Chapter 12

Chapter 12
Thermodynamics
Solutions
SECTION - A
Objective Type Questions
1. In thermodynamics the Zeroth law is related to
(1) Work done (2) Thermal equilibrium (3) Entropy (4) Diffusion
Sol. Answer (2)
Zeroth law related to thermal equilibrium.
2. For a cyclic process

(1) U = 0 (2) Q = 0 (3) W=0 (4) Both (1) & (3)
Sol. Answer (1)
Since initial and final points are at same, temperature so U = 0
3. Select the incorrect relation. (Where symbols have their usual meanings)
R Pf Vf – PV
i i R
(1) CP = (2) CP – CV = R (3) U = (4) CV =
 –1 1–   –1
Sol. Answer (3)

P V  PV
U  f f i i
is the correct relation.
1
4. Internal energy of a non-ideal gas depends on

(1) Temperature (2) Pressure (3) Volume (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
Depends on Temperature, Pressure, Volume.
5. For an adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas the fractional change in its pressure is equal to
V dV dV dV
(1) –  (2) – (3) (4) –
dV V V V
Sol. Answer (4)
∵ PV  = constant So, P  V– 
P ⎛ dV ⎞
Then,   ⎜ ⎟
P ⎝ V ⎠
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6. Which of the following laws of thermodynamics defines internal energy?

(1) Zeroth law (2) Second law (3) First law (4) Third law
Sol. Answer (3)
Internal energy is defined in first law
∵ Q = U + W
So, U = Q – W
7. Select the correct statement for work, heat and change in internal energy.
(1) Heat supplied and work done depend on initial and final states
(2) Change in internal energy depends on the initial and final states only
(3) Heat and work depend on the path between the two points
(4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
All statements are correct.
8. Morning breakfast gives 5000 cal to a 60 kg person. The efficiency of person is 30%. The height upto which the
person can climb up by using energy obtained from breakfast is
(1) 5 m (2) 10.5 m (3) 15 m (4) 16.5 m
Sol. Answer (2)
∵ W =  JQ So, mgh =  JQ
⎛ 30 ⎞
 4.2  5000
JQ ⎜⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
h  = 10.5 m
mgh 60  10
9. Select the incorrect statement about the specific heats of a gaseous system.
(1) Specific heat at no exchange condition, CA = 0 (2) Specific heat at constant temperature, CT = 
R R
(3) Specific heat at constant pressure, CP  (4) Specific heat at constant volume, CV 
 1 
Sol. Answer (4)

R
The correct value of CV 
 1
10. Work done in the cyclic process shown in figure is

P
3P0
P0
(0, 0) V
V0 3V0
22
(1) 4P0V0 (2) –4P0V0 (3)  P0V0 (4) –13P0V0
7

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Sol. Answer (3)
Cyclic process is anticlockwise then
Work done = –(Area of P-V graph)
W = –R1R2
⎛ 3P  P0 ⎞ ⎛ 3V0  V0 ⎞
  ⎜ 0 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
22
 P0V0
7
11. In following figures (a) to (d), variation of volume by change of pressure is shown in figure. The gas is taken
along the path ABCDA. Change in internal energy of the gas will be
P
(a) P (b) P (c) P (d) D
D
D C C
D C C
A B
A V
B A B O
A B V V
V O O
O
(1) Positive in all cases from (a) to (d)

(2) Positive in cases (a), (b) and (c) but zero in case (d)
(3) Negative in cases (a), (b) and (c) but zero in case (d)
(4) Zero in all the four cases
Sol. Answer (4)
U = 0 in all cases because cyclic process.
12. In a thermodynamic process pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is changed in such a manner that the gas
releases 20 J of heat when 8 J of work was done on the gas. If the initial internal energy of the gas was
30 J, then the final internal energy will be
(1) 2 J (2) 18 J (3) 42 J (4) 58 J
Sol. Answer (2)
We know by 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Q = U + W
– 20 J = U – 8 J
∵ U = Ufinal – Uinitial
U = – 12 J
So, Ufinal = Uinitial + U
= 30 + (–12) = 18 J
13. A perfect gas goes from state A to state B by absorbing 8 × 105 joule and doing 6.5 × 105 joule of external
work. If it is taken from same initial state A to final state B in another process in which it absorbs 105 J of
heat, then in the second process work done
(1) On gas is 105 J (2) On gas is 0.5 × 105 J
(3) By gas is 105 J (4) By gas is 0.5 × 105 J

Sol. Answer (2)

Q = U + W
8 × 105 = U + 6.5 × 105
1.5 × 105 J = U
Again using Q = U + W for the second case U will stay the same.
Now, 105 = 1.5 × 105 + W
– 0.5 × 105 = W
negative sign indicates work is being done on the gas.
14. Figure shows two processes a and b for a given sample of gas. If Q1, Q2 are the amount of heat absorbed
by the system in the two cases; and U1, U2 are changes in internal energy respectively, then
a
P
b
(0,0) V
(1) Q1 = Q2; U1 = U2 (2) Q1 > Q2; U1 > U2
(3) Q1 < Q2; U1 < U2 (4) Q1 > Q2; U1 = U2
Sol. Answer (4)
∵ Initial and final states are same.
a
 U1 = U2 P
Area under 'a' > area under 'b' i.e., W1 > W2 b
 Heat absorbed by a > heat absorbed by b (0,0) V
Q1 > Q2
15. A gas undergoes a change at constant temperature. Which of the following quantities remain fixed?
(1) Pressure (2) Entropy
(3) Heat exchanged with the system (4) All the above may change
Sol. Answer (4)
When temperature change = 0 then,
P1V1 = P2V2 = constant
Rest may change.
16. Following figure shows P-T graph for four processes A, B, C and D. Select the correct alternative.
D
P C
A
(0, 0) T
(1) A – Isobaric process (2) B – Adiabatic process
(3) C – Isochoric process (4) D – Isothermal process

Sol. Answer (3) D
P C
(A) Temperature is constant – isothermal
(B) Pressure is constant – Isobaric B
(C) Pressure  Temperature – Isochoric process

A
(D) P1–T  = constant – Adiabatic process
(0, 0) T
17. An ideal gas with adiabatic exponent  is heated at constant pressure. It absorbs Q amount of heat. Fraction
of heat absorbed in increasing the temperature is
1 1
(1)  (2) (3) 1 (4) 2
 
Sol. Answer (2)
Heat absorbed in increasing temperature = U = Q – W = nCV T
Heat absorbed
Fraction of heat absorbed =
Total heat
nCV T

nCP T
C 1
 V 
CP 
18. A certain amount of an ideal monatomic gas needs 20 J of heat energy to raise its temperature by 10°C at
constant pressure. The heat needed for the same temperature rise at constant volume will be
(1) 30 J (2) 12 J (3) 200 J (4) 215.3 J
Sol. Answer (2)
Q = nCP T
20 = nCP × 10 ...(1)
U = nCV T
CP
U  n T ∵ mono  5 / 3

U = 12 J
19. Two cylinders contain same amount of ideal monatomic gas. Same amount of heat is given to two cylinders.
If temperature rise in cylinder A is T0 then temperature rise in cylinder B will be
Free piston Fixed piston
A B
Heat Heat
4 T0 5
(1) T0 (2) 2T0 (3) (4) T0
3 2 3

Sol. Answer (4)

Cylinder A Cylinder B
Free piston i.e., at Fixed piston i.e., at
constant pressure constant volume
Q = U
nCP T = nCV T '
CPT0 = CV(T)'
CP 5
T   T0  T0  T0
CV 3
20. A sample of an ideal gas undergoes an isothermal expansion. If dQ, dU and dW represent the amount of heat
supplied, the change in internal energy and the work done respectively, then
(1) dQ = +ve, dU = +ve, dW = +ve (2) dQ = +ve, dU = 0, dW = +ve
(3) dQ = +ve, dU = +ve, dW = 0 (4) dQ = –ve, dU = –ve, dW = –ve
Sol. Answer (2)
dQ = positive, dU = zero, dW = positive
∵ dQ = dU + dW
21. In the diagram shown Qiaf = 80 cal and Wiaf = 50 cal. If W = –30 cal for the curved path fi, value of Q for
path fi, will be
P
a f
i
V
(0, 0)
(1) 60 cal (2) 30 cal (3) –30 cal (4) –60 cal
Sol. Answer (4)
From process iaf
Find U first, Q = W + U
a f
80 = 50 + U
30 cal = U
i
Use this U for process if
Q = W + U
Q = – 30 + (–30) = – 60 cal
1
22. A mass of dry air at N.T.P. is compressed to th of its original volume suddenly. If  = 1.4, the final pressure
32
would be
1
(1) 32 atm (2) 128 atm (3) atm (4) 150 atm
32

