Pathology

Cell Injury

Mechanism of cell injury

1. The Fenton reaction leads to free radical generation when Ferrous ions are
converted to ferric ions.
2. Enzyme that protects the brain from free radical injury is the Superoxide
dismutase.
3. Cells seen in chronic infection of pseudomonas are Neutrophils.
4. Cells most sensitive to hypoxia are neurons.

Necrosis
1. Coagulative necrosis is due to denaturation of proteins.
2. Coagulative necrosis is seen in gangrene.
3. Necrosis means enzymatic degradation.
4. Fat necrosis is common in breast.

Apoptosis
1. Characteristic feature of apoptosis is the intact cell membrane.
2. Mitochondria plays a pivotal role in apoptosis.
3. Bcl-2 is an anti apoptotic gene.
4. Ladder pattern of DNA electrophoresis in apoptosis is caused by the action
of endonuclease.
5. Annexin V is a marker of apoptosis.
6. In apoptosis, Apaf-1 is activated by release of Cytochrome C from the
mitochondria.
7. Isoprenoid induces apoptosis in cell.
Cell Aging
1. Increased free radical injury is associated with aging.
2. Werner disease is associated with premature ageing.

Miscellaneous
1. In cell death, myelin figures are derived from cell membrane.
2. Eosinophilia in necrosed tissue is due to coagulation of proteins.
3. Liquefactive action in necrotic tissue results in gangrene.
4. Apoptotic bodies are cell membrane bound with organelles.
5. Cytosolic cytochrome C plays an important function in Apoptosis.
6. Caspase is involved in apoptosis.
7. Brown atrophy is due to accumulation of Lipofuscin.
8. Metastatic calcification is most seen in lungs.
9. Calcification in necrotic tissue is called dystrophic calcification.
10. Dystrophic calcification is seen in atheroma.

Inflammation
Acute inflammation
1. Most characteristic features of acute inflammation are vasodilatation and
increased vascular permeability.
2. Role of P-selectin in inflammation is homing.
3. Chemotaxis in response to activation of cells result in unidirectional motion.
4. Major basic protein is formed by eosinophil.
5. NADPH oxidase helps in generating reactive 02 intermediates in neutrophils.
6. Oxidase is responsible for generating 'oxygen burst' with neutrophils for
killing intracellular bacteria.
7. In acute inflammation due to the contraction of endothelial cell
cytoskeleton, there is early transient increase in permeability.
8. Earliest transient change following tissue injury will be neutrophilia.
9. Delayed prolonged leakage is the mechanism of "late appearing sunburn".
10. Increased permeability in acute inflammation is due to Histamine.
11. Sequence of event in acute inflammation Transient vasoconstriction ->
Vasodilatation -> Increased permeability Stasis.
12. Delayed prolonged bleeding is caused by direct injury to endothelial
13. cells.
Most important for diapedesis is PECAM.
Inflammatory Mediators
1. Complement responsible for activation of bacterial lysis is C5b-9.
2. Leukotriene B4 is produced by the action of lipoxygenase on arachidonic
acid, is a potent Chemotactic factor for neutrophils and causes aggregation
and adhesion of leukocytes.
3. Mast cell is most likely to cause histamine mediated increased vascular
permeability.
4. Bradykinin is responsible for enhancing permeability for capillaries.
5. The prostaglandin derivative, not implicated in inflammation is PGE2.
6. Interleukin IL -8 is an example of a C-X-C or alpha chemokine.
7. Most effective bacterial system within phagocytes is the reactive oxygen

metabolite mediated system.

8. Secondary granules in neutrophil is lactoferrin.
9. C-C beta chemokine includes Exotoxin.
10. Acute phase reactants of inflammation are Haptoglobin.
11. IL-1 doesn't belong to interleukin-2 (IL-2) subfamily.
12. Neutrophil produce halide bactericidal product with help of Serotonin.
13. IgA activates alternate complement pathway.

Leucocyte defects
1. In leucocyte adhesion deficiency Type I, the defect is in the synthesis of
(32-integrins.

Chronic inflammation
1. The most common cause of chronic granulomatous disease is the defect in
the enzyme NADPH oxidase.
2. The epithelioid cell and multinucleated giant cells of Granulomatous
inflammation are derived from Monocytes - Macrophages.
3. Atherosclerosis is a type of chronic inflammation.
4. Macrophages are converted into epithelioid cells by IFNy.
5. Epithelioid granulomas are caused by Helper T cells.
6. Delayed prolonged bleeding is mediated by Interleukin.
 7. IFN-gamma activates macrophages.
8. Prostacyclin is produced by vascular endothelium.
9. Complement responsible for activation of bacterial lysis is C5-9.
10. Both antibody dependent and independent complement pathway
converge on complement component C5.
11. Most effective bactericidal system within phagocytes is reactive oxygen
metabolite mediated.
12. Characteristic of protective epithelium is regeneration of membrane.
13. Touton giant cells are seen in Xanthomas.
14. Highest concentration of hydroxyproline is seen in collagen.

Regeneration and Repair

1. Wound contraction is mediated by myofibroblast.

2. Fibroblast is derived from the local mesenchyme.
3. Complete restoration of tensile strength of the wound comparable to
normal tissue takes as long as six months.
4. In wound injury sequence of appearance of cells is Platelet --------------------
Neutrophils — Macrophage—-fibroblast.
5. Maximum collagen in wound healing is seen at the end of second week.
6. During angiogenesis recruitment of pericytes and per endothelial cells is
due to angiopoietins , TGF & PDGF.

Growth Factors
1. Basic fibroblast is a growth factor that is capable of inducing all the steps
necessary for angiogenesis.
2. Acid phosphatase is specific to Monocyte cells.

Structural Proteins
1. Basement membrane degeneration is mediated by metalloproteinases.
2. Articular cartilage is made up of Type II collagen.
3. Collagen most abundant in Hyaline cartilage is Type II.
4. The most abundant glycoprotein present in basement membrane is Laminin.
 Genetics
1. Sickle cell anemia is due to point mutation.
2. Single gene disorder which does not follow mendelian inheritance is the
Fragile X-syndrome.
3. In-situ DNA nick end labeling can quantitate fraction of cells in apoptotic
pathways.
4. The approximate number of genes contained in the human genome is 30,
000.
5. Y-chromosome is acrocentric.
6. Loss of heterozygosity means loss of normal allele in mutant gene.
7. NK cell is a large granular lymphocyte.
8. CD8 is CD marker of cytotoxic cells.
9. Cells involved in humoral immunity is B-cells.
10. Macrophages are converted to epithelioid cells by IFN-r.
11. Phagocytosis is the function of microglia.
12. MALT is most commonly present in Ileum.
13. The primary location of Toll like Receptors is plasma membrane.
14. Natural killer cells attack cells which are not able to express MHC1.
15. Toll like receptors recognize bacterial products & stimulate immune
response by transcriptions of nuclear factor mediated by NFK 3 which
recruits cytokines.

Single gene disorder with Mendelian inheritance

1. Gaucher's disease is due to accumulation of glucocerebroside.
2. Splenic macrophages in Gaucher's disease differ from those in ceroid
histiocytosis by staining positive for lipids.
3. A defect in the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) shows Autosomal
recessive.
4. Inheritance of X-linked recessive trait is that the 50% of boys of carrier
mothers are affected.
5. Males are more commonly affected than females in X - linked recessive.
6. Reverse cholesterol transport is mediated by HDL.
7. Tc don xanthomas are seen in Familial hyper cholesterolemia.
8. In Marfan's syndrome, aortic aneurysm occurs in ascending aorta.
9. The chances of having an unaffected baby, when both parents have
achondroplasia is 25%.
10. Inheritance pattern of ABO blood group system is codominance.
11. Accumulation of cerebral gangliosides occurs due to deficiency of 3
galactosidase.
12. Enzyme deficiency in Hunter disease is Iduronate sulfatase.
13. In Xeroderma pigmentosum, defect is in Nucleotide Excision Repair.

Single gene disorder with Non Mendelian inheritance

1. Pre mutation is seen in Trinucleotide repeat mutation.
2. Anticipation is seen in Trinucleotide-repeat expansion.
3. True about genomic imprinting different expression of gene depending on
parent of origin.
4. Maternal disomy of chromosome 15 is seen in Prader -Willi syndrome.
5. G-6-PD deficiency is X-linked recessive.
6. Marfan syndrome has autosomal inheritance.
7. Gene involved in RETT syndrome is MECP2.
8. Type of inheritance in tuberous sclerosis autosomal dominance.
9. Autosomal dominant inheritance is seen in Hereditary spherocytosis.
10. Hemophilia is associated with X chromosome.
11. Genomic imprinting is seen is Prader-Willi syndrome.
12. Angelman syndrome is due to uniparental disomy.
13. Paternal 15 chromosome deletion is seen in Prader-Willi syndrome.

Chromosomal disorders
1. Commonest chromosomal syndrome is Trisomy 21.
2. Coarctation of aorta is common in Turner's Syndrome.
3. Klinefelter's syndrome is characterized by subnormal intelligence.
4. Streak gonads are seen in Turner's syndrome.
5. Chromosome 22 deletion syndrome is Di George syndrome
6. Patau's syndrome is due to Trisomy 13
7. Edwards syndrome is Trisomy 18
8. Number of chromosomes in Turner syndrome is 45
9. Known gene loci can be diagnosed by Fish
10. Resolution of light microscope of viewing chromosome is 5 mb
 11. Real time polymerase chain reaction is done for monitoring amplification
of target nucleic acid
12. Karyotyping is done during metaphase
13. Microarray is the study of multiple genes
14. Karyotyping is useful in diagnosis of X-linked recessive disorders
15. In- situ DNA nick end labeling can quantitate fraction of cells in apoptotic
can quantitate

Miscellaneous
1. Gene instability associated with malignancy is seen in Ataxia telangiectasia.
2. Single gene disorder which does not follow mendelian inheritance is Fragile
X syndrome.
3. Genomic imprinting Differential expression of gene depending on parent of
origin.
4. G-banding is a routine technique for karyotyping using light microscopy.
5. Down syndrome is most commonly caused by Maternal nondisjunction.
6. Superotemporal ental subluxation is seen in Marfan's Syndrome.
7. Feulgen reaction is a cytochemical test for DNA.
8. Multifactorial inheritance is known as Cardiac septal defect.

