G.R. No.

L-24294 May 3, 1974 evidence, including certified copies of telegrams of the Forestry Director to Forestry personnel in
Balanga, Bataan dated January 8, and January 11, 1965, directing immediate investigation of illegal
DONALD BAER, Commander U.S. Naval Base, Subic Bay, Olongapo, Zambales, petitioner, timber cutting in Bataan and calling attention to the fact that the records of the office show no new
renewal of timber license or temporary extension permits. 8 The above notwithstanding, respondent
vs.
HON. TITO V. TIZON, as Presiding Judge of the Court of First Instance of Bataan, and Judge, on January 12, 1965, issued an order granting respondent Gener's application for the issuance
of a writ of preliminary injunction and denying petitioner's motion to dismiss the opposition to the
EDGARDO GENER, respondents.
application for a writ of preliminary injunction.9

Sycip, Salazar, Luna Manalo & Feliciano for petitioner.

A motion for reconsideration having proved futile, this petition for certiorari was filed with this Court.
The prayer was for the nullification and setting aside of the writ of preliminary injunction issued by
A. E. Dacanay for private respondent. respondent Judge in the aforesaid Civil Case No. 2984 of the Court of First Instance of Bataan. A
resolution of March 17, 1965 was issued by this Court requiring respondents to file an answer and
Office of the Solicitor General Camilo D. Quiason as amicus curiae. upon petitioner's posting a bond of P5,000.00 enjoining them from enforcing such writ of preliminary
injunction. The answer was duly forthcoming. It sought to meet the judicial question raised by the
legal proposition that a private citizen claiming title and right of possession of a certain property may,
FERNANDO, J.:p to recover the same, sue as individuals officers and agents of the government alleged to be illegally
withholding such property even if there is an assertion on their part that they are acting for the
There is nothing novel about the question raised in this certiorari proceeding against the then Judge government. Support for such a view is found in the American Supreme Court decisions of  United
Tito V. Tizon, filed by petitioner Donald Baer, then Commander of the United States Naval Base, States v. Lee10 and Land v. Dollar.11 Thus the issue is squarely joined whether or not the doctrine of
Subic Bay, Olongapo, Zambales, seeking to nullify the orders of respondent Judge denying his motion immunity from suit without consent is applicable. Thereafter, extensive memoranda were filed both
to dismiss a complaint filed against him by the private respondent, Edgardo Gener, on the ground of by petitioner and respondents. In addition, there was a manifestation and memorandum of the
sovereign immunity of a foreign power, his contention being that it was in effect a suit against the Republic of the Philippines as amicus curiae where, after a citation of American Supreme Court
United States, which had not given its consent. The answer given is supplied by a number of cases decisions going back to Schooner Exchange v. M'faddon,12 an 1812 decision, to United States v.
coming from this Tribunal starting from a 1945 decision, Raquiza v. Bradford1 to Johnson v. Belmont,13 decided in 1937, the plea was made that the petition for certiorari be granted..
Turner,2 promulgated in 1954. The doctrine of immunity from suit is of undoubted applicability in this
jurisdiction. It cannot be otherwise, for under the 1935 Constitution, as now, it is expressly made clear A careful study of the crucial issue posed in this dispute yields the conclusion, as already announced,
that the Philippines "adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of that petitioner should prevail.