Sol. Answer (2)
Process carried out suddenly so process is adiabatic.
 PV   K
P1V1  P2V2

⎛V ⎞
P2  P1 ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ V2 ⎠
7/5
⎛ V1 ⎞
P2  (1 atm) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ V1 / 32 ⎠
P2 = 1 atm × (25)7/5
= 128 atm
23. Two samples A and B of a gas initially at the same temperature and pressure, are compressed from volume
V
V to (A isothermally and B adiabatically). The final pressure
2
(1) PA > PB (2) PA = PB (3) PA < PB (4) PA = 2PB
Sol. Answer (3)
P
PB
B
PA
A
V
V V
2
i.e., PA < PB
24. The adiabatic elasticity of a diatomic gas at NTP is

(1) Zero (2) 1  105 N/m2 (3) 1.4  105 N/m2 (4) 2.75  105 N/m2
Sol. Answer (3)
7
Adiabatic elasticity = P   1.01 105
5
 1.414  105 N/m2
25. For an isometric process

(1) W = –U (2) Q = U (3) Q = W (4) Q = –U
Sol. Answer (2)
For an isometric process, (i.e., isochoric) workdone = zero
So Q = U

1
26. A mixture of gases at NTP for which  = 1.5 is suddenly compressed to th of its original volume. The final
9
temperature of mixture is
(1) 300°C (2) 546°C (3) 420°C (4) 872°C
Sol. Answer (2)
TV –1 = constant
T1V1–1 = T2V2–1
1
⎛V ⎞
T2  T1 ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ V2 ⎠
1.5 1
⎡ V ⎤
T2  (273 K) ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎣V / 9 ⎦
T2 = (273 K) × 3
= 819 K
= 546°C
27. In which process P-V diagram is a straight line parallel to the volume axis?
(1) Isochoric (2) Isobaric (3) Isothermal (4) Adiabatic
Sol. Answer (2)
P
Process having a constant pressure, so isobaric process.
28. The P-V plots for two gases during adiabatic processes are shown in the figure. The graphs
1 and 2 should correspond respectively to
1
2
V
(0, 0)
(1) O2 and He (2) He and O2 (3) O2 and CO (4) N2 and O2

Sol. Answer (1)
PV = constant [equation of graphs] P
So for more  less the rate of change or slope of graph
and  is less for diatomic. 1 (diatomic)
So graph 1 for O2 2 (monoatomic)
V
Graph 2 for He.

29. The pressure and volume of a gas are changed as shown in the P-V diagram in this figure. The temperature
of the gas will
P
A B
D C
V
(1) Increase as it goes from A to B (2) Increase as it goes from B to C

(3) Remain constant during these changes (4) Decrease as it goes from D to A
Sol. Answer (1)
In the process A  B
P
Pressure is constant. A BT
1
T2
PV  nRT T3 T5 > T4 > T3 > T2 > T1
So V  T D C T4
T5
and volume is increasing so temperature also increases. V
30. The figure shows P-V diagram of a thermodynamic cycle. Which corresponding curve is correct?
P
B C
A D
(0, 0) V
P P C P P
B C D A D D C
A A
(1) D (2) A B (3) C (4) B
B
O T O T O T O T
Sol. Answer (1)

A  B V = constant P
B C
∵ PV = RT
A
D
R
P T
V O T
Compare with y = mx
P-T graph is a straight line which must passes from origin
A  B volume constant, P-increasing, T-increasing.

B  C pressure constant, volume - increasing, temperature - increasing

B  C P = constant, origin P-T graph is a straightline parallel to v-axis
C  D V = constant then
R
P T
V
P-T graph is straight line must passes from origin

D  A P = constant
P-T graph is a straightline parallel to T-axis.
31. During the thermodynamic process shown in figure for an ideal gas
(1) T = 0 (2) Q = 0 (3) W<0 (4) U > 0

Sol. Answer (4)
For a straight P-V graph line P  V P
If pressure increases, volume increases then T also
increases [PV  T]
So T  0
V
Volume increasing so work is positive, W > 0
and temperature also increasing so Q > 0
∵ Q = U + W
So U > 0
32. For P-V diagram of a thermodynamic cycle as shown in figure, process BC and DA are isothermal. Which
of the corresponding graphs is correct?
P A B
D
V
A B D C
P A B V C B
P V
C B
C A
(1) D (2) (3) A (4)
D D
(0,0) (0,0) T (0,0) T (0,0) T
T

Sol. Answer (2)
From A  B, volume increasing, pressure constant

P A B
1
B  C, Pressure  ⇒ Temperature constant
Volume C
D
Same for D  A
(0,0) T
C  D pressure decreasing, volume constant
So P  T
33. Work done for the process shown in the figure is
V
B(30 kPa, 25 cc)
A(10 kPa, 10 cc)

P
(1) 1 J (2) 1.5 J (3) 4.5 J (4) 0.3 J

Sol. Answer (4)
v
Area under graph and V axis = work done w
25 cc B
1
  (30  10)  103  (25  10)  106
2
10 cc
A
= 0.3 J P
34. During which of the following thermodynamic process represented by PV diagram the heat energy absorbed
by system may be equal to area under PV graph?
P P P
A A A
(1) (2) (3) (4) All of these

B B B
V V V
O O O
Sol. Answer (4)
P P P
A A A
BT B T BT
V V V
O O O
∵ T is constant in all cases.

35. The specific heat of a gas in a polytropic process is given by
R R R R R R R R
(1)  (2)  (3) – (4) –
 –1 N –1 1–  1– N  –1 N –1 1–  1– N
Sol. Answer (3)
R R R
∵ C  CV   
1 N   1 N 1
36. For a certain process, pressure of diatomic gas varies according to the relation P = aV 2, where a is constant.
What is the molar heat capacity of the gas for this process?
17R 6R 13R 16R

(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 17 6 7
Sol. Answer (1)
P = aV2
PV–2 = a Compare with PVN = constant then N = – 2
Polytropic process
R
∵ C  CV 
1 N

R

R
  1 1 N   of diatomic 
7
5 
R R
 
⎛ 7 ⎞ 1  ( 2)
⎜  1⎟
⎝5 ⎠
5R R 17R
  
2 1 2 6
37. In a thermodynamic process two moles of a monatomic ideal gas obeys P  V 2 . If temperature of the gas
increases from 300 K to 400 K, then find work done by the gas (where R = universal gas constant).
(1) 200 R (2) –200 R (3) –100 R (4) –400 R
Sol. Answer (2)
P  V–2
PV2 = constant Compare with PVN = constant then N = 2
⎛ R ⎞
W  ⎜ ⎟ T
⎝ 1 N ⎠
R
W  (T2  T1 )
1 N
2  R(400  300)

(1  2)
= –200 R
38. Entropy of a system decreases
(1) When heat is supplied to a system at constant temperature
(2) When heat is taken out from the system at constant temperature
(3) At equilibrium
(4) In any spontaneous process
Sol. Answer (2)
Entropy of a system decreases when heat is taken out of the system at constant temperature.
39. If during an adiabatic process the pressure of mixture of gases is found to be proportional to square of its
absolute temperature. The ratio of CP /CV for mixture of gases is
(1) 2 (2) 1.5 (3) 1.67 (4) 2.1
Sol. Answer (1)
P  T2
⎛  ⎞
PT–2 = constant compare with PT ⎜ ⎟  constant
⎝ 1  ⎠
CP
2
CV
40. If the efficiency of a carnot engine is , then the coefficient of performance of a heat pump working between
the same temperatures will be
1  1 1
(1) 1 –  (2) (3) (4) 1+
  
