CES 147 Compulsory

Ethiopian Standard
First Edition
2015

Actions on structures – Part 1-6:

General actions – actions during
execution

ICS: 91.010.30
Published by Ethiopian Standards Agency
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Contents page

SECTION 1 1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................1

1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Assumptions.................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules................................................................. 2
1.5 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.5.1 General ...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5.2 Additional terms and definitions specific to this Standard ........................................................ 2
1.6 Symbols............................................................................................................................................ 2

SECTION 2 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS ......................................................................5

2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................. 5

2.2 Construction loads ......................................................................................................................... 5

SECTION 3 DESIGN SITUATIONS AND LIMIT STATES ....................................................7

3.1 General – identification of design situations ............................................................................... 7

3.2 Ultimate limit states ........................................................................................................................ 8
3.3 Serviceability limit states ............................................................................................................... 9

SECTION 4 REPRESENTATION OF ACTIONS .................................................................11

4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................... 11

4.2 Actions on structural and non-structural members during handling ..................................... 11
4.3 Geotechnical actions .................................................................................................................... 12
4.4 Actions due to prestressing......................................................................................................... 12
4.5 Predeformations ............................................................................................................................ 12
4.6 Temperature, shrinkage, hydration effects ................................................................................ 12
4.7 Wind actions .................................................................................................................................. 13
4.8 Actions caused by water .............................................................................................................. 13
4.9 Construction loads ....................................................................................................................... 14
4.9.1 General .................................................................................................................................... 14
4.9.2 Construction loads during the casting of concrete .................................................................. 16
4.10 Accidental actions ...................................................................................................................... 17
4.11 Seismic actions ........................................................................................................................... 18

ANNEX A (NORMATIVE) SUPPLEMENTARY RULES FOR BUILDINGS ......................19

A1.1 Ultimate limit states.................................................................................................................... 19

A1.2 Serviceability limit states.......................................................................................................... 19
A1.3 Horizontal actions ..................................................................................................................... 19

ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE) ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES DURING ALTERATION,

RECONSTRUCTION OR DEMOLITION .............................................................................21

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Foreword

This Ethiopian Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Technical Committee for Building structures and
elements of building (TC 42) and published by the Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA).

This Ethiopian standard is an adaption of EN 1991-1-6:2005,Actions on structures – Part 1-6:General actions

– actions during execution, with permission of CEN,Avenue Marnix 17,B-1000 Brussels.
In the preparation the Addis Ababa Univerisity reviewed the draft document under the supervision of Ministry of .
Construction.

Acknowledgment has been made for the organizations for their concern to contribute to the effort of national
standardization.

Application of this standard is COMPULSORY with respect Section 2-4 .

A Compulsory Ethiopian Standard shall have the same meaning, interpretation and application of a "Technical
Regulation" as implied in the WTO-TBT Agreement.
Implementation of this standard shall be effective as of May 01 2018.

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SECTION 1 1 GENERAL

1.1 Scope
(1) ES EN 1991-1-6 provides principles and general rules for the determination of actions
which should be taken into account during execution of buildings.
Note 1: This Part of ES EN 1991 may be used as guidance for the determination of actions to be taken into
account for different types of construction works, including structural alterations such as refurbishment and/or
partial or full demolition. Further guidance is given in Annexes A1 and A2.

Note 2: Rules concerning the safety of people in and around the construction site due to matters outside the
scope of this standard may be defined for the individual project.

(2) The following subjects are dealt with in Part 1.6 of ES EN 1991.

Section 1: General
Section 2: Classification of actions
Section 3: Design situations and limit states
Section 4: Representation of actions
Annex A: Supplementary rules for buildings (normative)
Annex B: Actions on structures during alteration, reconstruction or demolition (informative)
(3) ES EN 1991-1-6 also gives rules for the determination of actions which may be used for
the design of auxiliary construction works as defined in 1.5, needed for the execution of
buildings.
Note: Design rules for auxiliary construction works may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual
project. Guidance may be found in the relevant Ethiopian standards. For example, design rules for formworks
and falseworks are given in ES EN 12812.

1.2 Normative references

This Ethiopian standard incorporates by dated or undated reference provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the
publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions
of, any of these publications apply to this Ethiopian standard only when incorporated in it by
amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the publications referred to
applies (including amendments).

Note: The following Ethiopian Standards which are published or in preparation are cited in normative clauses
or in NOTES to normative clauses.

