Ingles

‫‪King Abdulaziz University‬‬
‫‪English Language Institute‬‬
‫‪Distance Learning and External Programs‬‬
‫‪Women’s Campus‬‬
‫‪ELCA 102‬‬
‫‪Student Booklet‬‬
‫ملزمة مادة اللغة اإلنجليزية‬
‫‪ELCA 102‬‬
‫لطالبات برنامجي االنتساب والتعليم عن‬
‫بعد بمعھد اللغة اإلنجليزية‬
‫المستوى الثاني ويشمل الكتابين األصفر‬
‫للمستوى ما قبل المتوسط واألزرق‬
‫للمتوسط‬
‫‪Based on the ELI Curriculum‬‬

Table of contents
New Headway Plus Special Edition
Pre-Intermediate Book Intermediate Book
Unit 3 – It all went wrong Page 3 Unit 3 – Telling tales Page 61
Unit 4 – Let’s go shopping! Page 9 Unit 4 – Doing the right thing Page 70
Unit 5 – What do you want to do? Page 19 Unit 5 – On the move Page 78
Unit 6 – Tell me! What’s it like? Page 26 Unit 6 – I just love it! Page 82
Unit 7 – Fame Page 31 Unit 7 – Just the job! Page 86
Unit 8 – Do’s and Don’ts Page 38 Unit 8 – Just imagine! Page 94
Unit 9 – Going places Page 45 Unit 9 – Making connections Page 102
Unit 10 – Scared to death Page 50 Unit 10 – Special interests Page 105
Unit 11 – Things that changed Page 55

the world
ELCA 102 1
ELCA 102
based on
New Headway Plus

Pre-Intermediate
ELCA 102 2
Unit 3 – It all went wrong
Grammar
3.1 Past Simple
Spelling
Rule Examples
The normal rule is add -ed worked finished
If the verb ends in –e, add -d liked moved
If the verb has only one syllable + one vowel + one consonant, shopped planned
double the consonant.
If the verb ends in a consonant + -y, change the –y to -ied studied carried
There are many common irregular verbs See the list below.
Irregular Verbs
Base form Past Simple Past Participle

be was / were been
become became become
begin began begun
break broke broken
build built built
come came come
do did done
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
feel felt felt
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
have had had
know knew known
leave left left
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
read read read
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
take took taken
understand understood understood
write wrote written
ELCA 102 3
Form
Positive Negative
The form of the Past Simple is the same for all persons. The negative of the Past Simple is formed with didn’t.
I I
He/She/It finished He/She/It
We arrived yesterday. We didn’t (did not) arrive yesterday.
You went You
They They
She walked.
Question She didn’t walk .

The question in the Past Simple is formed with did.
She finished.
When did she finish ? Short answer

she Did you go to school today? Yes, I did.
you Did it rain last night? No, it didn’t.
When did arrive?
they
etc.
Use
Rule Examples
We played tennis last Sunday.
The Past Simple expresses a past action that is now finished. They lived in Makkah from 2008 to 2011.
She went shopping yesterday.
Certain time expressions are commonly used with the Past last year
Simple. last month
I watched TV last night. four years ago
yesterday morning
in 1999
3.2 Past ConBnuous
Form
was/were + -ing (present participle)
Positive and negative Question

I
He was I
was he
She wasn’t (was not) she
It working. What it doing?
We we
were were you
You they
weren’t (were not)
They
Short answer
Were you working yesterday? Yes, I was.

Was she studying when you arrived? No, she wasn’t.
ELCA 102 4
Use
Rule Examples
The Past Continuous expresses a past activity that has I saw her while I was shopping at the mall.
duration. You were making a lot of noise last night.
The activity began before the action expressed by the The teacher was talking when we entered class.
Past Simple. When you phoned, I was sleeping.
The Past Continuous expresses an activity in progress What were you doing at 9:00 last night?
before, and probably after, a time in the past.
3.3 Past Simple and Past ConBnuous
Rule Examples
I did my homework last night.
The Past Simple expresses past actions as
A: What did you do yesterday evening?
simple facts.
B: I visited my friend.
The Past Continuous gives past activities A: What were you doing at 9:00 last night?
time and duration. The activity can be B: I was visiting my friend.
interrupted. I was doing my homework when the phone rang.
In stories, the Past Continuous can It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining, and
describe the scene. The Past Simple tells the birds were singing, so we decided to go on a
the action. picnic.
Questions using Past Simple ask about A: What did you do when it started to rain?
what happened after. B: We went home.
Questions using Past Continuous ask about A: What were you doing when it started to rain?
activities before. B: We were playing football.
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. Last weekend my family and I __________ to Riyadh.

a. go b. went c. goes d. are going
2. A: What __________ yesterday at 4?

B: I was sleeping.
a. you doing b. did you do c. were you doing d. are you doing
3. We __________ a lot of money at the mall last night.

a. spended b. spend c. spends d. spent
4. A: When __________ you travel to London?

B: In 2012.
a. did b. are c. were d. do
5. Ali had an accident while he ___________ to work.

a. was driving b. was drive c. drives d. drove
6. Fatima went to bed early last night. She __________ out with her friends.
a. not go b. went not c. didn’t go d. didn’t went
ELCA 102 5
VOCABULARY – Noun, verb and adjective endings
Common noun and adjective endings in English
nouns the name of a person, place animal or -ation -sion -ment -ness -ence -ance
thing
adjectives used to describe nouns -y -ly -ous -ful -ent -ant
The employment of women has increased in the past few years. (noun)
Many companies now employ women. (verb)
Sara is not employed at the moment. She is still looking for a job. (adjective)
Noun Verb Noun Adjective

explanation explain friend friendly
invitation invite fame famous
translation translate laziness lazy
decision decide patience patient
enjoyment enjoy happiness happy
employment employ care careful
improvement improve care
difference different
discussion discuss help helpful
organization organize beauty beautiful
imagination imagine guilt guilty
advertisement advertise importance important
danger dangerous
1. Here is an __________ to my wedding. I hope you can come.

a. employment b. organization c. imagination d. invitation
2. People who work with young children need to have a lot of __________.
a. patient b. patients c. patience d. patiently
3. Your English will __________ if you read a lot of books in English.

a. improve b. discuss c. translate d. explain
4. Lionel Messi is a ___________ football player.

a. fame b. famous c. guilty d. guilt
5. We were very __________ when our football team won the match. We had a big party.
a. happiness b. happy c. difference d. different
6. If you don’t understand something, ask your teacher to __________ it.

a. employ b. enjoy c. explain d. imagine
7. There are many __________ for toys during children’s TV programmes.

a. advertisements b. decisions c. dangers d. friends
8. The assistant at that dress shop was very __________. She found the right size and color for me.
a. lazy b. laziness c. helpful d. help
ELCA 102 6
VOCABULARY – Making negatives
We can make adjectives and verbs negative by using these prefixes. A prefix is a small part of a word added
at the beginning.
Exercise 3: Write the word shown by each picture.
adjectives un- im- il-
verbs un- dis-
Positive Negative
agree disagree
appear disappear
Verbs
like dislike
pack unpack
employed unemployed
fair unfair
legal illegal 1. 2.
Adjectives
polite impolite
possible impossible
tidy untidy
3. 4. 5. 6.
1. I really __________ waking up early at the weekend, but sometimes I have to.
a. appear b. disappear c. like d. dislike
2. It is very __________ to ask a woman how old she is.

