PHYSICAL SCIENCE WORKSHEETS

CLASS - X

LEVEL-1
1) Readiness Programme
AND

LEVEL-2
2) Academic Year 2020-21
CHAPTER – I : REFLECTION OF LIGHT AT
CURVED SURFACES

CHAPTER – II: CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH & TRAINING,

TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
 Acknowledgement

The State Council of Educational Research and Training, Telangana

extends its gratitude to Smt. P. Sabitha Indrareddy, Hon’ble Minister of
Education, Smt. Chitra Ramachandran, Spl. Chief Secretary to Education,
Ms. A. Sridevasena, Director of School Education for their inspiration and
guidance in the development of Worksheets for all subjects for Classes II to
X to reach out to the children during the lockdown.

Further, SCERT, Telangana expresses heartfelt thanks to Subject

Experts, Editorial Team and DTP operators for their commendable work in
designing the worksheets using online platforms and social media groups
for discussions while developing the material.

August, 2020 B. Seshu Kumari

Hyderabad. Director, SCERT
 DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Chairperson :
Smt. B. Seshu Kumari, Director, SCERT, TS, Hyderabad.

Subject In-charge :
Sri. Y. Venkat Reddy, ZPHS Chivemmla, Suryapet
Members :
Sri. C. V. Hariskrishna, SA, ZPHS Thupranpet, Yadadri Bhongir.
Sri. D. Madhusudhan Reddy, SA, ZPHS, Kodad, Suryapet
Sri. K. Satya Prasad SA, ZPHS, Kapugallu, Suryapet
Sri. Sk. Jaffer SA, ZPHS, Munagala, Suryapet
Sri. Khadar Pasha SA, ZPHS, Acharyalagudem, Suryapet
Sri. K. Rambupal Reddy, SA, ZPHS, Pedakaparthy, Nalgonda
Sri. S.S.U.M. Sharma, SA, ZPSS, Jaggaiahpet, Jayashanker Bhupalpally
Sri. A. Laxminadam, SA, ZPHS, Indalwai, Nizamabad
Sri. Ch. Bharani Kumar, SA, ZPHS, Addagudur, Yadadri Bhongiri.
Smt. Farida, PGT, TSMS, Palamakula, Ranga Reddy.
Coordinators :
Smt. Tahaseen Sultana, Professor and Head, C&T Department, SCERT, TS.
Smt. A. Uma Rani, Science Supervisor, Department of Mathematics and Science,
SCERT.

Editors :
Dr. Koya Venkateshwar Rao, Rtd., Reader in Chemistry, New Science College,
Saifabad, Hyderabad..
Smt. Vasavi Repudi, Language Editor, SCERT, TS

Technical Support :
Sri. A. Srinivas, PET, ZPHS Pillalamarri, Suryapet.
Smt. S. Soundarya, DTP Operator, SCERT, TS.
 PHYSICAL SCIENCE (EM) - CLASS X
(Class IX Basics)
Level -1

INDEX

Sl.No. Name of the chapter Name of the topic Page

number
Refraction of Light at Plane
1 Refraction of Light at Curved Surfaces 1-4
Surfaces
Refraction of Light at Plane Refractive Index, Relative Refractive
2 5-7
Surfaces Index
Refraction of Light at Plane
3 Snell’s Law 8-11
Surfaces
Refraction of Light at Plane
4 Total Internal Reflection, Mirages 12-18
Surfaces
Atoms, Molecules and Atoms, Molecules and Law of
5 19-21
Chemical Reactions Conservation of Mass
Atoms, Molecules and
6 Atomicity, Valency and Ions 22-24
Chemical Reactions
Atoms, Molecules and Atomic Mass, Molecules and Chemical
7 25-28
Chemical Reactions Formulae
Atoms, Molecules and Molecular Mass, Formula Unit Mass
8 29-32
Chemical Reactions and Molar Mass
Atoms, Molecules and
9 Types Chemical Reactions 33-37
Chemical Reactions
Atoms, Molecules and
10 Oxidation and Reduction 38-40
Chemical Reactions
11 What is Inside Atom? Sub Atomic Particles 41-43

12 What is Inside Atom? Thomson Model of Atom 44-46

13 What is Inside Atom? Rutherford Nuclear Model of an Atom 47-49

14 What is Inside Atom? Bohr’s Model of Atomic Structure 50-52

15 What is Inside Atom? Distribution of Electrons in Shells 53-55

16 What is Inside Atom? Valency 56-59

Atomic Number, Atomic Mass Number
17 What is Inside atom? 60-65
and Symbols of Elements
 PHYSICAL SCIENCE (EM) - CLASS X

LEVEL - 2

INDEX

Sl. Page
Name of the chapter Name of the topic
No. number
1. Concave, Convex mirrors vocabularies 1-3
2. Concave, Convex mirrors vocabularies 4-6
3. Properties of Concave Mirror 7-9
4. Fundamental Principles of Ray Diagrams 10-12
Reflection of Light at Curved
I 5. Verifying activity by Ray diagrams 13-15
Surfaces
6. Properties of Convex Mirror 16-18
7. Mirror Formula and Sign Convention 19-21
8. Magnification 22-25
9. Solar Cooker 26-27
10. Physical and Chemical change 28-31
11. Word and Chemical Equations 32-34
12. Balanced Chemical Equations, Law of
35-38
conservation of mass, Formula Unit
II Chemical Equations
13. Balancing a Chemical Equations –
39-42
Practice
14. Chemical Equations - Additional
43-46
Information
 LEVEL-1

Readiness Programme
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
READINESS PROGRAMME LEVEL - 1
CLASS: X MEDIUM : ENGLISH SUBJECT :physical sciences
CHAPTER : Refraction of light at plane surfaces
TOPIC / CONCEPT : REFRACTION OF LIGHT AT CURVED SURFACES
WORKSHEET NO : 01

LEARNING OUTCOMES
➢ Explains refraction of light in their own words.
➢ Identifies daily life applications of refraction of light.
➢ Differentiates between rarer medium and denser medium.
➢ Identifies angle of incidence and angle of refraction in the given figure.
➢ Draws figures related to refraction of light.

Let us perform an activity based on Fermat's principle to understand refraction of light.

s p r i nc iple
'
Fermat The path taken by a light ray between two given points is the path
that can be travelled in the least time.

ACTIVITY
1. Take a shallow (less Deep) opaque trough.
2. Put a coin in the trough.
3. Stand in a way that you can see the coin as shown in figure (a)

Figure (a) Figure (b)

1
 TI VITY
AC

4. Now slowly move away from the trough till you don't see the coin
as shown in figure (b).
5. While you stand at this position, ask your friend to fill the trough.
6. You will be able to see the coin when the trough is filled with water
from the same position.
7. Why do you see the coin when water poured in the trough?

Figure (c)

8. As shown in figure b, when the trough is empty, light ray from the coin
could not reach your eye.

9. As shown in figure (c), when the trough is filled with water,

light ray from the coin could reach your eye.

10. According to Fermat's principle, we observe from the above activity that,
light ray changes its direction at air-water interface.

11. This is possible only when the speed of light changes at the interface
between the two media.

2
 The phenomena of bending of light ray when it travels from
one medium to another medium due to change in speed of light
is called “refraction of light”.

Only when the light ray travels along the normal to the surface,
it does not change the direction.
In all other cases, light bends during refraction.
Rarer medium Denser medium
According to optics, the medium According to optics, the medium
in which speed of light is in which speed of light is
more is called rarer medium. less is called denser medium.

To understand refraction of light through figures, the following terms are important.

At the point of incidence where the light ray

AL strikes the interface between the two media,
NORM
a line drawn perpendicular to the surface
is known as normal. It is labeled as N
with the help of dotted line in the figure.
OF
ANGLE E ( i)
INCID
E N C The angle between the incident light ray and
the normal is called angle of incidence. Denoted by Li
OF
ANGLE ON ( r) The angle between the refracted light ray and
C TI
REFRA
the normal is called angle of refraction. Denoted by Lr

Rarer medium to Denser medium

When light ray travel from rarer medium
to denser medium,
the refracted light ray
deflects closer to the normal.

3
 Denser medium to Rarer medium
✔

When the light ray travels from

denser medium to rarer medium,
the refracted light ray
deflects away from the normal.

