Oracle Database 12c: SQL Workshop I: D80190GC10 Edition 1.0 August 2013 D83124

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D83124
Edition 1.0
August 2013
D80190GC10
Activity Guide
Workshop I
Oracle Database 12c: SQL
Oracle University and Rumos Formacao e Comunicacao (Portugal) use only

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Author
Dimpi Rani Sarmah
Technical Contributors and Reviewers

Nancy Greenberg, Swarnapriya Shridhar, Bryan Roberts, Laszlo Czinkoczki, KimSeong Loh,
Brent Dayley, Jim Spiller, Christopher Wensley, Anjulaponni Azhagulekshmi Subbiahpillai,
Manish Pawar, Clair Bennett, Yanti Chang, Joel Goodman, Gerlinde Frenzen,
Diganta Choudhury
This book was published using: Oracle Tutor

Table of Contents
Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1-1
Practices for Lesson 1: Overview............................................................................................................. 1-2
Practice 1-1: Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1-3
Solution 1-1: Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1-5

Practices for Lesson 2: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement........................................... 2-1
Practices for Lesson 2: Overview............................................................................................................. 2-2
Practice 2-1: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement ............................................................. 2-3
Solution 2-1: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement ............................................................. 2-8
Practices for Lesson 3: Restricting and Sorting Data .............................................................................. 3-1
Practices for Lesson 3............................................................................................................................. 3-2
Practice 3-1: Restricting and Sorting Data................................................................................................ 3-3
Solution 3-1: Restricting and Sorting Data................................................................................................ 3-7
Practices for Lesson 4: Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output ........................................... 4-1
Practice 4-1: Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output................................................................ 4-3
Solution 4-1: Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output................................................................ 4-9
Practices for Lesson 5: Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions ............................. 5-1
Practice 5-1: Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions.................................................... 5-3
Solution 5-1: Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions.................................................... 5-8
Practices for Lesson 6: Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions................................... 6-1
Practice 6-1: Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions ....................................................... 6-3
Solution 6-1: Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions ....................................................... 6-6
Practices for Lesson 7: Displaying Data from Multiple Tables Using Joins ............................................ 7-1
Practice 7-1: Displaying Data from Multiple Tables Using Joins ................................................................ 7-3
Solution 7-1: Displaying Data from Multiple Tables Using Joins ................................................................ 7-8
Practices for Lesson 8: Using Subqueries to Solve Queries ................................................................... 8-1
Practice 8-1: Using Subqueries to Solve Queries ..................................................................................... 8-3
Solution 8-1: Using Subqueries to Solve Queries ..................................................................................... 8-6
Practices for Lesson 9: Using the Set Operators ..................................................................................... 9-1
Practice 9-1: Using the Set Operators ...................................................................................................... 9-3
Solution 9-1: Using the Set Operators ...................................................................................................... 9-5
Practices for Lesson 10: Managing Tables Using DML Statements ........................................................ 10-1
Practices for Lesson 10 ........................................................................................................................... 10-2
Practice 10-1: Managing Tables Using DML Statements .......................................................................... 10-3
Solution 10-1: Managing Tables Using DML Statements .......................................................................... 10-7
Practices for Lesson 11: Introduction to Data Definition Language ........................................................ 11-1
Practices for Lesson 11 ........................................................................................................................... 11-2
Practice 11-1: Introduction to Data Definition Language ........................................................................... 11-3
Solution 11-1: Introduction to Data Definition Language ........................................................................... 11-7
Oracle Database 12c: SQL Workshop I Table of Contents

Additional Practices and Solutions .......................................................................................................... 12-1

Practice 1-1: Additional Practice .............................................................................................................. 12-3
Solution 1-1: Additional Practice Solutions ............................................................................................... 12-11
Case Study: Online Book Store ............................................................................................................... 12-16
Practice 1-2 ............................................................................................................................................ 12-17

Solution 1-2 ............................................................................................................................................ 12-22
Oracle Database 12c: SQL Workshop I Table of Contents

Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

Chapter 1 - Page 1
Chapter 1
Introduction

Practices for Lesson 1:

Practices for Lesson 1: Overview
Practice Overview
In this practice, you start SQL Developer, create a new database connection, and browse your
HR tables. You also set some SQL Developer preferences.

In any of the practices, there may be exercises that are prefaced with the phrases “If you have
time” or “If you want an extra challenge.” Work on these exercises only if you have completed all
other exercises within the allocated time, and would like an additional challenge to your skills.
Perform the practices slowly and precisely. You can experiment with saving and running
command files. If you have any questions at any time, ask your instructor.
Note
• All written practices use Oracle SQL Developer as the development environment.
Although it is recommended that you use Oracle SQL Developer, you can also use
SQL*Plus that is available in this course.
• For any query, the sequence of rows retrieved from the database may differ from
the screenshots shown.

Chapter 1 - Page 2
Practice 1-1: Introduction
Overview
This is the first of many practices in this course. The solutions (if you require them) can be found
at the end of this practice. The practices are intended to cover most of the topics that are
presented in the corresponding lesson.

In this practice, you perform the following:
• Start Oracle SQL Developer and create a new connection to the ora1 account.
• Use Oracle SQL Developer to examine the data objects in the ora1 account. The
ora1 account contains the HR schema tables.
Note the following location for the practice files:
/home/oracle/labs/sql1/labs
If you are asked to save any practice files, save them in the preceding location.
Tasks
1. Starting Oracle SQL Developer Using the SQL Developer Desktop Icon
2. Creating a New Oracle SQL Developer Database Connection
a. To create a new database connection, in the Connections Navigator, right-click
Connections and select New Connection from the context menu. The New/Select
Database Connection dialog box appears.
b. Create a database connection using the following information:
Connection Name: myconnection
Username: ora1
Password: ora1
Hostname: localhost
Port: 1521
SID: ORCL
Ensure that you select the Save Password check box.
3. Testing the Oracle SQL Developer Database Connection and Connecting to the
Database
a. Test the new connection.
b. If the status is Success, connect to the database using this new connection.
4. Browsing the Tables in the Connections Navigator
a. In the Connections Navigator, view the objects that are available to you in the
Tables node. Verify that the following tables are present:
COUNTRIES
DEPARTMENTS
EMPLOYEES
JOB_GRADES
JOB_HISTORY
JOBS
LOCATIONS
REGIONS

Chapter 1 - Page 3
b. Browse the structure of the EMPLOYEES table.

c. View the data of the DEPARTMENTS table.

Chapter 1 - Page 4
Solution 1-1: Introduction

1. Starting Oracle SQL Developer Using the SQL Developer Desktop Icon
a. Double-click the SQL Developer desktop icon.

The SQL Developer Interface appears.
2. Creating a New Oracle SQL Developer Database Connection

a. To create a new database connection, in the Connections Navigator, right-click
Connections and select New Connection from the context menu.

Chapter 1 - Page 5
The New / Select Database Connection dialog box appears.

b. Create a database connection using the following information:
i. Connection Name: myconnection
ii. Username: ora1
iii. Password: ora1
iv. Hostname: localhost
v. Port: 1521
vi. SID: ORCL
Ensure that you select the Save Password check box.

Chapter 1 - Page 6
3. Testing and Connecting Using the Oracle SQL Developer Database Connection
a. Test the new connection.

b. If the status is Success, connect to the database using this new connection.
When you create a connection, a SQL Worksheet for that connection opens automatically.

Chapter 1 - Page 7

4. Browsing the Tables in the Connections Navigator
a. In the Connections Navigator, view the objects that are available to you in the
Tables node. Verify that the following tables are present:
COUNTRIES
DEPARTMENTS
EMPLOYEES
JOB_GRADES
JOB_HISTORY
JOBS
LOCATIONS
REGIONS

Chapter 1 - Page 8
b. Browse the structure of the EMPLOYEES table.

c. View the data of the DEPARTMENTS table.

Chapter 1 - Page 9

Chapter 1 - Page 10

Retrieving Data Using the
SQL SELECT Statement
Chapter 2
Practices for Lesson 2: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement
Chapter 2 - Page 1
Practices for Lesson 2: Overview
Practice Overview
This practice covers the following topics:
• Selecting all data from different tables

• Describing the structure of tables
• Performing arithmetic calculations and specifying column names
Chapter 2 - Page 2
Practice 2-1: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement
Overview
In this practice, you write simple SELECT queries. The queries cover most of the SELECT
clauses and operations that you learned in this lesson.

Task 1
Test your knowledge:
1. The following SELECT statement executes successfully:
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary AS Sal
FROM employees;
True/False

SELECT *
FROM job_grades;
True/False
3. There are four coding errors in the following statement. Can you identify them?
SELECT employee_id, last_name
sal x 12 ANNUAL SALARY
FROM employees;
Task 2
Note the following points before you begin with the practices:
• Save all your practice files at the following location:
/home/oracle/labs/sql1/labs
• Enter your SQL statements in a SQL Worksheet. To save a script in SQL Developer,
make sure that the required SQL Worksheet is active, and then from the File menu,
select Save As to save your SQL statement as a lab_<lessonno>_<stepno>.sql
script. When you are modifying an existing script, make sure that you use Save As to
save it with a different file name.
• To run the query, click the Execute Statement icon in the SQL Worksheet.
Alternatively, you can press F9. For DML and DDL statements, use the Run Script icon
or press F5.
• After you have executed the query, make sure that you do not enter your next query in
the same worksheet. Open a new worksheet.
You have been hired as a SQL programmer for Acme Corporation. Your first task is to create
some reports based on the data from the Human Resources tables.
Chapter 2 - Page 3
1. Your first task is to determine the structure of the DEPARTMENTS table and its contents.

2. Your task is to determine the structure of the DEPARTMENTS table and its contents.
a. Determine the structure of the EMPLOYEES table.
b. The HR department wants a query to display the last name, job ID, hire date, and
employee ID for each employee, with the employee ID appearing first. Provide an alias
STARTDATE for the HIRE_DATE column. Save your SQL statement to a file named
lab_02_05.sql so that you can dispatch this file to the HR department. Test your
query in the lab_02_05.sql file to ensure that it runs correctly.
Chapter 2 - Page 4
Note: After you have executed the query, make sure that you do not enter your next query
in the same worksheet. Open a new worksheet.

3. The HR department wants a query to display all unique job IDs from the EMPLOYEES table.
Chapter 2 - Page 5
Task 3
If you have time, complete the following exercises:
1. The HR department wants more descriptive column headings for its report on employees.
Copy the statement from lab_02_05.sql to a new SQL Worksheet. Name the columns
Emp #, Employee, Job, and Hire Date, respectively. Then run the query again.

2. The HR department has requested a report of all employees and their job IDs. Display the
last name concatenated with the job ID (separated by a comma and space) and name the
column Employee and Title.
Chapter 2 - Page 6
If you want an extra challenge, complete the following exercise:

3. To familiarize yourself with the data in the EMPLOYEES table, create a query to display all
the data from that table. Separate each column output by a comma. Name the column
THE_OUTPUT.