Neoplasia
Introduction to Neoplasia
1. Vascular invasion helps in differentiation of follicular carcinoma from
follicular adenoma of thyroid gland.
2. Small cell carcinoma lung most frequently metastasizes to brain.
3. A simple bacterial test for mutagenic carcinogen is Ames test.
4. In colon cancer, the overall survival is increased by screening procedure.
5. Differentiating point between invasive carcinoma and carcinoma is situ is
the penetration of basement membrane.
6. Factor responsible for high intrinsic resistance to conventional therapies in
cancer stem cells is MDR l(Multiple drug resistance-1).
7. Hamartoma is development malformation.
Molecular Basis of Cancer
1. Lynch syndrome is associated with cancers of the colon, endometrium and
ovary.
2. The most radiosensitive cells are the lymphocytes.
3. An example of a tumour suppressor gene is Rb gene.
4. p53 is known as the "guardian of the genome'.
5. Xeroderma pigmentosum Is caused due to a group of closely related
abnormalities in Nucleotide excision repair (NER).
6. Philadelphia chromosome occurs due to reciprocal translocation of 9 and
22 chromosomes.
7. In the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway, the activation of RAS is
counteracted by GTP ase activating protein.
8. Breast carcinomas is familial.
9. The most common Inherited malignancy is Retinoblastoma.
10. Mutations of BRCA-1& BRCA-2 are seen in 3% of breast cancers.
11. Cancers are usually associated with loss of heterozygosity.
12. BRAF mutation is seen in Melanoma.
13. Most common translocation in Ewing's sarcoma is t-(11.22).
14. BRCA-1 gene is located at chromosome 17q21.

Cell cycle Regulator

1. During S phase of the cell cycle the cellular content of DNA is doubled S
phase.
2. Cells are most radiosensitive in M - phase.
3. The tumor suppressor gene P53 Induces cell cycle arrest at Gl-S phase.
4. Transition from G2 to M phase of the cell cycle is controlled by Cyclin B.
5. Retinoblastoma gene regulates Gl-S phase.
6. Cyclin dependent proteins are CDK -4.
7. Cells are most radio-resistant in S phase.

Tumor Growth & Dissemination.

1. CXCR4 receptors play an important role in metastasis of breast cancer
Carcinogenic Agents.
1. Post transplant lymphoma is caused by EBV.
2. LMP-1 gene plays a role in oncogenesis induced by Epstein Barr virus.
3. Least affected by radiation is the cartilage.
4. Kaposi sarcoma is seen with HHV-8.

Paraneoplastic Syndrome
1. Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis is seen in carcinoma Pancrease

Tumor Markers
1. Tumour positive for cytokeratin is likely to be a carcinoma.
2. A testicular tumor marker is Alpha-fetoprotein.
3. In Hepatocellular carcinoma, alpha fetoprotein ismaximallyelevated.
4. Gastrin is a biochemicalmarker in Pancreaticneuroendocrine tumor
5. In Ovariandysgerminomathere is a normal level of alpha fetoproteinvalue
in serum.
6. Serumfetoproteinlevel is elevated in Endodermal cell tumour.
7. Alpha fetoprotein is Increased in Embryonal cell carcinoma.
8. CA-125 is specificallyassociated with Ovarian carcinoma.
9. Specificmarker for prostaticcancer is Alkalinephosphatase.

Miscellaneous
1. Whenstemcellstransforms to formcellscharacterstic of othertissues, the
process is calledtrans-differentiation.
2. Centrosomeduplication takes place in S phase.
3. Viruscausinghemopoietic tumor is EBV, HTLV-1, HHV-8..
4. SYT - SSX1 gene is associated with synovial sarcoma.
5. Philadelphia chromosome is an example of Balancedtranslocation.
6. Increasedsusceptibility to breastcancer is likely to be associated with a
mutation in P53.
7. Keratin is a tumor marker for carcinoma cervix.
8. Tumourmarker for a highly vascular tumour is keratin.
 Immunopathology
T-LYMPHOCYTE
1. Cell type which lacks HLA antigen is RBC.
2. HLA antigen locus is on short arm of chromosome 6.
3. Toll like receptors, recognize bacterial products and stimulates immune
response by the transcriptions of nuclear factor mediated by NFKb which
recruits cytokines.
4. Nitroblue tetrazolium test is used for Phagocytes.
5. Type 1 MHC presents peptide antigen to T cell, so that peptide binding site
is formed by the distal domain alfa 1 and 2.
6. Memory T cells can be identified by using CD45RO marker.
7. Most potent stimulator of naive T cell is Mature dendritic cell.
8. Interleukin IL-8 is an example of a C-X-C or alpha Chemokine.
9. MHC class III genes encode Tumor necrosis factor.

Hypersensitivity Reactions
1. Epithelial granuloma is caused by Helper T-cells.
2. Granulomatous reaction is an example of Type IV hypersensitivity.
3. Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction is seen in myasthenia gravis.
4. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is classically an Immune complex mediated
hypersensitivity.
5. Necrotizing vasculitis is mediated through complement activation.
6. Type V hypersensitivity reaction is a subtype of Type- II.
7. Most important mediator of late phase of immediate type of
hypersensitivity reaction is Major basic protein.
8. Atopy is type I Hypersensitivity Reaction.
9. Immune complex mediated reaction is Type-lll hypersensitivity reaction
10. Transfusion reaction and erythroblastosis fetalis are Type-ll hypersensitivity
reactions.
11. Type 2 Lepra reaction is an example of type III hypersensitivity reaction
12. LATS is a IgG Ab.
Amyloidosis
1. Lardaceous spleen is due to deposition of amyloid in sinusoids of red pulp
2. Amyloidosis is found in Medullary carcinoma thyroid.
3. Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy is caused by mutation of the
Transthyretin protein.
4. Senile cardiac amyloidosis associated protein is Transthyretin.
5. Secondary amyloidosis is associated with AA.
6. The best investigation for the diagnosis of amyloidosis is Rectal biopsy.
7. In amyloidosis Beta pleated sheet will be seen in X-ray crystallography.
8. Most common site of biopsy in amyloidosis is kidney.
9. Medullary thyroid carcinoma is associated with calcitonin amyloid
deposition.
10. Gingival biopsy is used for diagnosis of Amyloidosis.
11. Major fibril protein in primary amyloidosis is AL.
12. Amyloid deposition in patients with long term hemodialysis usually takes
place in Carpal tunnel.

Transplant rejection
1. Preexisting antibodies in case of renal transplantation will lead to
Hyperacute rejection.
2. Graft survival in the initial 48 hours depends on the ingrowth of capillaries.
3. Transfer of the graft of different species are called as Xenograft.
4. Neo intimal hyperplasia causes vascular graft failure as a result of
hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells.
5. HLA-I is present on all nucleated cell.
6. Allograft rejection is an example of GVHD.

SLE
1. Speckled pattern is seen in Anti Sm antibody.
2. The most specific antibody for SLE is Anti Sm.
3. Wire loop thickening of glomerular basement membrane is seen in SLE.
4. kidney is spared in CREST syndrome.
5. In the past, the Kveim skin test was used to assist in the diagnosis of
Sarcoidosis.
6. Autoimmunity in EBV infection is the result of Polyclonal B cell activation.
7. Necrotizing lymphadenitis is seen in Kikuchi Fujimoto disease.
8. LE cell phenomenon is seen in neutrophil.
9. Most sensitive test for screening of "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus" (SLE) is
Anti nuclear factor (ANF).
10. Anti Ul-RNP Ab is associated with mixed connective tissue disease.
11. Band test is done in SLE.
12. Most common type of lumps nephritis is Diffuse Proliferative Nephritis.
13. Antinuclear antibody specific for SLE is Anti ds DNA.
14. HLA associated with psoriasis is HLA -CW6.
15. Drug induced lupus antibodies are Anti-Rho.
16. HLA marker of Behcet's syndrome is HLA -B51.
17. HLA associated with rheumatoid arthritis is HLA -DR4.
18. Thromboangiitis obliterans is associated with HLA-B5.
19. Anti-Ro& Anti-LA in mother with SLE is responsible for congenital heart
disease in Child.

Immunodeficiency syndromes
1. AIDS affects selectively by CD4 T cells.
2. Tumor that does not occur with increased frequency in AIDS is Astrocytoma.
3. The commonest primary immunodeficiency is Isolated IgA immune-
deficiency.
4. Developmental failure of pharyngeal pouches 3 and 4 is DiGeorge's
syndrome.
5. Recurrent bacteria infection in an 8 month child is suggestive of X-linked
agammaglobulinemia of Bruton.
6. Adenosine deaminase deficiency is seen in Severe Combined
Immunodeficiency.
7. Most common site for lymphoma in AIDS patients is CNS.
8. HIV was discovered in the year 1983.
9. HIV affects Helper T-cells.
10. Most common HIV subtype in India is HIV-1M.
11. Rapid progression of disease with full blown manifestation in AIDS occurs
when CD4 cell count falls below 200/UL.
Miscellaneous
1. Following injections of lymphokines, the same class of immunoglobulin are
produced. This is referred to as Clonal selection.
2. Natural killer cells attack cells which are not able to express MHC 1.
3. Toll like receptors, recognize bacterial products and stimulates immune
response by transcriptions of nuclear factor mediated by NF-kappa beta
which recruits cytokines.
4. Necrotizing arteriolitis with fibrinoid necrosis is antigen-antibody complex
mediated.
5. Most important antigen initiating graft rejection is HLA-Antigen.

Hematology

Anemia
1. Thalassemia is associated with Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia.
2. Elevated serum ferritin, serum iron and percent transferrin saturation are
most consistent with the diagnosis of Hemochromatosis.
3. Spherocytes are seen in Autoimmune hemolysis.
4. Fragmented RBCs are seen in HUS.
5. Howell-Jolly bodies are seen in Post splenectomy.
6. Hb level at birth is 20 gm%.
7. Diastolic murmur is not a feature of anemia.
8. Most common cause of splenic rupture is Malaria.
9. Supravital staining is used for Reticulocytes.
10. Common site of hematopoiesis in fetus is the liver.
11. Which of the following indicates hemolysis : Schistocytes.
12. The stain used for the demonstration of reticulocyte is Brilliant cresyl blue.
13. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is zero in Afibrinogenemia.
14. In win robe's method for ESR , anti coagulant used is Double oxalate.
15. ESR is raised in Acute myocardial infarction.
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)
1. Increased TIBC, decreased serum ferritin is diagnostic of iron deficiency
anemia.
2. The earliest sign of iron deficiency anaemia is decrease in serum ferritin
level.
3. Bone marrow iron is decreased earlier than serum iron in iron deficiency
anemia.
4. Most sensitive and specific test for diagnosis of iron deficiency is Serum
ferritin levels.
5. Response to iron in iron deficiency anemia is denoted by Reticulocytosis.

