Antennas, Satellite System, GEO, LEO

ANTENNAS,
SATELLITE SYSTEM,
GEO, LEO & MEO
Made by
Sarika Aher, Anagha Bagul & Faihzan Shaikh
Antennas
■ An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric energy into radio waves,
and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver.
■ An antenna is a device for sending or receiving electromagnetic waves.
■ TRANSMITTER ANTENNA A device that convertssound, light, or electricalsignals into
radio,microwave, or otherelectrical signals .
■ RECIVER ANTENNA An antenna used to convertelectromagnetic waves in toelectrical
energy.
Diagram of Antenna’s & Satellite
Systems
Transmitting Antenna Receiving Antenna

What is Satellite
Any object that revolves around a larger object in space is called a satellite.
• A satellite travels in a special path, called its orbit.
How do Satelites Work?
■ Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too far
away to use conventional means.
• The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their communication.
• One Earth Station transmits the signals to the satellite. Up link frequency is the
frequency at which Ground Station is communicating with Satellite.
• The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth
station. This frequency is called a Downlink frequency.
• The area which receives a signal of useful strength from the satellite is known as the
satellite's footprint.
Satellite Communication
■ Advantages:
■ The advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial communication are:
• The coverage area of a satellite is greater than that of a terrestrial system
• Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center of the
coverage area
• Higher Bandwidths are available for use
Satellite Communication (Contd)
Disadvantages: The disadvantages of satellite communication are:

• Cost involved in launching satellites into orbit is too high
• There is a larger propagation delay in satellite communication than in terrestrial
communication .
Satellite Orbits
■ Satellites travels around the Earth in different orbits.
Geocentric Orbits
A Geocentric orbit involves any object orbiting the Earth, such as the Moon or artificial
satellites.
Types of Geocentric Orbits
LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
MEO (Medium Earth Orbit)
GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit)
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Systems
• A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit with an altitude between 160 kilometers and 2,000
kilometers.
• At 160 km, one revolution takes approximately 90 minutes, and the circular orbital
speed is 8,000 meters per second (26,000 ft/s).
• The majority of artificial satellites, have been in LEO.
• Earth observation satellites and spy satellites use LEO as they are able to see the
surface of the Earth more clearly as they are not so far away.
LEO Cont…
Advantages:
• better signal strength
• Short propagation delays (10 – 15 msec)
• less of a time delay, which makes it better for point to point communication
• Low transmission power required
• Low price for satellite and equipment
Disadvantages:
• A network of LEO satellites is needed, which can be costly
• Small coverage spot
• High system complexity
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Satellite
Systems
• MEO, sometimes called Intermediate Circular Orbit (ICO), is the region of space
around the Earth above LEO (altitude of 2,000 kilometers) and below geostationary
orbit (altitude of 35,786 kilometres).
• The most common use for satellites in this region is for navigation, communication,
and space environment science.
• The most common altitude is approximately 20,200 kilometres (12,552 mi)), which
yields an orbital period of 12 hours, as used, for example, by the Global Positioning
System (GPS).
MEO Cont…
Advantages:
• MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites.
• fewer satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network. Disadvantages:
• A MEO satellite’s distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker signal than a LEO
satellite, though not as bad as a GEO satellite.
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
Satellite Systems
• A geostationary orbit is a special type of geosynchronous orbit.
• When an object is in geostationary orbit, it is orbiting at the same speed as the Earth
rotates, but it orbits around the equator.
• From the Earth’s surface, an object in a geostationary orbit looks like it is not moving
at all.
• GEO is a circular orbit about 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi) above the Earth's
equator.
• Communications satellites and weather satellites are often given geostationary orbits,
so that the satellite antennas that communicate with them do not have to move to track
them, but can be pointed permanently at the position in the sky where they stay.
GEO Cont..
GEO Cont…
Advantages:
• A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a large coverage area, almost a fourth of the
earth’s surface.
• GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular area.
• These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other multipoint applications.
Disadvantages:
• A GEO satellite’s distance also cause it to have both a comparatively weak signal and a
time delay in the signal, which is bad for point to point communication.
• GEO satellites, centred above the equator, have difficulty in broadcasting signals near
polar regions.
Conclusion
■ All the antenna are very useful in all the application such as transmitter and
receiver.
■ Antenna are used to convert electrical energy to electromagnetic energy.
• Satellites are most widely used in almost every field.
• Today most of the advancement in various technologies are due to the satellite
systems.

Antennas, Satellite System, GEO, LEO

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ANTENNAS,

Transmitting Antenna Receiving Antenna

Disadvantages: The disadvantages of satellite communication are:

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