision of physical facilities
for shelter.
 It also includes services that allow and
participate the participation in and enjoyment
of development by both men and women.
 It is a basic need which contributes to the
population’s productivity, welfare, social
stability and economic development.
 Philippine Development Plan for Women 1989-1992, Manila:
NCRFW, 1989.
Housing
Buildings or structures that

individuals and their family may
live (federal regulations)
Different housing situations vary

for individual (age, family and
geography)
Housing
Shelter is the basic human
requirement that needs to be met
on priority basis
Housing sector is employment

intensive
• Shelter is a basic need, but not all are able to meet this need
• Adequate and secure shelter is a basic human right and is vital
for the fulfillment of human aspiration.
• more than 1 billion have shelter unfit for human habitation, this
number will expand unless determined measures are urgently
undertaken.
• UN’s ultimate objective to address the shelter crisis is “housing for
all”.
1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
 Constitutional perspective: Housing is a right.

 ARTICLE 2, SECTION 9
 “the state shall promote a just and dynamic
social order that will ensure the prosperity and
independence of the nation and free the people
from poverty through policies that provide
adequate social services, promote full
employment, a rising standard of living and an
improved quality of life for all.”
1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
 ARTICLE 13, SECTION 9 Social Justice and Human
Rights
 “The State shall, by law and for the common
good, undertake, in cooperation with the private
sector, a continuing program of urban land
reform and housing, which will make available at
affordable costs, decent housing and basic
services to underprivileged and homeless citizens
in urban centers and resettlement areas. It shall
also promote adequate employment
opportunities to such citizens. In the
implementation of such program, the state shall
respect the rights of the small property owners.”
HOLISTIC VIEW OF HOUSING
Settlements vis-à-vis Social and
Economic Systems
Historical Context
Pre-agricultural Age
(before 8,000 B.C.)
Man
 Lived in small bands
&tribes
 Wanderers
 Cave dwellers
 Hunters
 Food gatherers
 Fishermen
Historical Context
THE NOMADIC ECONOMY

The food gathering and hunting
Temporary abodes
Resource-based dwellings
Loose sense of territoriality
Perishable materials
Historical Context
Migration in Paleolithic Period

First known inhabitants called
migrating mammals came through
land bridges
Evidences point to 2 streams:
eastern side of archipelago and
north
Borneo and Palawan - western side
of Philippine including Luzon
 Occupy one large
territory
 Use one place more or

less a permanent home
 Convenient sites (rock

shelters & ledges or
mouth of caves)
 Absence of caves,
living areas are
buttresses roots of large Portable grass
& bamboo poles
trees with large leaves
for roofing.
Tabon caves of Palawan

Historical Context
THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY
 The village system
 Organization and hierarchy
 Need to produce surplus

Historical Context
Agricultural Age (8,000 B.C.)

Discovery and development of agriculture
Domestication of animals
Development of first farming villages
Wind, water, gravity, human and animal
muscle
Historical Context
Earliest Cities (6,000 BC)

Middle East
Indus Valley
Fertile Crescent
Rich agricultural
lands
Farmers produced
surplus food
People
developed other
skills as craft
workers
Fertile Crescent Countries
Babylon
Syria
Other Surrounding Countries
Archaeological excavations of ancient
cities reveal evidence of some deliberate
planning
the arrangement of housing in regular,
rectangular patterns and
the prominent location of civic and
religious buildings along main
thoroughfares.
Catal Huyuk
Southern Turkey
Timber and
Mud brick
houses
Houses are
built close
together
Adjacent
houses made
for strength
and safety
Sumer
Trading area
Located between
the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers
Developed
cuneiform writing
Indus Valley, City
of Mohenjo-Daro
2,500 B.C.
Paved streets
Impressive
houses
Ancient Egypt
Workmen and
ordinary Egyptians
lived in sun dried mud
bricks
Rulers took the name

pharaoh, which
means “great house”
753 BC
Ancient Rome
Roman Houses 800 B.C.
Wooded huts
Insulae
Most Romans lived these apartment
buildings
cramped apartment buildings 3-5 stories
Bottom floor often houses shops and
stores opening out to the streets
Larger apartments on lower floors
Smaller units on the top floors
Houses 30-50 people
Domus
Roman house where the wealthy
Romans lived in the cites
Roman Villas
Where wealthy romans lived in the
countryside
Medieval Cities
From the 5th to the
14th century AD,
medieval Europe
planned towns
around castles,
churches, and
monasteries, with
informal street
arrangements.
Cities in ancient and medieval
world
 Planned consciously by some

ruler or group of merchants
 Physical planning
 Symbolic forms
 Walled to protect it from

invaders
 Created because of human

belief and aspiration
 Managed to solved problems
 Managed to engage in trade

Historical Context
The Renaissance and Beyond
 The emulation of Greco-Roman classicism during the
Renaissance revived city-planning efforts along classical lines.
 In sharp contrast to the narrow, irregular streets of medieval

settlements,
 Renaissance planning stressed wide, regular radial and

circumferential streets, that is, streets forming concentric
circles around a central point, with other streets radiating out
from that point like spokes of a wheel.
 Examples include the street design in the Plan for London

(1666) by the English architect Sir Christopher Wren and the
streets of Mannheim and Karlsruhe in Germany.
Seville 15th Century
Utrecht 17th Century
17th century Palmanova
Renaissance planning were transplanted
to the New World in British and Spanish
colonial cities settled in the 16th and
17th centuries
 among them Savannah, Ga.;

Williamsburg, Va.; Philippines, Mexico
City; and Lima, Peru.
Neuhäusel1680
Intramuros, Manila
Historical Context
Industrial Age 1700 A.D.

Use of fossil fuel
Mass Production
Characteristics of people going to
industrial and port cities
Poor coming from the countryside
Had the least to loose and most to gain
Did not go to school
No technical skill of the new industry
Industrial towns
Not enough houses for migrants

Public services like water, waste disposal
and health care was lacking
Limited water supplies contaminated by
sewage
Hygiene was poor
Overcrowding
British Cities (1870)
Acquired cheap and efficient public-
transport system
Horse trams
Electric trams
Motor buses
Commuter trains
This extended cities in all directions
Contributed to sub-urban sprawl
chicago_1898
Preston Industrial Town, 1930
• migrants move in
trickles, along river
banks & seacoasts
• Settlements - along or
near headwaters of
major rivers & Ifugao houses ,1984
tributaries evolving to
“riverine & coastal”
orientation
• “kaingin” or slash &
burn
Cultivation then wet
rice agriculture Formation of small communitie
THE FEUDAL SYSTEM
Strong sense of territoriality
Self-subsistent
Radial settlements
RADIAL SETTLEMENT
WITH GREEN BELT
IFUGAO VILLAGE
Mobility rendered by horses
Highly organized
Basic settlement forms
MERCANTILISM
Relatively fragmented social organizations
Relatively loose physical boundaries
Mobility by sea vessels
Development of coastal areas
Growth of retail outlets
Development of ports
SHANGHAI
PORT
NEW YORK COASTAL AREA

COLONIALISM
Assimilation of culture
Expansion of territories
Imposition of urban layouts
INDUSTRIALIZATION
Assembly line, product
standardization
Mass production
High density settlements
Blight inner cities MASS PRODUCTION
URBAN BLIGHT (NEW YORK)

HIGH-DENSITY (MUMBAI)
Development of
suburbia
Development of a
railway system
Mobility thru automobiles
and highways
Today , QC is still partly suburban , but more and more it
is urban in character and actual reality
THE AGE OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY AND GLOBALIZATION
Cross-country
transfer of standards
Localization of
imported
technology
Service economy
Re-definition of the
workplace
“Strong and full of energy”: an update
from the Filipino exchange to Sierra Cross country
Leone
transfer
Wednesday, October 6th, 2010
 Editor’s note: From 22 to 26
September, the Filipino federation
visited Freetown, Sierra Leone, to
work with the seaside slum
communities there on strategies for
alleviating the effects of natural
disasters such as flooding, as well as
to secure tenure. Sonia Fadrigo,
who was part of the Filipino
delegation, sent a quick update to
the SDI family, which is reproduced
below. A report, published by IIED,
on the Filipino strategies for dealing Sonia Fadrigo (center) talks with mem
with natural disaster can be found of the Sierra Leone Federation of the
here. and Rural Poor in Kroo Bay, Freetown.
 By Sonia Fadrigo, Homeless People’s
Federation Philippines
Concept of Housing
The Narrow Concept
this refers to the dwelling where people

live, or the materialistic building
established from the walls and roof.
The Broad Concept
this incorporates the narrow concept but

also includes assistance services, which
motivate people to live in the house with
stability.
3 Trends Used to Consider the
Concept of Housing
Marxist Trends (Burgess and Castells)
House as essential commodity

House as fixed commodity
Capitalist countries regard housing not
only as commodity that has value but
also one that has exchange investment
value in the housing market.
Concept of Housing
Liberal Trends (John Turner)
 Housing as a static condition and a dynamic
situation
 It is impossible to segregate housing from the

other social and economic variables
 The important function of housing is affect

residents and influence by them
 Independent housing forming: every family is

different from others
Concept of Housing
Temperate Trend (Nientied & Van der Linden, 1987)
 Betterment or development of the housing unit is
connected strongly with the economic position of
the family
 Housing must be suitable for residence, and

demonstrate a sanitary and environmental situation
 Housing is a consumption commodity for all classes in

the society, and political systems must provide it to
people as a part of its functions to realize the equal
distribution of justice.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE HOUSING
In a Political view:
Every people have the right to have an
adequate housing be it on his own or not or
simply availing the program of the
government for land tenure system.
Social view :
Due to rural-urban migration
there is a concentration and
overcrowding of people in
the city. This poses a great
problem in housing
especially the urban poor
who are homeless and
underprivileged.
Economic view:
Development and urbanization - business and
manufacturing establishments as well as labor
force increased causing to have a higher
demand in providing housing which are near
to their employment and economic
opportunities.
Physical view:
In our country especially in Manila there are
various places that we see and termed as
blighted slums that needed rehabilitation and
upgrading.
Cultural view:
Greece - treatment and use of housing
and in the quality of environmental care
Arab culture (Tunisia)- form of housing is a
communal area
Technological view:
appropriate design
building materials, resources and skills that
are available
prefabrication or modularization
production process
indigenous technology
sweat equity
HOUSING PROBLEMS
Industrial and Economic Development
in Cities
 cities have grown through drawing huge
numbers of migrants from rural areas
 slum districts have emerged, and the demand

for housing units has increased
 resources in developing countries are poor, and

it has not been possible to satisfy the demand
from increased urbanization
 private sector has become the main provider

of housing unite using land allocated for low-
income people.
Increasing Urbanization
 over-crowding occurs in the cities, where many people live in
just one room
 The population increase in most urban areas leads to excess