Macrocytic anemia
1. Megaloblastic anemia in blind loop syndrome is due to bacterial
overgrowth.
2. Type of anaemia caused by lleocaecal TB is Megaloblastic Anaemia.
3. Deficiency of the 'intrinsic factor of Castle' causes Pernicious anemia.
4. Hypokalemia can occur in the treatment of Pernicious anemia.
5. Megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency is commonly due to
inadequate dietary intake.
6. Megaloblastic anemia should be treated with both folic acid vitamin B12
because Folic acid alone causes improvement of hematologic symptoms
but worsening of neurological symptoms.
7. Thiamine deficiency lead to lactic acidosis.

Aplastic anemia
1. Pancytopenia with cellular marrow is seen in PNH G6PD Deficiency.

Anaemia of Chronic Diseases.

1. Seen in chronic inflammatory anemia is decreased Serum iron, increased
S. ferritin and decreased transferrin saturation.
2. Transferrin saturation is Serum iron / TIBC X 100.
Sideroblastic anemias
1. Sideroblastic anemia is seen in hypothyroidism.
2. Sideroblastic anemia is cause by INH.
3. Treatment of sideroblastic anemia is Pyridoxine.
4. Pearson syndrome is characterized by congenital sideroblastic anemia.
5. Ringed sideroblasts are seen in Myelodysplastic syndrome.

Hemolytic Anemia
1. Cold hemolysis is associated with Donath Landsteiner antibodies.
2. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is seen in CLL.
3. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is associated with malignancy of which
lineage B cell.
4. Spur cell anemia is seen in Alcoholic liver disease.

Hereditary Spherocytosis
1. Osmotic fragility is increased in Hereditary spherocytosis.
2. Decreased osmotic fragility is seen in Sickle cell diseases.
3. Aplastic anemia in hereditary spherocytosis precipitated by Parvo virus.
4. Splenectomy is most useful in Hereditary spherocytosis.

Miscellaneous
1. A stem cell disorder affecting all the three cell line platelets, RBCs and
leucocytes is Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinemia
2. PNH is associated with GPI.
3. Chronic Hemolysis from Hereditary spherocytosis may be associated with
iron deficiency.
4. HAM test is based upon GPI Anchor Proteins.
5. Most common cause of death in PNH : venous thrombosis.
6. Treatment of PNH is Eculizumab.

Sickle Cell Anemia

1. The primary defect which leads to sickle cell anemia is substitution of valine
by glutamate in the A chain of HbA.
2. Commonest acute presentation of sickle cell anaemia is bone pain.
3. Crew haircut appearance in X-rays skull and Gandy gamma bodies are seen
in Hodgkin's lymphoma.
4. Sickle cell trait is protective against Hepatitis B.

Thalassemia
1. In Beta thalassemia, there is decrease in beta chain and increase in alpha
chain.
2. The most common mutations in Beta thalassemia involves lntron-1.
3. HbH is characterized by deletion of three alpha chain genes.
4. In Alpha thalassemia, there is deletion of alpha genes.
5. Diagnosis of beta Thalassemia is best established by Hb electrophoresis.
6. NESTROFT is used as a screening test in Beta thalassemia.
7. Hair on end appearance in X-rays skull is seen in Thalassemia.
8. In Thalassemia, there is ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis.

66PD deficiency
1. Hemolysis in G6PD may be caused by Primaquine, Chloroquine, Quinine.
2. Causes hemolysis in G6PD deficiency are Salicylates, Primaquine,
Nitrofurantoin.

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT)

1. Herpes simplex is the earliest infection to occur in BMT.
2. After BMT interstitial pneumonitis occurs at seven week.

Porphyria
1. Hepatitis C is associated with Porphyria Cutanea tarda.
2. Hepatoma is associated with Porphyria Cutanea tarda.

Myeloproliferative Disorders & PCV

1. Gaisbock syndrome occurs in dehydration.
2. Arterial oxygen tension <90% on room air can differentiate primary
polycythemia from secondary polycythemia.
3. Least chances of splenomegaly occur with Primary thrombocytosis.
4. Peripheral smear with increased neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils,
 and platelets is highly suggestive of Chronic myelogenous leukemia.
5. Size of splenomegaly indicates prognosis in CML.
6. Drug of choice for chronic myeloid Leukemia (CML) is Imatinib.
7. Best Rx for CML is Allogenic BMT.
8. Hemoglobin F is raised in Juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia.
9. In PCV Oxygen saturation is more than 90% & Serum erythropoietin is
reduced.
10. In PCV there is increase in Vitamin B12 level.
11. Priapism is seen in Spanish fly.
12. BCR-ABL fusion gene is detected by Fish.
13. Pseudo- Pelger-Huet cells are seen in Multiple myeloma.

Hairy cell leukemia

1. 'Hairy cell leukemia1 is a Neoplastic proliferation of B cells.
2. Treatment of choice in hairy cell leukemia is Cladribine.
3. Abscopal effect is related to spleen.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

1. Rituximab is used for the treatment of CLL.

Myeiodyspiastic Syndrome (MDS)

1. Ring sideroblasts are characteristically seen in MDS.

Multiple myeloma
1. Bence Jones protein mostly derived from which Gamma chains.
2. Commonest site of lytic lesion, in multiple myeloma is the vertebral column.
3. Russell bodies is seen in Multiple Myeloma.
4. Russell body is found in the plasma cells.
5. Maximum ESR is seen in Multiple myeloma.
6. Franklin's disease is associated with Gamma heavy chain disease.
7. Proliferation and survival of myeloma cells are dependent on IL-6.
Lymphoma.
1. Cells characteristic of Hodgkin's disease are Reed-Sternberg cells.
2. The lymphocytic and Histiocytic variant of Reed Sternberg cell is seen in
Lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's disease.
3. Hodgkin's lymphoma of the nodular subtype is associated with Lacunar
cells.
4. Most common type of Hodgkin's lymphoma in India is Mixed cellularity.
5. Best prognostic type of Hodgkin's lymphoma is Lymphocytic predominant
6. Classical markers for Hodgkin's disease are CD 15 and CD 30.
7. The paraneoplastic syndrome associated with Hodgkin's disease is the
Cerebellar degenerative disease.
8. Radiotherapy is best in Hodgkin stage IA.
9. Treatment of choice in Hodgkin's Lymphoma is ABVD.
10. Necrotizing lymphadenitis is seen in Kikuchi disease.
11. Popcorn cells is seen in Nodular Sclerosis type of Hodgkins lymphoma.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
1. The classification proposed by the International Lymphoma Study Group for
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is known as REAL classification.
2. Most malignant form of NHL is Burkitt lymphoma.
3. In Burkitt's lymphoma, translocation seen is 8 -14 translocation
4. Burkitt's is associated with infection by EBV.
5. MALToma is positive for CD43.
6. Lethal midline granuloma is NK/T cell lymphoma.
7. Most common ocular lymphoma is B-cell NHL.
8. Cyclin- D & IGH fusion gene is associated with Mantle cell lymphoma.
9. Commonest site for extranodal lymphoma is stomach.
10. BCL-2, when mutated, protects tumor cells from Apoptosis.
11. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia almost never develops after radiation.
12. Starry sky appearance is seen in Burkitt's lymphoma.
13. Histological presence of "HALLMARLK CELLS " with horse shoe-like or
embryoid like nuclei and voluminous cytoplasm are seen in anaplastic large
cell lymphoma.
14. Over- expression of BCL-2 proteins occurs in Follicular lymphoma.
15. "Smudge cells " in the peripheral smear are characteristic of Chronic
lymphocytic leukemia.
16. t(2;8) is characteristically seen with Burkitt's lymphoma.
17. CD marker specific for myeloid series is CD117.
18. Periodic acid Schiff stain shows block positivity in Lymphoblasts.

Acute Leukemia
1. The marker for B lymphocyte is CD 19
2. Marker specific for myeloid lineage is MPO
3. CD3 is a pan-T lymphocyte marker
4. Memory T cells can be identified by using the following Marker is CD45RO
5. The most common type of ALL is Pre B cell ALL
6. L-asparaginase is particularly used in ALL
7. Treatment of choice in intracranial ALL is Intrathecal methotrexate
8. In ALL, Methotrexate is administered for CNS prophylaxis
9. Poor prognostic factors for ALL are t(9;22) t(4;ll)
10. Age < 2 yrs has poor prognosis in ALL
11. Marker for granulocytic Sarcoma is CD117

Acute Myeloid Leukemias

1. Poor prognosis in AML is indicated by Monosomy 7
2. Arsenic is used in treatment of Acute promyelocytic leukemia
3. Auer rods are seen in AML
4. Most common childhood malignancy is ALL
5. AML causing Gum hypertrophy is M4
6. DIC is common in Promyelocytic (M3), AML

Bleeding disorder
1. Converging point of both pathway in coagulation is at Stuart factor X.
2. Factor VII deficiency may present with isolated prolongation of prothrombin
time (PT).
3. P.T. is increased in Vit. K deficiency.
Platelet Disorders
1. Normal platelet counts and prolonged Bleeding Time are the findings in
functional defect in platelets.
2. The presence of small sized platelets on the peripheral smear is
characteristic of Wiskott Aldrich syndrome.
3. Thrombocytopenia is not seen in H.S. purpura.
4. In ITPBT increase and CT is normal.

HUS & TTP

1. Cause of fragmented RBC in peripheral blood are Microangiopathic
hemolytic anemia, DIC, Malignant hypertension.
2. The differential diagnosis of micro-angiopathic anemia includes are Sepsis,
Hemolytic uremic, syndrome, Eclampsia, Scleroderma.
3. Microangiopathic Hemolytic anemia is seen in TTP, Microscopic polyangiitis,
Anti-phospholipid syndrome.
4. Feature which are seen in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura are Fever,
Hemolysis, Low platelets count.
5. Statements are true about Hemolytic uremic syndrome are Uremia, Fever,
Thrombocytopenia.
6. Shigella associated hemolytic uremic syndrome is associated with
Hyperkalemia, thrombocytopenia, Renal micro thrombi.
7. An adolescent female presents with palpable purpura. Her hemogram
suggested only anemia. Diagnosis is HSP.