ES EN 1990 ES 0 : Basis of structural design

ES EN 1991-1-1 ES 1: Actions on structures Part 1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed

loads for buildings
ES EN 1991-1-2 ES 1: Actions on structures Part 1-2: Fire actions

ES EN 1991-1-3 ES 1: Actions on structures Part 1-3: General actions: Snow loads

ES EN 1991-1-4 ES 1: Actions on structures Part 1-4: General actions: Wind actions

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ES EN 1991-1-5 ES 1: Actions on structures Part 1-5: General actions: Thermal actions

ES EN 1991-1-7 ES 1: Actions on structures Part 1-7: Accidental actions

ES EN 1991-3 ES 1: Actions on structures Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and

machinery
ES EN 1992 ES 2: Design of concrete structures

ES EN 1993 ES 3: Design of steel structures

ES EN 1994 ES 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures

ES EN 1995 ES 5: Design of timber structures

ES EN 1996 ES 6: Design of masonry structures

ES EN 1997 ES 7: Geotechnical design

ES EN 1998 ES 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance

1.3 Assumptions
(1)P The general assumptions given in ES EN 1990, 1.3 apply.

1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules

(1)P The rules in ES EN 1990, 1.4 apply.

1.5 Terms and definitions

1.5.1 General

(1) The terms and definitions given in ES EN 1990, 1.5 apply.

1.5.2 Additional terms and definitions specific to this Standard

1.5.2.1 auxiliary construction works

any works associated with the construction processes that are not required after use when
the related execution activities are completed and they can be removed (e.g. falsework,
scaffolding, propping systems, cofferdam, bracing, launching nose)
Note: Completed structures for temporary use (e.g. a bridge for temporarily diverted traffic) are not regarded
as auxiliary construction works.

1.5.2.2
construction load
load that can be present due to execution activities, but is not present when the execution
activities are completed.

1.6 Symbols
For the purpose of this standard, the following symbols apply (see also ES EN 1990).

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Latin upper case letters

Adeb area of obstruction (accumulation of debris)

Fdeb horizontal forces exerted by accumulation of debris

Fcb.k characteristic values of concentrated construction loads Qcb

Fhn nominal horizontal forces

Fwa horizontal forces due to currents on immersed obstacles

Qc construction loads (general symbol)

Qca construction loads due to working personnel, staff and visitors, possibly with handtools or other
small site equipment

Qcb construction loads due to storage of moveable items (e.g. building and construction materials,
precast elements, and equipment)

Qcc construction loads due to non permanent equipment in position for use during execution, either
static (e.g. formwork panels, scaffolding, falsework, machinery, containers) or during movement
(e.g. travelling forms, launching girders and nose, counterweights)

Qcd construction loads due to moveable heavy machinery and equipment, usually wheeled or tracked
(e.g. cranes, lifts, vehicles, lifttrucks, power installations, jacks, heavy control devices)

Qce construction loads from accumulation of waste materials (e.g. surplus construction materials,
excavated soil or demolition materials)

Qcf Construction loads from parts of a structure in temporary states (under execution) before the final
design actions take effect

QW wind actions

Qwa actions caused by water

Latin lower case letters

b width of an immersed object

cpe external wind pressure coefficients for free-standing walls

h water depth

k shape factor for an immersed object

p flowing water pressure, which may be current water

qca,k characteristic values of the uniformly distributed loads of construction loads Qca

qcb,k characteristic values of the uniformly distributed loads of construction loads Qcb

qcc,k characteristic values of the uniformly distributed loads representing construction loads Qcc

vw mean speed of water

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SECTION 2 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS

2.1 General
(1)P Actions during execution shall be classified in accordance with ES EN 1990, 4.1.1, and
may include construction loads and those that are not construction loads.
Note: Tables 2.1 and 2.2 illustrate possible classifications.

Table 2.1 Classification of actions (other than construction loads) during execution stages.
Related Classification
clause in
Action Variation Classification Spatial Nature Remarks Source
this
standard in time / Origin Variation (static/dynamic)
Free during
Fixed with
transportation /
4.2 Self weight Permanent Direct tolerance / Static ES EN 1991-1-1
storage. Dynamic
Free
if dropped.
4.3 Soil movement Permanent Indirect Free Static ES EN 1997
Permanent
4.3 Earth pressure Direct Free Static ES EN 1997
/ variable
Variable for local
Permanent ES EN 1990, ES EN
4.4 Prestressing Direct Fixed Static design
/ variable 1992 to ES EN 1999
(anchorage).
Pre- Permanent
4.5 Indirect Free Static ES EN 1990
deformations / variable
4.6 Temperature Variable Indirect Free Static ES EN 1991-1.5
Shrinkage/
Permanent ES EN 1992, ES EN
4.6 Hydration Indirect Free Static
/ variable 1993, ES EN1994
effects
Variable / See National
4.7 Wind actions Direct Fixed/free Static / dynamic ES EN 1991-1-4
accidental Annex
Variable/ See National
4.8 Snow loads Direct Fixed/free Static / dynamic ES EN 1991-1-3
accidental Annex
Permanent /
Variable according
Permanent
Actions due to to project
4.9 / variable/ Direct Fixed/free Static / dynamic ES EN 1990
water specifications.
accidental
Dynamic for water
currents if relevant
See National ES EN 1990, ES EN
4.12 Accidental Accidental Direct/indirect Free Static/dynamic
Annex 1991-1-7
Variable / See National ES EN 1990 (4.1), ES
4.13 Seismic Direct Free Dynamic
accidental Annex EN1998

2.2 Construction loads

(1) Construction loads (see also 4.11) should be classified as variable actions (Qc).
Note 1: Table 2.2 gives the classification of construction loads

Note 2: Table 4.1 gives the full description and classification of construction loads

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Table 2.2 Classification of construction loads.

