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Raising a new Generation of Leaders

Module 2
LIGHTING AND ILLUMINATION

Okokpujie K.O.
INTRODUCTION
Light is a particular type of electromagnetic
radiation that can be seen and sensed by the
human eye.
Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out
as it goes – the visible light that comes from a
lamp in your house is a types of
electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic
(EM) spectrum is the range of all types of EM
radiation. Our eyes detect visible light.
Fireflies, light bulbs, and stars all emit visible
light.
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 What is light ?
• Light is simply a very small part of the
electromagnetic spectrum, sandwiched
between ultraviolet and infrared
radiation.
• Light may be defined as electromagnetic
radiation that is capable of affecting the
sense of sight.
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 THE NATURE OF LIGHT
• As a body is gradually heated above room
temperature, it begins to radiate energy in the
surrounding medium in the form of electromagnetic
waves of various wavelengths. The nature of this
radiant energy depends on the temperature of the
hot body.
• Further increase in the temperature produces an
increase in the amount of kinds of radiations but
the colour of light or visual radiations change from
bright red to orange, to yellow and finally, if the
temperature is high enough, to white.

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 THE NATURE OF LIGHT
• Travels very fast –300,000 km/sec!
• Can be described either as a wave or as particle traveling through
space.
• the nature of light as a radiant energy is affected by distance.
• Light from distant objects seems very dim

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
4π𝑑 2

This is an inverse-square law – the brightness decreases as the square

of the distance (d) from the source

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 Lighting
• Electric lighting has improved the standard of living of
people around the globe, which has been used to read, write
and do more intricate work even more at the night hours. It
has also displaced the concern for open flames and fire
hazards caused by kerosene, candle-sticks, and also making
streets and roads safer to travel at night.
• Incandescent lamps had been the dominating light sources,
but now being replaced by halogen and fluorescent lamps.
This is because halogen lamps offer more intense and
natural-appearing light, and the newer fluorescent lamps
consume less power for equivalent illumination, have far
longer lives, and also provide cooler light.

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 TYPES OF LIGHTING
i. AMBIENT LIGHTING: a source of lighting
from the environment; windows.
ii. TASK LIGHTING: proposed to achieve a
goal or task.
iii. ACCENT LIGHTING; for decoration, bring
beauty to an environment by making the wall
attractive

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TASK LIGHTING

ACCENT LIGHTING
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Raising a new Generation of Leaders

Types of
Light
Sources
 Types of Light Sources
The lighting industry makes millions of electric light
sources, called lamps.
There are three broad methods of producing light, these
are:
1. Temperature incandescence (Incandescent sources):
an electric current is passed through a filament of thin
wire. The most common incandescent source is a
tungsten light.

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 Types of Light Sources cont’d
2. Arcing/ Electric Discharge lamps ( Non-
incandescent sources): these lamps containing
gases that are made to glow by passing electric
current through them and the establishment of
an arc between two electrodes. Such as
fluorescent tube, metal halide lamps, mercury
vapor, neon, Xenon arc lamps and HMI
(Hydrargyrum Medium-Arc Iodide) lights.

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 Types of Light Sources cont’d
The sun. (The sun is actually an incandescent
source, since it produces light by incandescence.
• However, in the photographic community,
incandescent refers to artificial sources.)

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 Types of Light Sources cont’d
daylight — sunlight received on the Earth, either
directly from the sun, scattered and reflected by
the atmosphere, or reflected by the moon —
provides illumination. ( Natural light)
• The prime characteristic of daylight is its variability. Do not
confuse sunlight with daylight. Sunlight is only the light of
the sun. Daylight is a combination of sunlight plus skylight.

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 Types of Light Sources cont’d
• For incandescent and tungsten-halogen
lamps, the spectrum is determined by its
filament temperature while that of
fluorescent and high-intensity discharge
lamps is determined by the secondary
emission from phosphor coatings.

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 Lamps and Their Working Principle
Those used for providing illumination can be divided into three general classes:
 Incandescent,
 Discharge,
 and Solid-state lamps.

• Incandescent lamps produce light by heating a filament until it glows.