…
Chapter 2 - Page 7
Solution 2-1: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement
Task 1
Test your knowledge:

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary AS Sal
FROM employees;
True/False

SELECT *
FROM job_grades;
True/False
3. There are four coding errors in the following statement. Can you identify them?
sal x 12 ANNUAL SALARY
FROM employees;
• The EMPLOYEES table does not contain a column called sal. The column is called
SALARY.
• The multiplication operator is *, not x, as shown in line 2.
• The ANNUAL SALARY alias cannot include spaces. The alias should read
ANNUAL_SALARY or should be enclosed within double quotation marks.
• A comma is missing after the LAST_NAME column.
Task 2
You have been hired as a SQL programmer for Acme Corporation. Your first task is to create
some reports based on the data from the Human Resources tables.
1. Your first task is to determine the structure of the DEPARTMENTS table and its contents.
a. To determine the DEPARTMENTS table structure:
DESCRIBE departments
b. To view the data contained in the DEPARTMENTS table:
SELECT *
FROM departments;
2. Your task is to determine the structure of the DEPARTMENTS table and its contents.
a. Determine the structure of the EMPLOYEES table.

DESCRIBE employees
Chapter 2 - Page 8
b. The HR department wants a query to display the last name, job ID, hire date, and
employee ID for each employee, with the employee ID appearing first. Provide an alias
STARTDATE for the HIRE_DATE column. Save your SQL statement to a file named
lab_02_05.sql so that you can dispatch this file to the HR department. Test your
query in the lab_02_05.sql file to ensure that it runs correctly.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, hire_date StartDate

FROM employees;
3. The HR department wants a query to display all unique job IDs from the EMPLOYEES table.
SELECT DISTINCT job_id
FROM employees;
Task 3
1. The HR department wants more descriptive column headings for its report on employees.
Copy the statement from lab_02_05.sql to a new SQL Worksheet. Name the columns
Emp #, Employee, Job, and Hire Date, respectively. Then run the query again.
SELECT employee_id "Emp #", last_name "Employee",
job_id "Job", hire_date "Hire Date"
FROM employees;
2. The HR department has requested a report of all employees and their job IDs. Display the
last name concatenated with the job ID (separated by a comma and space) and name the
column Employee and Title.
SELECT last_name||', '||job_id "Employee and Title"
FROM employees;
Chapter 2 - Page 9
If you want an extra challenge, complete the following exercise:
3. To familiarize yourself with the data in the EMPLOYEES table, create a query to display all
the data from that table. Separate each column output by a comma. Name the column
THE_OUTPUT.

SELECT employee_id || ',' || first_name || ',' || last_name
|| ',' || email || ',' || phone_number || ','|| job_id
|| ',' || manager_id || ',' || hire_date || ','
|| salary || ',' || commission_pct || ',' ||
department_id
THE_OUTPUT
FROM employees;
Chapter 2 - Page 10

Restricting and Sorting Data
Chapter 3
Practices for Lesson 3: Restricting and Sorting Data

Chapter 3 - Page 1
Practices for Lesson 3
Practices Overview
• Selecting data and changing the order of the rows that are displayed

• Restricting rows by using the WHERE clause
• Sorting rows by using the ORDER BY clause
• Using substitution variables to add flexibility to your SQL SELECT statements

Chapter 3 - Page 2
Practice 3-1: Restricting and Sorting Data
Overview
In this practice, you build more reports by using statements that use the WHERE clause and the
ORDER BY clause. You make the SQL statements more reusable and generic by including the
ampersand substitution.

Task
The HR department needs your assistance in creating some queries.
1. Because of budget issues, the HR department needs a report that displays the last name
and salary of employees who earn more than $12,000. Save your SQL statement as a file
named lab_03_01.sql. Run your query.
2. Open a new SQL Worksheet. Create a report that displays the last name and department
number for employee number 176. Run the query.
3. The HR department needs to find high-salary and low-salary employees. Modify

lab_03_01.sql to display the last name and salary for any employee whose salary is not
in the range $5,000 through $12,000. Save your SQL statement as lab_03_03.sql.

Chapter 3 - Page 3
4. Create a report to display the last name, job ID, and hire date for employees with the last
names of Matos and Taylor. Order the query in ascending order by hire date.

5. Display the last name and department ID of all employees in departments 20 or 50 in
ascending alphabetical order by name.
6. Modify lab_03_03.sql to display the last name and salary of employees who earn
between $5,000 and $12,000, and are in department 20 or 50. Label the columns
Employee and Monthly Salary, respectively. Save lab_03_03.sql as
lab_03_06.sql again. Run the statement in lab_03_06.sql.
7. The HR department needs a report that displays the last name and hire date of all
employees who were hired in 2006.
8. Create a report to display the last name and job title of all employees who do not have a
manager.

Chapter 3 - Page 4
9. Create a report to display the last name, salary, and commission of all employees who earn
commissions. Sort the data in descending order of salary and commissions.
Use the column’s numeric position in the ORDER BY clause.

10. Members of the HR department want to have more flexibility with the queries that you are
writing. They would like a report that displays the last name and salary of employees who
earn more than an amount that the user specifies after a prompt. Save this query to a file
named lab_03_10.sql. (You can use the query created in Task 1 and modify it.) If you
enter 12000 when prompted, the report displays the following results:
11. The HR department wants to run reports based on a manager. Create a query that prompts
the user for a manager ID, and generates the employee ID, last name, salary, and
department for that manager’s employees. The HR department wants the ability to sort the
report on a selected column. You can test the data with the following values:
manager_id = 103, sorted by last_name:
manager_id = 201, sorted by salary:
manager_id = 124, sorted by employee_id:

Chapter 3 - Page 5

12. Display the last names of all employees where the third letter of the name is “a.”

13. Display the last names of all employees who have both an “a” and an “e” in their last name.
If you want an extra challenge, complete the following exercises:

14. Display the last name, job, and salary for all employees whose jobs are either that of a
sales representative or a stock clerk, and whose salaries are not equal to $2,500, $3,500,
or $7,000.
15. Modify lab_03_06.sql to display the last name, salary, and commission for all
employees whose commission is 20%. Save lab_03_06.sql as lab_03_15.sql again.
Rerun the statement in lab_03_15.sql.

Chapter 3 - Page 6
Solution 3-1: Restricting and Sorting Data
The HR department needs your assistance in creating some queries.

1. Because of budget issues, the HR department needs a report that displays the last name
and salary of employees earning more than $12,000. Save your SQL statement as a file

named lab_03_01.sql. Run your query.
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 12000;
2. Open a new SQL Worksheet. Create a report that displays the last name and department
number for employee number 176.
SELECT last_name, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 176;
3. The HR department needs to find high-salary and low-salary employees. Modify
lab_03_01.sql to display the last name and salary for all employees whose salary is not
in the range $5,000 through $12,000. Save your SQL statement as lab_03_03.sql.
FROM employees
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 5000 AND 12000;
4. Create a report to display the last name, job ID, and hire date for employees with the last
names of Matos and Taylor. Order the query in ascending order by hire date.
SELECT last_name, job_id, hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE last_name IN ('Matos', 'Taylor')
ORDER BY hire_date;
5. Display the last name and department ID of all employees in departments 20 or 50 in
ascending alphabetical order by name.
SELECT last_name, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (20, 50)
ORDER BY last_name ASC;
6. Modify lab_03_03.sql to list the last name and salary of employees who earn between
$5,000 and $12,000, and are in department 20 or 50. Label the columns Employee and
Monthly Salary, respectively. Save lab_03_03.sql as lab_03_06.sql again. Run
the statement in lab_03_06.sql.
SELECT last_name "Employee", salary "Monthly Salary"
FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 5000 AND 12000
AND department_id IN (20, 50);

Chapter 3 - Page 7
7. The HR department needs a report that displays the last name and hire date of all
employees who were hired in 2006.
SELECT last_name, hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE hire_date >= '01-JAN-06' AND hire_date < '01-JAN-07';

8. Create a report to display the last name and job title of all employees who do not have a
manager.
SELECT last_name, job_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;
9. Create a report to display the last name, salary, and commission for all employees who
earn commissions. Sort data in descending order of salary and commissions. Use the
column’s numeric position in the ORDER BY clause.
SELECT last_name, salary, commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY 2 DESC, 3 DESC;
10. Members of the HR department want to have more flexibility with the queries that you are
writing. They would like a report that displays the last name and salary of employees who
earn more than an amount that the user specifies after a prompt. (You can use the query
created in Task 1 and modify it.) Save this query to a file named lab_03_10.sql.
Enter 12000 when prompted:
FROM employees
WHERE salary > &sal_amt;
Enter 12000 when prompted for a value in a dialog box. Click OK.

Chapter 3 - Page 8
11. The HR department wants to run reports based on a manager. Create a query that prompts
the user for a manager ID, and generates the employee ID, last name, salary, and
department for that manager’s employees. The HR department wants the ability to sort the
report on a selected column. You can test the data with the following values:
manager _id = 103, sorted by last_name
manager_id = 201, sorted by salary

manager_id = 124, sorted by employee_id
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = &mgr_num
ORDER BY &order_col;
If you have the time, complete the following exercises:

12. Display the last names of all employees where the third letter of the name is “a.”
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '__a%';
13. Display the last names of all employees who have both an “a” and an “e” in their last name.
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%'
AND last_name LIKE '%e%';

14. Display the last name, job, and salary for all employees whose job is that of a sales
representative or a stock clerk, and whose salary is not equal to $2,500, $3,500, or $7,000.
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id IN ('SA_REP', 'ST_CLERK')
AND salary NOT IN (2500, 3500, 7000);
15. Modify lab_03_06.sql to display the last name, salary, and commission for all
employees whose commission amount is 20%. Save lab_03_06.sql as
lab_03_15.sql again. Rerun the statement in lab_03_15.sql.
SELECT last_name "Employee", salary "Monthly Salary",
commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct = .20;

Chapter 3 - Page 9

Chapter 3 - Page 10

Practices for Lesson 4: Using
Single-Row Functions to
Customize Output
Chapter 4
Practices for Lesson 4: Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output

Chapter 4 - Page 1
Practice Overview
• Writing a query that displays the current date

• Creating queries that require the use of numeric, character, and date functions
• Performing calculations of years and months of service for an employee

Chapter 4 - Page 2
Practice 4-1: Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output

Overview
This practice provides a variety of exercises using the different functions that are available for
character, number, and date data types. Remember that for nested functions, the results are
evaluated from the innermost function to the outermost function.
Tasks

1. Write a query to display the system date. Label the column Date.
Note: If your database is remotely located in a different time zone, the output will be the
date for the operating system on which the database resides.
2. The HR department needs a report to display the employee number, last name, salary, and
salary increased by 15.5% (expressed as a whole number) for each employee. Label the
column New Salary. Save your SQL statement in a file named lab_04_02.sql.
3. Run your query in the lab_04_02.sql file.

Chapter 4 - Page 3
4. Modify your query in the lab_04_02.sql to add a column that subtracts the old salary
from the new salary. Label the column Increase. Save the contents of the file as
lab_04_04.sql. Run the revised query.

5. Perform the following tasks:
a. Write a query that displays the last name (with the first letter in uppercase and all the
other letters in lowercase) and the length of the last name for all employees whose
name starts with the letters “J,” “A,” or “M.” Give each column an appropriate label. Sort
the results by the employees’ last names.

Chapter 4 - Page 4
b. Rewrite the query so that the user is prompted to enter a letter that the last name starts
with. For example, if the user enters “H” (capitalized) when prompted for a letter, the
output should show all employees whose last name starts with the letter “H.”

c. Modify the query such that the case of the letter that is entered does not affect the
output. The entered letter must be capitalized before being processed by the SELECT
query.

