Laplace Table Derivations

n
n! e−as
• L(t ) = • L(floor(t/a)) =
s1+n s(1 − e−as)
1
• L(eat) = 1
s−a • L(sqw(t/a)) = tanh(as/2)
s s
• L(cos bt) = 1
s2 + b2 • L(a trw(t/a)) = tanh(as/2)
b s2
• L(sin bt) = Γ(1 + α)
s2 + b2 • L(tα) =
e−as s1+α
• L(H(t − a)) = r
s π
−as • L(t−1/2) =
• L(δ(t − a)) = e s
Proof of L(tn ) = n!/s1+n
Slide 1 of 3
The first step is to evaluate L(f (t)) for f (t) = t0 [n = 0 case]. The function t0 is
written as 1, but Laplace theory conventions require f (t) = 0 for t < 0, therefore f (t)
is technically the unit step function.
R∞
L(1) = 0
(1)e−stdt Laplace integral of f (t) = 1.
t=∞
= −(1/s)e−st|t=0 Evaluate the integral.
= 1/s Assumed s > 0 to evaluate limt→∞ e−st .
Proof of L(tn ) = n!/s1+n
Slide 2 of 3
The value of L(f (t)) for f (t) = t can be obtained by s-differentiation of the relation
L(1) = 1/s, as follows. Technically, f (t) = 0 for t < 0, then f (t) is called the
ramp function.

d d
R∞
ds
L(1) = ds 0 (1)e−stdt Laplace integral for f (t) = 1.
R ∞ d −st d
Rb R b dF
= 0 ds (e ) dt Used ds a
F dt = a ds
dt.
R∞
= 0 (−t)e−stdt Calculus rule (eu )0 = u e . 0 u

= −L(t) Definition of L(t).

Then
d
L(t) = − ds L(1) Rewrite last display.
d
= − ds (1/s) Use L(1) = 1/s.
= 1/s2 Differentiate.
Proof of L(tn ) = n!/s1+n
Slide 3 of 3
This idea can be repeated to give
d
L(t2) = − L(t)
ds
= L(t2)
2
= 3.
s

d
The pattern is L(tn ) = − ds L(tn−1), which implies the formula
n!
L(tn) = .
s1+n

The proof is complete.

 1
Proof of L(eat ) =
s−a
The result follows from L(1) = 1/s, as follows.
R∞
L(eat) = 0 eate−stdt Direct Laplace transform.
R ∞ −(s−a)t
= 0 e dt Use eA eB = eA+B .
R ∞ −St
= 0 e dt Substitute S = s − a.
= 1/S Apply L(1) = 1/s.
= 1/(s − a) Back-substitute S = s − a.
 s b
Proof of L(cos bt) = and L(sin bt) =
s2 + b2 s2 + b2
Slide 1 of 2
Use will be made of Euler’s formula

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ,

√ first introduced in trigonometry. In this formula, θ is a real number in radians and

usually
i = −1 is the complex unit.
eibte−st = (cos bt)e−st + i(sin bt)e−st Substitute θ = bt into Euler’s
formula and multiply by e−st .
R∞ R∞
0
e−ibte−stdt = 0 R(cos bt)e−stdt Integrate t = 0 to t = ∞.
∞
+ i 0 (sin bt)e−stdt Then use properties of inte-
grals.
1 R∞
= 0
(cos bt)e−stdt Evaluate the left hand side us-
s − ib R∞ ing L(eat ) = 1/(s − a),
+ i 0 (sin bt)e−stdt
a = ib.
 s b
Proof of L(cos bt) = and L(sin bt) =
s2 + b2 s2 + b2
Slide 2 of 2
1
= L(cos bt) + iL(sin bt) Direct Laplace transform defi-
s − ib nition.
s + ib
= L(cos bt) + iL(sin bt) Use complex rule 1/z =
s2 + b2 z/|z|2, z = A √
+ iB , z =
A − iB , |z| = A2 + B 2.
s
= L(cos bt) Extract the real part.
s2 + b2
b
= L(sin bt) Extract the imaginary part.
s2 + b2
Proof of L(H(t − a)) = e−as /s