SELF ASSESSMENT
Multiple choice questions:

1. Which of the following statements are correct in relation to

the adjacent figure? [ ]
1) Light is traveling from denser medium to rarer medium.
2) the refracted ray is away from the normal.
3) A is rarer medium and B is denser medium.
4) angle of refraction is greater than angle of incidence.
A) 1,2,3 B) 2,3,4 C) 1,3,4 D) 1,2,4

2. Identify the situations where the light ray does not change the direction
during the refraction. [ ]
A) Light ray makes an angle of 0 degrees with normal while traveling from
rarer medium to denser medium.
B) Light ray makes an angle of zero degree with the normal while traveling from
denser medium to rarer medium.
C) Light ray makes a small angle with the normal while traveling from
rarer to denser medium.
A) A,B,C B) B,C,D C) A,C,D D) A,B,D

3 . Light ray is traveling from denser medium to rarer medium,

identify the angle of incidence and angle of refraction respectively.
A) 10o , 150 B) 150 ,100 C) 150,150 D) . 100,100 [ ]

4
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
READINESS PROGRAMME LEVEL - 1
CLASS: X MEDIUM : ENGLISH SUBJECT :Physical sciences
CHAPTER : Refraction of light at plane surfaces
TOPIC / CONCEPT : REFRACTIVE INDEX, RELATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX
WORKSHEET NO : 02

LEARNING OUTCOMES

➢ Classify various materials based on optical density.

➢ Explains refractive index in own words.
➢ Uses the knowledge of refractive index to identify the material in
which speed of light is more.

I n dex
ef r active
R
* You know that light travels with different speeds in different materials.
* The medium in which the speed of light is more is called rarer medium.
* The medium in which the speed of light is less is called denser medium.

i i
V1 > V2
V1 < V2

r>i
r<i
r r

Figure (a) Figure (b)

5
 * When the light ray travels from rare medium to denser medium,
angle of refraction (r) is less than angle of incidence (i).
* When the light ray travels from denser medium to rarer medium,
angle of refraction (r) is greater than angle of incidence (i).
* Light travels in vacuum with highest speed nearly equal to 3 X10 8 m/ s
* Hence we can compare the speed of light in any material with the
speed of light in vacuum.

The ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in that medium
is defined as Refractive index (n). It is also called Absolute refractive index.

Speed of light in vacuum

Absolute refractive index =
Speed of light in medium

It is a dimensionless quantity because it is a ratio of the the same physical quantities.

Absolute Refractive index of
difference substances

* The greater values of refractive index indicates

the material is is optically denser. The speed of light
will be less in such materials.
* Observe the refractive index values of air,
kerosene, the speed of light is more in air than
in kerosene oil.
* Now compare the refractive index values of kerosene
and benzene….
* In which medium the speed of light is more?

Relative Refractive Index (n21)

Relative Refractive Index (n21) is defined as,
the ratio of refractive index of second medium (n2),
to the refractive index of first medium (n1).

6
 Refractive index of second medium kerosene (n2)
Relative refractive index (n21) =
Refractive index of first medium water (n1)

(n2)
(n21) =
(n1)

Example: - Based on the values of refractive index given in the table,

n water = 1.33
n turpentine= 1.47
nturpentine 1.47
= = 1.105
Relative refractive index of turpentine with respect to water = 1.33
nwater
Can you find the relative refractive index of diamond with respect to Ruby?
SELF ASSESSMENT
Multiple choice questions:

1. Choose the correct statement. [ ]

A) speed of light is same in ice and water.

B) speed of light is more in ice than in water.

C) speed of light is less in ice than in water.

2. Refractive index values are expressed in [ ]

A) degrees. B) radians. C) candela. D). No units

3. In the given figure indicate refracted light ray,

if A is rarer medium and B is denser medium.

7
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
READINESS PROGRAMME LEVEL - 1
CLASS: X MEDIUM : ENGLISH SUBJECT :Physical sciences
CHAPTER :Refraction of light at plane surfaces
TOPIC / CONCEPT : SNELL’S LAW WORKSHEET NO : 03

LEARNING OUTCOMES

➢ Explain relation between Angle of incidence and Angle of refraction.

➢ Describes the terms in Snell’s law.
➢ Solves the numerical problems using Snell’s law.

Do the Lab Activity in Page No. 53 in class IX physical science text book.

When light ray travels from medium of refractive index (n1),

to a medium of refractive index (n2), we can establish the following relation.

n1 Sin i = n2 Sin r, This is called Snell's law.

It can also be expressed as,

Sin i n2
=
Sin r n1

8
 i = Angle of incidence ( in medium 1)
r = Angle of refraction ( in medium 2)
n1= Refractive index of medium 1

n2= Refractive index of medium 2

As we know the relation between refractive index and speed of light is,

Where,
C = Speed of light in vacuum
V1 = Speed of light in medium 1

V2 = Speed of light in medium 2

Snell's law can be written as,

Sin i n2 V1
= =
Sin r n1 V2

9
 PROBLEMS:
Ex:1- Light travels from a medium of refractive index 1.6 at an angle of incidence 30 o
into another medium, making an angle of refraction 45°. Find the refractive index
of second medium?

Sol: n1 = 1.6

Angle of incidence (i) = 30o

Angle of refraction (r) = 45o

n2 = ?

n1 Sin i = n2 Sin r

1.6 X Sin300. = n2 X Sin 450

1.6 x ½ = n2 x 1/√2

n2 = 1.3856

Ex:2- Light travels from medium A at angle of incidence 420 to medium B,

making an angle of refraction 360. Which is denser medium?

Sol: Medium B in denser medium, as the angle of refraction is less than angle of incidence.

10
 SELF ASSESSMENT

Multiple choice questions:

1. Light travels from one medium at an angle of incidence 45° to another medium making
an angle of refraction 30°, the ratio of refractive indices half to media is, [ ]

A)1:√2. B) √2 : 1 C) 1 : 2 D) 2 : 1

2. In snell’s law, the ratio of refractive indices of two media is n1:n2 is 2:1 and
the angle of incidence is 30o . Find the angle of refraction?

A) 300. B) 450 C) 600 D). 900 [ ]

3. Identify the relation between n1, n2 , i and r

A) n1/ n2 = Sin i.Sin r
B) n1/ n2 = Sin i / Sin r
C) n1. n2 = Sin i. Sin r
D) n1/ n2 = Sin r / Sin i

11
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
READINESS PROGRAMME LEVEL - 1
CLASS: X MEDIUM : ENGLISH SUBJECT : Physical Science
CHAPTER :
TOPIC / CONCEPT : TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION, MIRAGES WORKSHEET NO : 04

LEARNING OUTCOMES
➢ Explains total internal reflection in own words.
➢ Cites examples of daily life applications of total internal reflection.
➢ Gives reason for Total internal reflection.
➢ Explains the applications of total internal reflection.
➢ Draws figures to describe total internal reflection.

Let us perform an activity to understand TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION.

ACTIVITY
* Fix a white drawing sheet on a drawing board.
* Draw a line MM in the middle of the paper using a pencil.
* Place a semi-circular glass slab in such a way that its diameter coincides
with the line MM.
* Coincide the center of semi circular slab with the center of line MM.
* Draw a normal NN at this point.
* MM separates the two media, with glass on one side and air on other side.
* Now using LASER, send a light ray from the circular side of semi-circular glass slab.
* This means we are sending a light ray from denser medium (Glass) to
a rarer medium (Air).

12
* Starting from 00 angle of incidence, gradually increase the angle of incidence
and observe the refracted light ray in each case.

* You will observe that, as the angle of incidence increases, the refracted light
rays deflects away from the NORMAL respectively.
* At a particular angle of incidence, the refracted light ray grazes the line MM
separating AIR-GLASS media. This angle of incidence is called critical angle ( C )

NGL E (C)
CRITICAL A
* The angle of incidence, at which the light ray traveling from denser medium to
rarer medium grazes the interface separating the two media, is called critical
angle for those media.

* In the above activity, if you send a light ray with an angle of incidence greater than
the critical angle, you will observe the refracted light ray is not seen in air, but
reflects back into the denser medium (Glass). This phenomenon is known as
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION.