demand on infrastructure
 Roads become more crowded/ high density on public

transportation, both of which lead to increased safety hazards
and poor public health
 irregular and illegal residences appear such as cottages

residences and surfaces of buildings
 As a result of rural-urban immigration, agricultural lands

decrease
 There is no capability to supply educational and heath services

to non-planned immigration.
Neglect of Rural Areas
 A large number of small proprietors have their

opportunities for survival reduced as their lands
become unproductive.
 The principal motive for rural-urban emigration

is economic benefit, since the most of those
who migrate are young and their educational
level is low
 land usage has changed from being

agricultural to residential, and investment uses.
Shrinking of Financial Resources (Finance)
 developing countries are hampered by a lack

of finance, which remains as a barrier to the
implementation of their housing plans
 poor countries face determinative budgets and

have other aspirations in their industrial and
service sectors
 the government is in control of the housing

market mechanism without any financial
encumbrances
Structure Statutes
 majority of developing countries can not provide

huge number of housing units and consequently
attempt to involve the private sector in the efforts to
solve the problem
 Control of government institutions to limit rent value

leads to, many investors abandoning their interest in
housing.
 As a result of the increased costs of housing units,

the private sector has stopped building simple
houses and returned to build high class houses
which provide a much bigger and faster profit.
Land Property
 Government interfered in land sales and this led to

increase the price of land which was available for
building.
 Structural planning raised land prices because by

providing infrastructure land became worth more.
 In spite of the high demand for land much land remains

unused because of the absence of laws which punish
people whom let land unused
 Most agricultural land around the cities has been turned

into housing land, so the prices have increased in those
areas.
DEVELOPMENT AS A
FACTOR OF SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS in the PHILIPPINES
PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES
The region of Southeast Asia had been
penetrated by grand world traditions from
China, Arabia, and India.
Overland migrations, caravans, and armies
took the route south from China crossing the
intervening countries and down to Malay
peninsula.
THE BARANGAY SOCIETY
Settlements were located along inland rivers
or mountain streams
Boatmaking and pottery technology
developed; Burial jars for the dead become
part of barangay culture
Panay - everyone knew how to spin and
weave for clothing
Overall, life in the barangay culture was
local
SPANISH CONQUEST
Small barangays were consolidated into new
political dominion
1589, regime began a sweeping reorganization
of the natives
The viability of the pueblo-parish system
depended on keeping the natives
The first sector of the new land system was the
pueblo lands
Lands awarded to the church sector became
basis of hacienda agriculture
Pueblo parishes evolved into encomiendas.
POST-COLONIAL ECONOMY
Philippine economy (1700-1770’s) marked by
the phasing out of private encomiendas.
An aspect of modern Filipino folk culture
evolved during this period
Stability in pueblos, money transactions, and
steady population growth gave play to
socio-economic forces.
ORGANIC SYSTEMS
ORGANIC DEVELOPMENT a type of development that
will ensue minimal planning and intervention at the
statutory level.
 Settlements are shaped by natural processes, that

arise out of day-to-day encounters among the
individuals and social organizations.
 Market forces , modes of subsistence and cultural

factors determine the configuration of physical
settlements.
PLANNED DEVELOPMENT is a product of a
conscious effort to direct growth and pre-
determine the final pattern of settlements.
CULTURAL BELIEFS
IN HOUSING
AR 174 HOUSING
AR. S.V. ELARDO
In its broadest sense, What is Culture?
culture may be
defined as:
 Way of life, a design
for living
 Shared patterns of
behavior and
meaning, of
expectations and
responses
 Shared system of
vital ideas about the
world
 Filipinospace consists of main
multi-functional space necessarily
relating with a lot of extension
spaces round it
 FatherBobby Rodrigo Perez III - Filipino
space is organized as a “space
surrounding a space” as an excellent
treatment of Filipino architecture
METROPOLITAN THEATER
 Fernando Zialcita “We have a
distinct architecture with a distinct
spatial system. It is neither a Spanish
nor Antillian. It is Filipino. “
 Dr. William Henry
Scott, an episcopical
wrote a powerful article,
“Cordillera
architecture of
Northern Luzon”,
1962, he presents along
with accurate structural
description the section of
the houses
 In all those houses, one saw a
small space enclosed by a
bigger volume around it.
A cluster of Ifugao houses on the The Ifugao house of the Apilis-

Ifugao Rice Terraces Mondiguing
 Felipe de Leon, Humanities Dept. in U.P.,
talked about the space and aesthetics of the
Filipino Houses: transparency,
flexibility, layering, organic, free,
openness, artistic, eastern, harmony
with nature and multi-functional.
 Windows all
Bukas ang kalooban, around ancestral
not private houses
 Aliwalas, airy
spaciousness and
openness of
interiors
 “Space surrounds
space”
 High value placed
on being natural,
informal, personal
Mañosa & Co, headed by famed Filipino architect Francisco ‘Bobby’ Mañosa, was handed the original
commission for Amanpulo (40 cottages termed ‘casitas’))
MY SPACE IS YOUR SPACE
 OPEN HOUSE: In most Western

cultures, guests are allowed to
move around only within the
confines of the living room. In
Filipino culture, guests may
roam anywhere inside or outside
the house, even in the
bedrooms
 “FEEL AT HOME”: How long can
your relative or close friend
temporarily stay in your house?
Cultural Trends  Filipinos rank
first in religiosity
and spirituality.
 Maka-Diyos
and maka-
kalikasan are
closely woven
together in the
Filipino’s concern
for the
environment.
 These include:
openness, freedom
of expression,
gender sensitivity,
facility at conflict
resolution, resilience,
flexibility, highly
personalized
approach at
relationships, strong
family orientation,
bayanihan spirit, and
passion for creative
expression (as in the
arts).
The Filipino cultural psyche
1.Bayanihan: the creation of
alliances with neighbors and
the helping attitude
whenever one is in dire
need.
2.Close Familial Ties: Filipinos tend
to uphold close family ties.
3.Pakikisama:
involves getting
along with
others to
maintain a
harmonious
relationship.
4.Hiya: shame and is a motivating factor
behind behavior.
5.Utang na Loob: is owed by one to a

person who has helped him through the
trials he had undergone.
◦ Amor Propio: Concern for self-image

◦ Delicadeza: Sense of discretion
◦ Palabra de Honor: "word of honor"
Perception of Filipino Space
 “Guidelines for Shaping New Filipino

communities” (Ponce) discusses
Filipino sense of community
and spatial culture where it list
the traditional Filipino neighborhood
tended to have this features applied to
her proposal of guideline.
MEANING OF PLACE
 PLACE IDENTITY
 SENSE OF PLACE
 PLACE ATTACHMENTS
MEANING OF PLACE
 PLACE IDENTITY – how people
incorporate a place into the larger
concept of their own identities or senses
of self
 SENSE OF PLACE – a level of comfort &
feelings of safety are associated with a
place
 PLACE ATTACHMENTS – a person’s
bond with the social & physical
environments of a place.
HOUSING
TYPOLOGIES
AR 174 HOUSING
AR. SHEILA .V. ELARDO
TYPOLOGY
•Within a given field, the
systematic classification of types
according to their characteristics
HOUSE TYPES
•The type of house that one lives in
reflects a lot about the occupant.
• Reflect the occupant’s personality, socio-
economic status or means of livelihood.
The wide array of housing typologies
that characterize human settlements
around the world are categorized
according to:
1. Scale
2. Structural Shell
3. Materials
4. Ratio to Land/Density
5. Mode of Occupancy
6. Layout / Relationship to open
spaces
7. Prices
8. Interior Spaces
9. Dominant or Sub-uses
•Semi-commercial
•Semi-industrial
•Semi-institutional
A Spanish colonial house used as an office National Steel Corp. in Iligan

Subdivisions
•a tract of land divided into residential lots.
•Courtyard Housing is a distinct medium
density multi-family housing typology centered
around a shared outdoor open space or garden
and surrounded by one or two stories of
apartment units typically only accessed by
courtyard from the street (and not by an interior
corridor).
•Cluster
Subdivision technique in which detached
dwelling units are grouped relatively close
together, leaving open spaces as common
areas.
•Adaptive reuse is the process of
adapting old structures for purposes other
than those initially intended.
•"Sites-and-Services"
are provision of plots of land, either
on ownership or land lease tenure,
along with a bare minimum of
essential infrastructure needed for
habitation.
•Urban renewal project is a
program of land redevelopment in
areas of moderate to high density
urban land use.
•Urban planning & renewal , needed to
improve the living standards of
people in Metro Manila
• Urban planning is a
means of directing the city’s
physical social growth to
provide a more healthy,
pleasant and prosperous
environment.
• New urbanism –
urban design movement
HOUSING NEEDS
The House as a Response
•A house is well-designed if it caters to the
user’s needs.
• Concept of needs varies
•Identifying needs leads to a blurred
concept of a responsive house.
The Concept of “Fit”
Behavior settings: A stable combination of

activity and place consist of :
•Recurrent activity – a standing pattern of
behavior
•Particular layout of the environment –milieu
•Congruent relationship between the two
•Specific time period
Theories on “Needs”
•Theories relative to human needs
and wants.
•Served as the foundations upon
which design responses have been
developed.
Un-addressed Needs
•Cases of unsold and unoccupied

housing units, abandoned
resettlement sites, high turnover
rates, illegal alterations/ expansions
Behavioral aspects of housing
THEORIES ON HOUSING
AR 174 HOUSING
AR. S.V. Elardo
RESIDENT’S SATISFACTION
•an indication of people’s response to the
environment they live in.
Environment is not only the physical setting
but also the social and economic dimensions
of such settings.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
in the context of Housing
•Theorist say that behavior of people at a

given point of time is prompted by their
needs.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
Interactional approach to housing
satisfaction
•Interaction among family members is
necessary before they know of
satisfaction / dissatisfaction
•situation - a set of values & attitudes in a
process activity
Consensus about the level of
satisfaction depends on :
•Relative power of family members
•Family structure
•Dominance
POST-OCCUPANCY EVALUATION
•to measure occupant’s behavior

and their relations to the
surrounding environment.
•70s - post-occupancy evaluations
were carried out
•80s - decline as housing policies
changed (privatization)
•Systematic post-occupation evaluation
studies started
•90s - adoption of these studies by
developing countries
The major concerns of P.O.E. are to
evaluate the occupier’s views on:
• Privacy
• Security
• Use of internal & external space
• Building image
• Satisfaction level
• Personalization of space of their houses and housing areas
Major findings of P.O.E.
• find expression & control to their own home

environment
• provide adequate degree of security & privacy
• provide rich & varied physical settings for various age
• image created by the environment - important
consideration for the occupants
ECONOMIC &
SOCIAL
CHALLENGES IN
HOUSING
AR 174 HOUSING
AR. S.V. ELARDO
Issues:
•The gap between the income of the poor, &
the costs of land & house construction and
in terms of housing finance
Provision for the poor took the form