• Discharge lamps produce light by ionizing a gas through electric discharge
inside the lamp.
• Solid-state lamps use a phenomenon called electro-luminescence to convert
electrical energy directly to light.

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 1. Incandescent Lamps
• The glass envelope contains a mixture of nitrogen and a small amount of other
inert gases such as argon.
• Some incandescent lamps, such as some flashlight lamps, also contain xenon.
• Incandescent lamps are strongly affected by input voltage. For example, reducing
input voltage from the normal 110 volts (V) to 104.5 V (95%) can double the life
of a standard incandescent lamp, while increasing voltage to just 115.5 V (105%
of normal) can halve its life.

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 Incandescent filament lamp construction
• the filament leads are
encased in glass and
mounted on a glass stem
assembly.
• the base makes electrical
contact with the wired
socket of the lamp holder as
soon as it is securely
screwed into the socket
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 WORKING OPERATION OF AN INCANDESCENT LAMP
• emit visible light when enough current passes through the filament
to heat it to incandescence. When the lamp is first turned on, the
filament presents a low ohmic resistance, but increases rapidly as
the filament heats up.
• All incandescent lamp filaments are made of tungsten, and they are
capable of producing from 11 to 33 lumens per watt (lm/W).
• THE INERT GAS FILL released into the bulb puts enough pressure on
the filament to retard tungsten evaporation, permitting it to be
operated at higher temperatures than could be achieved in a
vacuum, while extending lamp life.
• Moreover, high filament temperatures permit gas-filled
incandescent lamps to emit whiter light than those without a gas fill.

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 CHARACTERISTICS
1. high melting point.
2. low vapour pressure.
3. sufficient mechanical strength to withstand vibrations
4. incandescent lamps are one of the oldest electric
lighting technologies available.
5. with efficacies ranging from 6 to 24 lumens/W,
6. they are the least energy-efficient electric light
source and
7. have a relatively short life (750-2500 hours)

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 TUNGSTEN-HALOGEN LAMPS
• Unlike incandescent lamps, halogen
lamps use a halogen gas fill (typically
iodine or bromine), to produce what is
called a “halogen cycle” inside the lamp.
• It is a high-pressure incandescent lamp.
• the iodine or bromine allows the
filament to be operated at a higher
temperature than an incandescent
lamp, increasing its efficacy.
• This lamps emit brighter, more intense
white light than incandescent lamps, but
they are smaller than incandescent
lamps with comparable wattage rating.
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 TUNGSTEN-HALOGEN LAMPS cont’d
The tungsten- halogen lamp has several differences from incandescent lamps:
• The lamps have a longer life (2000-3500 hours).
• The bulb wall remains cleaner, because the evaporated tungsten is
constantly re-deposited on the filament by the halogen cycle. This allows the
lamp to maintain lumen output throughout its life.
• The higher operating temperature of the filament improves luminous
efficacy.
• The lamp produces a “whiter” or “cooler” light, than standard incandescent
lamps.
• The bulbs are more compact, offering opportunities for better optical
control. Halogen lamps are sometimes called “quartz” lamps because their
higher temperature requires quartz envelopes instead of the softer glass
used for other incandescent lamp

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 2. Discharge Lamps
Discharge lamps produce light by passing an
electric current/ voltage through a transparent
container within which a gas is energized by the
applied voltage and thereby made to glow.
• Two general categories of discharge lamps are
used to provide illumination: a: high-intensity
discharge (HID) and b: fluorescent lamps.
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 a: HID Lamps
Four types of high-intensity discharge (HID)
lamps are most widely available in today’s
market:
high-pressure mercury vapour lamps,
metal-halide lamps,
high-pressure sodium lamps,
and xenon lamps.

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 i. High-Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps
• In this lamp, light is produced by an electric discharge
through gaseous mercury.
• The mercury, typically along with argon gas, is
contained within a quartz arc tube, which is surrounded
by an outer bulb of borosilicate glass.
• The figure in the next slide shows the construction of a
typical high-pressure mercury vapour lamp.
• Xenon may also be used in high-pressure mercury
vapour lamps to aid starting time, and does not
significantly change the visible spectrum of the lamp.

