Santos S. Carlos For Petitioner. Amado J. Garcia For Respondent

G.R. No.
L-41555 July 27, 1977
INDUSTRIAL FINANCE CORPORATION, petitioner,

vs.
CASTOR TOBIAS, respondent.
Santos S. Carlos for petitioner.
Amado J. Garcia for respondent.
MARTIN, J:
This is a petition for review of the decision of the Court of Appeals * in CA-G.R. No. 53916, entitled "Industrial
Finance Corporation vs. Castor Tobias", affirming that of the Court of First Instance of Manila with a slight modification.
On June 16, 1968, respondent Castor Tobias bought on installment one (1) Dodge truck from Leelin
Motors, Inc. To answer for his obligation he executed a promissory note in favor of the latter, for the
sum of P29.070.28 payable in thirty-six (36) equal installments with interest at the rate of 12% per
annum payable in the amounts and dates indicated in said promissory note. 1 To secure payment of
the promissory note, respondent Tobias executed in favor of Leelin Motors, Inc. a chattel mortgage on the
Dodge truck.
On June 19, 1969, Leelin Motors, Inc. indorsed the promissory note and assigned the chattel
mortgage to petitioner Industrial Finance Corporation. As a consequence respondent Tobias paid six
(6) installments on the promissory note directly to the petitioner Industrial Finance Corporation the
last of which was made on February 19, 1970. 2
On May 14, 1970, the petitioner's counsel wrote to respondent Tobias the following letter:
xxx xxx xxx
Dear Mr. Tobias:
My client, the INDUSTRIAL FINANCE CORPORATION, has referred to me for

appropriate legal action your account with it (LCI-690) which is in arrears in the
amount of P4,254.65 and a balance of P25,249.65 as of May 16, 1970. In view of
your default in the payment of your installments due pursuant to the Promissory Note
and Chattel Mortgage you executed in favor of Leelin Motors, Inc. and assigned to
Industrial Finance Corporation, demand is- hereby made upon you to pay the amount
of P25,249.65 on or before May 24, 1970 or to surrender within the same period the
following described personality:
One (1) Unit 1969 Motor Vehicle Dodge

D-600 FFC 197 "WB"
Engine No. CPC4007
Serial No. 1589070794
otherwise, the corresponding action will be filed against you plus damages and
attorney's fees.
Please consider this a final demand.
Very truly yours,
C.R. SANCHEZ LAW OFFICE
SGD. CATALINO R. SANCHEZ. 3
At the time the foregoing letter was written, respondent Tobias was in arrear in the payment of more
than two (2) installments. 4
On May 27, 1970, respondent Tobias wrote petitioner's counsel the following letter:
Dear Sir:
This is in response to your letter of demand dated May 14, 1970 asking me to
surrender Dodge Truck with engine no. CPC-4007 Serial No. 1589070794. I am now
voluntarily and willingly surrendering said truck due to the ff. reasons:
1. That said truck has been with Leelin Motors ever since the later
part of February when it met an accident.
2. That there is too much delay in the repair of said truck because
until now the truck is not yet completely finished.
3. That upon seeing said truck, I am not satisfied with the repair of the
finished portions.
I am now giving full authority to your client Industrial Finance Corporation to get said
truck at Leelin Motors, Inc.
I am hoping that due to the ff. good reasons my name will not be blacklisted in your
credit division.
Very truly yours,
Castor Tobias 5
Upon learning that the truck met an accident, petitioner decided not to get the truck anymore from
Leelin Motors, Inc.
On February 16, 1971, petitioner filed in the Court of First Instance of Manila an action against
respondent Tobias to recover the unpaid balance of the promissory note.- The lower court dismissed
the complaint on the ground that "(I)nasmuch as the defendant voluntarily and willingly
surrendered the truck and gave the Industrial Finance Corporation full authority to get said truck
from Leelin Motors, Inc. (Exhibit 2) pursuant to the demand to surrender (Exhibit B) the defendant
complied with the demands of the plaintiff. 6
On appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the lower court dismissing the complaint of
petitioner Industrial Finance Corporation but modifying the same by ordering respondent Tobias to
pay the cost of repairs of the damaged truck in the amount of P5,396.78 plus interest.
The main thrust of the petitioner's argument is that the respondent Court of Appeals erred in
affirming the dismissal of the complaint of the petitioner in the lower court by not considering his right
as an unpaid vendor of the truck in question under Art. 1484 of the New Civil Code. 7 Petitioner claims
that under Art. 1484 of the New Civil Code, an unpaid vendor may choose any of the remedies provided
therein and that as an unpaid vendor, it has chosen to exact fulfillment of the obligation for failure of the
vendee to pay. Respondent Tobias, however, claims that petitioner is estopped to insist on its
claim on the balance of the promissory note when it demanded the return or surrender of the
truck in its letter of May 14, 1970, to which demand, respondent acceded in his letter dated May 27,
1970.
The claim of respondent cannot be sustained. Art. 1484 is clear that "should the vendee or
purchaser of a personal property be in default in the payment of two or more of the agreed
installments, the vendor or seller has the option to either exact fulfillment by the purchaser of -the
obligation, or to cancel the sale, or to foreclose the mortgage on the purchased personal property, if
one was constituted.8 Since the case involves the sale of personal property on installments Art. 1484 of
the Civil Code should apply. The remedies provided for in Art. 1484 are considered alternative, not
cumulative 9 such that the exercise of one would bar the exercise by the others. 10 Here, petitioner has not
cancelled the sale, nor has it exercised the remedy of foreclosure. Foreclosure, judicial or extra-judicial,
presupposes something more than a mere demand to surrender possession of the object of the
mortgage. 11 Since the petitioner has not availed itself of the remedy of cancelling the sale of the truck in
question or of foreclosing the chattel mortgage on said truck, petitioner is still free to avail of the remedy
of exacting fulfillment ' of the obligation of respondent Tobias, the vendee of the truck in question.
In Radiowealth Inc. vs. Lavin, 12 the facts of which are similar to the 'present case, the issue was "whether
the plaintiff is precluded to press for collection of an account secured by a chattel mortgagee after it shall
have informed the defendants of its intention to foreclose said mortgage, and the voluntary acceptance of
such step (foreclosure) by defendant mortgagor," the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiff
mortgagee. Said the Court:
The contract being a sale of machinery payable in installments, the applicable