a. polite b. impolite c. patient d. impatient
3. It is _____legal to drive while talking on a mobile phone.

a. un- b. im- c. dis- d. il-
4. I wanted to travel to the UK to study but my father __________. He wanted me to stay in Jeddah.
a. disappeared b. appeared c. disagreed d. agreed
5. Dad, you gave Ali more money than me! It’s not __________!
a. fair b. unfair c. tidy d. untidy
6. Oh! This math homework is __________! I don’t understand how to do it!

a. helpful b. unemployed c. impossible d. guilty
7. This living room is so ______tidy! Please clean it up before our guests come.
a. un- b. in- c. dis- d. il-
ELCA 102 7
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. a 6. c
Exercise 2: 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. c
Exercise 3: 1. pack 2. unpack 3. agree 4. disagree 5. Jdy 6. unJdy
Exercise 4: 1. d 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. c 7. a
ELCA 102 8
Unit 4 – Let’s go shopping!
Grammar
4.1 Expressions of quanBty
Count and uncount nouns – There are several differences between count and uncount nouns.
NOUNS Rule Examples
a cup, a glass, an apple, an egg, a
We can say three cups, two girls, ten riyals. We can
pound, two dollars, a riyal, a
count them.
COUNT minute
Count nouns can be singular or plural. This cup is clean.
Those cups are dirty.
We cannot say three waters, two rices or one money. water, sugar, bread, milk, rice,
money, time
UNCOUNT
Uncount nouns can only be singular. The water is cold.
The weather was terrible.
much and many

NOUNS Rule Examples
We use many with count nouns in questions and How many people were at the party?
COUNT
negatives. I didn’t take many photos on holiday.
We use much with uncount nouns in questions and How much money have you got?
UNCOUNT
negatives. There isn’t much milk left.
a few and a little

NOUNS Rule Examples
COUNT We use a few with count nouns. There are only a few biscuits left.
UNCOUNT We use a little with uncount nouns. Can you give me a little time?
some and any

Rule Examples
We use some in positive sentences. I’d like some sugar.
Is there any sugar in this tea?
We use any in questions and negative sentences.
We don’t have any sugar.
Can I have some cake?
We use some in questions that are requests or offers.
Would you like some tea?
I’ve got something for you.
The rules are the same for the compounds someone, Hello? Is anybody home?
anything, anybody, somewhere, etc.
There isn’t anywhere to go in this town.
A lot/lots of (a lot of = lots of)
Rule Examples
We use a lot / lots of with both count and There’s a lot of milk in the fridge.
uncount nouns. I’ve got a lot of friends.
Are there lots of students in your class?
We can use a lot / lots of in questions and
There isn’t a lot of milk left, so we need to go
negative sentences.
shopping.
ELCA 102 9
1. Have you got __________ butter? I need it to make a cake.

a. two b. a few c. some d. any
2. There isn’t __________ time left before the exams.

a. many b. much c. some d. a few
3. We got __________ money from the bank.

a. one b. any c. some d. many
4. Do you have __________ friends at school?

a. lots of b. much c. a little d. a
5. Please wait for me. I’ll be ready in ___________ minutes.

a. a little b. a few c. much d. lots of
6. A: Would you like __________ sugar in your coffee?

B: Yes, please. Just __________.
a. some….. a little b. many….a lot c. much…..a few d. any……some
4.2 ArBcles – a and the
Rule Examples
The indefinite article a or an is used with singular, We have a Toyota and a BMW.
countable nouns to refer to a thing or an idea for the first There’s a supermarket in Tahliya Street.
time.
We have a Toyota and a BMW. I drive the
The definite article the is used with singular and plural, Toyota and my wife drives the BMW.
countable and uncountable nouns when both the speaker I’m going to the supermarket. Do you want
and the listener know the thing or idea already. anything? (We both know which
supermarket.)
Rule Examples
I’m a teacher.
Used with professions
She’s a doctor.
Indefinite
a pair of a little a couple of
article (a / Used with some expressions of quantity
a few
an)
What a lovely day!
Used in exclamation with what + count nouns
What a pity!
Used before seas, rivers, hotels, museums and the Atlantic, the Nile, the Hilton,
newspapers the British Museum,
Definite the sun, the government , the
Used if there is only one of something
article (the) king,
Used with superlative adjectives He’s the richest man in the world.
ELCA 102 10
Rule Examples
There is no article before plural and uncountable I like potatoes.
nouns when talking about things in general Milk is good for you.
There is no article before countries, towns, streets, I had lunch with Reem.
languages, magazines, meals, airports, stations and I bought a newspaper at
mountains. Heathrow Airport.
There is no article before some places and with some She goes to work by bus.
No article forms of transport. They go to school on foot.
I was at home yesterday evening.
at home into bed at/to work by bus by car I went home early yesterday.
by plane on foot at/to school/ university (NOT I went to home.)
No article is used in exclamations with what + an What beautiful weather!

uncount noun
1. I need to go to the mall to buy __________ pair of shoes.

a. the b. a c. an d. ----
2. When Mary went to London, she flew into __________ Gatwick Airport.
a. a b. an c. the d. ----
3. My brothers go __________ on foot.

a. to school b. school c. to a school d. the school
4. There’s __________ park in front of my house.

5. What ___________ awful day! Nothing is going right.

6. We all need to drink lots of __________ water every day.

7. I was very tired yesterday, so I went __________ early.

a. to home b. home c. to the home d. a home
8. When they went to Egypt, they took a boat trip on __________ Nile.
ELCA 102 11
VOCABULARY – Buying things
a clothes shop a pharmacy a café a post office a newsagent’s

a sweater conditioner a black / white coffee some stamps a newspaper
a shirt deodorant an espresso/a cappuccino a phone card a magazine
a tie shaving foam a doughnut a letter/postcard to edition
What size are you? shampoo a pot of tea Japan (middle) shelf
small/medium/large sore throat a sparkling / still mineral send this parcel to the
changing room stomach ache water UK
too small / too big toothpaste a piece of chocolate cake buy some envelopes
I’ll have it, please. toothbrush
I’ll leave them, thanks.
customers
cashier
shop assistant
1. I’d like __________ with my cappuccino, please.

a. a piece of cake b. conditioner c. a sweater d. a sore throat
2. Customer: I’d like to try on this dress.

