H

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G
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I
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E REPORT…..
B ON….
U
I HIGH RISE BUILDING… .
L
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Zinnia mahjjabin
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CONTENTS……..
INTRODUCTION…..

HISTORY

Structure

BNBC ANALYSIS

BUILDING ANALYSIS
(LOCAL CASE STUDY)

BUIDING ANALYSIS…………
(INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY)

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 CONTENTS……..
What is HIGH RISE building . . . ?
• Basic Definition- A high-rise building is defined as a building 35 meters or greater in height, which is divided at regular
intervals into occupiable levels. To be considered a high-rise building an edifice must be based on solid ground, and
fabricated along its full height through deliberate processes (as opposed to naturally-occurring formations

• PRIMARY DEFINITION
Primary definition–the word ‘high' means– extending up words or elevated . and rise means – the act of rising or
advance. -So high - rise means the act of rising to extending up words

Defined by–
which structure might have reached up to 10 or more stories and having 200 storied called high–rise.
-ancient roman law.
a high–rises being higher then70 feet.
-United states general laws
a high – rise building is one with four floors or more ,or one 15 meters or more in height.
-code of Hyderabad, India.

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CONTENTS……..
Skyscraper
•a very tall building of many stories.
•2. another term for skysail
CHARACTERISTICS
1.A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors.
one of at least 40-50 floors.
2. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses a skyscraper can
also be called a high-rise.
3. skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls.

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 CONTENTS……..
super tall
SUPERTALLS are a special class of skyscraper. More expensive to build than
shorter structures, they require special wind-tunnel and seismic analysis, stiffer
frames, extra material and special elevators, and often refuge floors or other safety
measures.

Mega tall

Supper tall

tall

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CONTENTS……..
High rise
CHARACTERISTICS
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS RANGE IN HEIGHT
FROM BELOW 10 TO MORE
THAN 100 STORIES.

HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS ARE ENCLOSED

BY CURTAIN WALLS,

VERTICAL T RANSPORT IN A HIGH-RISE

IS THE ELEVATOR,

HIGH- RISE BUILDING USUALLY

CONSIST OF CONCRETE PIERS,PILES,

THIS BUILDINGS IS APPROACHES IS

BASICALLY AN ISOLATED OBJECT.

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 CONTENTS……..
HISTORY:
Time period Name description Image

-Made by NIMROD.
ANCIENT THE
-The precise location of the Tower of
PERIOD TOWER
Babel remains unknown
OF
-The building of this temple offended
BABEL. the gods. In a night they threw down
what had been built. They scattered
them abroad, and made strange their
speech The Tower of Babel

MEDIEVAL -Country – ITALY

SAN
PERIOD :(3RD GIMIGNANO - A small town
CENTURY - Area- 138 km2 (53.3 Sq. m.)
HILL TOWN
BC.) -Elevation- 324 m (1,063 ft).
-72-nos tower.
-Approximately 51 m height.
Historic Centre of San Gimignano

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CONTENTS……..
HISTORY:
Time period Name description Image

-Area- YEMEN.
THE 16th THE CITY OF
-500 nos tower
CENTURY SHIBAM
- The has the tallest mud building in
- the world
- Some of them are 30M(100ft.).
-The invention of the hydralic lift in 1853.
-The second invention is the iron skeleton.
City of SHIBAM

- Location- LONDON.
CRYSTAL -Architect: JOSEPH PIXTON.
-cast-iron and plate-glass building
PALACE
-examples of the latest technology developed in the
Industrial Revolution.
-the Great Exhibition building was 1,851 feet (564
m) long, with an interior height of 128 feet (39 m)

Crystal palace

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 CONTENTS……..
HISTORY:
Time period Name description Image

END OF -METERIAL USE- STEEL.

CHICAGO
THE -ARCHITECT’S- LOUISE SULLIVEN,
19thCENTURY SCHOOL WILLIAM LE BARON JENNEY ,
BURNHAM & ROOT.