Related Classification
clause in Action (Short
Variation in Classification Spatial Nature Remarks Source
this description)
standard time / Origin Variation (Static/Dynamic)
Personnel and
4.11 Variable Direct Free Static
handtools
Storage Dynamic in case
4.11 Variable Direct Free Static / dynamic ES EN 1991-1-1
movable items of dropped loads
Non-permanent Fixed /
4.11 Variable Direct Static / dynamic ES EN 1991-3
equipment Free
Movable heavy
ES EN 1991-2, ES EN
4.11 machinery and Variable Direct Free Static / dynamic
1991-3
equipment
Can impose
Accumulation
loads on e.g.
4.11 of waste Variable Direct Free Static / dynamic ES EN 1991-1-1
vertical surfaces
materials
also
Loads from
parts of
Dynamic effects
4.11 structure in Variable Direct Free Static ES EN 1991-1-1
are excluded
temporary
states

Note 3: Construction loads, which are caused by cranes, equipment, auxiliary construction works/structures
may be classified as fixed or free actions depending on the possible position(s) for use.

(3) Where construction loads are classified as fixed, then tolerances for possible deviations
from the theoretical position should be defined.
Note: The deviations may be defined for the individual project.

(4) Where construction loads are classified as free, then the limits of the area where they
may be moved or positioned should be determined.
Note 1: The limits may be defined in the National Annex and for the individual project.

Note 2: In accordance with EN 1990, 1.3(2), control measures may have to be adopted to verify the
conformity of the position and moving of construction loads with the design assumptions.

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SECTION 3 DESIGN SITUATIONS AND LIMIT STATES

3.1 General – identification of design situations

(1)P Transient, accidental and seismic design situations shall be identified and taken into
account as appropriate for designs for execution.
Note: For wind actions during storm conditions (e.g. cyclone, hurricane) the National Annex may select the
design situation to be used. The recommended design situation is the accidental design situation.

(2) Design situations should be selected as appropriate for the structure as a whole, the
structural members, the partially completed structure, and also for auxiliary construction
works and equipment.

(3)P The selected design situations shall take into account the conditions that apply from
stage to stage during execution in accordance with ES EN 1990, 3.2(3)P.

(4)P The selected design situations shall be in accordance with the execution processes
anticipated in the design. Design situations shall take account of any (proposed) revisions
to the execution processes.

(5) Any selected transient design situation should be associated with a nominal duration
equal to or greater than the anticipated duration of the stage of execution under
consideration. The design situations should take into account the likelihood for any
corresponding return periods of variable actions (e.g. climatic actions).
Note 1: The return periods for the assessment of characteristic values of variable actions during execution
may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual project. Recommended return periods of climatic
actions are given in Table 3.1, depending on the nominal duration of the relevant design situation.

Note 2: A minimum wind velocity during execution may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual

Table 3.1 Recommended return periods for the assessment of the characteristic values of climatic actions
Duration Return period (years)
≤ 3 days 2a
b
≤ 3 months (but > 3 days) 5
≤ 1 year (but > 3 months) 10
> 1 year 50
a
A nominal duration of three days, to be chosen for short execution phases, corresponds to the extent in
time of reliable meteorological predictions for the location of the site. This choice may be kept for a slightly
longer execution phase if appropriate organisational measures are taken. The concept of mean return
period is generally not appropriate for short term duration.
b
For a nominal duration of up to three months actions may be determined taking into account appropriate
seasonal and shorter term meteorological climatic variations. For example, the flood magnitude of a river
depends on the period of the year under consideration.

project. The recommended basic value for durations of up to 3 months is 20 m/s in accordance with ES EN
1991-1-4.

Note 3: Relationships between characteristic values and return period for climatic actions are given in the
appropriate Parts of ES EN 1991.

(6) Where an execution stage design prescribes limiting climatic conditions, or weather
window, the characteristic climatic actions should be determined taking into account:

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- duration of the execution stage,

- the reliability of meteorological predictions,
- time to organise protection measures.
(7) The rules for the combination of wind actions with construction loads Qc (see 4.11.1)
should be defined.
Note: These rules may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual project.

