EXAMPLES       TOPIC   II     LINE PARAMETERS & MODELS 

Example 1
Find the inductive reactance per km, capacitance to the neutral Dia=25mm
per km, line to line capacitance per km of a single phase line
operating at 50Hz. The conductors are 6 m apart and the
diameter of the conductor is 25 mm. D=6m

Solution1:

Given D=6 m and r=12.5x10-3 m

Inductance per conductor per m

6
4 10 4 10 . /
0.7788 0.7788 12.5 10

The inductive reactance per km:

2 2 50 25.7 10 / . /

Capacitance to the neutral per km:

2 2 8.85 10 0.0556
/
6 6.1737
12.5 10

Line to line capacitance per km:

/  
2

Example 2 1 2
A stranded conductor consists of seven identical strands each having a r
radius r as shown in figure 1.Determine the GMR of the conductor in
7
terms of r. 6 3

Solution2: 4
5

The distance from strand 1 to all other strands is:

2 4 2√3

GMR of conductor:

· 2 · 2√3 · 4 · 2√3 · 2 · 2 · 2

GMR of conductor in terms of r:

2 3 2 .

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 EXAMPLES       TOPIC   II     LINE PARAMETERS & MODELS 
 

Example 3
10m
One circuit of a single phase transmission line composed of three
solid wires, each 5mm in diameter. The return circuit composed of a a’
two wires, each 10mm in diameter. The arrangement of the 5m
conductor is shown in figure 3. Find the inductance due to current
b b’
in each side of the line and the inductance of the complete line.
5m

c
Solution 3:

10
√10 5 11.18
10 10 14.14

Geometric Mean Distance (GMD):

10 11.18 11.18 10 14.14 11.18 .

Geometric Mean Radius (GMR):

For three solid wires (x):

5 10 5 5 5 10

0.7788 2.5 10 62500 .

For two solid wires (y):

5 5 0.7788 5 10 5 5 .

The inductance of conductor x is,

11.2
2 10 2 10 . /
0.4259

The inductance of conductor y is,

11.2
2 10 2 10 . /
0.1395

The total inductance will be,

6.54 10 8.77 10 / . /

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 EXAMPLES       TOPIC   II     LINE PARAMETERS & MODELS 
 

Example 4
A three phase transmission line has its conductors at the corner of an
equilateral triangle with side 4.5 m. The diameter of each conductor is
20 mm. Find the inductance per km and capacitance to the neutral per D D
km of the line.
D

Solution 4:

D=4.5 m and r =10x10-3 m r’=0.7788x10x10-3 =7.788x10-3 m

For three phase transmission line,

4.5
2 10 2 10
7.788 10

Inductance per km:

. /

Capacitance to neutral per km:

2 2 8.85 10 0.0556
. /
4.5 6.10924
10 10

Example 5
Find the inductive reactance per km at 50 Hz of three phase bundled conductor line with two
conductors per phase as shown in figure 5. Diameter of each conductor is 30 mm.

0.4m 0.4m 0.4m

a a’ b b’ c c’
9m 9m

Solution 5:

GMR, for the two sub-conductor bundle:

0.7788 15 10 0.4 .

Distance from conductor to another,

Dab=Dbc=9m, Dab’=Dbc’=9.4m, Da’b=Db’c=8.6m, Da’b’=Db’c’=9m, Dac=18m, Dac’=18.4m,

Da’c=17.6m, Da’c’=18m

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 EXAMPLES       TOPIC   II     LINE PARAMETERS & MODELS 
 

GMD between each phase group:

9 9.4 8.6 9 8.9956

9 9.4 8.6 9 8.9956
18 18.4 17.6 18 17.9978

The equivalent GMD,

8.9956 8.9956 17.9978 .

Inductance is given by
11.3351
2 10 2 10 . /
0.068
Inductance reactance per km is given by

2 2 50 10.23 10 . /

Example 6
A 132kV 3 phase single circuit bundle conductor line with two sub-conductors per phase is shown
in figure 6. The radius of each conductor is 10mm. The centre to centre distance between adjacent
phases is 12m and the spacing between the sub-conductors is 0.5m. Find the capacitance per km.

