1. What is MATLAB?

Ans-MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a numerical computing environment and fourth-

generation programming language developed by Math Works, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations,
plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing
with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, and Fortran.

2. What is Simulink?

Ans-1.Simulink is a graphical extension to MATLAB for modeling and simulation of systems. In Simulink,
systems are drawn on screen as block diagrams

2. Simulinkis an environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and
embedded systems. It provides an interactive graphical environment and a customizable set of block
libraries that let you design, simulate, implement, and test a variety of time-varying systems, including
communications, controls, signal processing, video processing, and image processing.

3. What is s-fun?

Ans: An S-function is a computer language description of a Simulink block written in MATLAB ®, C, C++, or
FORTRAN.It provides a powerful mechanism for extending the capabilities of the Simulink ® environment.
S-functions are compiled as MEX files using the MEX utility. As with other MEX files, S-functions are
dynamically linked subroutines that the MATLAB interpreter can automatically load and execute. By
following a set of simple rules, you can implement an algorithm in an S-function and use the S-Function
block to add it to a Simulink model.

4. What is State Flow?

Ans-State flow is a graphical design tool that works with Simulink to model and simulate event driven
system(In computer programming, event-driven programming or event-based programming is
a programming paradigm in which the flow of the program is determined by events—
i.e., sensor outputs or user actions (mouse clicks, key presses) or messages from other programs
or threads.In computing an event is an action that is usually initiated outside the scope of a program and
that is handled by a piece of code inside the program.)orreactive system.we will make decision making
things in state flow.

5. Difference between state flow and Simulink?

Ans-

STATE FLOW SIMULINK

It describes the complex logic in more we can design complex logic but it is not so
Readable and understandable format. Understandable.
It generates the code using state flow coder.
na_0006: Guidelines for mixed use of Simulink and State flow
The choice of whether to use Simulink or Stateflow to model a given portion of the control algorithm
functionality should be driven by the nature of the behavior being modeled.
• If the function primarily involves complicated logical operations, use Stateflow diagrams. Use
Stateflow diagrams to implement modal logic, where the control function to be performed at the
current time depends on a combination of past and present logical conditions.
• If the function primarily involves numerical operations, use Simulink features.
• If the primary nature of the function is logical, but some simple numerical calculations are done to
support the logic, implement the simple numerical functions using the Stateflow action language.
• If the primary nature of the function is numeric, but some simple logical operations are done to
support the arithmetic, implement the simple logical functions with Simulink blocks.
• If the primary nature of the function is logical, and some complicated numerical calculations must be
done to support the logic, use a Simulink subsystem to implement the numerical calculations. The
Stateflow software should invoke the execution of the subsystem, using a function call.
• Use Simulink to implement numerical expressions containing continuously-valued states, such as:
difference equations, integrals, derivatives, and filters.

6. MIL (Model in loop)?

Ans- The Model-in-the-loop simulation captures the specified behavior of the model that is to be
implemented in C code later on. These simulated results are validated with the requirements. Also it
acts as the verification reference for the next stages of development cycle.

7. SIL (Software in loop)?

Ans- The Software-in-the-loop simulation captures the behavior of the generated C code in simulator
environment of the target controller. The simulated results when validated with the simulated Model-in-
the-Loop simulation results both the results should be identical. If found otherwise the results can be
used to evaluate the cause of deviation.

8. RTW (Real Time Workshop)?

Ans- RTW (Real time Workshop) tool helps to create the prototype as well as the production code
directly from the control design models. The greatest advantage of this process is the significant time
and cost savings thanks to the inherent reproducibility and testability of the generated code.

9. Difference between RTW and RTWEC (Real Time Workshopfor embedded code)?
Ans-
 RTW RTWEC

It generates and executes standalone C code for It generates c code from simulink and state flow
developing and testing the algorithm modeled in models that has the clarity and efficiency of
simulink. Handwritten code.

The resulting code can be used in many real time Here the generated code is exceptionally
and non-real time application. Compact and is used for embedded system, mass
production and real time simulation.

10. What is FXP?

Ans- limiting the fractional part is called FXP.

11. Whatis MIL testing and the process of MIL testing?

Ans- Model in loop testing is done in the floating point model. Afterdesigning themodel, checking the
model output by giving test cases using test tool is called MIL.

1. Give the inputs to the model throughXLS Sheet.

2. Run the test suite.

3. Check whether the expected and actualresult is identical or not.

12. Difference between S-function and S-function builder?

Ans-

S-function:

 In s-function we can create our general purpose block and use it many times in the model.
 S-function enables to create one block at a time i.e. we can design only one function at once.