(8) Imperfections in the geometry of the structure and of structural members should be
defined for the selected design situations during execution.
Note 1: These imperfections may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual project. See also
Annex A2 and ES EN 1990, 3.5 (3) and (7).

Note 2: For concrete structures, see also ”Precast Concrete Products”. See ES EN 13670.

(9) Actions due to wind excitation (including aerodynamic effects due to passing vehicles,
including trains) that are susceptible to produce fatigue effects on structural members
should be taken into account.
Note: See ES EN 1991-1-4 and ES EN 1991-2.

(10) Where the structure or parts of it are subjected to accelerations that may give rise to
dynamic or inertia effects, these effects should be taken into account.
Note: Significant accelerations may be excluded where possible movements are strictly controlled by
appropriate devices.

(11) Actions caused by water, including for example uplift due to groundwater, should be
determined in conjunction with water levels corresponding to specified or identified design
situations, where appropriate.
Note: These actions may commonly be determined in the same manner as specified in (5) above.

(12) Where relevant, design situations should be defined taking account of scour effects in
flowing water.
Note: For long construction phases, scour levels may have to be taken into account for the design of
execution stages for permanent or auxiliary construction works immersed in flowing water, which may include
currents. These levels may be defined for the individual project.

(13) Actions due to creep and shrinkage in concrete construction works should be
determined on the basis of the expected dates and duration associated with the design
situations, where relevant.
3.2 Ultimate limit states
(1)P Ultimate limit states shall be verified for all selected transient, accidental and seismic
design situations as appropriate during execution in accordance with ES EN 1990.
Note 1: The combinations of actions for accidental design situations can either include the accidental action
explicitly or refer to a situation after an accidental event. See ES EN 1990, Section 6.

Note 2: Generally, accidental design situations refer to exceptional conditions applicable to the structure or its
exposure, such as impact, local failure and subsequent progressive collapse, fall of structural or non-structural
parts, and, in the case of buildings, abnormal concentrations of building equipment and/or building materials,
water accumulation on steel roofs, fire, etc.

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Note 3: See also ES EN 1991-1-7.

(2) The verifications of the structure should take into account the appropriate geometry and
resistance of the partially completed structure corresponding to the selected design
situations.

3.3 Serviceability limit states

(1)P The serviceability limit states for the selected design situations during execution shall
be verified, as appropriate, in accordance with ES EN 1990.

(2) The criteria associated with the serviceability limit states during execution should take
into account the requirements for the completed structure.
Note: The criteria associated with the serviceability limit states may be defined in the National Annex or for
the individual project. See ES EN 1992 to ES EN 1999.

(3)P Operations during execution which can cause excessive cracking and/or early
deflections and which may adversely affect the durability, fitness for use and/or aesthetic
appearance in the final stage shall be avoided.

(4) Load effects due to shrinkage and temperature should be taken into account in the
design and should be minimised by appropriate detailing.

(5) The combinations of actions should be established in accordance with ES EN 1990,

6.5.3 (2). In general, the relevant combinations of actions for transient design situations
during execution are:

- the characteristic combination

- the quasi-permanent combination
Note: Where frequent values of particular actions need to be considered, these values may be defined for the
individual project.

(6) Serviceability requirements for auxiliary construction works should be defined in order to
avoid any unintentional deformations and displacements which affect the appearance or
effective use of the structure or cause damage to finishes or non-structural members.
Note: These requirements may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual project.

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SECTION 4 REPRESENTATION OF ACTIONS

4.1 General
(1)P Characteristic and other representative values of actions shall be determined in
accordance with ES EN 1990, ES EN 1991, ES EN 1997 and ES EN 1998.
Note 1: The representative values of actions during execution may be different from those used in the design
of the completed structure. Common actions during execution, specific construction loads and methods for
establishing their values are given in this Section.

Note 2: See also Section 2 for classification of actions and Section 3 for nominal duration of transient design
situations.

Note 3: The action effects may be minimised or eliminated by appropriate detailing, providing auxiliary
construction works or by protecting/safety devices.

(2) Representative values of construction loads (Qc) should be determined taking into
account their variations in time.
(3) Interaction effects between structures and parts of structures should be taken into
account during execution. Such structures should include structures that form part of the
auxiliary construction works.
(4)P When parts of a structure are braced or supported by other parts of a structure (e.g. by
propping floor beams for concreting) the actions on these parts resulting from bracing or
supporting shall be taken into account.
Note 1: Depending on the construction procedures, the supporting parts of the structure may be subjected to
loads greater than the imposed loads for which they are designed for the persistent design situation.
Additionally, the supporting slabs may not have developed their full strength capacities.

Note 2: See also 4.11 Construction loads.

(5) Horizontal actions from friction effects should be determined and based on the use of
appropriate values of friction coefficients.
Note: Lower and upper bounds of friction coefficients may have to be taken into account. Friction coefficients
may be defined for the individual project.