of :
 resettlement
 slum upgrading
 zonal improvement
6. Insecurity of land tenure
•NGO & PO – based on self-reliance
•Philippine National Shelter Strategy (1986)-
collaborative roles
•Community Mortgage Program (CMP)
7. Lack of comprehensive policy &
institutional framework
8.Tax & risk free features
9. Incentives for contractors & developers
10. Government regulations
POPULATIONS AND URBANIZATION
•Population refers to the number of
persons occupying a certain
geographic area.
•Demography is the study of size,
distribution, composition, and change
in population.
The consequences of overpopulation are:
• climatological changes
• coastal flooding
• desertification
• alteration of the patterns of diseases
• water shortages
• consequential poverty
• lowering standard of the quality of life
The consequences of population growth are:
1. high fertility societies
2. Slow process of industrialization
3. technology is costly and uncertain
4. consumption patterns destroy the ecosystem
5. social inequality
6. reduces the country’s ability to solve problems
peacefully.
Three variables involved in
population change:
1. fertility –actual number of children
born to woman
2. mortality –number of deaths per 1,000

of mid-year population in a particular
place at a specified time
3. life expectancy –average number of

years a person is expected to live from
time of birth
Urbanization in
What is urbanization? the Philippines
The process of
concentrating people
within a relatively small
geographic area and
related to social change
and growth.
Factors for urbanization:
• Attractiveness of urban life
• Existence of social
networks in the migrant’s
destination
• Natural increase
FORT BONIFACIO ACROSS
CONGESTED TAGUIG
HOUSING & URBANIZATION
Key components of an urban area
•Central Business District
•Downtowns
•Markets
•Transport junctions
•Institutions
•Industries
•Residential Areas
ECONOMIC ISSUES
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & HOUSING

Economic Development
•Accelerated concentration of capital
•Increase in utilization of existing labor force
•Increase in productivity
•Increase in specialization of territorial areas
HOUSING
• Mobilizes private capital
• Absorbs rural migrants responding to labor
demand
• Supports economic structural change
• Allows labor mobility
• Improves social indicators that contribute
increase in productivity
• Has multiplier effects
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOUSING &
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
•Housing projects have a general

multiplier effect of 17x, meaning
every P1.00 peso invested,
translates to P17.00 worth of
economic transactions.
SOCIAL ISSUES
Indicators of imbalance/breakdown in the

social order:
•Inequity,
•discrimination/demarginalization,
• crime/violence,
•declining health,
•low productivity,
•inefficiency of services,
•blight
SOCIAL / CULTURAL ISSUES
THE FREEDOM TO BUILD APPROACH

•The Freedom to Build, Inc. (F to B) - various aspects
of the need for housing and offers a response which
blends various aspects of the problem into a project
approach.
1. A democratic nation is neither healthy nor
safe if the majority of its people do not have
access to affordable decent housing.
2. A combination of high land costs/ high
interest rates/ complicated bureaucratic
processing and a nationwide pattern of low
wages
•F to B provides fully legally,
pedestrian oriented, projects
using starter-house strategies
in order to lower costs and
make housing affordable to a
higher percentages of Filipino
families.
Words of English Architect
John Turner:
•“If dwellers participates in the

design, construction and
management of their housing,
the process and environment
thus created, stimulate
individual and social well-
being. If not, the project may
become a barrier to personal
fulfillment and a burden to the
economy.”
The Filipino House
House is a Filipino if it is sensitive to,
reflective of the physical realities in
the Philippines, its people’s cultural
values, their social traditions and their
aesthetics sense as a people.
1. Philippine strategic
locations -a
crossroad in the
exchange of goods &
ideas.
2. Archipelagic nature of
the Philippine -
formation of its
heterogeneous &
multi-cultural
civilization.
3. As a tropical
environment
INTRODUCTION TO
HOUSING
AR 174 HOUSING
Ar. Sheila V. Elardo
HOUSING
•Buildings or structures
that individuals and
their family may live
(federal regulations)
•Different housing
situations vary for
individual (age, family
and geography)
•Shelter is the basic
human requirement
that needs to be met
on priority basis
•Housing sector is
employment
intensive
HOUSING IN THE PHILIPPINES
•“Emergence of a continuing demand for
affordable housing units in response to
increasing population and household size,
both in urban and rural areas”
HOLISTIC VIEW OF HOUSING
Settlements vis-à-vis social and economic
systems
THE NOMADIC ECONOMY
•The food gathering and hunting
•Temporary abodes
•Resource-based dwellings
•Loose sense of territoriality
•Perishable materials
•First known inhabitants called migrating mammals
came through land bridges
Evidences point to 2 streams:
•eastern side of archipelago and north
•Borneo and Palawan - western side of Philippine
including Luzon
•Occupy one large
territory
•Use one place more or
less a permanent home
•Convenient sites (rock
shelters & ledges or
mouth of caves)
•Absence of caves, living
areas are buttresses
roots of large trees with
large leaves for roofing. Portable grass
& bamboo poles
Tabon caves of Palawan

THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY
•The village system
•Organization and hierarchy
•Need to produce surplus
Establishment of Communities
• migrants move in trickles, along river
banks & seacoasts
• Settlements - along or near headwaters
of
major rivers & tributaries evolving to
“riverine & coastal” orientation
• “kaingin” or slash & burn
• Cultivation then wet rice agriculture
Ifugao houses ,1984
Formation of small communities

THE FEUDAL SYSTEM
•Strong sense of territoriality
•Self-subsistent
•Radial settlements
RADIAL SETTLEMENT
WITH GREEN BELT
IFUGAO VILLAGE
•Mobility rendered by horses
•Highly organized
Basic settlement forms
MERCANTILISM
•Relatively fragmented social organizations
•Relatively loose physical boundaries
•Mobility by sea vessels
•Development of coastal areas
•Growth of retail outlets
•Development of ports
SHANGHAI
PORT
NEW YORK COASTAL AREA

COLONIALISM
•Assimilation of culture
•Expansion of territories
•Imposition of urban layouts
INDUSTRIALIZATION
•Assembly line, product
standardization
•Mass production
•High density settlements
•Blight inner cities MASS PRODUCTION
URBAN BLIGHT
HIGH-DENSITY (MUMBAI)
(NEW YORK)
•Development of
suburbia
•Development of a
railway system
•Mobility thru
automobiles and
highways
Today , QC is still partly suburban , but more and more it
is urban in character and actual reality
THE AGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND
GLOBALIZATION
•Cross-country
transfer of
standards
•Localization of
imported
technology
•Service economy
•Re-definition of the
workplace
“Strong and full of energy”: an update
from the Filipino exchange to Sierra Cross country
Leone
Wednesday, October 6th, 2010

transfer
• Editor’s note: From 22 to 26 September,
the Filipino federation visited Freetown,
Sierra Leone, to work with the seaside
slum communities there on strategies for
alleviating the effects of natural
disasters such as flooding, as well as to
secure tenure. Sonia Fadrigo, who was
part of the Filipino delegation, sent a
quick update to the SDI family, which is
reproduced below. A report, published by
IIED, on the Filipino strategies for dealing
with natural disaster can be found here.
• By Sonia Fadrigo, Homeless People’s Sonia Fadrigo (center) talks with members
Federation Philippines of the Sierra Leone Federation of the Urban
and Rural Poor in Kroo Bay, Freetown.
Concept of Housing
•It refers not only to the provision of
shelter but also to the provision of
the basic amenities that make up a
human settlements as well as the
improvement of the environmental
conditions in marginal areas.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES HOUSING
In a Political view:
•Every people have the right to have an
adequate housing be it on his own or not
or simply availing the program of the
government for land tenure system.
Social view :
•Due to rural-urban
migration there is a
concentration and
overcrowding of people in
the city. This poses a great
problem in housing
especially the urban poor
who are homeless and
underprivileged.
Economic view:
•Development and urbanization - business and
manufacturing establishments as well as labor
force increased causing to have a higher
demand in providing housing which are near
to their employment and economic
opportunities.
Physical view:
•In our country especially in Manila there are
various places that we see and termed as
blighted slums that needed rehabilitation
and upgrading.
Cultural view:
•Greece - treatment and use of
housing and in the quality of
environmental care
•Arab culture (Tunisia)- form of
housing is a communal area
Technological view:
•appropriate design
•building materials, resources and skills
that are available
•prefabrication or modularization
•production process
•indigenous technology
•sweat equity
PROBLEMS AFFECTING HOUSING:
1. Lack of access to land and of security of
tenure
2. Lack of sustainable source of funds
3. Lack of access to affordable housing
materials
4. Poor policy framework
5. Enhancing local government capabilities
6. Engage effective participation of urban
poor, non-governmental organization and
private sector
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS in the
PHILIPPINES
PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES
•The region of Southeast Asia had been
penetrated by grand world traditions from
China, Arabia, and India.
•Overland migrations, caravans, and armies
took the route south from China crossing
the intervening countries and down to
Malay peninsula.
THE BARANGAY SOCIETY
•Settlements were located along inland
rivers or mountain streams
•Boatmaking and pottery technology
developed; Burial jars for the dead become
part of barangay culture
•Panay - everyone knew how to spin and
weave for clothing
•Overall, life in the barangay culture was
local
SPANISH CONQUEST
•Small barangays were consolidated into new
political dominion
•1589, regime began a sweeping reorganization
of the natives
•The viability of the pueblo-parish system
depended on keeping the natives
•The first sector of the new land system was the
pueblo lands
•Lands awarded to the church sector became
basis of hacienda agriculture
•Pueblo parishes evolved into encomiendas.
POST-COLONIAL ECONOMY
•Philippine economy (1700-1770’s) marked
by the phasing out of private
encomiendas.
•An aspect of modern Filipino folk culture
evolved during this period
•Stability in pueblos, money transactions,
and steady population growth gave play
to socio-economic forces.
ORGANIC
DEVELOPMENT AS A
FACTOR OF SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC
SYSTEMS
ORGANIC DEVELOPMENT a type of
development that will ensue minimal
planning and intervention at the statutory
level.
•Settlements are shaped by natural
processes, that arise out of day-to-day
encounters among the individuals and
social organizations.
•Market forces , modes of subsistence and
cultural factors determine the
configuration of physical settlements.
•PLANNED DEVELOPMENT
is a product of a conscious
effort to direct growth and
pre-determine the final
pattern of settlements.
PHILIPPINE
PERSPECTIVE ON
HOUSING
(CURRENT HOUSING DEMAND,
NEEDS & SUPPLY)
AR 174 HOUSING
AR. S.V. ELARDO
INDICATORS OF HOUSING
PROBLEMS
The problem of housing illegal occupancy
of land or of housing space & subsequent
formation of squatter communities.
1. Squatting – described as the illegal
occupancy of land owned by others,
became a preferred solution to the
housing problem by those with little or
no resources
• Professional squatters &
squatter syndicates - refer to those
occupying a vacant land owned by
others in order to sell rights for its use
to others.
Makeshift housing – refers to the use of
salvaged or improvised construction
materials for the roof or walls used with
other construction materials.
Makeshift houses
Metro Manila & NCR 61,842 26% of total urban &
rural makeshift dwellings
in the counry
Nationwide 145,402 62.5% of total urban &
rural makeshift dwellings
nationwide
Per capita income among makeshift dwellers