6. The HR department wants to find the duration of employment for each employee. For each
employee, display the last name and calculate the number of months between today and
the date on which the employee was hired. Label the column as MONTHS_WORKED. Order
your results by the number of months employed. The number of months must be rounded
to the closest whole number.

Chapter 4 - Page 5
Note: Because this query depends on the date when it was executed, the values in the
MONTHS_WORKED column will differ for you.

Chapter 4 - Page 6
7. Create a query to display the last name and salary for all employees. Format the salary to
be 15 characters long, left-padded with the $ symbol. Label the column SALARY.

Chapter 4 - Page 7
8. Create a query that displays the first eight characters of the employees’ last names, and
indicates the amounts of their salaries with asterisks. Each asterisk signifies a thousand
dollars. Sort the data in descending order of salary. Label the column
EMPLOYEES_AND_THEIR_SALARIES.

9. Create a query to display the last name and the number of weeks employed for all
employees in department 90. Label the number of weeks column as TENURE. Truncate the
number of weeks value to 0 decimal places. Show the records in descending order of the
employee’s tenure.
Note: The TENURE value will differ because it depends on the date on which you run the
query.

Chapter 4 - Page 8
Solution 4-1: Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output

1. Write a query to display the system date. Label the column Date.
Note: If your database is remotely located in a different time zone, the output will be the
date for the operating system on which the database resides.
SELECT sysdate "Date"

FROM dual;
2. The HR department needs a report to display the employee number, last name, salary, and
salary increased by 15.5% (expressed as a whole number) for each employee. Label the
column New Salary. Save your SQL statement in a file named lab_04_02.sql.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary,
ROUND(salary * 1.155, 0) "New Salary"
FROM employees;
3. Run your query in the file lab_04_02.sql.

ROUND(salary * 1.155, 0) "New Salary"
FROM employees;
4. Modify your query in the lab_04_02.sql to add a column that subtracts the old salary
from the new salary. Label the column Increase. Save the contents of the file as
lab_04_04.sql. Run the revised query.
ROUND(salary * 1.155, 0) "New Salary",
ROUND(salary * 1.155, 0) - salary "Increase"
FROM employees;
5. Perform the following tasks:

a. Write a query that displays the last name (with the first letter in uppercase and all the
other letters in lowercase) and the length of the last name for all employees whose
name starts with the letters “J,” “A,” or “M.” Give each column an appropriate label. Sort
the results by the employees’ last names.
SELECT INITCAP(last_name) "Name",
LENGTH(last_name) "Length"
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE 'J%'
OR last_name LIKE 'M%'
OR last_name LIKE 'A%'
ORDER BY last_name;

Chapter 4 - Page 9
b. Rewrite the query so that the user is prompted to enter a letter that starts the last
name. For example, if the user enters H (capitalized) when prompted for a letter, the
output should show all employees whose last name starts with the letter “H.”
FROM employees

WHERE last_name LIKE '&start_letter%'
ORDER BY last_name;
c. Modify the query such that the case of the letter that is entered does not affect the
output. The entered letter must be capitalized before being processed by the SELECT
query.
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE UPPER('&start_letter%' )
ORDER BY last_name;

6. The HR department wants to find the duration of employment for each employee. For each
employee, display the last name and calculate the number of months between today and
the date on which the employee was hired. Label the column MONTHS_WORKED. Order your
results by the number of months employed. The number of months must be rounded to the
closest whole number.
Note: Because this query depends on the date when it was executed, the values in the
MONTHS_WORKED column will differ for you.
SELECT last_name, ROUND(MONTHS_BETWEEN(
SYSDATE, hire_date)) MONTHS_WORKED
FROM employees
ORDER BY months_worked;
7. Create a query to display the last name and salary for all employees. Format the salary to
be 15 characters long, left-padded with the $ symbol. Label the column SALARY.
SELECT last_name,
LPAD(salary, 15, '$') SALARY
FROM employees;

Chapter 4 - Page 10
8. Create a query that displays the first eight characters of the employees’ last names, and
indicates the amounts of their salaries with asterisks. Each asterisk signifies a thousand
dollars. Sort the data in descending order of salary. Label the column
EMPLOYEES_AND_THEIR_SALARIES.
SELECT rpad(last_name, 8)||' '||

rpad(' ', salary/1000+1, '*')
EMPLOYEES_AND_THEIR_SALARIES
FROM employees
ORDER BY salary DESC;
9. Create a query to display the last name and the number of weeks employed for all
employees in department 90. Label the number of weeks column as TENURE. Truncate the
number of weeks value to 0 decimal places. Show the records in descending order of the
employee’s tenure.
Note: The TENURE value will differ because it depends on the date when you run the query.
SELECT last_name, trunc((SYSDATE-hire_date)/7) AS TENURE
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 90
ORDER BY TENURE DESC;

Chapter 4 - Page 11
Chapter 4 - Page 12

Conversion Functions and
Conditional Expressions
Chapter 5
Practices for Lesson 5: Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions

Chapter 5 - Page 1
Practice Overview
• Creating queries that use TO_CHAR, and TO_DATE functions.

• Creating queries that use conditional expressions such as DECODE and CASE

Chapter 5 - Page 2
Practice 5-1: Using Conversion Functions and Conditional

Expressions
Overview
This practice provides a variety of exercises using the TO_CHAR and TO_DATE functions, and
conditional expressions such as DECODE and CASE.

Tasks
1. Create a report that produces the following for each employee:
<employee last name> earns <salary> monthly but wants <3 times salary.>.
Label the column Dream Salaries.

Chapter 5 - Page 3
2. Display each employee’s last name, hire date, and salary review date, which is the first
Monday after six months of service. Label the column REVIEW. Format the dates to
appear in a format that is similar to “Monday, the Thirty-First of July, 2000.”

Chapter 5 - Page 4
3. Create a query that displays employees’ last names and commission amounts. If an
employee does not earn commission, show “No Commission.” Label the column COMM.

4. Using the DECODE function, write a query that displays the grade of all employees based
on the value of the JOB_ID column, using the following data:
Job Grade
AD_PRES A
ST_MAN B
IT_PROG C
SA_REP D
ST_CLERK E
None of the above 0

Chapter 5 - Page 5
Chapter 5 - Page 6
5. Rewrite the statement in the preceding exercise by using the CASE syntax.

Chapter 5 - Page 7
Solution 5-1: Using Conversion Functions and Conditional

Expressions
1. Create a report that produces the following for each employee:
<employee last name> earns <salary> monthly but wants <3 times salary.>. Label
the column Dream Salaries.

SELECT last_name || ' earns '
|| TO_CHAR(salary, 'fm$99,999.00')
|| ' monthly but wants '
|| TO_CHAR(salary * 3, 'fm$99,999.00')
|| '.' "Dream Salaries"
FROM employees;
2. Display each employee’s last name, hire date, and salary review date, which is the first
Monday after six months of service. Label the column REVIEW. Format the dates to appear
in a format that is similar to “Monday, the Thirty-First of July, 2000.”
SELECT last_name, hire_date,
TO_CHAR(NEXT_DAY(ADD_MONTHS(hire_date, 6),'MONDAY'),
'fmDay, "the" Ddspth "of" Month, YYYY') REVIEW
FROM employees;
3. Create a query that displays employees’ last names and commission amounts. If an
employee does not earn commission, show “No Commission.” Label the column COMM.
SELECT last_name,
NVL(TO_CHAR(commission_pct), 'No Commission') COMM
FROM employees;
4. Using the DECODE function, write a query that displays the grade of all employees based on
the value of the JOB_ID column, using the following data:
Job Grade
AD_PRES A
ST_MAN B
IT_PROG C
SA_REP D
ST_CLERK E
None of the above 0

Chapter 5 - Page 8
SELECT job_id, decode (job_id,

'ST_CLERK', 'E',
'SA_REP', 'D',
'IT_PROG', 'C',
'ST_MAN', 'B',

'AD_PRES', 'A',
'0')GRADE
FROM employees;
5. Rewrite the statement in the preceding exercise by using the CASE syntax.
SELECT job_id, CASE job_id
WHEN 'ST_CLERK' THEN 'E'
WHEN 'SA_REP' THEN 'D'
WHEN 'IT_PROG' THEN 'C'
WHEN 'ST_MAN' THEN 'B'
WHEN 'AD_PRES' THEN 'A'
ELSE '0' END GRADE
FROM employees;

Chapter 5 - Page 9
Chapter 5 - Page 10

Reporting Aggregated Data
Using the Group Functions
Chapter 6
Practices for Lesson 6: Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions
Chapter 6 - Page 1
Practice Overview
• Writing queries that use the group functions

• Grouping by rows to achieve multiple results
• Restricting groups by using the HAVING clause
Chapter 6 - Page 2
Practice 6-1: Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions
Overview
After completing this practice, you should be familiar with using group functions and selecting
groups of data.

Tasks
Determine the validity of the following statements. Circle either True or False.
1. Group functions work across many rows to produce one result per group.
True/False
2. Group functions include nulls in calculations.
True/False
3. The WHERE clause restricts rows before inclusion in a group calculation.
True/False
The HR department needs the following reports:
4. Find the highest, lowest, sum, and average salary of all employees. Label the columns
Maximum, Minimum, Sum, and Average, respectively. Round your results to the
nearest whole number. Save your SQL statement as lab_06_04.sql. Run the query.
5. Modify the query in lab_06_04.sql to display the minimum, maximum, sum, and
average salary for each job type. Save lab_06_04.sql as lab_06_05.sql again.
Run the statement in lab_06_05.sql.
Chapter 6 - Page 3
6. Write a query to display the number of people with the same job.

Generalize the query so that the user in the HR department is prompted for a job title.
Save the script to a file named lab_06_06.sql. Run the query. Enter IT_PROG when
prompted.
7. Determine the number of managers without listing them. Label the column Number of
Managers.
Hint: Use the MANAGER_ID column to determine the number of managers.
8. Find the difference between the highest and lowest salaries. Label the column
DIFFERENCE.

9. Create a report to display the manager number and the salary of the lowest-paid
employee for that manager. Exclude anyone whose manager is not known. Exclude
any groups where the minimum salary is $6,000 or less. Sort the output in descending
order of salary.
Chapter 6 - Page 4

10. Create a query to display the total number of employees and, of that total, the number
of employees hired in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008. Create appropriate column
headings.

11. Create a matrix query to display the job, the salary for that job based on the department
number, and the total salary for that job, for departments 20, 50, 80, and 90, giving each
column an appropriate heading.
Chapter 6 - Page 5
Solution 6-1: Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions

Determine the validity of the following statements. Circle either True or False.
1. Group functions work across many rows to produce one result per group.
True/False

2. Group functions include nulls in calculations.
True/False
3. The WHERE clause restricts rows before inclusion in a group calculation.

