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    Head Loss in A Pipe

    Uploaded by

    Mohammed Amin
    This document summarizes an experiment to measure head loss in a pipe. The experiment uses a test apparatus including a panel, manometers, venturi meter, orifice meter, diffuser, and rotameter. Water is pumped through the system and manometer readings are taken at various points to calculate head loss. Head loss is determined for both a diffuser and 90-degree bend using Bernoulli's equation. The results are analyzed to calculate head loss coefficients. Sources of error are the level of devices, non-pure water, and incorrect reading angles. Errors can be minimized by taking accurate readings of pure liquid in a proper setting.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Head Loss in A Pipe

    Uploaded by

    Mohammed Amin
    37 views8 pages
    This document summarizes an experiment to measure head loss in a pipe. The experiment uses a test apparatus including a panel, manometers, venturi meter, orifice meter, diffuser, and rotameter. Water is pumped through the system and manometer readings are taken at various points to calculate head loss. Head loss is determined for both a diffuser and 90-degree bend using Bernoulli's equation. The results are analyzed to calculate head loss coefficients. Sources of error are the level of devices, non-pure water, and incorrect reading angles. Errors can be minimized by taking accurate readings of pure liquid in a proper setting.

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    This document summarizes an experiment to measure head loss in a pipe. The experiment uses a test apparatus including a panel, manometers, venturi meter, orifice meter, diffuser, and rotameter. Water is pumped through the system and manometer readings are taken at various points to calculate head loss. Head loss is determined for both a diffuser and 90-degree bend using Bernoulli's equation. The results are analyzed to calculate head loss coefficients. Sources of error are the level of devices, non-pure water, and incorrect reading angles. Errors can be minimized by taking accurate readings of pure liquid in a proper setting.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    37 views8 pages

    Head Loss in A Pipe

    Uploaded by

    Mohammed Amin
    This document summarizes an experiment to measure head loss in a pipe. The experiment uses a test apparatus including a panel, manometers, venturi meter, orifice meter, diffuser, and rotameter. Water is pumped through the system and manometer readings are taken at various points to calculate head loss. Head loss is determined for both a diffuser and 90-degree bend using Bernoulli's equation. The results are analyzed to calculate head loss coefficients. Sources of error are the level of devices, non-pure water, and incorrect reading angles. Errors can be minimized by taking accurate readings of pure liquid in a proper setting.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    University of Zakho

    Collage of engineering
    Mechanical department

    A Test to Measure the flow head loss in a pipe

    Experiment No. 6
    By :Mohammed Amin Abdo
    Second stage

    Nov/2019
    I. PURPOSE
    To estimate the head loss of a diffuser and after a 90-degree bend
    directly.
    II. APPARATUS
    The next figure showed the test apparatus which is consists of:
    a. Panel: to support the test parts.
    b. Manometers: are using to measure the heads at different points along
    the pipe.
    c. Venturimeter, Orifice meter, Wide angle diffuser and rotameter.
    d. Hand pump to purge the air into the manometers.
    e. Air purge valve.
    f. Control valve.
    g. Water pump to supply water to the flow measurement apparatus.

    2
    III. THEORY:
    Major loss comes from the friction in the straight sections of the pipe
    which is caused by the viscosity effect, the movement of
    fluid molecules against each other or against the (possibly rough) wall of the
    pipe. Minor losses are estimated also by the effect of other factors like bends,
    couplings, valves, or transitions in the pipe diameter could either causes
    losses in pressure.
    For steady, adiabatic flow of an incompressible fluid along a stream
    tube, figure. Bernoulli’s Equation can be written in the form
    2 2
    u1 p1 u p
    + + z 1= 2 + 2 + z 2 + ΔH 12
    2 g ρg 2 g ρg ….(1)
    Where
    p
    h = ρg = Hydrostatic head (Pressure head)
    2
    u
    2 g = Kinetic head
    Z = Potential head
    2
    u p
    + +z
    2 g ρg = Total head.

    By applying Equation 1 for Diffuser between C and D


    2 2
    u C p C uD p D
    + = + + ΔH CD
    2 g ρg 2 g ρg
    uC and uD may be calculated using the following equation:
    Q Q
    uC = ,u =
    Ac D AD

    Q calculated using rotameter, venturimeter, or orifice meter.