Chicago School

LEITER -Architect’s- WILLIAM LE BARON JENNEY ,

BUILDING II - Steel beam & column structure.

(1891) -Open the interior walls

-His innovation made it possible for building to
have larger window

LEITER BUILDING II

CITY CITY OF CHICAGO - The rapid cultivation of AMERICAN mid-

CITY OF NEW-YORK west created a sudden rise in demand for
DEVELOPED working space, companies and departmental
stores.

City of CHICAGO

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 CONTENTS……..
HISTORY:
Time period Name description Image

-LOCATION- NEW YORK,

SEAGRAM
(1954-58) - BUILDING TYPE- COMMERCIAL OFFICE
BUILDING: -THE LARGE OPEN SPACE INFRONT OF
THE BUILDING.
-PLAZA IS OPEN FOR PUBLIC .
SEAGRAM BUILDING:

-ENGNINER- F. R. KHAN.
SEARS TOWER
(1973) - FLOOR COUNT-108-NOS.
CHICAGO. FLOOR AREA-418.064 m2 (1451ft.)
-ELEVATOR’S- 104-NOS, WITH 16 DOUBLE-
DECKER ELEVATORS.

Sears Tower,CHICAGO.

-THE TALLEST BUILDING IN THE WORLD IN

DUBAI.
(2010) BURJ KHALIFA
- HEIGHT- 2,717 ft, (828m)
-160-NOS FLOORS,
-OBSERVATION CENTER- 442m HIGH.
Burj Khalifa,DUBAI

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 CONTENTS……..
Parts of a High-rise Building
There are three parts Of
a high-rise building

– Header

– Body

– Base

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CONTENTS……..
Structural system

Types of High-Rise Structure

1. Braced Frame
2. Rigid Frame Structure
3. In filled Frame Structure
4. Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure
5. Shear wall structure
6. Coupled wall structure
7. Wall-frame structure
8. Framed tube structure
9. The trussed tube
10. Tube in tube or Hull core structure
11. Bundled tube structure
12. Core and Outriggers system
13. Hybrid structure

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 Common High-rise
CONTENTS……..
building structures

• Parallel bearing walls  Cantilevered slab

• Core and Façade Bearing walls  Flat slab
 Interspatial
• Self supporting boxes  Suspension

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BRACED FRAME STRUCTURES

DOUBLE DIAGONAL BRACING

K BRACING STOREY HEIGHT KNEE BRACING SWISS RE TOWER,
LONDON
ARCHITECT:
CENTRAL PLAZA, CENTURY TOWER, NORMAN FOSTER
MALAYSIA JAPAN
ARCHITECT: KEN YEANG ARCHITECT:
NORMAN FOSTER
 CONTENTS……..
GRID FRAME STRUCTURES
COMMERZBANK
ARCHITECT: NORMAN FOSTER

PARALLEL OR ORTHOGONALLY ARRANGEMENT OF

COLUMNS AND GIRDERS

SIMPLICITY AND CONVENIENCE OF ITS RECTANGULAR

FORM.

GRID FRAME STRUCTURES

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INFILLED FRAME STRUCTURES

 CONSISTS OF A STEEL OR REINFORCED

COLUMN AND GIRDER FRAME WITH INFILLS OF
BRICKWORK OR CONCRETE BLOCK WORK.

LIMESTONE
INFILLS
AND FACING

EMPIRE STATE BUILDING

ARCHITECT: RICHMOND, LAMB & HARMON
WALL FRAME STRUCTURES

 SHEAR WALLS ARE COMBINED WITH RIGID FRAMES

TRANSCO TOWER
ARCHITECT: JOHNSON/BURGEE
ARCHITECTS

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TUBULAR STRUCTURES

MILLENNIUM TOWER TYPES OF TUBULAR STRUCTURE:

ARCHITECT: NORMAN FOSTER

TUBE IN TUBE
BUNDLE TUBE
BRACED TUBE

TUBE IN TUBE
 BUNDLE TUBE STRUCTURES

SEARS TOWER
ARCHITECT: SKIDMORE, OWINGS
 THE SEARS TOWER CONSISTS OF FOUR PARALLEL & MERRIL
RIGID STEEL FRAMES IN EACH ORTHOGONAL
DIRECTION, INTERCONNECTED TO FORM NINE
“BUNDLED” TUBES.