Hemophilia
1. False about Von Willebrand's disease is :. PT increases
2. Best assay for deficiency of von Willebrand factor is BT + APTT + vWF
ristocetin factor assay.
3. The commonest mode of inheritance of Von Willebrand's disease is
Autosomal dominance.
4. Bleeding time may be used to differentiate hemophilia A from von
Willebrand disease.
5. In a case of hemophilia, spontaneous bleeding occurs when factor VIII level
is below 1% .
6. Early solubilization of clot is a feature of factor XIII deficiency.
7. Laki Lorand factor is FACTOR XIII.
8. Plasmin is responsible for degradation of fibrin.
9. Hemophilia B is due to deficiency of Factor-IX.
10. Factor Xa is a necessary for conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in both
extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
11. Isolated rise in APTT is seen in Von Willebrand's disease.

DIC
1. Causes of DIC include Leukemia, massive transfusion and Abruptio
placentae.
2. Causes of DIC include Lymphoma, Leukemia and Adenocarcinoma in
prostate.
3. DIC is commonly seen in M3 AML.
4. Increased FDP, decreased PT and increased antithrombin III are the findings
seen in DIC.
5. Clot retraction time is normal in DIC.

Hypercoagulable States
1. Predisposing factor for arterial thrombosis is Protein S deficiency.
2. Hypercoagulability due to defective factor V gene is called Leiden mutation.
3. Most common inherited thrombotic disorder is Factor V Leiden mutation.

Blood Transfusion
1. Blood components products are the platelets.
2. MC blood transfusion reaction is Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction.
3. Complement mediated Hemolysis is seen in Acute Hemolytic Blood
Transfusion Reactions.

Liver & Gall Bladder

1. Function of hepatic stellate cells is Vitamin A storage.

2. Bile njugation occurs in liver.
3. Centrilobular necrosis of liver may be seen with CC14.
4. Nutmeg liver is seen in CVC.
Jaundice
1. Grossly pigmented liver is seen in Dubin-Johnson Syndrome.
2. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is seen in Gilbert's syndrome.
3. Gilbert's syndrome is characterized by normal LFT.
4. Melanin like pigment is found in liver in Dublin's-Johnson syndrome.

Hepatitis
1. Piecemeal necrosis on liver biopsy is characteristic of Chronic active
hepatitis.
2. Large giant cells are found in neonatal hepatitis.
3. Councilman bodies are seen in Acute viral hepatitis.
4.
In Chronic Viral Hepatitis grading refers to the extent of necrosis and
inflammation.
5.
6. HBV DNA polymerase is encoded by P gene.
7. Gene responsible for mutation of HBV is X gene.
8. Hepatitis virus that causes chronic liver disease is Hepatitis C.
9. Ground glass hepatocyte is seen in which hepatitis is Hepatitis B.
Micro vesicular fatty change in hepatocytes is seen due to infection
10. Hepatitis D.
Histopathology of chronic hepatitis shows bridging fibrosis Liver & Gall
Bladder.

Cirrhosis
1. Macronodular cirrhosis occurs in Postnecrotic cirrhosis.
2. Lipoprotein-X is elevated in Primary biliary cirrhosis.
3. Macronodular cirrhosis refers to nodule diameter greater than 3 mm.

Alcoholic Liver Disease

1. Mallory bodies are composed of intermediate filaments.
2. In Alcoholic liver disease, which of the following pigments is deposited in
the hepatocytes is hemosiderin.
3. The sign of reversible injury in a case of alcoholic liver disease is
cytoplasmic vacuole.
Metabolic Disease of Liver
1. "Kayser-Fleischer ring" is seen in Wilson's disease.
2. Liver in hemochromatosis is stained by Peris iron stain.
3. PAS-positive, diastase-resistant globules in hepatocytes are seen in Alpha 1
antitrypsin deficiency.
4. Hemochromatosis is a defect in metabolism of Iron.
5. Gene for Wilson's disease is located on chromosome 13.
6. Wilson's disease is characterized by increased copper in liver.
7. Type of inheritance in Wilson's disease is autosomal recessive.
8. ATP7B gene is present on chromosome 13.
9. Gene for Wilson disease is ATP 7B.
10. Most common gene responsible for hereditary hemochromatosis is HFE
gene.

Drug Induced Toxicity

1. Intake of steroids causes vascular lesions in liver.

Intra Hepatic Biliary Diseases

1. Most common site of Cholangiocarcinoma is the Hilum.
2. Klatskin tumor is the Nodular type of cholangiocarcinoma.

Circulatory Disorders
1. Commonest cause of Budd-Chiari syndrome is thrombosis of hepatic veins.
2. Nutmeg liver is a feature of Chronic venous congestion.

Tumors
1. Vinyl chloride has been implicated in Angiosarcoma of liver.
2. Hepatocellular CA is most frequently associated with Alcoholic cirrhosis
3. Fibrolamellar carcinoma of liver has better prognosis.
4. Commonest benign tumor of liver is Hemangioma.
5. Hepntocellular Ca is associated with liver cirrhosis.
6. Ulcerative colitis is a risk factor for Cholangiocarcinoma.
7. Thorium dioxide causes Angiosarcoma.
Miscellaneous
1. Nutmeg liver is seen in right sided heart failure.
2. Centrizonal necrosis of liver occurs with carbon tetrachloride toxicity.
3. Piece meal necrosis on liver biopsy is a feature of chronic active hepatitis.
4. Mallory bodies contain cytokeratin.
5. Definite markers for Hepatoblastoma is alpha fetoprotein.
6. Klatskin's tumor is nodular type of cholangiocarcinoma.
7. Sclerosing cholangitis is associated with ulcerative colitis.
8. Onion skin fibrosis of bile duct is seen in primary sclerosing cholangitis.
9. Gall stones in hemolytic anemia are pigment stones.

CVS

General Aspects of CVS

1. Increased hydrostatic pressure best describes the pathophysiology involved
in the production of pulmonary edema in patients with CHF

Atherosclerosis & IHD

1. The earliest manifestation in the fatty streak of Atherosclerosis is collection
of macrophages and foam cells.
2. Atheromatous changes of blood vessels affects early in the heart.
3. Medial calcification is seen in Monckeberg's sclerosis.
4. Infective agent causing atherosclerosis is H. influenza.
5. The cells seen after 14 hours in the infarcted area in Ml are Neutrophils.
6. Irreversible injury in myocardium occurs at 30 minutes.
7. Earliest histological change in Ml is waviness of fibers.
8. First enzyme to be raised in Ml is Myoglobin.
9. Most common LDH Isoform found in heart is LDH 1.
10. Nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar are the sets of components of cigarette
smoke causing coronary artery disease.
11. They type of necrosis in myocardial infarction is coagulative necrosis.
Myocardial Infarction
1. Light microscopic examination in an early Ml is most likely to reveal
coagulative necrosis of the myocytes with presence of granulation tissue.
2. The dangerous complication in the second week of massive myocardial
infarction is the rupture of the heart.
3. Nephrotic syndrome increases the susceptibility to coronary artery disease.
4. Dressler's syndrome is an autoimmune disease.
5. The cells seen after 72 hours in the infarcted area in Ml are are
macrophages.
6. Most common site of artery in atheroscleroses is the Left Anterior
Dccending Coronary Artery.

Hypertensive Heart Disease

1. Pathological changes seen in malignant hypertension are termed as
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis.
2. Hyaline arteriosclerosis is the commonest histological finding in benign
hypertension.
3. Accelerated phase of hypertension is characterized microscopically by
fibrinoid necrosis of arteriolar wall.
4. Onion peeling of renal vessels is seen in malignant hypertension.
5. Hyperplastic arteriolitis with necrotizing arteriolitis is seen in malignant
hypertension.

Valvular Heart Disease

1. Presence of an anticardiolipin antibody is the basic abnormality that
produces SLE cardiac vegetations.
2. Stenosis of the mitral valve is a frequent consequence of chronic rheumatic
fever.
3. Aschoff cells are monocytes.
4. Characteristic pattern of rheumatic fever is pancarditis.
5. Infective endocarditis in drug abuse commonly affects the tricuspid valve.
6. Valve pocket vegetations are seen in Libman Sachs' endocarditis.
7. Aschoff nodules are seen in Rheumatic fever.
8. The mechanism of the development of Acute Rheumatic Fever is the Cross
reactivity with exogenous antigen.
9. Cardiac involvement in carcinoid syndrome is characterized, by intimal
fibrosis of right ventricle, tricuspid and pulmonary valve.
10. Vegetations on under surface of cusps are found in Libman-Sacks
endocarditis.
11. Rheumatoid factor is IgM directed against IgG.
12. Migrating polyarthritis is the most common symptom of acute rheumatic
fever.
13. Anitschkow cells are found in Rheumatic myocarditis.
14. Libman sack endocarditis has vegetation on either or both side of the
valves.

Myocardial Disease
1. The familial form of the abnormality seen in HOCM is due to an autosomal
dominant disorder associated with an abnormal a-myosin gene.

Vasculitis
1. The most likely to be present in a patient's serum suffering from PAN is
Hepatitis B antigen.
2. Histologic abnormalities most likely to be seen in a lung biopsy suffering
from Wegner's disease are large, serpiginous necrosis with peripheral and
palisading macrophages.
3. Thromboangiitis obliterans, arteries, nerves and veins are involved.
4. Thrombosis with microabscesses in a histological finding of blood vessel
would be most consistent with a diagnosis of Buerger's disease.
5. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis is seen in Systemic lupus erythematosus
6. ANCA is associated with Wegener's granulomatosis.
7.
Hypersensitivity vasculitis most commonly involves Post-capillary venules.
8.
Polyarteritis nodosa can occur in association with hypertension.

Aneurysms
1. Most common cause of aortic aneurysm is atherosclerosis.
2. Dissection of the Splenic artery is common in pregnancy.
3. The most likely change to be the first visible gross evidence for the
formation of an atheroma is the Thrombus.
 Vascular tumor
1. Pathological feature of pyogenic granuloma is the capillary hemangioma.
2. Most common site of Angiosarcoma is Liver.
3. CD marker of Angiosarcoma is CD 31.

Miscellaneous
1. Infective agent causing atherosclerosis is C pneumonia.
2. Most common cause of abdominal aneurysm is atherosclerosis.
3. Classic PAN is associated with vasculitis of medium size vessels.
4. Creatine kinase is elevated in Ml after 2-4 hrs.
5. Cross reactivity with endogenous antigen is the mechanism of acute
rheumatic fever.
6. Suppurative pericarditis is not a complication of Infective endocarditis
7. Large warty vegetations are characteristic of SABE.
8. Alcohol causes Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
9. Tigered effect in myocardium is seen in fat deposition.
10. Monckeberg's sclerosis involves media of the blood vessels.
11. Metastasis to heart are mostly from the breast.
12. Commonest complication of prosthetic valve is embolism.
13. The substance that accumulates in cardiac myxoma is
mucopolysaccharide.
14. Commonest complication of infective endocarditis is Myocardial abscess.

