WHOLE BRAIN

Whole Brain Teaching is an approach designed toward maximizing student engagement,

and focusing on the way the brain is really designed to learn. learners learn a concept by
using both parts of the brain and not just left(logical, analytical, and objective) or the right
brain. (intuitive, creative, emotional, thoughtful, and subjective.).

PEDAGOGY

Pedagogy : the principles of educating young learners.

PERIPHERAL LEARNING

One of the techniques of language learning suggested by Lozanov (1978) is “peripheral

learning”.it is the subconscious learning. He believes that students can learn a lot of things
that they see around them. In the environment of the class, a lot of language materials are
presented in the form of posters and students are not assigned to study them “ When there is
a unity between conscious and subconscious, learning is enhanced.”

INFANTILIZATION

 infantilizing as to behave as a child or in a way that denies their maturity in age or

experience.” Infantilization basically refers to a parent – child like relationship between the
teacher and the student.  It helps in improving teacher-student relationship and thus
facilitates learning also the learner is open to learning and is not afraid of making mistake.

MNEMONIC

A mnemonic device, or memory device, is any learning technique that aids information
retention or retrieval in the human memory.

UNLEARN

It is to discard (something learned, especially a bad habit or false or outdated information)

from one's memory. Alvin Toffler once wrote, “The illiterate of the 21st century will not be
those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn and relearn.”

USE VS USAGE

use and usage: Use is how the language is used in communication, or the function of
language. This can be contrasted with usage, which is the grammatical explanation of some
language.

Have you ever . . .

Have you ever eaten fried snake?

Use: To inquire about past experiences.

Usage: A present perfect question with ever placed in front of the past participle.

COMPETENCE

The quality or state of having sufficient knowledge, judgment, skill, or strength (as for a
particular duty or in a particular respect)

The unconscious knowledge of grammar  that allows a speaker to use and understand a
language. Also known as grammatical competence or I-language. Contrast with linguistic
performance.

ANALTICAL AND CRITICAL ABILITY

CONCERT READING

 A "concert" is basically a story read (or sung by some) out loud by the teacher. Students
concentrate on understanding the story and not on "learning" new vocabulary,
grammar  Music is also played in the background as a means of stimulating right brain
participation.

COERCIVE POWER Coercive power is an ability that allows an authority figure to

influence another individual to deliver a result by using fear and threats as incentive

REFERENT POWER

(Referent) Authority. When the teacher relies on their personability, relationship building, or

the fact that they share common interests with students as a result of which the learners
follow him even when he is not around.

ECLECTRIC APPROACH

The eclectic approach is the label given to a teacher's use of techniques and activities from a
range of language teaching approaches and methodologies. The teacher decides what
methodology or approach to use depending on the aims of the lesson and the learners in the
group.

The eclectic method is a combination of different method of teaching and learning

approaches.

e.g, in a mathematics class the teacher might use GTM, in a speaking skills class the teacher
might use different methods depending upon the activities like DM,ALM,SUGGESTOPEDIA
and The Communicative Approach.

AUTOMATICITY

Automaticity is the ability to do things without occupying the mind with the low level details
that are required; this is usually the result of learning, repetition, and practice.  For instance,
when riding a bicycle we do not have to concentrate on turning the pedals, balancing, and
holding on to the handlebars but instead those processes are automatic and we can concentrate
on watching the road and traffic around us.

Some other examples of automaticity are:

 Driving a car
 Speaking
 Walking/running

REINFORCEMENT

 Reinforcement is a term used in operant conditioning  to refer to anything that increases the
likelihood that a response will occur. Psychologist B.F. Skinner is considered the father of
this theory. Note that reinforcement is defined by the effect that it has on behavior—it
increases or strengthens the response.

One of teachers most valued behavior management tools is reinforcement. Reinforcement can
be used to teach new skills, teach a replacement behavior for an interfering behavior, increase
appropriate behaviors, or increase on-task behavior.

An example of positive reinforcement is providing a sticker to a student once they’ve

completed an assignment. An example of negative reinforcement is allowing the student to
leave circle time for a five-minute break after they use a break card. As you can see, the goal
of both positive and negative reinforcement is to increase desired behaviors.
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPEMNT

The zone of proximal development refers to the difference between what a learner can do
without help and what he or she can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled
partner.

Thus, the term “proximal” refers to those skills that the learner is “close” to mastering.

Vygotsky believed that when a student is in the zone of proximal development for a particular
task, providing the appropriate assistance will give the student enough of a "boost" to achieve
the task.

Some people might have a very limited Zone of proximal interaction so a very less learning
takes place.

e.g

Technology can be the source but can be a distinct teacher (you cannot see them).

Online teaching.

Some people are self-taught.

But a better kind of learning takes place when the teacher and the student are in contact with
each other.

The teacher can maximize the process of learning if he/she knows the current level of the
students.

ZPD depends on MKO.

MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE OTHER

The more knowledgeable other (MKO) is somewhat self-explanatory; it refers to someone

who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a
particular task, process, or concept.