4.2 Actions on structural and non-structural members during handling

(1) The self-weight of structural and non-structural members during handling should be
determined in accordance with ES EN 1991-1-1.
(2) Dynamic or inertia effects of self-weight of structural and non-structural members should
be taken into account.
(3) Actions on attachments for hoisting elements and materials should be determined
according to ES EN 1991-3.
(4) Actions on structural and non-structural members due to support positions and
conditions during hoisting, transporting or storage should take into account, where
appropriate, the actual support conditions and dynamic or inertia effects due to vertical and
horizontal accelerations.
Note: See ES EN 1991-3 for the determination of vertical and horizontal accelerations due to transport and
hoisting.

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4.3 Geotechnical actions

(1)P The characteristic values of geotechnical parameters, soil and earth pressures, and
limiting values for movements of foundations shall be determined according to ES EN 1997.

(2) The soil movements of the foundations of the structure and of auxiliary construction
works, for example temporary supports during execution, should be assessed from the
results of geotechnical investigations. Such investigations should be carried out to give
information on both absolute and relative values of movements, their time dependency and
possible scatter.
Note: Movements of auxiliary construction works may cause displacements and additional stresses.

(3) The characteristic values of soil movements estimated on the basis of geotechnical
investigations using statistical methods should be used as nominal values for imposed
deformations of the structure.
Note: It may be possible to adjust the calculated imposed deformations by considering the full soil-structure
interaction.

4.4 Actions due to prestressing

(1) Actions due to prestressing should be taken into account, including the effects of
interactions between the structure and auxiliary construction works (e.g. falsework) where
relevant.
Note: Prestressing forces during execution may be determined according to the requirements of ES EN 1992
to ES EN 1999 and possible specific requirements defined for the individual project.

(2) Loads on the structure from stressing jacks during the prestressing activities should be
classified as variable actions for the design of the anchor region.

(3) Prestressing forces during the execution stage should be taken into account as
permanent actions.
Note: See also Section 3.

4.5 Predeformations
(1)P The treatment of the effects of predeformations shall be in conformity with the relevant
design Ethiopian code (from ES EN 1992 to ES EN 1999).
Note: Predeformations can result from, for example, displacements of supports.

(2) Action effects from execution processes should be taken into account, especially where
predeformations are applied to a particular structure in order to generate action effects for
improving its final behaviour, particularly for structural safety and serviceability
requirements.

(3) The action effects from predeformations should be checked against design criteria by
measuring forces and deformations during execution.

4.6 Temperature, shrinkage, hydration effects

(1)P The effects of temperature, shrinkage and hydration shall be taken into account in
each construction phase, as appropriate.

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Note 1: For buildings, the actions due to temperature and shrinkage are not generally significant if appropriate
detailing has been provided for the persistent design situation.

(2) Climatic thermal actions should be determined according to ES EN 1991-1-5.

(3) Thermal actions due to hydration should be determined according to ES EN 1992, ES

EN 1994 and ES EN 1995.
Note 1: Temperature can rise significantly in a massive concrete structure after casting, with consequent
thermal effects.

Note 2: The extreme values of the minimum and maximum temperatures to be taken into account in the
design may change due to seasonal variations.

(4) Shrinkage effects of structural building materials should be determined according to the
relevant Ethiopian codes ES EN 1992 to ES EN 1999.
Note: See EN 1337 and EN 1990, Annex E1.

(6) Where relevant, second order effects should be taken into account and the effects of
deformations from temperature and shrinkage should be combined with initial
imperfections.

4.7 Wind actions

(1) The need for a wind dynamic response design procedure should be determined for the
design for the execution stages, taking into account the degree of completeness and
stability of the structure.
Note: Criteria and procedures may be defined for the individual project.

(2) Where a dynamic response procedure is not needed, the characteristic values of static
wind forces FW should be determined according to ES EN 1991-1-4 for the appropriate
return period.
Note: See 3.1 for recommended return periods.

(3) For lifting and moving operations or other construction phases that are of short duration,
the maximum acceptable wind speed for the operations should be specified.
Note: The maximum wind speed may be defined for the individual project. See also 3.1(6).

(4) The effects of wind induced vibrations such as vortex induced cross wind vibrations,
galloping, flutter and rain-wind should be taken into account, including the potential for
fatigue for slender elements.

(5) Wind actions on parts of the structure that are intended to be internal parts of the
structure after its completion, such as walls, should be taken into account for execution
processes.
Note: In such cases, the external pressure coefficients cpe for free-standing walls may have to be applied.

(6) When determining wind forces, the areas of equipment, falsework and other auxiliary
construction works that are loaded should be taken into account.

4.8 Actions caused by water

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(1) In general, actions due to water, including ground water, (Qwa) should be represented as
static pressures and/or hydrodynamic effects, whichever gives the most unfavourable
effects.
Note: In general, phenomena covered by hydrodynamic effects are:

− the hydrodynamic force due to currents on immersed obstacles;

− forces due to wave actions;

− water effects caused by an earthquake (tsunamis).