13
 AL RE FL E C TION
RN
TOTAL INTE
* When light travels from denser medium to rarer medium at an angle of incidence

greater than critical angle, the light ray is reflected into the denser medium at

the interface. i.e., light never enters the rarer medium.

This phenomenon is called TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION.

MIRAGES

* Mirage is an optical illusion.

* During a hot summer day, it appears that water has collected on the road surface

at a distant place but when we get there, we don’t find any water.

This is called MIRAGE.

* Let us find the reason for the formation of Mirages.

* Mirages are very good example to understand that “ Refractive index of the material

does not remain constant throughout the medium. It depends on density”.

14
 * During a hot summer day, air just above the road surface is very hot and

the air at higher altitudes is cool.

* Hot air is less dense than cool air.

* So the hot air just above the road surface behaves as rarer medium and

the cool air at higher altitudes behaves as denser medium.

* As we know that refractive index of air increases with density. So, the cooler

air at the top has greater refractive index than hotter air just above the road.
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES IN LAYERS OF AIR

ROAD

EXAMPLE: When the light from a tall object such as tree passes through cooler air to

Hotter Air just above the ground, it means light is traveling from denser medium to

rarer medium and as the refractive index decreases towards ground, the light rays

Suffer refraction and takes a curved path because of Total internal reflection.

15
 Hence we feel the illusion of image of tree and water being present on the

road which is the virtual image of the Sky ( Mirage ) and inverted image of tree

on the road.

Applications of Total internal reflection

1. Brilliance of DIAMONDS

* The critical angle of a Diamond is very low ( 24.40 ). So, if a light ray enters a

Diamond it is very likely to undergo total internal reflection which makes

the Diamond shine.

2. OPTICAL FIBRES:

* An optical fibre is very thin fibre made of glass or plastic having radius about

a micrometer ( 10-6 m). Because of the small radius of the fibre, light going

into it makes a nearly glancing incidence on the wall. The angle of incidence

is greater than the critical angle and hence total internal reflection takes

place. The light is thus transmitted along the fibre.

A bunch of such optical fibres form a light pipe.

16
* All organs of the human body cannot be seen by the naked eye of the doctor.

Example: Intestines.

* The doctor inserts an optical fiber pipe into the stomach through the mouth.

* Light is sent down through one set of fibres in the pipe.

* This illuminates the inside of the stomach.

* The light from the inside travels back through another set of fibres in the pipe

and the viewer gets the image at the outer end ( generally fed to the

computer screen)

* Communication signals can be transmitted through light pipes.

* For example, about 2000 telephone signals, appropriately mixed with light waves,

can be simultaneously transmitted through an optical fibre.

* The clarity of signals transmitted in this way is much better than other

conventional methods.

17
 SELF ASSESSMENT

Multiple choice questions:

1. In the adjacent figure, what is the value of

angle of refraction.
A) 40o B) 200 C) 300 D) 900 [ ]

2. From the below mentioned options, choose the situation

Where total internal reflection may takes place. [ ]
A) When light travels from denser medium to rarer medium.
B) When light travels from rarer medium to denser medium.
C) When light is traveling in rarer medium.
D) A and B.

3. Light is traveling from denser medium to rarer medium. The angles of incidence and
Corresponding angles of refraction are given in the table below. Identify critical angle,
And Angle of refraction. [ ]

A) 0o , 00 B) 200, 350 C) 450, 900 D) . 100 ,150

4. Choose the correct answer by matching. [ ]

1. Refraction of light A) Brilliance of Diamond.
2. Total internal reflection B) The coin appears to be raised from the bottom,
in a beaker full of water.

A) 1-A and 2-B B) 1-B and 2-A

C) Both A and B D) 1-A and 2-A

18
Class : X Medium : ENGLISH Subject : PHYSICAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER : Atoms and molecules and chemical reactions
Topic/Concept : Atoms, Molecules & Law of Conservation of Mass Worksheet no.: 5

KEY WORDS: Atoms – Molecules – Elements – law of conservation of mass.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Students explain the law of conservation of mass in their own words.
Students could state the differences between atoms and molecules.
Students identify the elements with their symbols.

IMPORTANT COMCEPTS

Law of conservation of mass: Lavoisier proposed the Law of conservation of mass

which states that:
“Matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.” (Or)
“The total mass of the products formed in a chemical reaction is exactly equal to the mass
of the reactants.”

THINK AND DISCUSS

Recall the burning of magnesium ribbon in air. Do you think mass is conserved
during this reaction? Discuss with your friends.

Atoms and molecules

Atoms:

 Very often we might have heard that atoms are the building blocks of all
matter. It means that matter is composed of tiny particles known as atoms.

 A substance that contains only one type of atoms is called an element. In

elements the smallest particle may be an atom or a molecule.

Page 1 of 3
19
  Eg. There are many elements whose smallest particle is an atom like Iron,
copper, zinc etc.
Molecule:

A molecule can be defined as the smallest particle of a substance Elements or Molecules)

that has independent existence and retains all the properties of that substance.

Eg. Molecules of oxygen and nitrogen contain the particles which are a combination of
identical atoms.

Why do we name elements?

It would be a problem if we call an element with different names in different languages. So,
to overcome this problem and to avoid confusion of different people of different countries
elements are given names.

Note: To know how elements like hydrogen and oxygen have got their names, please
read the section “ Do you know?” in text book page no 106.

ACTIVITY-1: Write few more such examples.

Symbols of elements:

You must have realized that chemistry involves a lot of reactions. It will be a waste of time
to write the full name of the elements and compounds every time to describe a reaction. To
overcome this difficulty John Berzelius used a symbol to represent elements. He suggested
that initial letter of an element from its name in English written in capitals should be the
symbol of that element.

ACTIVITY-2:

Name of the
Hydrogen Oxygen Calcium
Element
SYMBOL of the
H O Ca
element

Observe the above table showing the symbols of elements. In the same complete this table
for the first 30 elements by discussing with your friends. You can refer class-10 Physical
Science text book or use internet to know the symbols of first 30 elements.

Page 2 of 3
20
ACTIVITY -3

ELEMENT LATIN NAME SYMBOL

Sodium Natrium Na
Gold Aurum Au
Silver
Tungsten
Iron

Observe the adjacent table showing the Latin names and symbols derived from
their Latin names. Complete the table and also write the Latin names.

SELF ASSESSMENT SHEET

1. Which of the following element has a Latin name? ( )

A) Calcium B) Potassium C) Carbon D) Argon

2. The scientist who proposed law of conservation of mass is. ( )

A) Lavoisier B) Dalton C) John Berzelius D) Rutherford

3. Match the following

ELEMENT LATIN NAME

Gold ( ) Ferrum

Lead ( ) Plumbum

Iron ( ) Natrium

Sodium ( ) Aurum

A) 1-D, 2-B, 3-C, 4-C B) 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D

C) 1-D, 2-C, 3-S, 4-D D) 1-D, 2-B, 3-A, 4-C

Click here for more information

Click here for more information on Wikipedia

Page 3 of 3
21
Class : X Medium : ENGLISH Subject : PHYSICAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER : Atoms and molecules and chemical reactions
Topic/Concept : Atomicity, Valency & Ions Worksheet no.: 6

KEY WORDS: Atomcity – Valency – Ion - Anion - Cation

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Students states the atomicity of molecules using their given formulae.
Gives examples for valency of elements.
Gives examples for ions.

IMPORTANT COMCEPTS

Elements with more than one atom in their molecules

We have learnt that several elements have more than one atom in their smallest constituent
particles.
Eg. A molecule of oxygen has two atoms. We represent it using a formula O 2.
You might have heard about Ozone gas. It is found in large quantities in the upper layers of
the earth`s atmosphere. It protects us from the harmful ultra violet rays of the sun. Every
molecule of ozone has three atoms of oxygen and its formula is O 3.

Atomicity
The number of atoms constituting a molecule of an element is known as its atomicity.
Examples: Molecule of hydrogen consists of two atoms of hydrogen. So the atomicity of
hydrogen is 2 and hydrogen molecule is known as diatomic molecule. Helium, Neon and
Argon exist as single atom, so their atomicity is 1 and hence they are known as monoatomic.