The Lungs

1. Granulomatous angiitis most commonly involves the lungs.

2. Surfactants is secreted by type II Pneumocyte.
3. The percentage of pulmonary emboli, that proceed to infraction, is
approximately 5-15%.
4. B/L Exudative pleural effusion seen in SLE.
5. Commonest mass in the middle mediastinum is the Lymph node mass.
6. Maximum smooth muscle relative to wall thickness is seen in Terminal
bronchiole.
7. Most common type of foregut cysts are bronchogenic cysts.
8. Blood supply of bronchogenic sequestration is Aorta.
9. Collapse of lung is called Atelectasis.
10. Hamartomatous lung tissue is the congenital cystic adenomatoid
malformation.

Infection
1. Lung abscess is common following Streptococcal pneumonia.
2. Infraclavicular lesion of tuberculosis is known as Ashman's focus.
3. Accumulation of fibrin is a finding.
4. Heart Failure cells are pigmented alveolar macrophages.
5. Terminal stage of pneumonia is resolution.
6. ARDS is due to defect in Typel Pneumocyte.
7. In Hyaline Membrane Disease the pathology in the lung consists of Fibrin.
8. Miliary TB is post primary.

Obstructive Lung Diseases

1. Commonest type of emphysema (histologically) is the irregular emphysema.
2. Bronchiectasis is most common in Left lower lobe.
3. Most common type of emphysema clinically is Panacinar.
4. Creola bodies are seen in bronchial asthma.
5. Emphysema pathologically involves beyond the terminal bronchiole.
6. Commonest type of emphysema is Irregular emphysema.
7. Curschmann's crystals are seen in bronchial asthma.

Restrictive Lung Diseases

1. Asthma mediator is Leukotriene.
2. Sputum from an asthma patient may show numerous eosinophils,
Curschmann's spirals and Charcot-Leyden crystals.
3. Caplan's syndrome is associated with Rheumatoid pneumoconiosis.
4. Pneumoconiosis with "eggshell" calcification of the hilar lymph nodes and
occupational history of sandblasting is seen with Silica.
 5. Ferruginous bodies are seen in asbestosis.
6. Byssinosis is associated with hypersensitive pneumonitis.
7. Most dangerous particles causing pneumoconiosis are of size is 1-5
micron.
8. Lower lung involvement is common in asbestosis.

Carcinoma of the Lung

1. Recent weight gain, hyponatremia with hyperosmolar urine in a chronic
smoker with lung mass is suggestive of excess ADH.
2. In Bronchoalveolar carcinoma, there is hemoptysis, collapse of lungs and
pleural effusion.
3. Lung to lung metastasis is seen in Adenocarcinoma of lung.
4. Hypersecretory granules are seen in Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung.
5. Oat cell carcinoma is commonly associated with bilateral hilar
lymphadenopathy.
6. On biopsy, characteristic finding of malignant mesothelioma is branching
microvilli.
7. Pleural mesothelioma is associated with asbestosis.
8. ck 5/6 is the marker for mesothelioma.
9. Most common malignancy of lung is the Squamous Cell Ca.
10. Which of these is used as a marker in mesothelioma is calretinin.
11. Most common posterior mediastinal tumor is neuroma.
12. Malignant mesothelioma is most commonly associated with asbestos.
13. Ectopic ACTH production is seen in Small cell carcinoma of lung.
14. Primary pleural tumor is Mesothelioma.
15. Most common mediastinal tumor is Neurogenic tumor.
16. Small cell cancer commonly metastasizes to adrenal gland.

Miscellaneous
1. Characteristic histopathological finding in shock lung is diffuse alveolar
abscess.
2. There is increased Sweat chloride in cystic fibrosis.
3. The most common source of pulmonary embolism is large veins of lower
limbs.
4. Most common type of carcinoma lung is adenocarcinoma.
5. Histopathology of lung cancer shows Clara cells, probable diagnosis is
Bronchoalveolar carcinoma.
6. Marker of small cell cancer of lung is Chromogranin.
7. Characteristic feature of viral pneumonia is Interstitial mononuclear
infiltration.
8. Sarcoidosis is mimicked by chronic poisoning with Beryllium.
9. Bronchogenic carcinoma commonly metastasize to the adrenals.
10. Scar carcinoma of lung is seen most commonly following T.B.

Kidney
General aspects of Renal Pathology
1. 5HIAA is increased in urine in carcinoid syndrome.
2. Hematuria of glomerular origin is diagnosed by > 20% dysmorphic RBCs in
urine, > 100 RBCs/ml dysmorphic, dark red urine.
3. Multinucleated giant cells in kidney may be seen in Multiple myeloma.
4. Glutaraldehyde is the most common fixative used in electron microscopy
5. Normal level of serum uric acid in males is 3.1-7 mg/dl.
6. The protein in glomerular basement membrane responsible for charge
dependent filtration is proteoglycan.
7. RBC cast is seen in Acute Glomerulonephritis.

Cystic Diseases of Kidney

1. Acquired cystic disease of kidney is associated with dialysis.
2. Berry aneurysms in circle of Willis is associated with adult polycystic
kidney disease.

Glomerular Disease
1. Thickening of basement of glomerulus is seen in Membranoproliferative
glomerulonephritis.
2. Epithelial 'crescents' in the Bowman' capsule of kidney are observed in
rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.
3. In glomerular disease, albumin is mainly excreted in urine.
4. Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease is diagnostic of Diabetic glomerulosclerosis
5. Albuminuria is the best early indicator for Diabetic nephropathy.
6. The protein in glomerular basement membrane responsible for charge-
dependent filtration is proteoglycan.
7. The most common gene defect in idiopathic steroid resistance nephrotic
syndrome is NPHS 2.
8. The pathological feature in Wegener's granulomatosis on renal biopsy is
focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis.
9. In Goodpasture's syndrome the antibodies are directed against the
basement membrane.
10. "Flea-bitten" kidney is seen in malignant hypertension.
11. Lipoid nephrosis of kidney produces ultra- structural change in epithelium
of the glomerulus.

Tubular Diseases
1. In acute tubular necrosis due to mercuric chloride, the site affected is the
straight portion of proximal tubule.
2. Papillary necrosis is seen in Diabetes Mellitus, Analgesic Nephropathy,
Sickle cell anaemia and Acute pyelonephritis.
3. In pyelonephritis, the diagnostic urinary finding is pus cell cast.
4. In benign nephrosclerosis bilateral contrast Kidney are characteristically
seen.
5. Michaelis Gutmann bodies are seen in malacoplakia.
6. ENaC mutation is seen in Liddle syndrome.
7. Least likely cause of renal papillary necrosis is the posterior urethral valves.
8. Dent disease is due to defect of the chloride channel.

Renal Cell Cancer

1. The most common histological variant of renal cell carcinoma is the clear
cell type.
2. Histogenesis of Wilms' tumour is from Nephrogenic blastoma.
3. The cytogenetics of chromophilic renal cell carcinoma Is characterized by
Trisomy 7/17.
4. In Wilms' tumor, anaplasia results in resistance to chemotherapy.
5. Clear cell variety of Renal cell carcinoma is related to gene located on
chromosome 3.
6. Clear cells are seen in Renal cell Carcinoma.
7. Chromophobe variant of renal cell carcinoma is associated with Monosomy
of 1 and Y.
8. Bilateral Renal cell carcinoma is seen in Von Hippel-Lindau disease.

Miscellaneous
1. Crescents are derived from parietal epithelial cells, fibrin and macrophages.
2. In IgA nephropathy, there are mesangial deposits.
3. Organized glomerular deposits in kidney is present in IgA nephropathy
4. The finish type of congenital nephritic syndrome occurs due to gene
mutations affecting Nephrine.
5. The electron microscopy is virtually diagnostic in renal biopsy study of
Alport's syndrome.
6. Renal papillary necrosis is almost associated with DM.
7. Mercury affects PCT.
8. Visceral leishmaniasis causes Mesangioproliferative GN.

GIT

1. Expected microscopic appearance of Ca oesophagus lesion is the

infiltrating sheets of cells forming keratin.
2. Barrett's esophagus shows intestinal metaplasia.
3. Most common anatomical location of tongue cancer is lateral margin.
4. Achalasia cardia is the absence of nerves.
5. Best site for taking biopsy for viral oesophagitis is the edge of ulcer.

Stomach
1. Giant hypertrophy of gastric mucosa similar to brain surface is seen in
Menetrier's disease.
2. Non Hodgkins lymphoma is the commonest variety of gastric lymphoma.
3. Gastrointestinal stromal malignancy arises in Interstitial cells of Cajal.
4. When carcinoma of stomach develops secondarily to pernicious anemia, it
is usually situated in the fundus.
5. Zone of cicatrization is the most outermost histological layer of peptic ulcer.
6. Most common type of gastric polyp is the hyperplastic polyp.
7. MC site for stomach Ca is the antrum.
8. Most common site of curling's ulcer proximal duodenum.
9. Most common site of GIST is the Stomach.

Small Intestine
1. Coeliac disease is due to sensitivity to wheat.
2. Commonest malignancy of the small intestine is Adenocarcinoma.
3. Gluten sensitive enteropathy is most strongly associated with HLA-DQ2.
4. In the intra-epithelial region of the mucosa of intestine the predominant cell
population is that of T-cells.
5. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by Ileocecal TB.
6. Transverse ulcers are seen in Tuberculosis.
7. Anti-gliadin antibodies are detectable in Celiac disease.
8. Whipple's disease is characterized by foamy macrophages.
9. Macrophages with PAS(+) material inside them is a histological features of
Whipple's disease.

Large Intestine
1. Colorectal carcinoma is associated with high fat intake.
2. Skin lesion most likely seen with ulcerative colitis is Pyoderma gangrenosum.
3. Toxic megacolon is seen in Chronic nonspecific ulcerative colitis.
4. Pipe stem appearance in barium enema is seen in Ulcerative colitis.
5. "Skip areas" are pathognomonic of Crohn's disease.
6. Mucosal surface in Crohn's disease is described as Cobble stoning.
7. The most definitive indication of malignant transformation of a benign polyp
of colon is the ulceration at the tip of polyp.
8. Juvenile polyposis is benign and not related to malignancy.
9. Inheritance of Gardner syndrome is autosomal dominant.
10. Sigmoid colon is the most common site for Diverticulum.
11. Most important prognostic factor for colorectal carcinoma is the Lymph
node status.
12. Cryptitis is seen in ulcerative colitis.
13. Backwash ileitis is seen in Ulcerative colitis.
14. Most common site of carcinoid tumor in hindgut is the Rectum.
15. Most common site of carcinoid tumor in gut is the Ileum.
16. Pseudopolyps are features of Ulcerative colitis.
17. Inheritance of Gardner syndrome is Autosomal dominance.
18. Aganglionic segment is encountered in the distal part to dilated segment in
case of Hirsch sprung disease.
19. Sigmoid colon is the most common site of Acquired diverticulum.