Shop assistant: The _________________ are over there.
a. envelopes b. stamps c. editions d. changing rooms
3. I need to buy some __________ and conditioner for my hair.

a. espresso b. shampoo c. toothpaste d. deodorant
4. I have a ___________ . Could I have some Strepsils, please?

a. stomach ache b. sore throat c. headache d. pharmacy
5. I need to buy a __________ to send this letter to the UK.

a. stamp b. shelf c. tie d. parcel
6. Every month, my brother buys the new __________ of Saudi Auto magazine.
a. customer b. doughnut c. edition d. envelope
ELCA 102 12
READING – Markets around the world
The Floating Markets of Bangkok
Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is a city of contrasts. The tall glass

buildings look like any other modern city. But behind them is a place
where life hasn't changed for over 100 years - the canals. Built in 1866
by the King of Thailand, these canals are home to many Thai people
who still live and work there today. There are four floating markets
around Bangkok and the oldest and most popular is in the town of
Damonen Saduak.
This market opens every day from 6.30 a.m. It's best to shop early and go by water taxi. ANer 9 a.m.
the tourist buses arrive, and it's much too busy.
It's a colourful, noisy, fascinating place. Old ladies with huge hats sit in small boats, filled with tropical fruit
and vegetables, fresh coconut juice and local food. Did you miss your breakfast? Then just call a seller for a
bowl of hot soup. He'll get it from a cooker at the back of his boat!
But the boats don't just sell food. Would you like a traditional hat? A silk dress? A flowered shirt? Then just
call and point. After the noise and excitement of the market, continue along the canal. Soon you'll see the
wooden houses, orchards, and floating flowers of the canal villages. It's a lovely, peaceful way to finish your
trip.
Exercise 4: Choose the best answer.
1. The best way to visit the market in Damonen Saduak is __________.

a. by water taxi b. on foot c. by bus d. by car __________.
2. What happens aNer 9.00?

a. The market opens.
b. Old ladies sell hats.
c. Tourist buses arrive.
d. People eat breakfast.
3. The word them in paragraph 1 refers to __________.

a. contrasts b. glass buildings c. canals d. 100 years
4. Which statement is TRUE?

a. There are three floating markets in Bangkok.
b. The canals were built in 1896.
c. Damonen Saduak is the capital of Thailand.
d. The market is open seven days a week.
ELCA 102 13
A perfect day in Provence
Every Sunday in a small town called Isle-sur-la-Sorgue in

southern France there is a truly amazing market. Isle-sur-la-
Sorgue is like Venice. The River Sorgue runs in and out of the old
narrow streets and under the many bridges, and on market day
every street and bridge is packed with stalls. From early
morning, this sleepy little town becomes a noisy, busy place,
with sellers calling to you in the accent of the south.
You can choose from an amazing selection of olives, hundreds of cheeses, and delicious roast chickens. But
it is not just a food market. Antique sellers fill the pavements with beautiful old French furniture, and there
are tables covered with antique lace and cloth. Flower sellers invite you to pick from their brightly coloured
bunches of flowers. The air is filled with the smell of soaps, herbs, and lavender, all made and grown in
Provence. Do you need a sun hat? Did you forget your beach towel? Your choices are endless.
Travellers fill their backpacks with delicious things for Sunday lunch: olive bread, tomatoes, chicken, melon,
and of course, a boOle of local mineral water. At 1 o’clock everything closes, and everyone goes home.
Then it’s time to find a cool place next to the river for a perfect picnic on a perfect day in Provence.
1. The market in Isle-sur-la-Sorgue opens __________.

a. every day b. on Sunday c. on Saturday d. on Monday
2. The word stalls in paragraph 1 means places where people __________.

a. sleep b. run c. sell things d. live

a. Isle-sur-la-Sorgue is in Venice.
b. Isle-sur-la-Sorgue is a big city.
c. The market closes at 1:00.
d. Provence is in the north of France.
4. The topic of this passage is __________.

a. shopping in Venice b. having picnics in France c. rivers in Provence d. a market in southern France
The Souks of Marrakech
Marrakech in Morocco is a city of ancient, sand-coloured buildings and

palm trees in the middle of the desert.
In the centre is the main square, Jemaa el Fna. Here you can see snakes
and drink Moroccan coffee. But behind the square is the real heart of
the city. This is the souk (the Arabic word for market). Hundreds of little
shops and stalls are open from early morning till lunchtime, and again in
the evening. The souk, with its narrow, busy streets, is divided into lots
of smaller souks. There's the aromatic spice souk, the noisy meat souk,
the colourful clothing souk, the gold and silver souk, and many more.
Finally, there's the carpet souk. Here, hundreds of handmade Moroccan rugs and carpets cover the
pavements. No two rugs are the same. In Mr. Youssef's rug shop, he invites you to sit down among all the
beautiful carpets. A silver teapot arrives with little glasses and Mr. Youssef talks about the different rugs,
ELCA 102 14
while his assistants roll them out one by one. Two hours later, after many glasses of traditional mint tea
and lots of bargaining, you finally choose your rug and leave much poorer. Then it's time to return to the
main square to watch the snakes and count your money.
1. Jemaa el Fna is __________.

a. a city in Morocco b. a carpet shop c. a square in Marrakech d. a desert
2. The shops and stalls behind Jemaa el Fna are open __________.
a. in the morning and evening b. in the morning only c. in the evening only d. all day
3. The word Here in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

a. the gold souk b. rugs and carpets c. Mr. Youssef’s shop d. the carpet souk
4. Which statement is NOT TRUE?

a. You can find rugs in the carpet souk.
b. Mr. Youssef sells snakes.
c. Marrakech is a city in Morocco.
d. The streets in the souk are narrow.
Everyday English – Prices and shopping
In a clothes shop
Shop assistant: Can I help you?

Customer: I’m just looking, thanks.
How much is it?

I’m looking for a
How would you Cash
Hello. Can I sweater like this, I’ll just have a look.
What size are you? It’s £ 29.99. like to pay?
help you? but in blue.
Medium.
In a newsagent’s Could you help me? I’m looking for this month’s
edition of Top Gear. Can you tell me where it is?
Customer: Could you help me? I’m looking for this month’s edition
of Top Gear. Can you tell me where it is?
Shop assistant: Over there. Middle shelf. Next to Max Power.
ELCA 102 15
In a pharmacy
OK. You can take these
three times a day.
Could you help me? I’ve got
a bad cold and a sore throat.
Can you give me something
In a café
Customer: Good morning. Can I have a black coffee, please?

Shop assistant: Espresso?
Customer: Yes, please. Oh, and a doughnut, please.
Shop assistant: I’m afraid there aren’t any left. We’ve got some
delicious carrot cake and chocolate cake.
Customer: OK. Carrot cake, then.
Shop assistant: Certainly. Is that all?
Customer: Yes, thanks.
Shop assistant: That’ll be £2.85, please.
Customer: Thank you.
Exercise 7: Choose the best response or question to complete each dialogue.
1. A: Can I help you?

B: ______________.
a. It’s $4.50
b. By credit card.
c. I’m just looking, thanks.
d. Medium.
2. A: Hello. Could I have a piece of chocolate cake, please?

B: _________________________________
a. Black or with milk?
b. No, thanks.
c. Can I try it on?
d. Certainly. Would you like anything else?
ELCA 102 16
3. A: Do you have this shirt in large?
B: __________________________
a. I’ll just have a look.
b. I’m just looking.
c. Can you give me something for it?
d. How would you like to pay?
4. A: ________________________
B: It’s 250 riyals.
a. Is that all?
b. Can I help you?
c. Sure. Anything else?
d. How much is this shirt?
5. A: _______________________________
B: By credit card.
a. How would you like to pay?
b. Have you got this dress in green?
c. Could I have a cappuccino, please?
d. Could I have some tissues, please?
6. A: Do you have today’s edition of Arab News?