S-function builder:

 S-function builder creates a c/c++ MEX s-function from c/c++ source code that is already
provided.
 Here, we can call c/c++ source files more than one at a time and can use it in our model.

13. What is sample time?

Ans-

 Number of sample per second.

  The sample time of a block is a parameter that indicates when, during simulation, the block
produces outputs and if appropriate, updates its internal state.
 Sample times can be port-based or block-based. For block-based sample times, all of the
inputs and outputs of the block run at the same rate. For port-based sample times, the input
and output ports can run at different rates.

14. Why we always take sample time as -1?

Ans- Simulink allows you to specify a block sample time directly as a numerical value or symbolically
by defining a sample time vector. In the case of a discrete sample time, the vector is [Ts, To] where Ts is
the sampling period and To is the initial time offset. For example, consider a discrete model that
produces its outputs every two seconds. If your base time unit is seconds, you can directly set the
discrete sample time by specifying the numerical value of 2 as the Sample Time parameter. Because the
offset value is zero, you do not need to specify it; however, you can enter [2, 0] in the Sample time field.

For non discrete blocks, the components of the vector are symbolic values that represent one of the
types in Types of Sample Time. The following table summarizes these types and the corresponding
sample time values. The table also defines the explicit nature of each sample time type and designates
the associated color and annotation. Because an inherited sample time is explicit, you can specify it as

[-1, 0] or as -1.Whereas, a triggered sample time is implicit; only Simulink can assign the sample time of
[-1, -1]. (For more information about colors and annotations, see How to View Sample Time
Information.)

15. Difference between Bus selector/creator and MUX /DEMUX?

Ans-

Bus selector MUX

Components of bus signal can include more than Components of MUX signal must all have same
one data-type. data type.
Here the components can be hierarchical. Here, it can’t be.
Buses can provide consistency checking with the MUX can’t provide this facility.
help of bus object.

Buses can be realized as structure in generated MUX can’t be realized as structure

Code.

Bus selector can change the order of signals.

DEMUX can’t do this.
Bus selector can support the matrix input. DEMUX can’t support matrix input.

16. What is solver?

Ans-It computes the states ofthe system at successive time steps over a specified time span.

17. Which are the model testing tools?

 Simulink tool
 V and V(Verification and validation)
 RTW(real time workspace)
 Tin’s tool(Testing)

18. What is model based design?

Ans: Model-Based Design is an efficient and cost-effective way to develop controls, signal processing,
communications, mechatronics, and other embedded systems. Model-Based Design, basically improve
product quality and reduce development time by 50% or more. Model-Based Design uses a system
model as an executable specification throughout development. It supports system- and component-
level design and simulation, automatic code generation, and continuous test and verification
 Model-Based Design allows you to improve efficiency by:

 Using a common design environment across project teams

 Linking designs directly to requirements

 Integrating testing with design to continuously identify and correct errors

 Refining algorithms through multidomain simulation

 Automatically generating embedded software code

 Developing and reusing test suites

 Reusing designs to deploy systems across multiple processors and hardware targets

19. What is difference between MATLABand C?

Ans-

 MATLAB allows Matrix manipulation, plotting function and data, Implementation of algorithm,
interfacing with program written in other language but all this are not possible in ‘C’.
 MATLAB is designed for technical users but ‘C’ is much more general.
 ‘C’ code is more efficient in many areas but MATLAB is not that much efficient in many areas
eg.Embeddedsystems, whereMATLAB is not an option.
 Adding extra features in already existing ‘C’ code and testing it is difficult while in MATLAB We
can do it easily.

20. How it differs from legacy c code development?

Ans:
 In traditional system development, the phases of systems development are carried out
in a present order.
(1) Preliminary investigation
2) System analysis
3) System design
4) System acquisition
5) System implementation.
Each phase begins only when the one before it is completed.
  It is expensive and extensive.
 Requires system users to consider proposed system plans by looking at detailed
diagrams, detailed reports and the specification of proposed new system.
 This approach often takes too long to analyze, design and implement, second, the
system developed often turns out to be the wrong one.
 Model-Based Design is an efficient and cost-effective way to develop the system model.
 It doesnot focus on physical prototypes and textual specifications;it uses a system model
as an executable specification throughout development.
 It supports system- and component-level design and simulation, automatic code
generation, and continuous test and verification.
 you can automatically generate code for embedded deployment and. create test
benches for system verification, saving time and avoiding the introduction of manually
coded errors