Sol. Answer (3)
1 1
Coefficient of performance of heat pump = 
efficiency of Carnot engine 
41. In a Carnot engine, when heat is absorbed from the source, temperature of source
(1) Increases (2) Decreases
(3) Remains constant (4) Cannot say
Sol. Answer (3)
Even when heat is taken out temperature stays the same. i.e., heat capacity of surface is infinite.
42. A Carnot engine working between 300 K and 600 K has a work output of 800 J per cycle. The amount of heat
energy supplied to engine from the source in each cycle is
(1) 800 J (2) 1600 J (3) 3200 J (4) 6400 J
Sol. Answer (2)
W = 800 J
W T
 1 2
Q T1
800 300
 1
Q 600
1600 J = Q

43. An ideal heat engine operates on Carnot cycle between 227°C and 127°C. It absorbs 6 × 104 cal at the higher
temperature. The amount of heat converted into work equals to
(1) 4.8 × 104 cal (2) 3.5 × 104 cal (3) 1.6 × 104 cal (4) 1.2 × 104 cal
Sol. Answer (4)
W 400
 1
4 500
6  10
W = 1.2 × 104 cal
44. The maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine is

(1) 100%
T1
(2)
T2
T1
(3) 1
T2
⎛ T ⎞
(4) Dependent upon the temperature of source (T1) and sink (T2) and is equal to ⎜⎜1  2 ⎟⎟
⎝ T1 ⎠
Sol. Answer (4)
T
  1 2
T1
So it depends on source and sink temperature.
45. A frictionless heat engine can be 100% efficient only if its exhaust temperature is
(1) Equal to its input temperature (2) Less than its input temperature
(3) 0 K (4) 0°C
Sol. Answer (3)
T
∵   1 2
T1
If exhaust temperature zero kelvin then  = 100%.
46. A reversible engine and an irreversible engine are working between the same temperatures. The efficiency of
the
(1) Two engines are same (2) Reversible engine is greater
(3) Irreversible engine is greater (4) Two engines cannot be compared
Sol. Answer (2)
Efficiency of reversible engine is greater, because there is no loss of heat.
47. Which of the following can be coefficient of performance of refrigerator?

(1) 1 (2) 0.5 (3) 9 (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
1 


1
 1


1
 is less than 1 so 1

1
 1 0

 >0
48. The temperature inside and outside a refrigerator are 273 K and 300 K respectively. Assuming that the
refrigerator cycle is reversible, for every joule of work done, the heat delivered to the surrounding will be nearly
(1) 11 J (2) 22 J (3) 33 J (4) 50 J
Sol. Answer (1)
T 273 9
  1 2 ;   1 
T1 300 100
1   100 91
  1 ∼ 11 J
 9 9
Q

W
For W = 1 J
Q=
Q = 11 J
49. By opening the door of a refrigerator placed inside a room you

(1) Can cool the room to certain degree
(2) Can cool it to the temperature inside the refrigerator
(3) Ultimately warm the room slightly
(4) Can neither cool nor warm the room
Sol. Answer (3)
Ultimately warm the room because work is being done by the refrigerator.
50. A Carnot engine whose sink is at 300 K has an efficiency of 40%. By how much should the temperature of
source be increased to as to increase its efficiency by 50% of original efficiency?
(1) 150 K (2) 250 K (3) 300 K (4) 450 K
Sol. Answer (2)
40 300
 1 50% increase in efficiency
100 T1
150
T1  500 K  0.4  0.6
100
60
new efficiency = 0.6 =
100
60 300
 1
100 T1
T1  750 K
Difference between 2 Temperatures = 250 K

SECTION - B
Objective Type Questions
1. A container is filled with 20 moles of an ideal diatomic gas at absolute temperature T. When heat is supplied
to gas temperature remains constant but 8 moles dissociate into atoms. Heat energy given to gas is
(1) 4RT (2) 6RT (3) 3RT (4) 5RT
Sol. Answer (1)
Heat supplied = U = Ufinal – Uinitial
5 5 3
Uinitial   20  RT , Ufinal    20  8  RT    2  8  RT
2 2 2

U   8  RT
2
= 4RT
 Heat energy given is 4RT.
2. Liquid oxygen at 50 K is heated to 300 K at constant pressure of 1 atm. The rate of heating is constant. Which
one of the following graphs represents the variation of temperature with time?
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Time Time Time Time
Sol. Answer (3)

Temperature
Liquid oxygen when heated will observe

a rise in temperature as well as change
in state one time, which can be
represented as
3. For an isobaric process, the ratio of Q (amount of heat supplied) to the W (work done by the gas) is
⎛ C ⎞
⎜⎜   P ⎟⎟
⎝ CV ⎠
 
(1)  (2)  – 1 (3) (4)
 1  1
Sol. Answer (4)

For isobaric process Q = nCPT and W = nRT
Q CP CP 1  ⎡ CP ⎤
So,     ⎢∵  ⎥
W R CP  CV C  1 ⎣ CV ⎦
1 V
CP

4. 3 moles of an ideal gas are contained within a cylinder by a frictionless piston and are initially at temperature
T. The pressure of the gas remains constant while it is heated and its volume doubles. If R is molar gas
constant, the work done by the gas in increasing its volume is
3 3
(1) RT ln 2 (2) 3RT ln 2 (3) RT (4) 3RT
2 2
Sol. Answer (4)
W = PV
= PV
= nRT
= 3RT
5. Two moles of a gas at temperature T and volume V are heated to twice its volume at constant pressure. If
Cp
  then increase in internal energy of the gas is
Cv
RT 2RT 2RT 2T
(1) (2) (3) (4)
 1  1 3(   1)  1
Sol. Answer (2)
Q = U + W
Q – W = U

W  W  U
 1
⎛ 1 ⎞ (P.V ) nRT 2RT

U  W ⎜ ⎟   1   1   1
⎝   1⎠
6. A triatomic, diatomic and monatomic gas is supplied same amount of heat at constant pressure, then
(1) Fractional energy used to change internal energy is maximum in monatomic gas
(2) Fractional energy used to change internal energy is maximum in diatomic gas
(3) Fractional energy used to change internal energy is maximum in triatomic gases
(4) Fractional energy used to change internal energy is same in all the three gases
Sol. Answer (3)
U nCV T C 1
  V 
Q nCP T CP 
⎛ U ⎞ 1 3
⎜ ⎟  
⎝ Q ⎠mono mono 5
⎛ U ⎞ 1 5
⎜ ⎟  
⎝ Q ⎠dia  dia 7
⎛ U ⎞ 1 3
⎜ ⎟  
⎝ Q ⎠tria  tria 4
Fractional energy used to change internal energy is maximum in Triatomic gas.