B: __________________________________
a. Of course. The changing rooms are over there.
b. I’m afraid there aren’t any left.
c. What size are you?
d. It fits you very well.
ELCA 102 17
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. a
Exercise 2: 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. b 8. c
Exercise 3: 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. c
Exercise 4: 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. d
Exercise 5: 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. d
Exercise 6: 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b
Exercise 7: 1. c 2. d 3. a 4. d 5. a 6. b
ELCA 102 18
Unit 5 – What do you want to do?
Grammar
5.1 Verb paKerns 1

Here are four common verb patterns:
Rule Examples
verb + to +infinitive
choose help When did you decide to study business?
decide hope Ali needs to buy a new car.
forget try They want to have lunch at a restaurant.
promise want
manage would like
need would love
verb + -ing
like We love going to the beach at the weekend.
love Do you enjoy learning English?
enjoy They finished studying for their exam.
hate I hate getting up early.
finish
stop
verb + -ing or to + infinitive with no change in
meaning It began raining / It began to rain.
begin They continued playing./ They continued to
continue play.
start
verb + preposition + -ing
look forward to I’m looking forward to going on holiday.
think of We’re thinking of moving to Riyadh.
5.2 like doing and would like to do

Rule Examples
like + -ing
like doing and love doing express general I like studying at KAU. (I’m a student and I enjoy it.)
enjoyment
Question Short answer
Do you like swimming? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
would like/love + to+ infinitive
would like to do and would love to do express I’d like to be a student at KAU. (I’m not a student
a preference now or at a specific time there now, but I hope to be one later.)
I’m hungry. I’d love to have pizza. (I want some now.)

Would you like to come with us to the mall? Yes, I would. / No, thanks. No, I wouldn’t is not
Would you like to have a cup of tea? Yes, I’d love to. / No, thank you. common because
it’s impolite.
ELCA 102 19
1. At first I had some problems with my homework, but I managed __________ it on time.
a. finish b. finishing c. to finish d. to finishing
2. Would you like __________ to France in the summer?

a. travel b. to travel c. travelling d. to travelling
3. I’m really looking forward to __________ to Dubai.

a. go b. going c. will go d. went
4. Sara enjoys __________ computer games with her brother.

a. play b. plays c. to play d. playing
5. Do you like ___________ on the beach?

a. walk b. walked c. walking d. to walking
6. I’d love __________ a cup of coffee now. I’m really sleepy.

a. have b. to have c. having d. to having
5.3 will
Form
will is a modal auxiliary. It is used with another verb. will + base form of the verb (no to)
’ll = short form of will won’t = short negative form
The form is the same for all persons.

Positive and negative sentences: Questions
I When will he /she
will (’ll)
He/She/It come to the party. you help me?
won’t
We/You/They they
Yes/No Question and short answer: No, I won’t is not

Will you help me? Yes, I will. / Sorry, I’m afraid I can’t. common because
it’s impolite.
Use
Rule Examples
A: Sara is getting married.
B: Is she? I’ll buy her a present.
Will is used when the speaker wants to
express a future decision or intention made at
A: Which shirt do you want – the green one or the blue
the moment of speaking.
one?
B: I’ll take the green one, thanks.
A: This bag is really heavy.
B: I’ll carry it for you.
Will is also used to express an offer.
A: There are so many dirty dishes!
B: We’ll do the washing-up.
ELCA 102 20
going to
Form
am/is/are + going+ to + infinitive

I ’m (am) am
I
’m not
When
He/She/It ’s (is) going to work. is he /she/it going to work?
isn’t are we/you/they
We/You/They ’re (are)
aren’t
Don’t use contracted
forms in short positive
Yes/No Question and short answer:
answers.
Are they going to get married? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
Are you going to travel during the next break? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. Yes , they’re. /Yes, I’m.
Use
Rule Examples
A: How long are you going to stay in Turkey?
B: One week. We’re going to visit Istanbul and
Going to is used when the speaker wants to express a
Bursa.
future decision or intention made before the moment
of speaking.
I can’t go to your party next weekend because I’m
going to visit my grandmother.
Note: The Present Continuous can be used in a similar
My sister and her family are coming on Saturday.
way for a plan or arrangement, especially with the
I’m going to the beach this weekend.
verbs come and go.
Going to is used when the speaker can see or feel now Look at those dark clouds! It’s going to rain.
that something is certain to happen in the future. Watch out! That box is going to fall.
Difference between will and going to

I’m going to make spaghetti for dinner tonight. What shall I cook for dinner tonight? Er…. I know!
(I decided this morning and I have everything I’ll make spaghetti! That’s a good idea!
I need to make it.) (I decided at the moment of speaking.)

1. A: Are you going to Makkah this weekend?
B: Yes, ________________.
a. I am b. I’m c. I will d. you are
2. A: I don’t feel very well. I have a sore throat.

B: Sit down. ______________ a hot lemon drink for you.
a. I’ll make b. I make c. I’m making d. I’m going to make
3. We__________ our holiday in Malaysia. We bought the tickets yesterday.

a. spend b. will spend c. spent d. are going to spend
4. I’m a little sick, but I __________ the doctor. I’m just going to rest at home.
a. ’m not going to see b. will not see c. not seeing d. don’t see
ELCA 102 21
5. Will you __________ this exercise to me, please?
a. explain b. explaining c. to explain d. going to explain
6. A: Nora is in the hospital.

B: Really? I didn’t know that. I __________ her and take some flowers.
a. visit b. am visiting c. ’ll visit d. am going to visit
7. A: Why are you putting on your trainers?

B: Because I _________ in the park.
a. will jog b. ’m going jogging c. jogging d. jog
VOCABULARY – collocations with have / go / come
have go come
an accident abroad first / second / last (in a race)
a class home home
a cold out for a meal on
a good time shopping round (to my house)
a headache skiing to school
a meeting to school true
an opportunity to wrong
a picnic
a shower
1. Saleh didn’t come to class yesterday because he __________ an accident.

a. made b. had c. did d. went
2. I had many problems on my last holiday. Everything __________ wrong.

a. made b. had c. came d. went
3. Did you have __________ to travel when you were a child?

a. a picnic b. an opportunity c. a meeting d. an advertisement
4. Fahd ran very fast but he didn’t win the race. He __________ second.
a. came b. went c. made d. had
5. I have a terrible _____________. Do you have any Panadol?

a. shower b. headache c. wrong d. sweater
6. Last winter, they travelled to Switzerland and __________ skiing there.