True/False
The HR department needs the following reports:

4. Find the highest, lowest, sum, and average salary of all employees. Label the columns
Maximum, Minimum, Sum, and Average, respectively. Round your results to the nearest
whole number. Save your SQL statement as lab_06_04.sql. Run the query.
SELECT ROUND(MAX(salary),0) "Maximum",
ROUND(MIN(salary),0) "Minimum",
ROUND(SUM(salary),0) "Sum",
ROUND(AVG(salary),0) "Average"
FROM employees;
5. Modify the query in lab_06_04.sql to display the minimum, maximum, sum, and average
salary for each job type. Save lab_06_04.sql as lab_06_05.sql again. Run the
statement in lab_06_05.sql.
SELECT job_id, ROUND(MAX(salary),0) "Maximum",
ROUND(MIN(salary),0) "Minimum",
ROUND(SUM(salary),0) "Sum",
ROUND(AVG(salary),0) "Average"
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
6. Write a query to display the number of people with the same job.
SELECT job_id, COUNT(*)
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
Generalize the query so that the user in the HR department is prompted for a job title.
Save the script to a file named lab_06_06.sql. Run the query. Enter IT_PROG when
prompted and click OK.
Chapter 6 - Page 6
SELECT job_id, COUNT(*)

FROM employees
WHERE job_id = '&job_title'
GROUP BY job_id;
7. Determine the number of managers without listing them. Label the column Number of

Managers.
Hint: Use the MANAGER_ID column to determine the number of managers.
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT manager_id) "Number of Managers"
FROM employees;
8. Find the difference between the highest and lowest salaries. Label the column
DIFFERENCE.
SELECT MAX(salary) - MIN(salary) DIFFERENCE
FROM employees;

9. Create a report to display the manager number and the salary of the lowest-paid employee
for that manager. Exclude anyone whose manager is not known. Exclude any groups where
the minimum salary is $6,000 or less. Sort the output in descending order of salary.
SELECT manager_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > 6000
ORDER BY MIN(salary) DESC;
10. Create a query that displays the total number of employees and, of that total, the number of
employees hired in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008. Create appropriate column headings.
SELECT COUNT(*) total,
SUM(DECODE(TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'YYYY'),2005,1,0))"2005",
SUM(DECODE(TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'YYYY'),2008,1,0))"2008"
FROM employees;
Chapter 6 - Page 7
11. Create a matrix query to display the job, the salary for that job based on the department
number, and the total salary for that job, for departments 20, 50, 80, and 90, giving each
column an appropriate heading.
SELECT job_id "Job",
SUM(DECODE(department_id , 20, salary)) "Dept 20",

SUM(salary) "Total"
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
Chapter 6 - Page 8

Displaying Data from Multiple
Tables Using Joins
Chapter 7
Practices for Lesson 7: Displaying Data from Multiple Tables Using Joins
Chapter 7 - Page 1
Practice Overview
• Joining tables using an equijoin

• Performing outer and self-joins
• Adding conditions
Chapter 7 - Page 2
Practice 7-1: Displaying Data from Multiple Tables Using Joins
Overview
This practice is intended to give you experience in extracting data from multiple tables using the
SQL:1999–compliant joins.

Tasks
1. Write a query for the HR department to produce the addresses of all the departments. Use
the LOCATIONS and COUNTRIES tables. Show the location ID, street address, city, state or
province, and country in the output. Use a NATURAL JOIN to produce the results.
2. The HR department needs a report of all employees with corresponding departments. Write
a query to display the last name, department number, and department name for these
employees.
3. The HR department needs a report of employees in Toronto. Display the last name, job,
department number, and the department name for all employees who work in Toronto.
Chapter 7 - Page 3
4. Create a report to display employees’ last names and employee numbers along with their
managers’ last names and manager numbers. Label the columns Employee, Emp#,
Manager, and Mgr#, respectively. Save your SQL statement as lab_07_04.sql. Run the
query.

5. Modify lab_07_04.sql to display all employees, including King, who has no manager.
Order the results by employee number. Save your SQL statement as lab_07_05.sql.
Run the query in lab_07_05.sql.
Chapter 7 - Page 4
6. Create a report for the HR department that displays employee last names, department
numbers, and all the employees who work in the same department as a given employee.
Give each column an appropriate label. Save the script to a file named lab_07_06.sql.

…
7. The HR department needs a report on job grades and salaries. To familiarize yourself with
the JOB_GRADES table, first show the structure of the JOB_GRADES table. Then create a
query that displays the name, job, department name, salary, and grade for all employees.
Chapter 7 - Page 5

8. The HR department wants to determine the names of all employees who were hired after
Davies. Create a query to display the name and hire date of any employee hired after
employee Davies.
Chapter 7 - Page 6
9. The HR department needs to find the names and hire dates of all employees who were
hired before their managers, along with their managers’ names and hire dates. Save the
script to a file named lab_07_09.sql.
Chapter 7 - Page 7
Solution 7-1: Displaying Data from Multiple Tables Using Joins

1. Write a query for the HR department to produce the addresses of all the departments. Use
the LOCATIONS and COUNTRIES tables. Show the location ID, street address, city, state or
province, and country in the output. Use a NATURAL JOIN to produce the results.
SELECT location_id, street_address, city, state_province,

country_name
FROM locations
NATURAL JOIN countries;
2. The HR department needs a report of all employees with corresponding departments. Write
a query to display the last name, department number, and department name for all the
employees.
SELECT last_name, department_id, department_name
FROM employees
JOIN departments
USING (department_id);
3. The HR department needs a report of employees in Toronto. Display the last name, job,
department number, and department name for all employees who work in Toronto.
SELECT e.last_name, e.job_id, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id)
JOIN locations l
ON (d.location_id = l.location_id)
WHERE LOWER(l.city) = 'toronto';
4. Create a report to display employees’ last names and employee numbers along with their
managers’ last names and manager numbers. Label the columns Employee, Emp#,
Manager, and Mgr#, respectively. Save your SQL statement as lab_07_04.sql. Run the
query.
SELECT w.last_name "Employee", w.employee_id "EMP#",
m.last_name "Manager", m.employee_id "Mgr#"
FROM employees w JOIN employees m
ON (w.manager_id = m.employee_id);
5. Modify lab_07_04.sql to display all employees, including King, who has no manager.
Order the results by employee number. Save your SQL statement as lab_07_05.sql.
Run the query in lab_07_05.sql.
SELECT w.last_name "Employee", w.employee_id "EMP#",
m.last_name "Manager", m.employee_id "Mgr#"
FROM employees w
LEFT OUTER JOIN employees m
ON (w.manager_id = m.employee_id)
ORDER BY 2;
Chapter 7 - Page 8
6. Create a report for the HR department that displays employee last names, department
numbers, and all employees who work in the same department as a given employee. Give
each column an appropriate label. Save the script to a file named lab_07_06.sql. Run
the query.
SELECT e.department_id department, e.last_name employee,
c.last_name colleague

FROM employees e JOIN employees c
ON (e.department_id = c.department_id)
WHERE e.employee_id <> c.employee_id
ORDER BY e.department_id, e.last_name, c.last_name;
7. The HR department needs a report on job grades and salaries. To familiarize yourself with
the JOB_GRADES table, first show the structure of the JOB_GRADES table. Then create a
query that displays the name, job, department name, salary, and grade for all employees.
DESC JOB_GRADES
/
SELECT e.last_name, e.job_id, d.department_name,
e.salary, j.grade_level
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id)
JOIN job_grades j
ON (e.salary BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal);
8. The HR department wants to determine the names of all employees who were hired after
Davies. Create a query to display the name and hire date of any employee hired after
employee Davies.
SELECT e.last_name, e.hire_date
FROM employees e JOIN employees davies
ON (davies.last_name = 'Davies')
WHERE davies.hire_date < e.hire_date;
9. The HR department needs to find the names and hire dates of all employees who were
hired before their managers, along with their managers’ names and hire dates. Save the
script to a file named lab_07_09.sql.
SELECT w.last_name, w.hire_date, m.last_name, m.hire_date
FROM employees w JOIN employees m
ON (w.manager_id = m.employee_id)
WHERE w.hire_date < m.hire_date;
Chapter 7 - Page 9
Chapter 7 - Page 10

Subqueries to Solve Queries
Chapter 8
Practices for Lesson 8: Using Subqueries to Solve Queries

Chapter 8 - Page 1
Practice Overview
• Creating subqueries to query values based on unknown criteria

• Using subqueries to find values that exist in one set of data and not in another

Chapter 8 - Page 2
Practice 8-1: Using Subqueries to Solve Queries

Overview
In this practice, you write complex queries using nested SELECT statements.
For practice questions, you may want to create the inner query first. Make sure that it runs and
produces the data that you anticipate before you code the outer query.

Tasks
1. The HR department needs a query that prompts the user for an employee’s last name. The
query then displays the last name and hire date of any employee in the same department
as the employee whose name the user supplies (excluding that employee). For example, if
the user enters Zlotkey, find all employees who work with Zlotkey (excluding Zlotkey).
2. Create a report that displays the employee number, last name, and salary of all employees
who earn more than the average salary. Sort the results in ascending order by salary.

Chapter 8 - Page 3
3. Write a query that displays the employee number and last name of all employees who work
in a department with any employee whose last name contains the letter “u.” Save your SQL
statement as lab_08_03.sql. Run your query.

4. The HR department needs a report that displays the last name, department number, and
job ID of all employees whose department location ID is 1700.
Modify the query so that the user is prompted for a location ID. Save this to a file named
lab_08_04.sql.
5. Create a report for HR that displays the last name and salary of every employee who
reports to King.
6. Create a report for HR that displays the department number, last name, and job ID for every
employee in the Executive department.

Chapter 8 - Page 4
7. Create a report that displays a list of all employees whose salary is more than the salary of
any employee from department 60.

If you have time, complete the following exercise:
8. Modify the query in lab_08_03.sql to display the employee number, last name, and
salary of all employees who earn more than the average salary, and who work in a
department with any employee whose last name contains the letter “u.” Save
lab_08_03.sql as lab_08_08.sql again. Run the statement in lab_08_08.sql.

Chapter 8 - Page 5
Solution 8-1: Using Subqueries to Solve Queries

1. The HR department needs a query that prompts the user for an employee’s last name. The
query then displays the last name and hire date of any employee in the same department
as the employee whose name the user supplies (excluding that employee). For example, if
the user enters Zlotkey, find all employees who work with Zlotkey (excluding Zlotkey).