Appendix
1. Toxic granules in neutrophils will be most likely seen in Acute appendicitis
2. Neutrophils within muscular wall defines the pathological picture of acute
appendicitis.
3. Appendix is most commonly associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei.

Miscellaneous
1. Endoscopic biopsy from a case of H. Pylori related duodenal ulcer is most
likely to reveal antral predominant gastritis.
2. Lymphoepithelial change in stomach is seen in MALToma.
3. Anti - Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies are seen in Crohn's disease.
4. Small intestinal biopsy is specific for Whipple's disease.
5. Anti transglutaminase antibody is seen in celiac disease.
6. Osteoma, adenomatous polyps of intestine and periampullary carcinomas
are seen in Gardener's syndrome.
7. Least predilection for distal ileum is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
8. Yellowish exudates at multiple sites seen in colonoscopy indicates Crohn's
disease.
9. Erythrophagia and mononuclear cell infiltration ulcers are seen in Typhoid
disease.
10. Single most important prognostic indicator of colorectal carcinoma is the
extent of the tumour.
11. Transmural involvement and granuloma are seen in Crohn's disease.
12. Mesentric tumors are usually cystic.
 Central Nervous System
Disorders Affecting Brain
1. Rosenthal fibres are intracytoplasmic inclusions.
2. Rosenthal fibres in astrocytoma are composed of heat shock proteins.
3. Phagocytosis in brain is caused by Microglia.
4. Microglia is a mesenchymal cell.
5. Fibroblasts does not participate in repair after brain infarction.

CNS Infection
1. Inclusion body in oligodendroglia is a feature of Progressive Multifocal
Leukoencephalopathy.
2. Perivascular lymphocytes and microglial nodules are seen in HIV
encephalitis.
3. Albumino-cytologic dissociation occurs in cases of Guillain Barre syndrome
4. Owl eye inclusion bodies are seen in CMV.
5. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy spares the Spinal cord and
optic nerve.
6. Hippocampus is not affected in HIV infection.
7. Negri bodies are seen in neurons.

Degenerative Disorders
1. Parkinson's disease is not a Prion disease.
2. Neurofibrillary tangles are seen in Alzheimer's disease.
3. Spongiform degeneration of cerebral cortex occurs in Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease.
4. The nucleus involved in Alzheimer's disease is the Basal nucleus of Meyer
net.

Intracranial Aneurysms
1. Most common cause of intracerebral bleed/ hemorrhage is hypertension.
2. The best described etiology for Berry aneurysm is degeneration of tunica
media.
3. Most common site for berry aneurysm is the anterior communicating artery.
CNS Tumor
1. Most common site for medulloblastoma is cerebellum.
2. Most common cerebellar tumor in children is Astrocytoma.
3. CD133 receptor on neuronal membrane induces development of glioma
4. Ependymoma is not a neuronal tumor.
5. Most common CNS tumor in NF1 Optic nerve glioma.
6. In Medulloblastoma most common metastasis is to the CNS.
7. Most common CNS neoplasm in HIV patient Primary CNS lymphoma.
8. The commonest intracranial tumor is metastases.
9. Rosenthal fibres are seen in Pilocytic astrocytoma.

Miscellaneous
1. Gitter cells are modified macrophages in CNS.
2. Berry aneurysm defect lies in degeneration of media/ muscle cell layer.
3. Ash leaf macules are seen in Bourneville's disease.
4. Most common site of glioblastoma multiforme is Frontal lobe.
5. Rosenthal fibres are seen in Pilocystic astrocytoma.
6. Most common glial tumor is astrocytoma.
7. Most common cerebellar tumour in children is astrocytoma.
8. Most common tumour in lateral hemisphere of brain is astrocytoma
9. Similar features between cerebral abscess and cerebral infarct is liquefactive
necrosis.
10. Onion bulb appearance on nerve biopsy is seen in diabetic neuropathy.
11. Intranuclear inclusions of oligodendrocyte are seen in progressive multiple
encephalopathy.

The Endocrine System

Thyroid
1. Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis are at increased risk of developing B-
Cell lymphoma.
2. MayJod-Basedow effect describes hyperthyroidism following intake of iodine
in patients suffering from endemic goiter.
3. Plunging goiter is Retro-sternal goiter.
4. FNAC cannot be used for the diagnosis of Follicular Carcinoma.
 5. Hurthle cell carcinoma is a variant of Follicular carcinoma.
6. Medullary Ca of thyroid is associated with increase in Calcitonin.
7. Medullary carcinoma of Thyroid has amyloid deposition.

Parathyroid Gland
1. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is associated with MEN II.
2. Rb gene defect is associated with development of medullary carcinoma of
thyroid.
3. FNAC is least diagnostic in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma.
4. Most common thyroid cancer is Medullary carcinoma.
5. Papillary carcinoma thyroid most commonly metastasizes to lymph nodes.
6.
Struma ovarii is composed entirely of mature thyroid tissue.
7.
Orphan Annie eye nuclei appearance is characteristic of Papillary
carcinoma of thyroid.
8.
Active form of Vit. D is 1,25 (OH)2 Vit. D3.
9.
10 Diagnostic feature of parathyroid carcinoma is metastasis.
. Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is adenoma.

Pituitary
1. Pituitary tumor is present in 10% of brain tumors
2. Human chorionic thyrotropin is secreted from placenta
3. Posterior pituitary secretes ADH
4. Commonest thyroid tumor in MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia) is
Medullary
5. Wermer syndrome is MEN 1

Adrenal
1. Zell ballen pattern are found in Pheochromocytoma
2. In Cushing syndrome, the tumor is associated with elevated levels of cortisol
3. Parathyroid is most commonly involved in multiple endocrine neoplasia
4. Tumor that follows rule of 10 is Pheochromocytoma
5. Involvement of lymph nodes is most reliable feature of malignant
transformation of pheochromocytoma.
6. Glomus Cells are found in Carotid body Tumour
 Pancreas

1. Amyloidosis is seen in the pancreas of a patient of diabetes mellitus type-ll

2. HbA lc is used to measure the control of blood sugar in diabetes mellitus
3. Most commonly seen feature in kidney biopsy of a patient with Diabetic
Nephropathy is Diffuse Mesangial Sclerosis

Miscellaneous
1. Posterior pituitary secretes ADH.
2. Wermer syndrome is MEN.
3. Hurthle cell carcinoma is a variant of Follicular carcinoma.
4. FNAC is least diagnostic in Follicular carcinoma.
5. Most common thyroid cancer is Papillary carcinoma.
6. The feature that differentiates a follicular carcinoma from a follicular
adenoma of thyroid is capsular invasion.
7. Zellballen pattern on Histopathology is observed in carotid body tumour
8. Paraganglioma may show production of catecholamines.
9. Average weight of thyroid gland where diet is rich in iodine is 10 -12 gms.
10. Commonest thyroid tumour in MEN is Medullary tumour.

Breast

Benign Epithelial Lesions

1. A blue-domed cyst pathologic findings is a type of nonproliferative
fibrocystic change of breast.
2. Neoplastic proliferations of the stroma of the breast of a 35 yr old female is
seen but the stromal cells are not atypical in appearance and mitoses are
not found. The most likely diagnosis is Benign phyllodes tumor.
3. Lesions affecting the terminal duct lobulate unit (TDLU) in breast are Nipple
adenoma, Blunt duct adenosis, Fibroadenoma.
4. A 17 IF underwent FNAC for a lump in the breast which was non-tender,
firm and mobile. Tightly arranged ductal epithelial cells with bare nuclei is
the finding of a benign breast disease.
Breast Carcinoma
1. BRCA 1 gene is located on Chromosome 17.
2. Increased susceptibility to breast cancer is likely to be associated with p53
3. Breast CA with best prognosis is mucinous.
4. The type of mammary ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) most likely to result in
a palpable abnormality in the breast is Comedo DCIS.
5. Molecular classification of breast cancer is based on gene profiling.

Miscellaneous
1. Malignancy of the breast is associated with atypical epithelial hyperplasia.
2. Most common carcinoma of breast is intraductal carcinoma
3. Bilateral breast ca is lobular Ca.
4. Characteristic feature of paget disease is Eosinophilic cytoplasm.
5. ER positive status in Ca breast indicates prognosis.
6. Women carrying BRCA 1 gene are most likely to develop which medullary

carcinoma.

Female Genital Tract

1. Squamocolumnar junction is usually located 8-13mm from the cervical lip.

2. The cytogenicity of solid tumors is not easily assessed especially in
carcinoma cervix due to contamination with infectious agents.
3. 100/0/0 maturation index denotes atrophic smear.

Diseases of Uterus
1. Histologic changes most characteristic of atypical hyperplasia in a post
menopausal patient is the crowding of endometrial glands with budding
and epithelial atypia.
2. Carcinosarcoma may arise in the uterus.
3. With regard to the malignant behaviour of leiomyosarcoma, the most
important criterion is the number of mitoses per high power field.
4. Uterine leiomyoma is least likely to undergo malignant change.
5. Swiss cheese pattern endometrium is seen in Metropathic hemorrhagica.
6. In Endometrial Carcinoma, there is risk of Granulosa theca cell tumor.
7. Complete mole can be differentiated from partial mole by P57.
8. Sarcoma botryoides is a type of Rhabdomyosarcoma.
9. Sarcoma Botryoides is mostly seen in children under 2 years.

Diseases of Ovary
1. Stromal tumor of the ovary is likely to produce masculinizing features and
symptoms.
2. Reinke's crystals are found in Hilus cell tumor.
3. Rokitansky protuberances are seen in Teratoma.
4. The incidence of bilaterality in a dermoid cyst is approximately 10%.
5. Schiller - Duval bodies are seen in Teratoma.
6. Call-Exner bodies are seen in Granulosa cell tumor.
7. LH is increased in PCOS.
8. Most common ovarian tumor is the serous cystadenoma.
9. Marker for ovarian carcinoma in serum is CA-125.

Fallopian Tube
1. Choriocarcinoma is characterized by Primarily trophoblastic tumor, It can
occur following hydatidiform mole, It can metastasize to lungs.