Solution 6:

Distance between a bundles of conductors to another bundle:

12 , 12 , 24

Geometric Mean Distance (GMD):

12 12 24 15.119

GMR, rb for two sub-conductor bundle:

√ 10 10 0.5 0.0707

Line capacitance to neutral per km:

0.0556 0.0556
. /
15.119
0.0707

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Example 7 a c’
A 345 kV double circuit three phase transposed S11=11m
line is composed of two ACSR 1431000-cmil,
45/7 Bobolink conductor per phase with H12=7m
vertical conductor configuration as shown in b b’
figure 7. The conductors have a diameter of S22=16.5m
1.427 in and a GMR of 0.564 in. The bundle
spacing in 18 in. Find the inductance and H23=6.5m
capacitance per phase per km of the line. a’
S33=12.5m
c

Solution 7:

Given that,
GMR=0.564 inch= 0.01433 m
Conductor diameter=1.427 inch=0.03625 m
Bundle spacing=18 inch=0.4572 m
Distance of conductors:

Dab’=15.43m, Dab=7.52m, Da’b=15.21m, Da’b’=6.80 m

Dbc’=15.43m, Dbc=6.80m, Db’c=15.21m, Db’c’=7.52m
Dca’=12.50m, Dca=13.52m, Dc’a=11.00m, Dc’a’=13.52m

Daa’=17.90m, Dbb’=16.50m, Dcc’=17.90m

GMD between each phase group:

15.43 7.52 15.21 6.80 10.4666

15.43 6.80 15.21 7.52 10.4666
12.5 13.52 11.00 13.52 12.5911

The equivalent Geometric Mean Distance (GMD):

10.4666 10.4666 12.5911 11.132

Then,
GMR for each subconductor and spacing d:

0.01432 0.4572 0.08091

0.03625
√ 0.4572 0.091
2
GMR of each phase group for inductance,

0.08091 17.9 1.2034

0.08091 16.5 1.1554
0.08091 17.9 1.2034

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GMR of each phase group for capacitance,

0.091 17.9 1.276

0.091 16.5 1.225
0.091 17.9 1.276
The equivalent GMR,

1.2034 1.1554 1.2034 1.187

1.276 1.225 1.276 1.2587

Inductance per phase:

11.132
0.2 0.2 . /
1.187
Capacitance per phase:
0.0556 0.0556
. /
11.132
1.2587

Example 8
A 220 kV, 150 MVA, 60 Hz, three phase transmission line, 140 km long, characteristic parameters
of the transmission line are,
r = 0.12 Ω/km x = 0.88 Ω/km y = 4.1 x 10 -6 S/km
The voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line is 210 kV. If considered transmission line
is a short length.

Find,
a) What is series impedance and shunt admittance of this transmission line?
b) What is the sending end voltage if the line is supplying rated voltage and apparent power at
0.85 pf lagging? At unity pf? At 0.85 leading pf?
c) What is the voltage regulation of the transmission line for each of the cases (b)?
d) What is the efficiency of the transmission line when it is supplying rated apparent power at
0.85 pf lagging?

Solution 8:

a) The series resistance, and series reactance of this transmission line are :

R = r.d = (0.12 Ω/km) (140 km) = 16.8 Ω

XL = x.d = (0.88 Ω/km) (140 km) = 123.2 Ω

b) The current out of this transmission line will be given by

S √3VLLR IR
150
412
√3 √3 210

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The line to neutral voltage out of the line will be,

210
121
√3

Since this transmission line as short.

The line to neutral voltage VS at the sending end of the line when the power factor is 0.85 lagging
will be,

121 0° 412 31.8° 16.18 123.3 158 14.4°

√3 158

The line to neutral voltage VS at the sending end of the line when the power factor is 1.0 will be,

121 0° 412 0° 16.18 123.3 137.4 21.6°

√3 137.4

The line to neutral voltage VS at the sending end of the line when the power factor is 0.85 leading
will be,

121 0° 412 31.8° 16.18 123.3 110.3 25.0°

VLLS √3 110.3k V

c) The voltage regulation of a transmission line is given by

100%

The no load received voltage will be the same as the source voltage, since there will be no current
flowing in the line at no load conditions. The full load received voltage will be 210 kV.