21. How we can create library?

Ans: Simulink Browser -> File menu -> Library will create a model library file. In which you can place the
model designs/block set use it in your model

22. How to use custom code in state flow?

Ans: We placed custom code, source files or headers in Stateflow Target which is no Simulation Target in
Simulation parameters

23. If I have legacy c code, how I can be transform to MATLAB model?

Ans-With the help of S-function we can transform our c-code to MATLAB model.
Process:
Take s–function block from Simulink library then copy the predefined C,C++ or Fortran code is present
then that s-function block we can used in MATLABmodel when necessary.

24. What is testing?

Ans: Testing is a process of executing a system with the intend of finding errors i.e. to check the system
or model weather it is working properly or not.

In model based design there are three types of testing are there:

1. MIL (model in loop)

2. SIL (software in loop)
3. PIL (Process in loop)
25. What is meant by structural coverage testing?

26. How to trace the particular branch is not covered in the present existed test cases?

Ans: We can trace the particular branch which is not covered by the

27. What is your present existing tool set up used for testing?

Ans: TINS_MTEST.

28. Explain representing FXD number?

Ans-Slope Bias:

Syntax:-fixdt (signed/unsigned, word length, fraction length, bias);

Eg 5.56

Fixdt (0, 16, 0.01, 0)

Binary:

Syntax:-fixdt (signed/unsigned, word length, fraction length)

Eg 5.56

Fixdt (0, 16, 6)

29. What is Scaling?

Ans-How many number of bits required for the fractional part is known as Scaling.

30. Type of scaling?

Ans-1.Binary point scaling - base 2 scaling

2. slope-Bias scaling - base 10 scaling

Base 2 scaling – Execution time is less but scaling is not accurate.

Base 10 scaling – Execution time is more but it givesaccurate result.

31. What is mex file?

Ans: Mex stands for MATLABexecutable file. AMEX file provides interface between MATLAB and
subroutines written in c,c++and fortan. When compiled MEX file s are dynamically loaded and allow non
MATLAB code to be invoked from within MATLABas if it was a built-in function.
32. What is code coverage?

Ans-The percent of Code covered with our test cases is called Code coverage.

In MIL Testing, we check the model with Test Cases. Then tool for code coverage will tell how much % of
code is covered with our Test Cases.

a. Deactivated code-

b. Dead code-If any part of the code is not covered with any of the test cases that part of code Is called
as dead code.

 Dead code is a computer programming term for code in the source code of a program which is
executed but whose result is never used in any other computation. The execution of dead code
wastes computation time as its results are never used.

33. How do you convert the floating pt model to FXP model?

Ans-1.After designing model, go to fixed point advisor and run the following fixed point advisor tool

 Prepare for Model conversion.

 Prepare for data typing and scaling.
 Perform data typing and scaling.
 code generation

34. How to Compare Floating and Fixed Point results?

1. Go to the fixed point tool where we have to check the following point

 Propose fraction length.

 Apply accepted fraction lengths
 Logging signal range.
 Comparison between fixed point and floating point

2. Forcomparison between FLP and FXP following step we have to do

 Run the model

 Go to the fixed point tool, where we have to make a fixed point instrumentation mode is
minimum, maximum and overflow.
 Make a data type override as double
 Overwrite and merge simulation model result –overwrite
 Apply
  Propose fraction length
 Apply accepted fraction length
 Run the simulation and store active Result

Make a fixed point instrumentation mode as use local setting

 Make a data type override as use local setting

 Overwrite and merge simulation model result –Merge
 Apply
 Propose fraction length
 Run the simulation and store active Result
 Exchange active and reference result(take a floating point as a reference)
 check output waveform

35. What are the steps for code coverage?

 Give different input to the Xl s sheet

 Go to the coverage setting
 Enable coverage reporting
 In coverage metrics where we have to select the following option
 Decision coverage
 Condition coverage
 MCDC(modified condition decision coverage)
 Truth table
 Apply
 Go to the Report ,and in generate html report, select the cumulative runs and apply
 Select your model by browsing
 Run the model

36. What is .tlc (target language compiler)?

Ans-Target Language Compiler (TLC) is an integral part of Real-Time Workshop®. It enables you to
customize code generated by Real-Time Workshop. Through customization, you can produce platform-
specific code, or you can incorporate your own algorithmic changes for performance, code size, or
compatibility with existing methods that you prefer to maintain.