(2) Actions caused by water may be taken into account in combinations as permanent or
variable actions.
Note: The classification of actions caused by water as permanent or variable may be defined for the individual
project, taking account of the specific environmental conditions.

(3) Actions caused by water, including dynamic effects where relevant, exerted by currents
on immersed structures should be applied perpendicularly to the contact surfaces. They
should be determined for speed, water depth and shape of the structure taking into account
the designed construction stages.

(4) Actions from rainwater should be taken into account for the conditions where there may
be collection of water such as ponding effects from, for example, inadequate drainage,
imperfections of surfaces, deflections and/or failure of de-watering devices.

4.9 Construction loads

4.9.1 General

(1) Construction loads (Qc) (actions to be included for consideration are defined in Table
4.1) may be represented in the appropriate design situations (see ES EN 1990), either, as
one single variable action, or where appropriate different types of construction loads may
be grouped and applied as a single variable action. Single and/or a grouping of construction
loads should be considered to act simultaneously with non-construction loads as
appropriate.

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Table 4.1 Representation of construction loads (Qc)

Construction Loads (Qc)

Actions
Representation Remarks
Type Symbol Description

Personnel, Qca Working personnel, staff Modelled as a uniformly dis- The characteristic value qca,k of the uni-
and and visitors, possibly tributed load qca and applied formly distributed load may be defined in
handtools with hand tools or other as to obtain the most unfa- the National Annex or for the individual
project. The recommended value is 1.0
small site equipment vourable effects. 2
kN/m . See also 4.11.2.
Storage of Qcb Storage of moveable Modelled as free actions and 1. The characteristic values of the uni
movable items, e.g.: be represented as appropriate formly distributed load and the concen-
items -building and construc- by: trated load may be defined in the Na-
tion materials, precast − a uniformly distributed load tional Annex or for the individual project.
For densities of construction materials,
elements, and qcb;
see ES EN1991-1-1.
- equipment − a concentrated load Fcb.
Non Non permanent equip- 1. These loads may be defined for the
permanent Qcc ment in position for use Modelled as free actions and
individual project using information
equipment during execution, either: be represented as appropriate given by the supplier. Unless more
- static (e.g. formwork by: accurate information are available,
panels, scaffolding, − a uniformly distributed load they may be modelled by a uniformly
falsework, machinery, qcc; distributed load with a recommended
containers) or minimum characteristic value of q cc,k =
0.5 kN/m2 .
- during movement 2. A range of Ethiopian standards are
(e.g. travelling forms, available, for example, see ES EN
launching girders and 12811 and for formwork and falsework
nose, counterweights) design see ES EN 12812.

Qcd Assessed and unless

Moveable Moveable heavy ma- 1. Information for the determination of
specified
heavy chinery and equipment, actions due to vehicles when not
should be modelled on
machinery usually wheeled or defined in the project specification may
information given in the
and tracked, (e.g. cranes, be found in ES EN 1991-2, for example.
relevant
equipment lifts, vehicles, lifttrucks, 2. Information for the determination of
parts of ES EN 1991. actions due to cranes is given in ES EN
power installations,
jacks, heavy lifting de- 1991-3.
vices)
Qce Taken into account by con
Accumula- Accumulation of waste
sidering possible effects on
tion of materials (e.g surplus
horizontal, inclined and
waste construction materials,
vertical elements (such as
materials excavated soil, or
walls), depending on the
demolition materials)
build-up, and thus mass
effects of the accumulation of
material.

Loads Qcf Loads from parts of a Taken into account and mod- See also 4.11.2 for additional loads due
from parts structure in temporary elled according to the planned to concrete being fresh
of a states (under execution) execution sequences, includ-
structure before the final design ing consequences of those
in tempo- actions take effect , sequences, for example,
rary states such as loads from lift- loads and reverse load effects
ing operations due to particular processes of
construction, such as assem-
blage

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Note 1: See ES EN 1990 and ES EN 1991 for advice on the simultaneity of non construction and construction
loads.

Note 2: Groupings of loads to be taken into account are dependent on the individual project.

Note 3: See also Table 2.2.

(2)P Characteristic values of construction loads, including vertical and horizontal

components where relevant, shall be determined according to the technical requirements
for the execution of the works and the requirements of ES EN 1990.

Note 1: Recommended values of ψ factors for construction loads are given in Annex A of this Standard for
buildings.

Note 2: Additional loads may need to be taken into account. These loads may be defined for the individual
project.

(3)P Horizontal actions resulting from the effects of construction loads shall be determined
and taken into account in the structural design of a partly completed structure as well as the
completed structure.