a. went b. had c. made d. came
ELCA 102 22
READING
The Children of Gaza
For the children of the Gaza Strip, geSng an educaJon isn't easy. There are 640 schools for nearly ½ million
students, and schools have two shifts a day – some children have classes in the evenings. School buildings
and surrounding roads are often closed, and going to school can be impossible for long periods.
However, a good education still comes first in most Gazan parents' ambitions for their children, and among
15-24 year-olds literacy is 98.2%, higher than in America.
'The children really want to learn, and they are tough here', said one teacher. Teachers persuade young
people to come to school rather than get involved in the protests and fighting. 'We try to explain that there
are other ways to fight for our rights, through our words, and through learning and teaching others about
what is happening, by helping each other.'
The young people of Gaza can't go abroad, and they need to feel that the world can hear their voices. In
2010, with The Gaza Mono-Logues project of ASHTAR Theatre, children in Gaza had the opportunity to
record their experiences of life. On October 17th, they read their monologues aloud on the sea shore, and
then sent them in paper boats across the sea. Later that day, 1000 young people presented the
monologues in 50 ciJes across the world.
Exercise 4: Questions: Choose the best answer.
1. There are nearly __________ students in the Gaza Strip.

a. half a million b. 1524 c. 640 d. two million
2. The students in Gaza __________.

a. don’t want to go to school
b. are tough
c. go abroad every year
d. have an easy education
3. The word their in paragraph 2 refers to __________.

a. schools b. Americans c. Gazan parents d. Gazan students
4. The phrase go abroad in paragraph 4 means __________.

a. stay home b. travel to another country c. talk to other people d. go to school

a. 98.2% of 15-24 year-olds in Gaza are literate.
b. The Gaza Mono-Logues project happened in 2001.
c. Schools in Gaza have three shifts every day.
d. 100 young people presented the monologues in 5 ciJes.
6. The passage is mainly about __________.

a. teaching children
b. the ASHTAR theatre
c. young people in Gaza
d. education in the Middle East
ELCA 102 23
Everyday English – How do you feel?
Look at the sentences with the replies.

Sentence A Reply B
1. I feel nervous. I’ve got an exam tomorrow. Good luck. Do your best.
2. I don’t feel very well. I think I’m geSng the flu. Why don’t you go home to bed?
3. I’m feeling a lot beOer, thanks. I’ve got a lot more That’s good. I’m pleased to hear it.
energy.
4. I’m really excited. I’m going on holiday to Australia That’s great! Have a good time.
tomorrow.
5. I’m fed up with this weather. It’s so wet and I know. We really need some sunshine, don’t we?
miserable.
6. I’m really Jred. I couldn’t get to sleep last night. Poor you. That happens to me sometimes. I just
read in bed.
7. I’m a bit worried. My grandfather’s going into I’m sorry to hear that, but I’m sure he’ll be OK.
hospital for tests.
8. I feel really depressed at the moment. Nothing’s Cheer up! Things can’t be that bad.
going right in my life.
1. A: I’m really tired. I have a big project at work.

B: ______________.
a. Poor you. Hope you can get some rest next weekend.
b. I’m sorry to hear that, but I’m sure they will be fine.
c. Have a good time.
d. Why don’t you go shopping?
2. A: I’m a bit worried. _____________________

B: Sorry to hear that, but I’m sure they’ll be fine.
a. I’m going on holiday tomorrow.
b. I have a lot of homework to do.
c. My children have the flu.
d. Nothing’s going right now.
3. A: I’m feeling much better than last week.

B: ____________________________
a. Why don’t you go home to bed?
b. I’ve got an exam today.
c. Poor you. That happens to me sometimes.
d. That’s great. I’m happy to hear that.
4. A: ________________________
B: I know. It’s so hot and humid.
a. I’m fed up with this weather.
b. I’m really excited!
c. I have to see the doctor tomorrow.
d. I think I’m getting a cold.
ELCA 102 24
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. c 2. b 3. b 4. d 5. c 6. b
Exercise 2: 1. a 2. a 3. d 4. a 5. a 6. c 7. b
Exercise 3: 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. a
Exercise 4: 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. c
Exercise 5: 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. a
ELCA 102 25
Unit 6 – Tell me! What’s it like?
Grammar
6.1 What … like?
Form
What + to be + subject + like?
Question Answer
’s (is) your teacher She’s funny and very patient.
are his parents They’re very kind.
What like?
was your holiday It was OK. Paris was beautiful but the weather wasn’t very nice.
were the malls They were amazing! There were so many shops to choose from.
! We don’t use like in the answer.
Use
Rule Examples
What … like? means ‘Describe somebody or something. Tell me about them. I don’t know anything about them.’
A: What’s Ahmed like?

In this question, like is a preposition, not a verb.
B: He’s intelligent and kind, and he’s got brown eyes.
Notice the difference in these sentences where like A: What does Sara like?
is a verb. B: She likes swimming and reading.
Note: How’s your father? Asks about health. It A: How’s your mother?
doesn’t ask for a description. B: She’s very well, thank you.

1. A: What’s Jeddah like?
B: ____________________
a. It’s big and modern with many malls.
b. I like living in Jeddah.
c. It’s like big and modern.
d. I don’t like the traffic in Jeddah.
2. A: How’s your sister?

B: ____________________
a. She likes cooking.
b. She is patient and kind.
c. She’s still a little sick.
d. She is twenty years old.
3. A: ____________________
B: It was wonderful. We stayed in a great hotel.
a. What’s your friend like?
b. What do you like doing?
c. What are the restaurants like?
d. What was your holiday like?
ELCA 102 26
6.2 ComparaBve and superlative adjectives
Form
Comparative Superlative
Short adjectives cheap cheaper cheapest *In short adjectives
small smaller smallest
with one vowel + one
*big *bigger *biggest
consonant, double the
Adjectives that funny funnier funniest
end in -y early earlier earliest consonant.
heavy heavier heaviest hot → hoOer, hoOest
Adjectives with careful more careful most careful
two syllables or boring more boring most boring
more expensive more expensive most expensive
interesting more interesting most interesting
Irregular far further furthest
adjectives good better best
bad worse worst
Rule Examples
I’m younger than my friend.
Than is often used after a comparative adjective.
Reem is more intelligent than her brother.
Much can come before the comparative to give She is much nicer than her sister.
emphasis. Is Dubai much more modern than Sharjah?
Ali is the funniest boy in the class.
The is used before superlative adjectives.
Which is the tallest building in the world?
Use
Rule Examples
We use comparatives to compare one thing, person She’s taller than me.
or action with another. London’s more expensive than Jeddah.
We use superlatives to compare somebody or She’s the tallest in the class.
something with the whole group. That’s the most expensive hotel in the world.
Sami is as tall as Fahad.
As…as shows that something is the same or equal.
I’m as nervous as you are about the exam.
Not as/so…as shows that something isn’t the same Nora isn’t as tall as her sister.
or equal. My phone wasn’t as expensive as yours.
1. Jeddah has __________ flagpole in the world.

a. the tall b. tallest c. the tallest d. taller
2. What is __________ restaurant in Jeddah?

a. best b. the best c. better d. better than
3. He is a __________ driver than his brother.

a. careful b. more careful c. most careful d. as careful
4. Do you think visiting museums is __________ as going shopping?

a. interesting b. more interesting c. as interesting d. the most interesting
ELCA 102 27
5. Sara is sometimes late to class because she lives __________ from the university.
a. far than b. the far c. most further d. the furthest
6. My bag is ___________ than yours.

a. as heavy b. heavy c. heavier d. heaviest
VOCABULARY – Synonyms and Antonyms
Synonym = a word that means the same as another word

Antonym = a word that means the opposite of another word
We often use synonyms and antonyms because we don’t want to repeat words.
Word Synonym Word Antonyms

lovely beautiful interested bored fed up
rich wealthy horrible nice brilliant
new modern mean kind generous
exciting brilliant old new modern
kind generous poor rich wealthy
untidy messy tidy messy untidy
bored fed up short tall
dirty clean To be more polite, we use
expensive cheap not very + opposite adjective:
awful nice
miserable happy A: Sara is so short.
stupid intelligent
B: Well, she’s not very tall.
1. I’m __________ with this job. I want to find a new one.

a. generous b. rich c. fed up d. modern
2. A: Did you watch the exciting football match last night?