Two additional
tube omitted

Section D-D
Section C-C

Section A-A
Section B-B
BRACED TUBE STRUCTURES

JOHN HANCOCK BUILDING

ARCHITECT: SKIDMORE, OWINGS
& MERRIL
OUTRIGGER BRACED STRUCTURES

HONGKONG & SHANGHAI

BANK
ARCHITECT: NORMAN
FOSTER

 BRACED-STEEL FRAME CONNECTED TO THE EXTERIOR

COLUMNS.
SPACE STRUCTURES

BANK OF CHINA
ARCHITECT: I. M. PEI

 SPACE STRUCTURE CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF A

THREE DIMENSIONAL TRIANGULATED FRAME.
SHEAR- WALL STRUCTURES

NATIONAL COMMERCIAL BANK

ARCHITECT: SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRIL
SUSPENDED STRUCTURES

 CENTRAL CORE WITH HORIZONTAL CANTILEVERS AT ROOF

LEVEL, TO WHICH VERTICAL HANGERS

 FLOOR SLABS ARE SUSPENDED FROM THE

HANGERS.

OVERSEAS CHINESE BANK

ARCHITECT: I. M. PEI
 POST / FLAT SLAB

EXTENDED SLAB

DEFINATION OF POST SLAB :

COLUMN

POST SLAB ALSO KNOWN AS BEAMLESS IS A

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION IN WHICH THE R .C .C

FIG:SHOWING THE STRUCTURE OF POST SLAB

. SLAB SUPPORTED ON COLUMNS WITHOUT THE

0F BEAMS OR GIRDERS .
 POST / FLAT SLAB

COLUMN ARRANGEMENT IN POST COLUMN MIDDLE

COLUMN
SLAB STRIP STRIP
STRIP

1) THE THICKNESS
OF SLAB IS
NEVER LESS
THAN 8” & MORE
THAN 12”.
COLUMN
STRIP

2) THE POST SLAB

MAY BE MIDDLE
DESIGNED
STRIP
EITHER WITH
DROP WITHOUT
CROPS.
COLUMN
STRIP
 POST / FLAT SLAB

EQUATION OF POST SLAB HOW TO FINDOUT THE“POST

THIC K NESS SLAB THIC K NESS”

LONG DISTANCE X 12
THE BETWEEN COLUMN TO COLUMN MAXIMUM SPANS,
LONG DISTANCE DIVIDED BY SHORT DISTANCE EQUAL
1.33.
36

LONG DISTANCE 27’-0”

27 X 12

36 COLUMN

COLUMN
CANTILEVER
`
SPAN MAXIMUM DISTENCE

5’- 8’ (FOR LIVE LOAD )

12’ (FOR DEAD LOAD)

LONG DISTANCE
SHORT DISTANCE

POST SLAB THICKNESS SHOULD BE

MINIMUM 8” 27
MAXIMUM 12” . = 1.125 ( SO IT IS CONSIDER )
24
FLAT PLATE AND FLAT SLAB STRUCTURES

 CONNECTED RIGIDLY TO SUPPORTING COLUMNS.

 CREATING A MINIMUM POSSIBLE FLOOR DEPTH.

BEL TOWER
ARCHITECT: NAHAS AHMED KHALIL

FLAT PLATE AND FLAT SLAB STRUCTURES FLOOR PLAN

 POST LINTEL COMMERZBANK
ARCHITECT: NORMAN FOSTER

PARALLEL OR ORTHOGONALLY ARRANGEMENT OF

COLUMNS AND GIRDERS

SIMPLICITY AND CONVENIENCE OF ITS RECTANGULAR

FORM.

FIG: POST AND LINTEL SYSTEM IN MODERN HIGH RISE

SYSTEM.