ACTIVITY-1:

Element Argon Hydrogen Phosphorus Sulphur

Formula Ar H2 P4 S8
Atomicity 1 2 4 8

Page22
1 of 3
Observe the above table showing the atomicity of few elements. Write the formula and
atomicity of some more elements by discussing with your friends.

Valency
The combining capacity of atoms of an element is called valency. Every element reacts with
other element according to its combining capacity.

ACTIVITY – 2: Valencies of some elements

Observe the following table.

Element Helium Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen carbon

Valency 0 1 2 3 4

Write the valencies of some more elements in the form of a table. You can discuss with your
friends or use internet to find the valencies of elements.

What is an ion?

Compounds formed by metals and non-metals contain charged species. These charged
species are known as ions. An ion has either a positive charge or a negative charge. A
negatively charged ion is called anion and a positively charged ion is called is called cation.

Ions may be a charged independent atoms or a group of atoms (polyatomic) that have a net
charge on them.

List of some common, simple and polyatomic ions.

Net Charge Cation Symbol Anion Symbol

Hydrogen H+ Hydride H-
1 unit
Sodium Na+ Chloride Cl-
Magnesium Mg+2 Oxide O-2
2 units
Zinc Zn+2 Sulphide S-2

Calcium Ca+2 Sulphate SO4-2

3 units Aluminium Al+3 Nitride N -3

Page23
2 of 3
NOTE: Please refer to Table-7 in Page no-110 of class-9 Physical Science Text book to find
some examples of ions.

SELF ASSESSMENT SHEET

1. Which of the following has an atomicity of 8? ( )

A) Phosphorus B) Oxygen C) Sulphur D) Ozone

2. Which of the following element has a valency of 0? ( )

A) Helium B) Oxygen C) Carbon D) Fluorine

3. Match the following

1. Argon ( ) A) Tetravalent

2. Phosphorus ( ) B) Triatomic

3. Ozone ( ) C) Diatomic

D) Mono atomic
4. Nitrogen ( )
valent

A) 1-D, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A B) 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C

C) 1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D D) 1-D, 2-B, 3-A, 4-C

Page24
3 of 3
Class : X Medium : ENGLISH Subject : PHYSICAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER : Atoms and molecules and chemical reactions
Topic/Concept : Atomic Mass, Molecules & Chemical Formulae Worksheet no.: 7

Learning Outcomes:
Express the atomic mass of elements by comparing them with the
atomic mass of carbon.
Explain the process of formation of molecules.
Could write the formulae of compounds using criss-cross method.

Important Concepts

► Atomic Mass unit: The atomic mass unit is a unit of mass used to express
atomic and molecular masses and is equal to 1/12 th of the mass of one carbon-
12 atom.
► Atomic Mass: The number of times an atom of a given element is heavier than
1/12th of atomic mass of carbon-12 atom is called its atomic mass.
Examples: 1) Atomic mass of Hydrogen(H) is 1/12 times of mass of carbon-12. So
atomic mass of Hydrogen is 1u.
2) Atomic mass of sodium (Na) is 23 times to the mass of 1/12 th of carbon-
12 atom (It means 23/12 times to the mass of C-12 atom). So the atomic mass of
sodium (Na) is 23u.
Atomic masses of few elements:

Element Atomic Mass (in u) Element Atomic Mass (in u)

Hydrogen 1 Aluminium 27

Carbon 12 Phosphorus 31

Nitrogen 14 Sulphur 32
Oxygen 16 Chlorine 35.5

Sodium 23 Potassium 39
Magnesium 24 Calcium 40

Page 1 of 4
25
 Atomic mass of an element is a ratio of two atomic masses and has no units. It
is expressed as atomic mass unit (amu) or as unified mass (u).

► Molecules of Compounds: A molecule may contain one or more atoms. A

molecule may be formed by the combination of atoms of either same element or
different elements.
Examples: 1) A molecule of chlorine is formed by the combination of two atoms of
chlorine.
2) A molecule of water is formed by the combination of two atoms of
Hydrogen and one atom of Oxygen.
► Formula: A formula is a symbolic representation of actual number of atoms of
different number of elements present in a molecule of a compound.
Examples: 1) A molecule of sodium chloride is formed by a combination of one atom of
sodium(Na) and one atom of chlorine(Cl), so the formula of sodium chloride is NaCl.
The number of atoms that combine to form a molecule is written on the
right side of the symbol of that element as subscript.

2) Two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen combine to form one
molecule of Water, so the formula of water is H 2O.

? How can we write the formulae of compounds easily?

► Writing the formula of compounds using criss-cross method.
We can write the formulae of compounds easily using criss-cross method. To write the
formula of a compound using criss-cross method, we need to follow the following steps. To
understand these steps, let us take Sodium Carbonate as an example. The following steps
should be taken while writing the chemical formula of Sodium Carbonate.
1. Write the symbols of each atom or group of atoms side by side, usually the cation first
and anion next - Na CO3

2. Write the valency of each atom or group of atoms on the top of its symbol as
Na1 (CO3)2
3. Divide the valency numbers by their highest common factor (if any) to get the simple ratio.
Na1 (CO )2
3
4. Inter change the valency and write the numbers as the subscript to right side of the
constituents as their subscripts.
3 Na2 (CO3)1
5. If any constituent (either an atom or a group of atoms) acquires the number 1,
ignore it while writing the formula.
6. If a group of atoms (radicals) acquires a number greater than 1, that group of
atoms should be enclosed in brackets and that number is written as the subscript
after the brackets. Na 2 CO3
Hence the formula for the sodium carbonate is Na 2CO3.
Example-1) Writing the formula of magnesium oxide.

Mg2 O2

Page 2 of 4
26
 Mg2 O2 Mg2O2 Mg1O1

Hence the formula of Magnesium Oxide is MgO

Example-2) Writing the formula of Ammonium Sulphate.

(NH4)1 (SO4)2

(NH4)2 (SO4)1

(NH4)2 (SO4)1

(NH4)2SO4

Hence the formula of Ammonium Sulphate is (NH4)2SO4

Compound Formula

Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Copper Sulphate CuSO4

Silver Nitrate AgNO3

Hydrochloric Acid HCl
Sulphuric Acid H2SO4
Nitric Acid HNO3

Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl

Potassium Dichromate K2Cr2O7
Potassium Permanganate KMnO4

Write the formulae of Magnesium chloride and Calcium Oxide using the criss-cross method.
Write the formulae of the following compounds given in the adjacent table using criss-cross
method.

Page 3 of 4
27
 ASSESSMENT

1) Atomic mass of Aluminium(Al) is 27u. It is ________ times to atomic mass of carbon-

12 atom.

2) Given: Cations are Ca2 and Cu2; Anions are O2 and (NO3)1; The incorrect formula
formed by above ions is… ( )

A) CaO B) Ca(NO3)2 C) CuO2 D) CuNO3

3) Units of atomic mass is.. ( )

A) Milligrams B) grams C) kilograms D) no units

4) The formula of a compound is P 2Q, the valency of P is _________.

5. Match the following.

Name of the Compound Formula

A) Aluminium Chloride ( ) 1) Na2SO4
B) Sodium Sulphate ( ) 2) AlCl3
C) Iron Oxide ( ) 3) Fe2O3

A) a – 1, b – 2 , c – 3 B) a – 2, b – 1 , c – 3

C) a – 3, b – 1 , c – 2 D) a – 2, b – 3 , c – 1

Page 4 of 4
28
Class : X Medium : ENGLISH Subject : PHYSICAL SCIENCE

CHAPTER : Atoms and molecules and chemical reactions

Topic/Concept : Molecular Mass, Formula Unit Mass & Molar Mass Worksheet no.: 8

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Calculate the molecular masses of compounds.
Differentiate between molecular mass and formula unit mass.
On the basis of mole concept, they calculate the molar mass and the number
of molecules present in them.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

Molecular mass: The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic
masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the substance.

Just as the atomic mass, molecular mass also has no units. It is also expressed
in atomic mass units (amu) or expressed in unified mass (u).

Examples: 1) Let us calculate the molecular mass of H2SO4.