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High-Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps

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 ii. Metal-Halide Lamps
A metal-halide lamp is a
mercury vapour lamp
with other metal
compounds (known as
halides) added to the arc
tube to improve both
colour and luminous
efficacy.

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 iii. High-Pressure Sodium Lamps (HPS)
• Light is produced in a high-
pressure sodium (HPS) lamp by an
electric discharge through
combined vapours of mercury and
sodium, with the sodium radiation
dominating the spectral emission.
• The hard glass outer bulb may be
clear, or its inner surface may be
coated with a diffuse powder to
reduce the brightness of the arc
tube.

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 iv. Xenon Lamps
• Unlike the other three HID lamps described
here, xenon lamps do not contain mercury
vapour.
• They contain xenon gas, kept at a pressure of
several atmospheres. Xenon lamps are
available in wattages from 5 to 32,000 watts.
• Some incandescent lamps, such as some
flashlight lamps, also contain xenon.
• These incandescent lamps are sometimes
called xenon lamps, but are not the same as
high-pressure xenon lamps.

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 b: Fluorescent Lamps
Fluorescent lighting accounts for two-thirds of all
electric light .
• A fluorescent lamp or tube is a low
pressure mecury-vapour gas –discharge
lamp that uses fluorescence to produce
visible light.
• An electric current in the gas excites
mercury vapor with a small amount of inert gas
for starting, which produces short-
wave ultraviolet light that then causes a
phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp
to glow.
• They converts electrical energy into useful
light much more efficiently than incandescent
lamps.
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 Fluorescent Lamps
they are often described in terms
of the diameter of the lamp tube,
the diameter is given in eighths of
an inch. For example, a T8 lamp
has a diameter of one inch (eight
eighths), while a T5 lamp has a
diameter of 5/8 inch

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 i: Linear Fluorescent Lamps
This is a type of gas-discharge lamp, the bulbs come in a wide
variety of lengths, diameters, wattages, and color temperatures. They
are known for high energy efficiency, long life, and relatively low cost.
They range in length from six inches to eight feet, and in diameter
from 2/8 inch (T2) to 17/8 inches (T17). Their power ranges from 14 to
215 watts.

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 ii: Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
CFLs produce light in the same manner as linear fluorescent lamps.

• They are available in many different shapes, but are generally about the same size as conventional
incandescent lamps.

• are intended to replace standard incandescent lamps where longer life, lower power consumption,
and lower heat dissipation justify their higher cost.
• Their tube diameter is usually 5/8 inch (T5) or smaller. CFL power ranges from 5 to 55 watts.

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3. Solid-state Lamps : LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes)
Solid-state lighting (SSL) refers to a type of lighting that
uses semiconductor light-emitting diodes (LEDs), organic
light-emitting diodes (OLED), as sources of illumination
instead of the electrical filaments, plasma (used in
arc lamps such as fluorescent lamps), or gas.
• LEDs are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert
electrical energy directly into light.
• LEDs can be extremely small and durable; some LEDs
can provide much longer lamp life than other sources.

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 Solid-state Lamps
• Light is generated inside the chip, a solid crystal
material, when current flows across the junctions of
different materials.
• The composition of the materials determines the
wavelength and therefore the colour of light.
• LEDs can generate red, yellow, green, blue or white
light, have a life up to 100,000 hours, and are widely
used in traffic signals and for decorative purposes.
•

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 LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes)
• White light
LEDs are a
recent advance
and may have a
great potential
market for some
general lighting
applications.
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 Definitions of Terms in Lighting
• Luminous flux (F) is the light energy radiated or radiation of
light per second. (and hence comparable to Power). Its unit is
lumen. Approximate relation between lumen and electric unit
of power i.e. watt is given as:
1 lumen=0.0016 watt (approx) or 1 watt=625 lumen (approx

• Lumen: The light output of a lamp.

For example, a typical 100 watt incandescent lamp has a light
output of about 1700 lumens. A typical 1200 mm fluorescent
lamp has a light output of about 3000 lumens.