B: Yes. It was __________ ! Our team won in the last minute!
a. messy b. brilliant c. legal d. boring
3. Nouf didn’t want her mother to see her room because it was __________.
a. wealthy b. fed up c. clean d. messy
4. A: Is Mr. Gates rich?

B: Yes, he’s very __________.
a. wealthy b. mean c. horrible d. tidy
5. A: What was the food like at that new restaurant? Was it good?
B: No. It was __________!
a. brilliant b. generous c. awful d. boring
ELCA 102 28
Everyday English – Directions
hill bookshop
gate
pond bridge
path
wood
greengrocer
supermarket
pharmacy
bank baker’s
river
flower shop
hotel museum
Look at these questions and answers about places on the map.

Question Answer
Where’s the hotel? It’s opposite the station car park.
Where can I find the bank? It’s on the corner of Lower Road and Hill Road. It is next to the baker’s.
Where’s the supermarket? It’s between the pharmacy and the greengrocer.
Is there a bus stop near here? There is a bus stop in front of the flower shop in Station Road.
Where’s the museum? It’s in Station Road, opposite the flower shop near the railway bridge.
Where can I find the bookshop? It’s in Silver Street, behind the school.
Exercise 4: Looking at the map, choose the best response or question to complete each dialogue.
1. A: Where’s the pond?
B: ______________.
a. It’s near the farm.
b. It’s next to the post office.
c. It’s opposite the library.
d. It’s on the corner of Station Road and Hill Road.
2. A: Where can I find the newsagent’s?

B: ____________________________
a. It’s next to the bridge.
b. It’s in front of the school.
c. It’s between the café and the post office.
d. It’s behind the station.
3. A: Is there a greengrocer’s near here?

B: Yes, _________________.
a. it’s in Silver Street, behind the bank
b. it’s opposite the station
c. it’s next to the library
d. it’s on the corner of Silver Street and Lower Road
ELCA 102 29
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. a 2. c 3. d
Exercise 2: 1. c 2. b 3. b 4. c 5. d 6. c
Exercise 3: 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. c
Exercise 4: 1. a 2. c 3. d
ELCA 102 30
Unit 7 - Fame
Grammar
7.1 Present Perfect
Form
have l has + past participle (V3)
The past participle of regular verbs ends in –ed. Irregular verbs have different forms. See list in Unit 3.
Positive and negative sentences:

I/ have (’ve)
We/You/They haven’t worked in a hospital.
He/She/It has (’s)
Questions and short answers: ! We cannot use I’ve, they’ve,

he’s etc. in short answers.
Questions Answers
Have I / we / you /they Yes, I have. Yes, I have. NOT Yes, I’ve.
No, they haven’t.
been to the UK? Yes, she has. NOT Yes, she’s.
Has he /she Yes, she has.
No, he hasn’t.
Use
Rule Examples
The Present Perfect looks back from the present into the past,
and expresses what has happened before now. The action I’ve met a lot of famous people (before now)
happened at an indefinite time in the past. She has won many awards. (in her life)
He’s written many books (up to now)
The action can continue to the present and probably into the They’ve lived here for 15 years. (they sJll live here)
future.
I’ve travelled to Africa.
The Present Perfect expresses an experience as part of
He’s lived all over the world.
someone’s life.
Have you ever been in an accident?
Ever and never are common with this use.
My grandmother has never flown in a plane.
The Present Perfect expresses an action or state which began I’ve known Aisha for five years. (I met her 5 years
in the past and continues to the present. ago and I still know her)
How long have you worked as a teacher?
Note: The time words for and since are common with this use.
for - period of time since - specific point in time She has lived in Jeddah for three years.
(period of time)
two days last night She has lived in Jeddah since 2012.
one year 2013 (specific point in time)
five hours 9:00
! Don’t use present tense for this situation.
Sara has been a teacher for 10 years.
NOT Sara is a teacher for 10 years.
I’ve lost my mobile phone. (I haven’t got it now.)

The Present Perfect expresses a past action with results in the
The guests have arrived. (They are at the door now.)
present. It is often a recent past action.
We’ve just heard the good news.
I’ve already had breakfast.
The adverbs just, already and yet are common with this use.
Have you had breakfast yet?
Yet – used in negatives and questions.
It’s 12:00, and she hasn’t got up yet.
ELCA 102 31
1. Ali and Ahmed __________ worked in the same company for ten years.
a. has b. have c. having d. are having
2. I __________ seen that film. Is it good?

a. not have b. not has c. hasn’t d. haven’t
3. __________ your homework yet?

a. Have you finished b. Have you finish c. Do you finish d. Did finish you
4. Saleh __________ his passport. Now he needs to get a new one.

a. is losing b. loses c. was losing d. has lost
5. Sara has __________ to many countries.

a. be b. been c. went d. go
7.2 Present Perfect and Past Simple
Past Simple Present Perfect

The Past Simple refers to an action that The Present Perfect refers to an action that happened
happened at a definite (specific) time in the past. at an indefinite (not specific) time in the past.
He died in 1884. She has won many awards.

She got married when she was 20. She’s written ten books.
The action is finished. The action can continue to the present.

I lived in London for a year. (but not now) She’s lived in London for 20 years. (she still lives there
now)
Time expressions + Past Simple Time expressions + Present Perfect
in 1999. for 15 years.

last week. I’ve worked here since 2000.
I did it two months ago. since I left school.
on February 3.
for two years when I was a child.
Compare these sentences:
I’ve broken my leg last year.

I broke my leg last year.
He works as a teacher all his life.
He has worked as a teacher all his life.
When have you been to Italy?
When did you go to Italy?
How long do you have your car?
How long have you had your car?
ELCA 102 32
1. Heba has __________ many books. She plans to write more in the future.
a. wrote b. write c. written d. writes
2. Last summer, we ____________ to Malaysia.

a. travelled b. travel c. are travelling d. have travelled
3. How long __________ your laptop?

a. you have b. are you having c. do you have d. have you had
4. We have lived in this house __________ thirteen years.

a. in b. for c. since d. ago
5. Reham has been a teacher since __________.

a. all her life b. two months c. 2005 d. five years
6. They went to the UK __________.

a. tomorrow b. 2 days ago c. next week d. since October
READING – Celebrity Interview