Solution: Molecular mass of H2SO4 = 2 (atomic mass of hydrogen) +

1 (atomic mass of sulphur) + 4 (atomic mass of oxygen)
= 2(1u) + 1(32u) + 4(16u)
= 24u + 32u + 64u = 98u

2) Let us calculate the molecular mass of Ca(OH)2.

Solution: Molecular mass of Ca(OH)2 = 1 (atomic mass of calcium) +

2 [ 1(atomic mass of oxygen) + 1(atomic mass of hydrogen)]
= 1(40u) + 2[1(16u) + 1(1u) ]
= 40u + 2[16u +1u ] = 40u + 2(17u)
= 40u + 34u = 74u.

Page29
1 of 4
 ACTIVITY-1
Calculate the molecular masses of the following:
MgCl2 (Mg=24u; Cl=35.5u)
NaHCO3 (Na=23u; H=1u; C=12u; O=16u)

Formula unit mass:

The sum of masses of all the atoms or ions present in a formula unit of a molecule is
called formula unit mass of that molecule.

NOTE: Formula unit mass is used for the substances whose constituents
particles are ions only.

Examples: 1) Sodium Chloride has a formula unit NaCl. The ions present in it are
sodium ion and chloride ion. The formula unit mass of NaCl is =
1 x 23u + 1 x 35.5u = 58.5u

2) Aluminium chloride has a formula unit AlCl3. The ions present in it are
aluminium ion and chloride ion. The formula unit mass of AlCl 3 is
= 27u + 3(35.5u) = 27u + 106.5u = 133.5u.

ACTIVITY-2
Calculate the formula unit mass of the following:
1) CaO 2) Al2O3 3) Na2O

Mole concept:

Mole: A mole of substance may be a heap of atoms or molecules. It is a used to

count very large number of particles. One mole of a substance is the amount of the
substance which contains as many particles (atoms, molecules, ions….etc.) or entities
that are equal to the number of atoms present in 12 grams of 12C6 isotope.

NOTE: The number of particles (atoms or molecules or ions) present in

one mole of any substance has a fixed value. It is equal to 6.022 x 10 23.
This number was discovered by Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro and
hence this number is called Avogadro constant (NA).

Page30
2 of 4
Examples: 1) Molecular mas of water is 18u and atomic mass of carbon is 12u. The
number of molecules present in 18grams of water is equal to the number of atoms
present in 12gram of water and that number is equal to 6.022 x 10 23.

2) Atomic mass of oxygen is 16u, molecular mass of oxygen is 32u. The

number of atoms present in 16g of 0xygen atoms is equal to the number of molecules
present in 32grams of oxygen molecules and that number is equal to 6.022 x 10 23.

Molar mass: The mass of one mole of a substance expressed in grams is called its
molar mass.

NOTE: 1) Atomic mass/molecular mass/formula unit mass is expressed in unified

mass (u). If the same value of mass is expressed in grams, it is called molar mass.
2) The molecular mass and molecular mass are numerically equal but molar
mass gram as unit and molecular mass has unified mass units.

Examples: 1) Molecular mass of a water molecule is 18u, so its molar mass is 18

grams. It has 6.022 x 1023 molecules.

2) Molecular mass of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] is 74u, so its molar

mass is 74grams. It contains 6.022 x 1023 molecules.

Refer to the following diagram to understand the concept of mole.

Page31
3 of 4
 ASSESSMENT SHEET

1) Number of atoms present in 4 grams of hydrogen …… ( )

A) 6.022 x 1023 B) 2 x 6.022 x 1023

C) 3 x 6.022 x 1023 D) 4 x 6.022 x 1023

2) The correct statement in the following. ( )

I) The number of particles present in 23 grams of sodium is 6.02 2 x 1023.

II) The number of molecules present in 1 mole of sodium chloride is 6.22 x 1023.

A) only I B) Only II C) Only I & II D) None of I and II

3) Molecular mass of 2 moles of CaO is… ( )

A) 56u B) 112u C) 6.022 x 1023 D) 2 x 6.022 x 1023

4) Number of moles present in oxygen which has molecules equal to the number of
atoms present in a molar mass of 32 grams of sulphur is… ( )

A) 0.5 mole B) 1 mole C) 2 moles D) 32 moles

Page32
4 of 4
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
READINESS PROGRAMME LEVEL - 1
CLASS: X MEDIUM : ENGLISH SUBJECT : PHY.SCI.
CHAPTER : Atoms and molecules and chemical reactions
TOPIC / CONCEPT : TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS WORKSHEET NO : 09

Learning outcomes
 Children can explain different types of chemical reactions.
 Children can explain the type of reactions occur in daily life activities.
 Children can explain the the exothermic and endothermic reactions.
***

Introduction
➢ In physical change the substance will not change,

➢ where are used in chemical change the substance will change and forms new substance.

➢ The substances which undergo chemical change in the reaction are called reactants and

new substances are called products.

➢ The substances which undergo chemical change in the reaction are called reactants and

new substances are called products.

Latest observe some of the chemical reactions..

33
 Chemical combination
* A reaction in which single product is formed from two or three
reactants is known as chemical combination reaction..

Example:- 1) Coal + Oxygen Carbon dioxide.

C + O2 CO2
(S) (g) (g)

Example:- 2) Quicklime + Water Slaked lime.

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
(S) (l) (A.S)
Decomposition reaction
* If a single substance decomposes to give two or more substance
it is called decomposition reaction.
* We can also divide decomposition reaction into various types
based on the nature of reaction.

A. Thermal decomposition :
Decomposition reaction

* When a decomposition is carried out by heating is called thermal decomposition.

heat
Example:-1) Limestone Quicklime + Carbon dioxide

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

( s) (s) (g)

Heat
Example:-2) Lead nitrate Lead oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen
2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
(S) (S) (g) (g)

34
 B. Electrolytic decomposition reaction:
When a decomposition is carried out by passing electricity is called electrolytic

decomposition reaction.

electrolysis
Example:- Water Oxygen + Hydrogen
electrolysis
2H2O 2H2 + O2
(l) (g) (g)

C. Photo chemical reaction :

When the decomposition is carried out in presence of

sunlight is called photo chemical reaction.

sunlight
Example:- Silver bromide Silver + Bromine

sunlight
2AgBr 2Ag + Br2
(s) (s) (g)

35
 Chemical displacement
In displacement reaction, one element displaces another element from its compound.

Example:-1) Zinc + Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride + Hydrogen

Zn + HCl ZnCl2 + H2
(s) (Aq.s) (Aq.s) (g)

Example:-2) Iron + Copper sulphate Iron sulphate + Copper

Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
(s) (Aq.s) (Aq.s) (s)

Double displacement reaction

If two reactants exchange their constituents chemically and form two products
is called double displacement reaction.

Example:-1) Sodium sulphate + Barium chloride Barium sulphate + Sodium chloride

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
(Aq.S) (Aq.S) (S) (Aq.S)

2) Sodium chloride + Silver nitrate Silver chloride + Sodium Nitrate

NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
(Aq.S) (Aq.S) (S) (Aq.S)

36
 Let us observe the chemical reactions regarding heat

A. Exothermic Reaction:-
If heat is liberated in a reaction it is called as exothermic reaction.
Example:- Quicklime + Water Slaked lime + Heat

B. Endothermic reaction:-
If it is obserbed in a reaction, it is called as endothermic reactions.
Heat
Example:- Limestone sheet quicklime + carbon dioxide

SELF ASSESSMENT
1) Limestone on heating will decomposes quicklime and carbon dioxide is the example for

A) Endothermic reaction. B) Chemical displacement [ ]

C) Chemical decomposition D) A & C

2) Observe the following information and find the right one. [ ]

1) Quicklime + Water Slaked lime + Heat A) chemical displacement

Sunlight
2) Silver bromide Silver + Bromine B) Chemical Combination +

Exothermic reaction

3) Iron + Copper Sulphate Iron sulphate + Copper C) Photochemical +

Endothermic reaction
A) 1 – B , 2 – C , 3 – A . B) 1– C,2 –B ,3–A.

C) 1 – C , 2 – A , 3 – B . D) 1 – A , 2 – B , 3 – C.