the Nation."3 As will subsequently be shown, there was a failure on the part of the lower court to
accord deference and respect to such a basic doctrine, a failure compounded by its refusal to take note
of the absence of any legal right on the part of petitioner. Hence, certiorari is the proper remedy. 1. The invocation of the doctrine of immunity from suit of a foreign state without its consent is
appropriate. More specifically, insofar as alien armed forces is concerned, the starting point
is Raquiza v. Bradford, a 1945 decision.14 In dismissing a habeas corpus petition for the release of
The facts are not in dispute. On November 17, 1964, respondent Edgardo Gener, as plaintiff, filed a petitioners confined by American army authorities, Justice Hilado, speaking for the Court, cited
complaint for injunction with the Court of First Instance of Bataan against petitioner, Donald Baer, from Coleman v. Tennessee,15 where it was explicitly declared: "It is well settled that a foreign army,
Commander of the United States Naval Base in Olongapo. It was docketed as Civil Case No. 2984 of permitted to march through a friendly country or to be stationed in it, by permission of its government
the Court of First Instance of Bataan. He alleged that he was engaged in the business of logging in an or sovereign, is exempt from the civil and criminal jurisdiction of the place." 16 Two years later,
area situated in Barrio Mabayo, Municipality of Morong, Bataan and that the American Naval Base in Tubb and Tedrow v. Griess,17 this Court relied on the ruling in Raquiza v. Bradford and cited in
authorities stopped his logging operations. He prayed for a writ of preliminary injunction restraining support thereof excerpts from the works of the following authoritative writers: Vattel, Wheaton, Hall,
petitioner from interfering with his logging operations. A restraining order was issued by respondent Lawrence, Oppenhein, Westlake, Hyde, and McNair and Lauterpacht. 18 Accuracy demands the
Judge on November 23, 1964.4 Counsel for petitioner, upon instructions of the American Ambassador clarification that after the conclusion of the Philippine-American Military Bases Agreement, the treaty
to the Philippines, entered their appearance for the purpose of contesting the jurisdiction of respondent provisions should control on such matter, the assumption being that there was a manifestation of the
Judge on the ground that the suit was one against a foreign sovereign without its consent. 5 Then, on submission to jurisdiction on the part of the foreign power whenever appropriate. 19 More to the point
December 12, 1964, petitioner filed a motion to dismiss, wherein such ground was reiterated. It was is Syquia v. Almeda Lopez,20 where plaintiffs as lessors sued the Commanding General of the United
therein pointed out that he is the chief or head of an agency or instrumentality of the United States of States Army in the Philippines, seeking the restoration to them of the apartment buildings they owned
America, with the subject matter of the action being official acts done by him for and in behalf of the leased to United States armed forces stationed in the Manila area. A motion to dismiss on the ground
United States of America. It was added that in directing the cessation of logging operations by of non-suability was filed and upheld by respondent Judge. The matter was taken to this Court in a
respondent Gener within the Naval Base, petitioner was entirely within the scope of his authority and mandamus proceeding. It failed. It was the ruling that respondent Judge acted correctly considering
official duty, the maintenance of the security of the Naval Base and of the installations therein being that the "action must be considered as one against the U.S. Government." 21 The opinion of Justice
the first concern and most important duty of the Commander of the Base. 6 There was, on December Montemayor continued: "It is clear that the courts of the Philippines including the Municipal Court of
14, 1964, an opposition and reply to petitioner's motion to dismiss by respondent Gener, relying on the Manila have no jurisdiction over the present case for unlawful detainer. The question of lack of
principle that "a private citizen claiming title and right of possession of certain property may, to jurisdiction was raised and interposed at the very beginning of the action. The U.S. Government has
recover possession of said property, sue as individuals, officers and agents of the Government, who not given its consent to the filing of this suit which is essentially against her, though not in name.
are said to be illegally withholding the same from him, though in doing so, said officers and agents Moreover, this is not only a case of a citizen filing a suit against his own Government without the
claim that they are acting for the Government." That was his basis for sustaining the jurisdiction of latter's consent but it is of a citizen filing an action against a foreign government without said
respondent Judge.7 Petitioner, thereafter, on January 12, 1965, made a written offer of documentary government's consent, which renders more obvious the lack of jurisdiction of the courts of his country.
The principles of law behind this rule are so elementary and of such general acceptance that we deem in connection with acts performed by it pursuant to treaty provisions and thus impressed with a
it unnecessary to cite authorities in support thereof." 22 Then came Marvel Building Corporation v. governmental character.