--Execute the UNDEFINE command to remove a variable
UNDEFINE Enter_name
-- Execute the below SELECT statements to retrieve the values

from employees table

FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = '&&Enter_name')
AND last_name <> '&Enter_name';
Note: UNDEFINE and SELECT are individual queries; execute them one after the other or
press Ctrl + A + F9 to run them together.
2. Create a report that displays the employee number, last name, and salary of all employees
who earn more than the average salary. Sort the results in ascending order by salary.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees)
ORDER BY salary;
3. Write a query that displays the employee number and last name of all employees who work
in a department with any employee whose last name contains the letter “u.” Save your SQL
statement as lab_08_03.sql. Run your query.
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name like '%u%');

Chapter 8 - Page 6
4. The HR department needs a report that displays the last name, department number, and
job ID of all employees whose department location ID is 1700.
SELECT last_name, department_id, job_id

FROM employees

FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1700);
Modify the query so that the user is prompted for a location ID. Save this to a file named
lab_08_04.sql.
SELECT last_name, department_id, job_id
FROM employees
FROM departments
WHERE location_id =
&Enter_location);
5. Create a report for HR that displays the last name and salary of every employee who
reports to King.
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = (SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'King');
6. Create a report for HR that displays the department number, last name, and job ID for every
employee in the Executive department.
SELECT department_id, last_name, job_id
FROM employees
FROM departments
WHERE department_name =
'Executive');
7. Create a report that displays a list of all employees whose salary is more than the salary of
any employee from department 60.
SELECT last_name FROM employees
WHERE salary > ANY (SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=60);

Chapter 8 - Page 7

8. Modify the query in lab_08_03.sql to display the employee number, last name, and
salary of all employees who earn more than the average salary and who work in a
department with any employee whose last name contains the letter “u.” Save
lab_08_03.sql to lab_08_08.sql again. Run the statement in lab_08_08.sql.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary

FROM employees
FROM employees
WHERE last_name like '%u%')
AND salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees);

Chapter 8 - Page 8
Practices for Lesson 9: Using the Set Operators

Chapter 9 - Page 1
Chapter 9

the Set Operators

Practice Overview
In this practice, you create reports by using the following:
• UNION operator

• INTERSECT operator
• MINUS operator

Chapter 9 - Page 2
Practice 9-1: Using the Set Operators

Overview
In this practice, you write queries using the set operators UNION, INTERSECT, and MINUS.
Tasks
1. The HR department needs a list of department IDs for departments that do not contain the

job ID ST_CLERK. Use the set operators to create this report.
2. The HR department needs a list of countries that have no departments located in them.
Display the country IDs and the names of the countries. Use the set operators to create this
report.
3. Produce a list of jobs for departments 10, 50, and 20, in that order. Display the job ID and
department ID by using the set operators.
4. Create a report that lists the employee IDs and job IDs of those employees who currently
have a job title that is the same as their previous one (that is, they changed jobs but have
now gone back to doing the same job they did previously).
5. The HR department needs a report with the following specifications:

• Last names and department IDs of all employees from the EMPLOYEES table,
regardless of whether or not they belong to a department
• Department IDs and department names of all departments from the DEPARTMENTS
table, regardless of whether or not they have employees working in them

Chapter 9 - Page 3

Write a compound query to accomplish this report.
Chapter 9 - Page 4
Solution 9-1: Using the Set Operators

1. The HR department needs a list of department IDs for departments that do not contain the
job ID ST_CLERK. Use the set operators to create this report.
SELECT department_id
FROM departments

MINUS
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK';
2. The HR department needs a list of countries that have no departments located in them.
Display the country IDs and the names of the countries. Use the set operators to create this
report.
SELECT country_id,country_name
FROM countries
MINUS
SELECT l.country_id,c.country_name
FROM locations l JOIN countries c
ON (l.country_id = c.country_id)
JOIN departments d
ON d.location_id=l.location_id;
3. Produce a list of jobs for departments 10, 50, and 20, in that order. Display job ID and
department ID using the set operators.
SELECT distinct job_id, department_id
FROM employees
UNION ALL
SELECT DISTINCT job_id, department_id
FROM employees
UNION ALL
SELECT DISTINCT job_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 20;
4. Create a report that lists the employee IDs and job IDs of those employees who currently
have a job title that is the same as their previous one (that is, they changed jobs but have
now gone back to doing the same job they did previously).
SELECT employee_id,job_id
FROM employees
INTERSECT
SELECT employee_id,job_id
FROM job_history;

Chapter 9 - Page 5
5. The HR department needs a report with the following specifications:

• Last names and department IDs of all employees from the EMPLOYEES table,
regardless of whether or not they belong to a department
• Department IDs and department names of all departments from the DEPARTMENTS
table, regardless of whether or not they have employees working in them
Write a compound query to accomplish this report.

SELECT last_name,department_id,TO_CHAR(null)dept_name
FROM employees
UNION
SELECT TO_CHAR(null),department_id,department_name
FROM departments;

Chapter 9 - Page 6

Managing Tables Using DML
Statements
Chapter 10
Practices for Lesson 10: Managing Tables Using DML Statements

Chapter 10 - Page 1
Lesson Overview
• Inserting rows into tables

• Updating and deleting rows in a table
• Controlling transactions
Note: Before starting this practice, execute
/home/oracle/sql1/code_ex/code_ex_scripts/clean_up_scripts/cleanup_10.sql script.

Chapter 10 - Page 2
Practice 10-1: Managing Tables Using DML Statements

Overview
The HR department wants you to create SQL statements to insert, update, and delete employee
data. As a prototype, you use the MY_EMPLOYEE table before giving the statements to the HR
department.

Note
• For all the DML statements, use the Run Script icon (or press F5) to execute the query.
Thus, you get to see the feedback messages on the Script Output tabbed page. For
SELECT queries, continue to use the Execute Statement icon or press F9 to get the
formatted output on the Results tabbed page.
• Execute cleanup_10.sql script from
/home/oracle/sql1/code_ex/code_ex_scripts/clean_up_scripts/ before performing the
following tasks.
Tasks
Insert data into the MY_EMPLOYEE table.
1. Run the statement in the lab_10_01.sql script to build the MY_EMPLOYEE table used in
this practice.
2. Describe the structure of the MY_EMPLOYEE table to identify the column names.

Chapter 10 - Page 3
3. Create an INSERT statement to add the first row of data to the MY_EMPLOYEE table from
the following sample data. Do not list the columns in the INSERT clause. Do not enter all
rows yet.
ID LAST_NAME FIRST_NAME USERID SALARY

1 Patel Ralph rpatel 895
2 Dancs Betty bdancs 860
3 Biri Ben bbiri 1100
4 Newman Chad cnewman 750
5 Ropeburn Audrey aropebur 1550
4. Populate the MY_EMPLOYEE table with the second row of the sample data from the
preceding list. This time, list the columns explicitly in the INSERT clause.
5. Confirm your addition to the table.
6. Write an INSERT statement in a dynamic reusable script file to load the remaining rows into
the MY_EMPLOYEE table. The script should prompt for all the columns (ID, LAST_NAME,
FIRST_NAME, USERID, and SALARY). Save this script to a lab_10_06.sql file.
7. Populate the table with the next two rows of the sample data listed in step 3 by running the
INSERT statement in the script that you created.
8. Confirm your additions to the table.
9. Make the data additions permanent.

Chapter 10 - Page 4
Update and delete data in the MY_EMPLOYEE table.

10. Change the last name of employee 3 to Drexler.
11. Change the salary to $1,000 for all employees who have a salary less than $900.
12. Verify your changes to the table.

13. Delete Betty Dancs from the MY_EMPLOYEE table.
14. Confirm your changes to the table.
15. Commit all pending changes.
Control the data transaction to the MY_EMPLOYEE table.

16. Populate the table with the last row of the sample data listed in step 3 by using the
statements in the script that you created in step 6. Run the statements in the script.
Note: Perform the steps (17-23) in one session only.
18. Mark an intermediate point in the processing of the transaction.

19. Delete all the rows from the MY_EMPLOYEE table.
20. Confirm that the table is empty.
21. Discard the most recent DELETE operation without discarding the earlier INSERT operation.
22. Confirm that the new row is still intact.
23. Make the data addition permanent.

Chapter 10 - Page 5

24. Modify the lab_10_06.sql script such that the USERID is generated automatically by
concatenating the first letter of the first name and the first seven characters of the last
name. The generated USERID must be in lowercase. Therefore, the script should not
prompt for the USERID. Save this script to a file named lab_10_24.sql.

25. Run the lab_10_24.sql script to insert the following record:
6 Anthony Mark manthony 1230
26. Confirm that the new row was added with the correct USERID.

Chapter 10 - Page 6
Solution 10-1: Managing Tables Using DML Statements

Insert data into the MY_EMPLOYEE table.
1. Run the statement in the lab_10_01.sql script to build the MY_EMPLOYEE table used in
this practice.
a. From the File menu, select Open. In the Open dialog box, navigate to the

/home/oracle/labs/sql1/labs folder, and then double-click lab_10_01.sql.
b. After the statement opens in a SQL Worksheet, click the Run Script icon to run the
script. You get a Create Table succeeded message on the Script Output tabbed page.
2. Describe the structure of the MY_EMPLOYEE table to identify the column names.
DESCRIBE my_employee
3. Create an INSERT statement to add the first row of data to the MY_EMPLOYEE table from
the following sample data. Do not list the columns in the INSERT clause.
1 Patel Ralph rpatel 895
2 Dancs Betty bdancs 860
3 Biri Ben bbiri 1100
4 Newman Chad cnewman 750
5 Ropeburn Audrey aropebur 1550
INSERT INTO my_employee

VALUES (1, 'Patel', 'Ralph', 'rpatel', 895);
4. Populate the MY_EMPLOYEE table with the second row of the sample data from the
preceding list. This time, list the columns explicitly in the INSERT clause.
INSERT INTO my_employee (id, last_name, first_name,
userid, salary)
VALUES (2, 'Dancs', 'Betty', 'bdancs', 860);

SELECT *
FROM my_employee;

Chapter 10 - Page 7
6. Write an INSERT statement in a dynamic reusable script file to load the remaining rows into
the MY_EMPLOYEE table. The script should prompt for all the columns (ID, LAST_NAME,
FIRST_NAME, USERID, and SALARY). Save this script to a file named lab_10_06.sql.
VALUES (&p_id, '&p_last_name', '&p_first_name',

'&p_userid', &p_salary);
7. Populate the table with the next two rows of the sample data listed in step 3 by running the
INSERT statement in the script that you created.

SELECT *
FROM my_employee;
9. Make the data additions permanent.

COMMIT;
Update and delete data in the MY_EMPLOYEE table.

10. Change the last name of employee 3 to Drexler.
UPDATE my_employee
SET last_name = 'Drexler'
WHERE id = 3;
11. Change the salary to $1,000 for all employees with a salary less than $900.
UPDATE my_employee
SET salary = 1000
WHERE salary < 900;
12. Verify your changes to the table.

SELECT *
FROM my_employee;
13. Delete Betty Dancs from the MY_EMPLOYEE table.
DELETE
FROM my_employee
WHERE last_name = 'Dancs';

Chapter 10 - Page 8
14. Confirm your changes to the table.

SELECT *
FROM my_employee;
15. Commit all pending changes.

COMMIT;
Control the data transaction to the MY_EMPLOYEE table.

16. Populate the table with the last row of the sample data listed in step 3 by using the
statements in the script that you created in step 6. Run the statements in the script.

Note: Perform the steps (17-23) in one session only.

SELECT *
FROM my_employee;
18. Mark an intermediate point in the processing of the transaction.

SAVEPOINT step_17;
19. Delete all the rows from the MY_EMPLOYEE table.

DELETE
FROM my_employee;
20. Confirm that the table is empty.

SELECT *
FROM my_employee;
21. Discard the most recent DELETE operation without discarding the earlier INSERT operation.
ROLLBACK TO step_17;
22. Confirm that the new row is still intact.

SELECT *
FROM my_employee;
23. Make the data addition permanent.

COMMIT;

Chapter 10 - Page 9

24. Modify the lab_10_06.sql script such that the USERID is generated automatically by
concatenating the first letter of the first name and the first seven characters of the last
name. The generated USERID must be in lowercase. The script should, therefore, not
prompt for the USERID. Save this script to a file named lab_10_24.sql.