Lowest income Php 4,000 (9.7%)
Modal income Php 10,000-14,999.00
Average family income Php 30,000 per year
50,000 +
Makeshift dwellers:
▪ don’t have access to a potable water
system (26%)
▪ most shared community system (51%)
• don’t have toilets

(38%)
• burned garbage
(1/3%) Endriga et al.
1996:35)
PCUP – Presidential Commission on
the Urban Poor
• No. of squatter urban poor families –
717,328
• 16% - lived in danger areas
• 22% - in sites for infrastructure projects
• 35% - government –owned areas for
priority development
• 27% - privately-owned land
Local government
• No. of squatter urban poor
families – 432,450 households
• 23% - occupied gov’t lands
• 15% - danger zones
• 40% - infrastructure sites
• 22% - privately owned land
National Housing Authority
• No. of slums & squatters dwellers –
406,000 households
• Covered major thoroughfares,
esteros, creeks,waterways,
previously cleared squatter areas
In Metro Manila there were about
581,059 informal settlers (data from
HUDCC as of July 26, 2010)
• unsanitary conditions, congestion,
and limited access to basic urban
services (e.g., health centers, schools,
waste disposal, safe water supply)
A slum area describes:
• lack of provisions for electricity, water,
roads, waste disposal and drainage , a
situation as dangerous to health as to
the environment
Government solution:
• clear the areas
• resettle the people in far-flung vacant
lands
➢ on-site slum upgrading, providing
services & implementing the zonal
improvement program
2. HOUSING DEMAND
• New households/new stock
• Old, dilapidated stock need to be

upgraded
• Available stock but not responsive to

needs
• Housing Backlog - households
with substandard units including
those in places with sites & services
programs which were being
upgraded.
• Future Needs – additional & new

houses required by new households
Housing needs – housing backlog +
future needs
• Double-up-households – more than

one household in one dwelling unit
• Future housing needs - projected
increase in households plus housing
required to replace losses due to
obsolescence.
• NEDA – National Economic

development Authority
• projected housing need as : housing
backlog & future needs
• Private sector - economic housing
• Government – socialized housing
• Solution to housing need -

government assistance in the
production of housing units (private
sector) and government loans to
acquire house & land
HOUSING NEED (1993-1998)
COMPONENTS UNITS
Housing backlog 1,126,203
Future Needs 2,236,146
Total 3,362,349
HOUSING NEED (2005-2010)
CATEGORY TOTAL
HOUSING BACKLOG 984,466
•Doubled-up housing 387,315
•Replacement/informal 588,853
settlers
•Homeless 8,298
Substandard (Upgrading) 186,334
New Households 2,585,272
Total 3,756,072
• National Urban Development and
Housing Framework (NUDHF) 2009-
2016 - largely urban phenomenon
• The magnitude of housing need - 5.8
million housing units in 2016
• In Metro Manila, total backlog -
496,928 housing units
HOUSING FOR WHOM?
Who are in need?
Who are the poor?
• Income
• Expenses
• Size of households
• Dwelling type
• Educational attainment of household head
• Membership in urban poor organizations
• Source of livelihood
• Ability to meet basic needs
Who are the poor?
• Squatters, slum dwellers, makeshift
dwellers, landless poor & others.
Squatter – legal term referring to those

occupy land without the consent of the
owner.
• Slum dweller – emphasizes blighted
physical conditions of urban poor
communities
• Makeshift dweller – refers to those

staying in dwelling units that are made
of scrap materials & are usually in a
state of disrepair.
• Urban Poor – individuals or families
residing in urban & urbanizable areas
whose income or combined household
income falls within the poverty
threshold
Homeless
• no designated shelter
• moves from one place to another
• found everywhere; seeks shelter in
streets, parks, under bridges, etc.
Illegal Occupant
• has designated shelter
• creates a temporary or permanent
structure to which they can return
• abounds in areas close to major urban
centers, along river banks and close to
municipal garbage dump
MEASURES OF POVERTY
Poverty measures used in the

Philippines are:
1. Food threshold or subsistence

threshold
2. Poverty threshold or poverty
line
• Food threshold is measured in
terms of a food basket which satisfies
all (100%) of the Recommended
Dietary Allowance or RDA for energy
COMPUTATION:
▪ FT (food cost) x 30.4 (approximate no. of days

per month) to get monthly food threshold
▪ Or 365 days (30.4 days/month x 12 months)

to get annual FT
Poverty Threshold or Poverty Line
• Poverty threshold – monthly income

required to satisfy 100% of nutritional
requirements and other needs of a family
of six
Poverty Threshold (PT) = FT – Food threshold

ER – Expenditure ratio
ER– ratio of food expenditure to the total

basic expenditure
or
Food Expenditure
Total Basic Expenditures of Family Income
and
Expenditures
Survey (FIES)
sample families
falling within
five percentile
below the food
threshold)
3. LACK OF ACCESS TO HOUSING
FINANCE
Reasons that the poor cannot have
access to such housing schemes:
• Gap between the income of the poor
• Costs of land and house construction
• Terms of housing finance
4. INSECURITY OF LAND TENURE
• Housing problem as lack of security of
land tenure.
• Community Mortgage Program (CMP)
making available affordable loans to the
urban poor - pioneering effort of
government at socialized housing
• Subsidies and effective bureaucracies
were needed.
5. LACK OF COMPREHENSIVE POLICY &
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
• continued increase of
squatters
• among the poor, incomes
have become differentiated
• security of land tenure as a
solution requires that land
be available for socialized
housing
• squatting - migration of The Causes:
poor rural people to Urbanization,
urban areas Migration, Poverty
• Migration - attributed to
urbanization
• Data on income show
the incidence of poverty
in many areas of Metro
Manila.
Population of the Philippines (2018 and historical)
Yearly Philipp
% Country's ines
Chang Yearly Migrants Median Fertility Density Urban Urban Share of World Global
Year Population e Change (net) Age Rate (P/Km²) Pop % Population World Pop Population Rank
2018 106,512,074 1.52 % 1,593,984 -130,000 24.3 3.02 357 43.7 % 47,278,672 1.40 % 7,632,819,325 13
2017 104,918,090 1.55 % 1,597,868 -130,000 24.3 3.02 352 44.4 % 46,543,718 1.39 % 7,550,262,101 13
2016 103,320,222 1.58 % 1,603,863 -130,000 24.3 3.02 347 44.4 % 45,842,660 1.38 % 7,466,964,280 12
2015 101,716,359 1.65 % 1,597,947 -130,000 24.1 3.05 341 44.4 % 45,172,676 1.38 % 7,383,008,820 12
2010 93,726,624 1.67 % 1,490,477 -300,000 23.1 3.30 314 45.1 % 42,288,282 1.35 % 6,958,169,159 12
2005 86,274,237 2.04 % 1,656,534 -219,474 21.3 3.70 289 46.4 % 39,994,963 1.32 % 6,542,159,383 12
2000 77,991,569 2.23 % 1,631,171 -153,124 20.5 3.90 262 47.7 % 37,237,828 1.27 % 6,145,006,989 14
1995 69,835,715 2.43 % 1,577,673 -100,976 19.8 4.14 234 48.1 % 33,612,975 1.21 % 5,751,474,416 14
1990 61,947,348 2.66 % 1,524,740 -59,751 19.2 4.53 208 48.6 % 30,100,849 1.16 % 5,330,943,460 14
1985 54,323,648 2.77 % 1,385,336 -35,335 18.7 4.92 182 43.0 % 23,384,531 1.11 % 4,873,781,796 17
1980 47,396,968 2.79 % 1,220,369 -62,727 18.1 5.46 159 37.5 % 17,765,320 1.06 % 4,458,411,534 18
1975 41,295,124 2.89 % 1,098,079 -47,547 17.4 5.98 138 35.6 % 14,684,763 1.01 % 4,079,087,198 19
1970 35,804,729 2.98 % 978,159 -54,369 16.7 6.54 120 33.0 % 11,807,992 0.97 % 3,700,577,650 19
1965 30,913,933 3.31 % 928,182 99 17.2 7.42 104 31.6 % 9,769,788 0.93 % 3,339,592,688 23
1960 26,273,025 3.45 % 818,785 192 16.5 7.27 88 30.3 % 7,959,458 0.87 % 3,033,212,527 23
1955 22,179,101 3.60 % 719,722 99 17.2 7.42 74 28.7 % 6,365,775 0.80 % 2,772,242,535 23
http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/
School of Architecture
Industrial Design and
the Built Environment
AR174 HOUSING
AR. S.V. ELARDO
ORGANIZATIONAL & INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES FOR EFFECTIVE HOUSING

DELIVERY SYSTEM
National Implementing Machineries

Historical Background:
July 1936 – Commonwealth Act 620
14 October 1938 – People’s Homesite Corporation
17 September 1945 – National Housing Commission
1959 Republic Act 580 – Home Financing Corporation
15 October 1975 – National Housing Authority
September 1978 – Ministry of Human Settlements
17 December 1978 – Executive Order No. 90
Executive Order No. 90
Title I : Housing Agencies & their Mandates
Title II : The Housing & Urban Development Coordinating Council
Title III : Rationalizing the Funding Sources & Lending Mechanisms for Home Mortgages
Title IV : Other Provisions
The National Shelter Program (NSP)
A comprehensive program that provides the people, especially the lowest 30%, with adequate housing facilities through
affordable housing packages
Objectives of the NSP