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Earthquake load:
Wind load:

Seismic motion on the building

Different types of faulting

Unidirectional displacement & Double flexure

Steady (static) deflection & Dynamic movement Wind action on the building
 FIRE DESIGN AND SAFETY
CASE OF FIRE Fire safety in core

Short circuit
Unawareness of people
Gas line blast
Cigarette or other explosive materials
Things burn in kitchen
Terrorist attack etc.

Fire spread through core

Fire safety in planning level
STANDARD STUDY
FIRE DESIGN AND SAFETY
Fire design & safety issues Five fire exits are

An emergency exit in a structure is a special exit for emergencies

such as a fire: the combined use of regular and special exits
allows for faster evacuation, while it also provides an alternative
if the route to the regular exit is blocked by fire, etc. It is usually a
strategically located outward opening door with a crash bar on it
and with exit signs leading to it.

-Location
-Size

Good & Safe Fire Exit Inside the building Bad & Risky Fire Exit Outside the building

Location

-In the Core.

-Separate from the
building by door.
STANDARD STUDY
FIRE DESIGN AND SAFETY
Fire design & safety issues
Size

For office building,

• If user group is less than 150,width of the fire exit= 5ft & Landing is
4ft.

• If user group is more than 150,width of the fire exit= 6.5ft & landing
is 5ft.

For less than For more than 150 persons

150 persons At the top Floor
At the top Floor

For less than 150

persons For more than 150 persons
At the other Floor At the other Floor
STANDARD STUDY
FIRE DESIGN AND SAFETY

Lobby of lift and stair

EXTRA
PROTECTION
FOR
FIRE LIFT

LOBBY SPACE
STANDARD STUDY FAR ANALYSIS
FIRE DESIGN AND SAFETY
Fire design & safety issues
FIRE SAFETY: If the number of user is 500 1 exit will be used
then
•There is fire exit inside the core which If the number of user is more 2 exits will be used
circulates the occupants in the main than 500 then
corridor.
If the number of user is 1000 4 exits will be used
then
FIRE EXIT DOOR

•Can not use sliding and hanging door

•Exit door must be open towards the
running way.
For commercial building 2 fire exit need
Fire extinguishing instruments

Electric alarm Smoke detector

Sprinkler

Carbon- Dioxide
 Service core & services

RAMPS – Have a STAIRS – Used for stepper

slope from 6% to slopes can be a lot of deferent
10% and need a great forms like spiral , monumental
deal of space. and more.

vertical circulation Types

ELEVATOR – ESCALATOR – Used for a

This is the best method lot of people and moving
to create the stairway, give a
a easy vertical continuous floor either up or
circulation when down.
a lot of people can
use it.
Service core & services

Core type

Central core Split core End core Atrium core

 Service core & services
Core position in building
Light Light

Solar Heat

Core
Core
Core
Air

Air Air

Center Core Double Core in East-West

Orientation

•Natural ventilation from the south-east. •Natural ventilation from the south.
fighting pressurization •Natural
•Good view out •Block the East-Wast solar heat.
buffers & energy savings •Average Cooling Load: 100% ( >central)
•Natural sunlight from the north.
•Average Cooling Load: 137% (high)
Center Core
STANDARD STUDY
Service core & services
Light Light

Air Solar Heat

Core

Core
Air
Air

Side Core in West Side Side Core in East Side

•Natural ventilation from the south. •Natural ventilation from the south.
•Natural •Natural
•Block the Wast solar heat. •Block the East solar heat.
•Average Cooling Load: 102% (low) •Average Cooling Load: 102% (low)
 Service core & services

Examples of Different Core in the high-rise Building

Center Core Center Core

Willis Tower WTC Twin Tower

 Service core & services
Elevator
An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or goods
between floors of a building or other structures. Elevator are generally powered by electric motors
that either drive traction cables or counterweight system likes a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to
raise a cylindrical piston like jack.