SET ECHO OFF
SET VERIFY OFF
VALUES (&p_id, '&&p_last_name', '&&p_first_name',
lower(substr('&p_first_name', 1, 1) ||
substr('&p_last_name', 1, 7)), &p_salary);
SET VERIFY ON
SET ECHO ON
UNDEFINE p_first_name
UNDEFINE p_last_name
25. Run the lab_10_24.sql script to insert the following record:
6 Anthony Mark manthony 1230
26. Confirm that the new row was added with the correct USERID.
SELECT *
FROM my_employee
WHERE ID='6';

Chapter 10 - Page 10

Introduction to Data
Definition Language
Chapter 11
Practices for Lesson 11: Introduction to Data Definition Language

Chapter 11 - Page 1
Lesson Overview
• Creating new tables

• Creating a new table by using the CREATE TABLE AS syntax
• Verifying that tables exist
• Altering tables
• Adding columns
• Dropping columns
• Setting a table to read-only status
• Dropping tables
Note: Before starting this practice, execute
/home/oracle/sql1/code_ex/code_ex_scripts/clean_up_scripts/cleanup_11.sql script.

Chapter 11 - Page 2
Practice 11-1: Introduction to Data Definition Language

Overview
Create new tables by using the CREATE TABLE statement. Confirm that the new table was
added to the database. You also learn to set the status of a table as READ ONLY, and then
revert to READ/WRITE. You use the ALTER TABLE command to modify table columns.

Note
• For all the DDL and DML statements, click the Run Script icon (or press F5) to execute
the query in SQL Developer. Thus, you get to see the feedback messages on the Script
Output tabbed page. For SELECT queries, continue to click the Execute Statement icon
or press F9 to get the formatted output on the Results tabbed page.
• Execute cleanup_11.sql script from
/home/oracle/sql1/code_ex/code_ex_scripts/clean_up_scripts/ before performing the
following tasks.
Tasks
1. Create the DEPT table based on the following table instance chart. Save the statement in a
script called lab_11_01.sql, and then execute the statement in the script to create the
table. Confirm that the table is created.
Column Name ID NAME
Key Type Primary key
Nulls/Unique
FK Table
FK Column
Data type NUMBER VARCHAR2
Length 7 25

Chapter 11 - Page 3
2. Create the EMP table based on the following table instance chart. Save the statement in a
Column Name ID LAST_NAME FIRST_NAME DEPT_ID

Key Type
Nulls/Unique
FK Table DEPT
FK Column ID
Data type NUMBER VARCHAR2 VARCHAR2 NUMBER
Length 7 25 25 7
3. Modify the EMP table. Add a COMMISSION column of the NUMBER data type, with precision 2
and scale 2. Confirm your modification.
4. Modify the EMP table to allow for longer employee last names. Confirm your modification.

Chapter 11 - Page 4
5. Drop the FIRST_NAME column from the EMP table. Confirm your modification by checking
the description of the table.

6. In the EMP table, mark the DEPT_ID column as UNUSED. Confirm your modification by
checking the description of the table.
7. Drop all the UNUSED columns from the EMP table.

8. Create the EMPLOYEES2 table based on the structure of the EMPLOYEES table. Include only
the EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY, and DEPARTMENT_ID columns.
Name the columns in your new table ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY, and
DEPT_ID, respectively.
9. Alter the status of the EMPLOYEES2 table to read-only.

Chapter 11 - Page 5
10. Try to add a column JOB_ID in the EMPLOYEES2 table.

Note, you will get the “Update operation not allowed on table” error message. You will not
be allowed to add any column to the table because it is assigned a read-only status.

11. Revert the EMPLOYEES2 table to the read/write status. Now try to add the same column
again.
Now, because the table is assigned a READ WRITE status, you will be allowed to add a
column to the table.
You should get the following messages:
12. Drop the EMP, DEPT, and EMPLOYEES2 table.

Chapter 11 - Page 6
Solution 11-1: Introduction to Data Definition Language

1. Create the DEPT table based on the following table instance chart. Save the statement in a
Column Name ID NAME

Key Type Primary key
Nulls/Unique
FK Table
FK Column
Data type NUMBER VARCHAR2
Length 7 25
CREATE TABLE dept

(id NUMBER(7)CONSTRAINT department_id_pk PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR2(25));
To confirm that the table was created and to view its structure, issue the following command:
DESCRIBE dept;
2. Create the EMP table based on the following table instance chart. Save the statement in a
Column Name ID LAST_NAME FIRST_NAME DEPT_ID

Key Type
Nulls/Unique
FK Table DEPT
FK Column ID
Data type NUMBER VARCHAR2 VARCHAR2 NUMBER
Length 7 25 25 7
CREATE TABLE emp

(id NUMBER(7),
last_name VARCHAR2(25),
first_name VARCHAR2(25),
dept_id NUMBER(7)
CONSTRAINT emp_dept_id_FK REFERENCES dept (id)
);

Chapter 11 - Page 7
To confirm that the table was created and to view its structure:
DESCRIBE emp
3. Modify the EMP table. Add a COMMISSION column of the NUMBER data type, with precision 2
and scale 2. Confirm your modification.

ALTER TABLE emp
ADD commission NUMBER(2,2);
DESCRIBE emp
4. Modify the EMP table to allow for longer employee last names. Confirm your modification.
ALTER TABLE emp
MODIFY (last_name VARCHAR2(50));
DESCRIBE emp
5. Drop the FIRST_NAME column from the EMP table. Confirm your modification by checking
the description of the table.
ALTER TABLE emp
DROP COLUMN first_name;
DESCRIBE emp
6. In the EMP table, mark the DEPT_ID column as UNUSED. Confirm your modification by
checking the description of the table.
ALTER TABLE emp

SET UNUSED (dept_id);
DESCRIBE emp
7. Drop all the UNUSED columns from the EMP table.

ALTER TABLE emp
DROP UNUSED COLUMNS;

Chapter 11 - Page 8
8. Create the EMPLOYEES2 table based on the structure of the EMPLOYEES table. Include only
the EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY, and DEPARTMENT_ID columns.
Name the columns in your new table ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY, and
DEPT_ID, respectively. Confirm that the table is created.
CREATE TABLE employees2 AS
SELECT employee_id id, first_name, last_name, salary,

department_id dept_id
FROM employees;
DESCRIBE employees2
9. Alter the EMPLOYEES2 table status to read-only.

ALTER TABLE employees2 READ ONLY;
10. Try to add a column JOB_ID in the EMPLOYEES2 table.

Note, you will get the “Update operation not allowed on table” error message. You will not
be allowed to add any column to the table because it is assigned a read-only status.
ALTER TABLE employees2
ADD job_id VARCHAR2(9);
11. Revert the EMPLOYEES2 table to the read/write status. Now try to add the same column
again.
Now, because the table is assigned a READ WRITE status, you will be allowed to add a
column to the table.
ALTER TABLE employees2 READ WRITE;
ALTER TABLE employees2

ADD job_id VARCHAR2(9);
DESCRIBE employees2
12. Drop the EMP, DEPT, and EMPLOYEES2 table.

Note: You can even drop a table that is in READ ONLY mode. To test this, alter the table
again to READ ONLY status, and then issue the DROP TABLE command. The tables will be
dropped.
DROP TABLE emp;
DROP TABLE dept;
DROP TABLE employees2;

Chapter 11 - Page 9

Additional Practices and Solutions

Chapter 12 - Page 1
Chapter 12
Solutions

Additional Practices and

Practices Overview
In these practices, you will be working on extra exercises that are based on the following topics:
• Basic SQL SELECT statement

• Basic SQL Developer commands
• SQL functions

Chapter 12 - Page 2
Practice 1-1: Additional Practice
Overview
In this practice, exercises have been designed to be worked on after you have discussed the
following topics: basic SQL SELECT statement, basic SQL Developer commands, and SQL
functions.

Tasks
1. The HR department needs to find data for all the clerks who were hired after 1997.
2. The HR department needs a report of employees who earn a commission. Show the last
name, job, salary, and commission of these employees. Sort the data by salary in
descending order.
3. For budgeting purposes, the HR department needs a report on projected raises. The report
should display those employees who have no commission, but who have a 10% raise in
salary (round off the salaries).

Chapter 12 - Page 3
4. Create a report of employees and their duration of employment. Show the last names of all
the employees together with the number of years and the number of completed months that
they have been employed. Order the report by the duration of their employment. The
employee who has been employed the longest should appear at the top of the list.

5. Show those employees who have a last name starting with the letters “J,” “K,” “L,” or “M.”

Chapter 12 - Page 4
6. Create a report that displays all employees, and indicate with the words Yes or No whether
they receive a commission. Use the DECODE expression in your query.

These exercises can be used for extra practice after you have discussed the following
topics: basic SQL SELECT statement, basic SQL Developer commands, SQL functions,
joins, and group functions.
7. Create a report that displays the department name, location ID, last name, job title, and
salary of those employees who work in a specific location. Prompt the user for a location.
For example, if the user enters 1800, results are as follows:
8. Find the number of employees who have a last name that ends with the letter “n.” Create
two possible solutions.

Chapter 12 - Page 5
9. Create a report that shows the name, location, and number of employees for each
department. Make sure that the report also includes department_IDs without employees.

10. The HR department needs to find the job titles in departments 10 and 20. Create a report to
display the job IDs for those departments.
11. Create a report that displays the jobs that are found in the Administration and Executive
departments. Also display the number of employees for these jobs. Show the job with the
highest number of employees first.
topics: basic SQL SELECT statements, basic SQL Developer commands, SQL functions,
joins, group functions, and subqueries.
12. Show all the employees who were hired in the first half of the month (before the 16th of the
month, irrespective of the year).

Chapter 12 - Page 6
13. Create a report that displays the following for all employees: last name, salary, and salary
expressed in terms of thousands of dollars.

14. Show all the employees who have managers with a salary higher than $15,000. Show the
following data: employee name, manager name, manager salary, and salary grade of the
manager.

Chapter 12 - Page 7
15. Show the department number, name, number of employees, and average salary of all the
departments, together with the names, salaries, and jobs of the employees working in each
department.

16. Create a report to display the department number and lowest salary of the department with
the highest average salary.
17. Create a report that displays departments where no sales representatives work. Include the
department number, department name, manager ID, and location in the output.

Chapter 12 - Page 8
18. Create the following statistical reports for the HR department. Include the department
number, department name, and the number of employees working in each department that:
a. Employs fewer than three employees:

b. Has the highest number of employees:
c. Has the lowest number of employees:
19. Create a report that displays the employee number, last name, salary, department number,
and the average salary in their department for all employees.

Chapter 12 - Page 9
20. Create an anniversary overview based on the hire date of the employees. Sort the
anniversaries in ascending order.