7. 105 calories of heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 moles of an ideal gas at constant pressure from
30°C to 35°C. The amount of heat required in calories to raise the temperature of the gas through the range
⎛ Cp ⎞
(60°C to 65°C) at constant volume is ⎜⎜    1.4 ⎟⎟
⎝ Cv ⎠
(1) 50 cal (2) 75 cal (3) 70 cal (4) 90 cal
Sol. Answer (2)
At constant pressure heat absorbed = Q = nCP T …(1)
At constant volume heat absorbed = U = nCV T …(2)
Dividing (1) by (2),
Q CP 105
    1.4 ⇒  1.4
U CV U
 UV = 75 cal
8. To an ideal triatomic gas 800 cal heat energy is given at constant pressure. If vibrational mode is neglected,
then energy used by gas in work done against surroundings is
(1) 200 cal (2) 300 cal (3) 400 cal (4) 60 cal
Sol. Answer (1)
Heat at constant pressure
Q = nCP T
Heat for doing work
W = nRT
W nR T
Then 
Q nCP T
W ⎛   1 ⎞

800 ⎝⎜  ⎠⎟
W 1
 1
800 
W 3
 1
800 4
W = 200 cal
9. A closed cylindrical vessel contains N moles of an ideal diatomic gas at a temperature T. On supplying heat,
temperature remains same, but n moles get dissociated into atoms. The heat supplied is
5 5 1 3
(1) (N  n )RT (2) nRT (3) nRT (4) nRT
2 2 2 2
Sol. Answer (3)
Heat supplied = U = U final  Uinitial
5
Total internal energy initially = NRT [Only diatomic gas is present]
2
Total internal energy when

5 3
'n' moles get dissociated =  N  n  RT   2n  RT [diatomic and monoatomic both are present]
2 2
⎧5 3 ⎫ 5
U  ⎨  N  n  RT   2n  RT ⎬  NRT
⎩ 2 2 ⎭ 2
Solving this we get
1
U  nRT
2
1
 Heat supplied is nRT .
2
10. Figure shows the isotherms of a fixed mass of an ideal gas at three temperatures TA, TB and TC, then
1 A
V B
O P
(1) TA > TB > TC (2) TA < TB < TC (3) TB < TA < TC (4) TA = TB = TC
Sol. Answer (2)
∵ PV = RT 1 A
V B
RT
P C
V
1
∵ For constant So, P  T
V P
O PA PB PC
∵ PC > PB > PA then
TC > TB > TA
11. An ideal monatomic gas at 300 K expands adiabatically to 8 times its volume. What is the final temperature?
(1) 75 K (2) 300 K (3) 560 K (4) 340 K
Sol. Answer (1)
Adiabatic expansion
5
 for monoatomic gas 
3
T1V11  T2V2 1
1
⎛V ⎞
T2  T1 ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ V2 ⎠
5/3
⎛V ⎞ 300
 300 ⎜ 1 ⎟   75 K
⎝ 8V1 ⎠ 4

5
12. Slope of isotherm for a gas (having   ) is 3 × 105 N/m2. If the same gas is undergoing adiabatic change
3
then adiabatic elasticity at that instant is
(1) 3 × 105 N/m2 (2) 5 × 105 N/m2 (3) 6 × 105 N/m2 (4) 10 × 105 N/m2
Sol. Answer (2)
Adiabatic elasticity = P
5
  3  105  5  105 N/m2
3
13. A gas may expand either adiabatically or isothermally. A number of P–V curves are drawn for the two
processes over different range of pressure and volume. It will be found that
(1) An adiabatic curve and an isothermal curve may intersect
(2) Two adiabatic curves do not intersect
(3) Two isothermal curves do not intersect
(4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
Slope for isothermal and adiabatic are not same so they will intersect.
14. The variation of pressure P with volume V for an ideal monatomic gas during an adiabatic process is shown
in figure. At point A the magnitude of rate of change of pressure with volume is
P
3 P0 A
V
O 2 V0
3 P0 5 P0 3 P0 5 P0
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 V0 3 V0 2 V0 2 V0
Sol. Answer (4)

PV = constant
P  V– P
dP dV
 
P V
dP

P 3 P0 A
dV V
5 3 P0 V
  O 2 V0
3 2 V0
5 P0

2 V0
⎛ dP ⎞ 5 P0
Then ⎜ ⎟
⎝ dV ⎠ 2V0

15. Figure shows, the adiabatic curve on a log T and log V scale performed on ideal gas. The gas is
log T
5
A
4
3
B
2
1
log V
O 1 2 3 4 5
(1) Monatomic (2) Diatomic
(3) Polyatomic (4) Mixture of monatomic and diatomic
Sol. Answer (1)
TV 1  K
logT     1 logV  0
logT      1 logV
y = – ( – 1) x
y 24
     1  slope =
x 4 1
2
 – ( – 1) = 
3
5

3
 Monoatomic.
16. A cyclic process on an ideal monatomic gas is shown in figure. The correct statement is
P
B C
A
V
(1) Work done by gas in process AB is more than that in the process BC
(2) Net heat energy has been supplied to the system
(3) Temperature of the gas is maximum at state B
(4) In process CA, heat energy is absorbed by system
Sol. Answer (2)
It is a cyclic system  U = 0
and work done is (+)ive, so heat is supplied to system.
17. A diatomic gas undergoes a process represented by PV1.3 = constant. Choose the incorrect statement
(1) The gas expands by absorbing heat from the surroundings
(2) The gas cools down during expansion
(3) The work done by surroundings during expansion of the gas is negative
(4) None of these

Sol. Answer (4)

PV1.3 = K
P2V2  PV
1 1
W  ∵ N > 1, so W is negative.
1 N
Heat supplied by surrounding heat goes to do work.
 Down when expands.
18. If a gas is taken from A to C through B then heat absorbed by the gas is 8 J. Heat absorbed by the gas in
taking it from A to C directly is
P (kPa)
20 C
10 B
A
200 400 V (cc)
(1) 8 J (2) 9J (3) 11 J (4) 12 J

Sol. Answer (2)
When taken through ABC [U + work = heat absorbed]
Heat absorbed = area under graph + U = 8
10  200
U  8  6
1000
when taken directly to C
W + U = Q
⎡10  200 1 2000 ⎤

⎢ 1000  2  1000 ⎥  6  Q  Q = 9 J
⎣ ⎦
19. The process CD is shown in the diagram. As system is taken from C to D, what happens to the temperature
of the system?
P
3p0 C
p0 D
v0 V
3v0
(1) Temperature first decreases and then increases (2) Temperature first increases and then decreases
(3) Temperature decreases continuously (4) Temperature increases continuously
Sol. Answer (2) P
T3 > T2 > T1 T1T2 T3
So from C  D
Temperature first increases then decreases.
V

20. A P-T graph is shown for a cyclic process. Select correct statement regarding this
P
C
B
D
A
O T
(1) During process CD, work done by gas is negative

(2) During process AB, work done by the gas is positive
(3) During process BC internal energy of system increases
(4) During process BC internal energy of the system decreases
Sol. Answer (3)
In process BC (isochoric process) where T is (+)ive.
So U = nCVT
∵ T is positive  U increases
21. A hydrogen cylinder is designed to withstand an internal pressure of 100 atm. At 27°C, hydrogen is pumped
into the cylinder which exerts a pressure of 20 atm. At what temperature does the danger of explosion first
sets in?
(1) 500 K (2) 1500 K (3) 1000 K (4) 2000 K
Sol. Answer (2)
Constant volume process
PV = nRT
P1 P2

T1 T2
20 100

300 T2
T2 = 1500 K
22. An ideal gas of volume V and pressure P expands isothermally to volume 16 V and then compressed
adiabatically to volume V. The final pressure of gas is [ = 1.5]
(1) P (2) 3P (3) 4P (4) 6P
Sol. Answer (3)
Isothermal expansion
P1V1 = P2V2
PV = 16 V × P'
P
 P'
16
P1V1  P2V2 [adiabatic compression]
P'(16 V)1.5 = P" (V)1.5

P
 161.5  P "  4P
16

23. The pressure P of an ideal diatomic gas varies with its absolute temperature T as shown in figure. The molar
heat capacity of gas during this process is [R is gas constant]
P
T
(1) 1.7 R (2) 3.25 R (3) 2.5 R (4) 4.2 R
Sol. Answer (3)
5
CV of diatomic = R
2
24. An ideal gas expands according to the law P 2V = constant. The internal energy of the gas
(1) Increases continuously (2) Decreases continuously
(3) Remain constant (4) First increases and then decreases
Sol. Answer (1)
P2V = K
or PV–2 = K
N = –2
R
C  CV   positive quantity
1 N
C>0
W>0 [gas is expanding]
∵ PV–2 = K so TV–3 = constant
 T will increases if V increases.
 T > 0
So U = CT > 0
It will increase continuously.
25. The variation of pressure P with volume V for an ideal diatomic gas is parabolic as shown in the figure. The molar
specific heat of the gas during this process is
P
O V
9R 17R 3R 8R
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 6 4 5
Sol. Answer (2)
P = aV–2 So, PV2 = constant then N = 2
R R
C  ∵  = 1.4
  1 1 N
17R
C
6