 Increased accessibility of home ownership to low-income families
 Stable, sustainable and viable long, medium –term home financing
 Security of land tenure
 Prevention of squatting
 Greater private sector participation
 Equitable distribution of benefits to geographic regions of the country
National Policies for Housing
 EO 90 and launching of the National Shelter Plan
 Urban Development & Housing Act of 1992 (RA7279)
 Comprehensive & Integrated Shelter Finance Act (RA 7835) dated 16 Dec 1994
 Local Government Code of 1991 : devolving housing responsibilities to LGUs
The Urban Development & Housing Act of 1992
Objectives:
The UDHA 1992 was formulated to achieve the following objectives:
1. To uplift the conditions of the unprivileged and homeless citizens in urban areas and in resettlement areas by
making available to them decent housing at affordable cost, basic services and employment opportunities.
2. To provide for the rational use and development of urban land in order to bring about the following:
a. Equitable utilization of residential lands in urban and urbanizable lands
b. Optimization of the use and productivity of land and urban resources.
c. Development of urban areas conducive to commercial and industrial activities.
d. Reduction in urban dysfunctions.
e. Access to land & housing by the underprivileged and homeless.
3. To adopt workable policies to regulate & direct urban growth and expansion towards a dispersed urban net
and more balanced urban-rural interdependence.
4. To provide for an equitable land tenure system that shall guarantee security of tenure to program
beneficiaries.
5. To encourage more effective people’s participation in the urban development process.
6. To improve the capability of local government units
THE ACTORS
NATIONAL SHELTER PROGRAMS
Implementing Machineries
HUDCC
KEY HOUSING FUNDING SUPPORT PRIVATE

AGENCIES AGENCIES AGENCIES SECTOR
REPRESENTATIVES
1. Developers
1. DOF 2. Urban Poor
2. DPWH 3. Bankers
1. NHA 1. SSS 3. DBM 4. Professionals
2. NHMFC 2. GSIS 4. NEDA 5. Contractors
1
3. HIGC 3. HDMF 5. PMS 6. Brokers
4. HLURB 6. DBP
School of Architecture
Industrial Design and
the Built Environment
THE KEY HOUSING AGENCIES

• HUDCC: planning and technical assistance
• NHA: augment and enhance local government capabilities
• HIGC: guarantee schemes to encourage financial institutions
• HLURB: comprehensive plans for urban and urbanizable areas
• NHMFC: Community Mortgage Program
ABBREVIATIONS USED:
HUDCC – Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
NHA – National Housing Authority
NHMFC – National Home Mortgage and Finance Corporation
HIGC – Home Insurance Guaranty Corporation
HLURB – Housing & Land Use Regulatory Board
SSS – Social Security System
GSIS – Government Service Insurance System
HDMF – Home Development Mutual Fund or PAG-IBIG Fund
DOF – Department of Finance
DPWH – Department of Public Works & Highways
DBM – Department of Budget & Management
NEDA – National Economic and development Authority
PMS – Presidential Management Staff
DBP – Development Bank of the Philippines
KEY PLAYERS / ACTORS

 developers
 landowners
 government agencies
 originators
 funders
 buyers
 local government units
 non-governmental organizations
 housing organizations
 professionals/technocrats
 the public
CURRENT TRENDS IN HOUSING DELIVERY

 co-designing
 land readjustment
 land banking
 time sharing
 deregulation
 incremental housing
 perpetual lease
 adaptive re-use
- Housing a s a product & as a process
CLIC & Urban Development By Riz Riley & Pat Wakely An article from the DPU News A semestral
publication of the Developmental Planning Unit University College London 4 July 2000
SUPPORT COMPONENTS
 livelihood
 building associations
 housing associations
 training
 health care / social welfare
 infrastructure
Organized Small –Scale Self – Help Housing By Mario Rodriguez and Johnny Astrand Building Issues
vol.8 1996
Aranya Community Housing, 1989

Aranya Post -Occupancy
2
HOUSING
FINANCE
AR 174 HOUSING
AR. S.V. ELARDO
HOUSING FINANCE
•The principles behind housing finance

- within the context of macro-
economic systems and theories
Economic Development and
Housing
• Construction has often served as a
barometer of progress.
• Housing absorbs a high level of
workforce
• In large housing project, fifteen percent
of the investment goes into buying
land.
Economic Development and
Housing
• House construction also absorbs rural
migrants
• Urban productivity, which is enhanced

by local specialization, requires labor
mobility.
Fund Sources for Housing
•Grants
•Loans
•Savings
•Subsidies
•Pension funds
Delivery Systems and Institutional
Arrangements
•Private sector initiatives
•Public sector initiatives
•Joint ventures
•Non-governmental organizations
•Foundations
•Cooperatives
•Community Associations
Cost Components
•Land
•Materials
•Labor
•Equipment
•Administration/Overhead
•Contractor’s profit
•Interest on loan
•Professional services
THE PUBLIC SECTOR
•The public sector can never hope to
finance more than a small portion of
the total housing needs of a country.
THE PRIVATE SECTOR

 Output - consists of developers &
builders
 Organization - subcontracting and
firms
The National Shelter Program
Framework
•Executive Order 90 identifies the key

housing agencies in the Philippines and
clarifies the roles of each agency under the
National Shelter Program.
Key Agencies:
•Housing and Urban
Development
Coordinating Council
(HUDCC): charged with the
main function of
coordinating the activities
gof the government housin
agencies to ensure the
accomplishment of the
National Shelter Program.
National Housing Authority
(NHA): the sole government
agency engaged in direct
shelter production. It shall
focus its efforts in providing
housing assistance to the
lowest: 30% of urban income
earners through slum
upgrading, squatter relocation,
development of sites and
services and construction of
core housing units.
•Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board (HLURB):
sole regulatory body for housing
and land development. It is
charged with encouraging greater
private sector participation in low-
cost housing through the
liberation of development
standards, simplification of
regulations and decentralization
of approvals for permits and
licenses.
•National Home Mortgage
Finance Corporation
(NHMFC): the major home
mortgage institution. Its initial
main function is to operate a
viable home mortgage
market, utilizing long-term
funds principally provided by
the SSS, GSIS and HDMF.
• Home Guaranty Corporation
(HGC): shall assist private
developers to undertake low
and middle income mass
housing production and
encourage private institutional
funds and commercial lenders
to finance such housing
development and long-term
mortgages through a viable
system of guarantees, loan
insurance and other
Funding Agencies:
1. Home Development Mutual Fund
(HDMF): will continue to administer
provident fund contributions collected
from member employees and
employers, utilizing funds not required
for provident benefits for housing loans
for members, and, in addition, will be
charged with the development of
saving schemes for home acquisition
by private and government employees.
Funding Agencies
2. Social Security System
(SSS): shall be the primary
provider of funds for long-
term housing mortgages for
low and middle-income
private sector employees.
3. Government Service
Insurance System (GSIS):
shall be the primary provider
of funds for long-term
housing mortgages for low
and middle-income
government employees.
Supporting Agencies:
•Department of Finance (DOF)

•Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH)
•Department of Budget and Management
(DBM)
•National Economic Development Authority
(NEDA)
•Presidential Management Staff (PMS)
•Development Bank of the Philippines
(DBP)
Private Sector Representatives:
•Developers
•Urban Poor
•Bankers
•Professionals
•Contractors
•Brokers
Housing and Urban Development
Coordinating Council (HUDCC):
• “highest policy making body for housing
and coordinate the activities of the
government housing agencies to ensure
the accomplishment of the National
Shelter Program”
• coordinating the efforts of 4 shelter
agencies, 3 funding agencies, 7
government support agencies and 2
private sector representatives from
NGOs and private developers.
HGC Home Guaranty Corporation
• Provides risk coverage for home financing
HLURB Housing and Land Use Regulation

Board
• Deals with issues of land use, zoning and
• subdivision of plots
NHMFC National Home Mortgage Finance

Corporation
• The major government mortgage institution
NHA National Housing Authority

• Production of housing units
Pag-IBIG - The Home Development Mutual

Fund
• Another funding agency
SHFC Social Housing Finance Corporation

• Subsidiary home mortgage agency
Low-cost Housing Types
The housing solutions for low income groups in the
governmental housing sector can be divided into
four types.
1. SOCIALIZED HOUSING is when the house and lot

has a value below PhP 225,000. The lot sizes are small
and houses are usually of a row house type with limited
room for expansion. By urban planners this type of
housing should be considered transition housing, only to
be used until the family has enough resources to move
to a higher housing category.
2. LOW- COST HOUSING refers to house
and lot with a value between PhP 225, 000
and PhP 500 000. Most houses are single
detached or duplex types but it can also
include units for sale in medium-rise
buildings.
3. MEDIUM-RISE BUILDING or MRB’s are
residential buildings of not less than three
and no more than five storey's; the upper
limit is the number of floors allowed without
the installation of an elevator. MRB’s are
found in high density urban areas.
4. ECONOMIC HOUSING is house and lot

with a value of no more than PhP 2 million
June 2015
The Housing and Urban
Development Coordinating
Council (HUDCC) approved
Resolution No. 2 Series of 2015
on June 8, 2015, which
adjusted the Economic Housing
Loan Ceiling from P1.25M to
P1.7M, representing an
increase of 36%. The said
increase is subject to existing
financing guidelines of the Key
Shelter Agencies (KSAs) and
other financial institutions
involved in housing
development.
April 27 2018
HUDCC recently raised the minimum
standard requirement for socialized
housing projects to make it more livable.
From a price ceiling of P450,000 for an
18-square-meter (sq.m) floor area in the
last four years, HUDCC changed it to 24-
sq.m floor area at P480,000.
Community
Development
Aspect of Housing
AR174-1_Housing
Mapua University
Definition_Community Development
 "a process where community members come together

to take collective action and generate solutions to
common problems.” (United Nations)
 a broad concept, applied to the practices of civic
leaders, activists, involved citizens, and professionals to
improve various aspects of communities, typically
aiming to build stronger and more resilient local
communities.
 "a practice-based profession and an academic

discipline that promotes participative democracy,
sustainable development, rights, economic opportunity,
equality and social justice, through the organization,
education and empowerment of people within their
communities, whether these be of locality, identity or
interest, in urban and rural settings” (International
Association for Community Development-IACD)
 “both an occupation (such as a community

development worker in a local authority) and a way of
working with communities. Its key purpose is to build
communities based on justice, equality and mutual
respect” (Community Development Exchange:UK )
 A set of values and practices which plays a special role

in overcoming poverty and disadvantage, knitting
society together at the grass roots and deepening
democracy (Community Development Challenge
Report : UK)
Purpose_Community Development
 to work with communities to achieve participative

democracy, sustainable development, rights, economic
opportunity, equality and social justice (IACD)
 To enhance the relationships between ordinary people
and people in positions of power, so that everyone can
take part in the issues that affect their lives
 to help build relationships with key people and

organizations and to identify common concerns
 To create opportunities for the community to learn new
skills and, by enabling people to act together, help to
foster social inclusion and equality
 to develop members’ capabilities and potentials to

affect their well- being and quality of life through
maximizing resources utilization to benefit them socially
and economically
Principle_Community Development
 within any community there is a wealth of knowledge

and experience which, if used in creative ways, can be
channeled into collective action to achieve the
communities' desired goals
Elements_Community Development
 1. community members’ well-being or welfare involving

both material sufficiency and non-economic aspects of
living such as health and education
 2. resource development, involving increased
production and efficiency
 3. organizational development, involving the
maintenance and creation of social and economic
structures through which members of the community
may channel their energies for the betterment of
community living
Community Development & Housing
 uses a locally-driven approach to empowering