provision of law is Article 1484 of the Civil Code, which gives the vendor the option to
exercise any one of the alternative remedies therein mentioned: exact fulfillment of
the obligation, cancel the sale, or foreclose the chattel mortgage. But the vendor-
mortgagor in the present case desisted, on its own initiative, from consummating the
auction sale, without gaining any advantage or benefit, and without causing any
disadvantage, or harm to the vendees-mortgagees. The least that could be said is
that such desistance of the plaintiff from proceeding with auction sale was a timely
disavowal that cancelled and rendered useless its previous choice to foreclose; its
acts, being extra-judicial, brought no trouble upon any court, and were harmless to
the defendants. For this reason, the plaintiff can not be considered as having
"exercised" (the Code uses the word "exercise") the remedy of foreclosure because
of its incomplete implementation, and, therefore, the plaintiff is not barred from suing
on the unpaid account.
In effect this ruling answers the issue of estoppel raised by respondent Tobias. Besides, to hold the
petitioner in estoppel, it must be shown that when it gave the respondent the choice of either paying
the balance of the purchase price or of surrending the truck, it had already knowledge of the
accident and the consequent damage to the truck. In the present case petitioner claims it had no
knowledge of the accident 13 when it gave the respondent the choice of either paying the balance of the
promissory note or of surrendering the truck. It is hard to believe that petitioner would make such offer to
respondent either to pay the balance on the promissory, note or to surrender the truck in question if it
knew that the truck has had an accident. The more plausible thing it would have asked the respondent is
to ask for the balance on the promissory note. Besides the allegation of petitioner that it had no
knowledge of the accident is a negative allegation and needs no evidence to support it, not being an
essential part of the statement of the right on which the cause of action is founded. 14 It is therefore the
respondent Tobias who has the burden of disproving the claim of petitioner that he has no
knowledge of the accident when it made the offer to respondent either to pay the balance on the
promissory note or to surrender the truck. Respondent failed in this.
It is claimed by respondent Tobias that he has surrendered the truck to petitioner in his letter dated
May 27, 1970. But the alleged surrender was ineffectual as far as the petitioner is concerned
because petitioner could not take possession of the truck in question as it was in the custody of
Leelin Motors, Inc., which had a mechanic's lien over it. Even respondent Tobias cannot expect
petitioner to accept the term of surrender because aside from the fact that the truck being
surrendered met an accident petitioner was not satisfied with the repair of the finished portion of the
truck in question. Petitioner therefore was justified refusing to accept such surrender and in bringing
suit to recover the balance of the purchase price.
IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING, the judgment of the respondent Court of Appeals and of the lower
court are hereby set aside and a new one rendered ordering respondent Tobias to pay petitioner the
balance of the purchase price of the truck in question in the amount of P27,210.77 plus legal rate of
interest from the time of the filing of the complaint. Costs against the respondent.
SO ORDERED.

Santos S. Carlos For Petitioner. Amado J. Garcia For Respondent

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G.R. No.

L-41555 July 27, 1977

INDUSTRIAL FINANCE CORPORATION, petitioner,

Santos S. Carlos for petitioner.

Amado J. Garcia for respondent.

xxx xxx xxx

Dear Mr. Tobias:

My client, the INDUSTRIAL FINANCE CORPORATION, has referred to me for

One (1) Unit 1969 Motor Vehicle Dodge

Very truly yours,

C.R. SANCHEZ LAW OFFICE

SGD. CATALINO R. SANCHEZ. 3

Very truly yours,

The contract being a sale of machinery payable in installments, the applicable

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