26. Neon gas of a given mass expands isothermally to double volume. What should be the further fractional
decrease in pressure, so that the gas when adiabatically compressed from that state, reaches the original
state?
(1) 1 – 2–2/3 (2) 1 – 31/3 (3) 21/3 (4) 32/3
Sol. Answer (1)
1 1  P2V2
PV [for isothermal]
PV  P ' 2V
P
 P'
2
P1V1  P2V2 [for adiabatic]
P 5/3 5/3
  2V   P2 V  [ for neon = 5/3 ]
2
2/3
P  P2 .  2 
2/3
P  P P2  P2 .  2 
Fractional decrease  2   1  22/3
P2 P2
27. When 1 kg of ice at 0°C melts to water at 0° C, the resulting change in its entropy, taking latent heat of ice
to be 80 cal/°C is
(1) 293 cal/K (2) 273 cal/K (3) 8 × 104 cal/K (4) 80 cal/K
Sol. Answer (1)
∵ ⎛ Q ⎞ ⎛ mlf ⎞
Entropy  ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ T ⎠ ⎝ T ⎠
1000  80
y   293 cal/K
273
28. Carnot cycle is plotted in P-V graph. Which portion represents an isothermal expansion?
P A
B
D C
V
(1) AB (2) BC (3) CD (4) DA

Sol. Answer (1)
AB is isothermal expansion. BC is adiabatic expansion
CD is isothermal compression
A = adiabatic compression.

29. Efficiency of a heat engine working between a given source and sink is 0.5. Coefficient of performance of the
refrigerator working between the same source and the sink will be
(1) 1 (2) 0.5 (3) 1.5 (4) 2
Sol. Answer (1)
1

1 
1
0.5 
1 
=1
30. A heat engine rejects 600 cal to the sink at 27°C. Amount of work done by the engine will be
(Temperature of source is 227°C & J = 4.2 J/cal)
(1) 1680 J (2) 840 J (3) 2520 J (4) None of these
Sol. Answer (1)
T W
1 2 
T1 Q1
300 W
1 
500 Q1
W 2

Q1 5
5W
Q1 
2
∵ W = Q1 – Q2
Then Q2 = Q1 – W
5W 3W
Q2  W 
2 2
2Q2  2  600
Then W  = 400 cal = 400 × 4.2 J = 1680 J
3 3
SECTION - C
Previous Years Questions
1. 4.0 g of a gas occupies 22.4 litres at NTP. The specific heat capacity of the gas at constant volume is 5.0
JK–1 mol–1. If the speed of sound in this gas at NTP is 952 ms–1, then the heat capacity at constant pressure
is (Take gas constant R = 8.3 JK–1 mol–1) [Re-AIPMT-2015]
(1) 8.5 JK–1 mol–1 (2) 8.0 JK–1 mol–1 (3) 7.5 JK–1 mol–1 (4) 7.0 JK–1 mol–1
Sol. Answer (2)
2. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator is 5. If the temperature inside freezer is –20°C, the temperature
of the surroundings to which it rejects heat is [Re-AIPMT-2015]
(1) 21°C (2) 31°C (3) 41°C (4) 11°C
Sol. Answer (2)

3. An ideal gas is compressed to half its initial volume by means of several processes. Which of the process
results in the maximum work done on the gas? [Re-AIPMT-2015]
(1) Isothermal (2) Adiabatic (3) Isobaric (4) Isochoric
Sol. Answer (2)
4. One mole of an ideal diatomic gas undergoes a transition from A to B along a path AB as shown in the figure
P (in kPa)
A
5
2 B
4 6
3
V (in m )
The change in internal energy of the gas during the transition is [AIPMT-2015]
(1) –12 kJ (2) 20 kJ (3) –20 kJ (4) 20 J
Sol. Answer (3)
U = nCVT
⎛ R ⎞
 n⎜ ⎟ (T2  T1 )
⎝   1⎠ P (kPa)
A
n[RT2  RT1 ] 5

 1 B
2
n(P2V2  PV
1 1)

 1 O 4 6 3
V (m )
1(2  6  103  5  4  103 )

7 / 5 1
 8  103
  20  103
2/5
= –20 kJ
1
5. A Carnot engine, having an efficiency of  = as heat engine, is used as a refrigerator. If the work done
10
on the system is 10 J, the amount of energy absorbed from the reservoir at lower temperature is
[AIPMT-2015]
(1) 1 J (2) 100 J (3) 99 J (4) 90 J
Sol. Answer (4)
1 Q
∵  1 2
 W
1 Q
1 2
(1/ 10) 10
Q2
(10  1) 
10
Q2 = 90 J

6. Figure below shows two paths that may be taken by a gas to go from a state A to a state C. In process AB,
400 J of heat is added to the system and in process BC, 100 J of heat is added to the system. The heat
absorbed by the system in the process AC will be [AIPMT-2015]
P
4
6 × 10 Pa
B C
4 A
2 × 10 Pa
–3 3 –3 3
V
2 × 10 m 4 × 10 m
(1) 300 J (2) 380 J (3) 500 J (4) 460 J

Sol. Answer (4)
In process ABC
∵ Q = U + W
So, U = Q – W
U = (400 + 100) – (6 × 104 × 2 × 10–3)
U = 500 – 120
U = 380 J
In process AC
Q = U + W
⎡1 ⎤
 380  ⎢  (2  104  6  104 )  2  103 ⎥
⎣2 ⎦
= 380 + 80
= 460 J
7. A monoatomic gas at a pressure P, having a volume V expands isothermally to a volume 2V and then adiabatically
to a volume 16V. the final pressure of the gas is: (take  = 5/3) [AIPMT-2014]
(1) 64P (2) 32P (3) P/64 (4) 16P
Sol. Answer (3)
In isothermal process
P1V1 = P2V2
PV = P2(2V)
P
P2  ...(1)
2
In adiabatic process
 
P2V2 = P3V3
⎛P ⎞  
⎜ ⎟ (2V )  P3 (16V )
⎝2⎠
 5/3
P ⎛ 2v ⎞ P ⎛ 1⎞ P
P3  ⎜ ⎟  ⎜ ⎟ 
2 ⎝ 16V ⎠ 2 ⎝8⎠ 64

8. A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown in figure. The work done by the system
in the cycle is [AIPMT-2014]
P
C B
3 P0
2 P0
P0 D
A
V0 2V0 V
P0V0
(1) P0 V0 (2) 2P0 V0 (3) (4) Zero
2
Sol. Answer (4)
W = area enclosed by AODA + by area enclosed OBCO
P
C B
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ 3 P0
 ⎢  (2V0  V0 )  P0 ⎥  ⎢  (2V0  V0 )P0 ⎥
⎣2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ O
2 P0
⎧ AODA is a clockwise P0 D
=0 ⎨ A
⎩ while DBCO is anticlockwise V0 2V0 V
9. A gas is taken through the cycle A  B  C  A, as shown. What is the net work done by the gas?
P(105 Pa)
7
6 B
5
4
3
A
2 C
1
0 V(10–3 m3)
1 2 4 6 8
[NEET-2013]
(1) 1000 J (2) Zero (3) – 2000 J (4) 2000 J
Sol. Answer (1)
∵ Cyclic curve is clockwise i.e., W = +ve
W = area enclosed
1
  5  103  4  105
2
= 1000 J
10. The molar specific heats of an ideal gas at constant pressure and volume are denoted by Cp and Cv respectively.
Cp
If   and R is the universal gas constant, then Cv is equal to [NEET-2013]
Cv
R (   1) 1 
(1) (2) (3) R (4)
(   1) R 1 

Sol. Answer (1)
Cp

Cv
We know Cp – Cv = R
R
So Cv 
 1
11. During an adiabatic process, the pressure of a gas is found to be proportional to the cube of its temperature.
Cp
The ratio of for the gas is: [NEET-2013]
Cv
5 3 4
(1) 2 (2) (3) (4)
3 2 3
Sol. Answer (3)