3) Copper Oxide + Hydrogen Copper + Water the above equation is example for [ ]

A) chemical combination reaction B) chemical decomposition reaction

C) double displacement reaction D) chemical displacement reaction
37
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
READINESS PROGRAMME LEVEL - 1
CLASS: X MEDIUM :ENGLISH SUBJECT : Physical Sciences
CHAPTER : Atoms and molecules and chemical reactions
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Oxidation and Reduction WORKSHEET NO : 10
CONCEPTS :

1. Oxidation
2. Reduction
3. Effects of Oxidation in our Daily life

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
 Children can Explain Oxidation and Reduction
 Children can give reasons for Corrosion of Metals
 They can explain Prevention methods for Corrosion on metals.
 Children can explain about the measures to prevent rancidity on food items, facts,
Pickles.

BRIEF SUMMARY :
Let us Observe the types of reactions in different way
* Oxidation : oxidation is gain of Oxygen or loss of Hydrogen.
Ex: i. Copper + Oxygen → Copper Oxide
ii. Iron + Oxygen → Iron Oxide (Ferric Oxide)
* Reduction : Loss of Oxygen or gain of Hydrogen is Reduction
Heat
Ex: Copper Oxide + Hydrogen → Copper + Water
* Oxidation : Reduction Reactions (or) Redox Reactions : In a reaction if one reactant gets
oxidizes , the other get reduced. Then it is known as Redox Reactions.
Ex: Iron Oxide + Coal → Iron + Carbondioxide
Lead Oxide + Coal → Lead + Carbondioxid
38
 Effects of Oxidation in our daily life

If any substance is oxidized, then it loses shining. It is known as Corrosion

1. Rusting of Iron , or Corrosion of Iron leads to damage.

Ex: Iron + Oxygen → Iron Oxide (Rust)
2. Copper + Oxygen → Copper Oxide
Green coating will occur on Copper in this reaction.
3. Silver + Hydrogen Sulphide + Oxygen → Silver Sulphide + Water
Corrosion causes damage to vehicle parts, Bridges, Iron railings, Ships etc..

To Prevent Corrosion

1. By Painting on the metal surface

2. Oiling or greasing or Applying Chromium Oxide on the metal.
3. Alloying will prevent the Corrosion.
Ex:
 Galvanizing is the method of protecting Iron ore from rusting by coating them a thin layer
of Zinc.
 A Metallic substance made by mixing and fusing two or more metals or metals and a non-
metal is called Alloying.
 Ex: Brass, Bronze and Steel.

Some more effects of Oxidation on everyday life

1. Burning of wood involves release of Carbon dioxide,

Water vapor along with huge amount of heat.
2. Rising of Dough with Yeast depends on Oxidation of
Sugars to Carbon dioxide and Water.
3. Bleaching of colored objects using moist Chlorine.
4. Some times power supply to our home from the electric
pole will be interrupted due to formation of metal oxide
layer on the electric pole.
5. When fats and oils are Oxidized, they become Rancid.
Their smell and taste will changes.

39
 Prevention Methods:

Spoilage of Food can be prevented by adding preservatives like

Vitamin-C and Vitamin-E.

Antioxidants are added to food to prevent Oxidation. Keeping in

tight container will also prevent from oxidizing.

SELF ASSESSMENT :

1. Copper Oxide + Hydrogen → Copper + Water

Heat
is the Example for the reaction of ( )
A) Chemical Combination B) Chemical Decomposition
C) Redox reaction D) Exothermic Reaction
2. The process of Coating Zinc on Iron is called ( )
A) Galvanizing B) Alloying C) Oxidation D) Reduction
3. Match the following
Heat
1) Copper + Hydrogen → Copper Oxide A) Reduction
Heat
2) Copper Oxide + Hydrogen → Copper + Water B) Oxidation
Heat
3) Lead Oxide + Carbon → Lead + Carbon Dioxide C) Redox Reaction

A) 1-B, 2-A, 3-C B) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C C) 1-C, 2-D, 3-A D) 1-C, 2-A, 3-B

40
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
READINESS PROGRAMME LEVEL - 1
CLASS: X MEDIUM : ENGLISH
SUBJECT : PHY.SCI.
CHAPTER : Atoms and molecules and chemical reactions
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Sub – Atomic Particles WORKSHEET NO : 11

Learning outcomes:
1) Students can explain the properties of sub-atomic particles.
2) Students can compare the properties of sub-atomic particles.
3) Students can differentiate sub-atomic particles w.r.t their size, charge and mass.
4) Students can develop their own brain mappings of size and existence.

Introduction:
 John Dalton was the first western scientist to propose a theory on atom.
 According to Dalton, atom is the smallest and indivisible particle of matter.
 Later on, Michael Faraday, through his electrolysis experiments, observed that atoms may not
be neutral every time.
 This observation created a platform to discuss the idea of a charged particle.
 The existence of charged particle led to the discovery of tiny particles.

Sub-atomic particles:
 The tiny particles which constitute an atom are generally known as
sub-atomic particles.
 The atoms, because of their neutrality, were expected to have at least two types of particles.
 Positively charged particle.
 Negatively charged particle.
 The atoms, because of their mass, were expected to have one more particle.
 Particle without charge.

41
 Size comparison of sub-atomic particles

1/3
Electron:
1/3
 J.J. Thomson, a British physicist, proposed the
existence of negatively charged particle in an atom.
 This particle is called as electron.
 It is denoted by e-.
 It has very small and negligible mass.
 Mass of electron = 9.0 x 10-28 gm.
 Its charge is considered as -1.
 The absolute charge on electron is -1.6 x 10 -19 coulomb.

Proton:
 Eugen Goldstein, a German physicist, discovered proton.
 Another particle which balances the charge of an
atom by existing in equal numbers to that of electrons is called
proton.
 It is denoted by p+.
 Proton is 1836 times larger than electron.
 Its mass is 1.6 x 10-24 gm.
 Its charge is considered as +1.
 The absolute charge on proton is 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb.

Neutron:
 James Chadwick discovered third sub-atomic
particle which is electrically neutral.
 This particle is known as neutron.
 It is denoted by n0.
 It contributes to the mass of atom.
 Its mass is almost equal to that of proton.

42
 2/3
SELF ASSESSMENT
I) Multiple choice questions.
1) Notation of neutron ( )
a) e- b) no c) n+ d) p+
2) Absolute charge on proton ( )
a) 9 x 10-22 C b) 0 c) 1.6 x 10-19 C d) -1.6 x 10-19 C
3) The largest sub-atomic particle ( )
a) atom b) electron c) neutron d) proton

3/3

43
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
READINESS PROGRAMME LEVEL - 1
CLASS: X MEDIUM :ENGLIH SUBJECT :Physical sciences
CHAPTER : What is inside atom
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Thomson’s model of the atom WORKSHEET NO : 12

Name of the pre-concept identified:

Thomson’s model of the atom

Learning outcomes:

1) Students can explain atomic model proposed by J.J. Thomson.

2) Students can communicate their conceptual understanding of this model
through a neat drawing.

Introduction:

 J.J. Thomson proposed this model just after he had invented

electron.
 He had an idea that there should be positive charge in atom to
balance it.
 So he thought of positive charge evenly spread throughout the atom.
 He viewed the atom as pudding in which plums (dry grapes) spread.
 So it is popularly known as “plum pudding model”.

Thomson’s actual view:

 The atoms of the elements consist of a number of negatively
electrified corpuscles (electrons) enclosed in a sphere of uniform
positive electrification.
 The positive electrification may be like a cloud.
44
Thomson’s Model of the atom:

According to him,
 The atom is like a sphere of uniform positive charge and electrons
are embedded in it.
 The total mass of the atom is considered to be distributed uniformly
throughout atom.
 The negative and positive charges are supposed to be balanced out
and the atom is electrically neutral as an entity.

Little more about model:

 Watermelon is frequently taken as an example to visualize this atomic model.

 The positive charge is spread throughout atom
as if red pulp is in watermelon.
 The electrons evenly distributed in positive charge as if black seeds in red pulp.

What happened later?