Solution 1-1: Additional Practice Solutions
Overview
Solutions to the Additional Practice 1-1 are given as follows.
Tasks

1. The HR department needs to find data for all the clerks who were hired after 1997.
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
AND hire_date > '31-DEC-1997';
2. The HR department needs a report of employees who earn a commission. Show the last
name, job, salary, and commission of these employees. Sort the data by salary in
descending order.
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY salary DESC;
3. For budgeting purposes, the HR department needs a report on projected raises. The report
should display those employees who do not get a commission but who have a 10% raise in
salary (round off the salaries).
SELECT 'The salary of '||last_name||' after a 10% raise is '
|| ROUND(salary*1.10) "New salary"
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NULL;
4. Create a report of employees and the duration of their employment. Show the last names of
all employees, together with the number of years and the number of completed months that
they have been employed. Order the report by the duration of their employment. The
employee who has been employed the longest should appear at the top of the list.
SELECT last_name,
TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, hire_date) / 12) YEARS,
TRUNC(MOD(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, hire_date), 12))
MONTHS
FROM employees
ORDER BY years DESC, MONTHS desc;

5. Show those employees who have a last name that starts with the letters “J,” “K,” “L,” or “M.”
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE SUBSTR(last_name, 1,1) IN ('J', 'K', 'L', 'M');

6. Create a report that displays all employees, and indicate with the words Yes or No whether
they receive a commission. Use the DECODE expression in your query.
SELECT last_name, salary,
decode(commission_pct, NULL, 'No', 'Yes') commission
FROM employees;
topics: basic SQL SELECT statement, basic SQL Developer commands, SQL functions,
joins, and group functions.
7. Create a report that displays the department name, location ID, last name, job title, and
salary of those employees who work in a specific location. Prompt the user for a location.
Enter 1800 for location_id when prompted.
SELECT d.department_name, d.location_id, e.last_name, e.job_id,
e.salary
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
AND d.location_id = &location_id;
8. Find the number of employees who have a last name that ends with the letter “n.” Create
two possible solutions.
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%n';
--or
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees
WHERE SUBSTR(last_name, -1) = 'n';
9. Create a report that shows the name, location, and number of employees for each
department. Make sure that the report also includes department_IDs without employees.
SELECT d.department_id, d.department_name,
d.location_id, COUNT(e.employee_id)
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
GROUP BY d.department_id, d.department_name, d.location_id;

10. The HR department needs to find the job titles in departments 10 and 20. Create a report to
display the job IDs for these departments.
SELECT DISTINCT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (10, 20);

11. Create a report that displays the jobs that are found in the Administration and Executive
departments. Also display the number of employees for these jobs. Show the job with the
highest number of employees first.
SELECT e.job_id, count(e.job_id) FREQUENCY
WHERE d.department_name IN ('Administration', 'Executive')
GROUP BY e.job_id
ORDER BY FREQUENCY DESC;
topics: basic SQL SELECT statements, basic SQL Developer commands, SQL functions,
joins, group functions, and subqueries.
12. Show all employees who were hired in the first half of the month (before the 16th of the
month, irrespective of the year).
FROM employees
WHERE TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'DD') < 16;
13. Create a report that displays the following for all employees: last name, salary, and salary
expressed in terms of thousands of dollars.
SELECT last_name, salary, TRUNC(salary, -3)/1000 Thousands
FROM employees;
14. Show all employees who have managers with a salary higher than $15,000. Show the
following data: employee name, manager name, manager salary, and salary grade of the
manager.
SELECT e.last_name, m.last_name manager, m.salary,
j.grade_level
FROM employees e JOIN employees m
ON e.manager_id = m.employee_id
JOIN job_grades j
ON m.salary BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal
AND m.salary > 15000;

15. Show the department number, name, number of employees, and average salary of all
departments, together with the names, salaries, and jobs of the employees working in each
department.
SELECT d.department_id, d.department_name,

count(e1.employee_id) employees,

NVL(TO_CHAR(AVG(e1.salary), '99999.99'), 'No average' )
avg_sal,
e2.last_name, e2.salary, e2.job_id
FROM departments d RIGHT OUTER JOIN employees e1
ON d.department_id = e1.department_id
RIGHT OUTER JOIN employees e2
ON d.department_id = e2.department_id
GROUP BY d.department_id, d.department_name, e2.last_name,
e2.salary,
e2.job_id
ORDER BY d.department_id, employees;
16. Create a report to display the department number and lowest salary of the department with
the highest average salary.
SELECT department_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT MAX(AVG(salary))
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id);
17. Create a report that displays the departments where no sales representatives work. Include
the department number, department name, manager ID, and location in the output.
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id NOT IN(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP'
AND department_id IS NOT NULL);

18. Create the following statistical reports for the HR department. Include the department
number, department name, and the number of employees working in each department that:
a. Employs fewer than three employees:
SELECT d.department_id, d.department_name, COUNT(*)
FROM departments d JOIN employees e

ON d.department_id = e.department_id
GROUP BY d.department_id, d.department_name
HAVING COUNT(*) < 3;
b. Has the highest number of employees:

HAVING COUNT(*) = (SELECT MAX(COUNT(*))
FROM employees
c. Has the lowest number of employees:

HAVING COUNT(*) = (SELECT MIN(COUNT(*))
FROM employees
19. Create a report that displays the employee number, last name, salary, department number,
and the average salary in their department for all employees.
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id, e.salary,
AVG(s.salary)
FROM employees e JOIN employees s
ON e.department_id = s.department_id
GROUP BY e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
e.salary;
20. Create an anniversary overview based on the hire date of employees. Sort the
anniversaries in ascending order.
SELECT last_name, TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'Month DD') BIRTHDAY

FROM employees
ORDER BY TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'DDD');

Case Study: Online Book Store
Overview
In this case study, you build a set of database tables for an online book store (E-Commerce
Shopping Cart). After you create the tables, you insert, update, and delete records in the book

store database and generate a report. The database contains only the essential tables.
The following is a diagram of the table and columns for the online book store application:
Note: If you want to build the tables, you can execute the commands in the
Online_Book_Store_Create_Table.sql script in SQL Developer. If you want to drop the
tables, you can execute the commands in the Online_Book_Store_Drop_Tables.sql
script in SQL Developer. Then you can execute the commands in the
<<Online_Book_Store_Populate.sql>> script in SQL Developer to create and populate
the tables.
All the three SQL scripts are present in the /home/oracle/labs/sql1/labs folder.
• If you use the Online_Book_Store_Create_Table.sql script to build the tables,
start with step 2.
• If you use the Online_Book_Store_Drop_Tables.sql script to remove the tables,
start with step 1.
• If you use the Online_Book_Store_Populate.sql script to build and populate the
tables, start with step 6.

Practice 1-2
Overview
In this practice, you create the tables based on the following table instance charts. Select the
appropriate data types and be sure to add integrity constraints.

Tasks
1. Table Details
a. Table Name: AUTHOR
Column Data type Key Table Dependent Type
Author_ID VARCHAR2 PK
Author_Name VARCHAR2
b. Table Name: BOOKS
Column Datatype Key Table Dependent On
Book_ID VARCHAR2 PK
Book_Name VARCHAR2
Author_ID VARCHAR2 FK AUTHORS
Price NUMBER
Publisher_ID VARCHAR2 FK PUBLISHER
c. Table Name: CUSTOMER
Column Name Data type Key Table Dependent On
Customer_ID VARCHAR2 PK
Customer_Name VARCHAR2
Street_Address VARCHAR2
City VARCHAR2
Phone_Number VARCHAR2
Credit_Card_Number VARCHAR2 FK Credit_Card_Details
d. CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS
Column Name Data type Key Table Dependent On
Credit_Card_Number VARCHAR2 PK
Credit_Card_Type VARCHAR2
Expiry_Date DATE
e. Table Name: ORDER_DETAILS
Column Data type Key Table Dependent On
Order_ID NUMBER PK
Customer_ID VARCHAR2 FK CUSTOMER
Shipping_Type VARCHAR2 FK SHIPPING_TYPE
Date_of_Purchase DATE
Shopping_Cart_ID NUMBER FK SHOPPING_CART

f. Table Name: PUBLISHER

Publisher_ID VARCHAR2 PK
Publisher_Name VARCHAR2
g. Table Name: PURCHASE_HISTORY

Customer_ID VARCHAR2 FK CUSTOMER
Order_ID NUMBER FK ORDER_DETAILS
h. Table Name: SHIPPING_TYPE

Shipping_Type VARCHAR2 PK
Shipping_Price NUMBER
i. Table Name: SHOPPING_CART
Column Data type Key Table Dependent On
Shopping_Cart_ID NUMBER PK
Book_ID VARCHAR2 FK BOOKS
Price NUMBER
Date DATE
Quantity NUMBER
2. Add additional Referential Integrity constraints to the tables created.

3. Verify that the tables were created properly by checking in the Connections Navigator in
SQL Developer.

4. Create a sequence to uniquely identify each row in the ORDER_DETAILS table.

a. Start with 100; do not allow caching of the values. Name the sequence
ORDER_ID_SEQ.
b. Verify the existence of the sequences in the Connections Navigator in SQL Developer.

5. Add data to the tables. Create a script for each set of data to be added.
a. Add data to the following tables:
a. AUTHOR
b. PUBLISHER
c. SHIPPING_TYPE
d. CUSTOMER
e. CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS
f. BOOKS
g. SHOPPING_CART
h. ORDER_DETAILS
i. PURCHASE_HISTORY
NOTE: Save the scripts using the task number. For example, to save the script created
for the BOOKS table, you can save it as labs_apcs_5a_1.sql. Ensure that you save
the scripts in the /home/oracle/labs folder.

6. Create a view named CUSTOMER_DETAILS to show the Customer Name, Customer

Address, and the details of the order placed by the customer. Order the results by
Customer ID.

7. Make changes to the data in the tables.
a. Add a new book detail. Verify if the author detail for the book is available in the AUTHOR
table. If not, make an entry in the AUTHOR table.
b. Enter a shopping cart detail for the book details that you just entered in 7(a).

8. Create a report that contains each customer’s history of purchasing books. Be sure to
include the customer name, customer ID, book ID, date of purchase, and shopping cart ID.
Save the commands that generate the report in a script file named lab_apcs_8.sql.
Note: Your results may be different.

Solution 1-2
Overview
The solution to the Practice 1-2 is given as follows.
Tasks

1. Table Details
a. AUTHOR
CREATE TABLE AUTHOR
(
Author_ID VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL ,
Author_Name VARCHAR2 (20)
)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE AUTHOR IS 'Author'

;
ALTER TABLE AUTHOR

ADD CONSTRAINT AUTHOR_PK PRIMARY KEY (Author_ID);
b. BOOKS
CREATE TABLE BOOKS
(
Book_ID VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL ,
Book_Name VARCHAR2 (50) ,
Author_ID VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL ,
Price NUMBER (10) ,
Publisher_ID VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL
)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE BOOKS IS 'Books'

;
ALTER TABLE BOOKS

ADD CONSTRAINT books_PK PRIMARY KEY ( Book_ID );

c. CUSTOMER
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER
(
Customer_ID VARCHAR2 (6) NOT NULL ,
Customer_Name VARCHAR2 (40) ,

Street_Address VARCHAR2 (50) ,
City VARCHAR2 (25) ,
Phone_Number VARCHAR2 (15) ,
Credit_Card_Number VARCHAR2 (20) NOT NULL
)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE CUSTOMER IS 'Customer'

;
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER

ADD CONSTRAINT Customer_PK PRIMARY KEY ( Customer_ID ) ;
d. CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS
CREATE TABLE CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS
(
Credit_Card_Number VARCHAR2 (20) NOT NULL ,
Credit_Card_Type VARCHAR2 (10) ,
Expiry_Date DATE
)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS IS 'Credit Card Details'

;
ALTER TABLE CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS

ADD CONSTRAINT Credit_Card_Details_PK PRIMARY KEY (
Credit_Card_Number) ;

e. ORDER_DETAILS
CREATE TABLE ORDER_DETAILS
(
Order_ID VARCHAR2 (6) NOT NULL ,

Shipping_Type VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL ,
Date_of_Purchase DATE ,
Shopping_Cart_ID varchar2(6) NOT NULL
)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE ORDER_DETAILS IS 'Order Details'