(4)P When construction loads cause dynamic effects, these effects shall be taken into
account.
Note: See also 3.1 (10) and ES EN 1990, Annexes A1 and A2.

4.9.2 Construction loads during the casting of concrete

(1) Actions to be taken into account simultaneously during the casting of concrete may
include working personnel with small site equipment (Qca), formwork and loadbearing
members (Qcc) and the weight of fresh concrete (which is one example of Qcf), as
appropriate.
Note 1: For the density of fresh concrete see ES EN 1991-1-1 Table A.1.

Note 2: Qca, Qcc and Qcf may be given in the National Annex

Note 3: Recommended values for fresh concrete (Qcf) may be taken from Table 4.2 and ES EN 1991-1-1,
Table A.1. Other values may have to be defined, for example, when using self-levelling concrete or precast
products.

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Table 4.2 : Recommended characteristic values of actions due to construction loads during casting of concrete

Action Loaded area Load in kN/m2

(a) Inside the working area 3 m x 3 m (or the 10 % of the self-weight of the concrete but not
span length if less) less than 0.75 and not more than 1.5 Includes
Qca and Qcf
(b) Outside the working area 0.75 covering Qca
(c) Actual area Self-weight of the formwork, load-bearing ele-
ment (Qcc) and the weight of the fresh concrete
for the design thickness (Qcf)

Note 4: Loads according to (a), (b) and (c), as given in Table 4.1, are intended to be positioned to cause the
maximum effects (see Figure 4.2), which may be symmetrical or not.

(2) Horizontal actions of fresh concrete should be taken into account.

Note: See also A1.3(2).

4.10 Accidental actions

(1)P Accidental actions such as impact from construction vehicles, cranes, building
equipment or materials in transit (e.g. skip of fresh concrete), and/or local failure of final or
temporary supports, including dynamic effects, that may result in collapse of load-bearing
structural members, shall be taken into account, where relevant.
Note 1: Abnormal concentrations of building equipment and/or building materials on load-bearing structural
members are not regarded as accidental actions.

Note 2: Dynamic effects may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual project. The recommended
value of the dynamic amplification factor is 2. In specific cases a dynamic analysis is needed.

Note 3: Actions from cranes may be defined for the individual project. See also ES EN 1991-3.

(2) The action due to falls of equipment onto or from a structure, including the dynamic
effects, should be defined and taken into account where relevant.
Note: The dynamic effects due to such falls of equipment may be given in the National Annex or for the
individual project.

(3) Where relevant, a human impact load should be taken into account as an accidental
action, represented by a quasi-static vertical force.
Note: The design value of the human impact force may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual
project. Examples of values are:

a) 2.5 kN applied over an area 200 mm x 200 mm, to account for stumbling effects

©ESA 15
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b) 6.0 kN applied over an area 300 mm x 300 mm, to account for falling effects

(4) The effects of the actions described in paragraphs (1), (2) and (3) above should be
assessed to determine the potential for inducing movement in the structure, and also the
extent and effect of any such movement should be determined, with the potential for
progressive collapse assessed.
Note: See also ES EN1991-1-7.

(5) Accidental actions used for design situations should be taken into account for any
changes. To ensure that the appropriate design criteria is applied at all times, measures
should be taken as work proceeds.

(6) Fire actions should be taken into account, where appropriate.

4.11 Seismic actions

(1) Seismic actions should be determined according to ES EN 1998, taking into account the
reference period of the considered transient situation.

(2) The design values of ground acceleration and the importance factor I should be
defined.

Note: The design values of ground acceleration and the importance factor I may be defined in the National
Annex or for the individual project.

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ANNEX A
(NORMATIVE)
SUPPLEMENTARY RULES FOR BUILDINGS

A1.1 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES

(1) For transient, accidental and seismic design situations the ultimate limit state
verifications should be based on combinations of actions applied with the partial factors for
actions F and the appropriate ψ factors.

Note 1: For values of F and ψ factors see ES EN 1990, Annex A1.

Note 2: Representative values of the variable action due to construction loads may be set by the National Annex, within a
recommended range of ψ0 = 0.6 to 1.0. The recommended value of ψ is 1.0. The minimum recommended value of
0
ψ is 0.2 and it is further recommended that values below 0.2 are not selected.

Note 3: ψ1 does not apply to construction loads during execution.

A1.2 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES

(1) For the verification of serviceability limit states, the combinations of actions to be taken
into account should be the characteristic and the quasi-permanent combinations as defined
in ES EN 1990.

Note: For recommended values of ψ−factors see A1.1, Notes 1 and 2.

A1.3 HORIZONTAL ACTIONS

(1)P Further to 4.9.1 (3), horizontal actions resulting from, for example, wind forces and the
effects of sway imperfections and sway deformations shall be taken into account.
Note: See also 4.7 and ES EN 1990, 3.5(7).