P  T3
PT–3 = constant
⎛  ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Compare with PT ⎝ 1 ⎠  constant

Then,  3
1 
3

2
12. In the given (V – T) diagram, what is the relation between pressures P1 and P2? [NEET-2013]
V
P2
P1
2
1
T
(1) P2 > P1 (2) P2 < P1 (3) Cannot be predicted (4) P2 = P1
Sol. Answer (2)
∵ PV = RT
⎧∵ Slope of V -T graph ⎫
V R ⎪ ⎪
  tan  ⎨ V ⎬
T P ⎪⎩ m  tan   ⎪⎭
T
1
i.e., P 
tan 
2 > 1 so tan2 > tan1

 P2 < P1 then P2 < P1

13. One mole of an ideal gas goes from an initial state A to final state B via two processes: It first undergoes
isothermal expansion from volume V to 3V and then its volume is reduced from 3V to V at constant pressure.
The correct P-V diagram representing the two processes is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]
A A B A
(1) P (2) P (3) P (4) P

B B A B
V 3V V 3V V 3V V 3V
V V V V
Sol. Answer (2)
P
B
V 3V
V
14. A thermodynamic system is taken through the cycle ABCD as shown in figure. Heat rejected by the gas during
the cycle is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]
D C
2P
Pressure
P
A B
V 3V
Volume
1
(1) PV (2) PV (3) 2 PV (4) 4 PV
2
Sol. Answer (3)
Heat rejected = workdone by surrounding = area of PV graph = P × 2V = 2PV
15. An ideal gas goes from state A to state B via three different processes as indicated in the P-V diagram
A 1
2
P 3 B
V
If Q1, Q2, Q3 indicate the heat absorbed by the gas along the three processes and U1, U2, U3 indicate
the change in internal energy along the three processes respectively, then [AIPMT (Mains)-2012]
(1) Q1 > Q2 > Q3 and U1 = U2 = U3 (2) Q3 > Q2 > Q1 and U1 = U2 = U3
(3) Q1 = Q2 = Q3 and U1 > U2 > U3 (4) Q3 > Q2 > Q1 and U1 > U2 > U3
Sol. Answer (1)
Q1 > Q2 > Q3 and U1 = U2 = U3

16. During an isothermal expansion, a confined ideal gas does –150 J of work against its surroundings. This implies
that [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011]
(1) 150 J of heat has been added to the gas
(2) 150 J of heat has been removed from the gas
(3) 300 J of heat has been added to the gas
(4) No heat is transferred because the process is isothermal
Sol. Answer (2)
It implies 150 J heat has been removed from the gas.
17. A mass of diatomic gas ( = 1.4) at a pressure of 2 atmospheres is compressed adiabatically so that its
temperature rises from 27°C to 927°C. The pressure of the gas in the final state is [AIPMT (Mains)-2011]
(1) 256 atm (2) 8 atm (3) 28 atm (4) 68.7 atm
Sol. Answer (1)
⎛  ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1  then, PT ⎝ 1 ⎠  constant
P T C

P2 ⎛ T1 ⎞ 1
⎜ ⎟
P1 ⎝ T2 ⎠
1.4
P2 ⎛ 300 ⎞ 11.4

2 ⎜⎝ 1200 ⎟⎠
7
P2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2

2 ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
P2  26  256 atm
18. If U and W represent the increase in internal energy and work done by the system respectively in a
thermodynamical process, which of the following is true? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2010]
(1) U = – W, in a isothermal process (2) U = – W, in a adiabatic process
(3) U = W, in a isothermal process (4) U = W, in a adiabatic process
Sol. Answer (2)
In adiabatic process Q = 0
So U = – W [∵ Q = W + U]
19. If Cp and Cv denote the specific heats (per unit mass) of an ideal gas of molecular weight M, where R is the
molar gas constant [AIPMT (Mains)-2010]
(1) Cp – Cv = R/M2 (2) Cp – Cv = R (3) Cp – Cv = R/M (4) Cp – Cv = MR
Sol. Answer (3)
R
Cp  Cv 
M
Because Cp & Cv are given per unit mass
And Cp – Cv = R is for 1 mole
So here we use R/M where M is molecular mass.

1
20. A monoatomic gas at pressure P1 and V1 is compressed adiabatically to th its original volume. What is the
8
final pressure of the gas? [AIPMT (Mains)-2010]
(1) 64 P1 (2) P1 (3) 16 P1 (4) 32 P1
Sol. Answer (4)
∵ PV  = constant

⎛V ⎞ 5
P2  P1 ⎜ 1 ⎟  P  8  3  32P1
⎝ V2 ⎠
21. In thermodynamic processes which of the following statements is not true? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2009]
(1) In an isochoric process pressure remains constant
(2) In an isothermal process the temperature remains constant
(3) In an adiabatic process PV  = constant
(4) In an adiabatic process the system is insulated from the surroundings
Sol. Answer (1)
In isochoric processes volume remains constant.
22. The internal energy change in a system that has absorbed 2 Kcals of heat and done 500 J of work is
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2009]
(1) 6400 J (2) 5400 J (3) 7900 J (4) 8900 J
Sol. Answer (3)
2 × 4.2 × 1000 = dU + 500
dU = 7900 J
23. If Q, E and W denote respectively the heat added, change in internal energy and the work done in a closed
cycle process, then [AIPMT (Prelims)-2008]
(1) Q = 0 (2) W=0 (3) Q=W=0 (4) E=0
Sol. Answer (4)
E = change in U
and in cyclic process U = 0
 E=0
24. At 10°C the value of the density of a fixed mass of an ideal gas divided by its pressure is x. At 110°C this ratio
is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2008]
283 383 10
(1) x (2) x (3) x (4) x
383 283 110
Sol. Answer (1)

x at 10°C
P
M
x
PV

Molecular mass × number of moles

x
R T
1
 x
T
383 x

283 x 
283
x  x
383
25. An engine has an efficiency of 1/6. When the temperature of sink is reduced by 62°C, its efficiency is doubled.
Temperature of the source is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007]
(1) 99°C (2) 124°C (3) 37°C (4) 62°C
Sol. Answer (1)
1 T  62
 1 L
3 TH
1 5 62 ⎡ TL 5 ⎤
 1  ⎢  ⎥
3 6 TH ⎣TH 6 ⎦
TH = 372° K = 99°C
TL = 37°C
26. A Carnot engine whose sink is at 300 K has an efficiency of 40%. By how much should the temperature of
source be increased so as to increase its efficiency by 50% of original efficiency? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2006]
(1) 275 K (2) 325 K (3) 250 K (4) 380 K
Sol. Answer (3)
T Where T2  Sink Temperature

  1 2
T1 T1  Source Temperature
Temperature of sink is given to be 300 K.

 = 0.4
300
So 0.4  1 
T1
 T1 = 500 K
Now,  is increased by 50%.
150 15
      0.4  0.6
100 10
To maintain same sink temperature new source temperature is
300
0.6  1 
T1
T1 = 750 K
 Increase in temperature = 750 – 500 = 250 K

7
27. The molar specific heat at constant pressure of an ideal gas is R . The ratio of specific heat at constant
2
pressure to that at constant volume is : [AIPMT (Prelims)-2006]
7 8 5 9
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 7 7 7
Sol. Answer (1)
7 R
CP  R
2  
7
 
5
28. Which of the following processes is reversible ? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
(1) Transfer of heat by radiation (2) Electrical heating of a nichrome wire
(3) Transfer of heat by conduction (4) Isothermal compression
Sol. Answer (4)
Isothermal compression takes place slowly at constant pressure, also U is zero so it is a reversible process.
29. An ideal gas heat engine operates in Carnot cycle between 227°C and 127°C. It absorbs 6 × 104 cal of heat at
higher temperature. Amount of heat converted to work is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
(1) 2.4 × 104 cal (2) 6 × 104 cal (3) 1.2 × 104 cal (4) 4.8 × 104 cal
Sol. Answer (3)
30. A system is taken from state a to state c by two paths adc and abc as shown in the figure. The internal energy
at a is Ua = 10 J. Along the path adc the amount of heat absorbed Q1 = 50 J and the work obtained W1 =
20 J whereas along the path abc the heat absorbed Q2 = 36 J. The amount of work along the path abc is
d c
a b
V
(1) 6 J (2) 10 J (3) 12 J (4) 36 J
Sol. Answer (1)
dQ1 adc = 50 = dUadc + 20  dUadc = 30 = dUabc
dQabc = 36 = 30 + dWabc
 dWabc = 6 J

