TERMINAL EXAMINATION

Spring 2020 Total: 50 Marks

Course Name Sociology

Student Name: Registration ID:

Guidelines for students

1- Students will be evaluated on the submission of completed assignment

2- Students has to submit the required assessment within due date
3- If any students have a query they can contact to academic department during 10 to 12 during week days.

Sociology

1. Sociological Perspective, the Development of Sociology

Sociological Perspective

The essential understanding of humanism is that human conduct is molded by the gatherings to
which individuals have a place and by the social cooperation that happens inside those
gatherings. We are what our identity is and we carry on the manner in which we do in light of the
fact that we happen to live in a specific culture at a specific point in existence. Individuals will in
general acknowledge their social world unquestioningly, as something "regular." But the
sociological viewpoint empowers us to consider society to be a transitory social item, made by
people and fit for being changed by them also.

The Industrial Revolution achieved huge changes in zones, for example, culture, industry,
governmental issues, innovation, science and correspondence. 'Another world' had shaped and
scholars expected to comprehend and clarify how the impacts of these progressions affected on
society. The Industrial Revolution saw highborn and strict social orders change to liberal and
more science based social orders. The Industrial Revolution made emotional changes in all
aspects of public activity. Machines were made which surpassed physical work. Plants and
modern towns were constructed and individuals left provincial zones and their lifestyle to go to
the urban communities for work. Waterways and streets were fabricated which made
transportation simpler and expanded creation of merchandise. Free enterprise developed with
mechanical change as processing plant proprietors who controlled the methods for creation got
well off. Changes in the political structure happened because of the business people supplanting
agrarian land proprietors as pioneers of the country's economy and force structure. Mechanical
advances were seen with the innovation of power, which improved the creation in manufacturing
plants and made life simpler, and the railroads and steam ships, which improved travel. Every
one of these progressions would have been overpowering as individuals went from their 'old
universe' of working the land and having fulfillment for the work they did to the 'new universe'
of mass populated, modern zones where they sold their work.

2. Role of Values in Social Research

In sociology, Value assumes a significant job as social qualities shapes a significant piece of the
culture of society. Qualities give the overall rules to the social direct. Qualities are alluded to
forfeit, judiciousness, equity, major rights, regard for human poise, independence, balance, vote
based system and so forth manages the social orders from numerous points of view. Worth is the
rules through individuals needs their exercises and picks between elective blueprints. The social
conduct got from social cooperation is alluded to an incentive as a norm. The qualities are
acknowledged as a social truth which is acknowledged by any general public or culture in the
nation.

3. Socialization into Gender Social Structure and interaction

 The process of educating and instructing males and females related to the norms, behaviors,
values, and beliefs of group membership as men or women.

 Gender socialization is the process by which individuals are taught how to socially behave in
accordance with their assigned gender, which is assigned at birth based on their biological sex.

 Today it is largely believed that most gender differences are attributed to differences in
socialization, rather than genetic and biological factors.

 Gender stereotypes can be a result of gender socialization: girls and boys are expected to act in
certain ways that are socialized from birth. Children and adults who do not conform to gender
stereotypes are often ostracized by peers for being different.
  While individuals are typically socialized into viewing gender as a masculine-feminine binary,
there are individuals who challenge and complicate this notion. These individuals believe that
gender is fluid and not a rigid binary.

In Western contexts, gender socialization operates as a binary, or a concept that is exclusively

comprised of two parts. In other words, individuals are socialized into conceiving of their gender as
either masculine (male) or feminine (female). Identities are therefore normatively constructed along
this single parameter. However, some individuals do not feel that they fall into the gender binary and
they choose to question or challenge the male-masculine / female-feminine binary. For example,
individuals that identify as transgender feel that their gender identity does not match their biological
sex. Individuals that identify as gender queer challenge classifications of masculine and feminine, and
may identify as somewhere other than male and female, in between male and female, a combination of
male and female, or a third (or forth, or fifth, etc.) gender altogether. These identities demonstrate the
fluidity of gender, which is so frequently thought to be biological and immutable. Gender fluidity also
shows how gender norms are learned and either accepted or rejected by the socialized individual.

4. Components of Symbolic Culture, Subcultures and Counter Cultures, Cultural

Universals

Symbolic culture

Meaning of symbols is made by social criticalness. Various images have distinctive significance
in various societies. For example: Pakistani flag, conventional dress, language and so on. Images
have extraordinary impact and amazing articulation. Culture is general however individuals have
various methods of communicating society. An image is something to which individuals
connected importance and afterward they used to impart. Images are incredible approach to
communicate your way of life. Images are the foundation all things considered. Images are signs
and components that express something in a significant manner.

Subculture:
The social qualities and standards of conduct are unmistakable in a specific gathering or in a
general public. A gathering having social, monetary, ethnic or different attributes sufficiently
particular to recognize it from others inside a similar culture or society. Subculture can be
characterized by music, design, race, economy and so forth. Subculture gives setting and
importance to public activity. Subculture may bolster a worth that energizes individuals. Social
information and wares gained by individuals from a subculture, raising their status and
separating themselves from individuals from different gatherings.

Counterculture

Counterculture is a social political term showing a state of difference between prevailing or

standard philosophies and option, esteem frameworks, so making an aggregate voice that can be
viewed as a huge minority. Counterculture activity or articulation conveys difference, restriction,
defiance or disobedience. A Counterculture rejects or create difficulties standard culture or
specific components of it.

 This may mean Protesting against a specific circumstance or issue.

 Rubbing against the acknowledged or satisfactory method of getting things done.

 Finding better approaches to speak to you when you are distorted or essentially not spoke
to.

 Creating your own way of life when you are disappointed with culture that is made for
you.

5. Rationalization of Society, Formal Organizations and Bureaucracy.

Rationalization of Society

In human science, Rationalization is the substitution of conventions, qualities, and feelings as

inspirations for conduct in the public arena with ideas dependent on judiciousness and reason. A
likely explanation regarding why legitimization of a culture may occur in the advanced period is
the procedure of globalization.
Formal Organizations

A proper association is an association with a fixed arrangement of rules of intra-association

techniques and structures. All things considered, it is normally set out recorded as a hard copy,
with a language of decides that apparently leave little carefulness for translation.

Bureaucracy

Organization alludes to both an assemblage of non-chose government authorities and a

regulatory approach making gathering. Generally, an organization was an administration
organization oversaw by offices set up with non-chose authorities.