Bruno and Maria Cruz
They are one of the most famous married couples in the sporting world. He is the racing driver who has
won seven Formula One championships. He has won Grands Prix in nearly every country possible. She is the
tennis player who has won more Grand Slam titles than any other woman. She has been the number one
female tennis player in the world for the last 8 years. They invited Hi! Magazine into their luxury home.
You’re both incredibly busy in your separate careers. How do you find time to be together?
Bruno: A lot of the time we’ve been together, we’ve been in different countries! Naturally, we try to spend
more time together, but it’s not easy. We’ve both flown all over the world for a weekend, just to be
together.
Maria: Yes, it can be crazy sometimes. Occasionally we both have championships in the same country. That
doesn’t happen often, so it’s a real treat. But now that we’ve got this beautiful home, we’re working hard
to make sure we get enough time together here – private time.
It must be difficult to find enough private time. What’s it like being in a marriage when you’re both
superstars?
Maria: I don’t know what ‘superstar’ means really. It’s a word that other people use. We’re both just very
good at, and feel passionate about, our different sports. And we’ve been very lucky to have the chance to
show that to the world. But when we’re not doing that…. Well, we’re just normal people really. We are
normal, aren’t we, Bruno?
Bruno: Yes! I don’t think that fame and fortune have changed me. We don’t spend all our time dressing up
and going out to fancy, expensive restaurants. Most evening we’re happy to cook a meal and sit and watch
TV together. But is obviously helps that we both know about the problems of being famous. And
fortunately for me, people don’t recognize me as much as Maria!
ELCA 102 33
How did you two meet?
Bruno: I was practicing for the Australian Grand Prix in Melbourne, and a friend had tickets for the final of
the Australian Tennis Open there. I met Maria at the celebration dinner afterwards. I already knew about
her as a tennis player, of course. But when we started talking for the first time… well, it was that wonderful
feeling you’ve known someone all your life!
Maria: I knew very little about Formula One, so I wasn’t sure what to ask him. I’ve never been very
interested in it to be honest – too much about tyres and engines for my liking! But I’ve certainly learnt a lot
about it since then.
And what about the future?
Bruno: We’re both at the point where we know that it can’t go on for much longer, being at the top. But
we’ve had wonderful careers, and I think we can both look forward to retiring. We’d like to have some
peace and quiet and spend more time here with each other, and…
Maria: …and with one or two little Cruzs! I’ve always wanted to have a family, and the good thing about
being a professional tennis player is that you stop at an age where that’s still possible. And this will be such
a fantastic home to bring up children in!
1. Bruno is a __________.
a. tennis player b. racing driver c. pilot d. sports teacher
2. Bruno and Maria met __________.

a. in Melbourne
b. in France
c. at a breakfast in Australia
d. at a Formula One race
3. The word It in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

a. sport b. time c. other people d. superstar
4. The word fortune in paragraph 3 means __________.

a. sports b. marriage c. a lot of money d. a house

a. Maria has been the number one female tennis player for three years.
b. Maria and Bruno have two children.
c. Bruno and Maria have a luxury home.
d. Bruno and Maria always play sports in the same country.
ELCA 102 34
VOCABULARY – adverbs
An adverb modifies (gives more information about) a verb, adjective or another adverb.
Many adverbs end in –ly slowly carefully usually nearly
Adverb Example
slowly I can’t understand you. Could you please speak slowly?
carefully My grandfather drives carefully.
usually We usually eat lunch at 3:00.
nearly Ali had an accident and nearly died, but fortunately, he got better.
only Ahlam doesn’t like a lot of kinds of food. She eats only burgers and chips.
exactly A: Do you really have no money at all in your bag?
B: Exactly. Not even one riyal.
especially I love all kinds of seafood, especially salmon.
There are also many adverbs that don’t end in –ly
Adverb Example
together Reem and I work together. We have been in the same office for two years.
hard Mariam’s boss likes her because she works very hard.
still It’s 11:30 in the morning. Why are you still in bed?
just Sami got to class at 7:56, just before the teacher arrived.
A: Did you like Turkey?
of course
B: Of course I did. It was fantastic!
at last At last we finished painting our house. It took us three weeks!
A: I hate washing dishes.
too
B: Me too! It’s so boring!
1. The train will leave at __________ 8:40. It will not wait for even one minute, so don’t be late.
a. at last b. only c. exactly d. still
2. I met Sara when I was five years old and we are __________ friends.
a. carefully b. still c. too d. nearly
3. Mary walks very __________ because her foot hurts.

a. at last b. nearly c. hard d. slowly
4. A: Do you like Italian food?

B: Yes, __________ spaghetti.
a. exactly b. nearly c. especially d. together
5. My father is a doctor, and my mother is a doctor, _____________.

a. too b. of course c. together d. just
ELCA 102 35
Everyday English – Short answers
When we answer Yes /No questions, we often repeat the subject and the auxiliary verb. We also often add
more information to continue the conversation.
Sentence A Reply B
1. Is it raining? No, it isn’t.
2. Are you from Jeddah? No, I’m not. I’m from Makkah.
3. Have you been to Spain? No, I haven’t, but I’d like to go next year.
4. Are you good at tennis? Yes, I am. I usually win my matches.
5. Do you like cooking? Yes, I do, especially Italian food.
6. Can you speak Japanese? Yes, I can. I’ve studied it for three years.
7. Did you watch the football match last night? Yes, I did. It was really exciting!
1. A: Have you ever been to Red Sea Mall?

B: No, I ____________.
a. am not
b. don’t
c. wasn’t
d. haven’t
2. A: Did you go to Madinah last weekend?

B: Yes, _________________________.
a. I did. It was a great trip.
b. I have. I love travelling.
c. I do. It’s my favourite city.
d. I can. My grandparents live there.
3. A: Is your teacher nice?

B: __________________
a. Yes, it is. It’s my favourite class.
b. Yes, she is. She’s patient and funny.
c. No, it isn’t. I can’t understand maths.
d. No, she doesn’t. She lives in Taif.
4. A: Are you going to Sara’s party?

B: No, ____________. It’s too far away.
a. you aren’t
b. I’m not
c. I don’t
d. you haven’t
ELCA 102 36
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. d 5. b
Exercise 2: 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. b
Exercise 3: 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. c
Exercise 4: 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. a
Exercise 5: 1. d 2. a 3. b 4. b
ELCA 102 37
Unit 8 – Do’s and Don’ts
Grammar
8.1 have to
Form
has/have + to+ infinitive

I I
We have we
You don’t have Do
you
They to work hard. they have to work hard?
He has he
She doesn’t have Does she
It it

Do you have to wear a uniform? Yes, I do.
Does he have to work now? No, he doesn’t.
Past form Questions

I/We/You/They had I /we/you/they
to work last week. Did have to work last week?
He/She/It didn’t have he/she/it
Use
Rule Examples
Have to expresses a strong obligation. The You have to have a passport if you want to travel outside your
obligation comes from ‘outside’ - maybe a country. (the law)
law, a rule at school or work, or someone in Khalid has to start work at 8:00. (his company’s rule)
authority. The doctor says I have to do more exercise.
Don’t / doesn’t have to expresses absence of I don’t have to get up early at the weekend.
obligation (it isn’t necessary). She doesn’t have to teach in the summer. It’s a school holiday.
1. When I was a child, I __________ go to bed at 8:00.

a. had b. was having c. had to d. have to
2. __________ to help take care of your younger brothers and sisters?

