Chapter 2 Cabling Chapter 2 Cabling: Electromagnetic Compatibility Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering

Chapter 2 Cabling
Electromagnetic Compatibility
Engineering
by Henry W.
W Ott
Overview
Cables are important because they are usually the longest parts
off a system and
d therefore
h f act as efficient
ff antennas that
h pickk up
and/or radiate noise.
This chapter covers the coupling mechanisms that occur
1. between fields and cables,
2 between cables (crosstalk)
2. (crosstalk),
3. both unshielded and shielded cables are considered.
In this chapter,
chapter the following are assumed:
1. Shields are made of nonmagnetic material and the thickness δ.
2. The receptor is not coupled so tightly to the source that it
loads down the source.
JHLin, EMC; Cabling 2

Overview
3. Induced currents in the receptor circuit are small enough not to
di t t th
distort the original
i i l field.
fi ld (This
(Thi does
d nott apply
l to
t a shield
hi ld around
d the
th
receptor circuit.)
4. L λ.
Because L λ , the circuit coupling can be represented by lumped
C and L between the conductors.
Three types of coupling:
1. Capacitive or electric coupling.
2. Inductive or magnetic coupling.
3. Electromagnetic coupling or radiation.

Capacitive Coupling

jω [C12 / (C12 + C2 G )]
VN = V1 (2-1)
jω + 1 R (C12 + C2 G )
1
If R then VN jω RC12 V1 (2-2)
ω (C12 + C2 G )
4
Capacitive Coupling
If V1 and ω cannot be changed, then
1. The receiver circuit can be operated at a lower resistance level;
2. the mutual capacitance C12 can be decreased. C12 can be
decreased by proper orientation of the conductors, by shielding, or
by physically separating the conductors.
πε πε
C12 = −1
(F/m) C12 (F/m)
cosh ( D d ) ln(2 D d )
D d >3

Capacitive Coupling

Capacitive Coupling
1 ⎛ C12 ⎞
If R then VN ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟V1.
ω (C12 + C2 G )
⎝ C12 + C2 G ⎠

Effect of Shield on Capacitive Coupling

An ideal case because

1. The shield completely encloses conductor 2.
2. The shield is solid.
3. The shield is not terminated, and there is no terminating impedance on
conductor 22.

⎛ C1S ⎞
VS ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 1
V . ∵ no current flows through C2 S ∴ VN = VS .
⎝ C1S + CS G ⎠
If the shield is grounded, then VS = 0 VN = 0.

The shield is not effective unless it is properly terminated
(grounded).
In practice, the center conductor extends beyond the shield.
9
C12
VN = V1 , where C12 depends primarily on the
C12 + C2 G + C2 S
⎛ C12 ⎞
length of conductor 2. VN ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟V1 for
C
⎝ 12 + C 2G ⎠
For good electric field shielding, unshielded cables.
1. minimize the length of the center conductor that extends beyond the
shield
shield.
2. provide a good ground on the shield.
On longer cables,
cables multiple grounds may be necessary.
necessary
When the receptor conductor has finite resistance to ground:

Effect of Shield on
Capacitive Coupling
1
If R
jω (C12 + C2 G + C2 S )
then VN jω RC12 V1

Inductive Coupling

12
Inductive Coupling
To reduce VN , B, A, or cos θ must be reduced
reduced.
Physical separation or twisting the source wires B
Conductor closer to the ground or by using two conductors

twisted together A
Proper orientation of the source and receiver circuits cosθ

Inductive Coupling
Test to distinguish the electric and magnetic coupling

Effect of Shield on Magnetic Coupling
“2.4 Mutual Inductance Calculations” is skipped.

VS jω M 1S I1

A nonmagnetic shield placed around a conductor and grounded
at one end has no effect on the magnetically induced voltage in
that conductor.
How about grounding the shield at both ends?
Magnetic Coupling between Shield and Inner Conductor
16
M = LS
Valid when the tube is cylindrical and the current density is uniform
around the circumference of the tube.

VN = jω MI S
VS ⎛ 1 ⎞
IS = ⎜ ⎟
LS ⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠
⎛ jω MVS ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
VN = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ LS ⎠⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠
M = LS
⎛ jω ⎞
VN = ⎜ ⎟VS
⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠
18

Magnetic Coupling – Open Wire to Shielded Conductor V = ⎛⎜ jω ⎞
⎟VS
⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠
C
VN = V2 − Vc
∵ M 1 S = M 12
⎛ RS LS ⎞
VN = jω M 12 I1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠
20
⎛ RS LS ⎞
VN = jω M 12 I1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠
VN = jω M 12 I1 − jω M S 2 I S
1. In order to reduce VN at high frequencies, RS should be minimized.

2 RS includes not only the shield resistance but also the termination
2.
resistance of the shield and any resistance in the ground.
21
Shielding to Prevent Magnetic Radiation


Shielding to Prevent Magnetic Radiation
⎛ jω ⎞
I S = I1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠
Good m
Good magnetic
agnetic shielding can be obtained
at frequencies considerable above the shield
cutoff frequency, ωc = RS LS .

Shielding a Receptor Against Magnetic
Fields
The best way to protect against magnetic fields at the receptor
to decrease the area of the receptor loop
loop.
Configuration B does not protect against H at f < f c .

At low f,
(1) Any noise current will produce IR drop, which would appear to the circuit.
(2) The ground potential difference at both ends would be a noise voltage in
the circuit.
24

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Chapter 2 Cabling

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 2

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 3

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 5

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 6

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 7

An ideal case because

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 8

 If the shield is grounded, then VS = 0 VN = 0.

 In practice, the center conductor extends beyond the shield.

 For good electric field shielding, unshielded cables.

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 10

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 11

 Physical separation or twisting the source wires B

 Conductor closer to the ground or by using two conductors

 Proper orientation of the source and receiver circuits cosθ

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 13

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 14

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 15

 Magnetic Coupling between Shield and Inner Conductor

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 17

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 19

1. In order to reduce VN at high frequencies, RS should be minimized.

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 22

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 23

Configuration B does not protect against H at f < f c .

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If the shield is grounded, then VS = 0 VN = 0.

In practice, the center conductor extends beyond the shield.

For good electric field shielding, unshielded cables.

Physical separation or twisting the source wires B

Conductor closer to the ground or by using two conductors

Proper orientation of the source and receiver circuits cosθ

Magnetic Coupling between Shield and Inner Conductor