 Ernest Rutherford, a student of Thomson, carried out a series of experiments to ratify the
proposals of his guru.
 Alpha scattering experiment was one important among them.
 The results of this experiment were not in favor of Thomson’s
model.
 It proved that positive charge is concentrated at the center of
atom.
 Thomson’s model was needed to be modified

45
 SELF ASSESSMENT

Multiple choice questions

1. The shape of the atom according to Thomson [ ]
a) cube b) circle c) sphere d) oval
2. The charge said to be spread evenly in atom [ ]
a) positive b) negative c) unknown d) both

46
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
READINESS PROGRAMME LEVEL - 1

CLASS: X MEDIUM :ENGLISH SUBJECT :Physical sciences

CHAPTER : What is inside atom
TOPIC / CONCEPT :Rutherford nuclear model of an atom WORKSHEET NO : 13

Name of the pre concepts identified:

1) Rutherford’s alpha particles scattering experiment.
2) Rutherford’s nuclear model of an atom.

Learning outcomes:

1) Students can explain process of Rutherford’s alpha scattering experiment.

2) Students can explain Rutherford’s nuclear model of an atom.
3) Students can give reasons why do particles deflect in different angles.
4) Students can communicate their conceptual understanding of this model
through a neat diagram.

Introduction:

 Ernest Rutherford, a physicist from New Zealand, did some

experiments using gold foil and alpha particle.
 Alpha particles are positively charged particles.
 He observed, during experiment, that some modifications
are required to the Thomson’s model of an atom.
 Hence he had put forward an atomic model called as
“Nuclear model of an atom”.
 It is popularly known as planetary model.

47
Rutherford’s alpha scattering experiment:

 Rutherford did this experiment to ratify Thomson’s model.

 He used alpha particles to strike the thin gold foil to detect whether positive
charge is spread evenly throughout the atom.
 The experimental set up is as follows…
 There is a source of alpha particles.
 An alpha particle consists of two protons
and two neutrons.
 These particles are positively charged and
fast moving.
 These particles have considerable amount of energy.
 These are directed towards a very thin gold foil.
 Gold foil is placed inside a detector.
 The detector would show a flash of light when an alpha particle is struck.
 The entire arrangement is kept in a vaccum chamber.

Rutherford’s experiment- Observations and conclusions:

1/3

Observations are…
 Most of the particles passed through the gold foil
(gold atoms) without any deflection.
 Some of them deflected in small angles.
 Few of them deflected in large angles.
 Very few, one in every 20,000 (on average), of them
reflected back.
Conclusions are…
 Most of the space inside the atom must be empty.
 All positive charge must be concentrated in a very
small space within the atom.
This made a platform for Rutherford to come up with a modified atomic model.

48
Rutherford’s nuclear model of an atom:

 All the positively charged particles in an atom are

together in a small dense center. This part is called the
nucleus of the atom.
 The electrons are not part of nucleus. These electrons
(negatively charged) revolve around the nucleus in
well-defined orbits.
 The size of the nucleus is comparatively very small to
that of the atom.

Limitations of Rutherford’s model:

 An accelerated charged particle (electron) moving in a

circular path would always radiate energy.
 Thus, the revolving electron lose energy continuously and
at one point of time of movement would be directed
towards nucleus and crash into it.
 If it happens atoms would become highly unstable and
matter would not exist.
 But in reality atoms are stable and matter exists.
SELF ASSEESSMENT

I) multiple choice questions

1. Rutherford model is popularly known as [ ] 2/3

a) plum pudding model b) planetary model

c) galaxy model d) water melon model
2. What particles are bombarded on gold foil in Rutherford experiment [ ]
a) alpha particles b) beta particles
c) electron d) gamma particle
3. Number of particles reflected back in Rutherford experiment [ ]
a) 25 in 20,000 b) 1 in 10,000
c) 1 in 20,000 d) 5 in 20,000

49
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
READINESS PROGRAMME LEVEL - 1
CLASS: X MEDIUM :ENGLISH SUBJECT :Physical sciences
CHAPTER : What is inside atom
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Bohr’s Model of Atomic Structure WORKSHEET NO : 14

Identified Key Concepts

* Bohr's Model of the Atom

* Energy Levels
* Shells (K,L,M,N..)

Learning Outcomes :
* Student can Explain the Postulates Of Bohr’s Model of Atom
* Students can Explain what is Energy Levels/Shells
* Student Can Collect More Information Regarding Bohr’s
Atomic Model and can make a Report of it.
* Student can Draw or prepare a Model of Atomic Structure

Introduction:

* A Danish scientist Neils Bohr suggested an atomic

model to explain structure of atom .

* In order to overcome the limitations of Rutherford's

model, in 1913, Neil's Bohr put forward a thought that
electrons can be found only in certain energy levels, or
regions, around the nucleus.

* Electrons must gain energy to move to a higher energy

level or they must lose energy to move to a lower level.

50
 Neil's Bohr’s Postulates on Structure of Atom:
1.The electrons revolves round the nucleus in certain, discrete
circular orbits of the atom.
These orbits or shells are called energy levels.
2. While revolving in these discrete orbits the electrons do not
radiate energy and this is the reason why electrons do not fall
into the nucleus.
3. The electron orbits or shells are represented by the letters
K,L,M,N... or the numbers, n=1, 2, 3, ..

Benefit of the Model Limits of Bohr’s

Niels Bohr could successfully Model of Atomic Structure
explain the properties of This model could not predict the
a Hydrogen atom like the Atomic spectra of atoms or ions with
Spectra emitted by Hydrogen Atom More than One Electron

Additional Information :
* In the Same year (1913) A British Scientist Proposed the
empirical concept of Atomic Number. The atomic number or
proton number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the
number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that
element

* Neutron was discovered nearly two decades later Bohr’s

Model. Except hydrogen atom, the atoms of all other elements
contain neutrons in their nuclei.

* For his contributions to atomic structure and quantum

theory, Neil's Bohr received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922

51
 Self Assessment

1. Choose the correct Sentences given below

i) According to Bohr Model Electrons Revolve around the nucleus in discrete
Circular paths.
ii) The Discrete Circular Paths are called Shells/Energy Levels.
iii) While revolving in these discrete orbits the electrons do radiate energy or
lose Energy
iv) This model Can predict the spectra of atoms or ions with more than one
electron.
A) Only (ii) & (iii) are correc B) Only (ii) and (iv) are correct
C) Only (i) and (ii) are correct D) all the above sentences are correct.

2. In order to overcome the limitations of Rutherford's model, Scientist who

successfully attempted to explain the stationary orbits is.
A) Dalton B) J.J Thomson C) Neils Bohr D) Mosley
3. Match The Following
I) K ( ) 1) 2
ii) L ( ) 2) 3
iii) M ( ) 3) 4
iv) N ( ) 4) 1

52
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
READINESS PROGRAMME LEVEL - 1
CLASS: X MEDIUM : ENGLISH SUBJECT : Physical science
CHAPTER : What is inside atom
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Distribution of electrons in shells WORKSHEET NO : 15

Identified Key Concepts

* Bohr and Bury proposals
* Maximum Electrons in a Shell

Learning Outcomes :
* Student can Explain the Distribution of electrons in different obits (shells)
* Students can Explain Bohr and Bury Proposals for filling up of
Electrons in Different Shells.
* Student Can Collect More Information Regarding the Distribution of
electrons in different obits (shells) and can make a Report of it.

Introduction:
* According to atomic models, electrons move around
the nucleus of atom in various shells. Electrons in
different shells have different energies
* Each shell is represented by a number 'n' which is
known as a shell number or energy level index.
* The shell closest to the nucleus (and has the lowest
energy) is called the K- shell (n = 1), the shell farther
away (and has higher energy than K-shell) is called
the L-shell (n = 2), M-shell (n = 3), etc

53
 Bohr and Bury proposed the following rules for electron distribution.:
*Rule-1 : The Maximum number of Electrons present
in a shell is given by the formula 2n 2 , where 'n' is the
shell number or energy level index, Which takes values
1,2,3….

*Rule -2 : Each energy level or electron shell is further

divided into sub shells. The maximum number of electrons
that can be accommodated in each sub shell is 2.

*Rule- 3 : Electrons cannot be filled in a given shell unless

the inner shells are completely filled i.e., shells are filled in
step wise manner.

Let Us Learn it with an Activity

Let us take the example of Sodium where Z=11. Since number of electrons is equal to
number of protons, it has Eleven electrons.