R∞
L(H(t − a)) = 0
H(t − a)e−stdt Direct Laplace transform. As-
sume a ≥ 0.
R∞
= a
(1)e−stdt Because H(t − a) = 0 for
0 ≤ t < a.
R∞
= (1)e−s(x+a)dx
0
Change variables t = x + a.
R∞
−as
=e 0
(1)e−sxdx Constant e−as moves outside
integral.
= e−as(1/s) Apply L(1) = 1/s.
Proof of L(δ(t − a)) = e−as
Slide 1 of 3
The definition of the delta function is a formal one, in which every occurrence of symbol
δ(t − a)dt under an integrand is replaced by dH(t − a). The differential symbol
dH(t − a) is taken in the sense of the Riemann-Stieltjes integral. This integral is defined
in Rudin’s Real analysis for monotonic integrators α(x) as the limit
Z b N
X
f (x)dα(x) = lim f (xn)(α(xn) − α(xn−1))
a N →∞
n=1

where x0 = a, xN = b and x0 < x1 < · · · < xN forms a partition of [a, b] whose

mesh approaches zero as N → ∞.
The steps in computing the Laplace integral of the delta function appear below. Admittedly,
the proof requires advanced calculus skills and a certain level of mathematical maturity.
The reward is a fuller understanding of the Dirac symbol δ(x).
Proof of L(δ(t − a)) = e−as
Slide 2 of 3
R∞
L(δ(t − a)) = 0
e−stδ(t − a)dt Laplace integral, a > 0
R∞ assumed.
= 0
e−stdH(t − a) Replace δ(t − a)dt by
dH(t − a).
RM
= limM →∞ 0
e−stdH(t − a) Definition of improper inte-
gral.
= e−sa Explained below.
Proof of L(δ(t − a)) = e−as
Slide 3 of 3
To explain the last step, apply the definition of the Riemann-Stieltjes integral:
Z M N
X −1
−st
e dH(t − a) = lim e−stn (H(tn − a) − H(tn−1 − a))
0 N →∞
n=0

where 0 = t0 < t1 < · · · < tN = M is a partition of [0, M ] whose mesh

max1≤n≤N (tn − tn−1) approaches zero as N → ∞. Given a partition, if tn−1 <
a ≤ tn, then H(tn − a) − H(tn−1 − a) = 1, otherwise this factor is zero. Therefore,
the sum reduces to a single term e−stn . This term approaches e−sa as N → ∞, because
tn must approach a.
 e−as
Proof of L(floor(t/a)) =
s(1 − e−as)
Slide 1 of 3
The library function floor present in computer languages C and Fortran is defined by
floor(x) = greatest whole integer ≤ x, e.g., floor(5.2) = 5 and floor(−1.9) =
−2. The computation of the Laplace integral of floor(t) requires ideas from infinite se-
ries, as follows.
R∞
F (s) = 0
floor(t)e−st dt Laplace integral definition.
P∞ R n+1
= n=0 n
(n)e−stdt On n ≤ t < n + 1,
floor(t) = n.
P∞ n
= n=0 (e−ns − e−ns−s) Evaluate each integral.
s
−s
1−e P∞
= n=0 ne−sn Common factor removed.
s
 e−as
Proof of L(floor(t/a)) =
s(1 − e−as)
Slide 2 of 3
x(1 − x) P∞
= n=0 nxn−1 Define x = e−s .
s
x(1 − x) d P∞
= n=0 xn Term-by-term differentiation.
s dx
x(1 − x) d 1
= Geometric series sum.
s dx 1 − x
x
= Compute the derivative, sim-
s(1 − x) plify.
e−s
= Substitute x = e−s .
s(1 − e−s)
 e−as
Proof of L(floor(t/a)) =
s(1 − e−as)
Slide 3 of 3
To evaluate the Laplace integral of floor(t/a), a change of variables is made.
R∞
L(floor(t/a)) = 0
floor(t/a)e−st dt Laplace integral definition.
R∞
= a 0 floor(r)e−asr dr Change variables t = ar .
= aF (as) Apply the formula for
F (s).
e−as
= Simplify.
s(1 − e−as)
 1
Proof of L(sqw(t/a)) = tanh(as/2)
s
Slide 1 of 3
The square wave defined by sqw(x) = (−1)floor(x) is periodic of period 2 and
R2
piecewise-defined. Let P = 0 sqw(t)e−st dt.
R1 R2 Rb Rc Rb
P = sqw(t)e−st dt + sqw(t)e−st dt Apply = + .
R01 R2 1 a a c