Hand-
winding
Motor wheel

Brake
 Service core & services

Arrangement of Elevators

1.5m/5ft 1.5m/5ft
Wrong
3m/10ft
Two-Car Grouping

Preferred Configuration Preferred Configuration

Four-Car Grouping

1.5m/5ft 1.5m/5ft

Preferred Configuration

Acceptable Configuration
Three-Car Grouping
Service core & services

3-3.5m 4m/13.2ft

Preferred Configuration Acceptable Configuration

Unacceptable Configuration

Six-Car Grouping
Service core & services
Section of Lift Core: Machine Room
Height 7’-1”

Overhead (OH)
18’-8”
Lift

Ground Floor Height

11’-0”
Ground
Floor
Pit Height 7’-8”
STANDARD STUDY
Service core & services
Requirement For Elevator Selections
People lifts, goods lifts, and fire lifts — that meet design criteria such as average waiting
times, handling capacities, and so on.

These criteria differ depending on the building type — hotel, apartment block, or offices.
 Service core & services

Car Elevator

Car-Elevator is a work horse in both commercial and private,

residential settings. Car-Elevator is premium choice in settings where
ceiling clearances are limited and vehicle height are restricted.

Capacity:
2727 kg. to 9090 kg. (6,000 lb. to 20,000 lb.)

Speed:
30-50 or more ft/min maximum.

Types:

-Swing Door Car-Elevator (Single & Both side)

Size: 20ft x 10ft
-Vertical Bi-parting Car-Elevator (Single & Both side)
Size: 22ft x 10ft
 12’-0’’ 12’-0’’

20’-0’’ 22’-0’’

Figure :One Side Swing & Vertical Bi-Parting Doors

12’-0’’
12’-0’’

20’-0’’ 22’-0’’
Figure :Both Side Swing & Vertical Bi-Parting Doors

Service core & services

 Service core & services

Escalator
•Length & Width
•Section of Escalator
•Arrangement and location
•Escalator capacities

Length in Plan

With 30 degree escalator=1.732 X Storey Height

With 35 degree escalator=1.428 X Storey Height

35 degree is not allowed in some countries.

Example: Storey height 12ft & angle 30 degree.

Length in plan= 1.732 X 12= 20.784ft

Including loadings top and bottom, total length is approximately 25ft,

allowing for about 20 people to stand in a row on the escalator.
 Service core & services

Longitudinal section of Escalator

BN BC

refers to the variation in aisle width for one way and two
way traffic flow for parking with different angles.

Case study
BN BC

Variation in Aisle width for one way and two way traffic flow (90°- Parking)
BN BC

Variation in Aisle width for one way and two way traffic flow (30° -Parking)
BN BC

Variation in Aisle width for one way and two way traffic flow (45° -Parking)
BN BC

Variation in Aisle width for one way and two way traffic flow (60° -
Parking)
BASIC LOAD ACTION FACTORS
Dead loads
Live loads
 Construction load
Snow, rain & ice loads
Wind loads /lateral loads
Seismic loading
Water & earth pressure loads
Blast loads &
Combination of loads.
Vertical Loads
Horizontal Loads
Unexpected Deflections
EARTHQUAKE SITUATION

PLATE OF E.Q IN BANGLADESH

SOURCE POINT OF E.Q
Court de la ACME

i n f o r m at i o n ARCHITECT :
UTTOM K S H A H A L O CATI ON :
K O L LYA N P U R
D E S C R I P TI ON : 1 6 S TO R I E D B U I L D I N G
P ROJ E CT COS T : 1 5 0 M I L L I O N
 CA S E S T U D Y

SITE P LA N N I N G

ACME TOWER I S DISTINCT I N N ATURE FROM OTHER PROJECTS BECAU S E IT CONTA I N S A VERY PRO FO UND
RELAT IO NSHIP W ITH N ATURE, U N L I K E MOST H I G H R I S E STRUCTURES.
THE STRUCTURE H AS A VAST SETBACK FROM THE ROA D THAT H AS B E E N MADE TO APPEAR APPEALING B Y EXTENSIVE
LA N D S CAPING.
I N P LAN, THE B U I L D I N G I S SIMPLE APPROAC H E D FROM THE SOUTHW EST B Y A SERIES OF STEPS REAC H I N G TO THE
RECREATION LO B BY.
THERE I S A S M A L L L I L I P O N D B E S I D E THE ENT RY CREATING A FO CUS A N D A L S O E N H A N C I N G THE S E N S E OF RELIEF I N
THE W ORKING ENVIRONMENT.
 FIRE
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LAWN LILLY
POND GENERATO
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CAR
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PORC ELECTRIC
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STATION