Miscellaneous
1. Tennis racket cells is seen in sarcoma botryoid.
2. Smoking is not a risk factor of endometrial carcinoma.
3. Carcinosarcoma may arise in the uterus.
4. Adenocarcinoma of the uterus along with rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus
is seen mixed mullerian tumour.
5. Reinke's crystals are found in hilus cell tumour.
6. Most common ovarian tumour is serous cystadenoma.
7. Usual size of chocolate cyst of the ovary in diameter is 2 inches.
8. Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary arises from surface coelomic
epithelium.
9. Most common radiosensitive ovarian tumour is dysgerminoma.
10. The largest ovarian tumour is seen with dysgerminoma.
11. Dysgerminoma is the ovarian counterpart of testicular seminoma.
12. CA-125 is a marker for ovarian carcinoma in serum.
 Male Genital Tract
Penis
1. Condyloma are mostly caused by HPV types 6 and 11.
2. Verrucous carcinoma is extremely well differentiated squamous cell
carcinoma.
3. Carcinoma penis is rarest among the Jews.

Testis & Epididymis

1. Infertility is a common feature in "Sertoli cell only" syndrome because there
is no germ cell in this condition.
2. Schiller- Duval bodies is seen in Endodermal sinus tumour.
3. Alkaline phosphatase is a tumor marker of Seminoma.
4. Commonest histological type of carcinoma testis is Seminoma.
5. Tumour marker for Endodermal Sinus Tumour is Alfa feto protein.

2. Sertoli cell tumour is not a germ cell neoplasia.

3. Seminoma is a germ cell tumour is malignant.
4. Most common testicular tumour of childhood is teratoma.
5. Marker for seminoma testes is beta -HCG.
6. Commonest infantile testicular tumour is yolk sac tumour.
7. Tumour marker for endodermal sinus tumour is alfa fetoprotein.
8. Schiller - Duval bodies is seen in yolk sac tumour.
9. Subchondral bone erosion involving the sacroiliac joints and absence of
rheumatoid factor with night bone pains is seen IN Ankylosing spondylitis.
10. Oil red O-positive material seen in the small blood vessels of the lungs and
brain of a patient with neglected fracture of long bone suggests fat emboli
11. Phagocytes in CNS are the microglia! cells.
12. Commonest cause of Intracerebral bleed is hypertension.
13. The most frequent site of brain abscess is the Frontal lobe.
14. Negri body is most commonly found in Hippocampus.
15. Commonest intracranial neoplasm in adults is Glioblastoma.
16. Glioma of optic nerve is usually Pilocytic astrocytoma.
17. Seizure with mental retardation and sebaceous adenoma are the diagnostic
features of Tuberous sclerosis.
18. Psammoma bodies are most often found in Serous cystadenoma carcinoma.
19. "Clue cells" are found in Pap smears in Gardnerella infection.
20. Urinary bladder wall calcification occurs in Bilharziasis.
21. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma frequently metastasizes to lymph nodes
22. Most common skin malignancy mostly seen in sun exposed skin of fair
person is Squamous cell carcinoma.
23. Classic destructive joint lesion found in individuals with Rheumatoid arthritis
is known as Pannus.
24. Osteomalacia is due to failure of bone mineralization.

Newer Molecular Trends

1. Karyotyping is done in arresting mitosis in dividing cells in metaphase.
2. Samples for karyotyping are amniotic fluid, skin fibroblasts, leucocytes, fetal
umbilical cells, lymph node tissue, bone marrow, chorionic villi.
3. G-banding is most commonly used banding technique.
4. C-banding demonstrates constitutive heterochromatic
5. Western Blot detects proteins
6. SANGER sequencing is used for analysis of large genes or multiple genes.
7. Flow cytometry is a laser or impedance based technology.
8. HLA system is found on the short arm of chromosome 6
9. Class I HLA system is expressed on most nucleated cells.

Miscellaneous and Important Points

1. Lepra cells are Histiocytes.
2. The most diagnostic test for SLE is Antibodies against DNA.
3. Rosette arrangement of cells is seen in Retinoblastoma.
4. Heart cannot undergo hyperplasia.
5. Hereditary factor are important in Retinoblastoma, breast carcinoma.
6. Dystrophic calcification is not seen in Hematoma.
7. Lines of Zahn are seen in Primary platelet thrombus.
8. Transudates has specific gravity less than 1.002, results from hydrostatic
alterations arise in the vascular endothelium.
9. Amyloid (AA) originates from Plasma cells .
10. Fibrinoid necrosis is not seen in dm.
11. Prolonged P-R interval is not major criteria of rheumatic fever.
12. The most common primary tumor of heart is Myxoma
13. Atrial myxoma commonly arises from Left atrium..
14. Most common site of myocardial infarction is Anterior wall of left ventricle.
15. Concentric myocardial hypertrophy is seen in Congestive cardiomyopathy.
16. Asbestos is associated with Ca lung.
17. Commonest type of Emphysema is Centriacinar.
18. The commonest type of bronchogenic Ca in non-smoker is
Adenocarcinoma.
19. Alpha -l-antitrypsin deficiency occurs in Emphysema.
20. Gray hepatization of lungs is seen on day 3-5 .
21. Pneumonia alba is caused by Mycobacteria.
22. Most sensitive liver function test to differentiate type of jaundice is Urine
urobilinogen.
23. Gamma gandy bodies are not seen in spleen in Thalassanemia.
24. Mallory hyaline bodies are not present in Primary biliary cirrhosis.
25. Papillary necrosis of kidney is seen in DM, Analgesic nephropathy, Acute,
pyelonephritis Micronodular cirrhosis is not seen in Budd Chiari syndrome.
26. The carcinoma of pancreas usually originate in the Duct epithelium.
27. Most common site of leiomyoma is Stomach.
28. Lardaceous' spleen is seen in Amyloidosis.
29. The most common type of malignancy of renal pelvis is Transitional cell
carcinoma.
30. DM is not a cause of granular contracted kidneys.
31. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is histologically characterized by
the presence of numerous Hyalinized, sclerotic glomeruli.
32. Periglomerular fibrosis is considered typical of Chronic pyelonephritis.
33. Elevated specific gravity is the most specific to renal parenchymal disease.
34. Commonest type of intracranial tumour is Secondaries.
35. The macrophages in the brain are Microglia.
36. Commonest cause of cerebral infarction is Arterial thrombosis.
37. The commonest cause of intracranial metastasis is malignancy of Lungs.
38. The most common change in brain tissue due to ageing is Atrophy of
neurons.
39. Damage to nervous tissue is repaired by Neuroglia.
40. Response to iron in iron deficiency anemia is denoted by Reticulocytosis
41. TB may be transmitted by blood.
42. Leukoerythroblastic reaction is not seen in Hemolytic anemia.
43. Reactivated TB is seen most commonly located near Apex
44. How long can blood be stored with CTD-A 35days.
45. 'Stress' lymphocytes are seen in downey type II infectious mononucleosis
46. Echinocyte are types of RBC's.
47. Bone tumor arising from epiphysis is Giant cell tumor.
48. Calcification front in bone biopsy can be visualized by using stain Masson's
trichrome.
49. Tumor originates from diaphysis Ewing's sarcoma.
50. The commonest diaphysial tumor is Ewing's sarcoma.
51. The commonest malignant bone tumor is Multiple myeloma.
52. Bone tumor arising from metaphysis Osteoid osteoma.
53. Para thyroid is most often involved in multiple endocrine neoplasia-l.
54. Commonest pathological cause of hyper corticism is Hyperplasia.
55. Hurthle cells are seen in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
56. The most common primary malignant tumour of the thyroid is Papillary
carcinoma.
57. APUD cells are seen in Bronchial carcinoid.
58. Ca thyroid with good prognosis Papillary.
59. The most common site for Amebiasis Caecum.
60. Spontaneous regression though rare is seen in Neuroblastoma.
61. Malignant change in Nevus is characterized by Increase in size.
62. Mycosis fungoides belongs to Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma groups
63. Coombs' test (direct) is positive with Ig G.
64. Medullary carcinoma thyroid is associated with Amyloid stroma, Carcinoid
65. Luke's classification is associated with Lymphoma.
66. White infarcts are not seen in Liver.
67. Linzenmeier is used to measure ESR.
68. Pipe stem cirrhosis is seen in Schistosomiasis .
69. Most sensitive liver function test is Prothrombin time.
70. Sequestration of lung is seen in Posterior part of left lung.
71. In Virchow's triad for thrombosis, hypoproteinemia is not included.
72. To differentiate benign and malignant ulcer, best is Endoscopy and biopsy.
73. Oncocyte are not found in Pineal body,
74. Coagulative necrosis as a primary even most often seen in CNS.
75. Metastatic calcification is most often seen in Lungs.
76. Hutchinson's secondaries in skull are due to tumors in Adrenals.
77. Rosette shaped arrangement of cells are seen in Ependymoma.
78. First sign of wound injury is Dilatation of capillaries.
79. Pseudopolyposis is seen in Ulcerative colitis.
80. The commonest site of diverticulosis is Sigmoid colon.
81. Deletion of short arm of chromosome 11 is seen in Wilms'tumor.
82. Increase in alkaline phosphatase is seen in Leukemoid reaction.
83. Asbestosis will develop into lung cancer.
84. Scar in lung tissue develops into Squamous cell carcinoma.
85. Anemia in human is caused by which worm Hook worm.
86. Ascending aorta involvement is the commonest site of which aneurysm
Syphilitic.
87. To test hepatic function to assess bleeding disorder clinical test done is
PTT.
88. Beta macroglobulin is derived from B-cells.
89. Tissue thromboplastin activates ~Factor-VII.
90. GABA is a inhibitory transmitter.
91. In sickle cell anemia defect is in b-chain.
92. Chromosome 15,17 translocation is seen in Acute promyelocytic leukemia.
93. Damage to nervous tissue is repaired by Neuroglia
94. Mycosis fungoides: Cutaneous lymphoma.
95. The highest malignant potential is seen in Familial polyposis
96. The highest ESR is not seen in Polycythemia rubra.
97. Secondary amyloidosis complicates Chronic osteomyelitis
98. The earliest feature of TB is Lymphocytosis.
99. The low grade non-Hodgkins lymphoma is Follicular.
100. Liquefactive necrosis is seen in Brain.
101. Increased hapto globulin is not features of hemolytic anemia
102. The crescent forming glomerulonephritis is RPGN.
103. Decreased fibrinogen products are untrue of D.I. coagulation.
104. Earliest feature of correction of IDA is Reticulocytosis.
105. Kupffer's cells are found in Liver.
106. Heart failure cells are found in Lungs.
107. Psammoma bodies show Dystrophic calcification.
108. Beta-microglobulin is not a tumor marker.
109. Blood when stored at 4 degree Celsius can be kept for 21 days.
110. Congo-red with amyloid produces Brilliant pink colour.
111. Oedema is caused by fall in plasma proteins below 5%.
112. Cloudy swelling does not occurs in Lungs.
113. Gamma Gandy bodies contains hemosiderin and Ca++.
114. Hutchinson's secondaries in skull are due to tumors in Adrenals.
115. Albumino cytologic dissociation occurs in cases of Guillain Barre syndrome.
116. Metastatic calcification is most often seen in Lungs.
117. ASLO Titres are used in the diagnosis of Acute rheumatic fever.
118. Apoptosis is inhibited by bcl-2.
119. An example of a tumour suppressor gene is myC.
120. CEA is not used as a tumor marker in testicular tumours.
121. Mitral valve vegetations do not embolies usually to Lungs
122. The least common cause of calcification in the lung is Amyloidosis.
123. Onion peel appearance of splenic capsule is seen in SLE.
124. Lardaceous spleen is due to deposition of amyloid in Sinusoids of red pulp.
125. CD-10 is seen in ALL.
126. Most common valve not involved in rheumatic fever Tricuspid.
127. HMB 45 is a marker for Melanoma.
128. Hepatocytes is not a labile cell.
129. Antigliadin antibodies are seen in Celiac disease.
130. Focal diffuse gall bladder wall thickening with comet tail reverberation
artifacts on USG is in Adenomyomatosis of gall bladder.
131. Organelle that plays a pivotal role in apoptosis Golgi complex.
132. In myocardial infarction, microscopic picture of coagulation necrosis with
neutrophilic infiltration is seen in l-3days.
133. Microalbuminuria is defamed as protein levels of 151-200mglL.
134. Paneth cells contain Zinc.
135. Psammoma bodies are not seen in Follicular Ca thyroidal.
136. Sickle cell Red blood cells Protective against adult malaria
137. Common complement component for both the pathways is C3.
138. Hypersensitivity vasculitis is seen in Postcapillary venules.
139. Essential for tumour metastasis is Angiogenesis.
140. Onion skin thickening of arteriolar wall is seen in Hyperplastic
arteriosclerosis.
141. Most potent stimulator of Naive T-cell is Mature dendritic cells.
142. Bone infarcts are seen in Sickle cell anemia.
143. Periodic acid Schiff stain shows block positivity in Lymphoblasts.
144. Perioral pallor and Dermis's line are seen in Atopic dermatitis.
145. Abciximab is not tumour necrosis factor blocking agents .
146. Berger nephropathy is due to mesangial deposition of IgA and C3.
147. The most common site of ectopic pheochromocytoma is Organ of
Zuckerkandl.
148. The tumour causing polycythemia due to erythropoietin production is
Cerebellar hemangioma.
149. Thrombocytopenia due to increased platelet destruction is seen in
Systemic lupus erythematosus.
150. C-C beta chemokine includes Eotaxin.
151. The most common gene defect in idiopathic steroid resistance nephritic
.syndrome NPHS 2.
152. Mercury affects which part of kidney pet.
153. Brain natriuretic peptide is degraded by Neutral endopeptidase.
154. Nitroblue tetrazolium test is used for Phagocytosis.
155. Annexin V is a marker of Apoptosis.
156. Tumorigenesis in aging is due to Telomerase reactivation.
157. Pauci immune glomerulonephritis is seen in Microscopic polyangiitis.
158. Omphalocele is associated with >20% risk of chromosomal anomalies.
159. Karyotyping under light microscopy done by G-banding.
160. M1C-2 positive in Ewing's sarcoma.
 161. Stain used in identifying fungi is Methenamine silver.
162. Caspase are involved in Organogenesis.
163. In apoptosis, the chief organelle involved Mitochondria.
164. Juvenile polyp is not premalignant.
165. Paneth cells characterized by More number of lysosomal enzyme.
166. Most characteristic features of acute inflammation is Vasodilation and increased
vascular permeability.
167. CD 34 is not B cell marker.
168. Low serum haptoglobin in hemolysis is marked by Bile duct obstruction.
169. Clue cells are found in Bacterial vaginosis.
170. Elevated AFP levels are not seen in Seminoma.
171. Defective DNA repair is associated with Xeroderma pigmentosa.
172. C in CRP stands for Capsular polysaccharide of Pneumococcus.
173. Necrotizing lymphadenitis is seen in Kikuchi disease.
174. Choledocholithiasis is not a high risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma.
175. Kawasaki disease is not a common cause of vasculitis in adults.
176. Poor prognostic indicator in ALL Age <2year.
177. ABO antigens are not found in Saliva.
178. Serum alkaline phosphate is low in hyperphosphatemia.
179. Interleukin responsible for pyrexia is I LI B.
180. High hematocrit is not seen in sickle cell anemia.
181. High risk of malignancy is seen in Complex hyperplasia with atypia
182. Mallory hyaline is characteristic feature of Alcoholic liver disease .
183. Most common cause of death in primary amyloidosis is Cardiac failure.
184. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies are seen in Crohn's disease .
185. GP 120 -is for virus attachment.
186. Mutation of keratin 1 and 10 are associated with Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.
187. Inflammatory bowel disease with transmural involvement and skip lesions
is Crohn's disease.
188. Barrett's esophagus is Columnar metaplasia.
189. Caspase is Involved in apoptosis.
190. Mutation in Marfan's syndrome is Fibrillin I.
191. In Von Willebrand disease, there is Factor VIII deficiency .
192. Glucose is used in stored blood to Provide nutrition.
193. Chronic persistent and chronic active hepatitis are differentiated by Liver
biopsy.
194. Fixation used for bone histopathology 10% formalin.
195. Prostate gland has 4 zones.
196. Ligase enzyme is not used in PCR.
197. Prolonged PT and normal PTT may be found in Vit. K deficiency.
198. Best way to diagnose amyloidosis Rectal biopsy primary.
199. Type of nephropathy in DM Nodular.
200. Secretory antibody is IgA.