The resulting voltage regulation at 0.85 power factor lagging is

274 210
. 100% . %
210

The resulting voltage regulation at unity power factor is

238 210
100% . %
210

The resulting voltage regulation at 0.85 power factor leading is

191 210
. 100% . %
210

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 EXAMPLES       TOPIC   II     LINE PARAMETERS & MODELS 
 

d) The output power from the transmission line at a power factor of 0.85 lagging is

Pout = 3 VR IR Cos θR = 3 (121kV) (412A) (0.85) = 127 kW

The input power from the transmission line is

Pin = 3 VS IS cos θS= 3(158kV) (412A) Cos [14.1-(-31.8)] = 135.7 kW

The resulting transmission line efficiency at full load and 0.85 power factor lagging is

127
100% 100% . %
135.7

Example 9
A three phase 132 kV transmission line is connected to a 50 MW load a 0.85 power factor lagging.
The line constants (resistance and susceptance) of the 85 km long line are
Z=95∠78° Ω
Y=1x10-3∠90° mho
Using nominal T circuit representation calculate
a) The ABCD of the line
b) Sending end voltage
c) Sending end current
d) Sending end power factor
e) Efficiency of transmission

Solution 9:

a) The ABCD of the line

The receiving end voltage is

132
76.21
√3
The receiving end current is
50 10
257.29
√3 132 10 0.85

For T circuit representation (Medium Line)

1 1
1 1 1 10 90° 95 78° . . °
2 2
1 1
95 78° 1 10 90° 95 78° . . °
4 4
C=Y=0.001∠90°
D=A=0.9536∠0.6°

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b) Sending end voltage

VS=AVR+BIR

VS= (0.9536∠0.6°) (76.21∠0°kV) + (92.79∠78.3°) (257.29∠-31.79°) =90.92∠11.5°kV

Sending end line to line voltage,

VLLS=90.92x√3=15.46kV

c) Sending end current is

IS=CVR+DIR

IS=0.001∠90(76.21∠0°kV) + (0.9536∠0.6°) (257.29∠-31.79°) = 215.18∠-14.27°

d) Sending end power factor

PF = Cosθ = Cos (11.5°+14.27°) =0.9

e) Efficiency of transmission line

√3 √3 132 257.29 0.85

100% . %
√3 √3 157.46 215.18 0.9

Example 10
Find the voltage at the generator end of the following three phase line:
Length of the line, km 320
Resistance, ohm/km 0.055
Reactance, ohm/km 0.505
Susceptance, mho/km 3.24x10-6
Load measured at the load end of the line is 60 MW at 0.80 power factor lagging at 132 kV, using
long line equation.
a) Find the ABCD of the line
b) Find the sending end voltage, current and power factor

Solution 10:

a) The ABCD constants,

Given,
z = r +jx = 0.055 + j0.505 = 0.508 ∠83.78°

y = j3.24x10-6 = 3.24x10-6∠90°

Also, the propagation constant;

3.24 10 90° 0.508 83.78° 1.283 10 86.89°

γl = (1.283x10-3) (320km) = 0.411∠86.89 = 0.022+ j0.4104

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Therefore,
Attenuation constant (α) and phase constant (β):

αl =0.022 and βl=0.4104

Cosh γl=cosh (αl + jβl) = (coshαl cosβl) + j (sinhαl sinβl)

=cosh (0.022) cos (0.4104) +j (sinh (0.022) sin (0.4104))
=0.917∠0.55°

Sinh γl=sinh (αl + jβl) = (sinhαl cosβl) + j (coshαl sinβl)

= (sinh (0.022) cos (0.4104)) + j (cosh (0.022) sin (0.4104))
=0.3995∠87.13°

Characteristic impedance:
0.508 83.8°
. . °
3.24 10 90°

Now we have,
A=cosh γl=0.917∠0.55°

B=ZC sinh γl = (395.7∠-3.11°) (0.3995∠87.13°) =158.19∠84.02°

1 0.3995 87.13°
sinh . . °
395.97 3.11°

D=A

b) Sending end voltage, current and PF

132
76210 0°
√3
And
60
36.86° 328.04 36.86°
√3 132 0.8

VS=AVR+BIR=112067.92∠20.21° V =112.06792∠20.21°kV

Sending end line voltage:

√3 112.06972 .
Also,
Sending end line current:

IS=CVR+DIR=262.90∠-22.61°A

Sending end power factor PF:

PF=cos θ=cos (20.21°+22.61°) =0.73 lagging

EET 305 Power System Fundamental ~ Mohd Rafi (SoESE) 10