The TLC includes-

 A complete set of TLC files corresponding to each of the blocks provided with Simulink.
 TLC files for model-wide information that specifies header and parameter information

The TLC files are ASCII files that explicitly control the way code is generated by Real-Time Workshop.
By editing a TLC file, you can alter the way code is generated for a particular block.
37. Which are the tools required for code generation and code coverage?

Ans-

 Code generation-RTW
 Code coverage –Simulink Verification and Validation.

38. Define interfaces between Simulink auto generated and low level generated code?

Ans-

39. What is event driven system?

Ans:
 A significant change in state is called event. Event driven system means where the flow of
execution is determined by the events.
 These are having the capability of detecting the complex and ordinary event notification.

40. What is the difference between RTW and RTWEC?

Ans:

RTW RTWEC
It generates and executes standalone It generates c code from simulink and stateflow
C code for developing and testing the models that has the clarity and efficiency of
Algorithm modeled in simulink. Handwritten code.

The resulting code can be used in many Here the generated code is exceptionally
real time and non-real time application. Compact and is used for embedded system,
mass production and real time simulation.

41. How do you define time stamp in the model

Ans:
Simulation time is not the same as clock time. For example, running a simulation for 10 seconds usually
does not take 10 seconds. Total simulation time depends on factors such as model complexity, solver
step sizes, and computer speed.

42. Difference between Fixed Step and Variable Step Solver

Ans:
Fixed-step solver type is required for code generation, unless you use an S-function or RSim target.

Variable-step solver type can significantly shorten the time required to simulate models in which states
change rapidly or which contain discontinuities.
43. In the simulation time if start and stop time both are for same time what will be the result
Ans:
It runs for one time stamp
44. What is the sampling time you choose for your model.
Ans:
It depends on the time of execution you select if start and atop time is (0:10.0)
Then Sample Time = (Stop time – Start Time)/50

45. What is Range and resolution in Data Dictionary?

Ans:
Data Dictionary gives complete details of the inputs, outputs and interface of the model which you’re
designing, suppose if you’re input is some xyz its data type(uint8 or double or Boolean etc..), min and
max value (let us assume that min value is 0 and max value is 100), here range is 0-100 and if resolution
is 10(i.e. it varies like 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100)

46. How do you load values in to your model without using constant block (using m-script?)
Ans:

47. In a model if suppose there are 3-sub blocks in that you want to run 1st and 3rd but not 2nd, how
do you do your simulation
Ans:
Using State flow and start chart it is possible

48. Explain about Gain Block

Ans:
It is a basic block (simulink/commonly used block) just like amplifier suppose if input value is 1 and the
gain value is 2 then the output will be 2
(It just multiplies the input value to the gain value)

49. Explain about bit set block

Ans:
It is a basic block (Simulink/Logic Bit Operation) accepts only Boolean value. For any input output will be
logic ‘1’
Similarly for Reset for any input output will be logic ‘0’.

50. What is the default value loads in the workspace when you run any m-script
Ans:
Default is double.
If you give input as string it will store in string.
If input it is logical like A = 0>1, Then it stores as logical;
In input is an Image then it stores in uint8;
If input is structure it stores in structure;
If input is in Cell then it stores in cell.
52. Using command line how do you convert double to uint-8
Ans:
A = 10;
B = uint8 (A);

53. Explanation of your project and some questions in that

54. how do you do your mil testing

55.       In C-Code, if you want to get switch Case which block you should use in Simulink (not with state
flow or state chart)
Ans:
In the configuration parameters/ Real-Time workshop/ Code Style check “Convert if-elseif-else patterns
to switch-case statements”.

56.       If you have 4-bytes of uint-8 data how to club to get unit-32
Ans:
Using shift Arithmetic block it is possible

57.       In solver If you change fixed step to variable step what will happen give clear explanation
Ans:
In fixed step execution will be on the sample basis (for ex: if the stop time is 10.0 and sample is 0.1 for
each and every sample time model simulates independent on input)
In variable step depending on input simulation varies( for ex: if the stop time is 10.0 and sample is 0.1
and input is constant then simulation will not executes each and every sample)

58.       How do you select sampling time, on what bases?

Ans:
Depends on the model (how do you call the model for every time)

59.       For a give pulse signal how do you detect edge fall/raise?
Ans:
There are direct basic blocks are there to detect edge fall and edge raise.
Simulink/ Logic and Bit Operations

60.       Mainly they will ask project related questions

Ans:

61.       Difference b/w continues and discrete

Ans:
In simulation it is possible to simulate continues (S-domine) and discrete (Z-domine). But autocode
generation is not possible to continues.
62.       How do you differentiate continues and discrete in your Simulink application using example
Ans:
Refer 61

63.       How this generated code is compatible to the microcontroller

64.They will give some models and they will tell you to draw the output.

