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Table 8.
12 - Own brand shares (food only) for leading retailers, 1996

Names Own brands market share Number of items
Franprix 28.0 n.a.
Casino 24.8 1800
Intermarché 24.7 2500
Géant 20.0 1800
Carrefour 18.9 1642
Monoprix 18.7 1800
Système U 18.5 985
Continent 17.8 1440
Stoc 16.2 650
Auchan 15.7 1500
Match 15.4 1100
Champion 15.1 1240
Leclerc 14.8 500
Cora 12.2 1224
Prisunic 11.7 550
Source: Secodip-linéaires, 1997
Table 8.13 illustrates the development of own brand market shares in supermarkets and hypermarkets:
Table 8.13 - National brands, Own brand and low price items shares for supermarkets and
hypermarkets
1991 1994 1995 1996

National Brands 80.6 75.0 75.3 76.0
Own Brands 14.7 17.1 17.4 17.1
Low price items 4.7 7.9 7.3 6.9
Source: LSA, 1998
Own brands growth is a major trend in the recent evolution of distribution. In 1995, own brands provided
on average 20% of sales (25% of shelf space) compared to only 10% ten years before and the development
goes on. Leclerc, for instance, which was initially opposed to own brand development (less than 7% of
sales before 1997 were own brand), changed its strategy in 1997 and its goal is now to double its own
brands turnover. Retailers try to reinforce the association between their name and their own products.
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Table 8.14 gives own brands market shares for the main retailers in 1993.
Table 8.14 - Own brand shares for leading retailers, 1993

Retailer Own Brands Market Shares
Monoprix 28%
Casino 25%
Intermarché 23%
Carrefour 22%
Auchan 19%
Leclerc 10%
Source: GIRA, 1993-1994
As noted above, retailers set higher margins on own brands than on other brands even if retail prices are
lower. According to ICC 95, the mark up rate fixed by retailers is estimated on average at 23% of the
turnover for own brands, 15% for low price products and 14.5% for national brands. Moreover, shelf
space profitability is higher: if the gross mark-up per square meter of shelf space index is 100 then own
brands profitability is 123, low price items profitability is 63 and national brands profitability is 103.
8.5 Internationalisation
Internationalisation has been an important feature of French hypermarket and supermarket chains. There
are two main reasons why such internationalisation exists. First, the French food retail market is fairly
saturated, and, in particular with the Raffarin law recently introduced, future hypermarket or supermarket
growth within France is more difficult. Second, international subsidiaries tend to be more profitable than
domestic ones, particularly in countries in southern (or eastern) Europe where large store development lags
behind. In fact, French companies began moving into other countries in the early 1970’s and this process
has continued ever since.
Table 8.15 shows foreign turnover by leading retail groups in 1997. Much of the expansion has been
undertaken by Carrefour (which also acquired Comptoirs Modernes in 1997 and has a 41% stake in Cora),
Promodès and Auchan. Carrefour, for example, opened its first hypermarket ‘Pryca’ in Spain in 1973 (in
Barcelona) and now has 56 ‘Pryca’ stores. Promodès moved into Spain in 1976 and now has 52
hypermarkets ‘Continente’, l,830 discount stores ‘Dia’ and 33 cash and carrys ‘Puntocash’. Non-
integrated groups such as Leclerc have been slower to start International development although Leclerc
now has 11 stores abroad. Intermarché recently bought 75% of Spar, the fifth largest German distribution
group.
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Table 8.15 - Foreign turnover of leading French retail groups, 1997
Groups Foreign turnover (FFr bn.) % of Total Turnover
Carrefour 62.7 40.5%
Promodès 37.0 35.7%
Auchan 23.5 19.5%
Cora 11.0 24.0%
Casino 8.5 11.5%
Comptoirs Modernes 2.0 7.0%
Source: Linéaires, trade estimates
Greece and Italy offer real growth prospects to the extent that a strict legislative system has delayed retail
trade evolution for a long time. East European countries, which represent 70 million consumers, offer new
outlets for the largest French groups. In particular, Poland is an emerging market with an underdeveloped
market structure and growing consumers’ buying power. Casino, Auchan and also some non-integrated
groups have already begun to settle in Poland. As this trend continues, companies such as Carrefour and
Promodès will look increasingly to buying supplies on an European (or even global) level, and this will
heighten the buying power of such groups.
8.6 Products
8.6.1 Washing Powders and Detergents
The market for washing products in France represents 60% of the detergents’ market. It is quite strongly
segmented, as each brand exists in several formats (standard powder, liquid, concentrated, and recently
tablets) and in various container sizes. This segmentation is a central issue in the negotiations between
producers and retailers: producers develop innovations to bring about market growth, and they create a
number of new reference points, whereas retailers face increasing difficulties in handling this product
proliferation and the ensuing complexity of the range of products. More particularly, the launching of
compact powders initially suited both producers and retailers because of the potential growth it offered and
because of the decrease of logistic costs it was supposed to bring. Yet it did not seem to suit consumers,
since nearly 50% of them now still buy standard powder, as shown in Table 8.16. The number of reference
points listed by retailers has thus increased: there are about 130 reference points in the average
hypermarket, and about 85 in the average supermarket.
94

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Table 8.

12 - Own brand shares (food only) for leading retailers, 1996

Source: Secodip-linéaires, 1997

1991 1994 1995 1996

Source: LSA, 1998

Table 8.14 - Own brand shares for leading retailers, 1993

Source: GIRA, 1993-1994

Source: Linéaires, trade estimates

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