Philippine War Damage Commission,23 where respondent, a United States agency established to
compensate damages suffered by the Philippines during World War II was held as falling within the
3. The infirmity of the actuation of respondent Judge becomes even more glaring when it is
above doctrine as the suit against it "would eventually be a charge against or financial liability of the considered that private respondent had ceased to have any right of entering within the base area. This
United States Government because ..., the Commission has no funds of its own for the purpose of
is made clear in the petition in these words: "In 1962, respondent Gener was issued by the Bureau of
paying money judgments." 24 The Syquia ruling was again explicitly relied upon in Marquez Lim v. Forestry an ordinary timber license to cut logs in Barrio Mabayo, Morong, Bataan. The license was
Nelson,25 involving a complaint for the recovery of a motor launch, plus damages, the special defense
renewed on July 10, 1963. In 1963, he commenced logging operation inside the United States Naval
interposed being "that the vessel belonged to the United States Government, that the defendants Base, Subic Bay, but in November 1963 he was apprehended and stopped by the Base authorities from
merely acted as agents of said Government, and that the United States Government is therefore the
logging inside the Base. The renewal of his license expired on July 30, 1964, and to date his license
real party in interest."26 So it was in Philippine Alien Property Administration v. Castelo,27 where it has not been renewed by the Bureau of Forestry. .. In July 1964, the Mutual Defense Board, a joint
was held that a suit against the Alien Property Custodian and the Attorney General of the United
Philippines-United States agency established pursuant to an exchange of diplomatic notes between the
States involving vested property under the Trading with the Enemy Act is in substance a suit against Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the United States Ambassador to provide "direct liaison and
the United States. To the same effect is Parreno v. McGranery,28 as the following excerpt from the
consultation between appropriate Philippine and United States authorities on military matters of
opinion of Justice Tuason clearly shows: "It is a widely accepted principle of international law, which mutual concern,' advised the Secretary of Foreign Affairs in writing that: "The enclosed map shows
is made a part of the law of the land (Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution), that a foreign state may
that the area in which Mr. Gener was logging definitely falls within the boundaries of the base. This
not be brought to suit before the courts of another state or its own courts without its map also depicts certain contiguous and overlapping areas whose functional usage would be interfered
consent."29 Finally, there is Johnson v. Turner,30 an appeal by the defendant, then Commanding
with by the logging operations.'" 36 Nowhere in the answer of respondents, nor in their memorandum,
General, Philippine Command (Air Force, with office at Clark Field) from a decision ordering the was this point met. It remained unrefuted.
return to plaintiff of the confiscated military payment certificates known as scrip money. In reversing
the lower court decision, this Tribunal, through Justice Montemayor, relied on Syquia v. Almeda
Lopez,31 explaining why it could not be sustained. WHEREFORE, the writ of certiorari prayed for is granted, nullifying and setting aside the writ of
preliminary injunction issued by respondent Judge in Civil Case No. 2984 of the Court of First
Instance of Bataan. The injunction issued by this Court on March 18, 1965 enjoining the enforcement
The solidity of the stand of petitioner is therefore evident. What was sought by private respondent and of the aforesaid writ of preliminary injunction of respondent Judge is hereby made permanent. Costs
what was granted by respondent Judge amounted to an interference with the performance of the duties
against private respondent Edgardo Gener.
of petitioner in the base area in accordance with the powers possessed by him under the Philippine-
American Military Bases Agreement. This point was made clear in these words: "Assuming, for
purposes of argument, that the Philippine Government, through the Bureau of Forestry, possesses the Zaldivar, Antonio, Fernandez and Aquino, JJ., concur.
"authority to issue a Timber License to cut logs" inside a military base, the Bases Agreement subjects
the exercise of rights under a timber license issued by the Philippine Government to the exercise by Barredo, J., took no part.
the United States of its rights, power and authority of control within the bases; and the findings of the
Mutual Defense Board, an agency of both the Philippine and United States Governments, that
"continued logging operation by Mr. Gener within the boundaries of the U.S. Naval Base would not  
be consistent with the security and operation of the Base," is conclusive upon the respondent Judge. ..
The doctrine of state immunity is not limited to cases which would result in a pecuniary charge
against the sovereign or would require the doing of an affirmative act by it. Prevention of a sovereign
from doing an affirmative act pertaining directly and immediately to the most important public
function of any government - the defense of the state — is equally as untenable as requiring it to do an
affirmative act."32 That such an appraisal is not opposed to the interpretation of the relevant treaty
provision by our government is made clear in the aforesaid manifestation and memorandum as  amicus
curiae, wherein it joined petitioner for the grant of the remedy prayed for.

2. There should be no misinterpretation of the scope of the decision reached by this Court. Petitioner,
as the Commander of the United States Naval Base in Olongapo, does not possess diplomatic
immunity. He may therefore be proceeded against in his personal capacity, or when the action taken
by him cannot be imputed to the government which he represents. Thus, after the Military Bases
Agreement, in Miquiabas v. Commanding General33 and Dizon v. The Commanding General of the
Philippine-Ryukus Command,34 both of them being habeas corpus petitions, there was no question as
to the submission to jurisdiction of the respondents. As a matter of fact, in  Miquiabas v. Commanding
General,35 the immediate release of the petitioner was ordered, it being apparent that the general court
martial appointed by respondent Commanding General was without jurisdiction to try petitioner.
Thereafter, in the cited cases of Syquia, Marquez Lim, and Johnson, the parties proceeded against
were American army commanding officers stationed in the Philippines. The insuperable obstacle to
the jurisdiction of respondent Judge is that a foreign sovereign without its consent is haled into court