201. Bevacizumab Monoclonal Ab against VEGA.

202. Platelet dense alpha granules does not contain Alpha.
203. A CP enzyme is not associated with liver disease.
204. Ca tongue stained by Toluidine blue.
205. A women present with megaloblastic anemia. Dysphagia has Plummer
Vinson syndrome.
 Recent & High Yield Updated LMRPs
1. First feature of Crohn's disease is Aphthous ulcer.
2. Whipple disease shows PAS positive macrophages abundantly in lamina propria.
3. Mutation seen in Cowden syndrome is PTEN.
4. Deficiency of CD-59 causes Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
5. Extra mammary Paget disease is seen at Vulva site.
6. Warthin Finkeldey cell is found in Measles.
7. Acute hyper rejection of graft takes place in within minutes or hours.
8. Minimum time in which Onset of TRALI occurs in 6 hrs.
9. Nude mice tolerates xenograft because absence of T cells.
10. True about ataxia telangiectasia is it predisposes to squamous cell carcinoma.
11. The chromosome number associated with myotonic dystrophy is 19
12. The transporter for iron from lumen to enterocyte is DMT 1.
13. Anaplasia of cells mean Loss of differentiation
14. Carcinoid is a gastric tumor of epithelial origin.
15. L&H cells are seen in Lymphocyte predominant variant of Hodgkin lymphoma.
16. Fever is caused due to PGE2.
17. The complement known as Opsonin is C3b.
18. Most common type of skin lymphoma is Cutaneous T cell lymphoma.
19. Stellate shaped granuloma with central necrosis and neutrophils is seen in
Cat scratch disease.
20. Von Willebrand disease causes increase in bleeding time.
21. Bernard-Soulier disease is caused due to defect in Gp lb.
22. Feline esophagus is seen in Eosinophilic esophagitis > GERD.
23. Cells are responsible for rheumatoid arthritis is T cells.
24. Dactylitis is seen in Sickle cell anemia.
25. Phagocytosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophages is mainly mediated
by IFN gamma.
26. Tensile strength of wound after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a 30 years
old woman depends upon Extensive crosslinking of tropocollagen.
27. The malignancy is least commonly associated with lymphatic spread is
Basal cell Carcinoma.
28. The correct sequence of cellular events of acute inflammation are
Rolling—-Activation of Integrins—Stable Adhesion-migration via
endothelium
29. A 5-year old child was presented with proptosis. Microscopic examination
of the mass revealed a round cell tumor positive for Desmin
immunohistochemical marker. Most likely diagnosis is Embryonal
rhabdomyosarcoma.
30. The stain is used for Acidic mucin is Alcian Blue,
31. The laboratory investigation is best to reveal bleeding in Disseminated
Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is to Increased FDPs.
32. Biopsy form an eight-year old child with leg swelling showed small round
blue tumor cells consistent with diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma. The best
method to detect translocation t(ll;22) in this malignancy is FISH.
33. True regarding blood transfusion of packed RBC is it should be completed
within 4hours of receiving from blood bank
34. Toluidine blue staining is used for identification of Mast cell.
35. Storage temperature of RBC, Platelet, and Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) are
RBC 2-6C, Platelet 20-22’C, FFP -30’C.
36.
I LI: Caspase 1
37.
38. Anti apoptoticgene: BCL2
39. Vessel necrosis: Fibrinoid
40. Autosomal Dominant: Achondroplasia
41. Autosomal Recessive: Albinism
42.
Vit. A stored in Ito cells
43.
44. Intrinsic hemolysis seen in PNH
45. Cryptococcus stain: Mucicarmine
46. Serpiginous ulcer: CMV
47. Punched out ulcer: Herpes
48.
Solitary lytic lesion : Multiple myeloma
49.
50. Alcohol associated with Dilated cardiomyopathy
51. Aneurysm in infarction in Ml is anterior transmural.
Mitral stenosis fish mouth due to fibrosis
Partial mole: 69xxy
Follicular lymphoma : BCL2
52. Dubin johnson : MRP2
53. Glanzmann thrombasthenia : GP 2b/3a
54. CPD advantage over ACD : Fall in 2,3 BPG less
55. Endogenous pyrogen : IL1
56. G6PD : X linked recessive.
57. Color code of container for sodium fluoride is grey.
58. Cytokeratin can help in differentiating thymoma from ALL.
59. Patients come with severe bleeding to ER. Blood group is unknown. FFP
will be given is AB
60. ADCC is seen in NK cells; neutrophils, eosinophils.
61. Clearance of necrotic cell during inflammation by toll like receptor.