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 Definitions of Terms in Lighting cont’d
• Working with luminous flux requires the use of a solid angle measured in
steradian (sr).

• Solid angle- A solid angle (Ω) of one steradian, can be defined as the angle
subtended at the centre of the sphere by a part of its surface having an area A
and radius (R2).

𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝟒π𝒓𝟐

• 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 = = = = 4π steradians…………(1)
𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟐

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 Definitions of Terms in Lighting cont’d
• Luminous intensity (I) or Candle-Power :- this is the illuminating
power of the light source to radiate luminous flux in a particular
direction. The SI unit is Candela. i.e. is the luminous flux per unit
solid angle. The Unit is candela (cd)
𝐹
𝐼= ……………………………………….(2)
Ω
Lumen can also be defined as the luminous flux emitted in a unit solid
angle by a source of one candle power. i. e: from eqn. 2,
Lumen = candle power x solid angle= CP x Ω. …………(3)
Thereby giving a relationship between the luminous flux, (F) solid
angle (Ω) and Luminous intensity (I) from eqn. 2 & 3

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Definitions of Terms in Lighting Cont’d
• Example : A 30 cd spotlight is located 3 m above
a table. The beam is focused on a surface area of
0.4 m Find the intensity of the beam.

Soln:
• Total flux: F = 4πI from eqn. 1& 2
•

𝐹𝑇 = 4 π (30 cd) = 377 lm. The luminous Intensity of

the beam depends on Ω

A 0.4m 2
 2   0.0444 sr
3m
2
R

F 377lm Beam Intensity, I = 8490 cd

I   I = 8490 cd
 0.0444 sr

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 Definitions of Terms in Lighting cont’d
• Input - The lamp input is in terms of electrical power
and has the units of watts
• Efficacy - the performance measure for electric lamps –
Efficacy is measured in units of lumens per watt (Lu/W).
The higher the lumen per watt rating of a lamp the
better -- meaning greater light output for a fixed
wattage input.
• Note: To calculate the efficacy for a lamp that requires a
ballast, you must add the ballast power to the lamp
power to get the correct total wattage input.

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 Class design
Example 1: A 60 watt incandescent lamp has an
output of 1100 lumens. What is the efficacy?
• Example 2 A fluorescent fixture contains two 40
watt lamps and a ballast that draws 20 watts. If
each lamp produces 3000 lumens, what is the
efficacy of the lamps and the fixture?

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Definitions Terms in Lighting Cont’d
• Illumination(E) or Illuminance: When the
luminous flux falls on a surface, it is said to be
illuminated. it is the luminous flux received by a
surface per unit area in lumen per square
meter. Its unit is Lux or metre-candle or lumens
per m2. i.e Light hitting a surface is called
illuminance
𝐹
𝐸 = Unit: lux (lx)
𝐴
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 Definitions Terms in Lighting Cont’d
Illumination Based on Intensity:
The illumination, E of a surface is directly
proportional to the intensity I and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance R.

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 Laws of Illumination
1. Inverse Square law: - the illumination of a surface is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance of the surface from the source
(Lux)
For example, if the illuminance on a surface is 40 lux (lm/m2) at a distance
of 0.5 meters from the light source, the illuminance decreases to 10 lux at a
distance of 1 meter, as shown in the following figure below.

𝐼
E=𝑑2

Where:
E = Illumination
I = luminous intensity
d = distance from workplace

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 Laws of Illumination
2. Lamberts Cosine Law: -The states that illumination
at a point on a plane is proportional to the cosine of the
angle of incident ( the angle between the direction of
the incident light and the normal to the plane) i.e
illuminance falling on any surface depends on the
cosine of the light’s angle of incidence, θ.

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 Assignment

• A lamp giving out 2400 lumen in all directions is

suspended 8m above the working plane. Calculate
the illumination at a point on the working plane 6m
away from the foot of the lamp.

• A 400- cd light is located 2.4 m from a tabletop of

area 1.2 m2 . What is the illumination and what flux
F falls on the table?

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