31. Consider two insulated chambers (A, B) of same volume connected by a closed knob, S. 1 mole of perfect
gas is confined in chamber A. What is the change in entropy of gas when knob S is opened? R = 8.31 J
mol–1K–1.
S
A B
(1) 1.46 J/K (2) 3.46 J/K (3) 5.46 J/K (4) 7.46 J/K
Sol. Answer (3)
V
S  2.303 nR loge 2
V1
If initially volume is taken as V, then final volume = ZV, as volume of both chambers is given to be same.
2V
 S  2.303  1 8.31 loge
V
S  5.46 J/K
32. A Carnot engine has efficiency 25%. It operates between reservoirs of constant temperatures with temperature
difference of 80°C. What is the temperature of the low-temperature reservoir?
(1) –25°C (2) 25°C (3) –33°C (4) 33°C
Sol. Answer (3)
TL
  1
TH
1 T
 1 L
4 TH
4
TH  TL
3
also TH – TL = 80
 TL = 240 K = –33°C
33. In an adiabatic change, the pressure and temperature of a monatomic gas are related as
P  Tc, where c equals
3 5 2 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 3 5 2
Sol. Answer (4)
P  T C ⇒ PT C  K
⎛  ⎞
⎜ ⎟
And compare with PT ⎝ 1 ⎠  constant [condition from adiabatic process]

Then,  C 
1 
5/3 5/3 5
C  
1 5 / 3 2 / 3 2

34. An ideal Carnot engine, whose efficiency is 40%, receives heat at 500 K. If its efficiency is 50%, then the
intake temperature for the same exhaust temperature is
(1) 800 K (2) 900 K (3) 600 K (4) 700 K
Sol. Answer (3)
T2
  1
T1
40 T
 1 2
100 500
T2 = 300 K
If  = 50%
50 300
 1
100 T1
 T1 = 600 K
35. A monatomic gas initially at 18°C is compressed adiabatically to one eighth of its original volume. The
temperature after compression will be
(1) 1164 K (2) 144 K (3) 18 K (4) 887.4 K
Sol. Answer (1)
∵ TV–1 = constant
1
⎛V ⎞
T1 ⎜ 1 ⎟  T2
⎝ V2 ⎠
291 × (8)2/3 = T2
T2 = 291 × 4 = 1164 K
36. An ideal gas, undergoing adiabatic change, has which of the following pressure temperature relationship?
(1) PT1– = constant (2) P1–T = constant (3) P–1T = constant (4) PT–1 = constant
Sol. Answer (2)
PV   constant
⎧∵ PV  RT ⎫
 ⎪ ⎪
⎛T ⎞ ⎨ ⎛ RT ⎞⎬
P ⎜ ⎟  constant ⎪ V ⎜ ⎟⎪
⎝P ⎠ ⎩ ⎝ P ⎠⎭
P 1 . T   constant
37. A sample of gas expands from volume V1 to V2. The amount of work done by the gas is greatest, when the
expansion is
(1) Adiabatic (2) Equal in all cases (3) Isothermal (4) Isobaric
Sol. Answer (4)
Work done is maximum in isobaric process
W = P.V = P(V2 – V1) = nR(T2 – T1)

38. The efficiency of a Carnot engine operating with reservoir temperature of 100°C and – 23°C will be
373  250 373  250 100  23 100  23

(1) (2) (3) (4)
373 373 100 100
Sol. Answer (2)
⎡ Where ⎤
T ⎢ ⎥
  1 2 ⎢T2  sink temperature ⎥
T1 ⎢⎣T1  reservoir temperature ⎥⎦
373  250

373
39. We consider a thermodynamic system. If U represents the increase in its internal energy and W the work
done by the system, which of the following statements is true?
(1) U = –W in an isothermal process (2) U = W in an isothermal process
(3) U = – W in an adiabatic process (4) U = W in an adiabatic process
Sol. Answer (3)
As Q = zero for adiabatic process
So U = –W for adiabatic process
40. If the ratio of specific heat of a gas at constant pressure to that at constant volume is , the change in internal
energy of a mass of gas, when the volume changes from V to 2V at constant pressure P, is
PV R PV
(1) (2) PV (3) (4)
(   1) (   1) (   1)
Sol. Answer (1)
⎛ R ⎞ nR(T2  T1 ) nRT2  nRT1

U  nCV T  n ⎜ ⎟ T  
⎝   1⎠  1  1
P (2V  V ) PV
 
 1  1
41. An ideal gas at 27°C is compressed adiabatically to 8/27 of its original volume. The rise in temperature is (Take
 = 5/3)
(1) 275 K (2) 375 K (3) 475 K (4) 175 K
Sol. Answer (2)
∵ TV –1 = constant
T1V11  T2V21
1
⎡V ⎤
T1  ⎢ 1 ⎥  T2
⎣V2 ⎦

5 1
⎡ 27 ⎤ 3
300  ⎢ ⎥  T2
⎣8 ⎦
2
⎡3 ⎤
300  ⎢ ⎥  T2
⎣2⎦
9
300   T2
4
675 K = T2
 T = 675 – 300 = 375 K
42. Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in series. The engine A receives heat from the source at temperature
T1 and rejects the heat to the sink at temperature T. The second engine B receives the heat at temperature
T and rejects to its sink at temperature T2. For what value of T the efficiencies of the two engines are equal?
T1  T2 T1  T2
(1) (2) (3) T1T2 (4) T1T2
2 2
Sol. Answer (4)
A = B
⎛ TL ⎞ ⎛ TL ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ TH ⎠ A ⎝ TH ⎠B
T T2

T1 T
T 2  T1T2 ⇒ T  T1T2
43. The (W/Q) of a Carnot engine is 1/6. Now the temperature of sink is reduced by 62°C, then this ratio becomes
twice, therefore the initial temperature of the sink and source are respectively
(1) 33°C, 67°C (2) 37°C, 99°C (3) 67°C, 33°C (4) 97K, 37K
Sol. Answer (2)
1 T
 1  L ...(1)
6 TH
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ T  62 ⎞
2  ⎜ ⎟  1 ⎜ L ⎟
⎝6⎠ ⎝ TH ⎠
1 T  62 
 1 2
3 TH
1 5 62
 1 
3 6 TH
TH = 372°K = 99°C
TL = 37°C

44. A scientist says that the efficiency of his heat engine which works at source temperature 127°C and sink
temperature 27°C is 26%, then
(1) It is impossible (2) It is possible but less probable
(3) It is quite probable (4) Data are incomplete
Sol. Answer (1)
TL 300
  1  1  25%
TH 400
45. The efficiency of Carnot engine is 50% and temperature of sink is 500 K. If temperature of source is kept
constant and its efficiency raised to 60%, then the required temperature of sink will be
(1) 100 K (2) 600 K (3) 400 K (4) 500 K
Sol. Answer (3)
1 500 6 T
 1  1 L
2 TH 10 103
TH  103 TL  4  102  400 K
46. An ideal gas heat engine operates in a Carnot cycle between 227°C and 127°C. It absorbs 6 kcal at the higher
temperature. The amount of heat (in kcal) converted into work is equal to
(1) 4.8 (2) 3.5 (3) 1.6 (4) 1.2
Sol. Answer (4)
W T
 1 L
Q1 TH
W 400
 1  1.2 J
6 500
47. One mole of an ideal gas at an initial temperature of T K does 6R joules of work adiabatically. If the ratio of
specific heats of this gas at constant pressure and at constant volume is 5/3, the final temperature of gas
will be
(1) (T + 2.4) K (2) (T – 2.4) K (3) (T + 4) K (4) (T – 4) K
Sol. Answer (4)
nR T2  T1  ⎡ 5⎤
W 
 1
  dU ⎢  3 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
 Tfinal  T  4  K
48. The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of Helium at NTP, from T1 K to T2 K is
3 3 3 ⎛T ⎞ 3
(1) Na kB (T2  T1 ) (2) Na kB (T2  T1 ) (3) Na kB ⎜ 2 ⎟ (4) Na k B (T2  T1 )
2 4 4 ⎝ T1 ⎠ 8
Sol. Answer (4)