Although the implication is that the MKO is a teacher or an older adult, this is not necessarily
the case. Many times, a child's peers or an adult's children may be the individuals with more

The more knowledgeable other can be teachers, parents, elder siblings,scholars etc

TRIAL AND ERROR

A method of reaching a correct solution or satisfactory result by trying out various means or t
heories until error is sufficiently reduced or eliminated.
The method of discovering something desirable by trying many different things until one
works.

The law of effect suggests that behaviour that has satisfying consequences is more likely to
occur in the future. Likewise, behaviour accompanied by annoying or painful consequences is
less likely to be done again in the future.

e.g, cooking, driving, problem solving in mathematics, incorrect pronunciation etc

HEURISTIC METHOD

A heuristic method is an approach to finding a temporary solution to a problem that originates

from the ancient Greek word ‘eurisko’, meaning to ‘find’, ‘search’ or ‘discover’.. Heuristic
methods speed up the process of reaching a satisfactory solution.

HANDS ON APPROACH

It is about using a practical method to solve a problem.

In this method the student be placed in the place of an independent discover. Thus no help or
guide is provided and the students discover the answer.

 In this style of teaching, teachers give their students only minimal instructions. Instead,
teachers urge their students to study independently. This develops their self-actualization and
critical thinking skills.

e.g

When students ask a question, don’t automatically give them the answer. Instead, teachers
could say, “I don’t know… let’s find out” and then have the students look things up for
themselves. This will cultivate inquiry among students and get them thinking for possible
answers..

DEDUCTIVE METHOD

A deductive approach to instruction is a more teacher-centered approach. This means that the
teacher gives the students a new concept, explains it, and then has the students practice using
the concept. For example, when teaching a new grammar concept, the teacher will introduce
the concept, explain the rules related to its use, and finally the students will practice using the
concept in a variety of different ways.

According to Bob Adamson, “The deductive method is often criticized because: a) it teaches
grammar in an isolated way; b ) little attention is paid to meaning; c) practice is often
mechanical.” This method can, however, be a viable option in certain situations; for example,
when dealing with highly motivated students, teaching a particularly difficult concept, or for
preparing students to write exams.

INDUCTIVE METHOD

In contrast with the deductive

method, inductive instruction
makes use of student
“noticing”. Instead of
explaining a given concept and
following this explanation with
examples, the teacher presents
students with many examples
showing how the concept is
used. The intent is for students to “notice”, by way of the examples, how the concept works.

Using the grammar situation from above, the teacher would present the students with a variety
of examples for a given concept without giving any preamble about how the concept is used.
As students see how the concept is used, it is hoped that they will notice how the concept is to
be used and determine the grammar rule. As a conclusion to the activity, the teacher can ask
the students to explain the grammar rule as a final check that they understand the concept.

INFORMED DECISION

A term to describe a process designed to help patients understand the nature of the disease or
condition being addressed; understand the clinical service being provided including benefits,
risks, limitations, alternatives and uncertainties.

The decision is based on the information that is relevant considering all the points. The
decision is taken by the teacher based on the reasoning.

• Possession of a set of values and goals
• Ability to understand information  and communicate decisions.

MIMING

The theatrical technique of suggesting action, character, or emotion without words, using only
gesture, expression, and movement:
The art or technique of portraying a character, mood, idea, or narration by gestures and bodily
movements

e.g

Students mime a word they choose or are given, without speaking or using sound effects, until
their partners say exactly that word. This works particularly well for adjectives, action verbs,
and idiomatic phrases such as body part idioms.

REALIA

Real objects or pieces of writing, used to help teach students in a class

Objects from real life or from the real world, as opposed to theoretical constructs or fabricated
examples; especially, such objects used as instructional or classroom aids..

This is what the use of realia in the classroom is all about: the use of real life objects that
students can touch, feel, and even smell to effectively

EXAMPLE

Brochures

1.Brochures and pamphlets are probably the most versatile, as you can cover a wide range of
topics. For example, show the class the scanned images of several travel brochures (you will
find loads in Google Images, just make sure the print is large enough to read or clear enough
after you zoom in). Discuss what you can see and do in each location. Ask them which place
they’d pick for a vacation and why. Finally, give them a Travel Brochure Template  and
have them create their own.

HOLLISTIC APPROACH

A holistic approach means taking care of something totally in all aspects.

Holistic education focuses on the relationship between the whole and the part and suggests
that teaching and learning approaches need to be rooted in a larger vision. If techniques are
isolated and unrelated they can become traditional education tends to be static and
fragmented, ultimately promoting alienation and suffering (J, Miller 2006). e.g
A holistic curriculum emphasizes how the parts of a whole relate to each other to form the
whole. From this perspective, reading relates to speaking, writing, listening comprehension,
and culture.
TABULA RASA

An absence of preconceived ideas or predetermined goals; a clean slate.

The human mind, especially at birth, viewed as having no innate ideas..

According to this concept, mind is evolved as blank tablet when a person is born and
everything is written over it is due to sensory experiences what a person does during his life
time.

"Tabula rasa concept is valid when we see a newly born child with no knowledge  about the
world."

PANTOMIME

Communication by means of gesture and facial expression: Some  tourists  make  themselves  u

nderstood  abroad  by  pantomime.

After being given a word related to birds, the performer acted out a pantomime in which he
ran around the room flapping his arms