;
ALTER TABLE ORDER_DETAILS
ADD CONSTRAINT ORDER_DETAILS_PK PRIMARY KEY (Order_ID ) ;
f. PUBLISHER
CREATE TABLE PUBLISHER
(
Publisher_ID VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL ,
Publisher_Name VARCHAR2 (50)
)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE PUBLISHER IS 'Publisher'

;
ALTER TABLE PUBLISHER

ADD CONSTRAINT PUBLISHER_PK PRIMARY KEY ( Publisher_ID) ;
g. PURCHASE_HISTORY
CREATE TABLE PURCHASE_HISTORY
(
Order_ID VARCHAR2 (6) NOT NULL
)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE PURCHASE_HISTORY IS 'Purchase History'

;

h. SHIPPING_TYPE
CREATE TABLE SHIPPING_TYPE
(
Shipping_Type VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL ,
Shipping_Price NUMBER (6)

)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE SHIPPING_TYPE IS 'Shipping Type'

;
ALTER TABLE SHIPPING_TYPE

ADD CONSTRAINT SHIPPING_TYPE_PK PRIMARY KEY ( Shipping_Type
) ;
i. SHOPPING _CART
CREATE TABLE SHOPPING_CART
(
Shopping_Cart_ID VARCHAR2 (6) NOT NULL ,
Book_ID VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL ,
Price NUMBER (10) ,
Shopping_cart_Date DATE ,
Quantity NUMBER (6)
)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE SHOPPING_CART IS 'Shopping Cart'

;
ALTER TABLE SHOPPING_CART

ADD CONSTRAINT SHOPPING_CART_PK PRIMARY KEY (SHOPPING_CART_ID)
;

2. Adding Additional Referential Integrity Constraints to the Table Created
a. Include a Foreign Key constraint in the BOOKS table.
ALTER TABLE BOOKS

ADD CONSTRAINT BOOKS_AUTHOR_FK FOREIGN KEY
(
Author_ID
)
REFERENCES AUTHOR
(
Author_ID
)
;
ALTER TABLE BOOKS

ADD CONSTRAINT BOOKS_PUBLISHER_FK FOREIGN KEY
(
Publisher_ID
)
REFERENCES PUBLISHER
(
Publisher_ID
);
b. Include a Foreign Key constraint in the ORDER_DETAILS table.

ADD CONSTRAINT Order_ID_FK FOREIGN KEY
(
Customer_ID
)
REFERENCES CUSTOMER
(
Customer_ID
)
;

ADD CONSTRAINT FK_Order_details FOREIGN KEY
(

Shipping_Type
)
REFERENCES SHIPPING_TYPE
(
Shipping_Type

)
;

ADD CONSTRAINT Order_Details_fk FOREIGN KEY
(
Shopping_Cart_ID
)
REFERENCES SHOPPING_CART
(
Shopping_Cart_ID
)
;
c. Include a Foreign Key constraint in the PURCHASE_HISTORY table.
ALTER TABLE PURCHASE_HISTORY

ADD CONSTRAINT Pur_Hist_ORDER_DETAILS_FK FOREIGN KEY
(
Order_ID
)
REFERENCES ORDER_DETAILS
(
Order_ID
)
;
ALTER TABLE PURCHASE_ HISTORY
ADD CONSTRAINT Purchase_History_CUSTOMER_FK FOREIGN KEY
(
Customer_ID
)
REFERENCES CUSTOMER
(
Customer_ID
) ;

d. Include a Foreign Key constraint in the SHOPPING_CART table.
ALTER TABLE SHOPPING_CART

ADD CONSTRAINT SHOPPING_CART_BOOKS_FK FOREIGN KEY
(

Book_ID
)
REFERENCES BOOKS
(
Book_ID
)
;
3. Verify that the tables were created properly by checking in the Connections Navigator in
SQL Developer. In the Connections Navigator, expand Connections > myconnection >
Tables.
4. Create a sequence to uniquely identify each row in the ORDER DETAILS table.
a. Start with 100; do not allow caching of the values. Name the sequence ORDER_ID_SEQ.
CREATE SEQUENCE order_id_seq
START WITH 100
NOCACHE;
b. Verify the existence of the sequences in the Connections Navigator in SQL Developer.
In the Connections Navigator, assuming that the myconnection node is expanded,
expand Sequences.
You can alternatively also query the user_sequences data dictionary view:
SELECT * FROM user_sequences;
5. Add data to the tables.

a. AUTHOR Table
Author_ID Author_Name
AN0001 Oliver Goldsmith
AN0002 Oscar Wilde
AN0003 George Bernard Shaw
AN0004 Leo Tolstoy
AN0005 Percy Shelley
AN0006 Lord Byron
AN0007 John Keats

AN0008 Rudyard Kipling

AN0009 P. G. Wodehouse

b. PUBLISHER Table
Publisher_ID Publisher_Name
PN0001 Elsevier
PN0002 Penguin Group
PN0003 Pearson Education
PN0004 Cambridge University Press
PN0005 Dorling Kindersley
c. SHIPPING _TYPE
Shipping_Type Shipping_Price
USPS 200
FedEx 250
DHL 150

d. CUSTOMER
Customer Customer _Name Street City Phone Credit _Card

_ ID _Address _number _Number
CN0001 VelasquezCarmen 283 King Seattle 587-99-6666 000-111-222-333

Street
CN0002 Ngao LaDoris 5 Modrany Bratislav 586-355-8882 000-111-222-444
a
CN0003 Nagayama Midori 68 Via Sao 254-852-5764 000-111-222-555
Centrale Paolo
CN0004 Quick-To-See 6921 King Way Lagos 63-559-777 000-111-222-666
Mark
CN0005 Ropeburn Audry 86 Chu Street Hong 41-559-87 000-111-222-777
Kong
CN0006 Urguhart Molly 3035 Laurier Quebec 418-542-9988 000-111-222-888
Blvd.
CN0007 Menchu Roberta Boulevard de Brussels 322-504-2228 000-111-222-999
Waterloo 41
CN0008 Biri Ben 398 High St. Columbu 614-455-9863 000-111-222-222
s
CN0009 Catchpole 88 Alfred St. Brisbane 616-399-1411 000-111-222-111
Antoinette
e. CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS
Credit _Card_ Number Credit _Card _Type Expiry _Date

000-111-222-333 VISA 17-JUN-2009
000-111-222-444 MasterCard 24-SEP-2005
000-111-222-555 AMEX 11-JUL-2006
000-111-222-666 VISA 22-OCT-2008

000-111-222-777 AMEX 26-AUG-2000

000-111-222-888 MasterCard 15-MAR-2008
000-111-222-999 VISA 4-AUG-2009
000-111-222-111 Maestro 27-SEP-2001

000-111-222-222 AMEX 9-AUG-2004
f. BOOKS
Book _ID Book _Name Author _ID Price Publisher _ID
BN0001 Florentine Tragedy AN0002 150 PN0002
BN0002 A Vision AN0002 100 PN0003
BN0003 Citizen of the World AN0001 100 PN0001
BN0004 The Complete Poetical AN0001 300 PN0001

Works of Oliver
Goldsmith
BN0005 Androcles and the Lion AN0003 90 PN0004
BN0006 An Unsocial Socialist AN0003 80 PN0004
BN0007 A Thing of Beauty is a AN0007 100 PN0002

Joy Forever
BN0008 Beyond the Pale AN0008 75 PN0005
BN0009 The Clicking of AN0009 175 PN0005

Cuthbert
BN00010 Bride of Frankenstein AN0006 200 PN0001

BN00011 Shelley's Poetry and AN0005 150 PN0003

Prose
BN00012 War and Peace AN0004 150 PN0002

g. SHOPPING_CART
Shopping _Cart Book _ID Price Shopping _Cart Quantity
_ID _Date
SC0001 BN0002 200 12-JUN-2001 10
SC0002 BN0003 90 31-JUL-2004 8
SC0003 BN0003 175 28-JUN-2005 7
SC0004 BN0001 80 14-AUG-2006 9
SC0005 BN0001 175 21-SEP-2006 4
SC0006 BN0004 100 11-AUG-2007 6
SC0007 BN0005 200 28-OCT-2007 5
SC0008 BN0006 100 25-NOV-2009 7
SC0009 BN0006 150 18-SPET-2009 8


h. ORDER _DETAILS
Order _ID Customer Shipping_ Date _of _Purchase Shopping _Cart _ID
_ID Type
OD0001 CN0001 USPS 12-JUN-2001 SC0002
OD0002 CN0002 USPS 28-JUN-2005 SC0005
OD0003 CN0003 FedEx 31-JUL-2004 SC0007
OD0004 CN0004 FedEx 14-AUG-2006 SC0004
OD0005 CN0005 FedEx 21-SEP-2006 SC0003
OD0006 CN0006 DHL 28-OCT-2007 SC0001
OD0007 CN0007 DHL 11-AUG-2007 SC0006
OD0008 CN0008 DHL 18-SEP-2009 SC0008
OD0009 CN0009 USPS 25-NOV-2009 SC0009

i. PURCHASE_HISTORY
Customer _ID Order _ID
CN0001 OD0001
CN0003 OD0002
CN0004 OD0005

CN0009 OD0007
6. Create a view named CUSTOMER_DETAILS to show the Customer Name, Customer

Address, and the details of the order placed by the customer. Order the results by Customer
ID.
CREATE VIEW customer_details AS
SELECT c.customer_name, c.street_address, o.order_id,
o.customer_id, o.shipping_type, o.date_of_purchase,
o.shopping_cart_id
FROM customer c JOIN order_details o
ON c.customer_id = o.customer_id;
SELECT *
FROM customer_details
ORDER BY customer_id;

7. Make changes to the data in the tables.

a. Add a new book detail. Verify if the author detail for the book is available in the AUTHOR
table. If not, make an entry in the AUTHOR table.
INSERT INTO books(book_id, book_name, author_id, price,
publisher_id)

VALUES ('BN0013','Two States','AN0009','150','PN0005');
b. Enter a shopping cart detail for the book details that you just entered in 7(a).
INSERT INTO shopping_cart(shopping_cart_id, book_id, price,

Shopping_cart_date,quantity)
VALUES ('SC0010','BN0013','200',TO_DATE('12-JUN-2006','DD-MON-
YYYY'),'12');
8. Create a report that contains each customer’s history of purchasing books. Be sure to
include the customer name, customer ID, book ID, date of purchase, and shopping cart ID.
Save the commands that generate the report in a script file named lab_apcs_8.sql.
Note: Your results may be different.
SELECT c.customer_name CUSTOMER, c.customer_id,

s.shopping_cart_id, s.book_id,o.date_of_purchase
FROM customer c
JOIN order_details o
ON o.customer_id=c.customer_id
JOIN shopping_cart s
ON o.shopping_cart_id=s.shopping_cart_id;



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Oracle Database 12c: SQL Workshop I Table of Contents

Additional Practices and Solutions .......................................................................................................... 12-1

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Oracle Database 12c: SQL Workshop I Table of Contents

Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

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Practices for Lesson 1: Overview

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

Practice 1-1: Introduction

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

b. Browse the structure of the EMPLOYEES table.

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

Solution 1-1: Introduction

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2. Creating a New Oracle SQL Developer Database Connection

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

The New / Select Database Connection dialog box appears.

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

b. Browse the structure of the EMPLOYEES table.

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

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Practices for Lesson 2: Overview

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