= 0
e−stdt − 1
e−stdt Use sqw(x) = 1 on 0 ≤ x <
1 and sqw(x) = −1 on 1 ≤
x < 2.
1 1
= (1 − e ) + (e−2s − e−s)
−s
Evaluate each integral.
s s
1
= (1 − e−s)2 Collect terms.
s
 1
Proof of L(sqw(t/a)) = tanh(as/2)
s
Slide 2 of 3 – Compute L(sqw(t))
R2
0
sqw(t)e−st dt
L(sqw(t)) = Periodic function formula.
1 − e−2s
1 1
= (1 − e−s)2 . Use the computation of P above.
s 1− e−2s
1 1 − e−s
= . Factor
s 1 + e−s 1 − e−2s = (1 − e−s)(1 + e−s).
1 es/2 − e−s/2
= . Multiply the fraction by es/2 /es/2 .
s es/2+ e−s/2
1 sinh(s/2)
= . Use sinh u = (eu − e−u )/2,
s cosh(s/2) cosh u = (eu + e−u)/2.
1
= tanh(s/2). Use tanh u = sinh u/ cosh u.
s
 1
Proof of L(sqw(t/a)) = tanh(as/2)
s
Slide 3 of 3
To complete the computation of L(sqw(t/a)), a change of variables is made:
R∞
L(sqw(t/a)) = sqw(t/a)e−st dt Direct transform.
R0∞
= 0
sqw(r)e−asr (a)dr Change variables r =
t/a.
a
= tanh(as/2) See L(sqw(t)) above.
as
1
= tanh(as/2)
s
 1
Proof of L(a trw(t/a)) = tanh(as/2)
s2
Rt
The triangular wave is defined by trw(t) = 0 sqw(x)dx.
f (0) + L(f 0(t))
L(a trw(t/a)) = Let f (t) = a trw(t/a). Use
s L(f 0(t)) = sL(f (t)) − f (0).
1
= L(sqw(t/a)) Use f (0) = 0, then use
s R t/a
(a 0 sqw(x)dx)0 = sqw(t/a).
1
= tanh(as/2) Table entry for sqw.
s2
 Γ(1 + α)
Proof of L(tα ) =
s1+α
R∞
L(tα) = 0
tαe−stdt Definition of Laplace integral.
R∞
= 0
(u/s)αe−udu/s Change variables u = st, du = sdt.
1 R∞
= 0
uαe−udu Because s=constant for u-integration.
s1+α
1 R∞
= 1+α
Γ(1 + α). Because Γ(x) ≡ 0
ux−1e−udu.
s
Gamma Function
The generalized factorial function Γ(x) is defined for x > 0 and it agrees with the
classical factorial n! = (1)(2) · · · (n) in case x = n + 1 is an integer. In literature,
α! means Γ(1 + α). For more details about the Gamma function, see Abramowitz and
Stegun or maple documentation.
r
−1/2
π
Proof of L(t )=
s
Γ(1 + (−1/2))
L(t−1/2) = Apply the previous formula.
√ s1−1/2
π √
= √ Use Γ(1/2) = π.
s