f
Q  . R  dT 
2
3
 Na K B T2  T1   Q
8

49. Which of the following relations does not give the equation of an adiabatic process, where terms have their
usual meaning?
(1) P.T1– = constant (2) P1–T = constant
(3) PV = constant (4) TV–1 = constant
Sol. Answer (1)
It is P1–T = K
50. According to C.E. van der Waal, the interatomic potential varies with the average interatomic distance (R) as
(1) R–1 (2) R–2 (3) R–4 (4) R–6
Sol. Answer (4)
According to van der Waal's formulae, interatomic potential is inversely proportion to R6.
So, U  R –6
51. In a vessel, the gas is at a pressure P. If the mass of all the molecules is halved and their speed is doubled,
then the resultant pressure will be
(1) 4P (2) 2P (3) P (4) P/2
Sol. Answer (2)
1
P MnV 2
3
1 M 2 1
P'   n  2V   2  MnV 2  2P
3 2 3
52. The mean free path of collision of gas molecules varies with its diameter (d) of the molecules as
(1) d–1 (2) d–2 (3) d–3 (4) d–4
Sol. Answer (2)
1

d2
53. At 0 K, which of the following properties of a gas will be zero?

(1) Volume (2) Density (3) Kinetic energy (4) Potential energy
Sol. Answer (3)
at 0 K Vrms = 0 so K.E. = 0
54. The value of critical temperature in terms of van der Waals’ constants a and b is given by
8a 27a a a
(1) TC  (2) TC  (3) TC  (4) TC 
27Rb 8Rb 2Rb 27Rb
Sol. Answer (1)
8a
TC 
27Rb

55. The degrees of freedom of a triatomic gas is

(Consider moderate temperature)
(1) 6 (2) 4 (3) 2 (4) 8
Sol. Answer (1)
Degree of freedom = 3 rotational + 3 translational + 0 vibrational [T is moderate] = 6
56. To find out degree of freedom, the expression is
2  1 2 1
(1) f  (2) f  (3) f  (4) f 
 1 2  1  1
Sol. Answer (1)
fR
∵ CV 
2
2CV 2CV 2 2
Then, f    
R CP  CV CP  1
1
CV
57. The equation of state for 5 g of oxygen at a pressure P and temperature T, when occupying a volume V, will
be (where R is the gas constant)
5 5 5
(1) PV = RT (2) PV = 5RT (3) PV = RT (4) PV = RT
32 2 16
Sol. Answer (1)
∵ ⎛m⎞
PV  nRT  ⎜ ⎟ RT
⎝M ⎠
5
PV  RT
32
SECTION - D
Assertion - Reason Type Questions
1. A : Work done by a gas in isothermal expansion is more than the work done by the gas in the same
expansion adiabatically.
R : Temperature remains constant in isothermal expansion and not in adiabatic expansion.
Sol. Answer (2)
A : is true
R : is true, but not correct explanation
correct explanation is, in isothermal expansion.
∵ T = 0 so U = 0
 Q = W

all the heat goes in doing work.

Whereas in adiabatic process
Heat goes to work as well as in increasing internal energy.
 Wisothermal > Wadiabatic
2. A : Efficiency of heat engine can never be 100%.

R : Second law of thermodynamics puts a limitation on the efficiency of a heat engine.
Sol. Answer (1)
A : is true
R : is true, and correct explanation
3. A : Heat absorbed in a cyclic process is zero.

R : Work done in a cyclic process is zero.
Sol. Answer (4)
A : is false, in cyclic process only U = 0, Q = W.
R : is false, work done is not zero only change in internal energy is zero.
4. A : Coefficient of performance of a refrigerator is always greater than 1.

R : Efficiency of heat engine is greater than 1.
Sol. Answer (4)
A : is false.
R : is false
Because efficiency of heat engine can never be equal to greater to 1.
1
∵ all the heat cannot be converted to work.
and coefficient of performane of refrigerator
1  1
  1
 
∵   1 so  may be less than 1.
5. A : Adiabatic expansion causes cooling.
R : In adiabatic expansion, internal energy is used up in doing work.
Sol. Answer (1)
A : is true
R : is true, and correct explanation

6. A : The specific heat of an ideal gas is zero in an adiabatic process.
R : Specific heat of a gas is process independent.
Sol. Answer (3)
A : is true
R : is false
Because specific heat depends on the process.
7. A : The change in internal energy does not depend on the path of process.
R : The internal energy of an ideal gas is independent of the configuration of its molecules.
Sol. Answer (2)
A : is true
R : is true, but not the correct explanation, because internal energy depends on the temperature of the gas.
8. A : Heat supplied to a gaseous system in an isothermal process is used to do work against surroundings.
R : During isothermal process there is no change in internal energy of the system.
Sol. Answer (1)
A : true
R : true and correct explanation
9. A : In nature all thermodynamic processes are irreversible.
R : During a thermodynamic process it is not possible to eliminate dissipative effects.
Sol. Answer (1)
A : is true
R : is true and correct explanation
10. A : During a cyclic process work done by the system is zero.
R : Heat supplied to a system in the cyclic process converts into internal energy of the system.
Sol. Answer (4)
A : is false, in cyclic process, work done is not zero, internal energy change is zero.
R : is false, heat supplied converts to work as initial state is equal to final state.
 No change in internal energy.


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Chapter 12

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Chapter 12

2. For a cyclic process

Sol. Answer (3)

4. Internal energy of a non-ideal gas depends on

6. Which of the following laws of thermodynamics defines internal energy?

Sol. Answer (4)

10. Work done in the cyclic process shown in figure is

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(1) Positive in all cases from (a) to (d)

Denima Academy of Medical Sciences Pvt. Ltd New-Baneshwor, Kathmandu

Sol. Answer (2)

Denima Academy of Medical Sciences Pvt. Ltd New-Baneshwor, Kathmandu

(C) Pressure  Temperature – Isochoric process

Free piston Fixed piston

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Sol. Answer (4)

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24. The adiabatic elasticity of a diatomic gas at NTP is

 1.414  105 N/m2

25. For an isometric process

Denima Academy of Medical Sciences Pvt. Ltd New-Baneshwor, Kathmandu

Process having a constant pressure, so isobaric process.

(1) O2 and He (2) He and O2 (3) O2 and CO (4) N2 and O2

Denima Academy of Medical Sciences Pvt. Ltd New-Baneshwor, Kathmandu

(1) Increase as it goes from A to B (2) Increase as it goes from B to C

Sol. Answer (1)

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B  C pressure constant, volume - increasing, temperature - increasing

P-T graph is straight line must passes from origin

(1) T = 0 (2) Q = 0 (3) W<0 (4) U > 0

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From A  B, volume increasing, pressure constant

33. Work done for the process shown in the figure is

A(10 kPa, 10 cc)

(1) 1 J (2) 1.5 J (3) 4.5 J (4) 0.3 J

(1) (2) (3) (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (4)

∵ T is constant in all cases.

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35. The specific heat of a gas in a polytropic process is given by

Sol. Answer (3)

17R 6R 13R 16R

Sol. Answer (3)

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44. The maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine is

47. Which of the following can be coefficient of performance of refrigerator?

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49. By opening the door of a refrigerator placed inside a room you

Difference between 2 Temperatures = 250 K

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Time Time Time Time

Sol. Answer (3)

Liquid oxygen when heated will observe

Sol. Answer (4)

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⎛ 1 ⎞ (P.V ) nRT 2RT

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Heat supplied = U = U final  Uinitial

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