    2 2
    u p u p
    ΔH CD=( C + C )−( D + D )
    2 g ρg 2 g ρg

    3
    Head Loss coefficient K
    ∆ H CD
    K=
    ❑
    By applying Equation 1 for right angled bending between G and H

    2 2
    uG pG uH p H
    + = + + ΔH GH
    2 g ρg 2 g ρg
    uC and uD may be calculated using the following equation:
    Q Q
    uG = , uH=
    AG AH

    Q can be calculate by using rotameter, venturimeter, or orifice meter.


    2 2
    u p u p
    ΔH GH =( G + G )−( H + H )
    2 g ρg 2 g ρg
    ∆H
    Head Loss coefficient K= GH
    ❑

    IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:


    1) Connect the supply hose from the hydraulic bench to the Venturimeter
    inlet and secure with hose clip.
    2) Connect the hose to the H10 control valve outlet and direct its free end
    into the hydraulic bench.
    3) Close the air purge and the H10 control valve fully, then open it by 1/3
    turn.
    4) Switch on the hydraulic bench pump and slowly open the valve until
    water starts to flow and record the manometers readings.
    5) Repeat the previous procedure for 6 runs by increasing flow rate to the
    maximum value that could be use by opining the valve.

    4
    Test No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
    Manometer levels C 0.262 0.215 0.236 0.267 0.278 0.233
    D 0.261 0.214 0.234 0.264 0.272 0.232
    G 0.212 0.144 0.174 0.216 0.230 0.196
    H 0.212 0.142 0.172 0.214 0.229 0.194
    Flow rate m3/s 3.4 3.28 2.91 2.91 1.73 2.21
    venture X x x x x x
    meter 10^-4 10^-4 10^-4 10^-4 10^-4 10^-4

    Velocity, m/sec C 0.38 00.49 0.44 0.39 0.320 0.41

    G 0.97 0.11 0.112 0.090 0.081 0.104

    Calculation:
    5
    Test No.5:
    hA 284mm
    hB 236mm
    hC 278mm
    hD 272mm
    hF 222mm
    hG 230mm
    hH 229mm

    We calculate the flow rate by using venture meter.

    2 g(hA−hB)
    Q=C.AB.
    1−(
    √AB 2
    AA
    )

    2( 9.81)(0.284−0.236)
    Q=(0.95).(0.000201).
    √ 1−(
    0.000201 2
    0.00053
    )

    Qventure=2.0026 ×10−4m3/s

    (∆H) between C and D.

    Q
    uC =
    Ac

    2.0026 ×10−4
    uC = =0.377m/s
    0.00053
    Q
    u D=
    AD

    2.0026 ×10−4
    u D= =0.094m/s
    0.002116
    uc2 uD 2
    ∆HCD=( +hc ¿−( + hD)
    2g 2g
    0.3772 0.094 2
    ∆HCD=( +0.278 ¿−( +0.272)
    2(9.81) 2 ( 9.81 )
    6
    ∆HCD=0.2852-0.27245=0.1275m
    ∆HCD=hC-hD
    ∆HCD=0.278-0.272=0.006m
    ∆ H CD
    K=
    uC 2
    2g
    0.1275
    K=
    0.3772 =0.1828
    2(9.81)

    (∆H) between G and H.


    Q
    uG =
    AG

    2.0026× 10−4
    uG = =0.094m/s
    0.002116
    Q
    uH=
    AH

    2.0026× 10− 4
    uH= =0.377m/s
    0.00053
    uG2 uH 2
    ∆HGH=( +hG ¿−( +hH )
    2g 2g
    0.0942❑ 0.3772
    ∆HGH=( + 0.230 ¿−( + 0.229)
    2(9.81) 2 ( 9.81 )

    ∆HGH=0.27245-0.2852=-0.1275m
    ∆HGH=hG-hH
    ∆HGH=0.230-0.229=0.001m
    ∆ H GH
    K=
    u G2
    2g
    0.1275
    K=
    0.0942 =0.1828
    2(9.81)

    Discussions:
    1. What are the sources of the error?

    7
    The source of error it maybe the level of a device not correctly enough,
    and the water is not pure one hundred percentage, however the
    temperature can effect to device, when we were taking the readings, my
    friend didn’t use the correct angle of looking …
    2. How can be minimizing the errors?
    When we reading correctly ,and the water just liquid (not mixture)
    Have a good place to find the source of error.

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