Assighment Law PDF
Assighment Law PDF
Assighment Law PDF
A Previous Criminology
2020
Maliha Nadeem
Huda Gull
Saba
Anjum
Syeda Sundus Nigah
2 Importance of law
6 Purpose of law
Establishing standard
Maintaining order
Resolving dispute
Protecting liberties and right
Constitution law
Administrative law
Criminal and civil law
Banking and finance law
International law
8 Conclusion
INTRIDUCTION TO LAW
Law is a word that means different things at different times. Black’s Law Dictionary says that law is “a body
of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having binding legal force. That which
must be obeyed and followed by citizens subject to sanctions or legal consequence is a law. “Black’s Law
Dictionary.
Law has been defined as “a body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by a controlling authority, and
having binding legal force. That which must be obeyed and followed by citizens subject to sanctions or
legal consequence is a law.”
law is a rule of conduct developed by the government or society over a certain territory. Law follows
certain practices and customs in order to deal with crime, business, social relationships, property, finance,
etc. The Law is controlled and enforced by the controlling authority.
The law is important because it acts as a guideline as to what is accepted in society. Without it there would
be conflicts between social groups and communities. It is pivotal that we follow them. The law allows for
easy adoption to changes that occur in the society.
1. Law plays an important indirect role in regard to social change by shaping a direct impact on society. For
example: 8A law setting up a compulsory educational system.
2. On the other hand, law interacts in many cases indirectly with basic social institutions in a manner
constituting a direct relationship between law and social change. For example, a law designed to prohibit
polygamy.
Law plays an agent of modernization and social change. It is also an indicator of the nature of societal
complexity and its attendant problems of integration. Further, the reinforcement of our belief in the age-old
panchayat system, child marriage, sati, dowry etc. are typical illustrations of social change being brought
about in the country trough laws.
Law is an effective medium or agency, instrumental in bringing about social change in the country or in any
region in particular. Therefore, we rejuvenate our belief that law has been pivotal in introducing changes in
the societal structure and relationships and continues to be so.
THE NATURE OF LAW.
The law affects every aspect of our lives; it governs our conduct from the cradle to the grave and its
influence even extends from before our birth to after our death. We live in a society which has developed a
complex body of rules to control the activities of its members. There are laws which govern working
conditions (e.g. by laying down minimum standards of health and safety), laws which regulate leisure
pursuits (e.g. by banning alcohol on coaches and trains travelling to football matches), and laws which
control personal relationships (e.g. by prohibiting marriage between close relatives).
The law is a set of rules, enforceable by the courts, which regulate the government of the state and govern
the relationship between the state and its citizens and between one citizen and another. As individuals we
encounter many ‘rules’. The rules of a particular sport, such as the off-side rule in football, or the rules of a
club, are designed to bring order to a particular activity. Other kinds of rule may really be social
conventions, such as not speaking ill of the dead. In this case, the ‘rule’ is merely a reflection of what a
community regards to be appropriate behaviour. In neither situation would we expect the rule to have the
force of law and to be enforced by the courts.
PURPOSE OF LAW
In a society such as the United States, the law informs everyday life in a wide variety of ways and is
reflected in numerous branches of law. For example, contract law regulates agreements to exchange
goods, services, or anything else of value, so it includes everything from buying a bus ticket to trading
options on a derivatives market. Property law defines people’s rights and duties toward tangible property,
including real estate (i.e., real property, such as land or buildings,) and their other possessions
(i.e., personal property, such as clothes, books, vehicles, and so forth), and intangible property, such as
bank accounts and shares of stock. Tort law provides for compensation when someone or their property is
harmed, whether in an automobile accident or by defamation of character. Those are fields of civil law,
which deals with disputes between individuals. Offenses against a federal, state, or local community itself
are the subject of criminal law, which provides for the government to punish the offender.
The law serves many purposes. Four principal ones are establishing standards, maintaining order, resolving
disputes, and protecting liberties and rights.
1. Establishing Standards
The law is a guidepost for minimally acceptable behaviour in society. Some activities, for instance, are
crimes because society (through a legislative body) has determined that it will not tolerate certain
behaviours that injure or damage persons or their property. For example, under a typical state law, it is a
crime to cause physical injury to another person without justification—doing so generally constitutes the
crime of assault.
2. Maintaining Order
This is an offshoot of establishing standards. Some semblance of order is necessary in a civil society and is
therefore reflected in law. The law—when enforced—provides order consistent with society’s guidelines.
Wildlife management laws, for example, (such as West Virginia’s prohibition against using ferrets for
hunting,) were first passed in an effort to conserve game that had nearly been hunted into extinction
during the nineteenth century. Such laws reflect the value society places on protecting wildlife for future
generations to enjoy.
3. Resolving Disputes
Disputes are unavoidable in a society comprised of persons with different needs, wants, values, and views.
The law provides a formal means for resolving disputes—the court system.
4. Protecting Liberties and Rights
The constitutions and statutes of the United States and its states provide for various liberties and rights.
One function of the law is to protect these various liberties and rights from violations or unreasonable
intrusions by persons, organizations, or government. For example, subject to certain exceptions, the First
Amendment to the Constitution prohibits the government from making a law that prohibits the freedom of
speech. Someone who believes that his free speech rights have been prohibited by the government may
pursue a remedy by bringing a case in the courts.