65. What is the significance of using option Treat as atomic unit?

Ans:
When you check Treat as atomic unit option in subsystem (non-virtual) properties, then Simulink engine
will treat that particular subsystem as a single unit. In other words, all manipulation inside the
subsystem is done first before output the results to other subsystems or blocks.

If the Treat as atomic unit option is unchecked then subsystem will be called as virtual subsystem and
then it will act as just packing the design and it is treated by Simulink engine that block set inside the
subsystem are of same hierarchical level as subsystem exists.

66. What are simulation dynamics takes places at back end when you press the simulation button on
model?
Ans:
Simulation Dynamics takes places in three stages:
1. Model Compilation
2. Link Phase
3. Simulation loop phase
For more details see the help

67. What is Algebraic Loop error??

Ans:
Algebraic loop solving is an iterative process. A successful solution results only if the algebraic loop
solver converges to a definite answer. Some algebraic loops will not converge and the algebraic loop
solver in Simulink tests to determine when this is the case. When the algebraic loop fails to converge, or
converges too slowly, the iterative procedure will not yield a result and will exit with no solution,
thereby resulting in an error message.

68. Coverage settings in Simulink (MIL or SIL Testing coverage)

Ans:
Decision Coverage (DC): Decision coverage analyzes elements that represent decision points in a
model, such as a Switch block or Stateflow states. For each item, decision coverage determines the
percentage of the total number of simulation paths through the item that the simulation actually
traversed.
For an example of decision coverage data in a model coverage report, see Decisions Analyzed.

Condition Coverage (CC): Condition coverage analyzes blocks that output the logical combination of
their inputs (for example, the Logical Operator block) and Stateflow transitions. A test case achieves full
coverage when it causes each input to each instance of a logic block in the model and each condition on
a transition to be true at least once during the simulation, and false at least once during the simulation.
Condition coverage analysis reports whether the test case fully covered the block for each block in the
model.

When you collect coverage for a model, you may not be able to achieve 100% condition coverage. For
example, if you specify to short-circuit logic blocks, by selecting Treat Simulink Logic blocks as short-
circuited in the Coverage Settings dialog box, you might not be able to achieve 100% condition coverage
for that block. See Treat Simulink logic blocks as short-circuited for more information.

For an example of condition coverage data in a model coverage report, see Conditions Analyzed.

Modified Condition/Decision Coverage (MCDC): Modified condition/decision coverage analysis by the

Simulink Verification and Validation software extends the decision and condition coverage capabilities. It
analyzes blocks that output the logical combination of their inputs and Stateflow transitions to
determine the extent to which the test case tests the independence of logical block inputs and transition
conditions.

A test case achieves full coverage for a block when a change in one input, independent of any other
inputs, causes a change in the block's output.

A test case achieves full coverage for a Stateflow transition when there is at least one time when a
change in the condition triggers the transition for each condition.

69. What is the Difference between Enabled and Triggered Sub System?
Triggered system works only when there is change in condition and then Input will be read for
processing. Whereas Enabled subsystem works when condition is true

70. What is the Difference between M-Script and M-File?

With inputs and without inputs

80. Actions in State Machine?

Entry, Exit, During, Binding, Event

81. What is Algebraic Loop Error?

82. How variables look like in Autosar and Non Autosar Code?
83. How Constants are defined in Generated Code?
&define MDL_OIL_ACTIVATED (1) in RTW Code
&define ACTIVATED in Targetlink Code

84. Advantages of Tragetlink over RTWEC?

85. How Bus and Multiplexer will be represented in Code?

Bus as a Structure and Multiplexer as Array.

86. How to debug S-Function in SIL Testing?

87. What is the difference between State Chart, State Machine and Finite State Machine?

88. What is the first thing we do after selecting a Stateflow?

89. What is the first thing you select in RTW Code generation?
Target file. That is Autosar or ert or grt slection
90. How Inputs to a block look like in code?
All inputs will be parameters of One Structure.
91. How data types are represented in AUTOSAR?
Uint8, Sint8, Uint16
92. How