RECEPTION
LOBBY

A/C PLANT
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GROUND FLOOR
PLAN

ABLU T IO
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OFF.TO
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ARCHITECT : UTTOM K
S H A H A L O CATI ON : 7TH FLOOR PLAN

K O L LYA N P U R (TYPICAL FLOOR LE

VE
L
PLAN) LE
VE
+7’
-0”
GL
L
+3’
-0”

LEV
EL
-(3’-
6”)

D E S C R I P TI ON : 1 6 S TO RACME
I E TOWER
D
KALLANPUR, DHAKA, 1998
LEV
EL
-
(14’-
0”)

- 2004 SECTIO

B U I L D I N G P ROJ E CT COS T : 1 5 0
N AA

SOUTH W EST
(FRONT) ELEVATION

MILLION
 THE 1 5 T H FLOOR I S S L I G HT LY DIFFERENT FORM THE
OTHERS.

FIRSTLY, IT H AS B E E N
REFERRED TO AS THE
CHA I RMA N FLOOR S I N C E IT
H O U S E S M A I N LY THE S PACE S The n at u r a l s e l e c t i o n f o r
MEANT FOR THE CHA I RMA N h i g h - r i s e b u i l d i n g wa s
A N D H I S AS SISTANTS. reinforced concrete
structures.

M u l t i s t o r i e d b u i l d i n g s s e g r e g at e d p e o p l e f r o m t h e s o i l , t h u s
t h e d e s i g n c o n c e p t d e v e l o p e d t o w a r d s minimizing t h i s a s much
a s p o ss i b l e c r e a t i n g a r e l i e f f r o m t h e s t r e n u o u s a n d c h a o t i c
environment.
 c o m p le te s t r u c t u r a l system c o l um n f r e e o f f i c e f l o o r

structure
1 . b a s i c a l l y c o l umn-beam s t r u c t u r e w i t h a s h e a r w a l l c o r e .
2 . s t r u c t u r a l g r i d i s a r r a n g e d s o t h a t c o l umn f r e e o f f i c e s pace i s ava i l a b l e at e a c h f l o o r .
3 . o . 7 5 m x 0 . 7 5 m c o l u mns a r e a r r a n g e d at p e r i p h e ry w h i c h s u p p o rt t h e c l e a r f l o o r s pa n o f 2 7 . 6 m .
4. beams o f 0 . 7 5 m d e p t h a r e u s e d at 3 .3 m f l o o r t o f l o o r h e i g h t w i t h a c l e a r h e i g h t o f 2 . 5 5 m . v
 typica l f l o o r plan
basement f l o o r plan

ground f l o o r plan
c i r c u l at i o n
v e r t i c a l c i r c u l at i o n

c i r c u l at i o n c o r e i s l o c at e d at t h e n o r t h
west c o r n e r o f s o u t h t o we r.

h o r i z o n t a l c i r c u l at i o n
1. f i r e h y d r a n t i s l o c at e d at t h e
l o b by o f e a c h f l o o r .
2. f i r e a l a r m s a r e i n s t a l l e d at
t h e o f f i c e f l o o r wh i c h h ave
smoke s e n s o r s .
3. i n c a s e o f f i r e h a z a r d e m e r g e n cy
s t a i r i s l o c at e d at t h e
n o rt h e r n c o r n e r o f t h e t o w e r.
4 . f o r sa f e t y r e a s ons f i r e s t a i r is
enclosed with a
r a i l i n g upto 1 . 5.m
f i d esig n and s a f e t y
s e r vice 1. m echani ca l r o o m & e l e c t r i c a l s u b s t at i o n i s l o c at e d
at g r o u n d & 1 s t f l o o r .
2 . f u r t h e r ext e n s i o n was needed f o r m echanica l r o o m
t o accommodat e f o r machines.
3. wat e r r e s e rv o i r l o c at e d at t h e b a s e m ent s u p p l i e s
wat e r t a n k at t h e r o o f by pump.
4 . k i t c h e n at 2 n d f l o o r i s s e rved by em er g en cy s t a i r
a s t h e r e i s n o s e p e rat e s t a i r f o r s e rvice.