Administrative Law:
Administrative law encompasses law and legal principle governing the administration and regulation of
government authorities (both federal and provincial) in Pakistan. Such authorities are delegated power by
parliament. Administrative the authorities are created to protect a public interest rather than to vindicate
private right .Administrative law is the body that governs the activities of administrative agencies of
government. Government agency action can include rule making m adjudication, or the law enforcement
of a specific regulatory agenda. Administrative law is considered a branch of public law. Administrative law
deals with the decision making of such administrative unit of government as police law, international
trade, taxation, broadcasting, immigration and transport.
Criminal Law:
Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It proscribes conduct perceived as threatening,
harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people. Criminal
law include the punishment and rehabilitation of people who violate such laws. Criminal law where
emphasis is more on dispute resolution and victim compassion, rather than on punishment or
rehabilitation. Criminal procedure is a formalized official activity that authenticates the fact of commission
of a crime and authorize punitive or rehabilitative treatment of offender.
Civil Law:
Civil law is a body of rules that defines and protects the private rights of citizens, offers legal remedies that
may be sought in a dispute, and covers areas of law such as contracts, torts, property and family law. Civil
law is derived from the laws of ancient Rome which used doctrines to develop code that determined how
legal issues would be decided.
Contract Law:
Contract law deals with agreements between two or more parties, each of which is obligated to hold up
their portion of the agreement. For example, two parties enter into an agreement for the lease of an
apartment. The Lessor has the right to use the apartment, and the landlord receives rent money as
compensation. If one party violates any of the provisions of the contract, they have committed a civil
wrong known as branch of contract.
Tort law.
Tort law is a branch of civil law that is concerned with personal injury and civil wrongdoing. A tort is a civil
wrong, done by one person or entity to another which results in injury or property damage, and frequently
involves monetary compensation to the injured party. There are three categories of torts: negligence,
intentional, and strict liability
Property Law:
Property law covers both personal property and real property. Personal property can be tangible, such as
jewellery, animals and merchandise, or intangible such as patents, copyrights, stocks, and bonds. Real
property refers to land and anything built on it that cannot be easily removed, as well as anything under
the surface of the land, such as oil and minerals.
Family Law:
Family law is the branch of civil law that deals with marriage, divorce, annulment, child custody, adoption,
birth, child support, and any other issues affecting families. This branch of civil law is unique in that there is
not necessarily a person who committed a civil wrong. This is particularly true in states that have no fault
divorces. The family court gets involved with dividing
up property and finances after a divorce, establishing child custody, child support, and spousal support
among other things. Some newer areas that fall under the family law umbrella are same-sex marriage,
artificial conception, surrogate motherhood, in vitro fertilization, and palimony.
Bank Lending: A personal or business loan agreement where the bank lends money to a borrower that
come attached with documented repayment terms
Property Finance: A loan is sought and agreed for the purposes of enabling a borrower to obtain a
property or develop the land of which a property will be built. Typically, this will be acquired through a
mortgage
Project Finance: A longer-term, multi-phased and often multi-faceted infrastructure project that involves
public services. The amount is borrowed to carry out the project to and is paid back once it starts to bring
in money.
Acquisition Finance: A loan borrowed by one company to provide it with the funds to purchase another
company. Leveraged finance also comes under this area, whereby a borrower lends a considerable sum of
money to meet the cost of acquisition requirements without committing to paying its own money
Assets Finances: The lender will take security over the specific assets purchased (usually considerable
sums)
Capital markets: When a transaction takes place, a borrowing entity gives bonds to investor
Islamic finance:
Sharia law prevents the collection and payment of interest on a loan. Islamic finance specialists work with
Muslim borrowers, lenders and investors to ensure banking and financial arrangements are compliant with
Sharia law.
International law:
International law is a system of treaties and agreements between nations that governs how nations
interact with other nations, citizens of other nations, and businesses of other nations. International law
typically falls into two different categories. "Private international law" deals with controversies between
private entities, such as people or corporations, which have a significant relationship to more than one
nation. "Public international law" concerns the relationships between nations. These include standards of
international behaviour, the laws of the sea, economic law, diplomatic law, environmental law, human
rights law, and humanitarian law. Some principles of public international law are written, or "codified" in a
series of treaties, but others are not written down anywhere. These are known as "customary" laws, and
nations consent to them by doing nothing.
CONCLUSION.
Rule of Law and strong legal systems are considered a pre-condition for sustained development. Their
relative weakness in the under-developed world is considered as the main obstacle to growth.
Strengthening Rule of Law and legal systems has, therefore, become a standard advice from the
developing community. Pakistan, too, has witnessed a surge in demand for Rule of Law in recent years.
Capitalizing on this domestically garnered mandate, this paper reviews the legal obstacles to economic
growth in Pakistan.
A conclusion of law is a determination by a judge or ruling authority regarding the law that applies
in a particular case. It is opposed to a finding of fact, which interprets the factual circumstances to which
the law is to be applied. For example, a conclusion of law may determine that evidence cannot be
introduced in a trial, based on evidentiary rules excluding illegally obtained evidence. The choice to believe
a certain party's testimony regarding the circumstances about how the evidence was obtained is truthful is
a finding of fact.
No country can maintain a rule of law society if its people do not respect the laws. Everyone must
make a commitment to respect laws, legal authorities, legal signage and signals, and courts. Imagine if
everyone in your community decided that they did not want to be bothered by traffic laws and signals, for
example. The streets in your community would quickly become a chaotic and less safe place. Police officers
might be overwhelmed trying to help the situation, or ignored altogether.