communities that emphasizes affordable, safe housing
and regionally-based job and economic development
as key strategic elements for sustaining healthy
communities
 Homelessness impacts low-income individuals' and

families' ability to find and maintain employment and
raise their children in a consistent, safe environment.
 Housing supports, such as rent subsidies and emergency
assistance to prevent eviction assist low-income
individuals and families in obtaining affordable housing
and paying rent and other bills on time to avoid eviction.
 Place-based strategies are community-level

approaches to combat homelessness, improve self-
sufficiency, and increase the availability of jobs for low-
income individuals in communities.
Approaches_Community Development
 Community Engagement
focuses on relationships at the core of facilitating
"understanding and evaluation, involvement,
exchange of information and opinions, about a
concept, issue or project, with the aim of building
social capital and enhancing social outcomes
through decision-making”
 Women Self-help Group

focusing on the contribution of women in settlement
groups
 Community Capacity Building

focusing on helping communities obtain, strengthen,
and maintain the ability to set and achieve their own
development objectives
 Large Group Capacitation

an adult education and social psychology approach
grounded in the activity of the individual and the
social psychology of the large group focusing on
large groups of unemployed or semi-employed
participants, many of whom with Lower Levels of
Literacy (LLLs).
 Social Capital Formation

focusing on benefits derived from the cooperation
between individuals and groups.
 Non-Violent Direct Action

when a group of people take action to reveal an
existing problem, highlight an alternative, or
demonstrate a possible solution to a social issue
which is not being addressed through traditional
societal institutions (governments, religious
organizations or established trade unions) to the
satisfaction of the direct action participants.
 Economic Development
focusing on the "development" of developing
countries as measured by their economies, although
it includes the processes and policies by which a
nation improves the economic, political, and social
well-being of its people.
 Community Economic Development (CED)

an alternative to conventional economic
development which encourages using local
resources in a way that enhances economic
outcomes while improving social conditions. For
example, CED involves strategies which aim to
improve access to affordable housing, medical, and
child care
 Community Economic Development (CED)

A worker cooperative is a progressive CED strategy
that operates as businesses both managed and
owned by their employees.
They are beneficial due to their potential to create
jobs and providing a route for grassroots political
action. Some challenges that the worker cooperative
faces include the mending of the cooperative’s
identity as both business and as a democratic
humanitarian organization.
They are limited in resources and scale
 Sustainable Development
seeks to achieve, in a balanced manner, economic
development, social development and
environmental protection outcomes
 Community-Driven Development (CDD)

an economic development model which shifts
overreliance on central governments to local
communities.
 Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD)

a methodology that seeks to uncover and use the
strengths within communities as a means for
sustainable development
 Faith-Based Community Development

utilizes faith-based organizations to bring about
community development outcomes
 Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)

a partnership approach to research that equitably
involves, for example, community members,
organizational representatives, and researchers in all
aspects of the research process and in which all
partners contribute expertise and share decision
making and ownership, which aims to integrate this
knowledge with community development outcomes
 Community Organizing
an approach that generally assumes that social
change necessarily involves conflict and social
struggle in order to generate collective power for the
powerless.
 Participatory planning including Community-Based

Planning (CBP)
involving the entire community in the strategic and
management processes of urban planning; or,
community-level planning processes, urban or rural
 Town-Making or Machizukuri (まちづくり)

refers to a Japanese concept which is "an umbrella
term generally understood as citizen participation in
the planning and management of a living
environment".[18] It can include redevelopment,
revitalization, and post-disaster reconstruction, and
usually emphasizes the importance of local citizen
participation.
 Language Revitalization
focuses on the use of a language so that it serves the
needs of a community
this may involve the creation of books, films and other
media in the language
these actions help a small language community to
preserve their language and culture
 Community-Wide Empowerment
 Methodology focusing on the educational component of
community development that creates increased
educational opportunity
 Affordable Training and Access to Computers and the

Internet
 Methodologies addressing the issues and challenges of
the Digital divide
 addressing the marginalisation of local communities that
cannot connect and participate in the global Online
community.
Market Analysis &
Housing Finance
AR174-1_Housing
Mapua University
Definition_Housing Market
Housing Market refers to the supply and

demand for houses, usually in a particular
country or region.
A key element of the housing market is the
average house prices and trend in house prices.
Definitions related to housing market

 nominal house prices – actually monetary value – not
adjusted for inflation
 Real house prices – house prices adjusted for inflation,
e.g. if prices rise 10%, but inflation was 2%, then real
house prices rose 8%
 Mortgage equity withdrawal – when homeowners re-
mortgage house and take equity withdrawal.

 Buy to let – When investors buy houses with the intention
of renting out the house to gain income from rent and
hopefully capital gains.
 Capital gains – when investors see a rise in house prices
 Negative equity – when a homeowner has an
outstanding mortgage bigger than the value of the
home. If they sold their house, they would still owe
money from the initial mortgage
 Real interest rates – nominal base rates – inflation rate

 Base rates – the interest rate set by the Bank of England;
this base rate has a strong influence on the other interest
rates in the economy. Banks will usually alter their
lending rates in response to a change in the base rate.
 Fixed-rate mortgage – a mortgage where the interest
rate is set for a number of years e.g. 2,5,10 years
 Variable-rate mortgage – a mortgage where the interest
rate is linked to the Bank of England base rate and so
mortgage payments will change with changes in the
interest rate.

 Interest-only mortgage – when homeowners take out a
mortgage which only involves paying the interest on the
loan and not any principle on reducing the outstanding
loan.
 Generation rent – the young population who cannot
afford to buy, but have to rent.
 Affordability index – how much percentage of
disposable income is needed to keep up with mortgage
payments – rents.
Factors Affecting Housing Market
Housing Market Analysis
How housing market works:

 How housing market works:
Inputs such as land, labor, finance, materials and
infrastructure are combined by supply-side agents
such as landlords and developers to produce housing
services.
Homeowners, and to a lesser extent, renters, are also
producers, as they maintain and upgrade their
houses.
Relative prices inform producers of housing services
about whether to provide more or less housing, and
the input suppliers about providing more or fewer
inputs.
 Housing market analysis is complicated by several

facts:
1) the system of property rights implicit in any supply
and demand diagram cannot be taken for granted
2) housing is a composite commodity and may be
examined in terms of its service flows or stock in some
aggregate way, or in terms of individual
characteristics
3) supply in any given period comes from both new
construction and modification of the existing stock
 Housing market analysis is complicated by several

facts:
4) transactions costs of changing consumption are
quite high
5) housing consumption choices are bound up with
tenure choices
6) housing markets are a large part of the economy in
general and the capital stock in particular, so have
strong linkages with its aggregate economy.
Property Rights
define the theoretical and legal ownership of
resources and how they can be used.
These resources can be both tangible or
intangible and can be owned by individuals,
businesses, and governments.
Property Rights
Property rights may be defined and assigned
through a formal legal system or by custom or
tradition.
Two areas of law which particularly affect the
operation of housing and real estate markets are
contract law and land use regulation.
Property Rights
 Contract law deals with the system that defines and
facilitates the transfer of property and property rights,
allocates those rights, and settles disputes.
 Land use regulation includes the body of custom, law,
regulation and case law which governs the rights to locate
certain uses in certain locations and provides standards of
development and operation of those uses.
 Formal instruments include zoning ordinances, building and
housing codes, subdivision regulations, private deed
restrictions, environmental laws and regulations, etc.
 Housing Demand
 a market driven concept and relates to the type and
number of houses that households will choose to occupy
based on preference and ability to pay.
 Housing ‘need’ is an indicator of existing deficit: the
number of households that do not have access to
accommodation that meets certain normative standards.
 This measure mainly refers to the level of need for more or
improved social housing.
 The term ‘housing requirement’ is sometimes used to
combine these two measures to generate an overall
picture of the housing market.
 Housing Supply
The supply or level of production and provision of
housing is shaped by a number of factors.
When considering whether to invest in new or
renovated housing, developers weigh the risks and
costs of an investment against its potential return.
 Housing Supply
The macroeconomic environment and the security of
property rights play a major role in determining the
risks of an investment, as the availability and
affordability of serviced land, land use regulation and
construction costs set production costs.
Housing will be supplied only when these costs and
risks are exceeded by its anticipated market price.
These factors determine not only the quantity of
housing supplied, but where and for whom it is built.
 Tenure choice, tenure security and mobility

 ‘housing tenure’ refers to the legal status under which
people have the right to occupy accommodation
households are classified as either homeowners and
renters
The main forms of housing tenure are
Homeownership – either outright or through
mortgage
Private renters – renting from private landlords
Social renters – people renting from local
authorities and housing associations.

Households can own or rent structures and/or land.
Usage rights can be fee simple or leased for short or
long terms.
Households may or may not hold title or customary
rights over adjacent property and common space;
they may rent from relatives or the government as
well as private landlords.
Long- term tenants may be treated differently from
recent movers, rent may be paid in cash or in kind,
periodically or in a lump sum, or some combination of
the two.
Lump sum payments may or may not be returned,
with or without interest, on leaving the unit.
Tenants may or may not receive utilities, maintenance
and other services as part of the package.
Tenants from family or kinship groups may have
different rights than strangers.
 Housing and the aggregate economy
Housing has strong links to general development,
both forward and backward
Generally high and rising prices for housing can be
viewed as signals that the market requires additional
investment.
shelter and infrastructure investments are, in fact, by
definition productive: they are investment in an asset
that yields a flow of services over time
Definition_ Housing Finance
“Housing Finance” or “Home Loan” means

finance for buying or modifying a property
 World Bank:
Housing plays a key socio-economic role and
represents the main wealth of the poor in most
developing countries.
The UN estimates that the global population will reach
8.5 billion by 2030, with almost 60% of the population
living in urban centers.
An estimated 3 billion people will need new housing
and basic urban infrastructure by 2030.
 World Bank:
Against the backdrop of rapid urbanization putting
pressure on housing delivery systems, many urban
poor will not be able to afford formal housing without
proper housing finance solutions.
This puts the issue of housing finance at the forefront
of the global development agenda.
Housing Finance System
We can view the housing finance sector in terms

of:
 supply
demand
 Demand for housing finance is in a sense a derived

demand that flows from the demand for housing, which
in turn depends importantly on the rate of household
formation and income levels.
 In addition, with housing costs typically being a multiple
of annual income, housing is made affordable by
spreading payments over time, so adequate housing
finance must be longer term in nature.
 On the supply side, one way to think about the provision

of housing finance is to split it into two components:
 1) the provision of housing finance by a lender who has
ample funds at hand, and
 2) the mobilization of funds within an economy so that
lending institutions have access to funds.
 For lenders with adequate funds to choose to allocate

some portion to long-term housing finance, a number of
preconditions should be in place:
Information on the borrower
Ability to value the property
Ability to secure collateral
Macroeconomic stability
Sources of funds
Additional sources of liquidity
 Information on the Borrower