Step1: The K shell can accommodates

maximum 2 electrons so the first 2
electrons fill the shell of n = 1

Step 2 : The other 9 electrons will fill the higher

shell n = 2 and n=3. The maximum Electrons can be
fill in L shell is 8. So Remaining one electron will occupy
n=3. (As shown in the figure

Step 3: Then, the electronic structure for

Sodium atom is 2, 8,1.

54
 Self Assessment

1. The maximum number of electrons in a shell that can be filled is

followed by this principle
A) 2n2 B) n2 C) 4n2 D) 2n

2. Identify the Atom given in the adjacent figure and fill in the blanks given

A) Name of the Atom _______________

B) Number of Electrons in it: _________

C) Number Of Protons in it: __________

D) The electronic structure for this atom: ____________

3. The Atom which has the electronic structure as 2,8,2 is

A) Na B) Mg C) Fe D) Ne

55
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
READINESS PROGRAMME LEVEL - 1
CLASS: X MEDIUM : ENGLISH SUBJECT :Physical sciences
CHAPTER : What is inside atom
TOPIC / CONCEPT : VALENCY WORKSHEET NO : 16

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Explains the concept of valency in own words.

 Writes the valencies of different elements.
 Identifies the relationship between valencies and ions.
 Describes the distribution of electrons in different orbitals.
EN T
NT
CO VALENCY
More than 118 elements are found so far,
These elements combine to form compounds.
Atoms of one element have the capacity to combine with the atoms of
another element to form various compounds.
This combining capacity of an element is called as its Valency.
Valency of an element depends on the number of electrons present in
The outer most shell of an atom.
We can fill 2 electrons in the first shell,
8 electrons in the second shell
And 18 electrons in the third shell.

56
 CONTENT

What is ion?
Compounds formed by metals and Non-metals contain charged species.
The charged species are known as ions.
The Donor ions are negatively charged and are called Anions,
The Acceptor ions are positively charged and are called Cations.
Observe the following Examples.
1. In the adjacent figure, observe
Neutral Hydrogen Atom
Protons and electrons.

2. Number of electrons is equal to

Number of protons
3. Hence, Hydrogen atom is Neutral.
4. It is represented by H

1.In the adjacent figure, observe protons and

Electrons Hydrogen ion(Cation)

2. Number of electrons is less than number

of protons

3. Hence Hydrogen atom is Acceptor ion.

4. It is represented by H+1 .

1. In the adjacent figure, observe

Hydrogen ion(Anion)
protons and electrons.
2. Number of electrons is more than
number of protons.
3. Hence, Hydrogen atom is Donor ion.
4. It is represented by H-1.

57
 ACTIVITY
MODELING VALENCE ELECTRON
Materials required:
Valence Electron Map (link is geven), Bingo chips or Buttons,
Element card (Prepare 1 to 18 elements on cards with
Name and Atomic Numbers)

Procedure:
* Each student should take one element card.
* Arrange Bingo chips or buttons as shown in valence electron
Map, for the electrons in your element card.
* Now the number of electrons in the outermost shell of your element
Card are the valence electrons of that element.
* Other students should cooperate where necessary when completing
the task.
* Each student should practise by taking a new card.
* Repeat the activity till you get complete understanding of valancy.

Talk about the element which you got and mention

Conclusion:
the number of valence electrons. Call your friends
who got the same number of valence electrons.
Make a tabular column and mention the elements
with same number of valence electrons.

Modeling Valence Electron ELEMENT CARD

Atomic Number : 11

SODIUM
58
 ASSESSMENT

1. Which shell electrons are called valence electrons. [ ]

A. First shell B. Last shell C. Middle shell D. 2nd shell

2. Choose the incorrect answer. [ ]

A. If the no. of electrons is more than the no, of protons, then the Atom is Stable(Neutral)
B. If the no. of electrons is more than the no, of protons, then the Atom is Cation..
C. If the no. of electrons is more than the no, of protons, then the Atom is Anion..
D. A and B

3. Match the following

1. Nitrogen A. 1
2. Magnesium B. 2
3. Sodium C. 3
4. Carbon D. 4

59
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
READINESS PROGRAMME LEVEL - 1
CLASS: X MEDIUM : ENGLISH SUBJECT:Physical sciences
CHAPTER : What is inside atom
TOPIC / CONCEPT : ATOMIC NUMBER, ATOMIC MASS NUMBER , SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS
WORKSHEET NO : 17

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Explains Atomic number, Atomic mass number in own words.

 Writes symbols for different elements.
 Gives relation between Atomic numbers and Atomic mass numbers.
E NT
N T "Atomic Number" is defined as,
CO "Number of protons in the Nucleus of an atom”
OR
"Number of electrons in the Nuetral atom”
It is represented by a letter Z .
This letter ‘Z’ is from a German word “Atomzahl”.
-

60
 CONTENT

Consider the three examples above and note the differences between them.

Neutral Helium Atom Helium Cation Helium Anion

* No. of protons in nucleus : 2 * No. of protons in nucleus : 2 * No. of protons in nucleus : 2

* No. of neutrons in nucleus : 2 * No. of neutrons in nucleus : 2 * No. of neutrons in nucleus : 2

* No. of electrons around nucleus : 2 * No. of electrons around nucleus : 1 * No. of electrons around nucleus : 3

In the above examples, The number of protons in the nucleus is same in all cases
Hence, Number of protons is called “ATOMIC NUMBER”.
In neutral Helium atom, we observe the number of protons
is equal to number of electrons
Hence, Atomic number may also be defined as
Number of electrons in the Neutral atom.
Atomic Mass Number
1. The sum of number of protons and number of neutrons present in the nucleus
is called Atomic Mass Number.
2. It is represented by A.
3. Protons and Neutrons together are called Nucleons
4.Observe Atomic Mass Number in the above 3 examples.
Atomic Mass Number = No. of protons + No. of Neutrons

61
 SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS
* Chemistry involves a lot of reactions.

* It will be a waster of time to write the full name of the elements and compounds
every time to describe a reaction.

* To avoid this we use some shortcuts.

* Over a 118 elements have been discovered so far.

* A symbol can have either one or two letters of English.

* The first letter of the symbol is always upper case and the second letter is always
lower case

* The first letter of the name of the element in English becomes the symbol of that
element and is always written as a capital letter (Upper case).

* Certain elements have their symbols based on their LATIN names.

62
 ACTIVITY-1
Treasure of Symbols
Materials required:
Download and take a print out of Treasure of symbols paper from the below link.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/14ZR_O6LHmGZZPPIc0tj31n0K2qXmglgr/view?usp=sharing

Procedure:
* Observe carefully Treasure of symbols paper.
* There are some Symbol in the Bank Box.
* Circle the name of the element from the box below, for the symbols.
* Observe the Example of (Na) S O D I U M from the below.
* Search the names of all symbols from below box.
Hint: Total No. of protons and neutrons are double to the no, of electrons.

Conclusion: With this activity, you will learn 1 to 18 elements

symbols and their names with spellings.

63
 ACTIVITY -2
DEBPN
Aim:Detection of elements based on the number of protons and neutrons
Materials required:
Download the paper required for this activity from the below link. Take a printout..
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1u9YBjTlyPRv_1FhoMnfXnuJzGnxtzSDr/view?usp=sharing

Procedure:
* Observe the example of Oxygen in the printed paper.

* Based on the number of protons and number of neutrons present in the

nucleus, find the number of electrons.

* The number of electrons is called ATOMIC NUMBER.

* Based on number of electrons, you may write the symbol and element
name in the Activity paper.

With this Activity, you will learn relation between number of

Conclusion: Electrons and number of protons
and hence learn about Atomic Mass Number.
Who
మూ Am
లకాన్ని కనుగొనుటI (Element)????
కనుగొనుట

64
 ASSESSMENT

1. Latin name of Potassium is [ ]

A. Natrium B. Kalium C. Aurum D. Copper

2. Choose the correct statement [ ]

A. Atomic mass number is the sum of number of protons and number of neutrons.
B. Atomic number is the number of electrons of the neutral atom.
C. Sum of number of electrons and number of protons is equal to number of neutrons.
D. A and B

3. Match the following.

1. Nitrogen A. C

2. Magnesium B. Na

3. Sodium C. N
4. Carbon D. Mg

65