(2) Nominal horizontal forces (Fhn) may be applied only when such a method can be
justified as appropriate and reasonable for a particular case. In such cases, the determined
nominal horizontal forces should be applied at locations to give the worst effects, and may
not always correspond to those of the vertical loads.
Note: The characteristic values of these equivalent horizontal forces may be defined in the National Annex or
for the individual project. The recommended value is 3 % of the vertical loads from the most unfavourable
combination of actions.

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ANNEX B
(INFORMATIVE)
ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES DURING ALTERATION, RECONSTRUCTION OR
DEMOLITION

(1) Characteristic and other representative values of actions should be determined in

accordance with ES EN 1990.

(2) The actual performance of structures affected by deterioration should be taken into
account in the verification of the stages for reconstruction or demolition. The investigation of
structural conditions to enable the identification of the load-bearing capacity of the structure
and prevent unpredictable behaviour during reconstruction or demolition should be
undertaken.

(3) Guidance for the most common actions and methods for their assessment is provided in
Section 4. However, some construction loads during reconstruction or demolition may be
different in characteristics and representations from those shown in Tables 2.2 and 4.1, and
their effects on all relevant structures under relevant transient design situations should be
verified.

(4) Combinations of actions for various design situations should be as given in ES EN 1990
and its Annexes A1 and A2.

(5) Unless more specific information is known the values of ψ factors recommended for
buildings in Annex A and ES EN 1990 Annex A1 may be considered in the design for
transient design situations.

(6) All imposed loads, including traffic loads, should be considered if the part of structure
remains in use during its reconstruction or partial demolition. These loads may vary at
different transient stages. Traffic loads should include, for example, impact and horizontal
forces from vehicles, wind actions on vehicles, aerodynamic effects from passing vehicles
and trains where relevant.

(7) Reduction of traffic loads from their final design values should not be made unless the
use of the structural part is monitored and regularly supervised.

(8) The reliability for the remaining structure or parts of the structure under reconstruction,
partial or full demolition should be consistent with that considered in the Ethiopian codes for
completed structures or parts of structures.

(9) The actions due to the works should not adversely affect neighbouring structures by, for
example, removing or imposing loads that may cause instability.

(10) Construction loads specific for reconstruction or demolition should be determined

taking into account, for example, methods and arrangements of storing materials, the
techniques used during reconstruction or demolition, the execution system and the
particular stages of work. Construction loads during reconstruction or demolition may also
include the effects of storage from disassembled materials or dismantled elements,
including horizontal actions.

18 ©ESA
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(11) Dynamic effects should be considered where it is anticipated that activities during
reconstruction or demolition will cause such effects.

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Bibliography
ES EN 12811 Temporary works equipment

ES EN 12812 Falsework. Performance requirements and general design

ES EN 13670 Execution of concrete structure

20 ©ESA
 Organization and Objectives
The Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA) is the national standards body of Ethiopia
established in 2010 based on regulation No. 193/2010.ESA is established due to the
restructuring o f Quality and Standards Authority o f Ethiopia ( QSAE) which was
established in 1970.

ESA’s objectives are:-

 Develop Ethiopian standards and establish a system that enable to

Ethiopian Standards Agency
የኢትዮጵያ የደረጃዎች ኤጀንሲ

check whether goods and services are incompliance with the

required standards,
 Facilitate the country’s technology transfer through the use of
standards,
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make them competitive in the international market.
Ethiopian Standards
The Ethiopian Standards are developed by national technical committees which are
composed of different stakeholders consisting of educational Institutions, research
institutes, government or ganizations, certification, inspection, and testing
organizations, regulatory bodies, consumer association etc. The requirements and/
or recommendations contained in Ethiopian Standards are consensus based that
reflects the interest of the TC representatives and also of comments received from
the public and other sources. Ethiopian Standards are approved by the National
Standardization Council and are kept under continuous review after publication and
updated regularly to take account of latest scientific and technological changes.
Orders For all Ethiopian Standards, I nternational Standard and ASTM standards,
including electronic versions, should be addressed to the Documentation and
Publication Team at the Head office and Branch (Liaisons) offices. A catalogue of
Ethiopian Standards is also a vailable freely and can be accessed in from our
website.
ESA has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be
reproduced in any form without the prior permission in writing of ESA.
International Involvement
ESA, representing Ethiopia, is a member of the International Organization for
Standardization ( ISO), and Codex Alimentarius Commission ( CODEX). It also
maintains close working relations with the in ternational Electro-technical
Commission (IEC) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).It is a
founding member of the African Regional Organization for standardization
(ARSO).

More Information?
Contact us at the following address.
The Head Office of ESA is at Addis Ababa.

 011- 646 06 85, 011- 646 05 65

 011-646 08 80
 2310 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
E-mail: [email protected],
Website: www.ethiostandards.org
Standard Mark