To adequately price a loan, a lender must have
information on the creditworthiness of prospective
borrowers that enables the determination of the
probability of default.
The information could be produced by a
standardized and accurate source of credit history—
such as public credit registries or private credit
bureaus.
 Ability to Value the Property

This is a natural outcome of a well-functioning housing
market in which detailed information on housing
transactions is maintained in a systematic way.
For example, if data on the sales price and relevant
features of the home (location, size, age, etc.) are
maintained in a mandatory property registry,
appraisers can more accurately value prospective
homes for the lenders and borrowers
 Ability to secure collateral

The lender should to be able to secure collateral
against the loan in case of default.
The house itself is an obvious candidate for that
collateral, providing that in the case of default the
lender can seize the property.
To seize the property requires that there is something
resembling clear title and that the legal system allows
the lender to seize collateral.
 Macroeconomic stability
The macroeconomic environment should be stable.
If inflation is volatile, the lender would incur substantial
interest rate risk if it lends at a fixed rate.
In an unstable environment, lenders will typically pass
on this risk to the borrowers—who are less likely to fully
understand it—by only offering floating rate loans.
Substantial interest rate risk, no matter who bears it,
will retard the development of the housing finance
system, as either lenders will go out of business
 Sources of funds
In the primary market, deposit-taking institutions, such
as banks, can fund mortgages through deposits.
However, because deposits are short term, if this is the
only source of funds housing loans will tend to be
short term or at variable rates.
Short-term loans, given that housing is expensive, are
unattractive to potential borrowers.
Potential borrowers might find variable rate loans
attractive, but will likely not be able to gauge the
substantial interest rate risk they are bearing
 Additional sources of liquidity

Whatever the usual sources of funds, it is important to
have a backstop, such as a governmental liquidity
window, in case of temporary liquidity crunches.
Fund Sources for Housing

Grants
Loans
Savings
Subsidies
Pension funds
 Fund Sources for Housing

Grants
are non-repayable funds or products disbursed or
given by one party (grant makers), often a
government department, corporation, foundation
or trust, to a recipient, often (but not always) a
nonprofit entity, educational institution, business or
an individual.

Loan
a sum of money that one or more individuals or
companies borrow from banks or other financial
institutions so as to financially manage planned or
unplanned events. In doing so, the borrower incurs
a debt, which he has to pay back with interest and
within a given period of time.

Savings
the portion of income not spent on current
expenditures

Subsidy or government incentive
a form of financial aid or support extended to an
economic sector (business, or individual) generally
with the aim of promoting economic and social
policy
Subsidies come in various forms including: direct
(cash grants, interest-free loans) and indirect (tax
breaks, insurance, low-interest loans, accelerated
depreciation, rent rebates)

Pension funds
are investment pools that pay for workers'
retirements.
Funds are paid for by either employees, employers,
or both.
Corporations and all levels of government provide
pensions.
 Delivery Systems and Institutional Arrangements

Private sector initiatives
Public sector initiatives
Joint ventures
Non-governmental organizations
Foundations
Cooperatives
Community Associations

Private sector initiatives
The private sector can play a role in improving inclusivity in
housing projects
The appropriate application of incentives, such as the linking
of government payments to inclusive outcomes, can help to
align the private sector with government inclusivity objectives
The concept of private-sector participation in construction
and finance has emerged as a natural response to meet the
colossal demand for housing within government's dwindling
budgetary capacity and a need for a catalyst to boost
macroeconomic conditions.

Public sector initiatives
The public sector, our government, has been a
prominent actor in the urban housing sector
the public-sector agencies are leading the reform
initiatives by assuming the role of a real estate
developer
the concept of 'urban regeneration' has been
opportunistically incorporated into the planning
agenda of the public sector

Joint Ventures
 a deal between multiple parties to work together and
combine resources to develop a real estate project,
most large projects are financed and developed as a
result of real estate joint ventures.
a term which has gained popular usage in urban
planning in recent years, used to discuss a wide variety
of joint planning projects that involves a degree of co-
operation between the public and private sectors

Non-governmental organizations
 private voluntary or non-profit organizations of
professionals supporting other groups of population
in need of assistance
they are very active in fund raising for
development projects, and usually obtain high
levels of commitment and technical capacities

Foundations
 private voluntary or non-profit organizations of
professionals supporting other groups of population
in need of assistance
 non-profit community housing organization
responsible for developing and managing of
affordable housing

Cooperatives
 an organization set up for the benefit of its members
 housing cooperative is a small housing association run along
co-operative principles, owned and managed by the
members of the co-operative.
housing co-operatives provide a way for people to share in
the ownership of property and live in it at affordable rent
levels, as opposed to rent levels designed to generate profit
for an individual or company
they are an alternative to home ownership in the traditional
sense or renting in the private sector
Community Associations
 an organization in a subdivision, planned community,
or condominium building that makes and enforces rules for
the properties and its residents
A community association typically takes the legal form of a
nonprofit or not-for-profit corporation
The three most common forms of community associations are
the condominium association, the homeowners association,
and the cooperative association.
Loans to community associations could, from the simplest
perspective, be viewed as collective home
improvement loans.
 Cost Components
Land
Materials
Labor
Equipment
Administration/Overhead
Contractor’s profit
Interest on loan
Professional services
HOUSING TECHNOLOGY
AR/ENP JUNAR P. TABLAN, PHD, UAP, PIEP
AR174-1_HOUSING
1ST QUARTER AY 2020-2021
MAPUA UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION
• What is Technology?
• the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life
or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the
human environment
INTRODUCTION
• What is Technology?
• the set of knowledge, skills, experience and techniques through which
humans change, transform and use our environment in order to create tools,
machines, products and services that meet our needs and desires.
• Etymologically the word comes from the Greek tekne (technical, art, skill)
and logos (knowledge)
INTRODUCTION
• Technology Classification
• Hard technologies - are those that give us tangible goods (related to the
field of physics and chemistry)
• Soft technologies - are those that give us intangibles (organizational
methods such as lean manufacturing, developing and selling business
strategies, financial accounting systems, creation and development of
software, coaching/ usually the soft technologies are related to economy,
management and administration, sociology)
INTRODUCTION
• Looking at the challenges that are specific to the housing industry, it is

important to consider INNOVATION from the owner or occupant’s point of
view. Consumer objectives for housing improvement include:
• More healthful;
• Safer (in natural disasters);
• More sustainable;
• Affordable to buy;
• Affordable to run;
• Available more quickly; and
• Easier to maintain, repair, and upgrade.
INTRODUCTION
• INNOVATION is the multi-stage process whereby organizations transform

ideas into new/improved products, service or processes, in order to advance,
compete and differentiate themselves successfully in their marketplace.
• In regard to technology, innovation means finding a better way to do things or
improving something that already exists. Innovation is what drives progress in
all industries.
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES OF INNOVATION
Source Type of Innovation Benefits
1. Manufacturers Commercialized Products Higher Margin
Expanded Market Share
New Market
2. Builders, including Specialty Process Higher Margin
Contractors Construction Integration Faster
Prototype Products Better Reputation
3. Owners Prototype Process New Function
Prototype Product Better Performance
Lower O&M
More Attractive
TECHNOLOGICAL HOUSING SOLUTIONS
• PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN: To address the housing needs and gaps in

basic services, especially for the poor and marginalized:
• Accelerate mass housing programs with alternative housing technologies,
schemes and approaches to ensure decent and affordable homes. In
relation to this, the following will also be undertaken:
• Employ labor-intensive method in the implementation of housing
projects wherever feasible to generate employment in the beneficiary
communities;
• Develop and implement the appropriate standards in the construction
of the housing units to incorporate DRRM and CCA;
• To address the housing needs and gaps in basic services, especially for the
poor and marginalized:
• Accelerate mass housing programs with alternative housing technologies,
schemes and approaches to ensure decent and affordable homes. In
relation to this, the following will also be undertaken:
• Explore vertical expansion in the construction of housing units taking
into consideration the basic geographical location, soil quality and
other environmental considerations; and
• Explore the use of indigenous and recyclable materials as
environment-friendly alternatives to reduce cost in building houses.
• Shelter is an essential part of human life. Our early ancestors built structures
with their own hands from the natural resources available to them.
• The Industrial Revolution paved the way for faster construction through
factories, improved manufacturing, and more durable structures with the
creation of new building materials such as steel and concrete.
• These new capabilities, coupled with the explosion of the global population,
the demand for strong, safe, and quickly constructed buildings drastically
increased.
• Technological advancements continue to offer the opportunity for further

advancements in building performance.
• Today, the market places increased emphasis on constructing sustainable and
energy efficient buildings.
• New technologies and innovations enable us to construct buildings that
consume a low amount of energy and, in some cases, even generate their own.
• The building industry plays a major role in regard to global energy

consumption. Whether we live or work in buildings, they are essential to the
global population.
• Innovative building technologies enable us to construct stronger, safer, and
more efficient structures.
• Manufacturing improvements, new materials, improved construction methods
and best practices, understanding building science, and renewable energy
technology are some areas that provide the ability to construct high-
performance buildings.
• TYPICAL HOUSING TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS:

• 1. Industrialized Housing
• 2. Disaster Relief Housing
• 3. Energy Efficient Housing
• 4. Affordable Housing
• 5. Vertical Housing
• Industrialized Housing means a residential structure that is designed for
the occupancy of one or more families; constructed in one or more
modules or constructed using one or more modular components built at a
location other than the permanent site; and designed to be used as a
permanent residential structure when the module or the modular
component is transported to the permanent site and erected or installed
on a permanent foundation system.
• 1.1. Concrete modular building
• is a prefabricated building that consists of repeated sections called
modules. Modularity involves constructing sections away from the building site, then
delivering them to the intended site.
• 1.2. Steel frame system
• a fast structural system designated for the construction of panel and continuous walls,
low-rise individually standing buildings and high separating walls. Steel Framing
System has all the advantages of cold-rolled sections such as extreme versatility,
easy execution, high speed of construction and low weight of the final frame.

• Disaster relief housing plays a vital role in large-scale disasters and are
an important part of disaster response and recovery.
• They are used to provide private and secure places for people to live who
have left or lost their usual accommodations as a result of some form of
disaster.

• 2.1. Rapid monolithic disaster proof (RMD)
• One of the options, to meet above all challenges, and thus, reduce the labor
dependency, improves quality in construction, early delivery of project with
budgeted cost., consists of aluminum formwork is an upcoming technology which has
empowered and motivated the mass construction projects throughout the world.
• 2 Monolithic dome house
• is a structure cast in a one-piece form., the form may be permanent or
temporary and may or may not remain part of the finished structure.

