Acid and Bases

ASSIGNTMENT
1. Conjugate acid and base

2. Dissociation
3. Bronsted-lowry theory
4. Arrhenius theory
5.Simple PH in buffer
6. Solving the pOH
7. Quadratic equation
8. Chemical equilibrium
ACID AND BASES

Acid and bases are the most widely used chemicals. They are used in industry, agriculture, laboratory, and at
home. They are essential for life processes, e.g., digestion process using stomach juices mixed with HCl. For
biochemical reactions, weak acids and bases play prominent roles.
Acid – proton donor

+¿¿
- any substance that yields a H ion in solution
Base – is a proton acceptor
−¿¿
- is a substance that yields an OH ion in solution
A conjugate acid contains one more H atom and one more + charge than the base that formed it.
A conjugate base contains one less H atom and one more - charge than the acid that formed it
 Example :
Bicarbonate ions reacting with water to create carbonic acid and hydronium ions.
HCO₃⁻ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ + OH⁻

base + acid → Conj A + Conj B
We see that HCO₃⁻ becomes H₂CO₃. It has one more H atom and one more + charge (-1 + 1 = 0). So H₂CO₃ is
the conjugate acid of HCO₃⁻.
The H₂O becomes OH⁻. It has one less H atom and one more – charge. So OH⁻ is the conjugate base of H₂O.
 All acids have a conjugate base. All bases have a conjugate acid. Acids "donate" H+ when they react.
This is most easily seen when they dissociate in water:
H2SO4 + H2O => HSO−4 + H3O+
In this example, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is an acid because it "donates" H+ to the water. It becomes the
hydrogen sulfite ion (HSO−4) which is the conjugate base of sulfuric acid.
The same idea applies to a base:
NH3 + H2O <=> NH+4 + OH−
Ammonia (NH3) is a base because is "accepts H+ from water to come its conjugate acid, the ammonium ion
(NH+4).
Strong vs. weak acids and bases

Strong acids and strong bases refer to species that completely dissociate to form ions in solution. By
contrast, weak acids and bases ionize only partially, and the ionization reaction is reversible. Thus, weak acid
and base solutions contain multiple charged and uncharged species in dynamic equilibrium.
Arrhenius acids
Key points
 An Arrhenius acid is any species that increases the concentration of H +¿¿start
text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript in aqueous solution.
 An Arrhenius base is any species that increases the concentration of O H−¿¿ in
aqueous solution.
 In aqueous solution, H +¿¿ ions immediately react with water molecules to
form hydronium ions, H 3 O
+ ¿¿
 In an acid-base or neutralization reaction, an Arrhenius acid and base usually

react to form water and a salt.
The Arrhenius theory of acids and bases was originally proposed by the
Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius in 1884. He suggested classifying certain
compounds as acids or bases based on what kind of ions formed when the
compound was added to water.
An Arrhenius acid is any species that increases the concentration of H +¿¿ions—or
protons—in aqueous solution. For example, let's consider the dissociation
reaction for hydrochloric acid, HCl in water:
When we make an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl dissociates into, H

+¿¿
ions and C l−¿ ¿ ions. Since this results in an increase in the concentration of H +¿¿
ions in solution, hydrochloric acid is an Arrhenius acid.
Hydrogen or hydronium ions?

Let's say we made a 2 M aqueous solution of hydrobromic acid, HBr , which is an
Arrhenius acid. Does that mean we have 2 M of H +¿¿ ions in our solution?
Actually, no. In practice, the positively charged protons react with the surrounding
water molecules to form hydronium ions, H 3 O This reaction can be written as
+ ¿¿
follows:
+ ¿(aq)¿
H +¿ ( aq)+ H 2 O(l)→ H 3 O ¿
Even though we often write acid dissociation reactions showing the formation of H +¿ ( aq) ¿
, there are no free H +¿¿ ions floating around in an aqueous solution. Instead, there are
primarily H 3 O ions, which form immediately when an acid dissociates in water. The
+ ¿¿
following picture illustrates the formation of hydronium from water and hydrogen ions
using molecular models:
pH, pOH, and pH scale
Relating ¿
The pH for an aqueous solution is calculated from ¿ using the following equation:
pH=−log ¿
The lowercase p indicates “−lo g 10 You will often see people leave off the
base 101010 part as an abbreviation.
For example, if we have a solution with [\text{H}^+]=1 \times 10^{-5}\text{ M}

[H+]=1×10−5 Mopen bracket, start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end
superscript, close bracket, equals, 1, times, 10, start superscript, minus, 5, end
superscript, start text, space, M, end text, then we can calculate the \text{pH}pHstart
text, p, H, end text using Eq. 1a:
\text{pH}=-\log(1 \times 10^{-5})=5.0 pH=−log(1×10−5)=5.0start text, p, H, end text,
equals, minus, log, left parenthesis, 1, times, 10, start superscript, minus, 5,
end superscript, right parenthesis, equals, 5, point, 0
Given the \text{pH}pHstart text, p, H, end text of a solution, we can also
find [\text{H}^+][H+]open bracket, start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end
superscript, close bracket:
[\text H^+]=10^{-\text{pH}}\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\;\;\;\text{(Eq. 1b)} [H+]=10−pH(Eq. 1b)

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ASSIGNTMENT

1. Conjugate acid and base

ACID AND BASES

Acid – proton donor

HCO₃⁻ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ + OH⁻

Strong vs. weak acids and bases

 In an acid-base or neutralization reaction, an Arrhenius acid and base usually

When we make an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl dissociates into, H

Hydrogen or hydronium ions?

pH, pOH, and pH scale

For example, if we have a solution with [\text{H}^+]=1 \times 10^{-5}\text{ M}

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