c l i m at i c c o n s i d e r at i o n
1. s ky c o u rt s i n t r o d u c e d at d i f f e r e n t f l o o r s a c t a s s u n s h a d i n g f o r s o u t h - w e s t f a cade.
2. n o r t h - w e s t f a cade i s t r e a t e d w i t h maximum s o l i d i t y t o r e d u c e d i r e c t s o l a r heat g ain.
3. o f f i c e a r e a i s l o c at e d a l o n g t h e n o r t h - e a s t z o n e t o r e c e i v e l e a s t a m o u n t o f s o l a r r adiat i o n .
4. a s t h e b u i l d i n g i s c e n t r a l l y a i r c o n d i t i o n e d n at u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n i s n o t e n c o u raged.

pa r k i n g
 Building Footprint Ratio

t o t a l s i t e a r e a :
Built Area 2 9 9 4 0 s ft t o t a l b u i l t
a r e a : 8 4 0 0 s ft g r o u n d
28% c o v e ra g e : 2 8 %

Open Area

72%

ver t i c a l l a n d s c ape
STRUCTURE SYSTEM

POST LINTEL
Being the oldest system in building construction, the post and lintel system
is the first man made architectural process of construction. Post lintel is a
simple construction technique where a horizontal member (lintel)is
supported by two vertical posts at either end.

ADVANTAGE
 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE IS BETTER THAN ANY
OTHER SYSTEM.
 GRADE BEAM PROVIDES EXTRA SAFETY. COURT DE LA ACME
 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT DOES NOT OCCUR.
 MORE FLEXIBILITY IN ARRANGEMENT OF SPACE.
 IN CASE OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGS,STRUCTURAL
DESIGN IS EASY.
 WALLS CAN BE PLACED ANY WHERE.
 SLAB THICKNESS LESS THAN THAT OF FLAT-SLAB.

DISADVANTAGE
 LESS OPEN SPACE COMPARED TO THE OTHER
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS.
 BEAMS AFFECT THE APPEARANCE OF THE OPEN
SPACES GREATLY.
 MORE MATERIAL AND TIME NEEDED FOR
CONSTRUCTION.
 SPANS ARE USUALLY LESS, VAULTS WAFFLE SLAB
AND DOMES TEND TO REDUCE IT MORE.
 CONTENTS……..
Bank of China Tower (Hong Kong)

Architect :
I. M. Pei & Partners
Sherman Kung & Associates Architects
Ltd. Thomas Boada S.L.
Architectural: 367.4 m (1,205.4 ft)
Floor area: 135,000 m2 (1,450,000 sq ft)
Structural engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Assoc.
Top floor: 288.3 m (945.9 ft)

General information
The bank of china is located at
garden road and was finished in
1990.
This building is used for banking and
has offices. This is made out of glass
and metal.
It was designed by I.M.pei. It is
modern design and Chinese.

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diagonal tower
64-storey Diagonal Tower to be located in the
developing commercial and mixed-use in the heart
of Seoul, South Korea, exudes a modern take on
structural expressionism.

Rising to 343 meters, the diagonal structure

serves more than visual stimuli. Somewhat
similar to Norman Foster’s Hearst Towerin New
York, the diagonal megaframe reduces the
amount of steel required by over 25% when
compared to conventionally framed buildings. In
addition the non-linear vertical surface mitigates
wind loading and vortices. Primary structural
support is achieved via 4 piers at the corners of
the building – which in turn opens up the interior
lobby and atrium.

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diagonal tower

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