• It reduces wasted energy usage, greenhouse gas emissions, and its
demand for non-renewable energy resources. It may also offer healthier,
cleaner living conditions. A financial saving may also occur in an energy
efficient home.

• 3.1. Green building standards
• Green building is the practice of adopting measures that promote resource
management efficiency and site sustainability while minimizing the negative impact
of buildings on human health and the environment.
• 3.2. Solar power
• When considering solar power for homes, there are three main ways to capitalize on
the sun’s energy: Passive solar, thermal for hot water, and photovoltaics. Each has its
benefits for homeowners seeking to lessen their energy demands and lighten their
carbon footprint.
• Affordable housing is housing which is deemed affordable to those with
a median household income or below as rated by the national
government or a local government by a recognized housing affordability
index.
• 4.1. Low-cost Efficient System (Indigenous Materials)
• Low cost housing is a new concept which deals with effective budgeting
and following of techniques which help reducing
construction cost through the use of locally available materials along
with improved skills and technologies without sacrificing the strength,
performance and life of the structure
• A tower building type which has a vertical shape and is generally free-
standing, has a thinner and more elegant proportion.
• This type of building has typically one central core and a few numbers of
apartment units on each level.
• 5.1. Medium to High Rise Condominiums
• Mid-rise condominiums are still often located in highly accessible areas, but they
typically offer more breathing room. Indeed, sky-high developments utilize as much
of their vertical prominence as possible—multiple levels and the best possible view,
often looking out at the city skyline.
• 5.2. Tenement Housing
• These are urban dwellings occupied by impoverished families. They are
apartment houses that barely meet or fail to meet the minimum standards of safety,
sanitation, and comfort.
• Accreditation of Indigenous Technologies for Housing (AITECH)

• The AITECH is a committee tasked to evaluate and accredit various
innovative technologies/systems for housing. It also acts as a review and
approving body for applications for accreditation of innovative
technologies appropriate for housing.

• The AITECH is composed of representatives from:
• the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) and the key shelter
agencies,
• the University of the Philippines-Bureau of Research and Standards (UP-BRS),
• Construction Industry Authority of the Philippines (CIAP),
• Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development
of the Department of Science and Technology (PCIEERD-DOST),
• Department of Public Works and Highways- Bureau of Research and Standards (DPWH-BRS),
and
• Bureau of Product Standards of the Department of Trade and Industry (BPS-DTI).
• The newly-accredited technologies include:
• Onduline Roofing,
• Acasys Eco Homes System,
• Alufix and Mammut Formworks,
• Eco-Key Fireproof Panel Board,
• Plastered Precast Panels,
• JC Wall Slab System,
• Smart Masonry Building System,
• Precast Prestressed "C-Joist",
• Weida Polystor (Water StorageTank),
• Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Roofing,
• Panelflex Building System.
16 TECHNOLOGIES SUITABLE FOR MASS HOUSING
• 1. Monolithic Concrete Construction System – using Plastic – Aluminum

Formwork
• all walls, floors, slabs, columns, beams, stairs, together with door and
window openings are cast-in-place monolithically using appropriate grade
of concrete in one operation.
• The specially custom designed modular formwork made up of Aluminum-
Plastic Composite is used for the purpose which facilitates easy handling
with minimum labor & without use of any equipment.
• 2. Monolithic Concrete Construction System – using Aluminum Formwork

• All walls, floors, slabs, columns, beams, stairs, together with door and
window openings are cast-in-place monolithically using appropriate grade
of concrete in one operation.
• However, instead of Aluminum-Plastic Composite formwork, the specially
custom designed modular formwork made up of Aluminum is used which is
easy to handle with minimum labor & without use of any equipment.
• 3. Modular Tunnelform
• Tunnel formwork is a mechanized system for cellular structures. It is based
on two half shells which are placed together to form a room or cell.
Several cells make an apartment. With tunnel forms, walls and slab are
cast in a single day.
• However, major limitation of this technology is that the floor spans
executed with movable forms shall not be more than 5.60 m, unless
accessory units are used. Also, the thickness of vertical in-situ walls shall not
be more than 120 mm, unless justified by special provisions.
• 4. Sismo Building Technology

• An insulating shuttering kit for whole building based on a three-
dimensional lattice made of galvanized steel wire.
• The lattice is filled with materials of different nature to serve as formwork.
• The basic structure of the Sismo building module is steel wire lattice.
• 5. Advanced Building System – EMMEDUE

• Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Core Panel System is based on factory made panels,
consisting of self-extinguishing expanded polystyrene sheet (generally corrugated) with
minimum density of 15 Kg/m3 , thickness not less than 60-mm, sandwiched between two
engineered sheet of welded wire fabric mesh, made of high strength galvanized wire of
2.5-mm to 3-mm dia.
• The technology (developed about 30 years back) has been successfully used in many
countries like Morocco, Algeria, South Africa, Kenya, Austria, Malaysia, Ireland, Romania
& Australia with involvement of different agencies and brand names.
• 6. Rapid Panels
• The Rapid Panel is a prefabricated assembly of high-strength steel wire
forming a panel with a core of expanded polystyrene (EPS).
• During construction, Rapid Panels are installed as walls and/or slabs.
• Specified mixtures of mortar or concrete are applied to the surfaces of
the panels to complete the structure.
• 7. Reinforced EPS Core Panel System

• Reinforced Expanded Polystyrene Core (EPC) Panel System is a factory
produced panel system for the construction of low rise buildings up to
G+3 and as filler walls in high rise RCC and steel frame buildings. In this
technique, a core of undulated polystyrene is covered with interconnected
zinc coated welded wire mesh on both sided reinforcement and shortcrete
concrete.
• 8. QuickBuild 3D Panels
• In quick build 3 D Panel system, the panels consist of fire resistant grade
insulated polystyrene core, two engineered layers of Galvanized Steel
Mesh and galvanized steel trusses.
• The steel trusses are pierced through the polystyrene core and welded to
the outer layer sheets of Galvanized steel mesh.
• 9. Concrewall Panel System

• The system is composed of a factory produced panel of undulated (wave
shape) polystyrene covered on both sides by an electro-welded zinc
coated square mesh of galvanized steel and linked by 40 connectors per
sq m made of high-elastic-limit, 3 mm dia wires realizing a 3 dimensional
hyper-static reinforced steel.
• 10. Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) Panel Building System

• Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) Panel also known as Rapidwall is
made-up of calcined gypsum plaster, reinforced with glass fibers.
• The panel was originally developed by GFRG Building System Australia
and used since 1990 in Australia for mass scale building construction.
• In recent times, these panels are being produced in India and the
technology is being used in India.
• 11. Light Gauge Steel Framed Structures

• Light Gauge Steel Framed Structures (LGSF) is based on factory made
galvanized light gauge steel components, designed as per codal
requirements.
• The system is produced by cold forming method and assembled as panels
at site forming structural steel framework of a building of varying sizes of
wall and floor.
• 12. Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure with Infill Concrete Panel (LGSFS-
ICP) Technology
• LGSFS-ICP Technology is an innovative emerging building and construction
technology using factory made Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure
(LGSFS), lightweight concrete and precast panels.
• The LGS frame is a “C” cross-section with built in notch, dimpling, slots,
service holes etc. produced by computerized roll forming machine.
• 13. Factory Made Fast Track Modular Building System

• Factory Made Fast Track Modular Building System comprises of
prefabricated steel structure with different walling components.
• About 70 percent of the work is done in the factory with minimal usage of
concrete, which enables system to deliver the building within a few days of
work at site.
• The uniqueness of system is the efficient and simultaneous activities of site
preparation and building construction in factory, rather than two phased
customary process.
• 14 Speed Floor System

• The Speed Floor System is a suspended concrete flooring system using a
roll formed steel joist as an integral part of the final concrete and steel
composite floor.
• It is essentially a hybrid concrete/steel tee-beam in one direction and an
integrated continuous one-way slab in other direction.
• The joists of different depths are manufactured from pre-galvanized high
tensile steel in a one pass roll former, where it is roll formed, punched,
pressed and slotted in a fully computerized machine.
• 15. Waffle Crete Building System

• Waffle-Crete Building System consists of large, structural, ribbed panels
of reinforced precast concrete, bolted together and the joints between the
panels are caulked to form the walls, floor and pitched or flat roofs of
buildings.
• The surface of each panel consists of 51-mm thick slab or skin, stiffened
with the ribs around the perimeter and across the panel, giving an overall
panel thickness of 152-mm or 203-mm.
• 16. Precast Large Concrete Panel System

• It consists of various precast elements such as walls, beams, slabs, columns,
staircase, landing and some customized elements that are standardized
and designed for stability, durability and structural integrity of the
building.
• Precast residential building construction involves design, strategic yard
planning, lifting, handling and transportation of precast elements.
• This technology is suitable for construction of high rise buildings resisting
seismic and wind induced lateral loads along with gravity loads.

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HOUSING

Ar/EnP Junar P. Tablan, PhD, uap, piep

Buildings or structures that

Different housing situations vary

Housing sector is employment

 Constitutional perspective: Housing is a right.

THE NOMADIC ECONOMY

Migration in Paleolithic Period

 Use one place more or

 Convenient sites (rock

Tabon caves of Palawan

THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY

 The village system

 Organization and hierarchy

 Need to produce surplus

Agricultural Age (8,000 B.C.)

Earliest Cities (6,000 BC)

Rulers took the name

 Planned consciously by some

 Walled to protect it from

 Created because of human

 Managed to solved problems

 Managed to engage in trade

 In sharp contrast to the narrow, irregular streets of medieval

 Renaissance planning stressed wide, regular radial and

 Examples include the street design in the Plan for London

 among them Savannah, Ga.;

Industrial Age 1700 A.D.

Not enough houses for migrants

NEW YORK COASTAL AREA

URBAN BLIGHT (NEW YORK)

this refers to the dwelling where people

this incorporates the narrow concept but

House as essential commodity

 It is impossible to segregate housing from the

 The important function of housing is affect

 Independent housing forming: every family is

 Housing must be suitable for residence, and

 Housing is a consumption commodity for all classes in

 slum districts have emerged, and the demand

 resources in developing countries are poor, and

 private sector has become the main provider

 The population increase in most urban areas leads to excess

 Roads become more crowded/ high density on public

 irregular and illegal residences appear such as cottages

 As a result of rural-urban immigration, agricultural lands

 There is no capability to supply educational and heath services

 A large number of small proprietors have their

 The principal motive for rural-urban emigration

 land usage has changed from being

 developing countries are hampered by a lack

 poor countries face determinative budgets and

 the government is in control of the housing

 majority of developing countries can not provide

 Control of government institutions to limit rent value

 As a result of the increased costs of housing units,

 Government interfered in land sales and this led to

 Structural planning raised land prices because by

 In spite of the high demand for land much land remains