a. Do you have b. Have you c. Were you have d. Are you have
3. I love the weekends because I __________ to go to work. I can relax.

a. have not b. don’t have c. didn’t have d. haven’t
4. Does Reem __________ to wear a uniform to school?

a. have b. had c. has d. having
5. When our grandparents were young, they _________ to walk to school. They didn’t have a car.
a. were had b. has c. have d. had
ELCA 102 38
8.2 Introduction to modal auxiliary verbs
Form
There are many different modal auxiliary verbs. They have different meanings but they have certain things
in common.
can could might must
shall should will would
Rule Examples
Modals help the main verb. The main verb form is the She can speak French.
infinitive without to. I must get my hair cut.
Can she speak French?
There is no do / does in questions using modals.
Should I get my hair cut?
He can sing well.
The form is the same for all persons. There is no –s in the
She should try harder.
third person singular.
It will rain soon.
To form the negative, add n’t to the modal. I wouldn’t like to be a bus driver.
There is no don’t / doesn’t. You mustn’t steal.
Note: will not = won’t It won’t rain tomorrow.
Most modal verbs refer to the present and future. Only can
I could swim when I was four.
has a past tense form – could.
8.3 should
Form
should + infinitive without to The form is the same for all persons.

I What should I study for the exam?
You he/she
should eat more vegetables.
He/She we
shouldn’t eat a lot of fast food.
We Do you think you should see a doctor?
They they

Should I ask my teacher for help? Yes, you should.
Should I buy a new phone? No, you shouldn’t.
Use
Rule Examples
I should study more for my exam. (This is my opinion.)
Should is used to express what the speaker
You should do more work. (I’m telling you what I think.)
thinks is right or the best thing to do. It
Do you think we should buy a new car? (I’m asking you for
expresses mild obligation or advice.
your opinion.)
I think you should do more exercise.
Should is often introduced by I think … or I
I don’t think you should buy a new phone. It’s too
don’t think….
expensive.
Shouldn’t expresses negative advice (advice
You shouldn’t sit so close to the TV. It’s bad for your eyes.
NOT to do something).
ELCA 102 39
8.4 must
Form
must + infinitive without to The form is the same for all persons.

I
You
must study harder.
He/She
mustn’t steal.
We
They
Questions with must are possible, but it’s more common to use have to in questions.
Must I bring my ID card to enter the university? Yes, you must.

Do I have to bring my ID card to enter the university? Yes, you do.
Use
Rule Examples
Must expresses strong obligation. Generally, this
I must get my hair cut. (I think this is necessary.)
obligation comes from ‘inside’ the speaker.
You must help me. (This sounds more like an
Be careful when using You must…. It sounds very order.)
bossy or impolite. It’s better to say:
Could you help me?
You must come over to my house for dinner some
You must…. can express a strong suggestion.
time. (I really want you to visit me some time.)

1. You ___________ go shopping so much. Try to save your money.
a. shouldn’t b. don’t have c. must d. can
2. My room is getting really untidy. I __________ clean it up today.

a. mustn’t b. don’t have c. have d. must
3. __________ to use a pencil when I take the English exam?

a. Can I b. Should I c. Must I d. Do I have
4. Mother: Aboodi, you __________ tell lies. You have to tell the truth.
a. mustn’t b. must c. have to d. don’t have to
5. I don’t think you should __________ cola every day. It’s not good for you.
a. to drink b. drinks c. drink d. drinking
ELCA 102 40
VOCABULARY – Words that go together
Look at these verbs and nouns (complements) that go together.
Verb Complement
get a job
go to university
discuss problems
go on a diet
lose weight
do exercise
have a conversation
take your time
make a decision
1. I had a very interesting __________ with my friend yesterday.

a. decision b. exercise c. diet d. conversation
2. If you’re not ready to order now, it’s OK. __________ your time.
a. Have b. Get c. Take d. Make
3. Susan really wants to lose __________ before her sister’s wedding.

a. weight b. a diet c. exercise d. a job
4. After Reem finished her university studies, she __________ a job at a bank.
a. went on b. did c. made d. got
5. Do you __________your problems with your parents?

a. decide b. discuss c. talk d. speak
Compound nouns - We can also put two nouns together to make a new word. Sometimes they are joined,
but sometimes they are not.
Noun 1 Noun 2 New word Exercise 4: Write the word for each picture.
alarm clock alarm clock
car park car park
traffic lights traffic lights
credit card credit card
ice cream ice-cream
sun glasses sunglasses
time table timetable 1. 2. 3. 4.
rain coat raincoat
hair dryer hairdryer
sun set sunset
ear ring earring
sign post signpost
book case bookcase
rush hour rush hour
text message text message
earth quake earthquake 5. 6. 7. 8.
ELCA 102 41
9. 10. 11. 12.
1. There was a terrible __________ in Turkey last year. Many people died.
a. sunset b. car park c. timetable d. earthquake
2. Nora’s parents gave her some gold __________ for her birthday.
a. traffic lights b. ice-cream c. earrings d. raincoats
3. Drive carefully and send me a __________ when you arrive home.

a. rush hour b. credit card c. text message d. bookcase
4. Do you use __________ to wake up in the morning?

a. a hairdryer b. an alarm clock c. a timetable d. an earring
5. They love to go to the beach in the late afternoon and watch the __________.
a. sunset b. signpost c. sunglasses d. ice-cream
Everyday English –At the doctor’s
cold sore throat twisted ankle food poisoning
Illness Symptoms
1. I’ve got a cold. I can’t stop sneezing and my nose is runny.
2. I’ve got the flu. I’ve got a temperature, my whole body aches, and I feel awful.
3. I’ve got a sore throat. My glands are swollen, and it hurts when I swallow.
4. I’ve twisted my ankle. It hurts when I walk on it.
5. I’ve got diarrhoea. I keep going to the toilet.
6. I’ve got food poisoning. I keep being sick, and I’ve got diarrhoea.
ELCA 102 42
1. A: What seems to be the matter?

B: ______________.
a. It’s on the corner of Main Street and Centre Road.
b. I’ve got a bit of a temperature and I feel terrible.
c. Of course. The changing rooms are over there.
d. You can take these three times a day.
2. A: My nose is runny and I can’t stop sneezing.

B: Hmmm, _________________________
a. can you give me anything for it?
b. sure. Anything else?
c. I think you twisted your ankle.
d. I think you have a cold.
3. A: I keep being sick, and I’ve got diarrhoea.

B: ________________________.
a. I think you might have food poisoning.
b. That’s great. I’m happy to hear that.
c. I have to see the doctor tomorrow.
d. Can I have a black coffee, please?
ELCA 102 43
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. d
Exercise 2: 1. a 2. d 3. d 4. a 5. c
Exercise 3: 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b
Exercise 4: 1. sunglasses 2. alarm clock 3. hairdryer 4. earring 5. raincoat 6. traffic lights

7. bookcase 8. signpost 9. rush hour 10. Jmetable 11. car park 12. earthquake
Exercise 5: 1. d 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. a
Exercise 6: 1. b 2. d 3. a
ELCA 102 44
Unit 9 – Going Places
Grammar
9.1 Time Clauses

Look at this sentence: I’ll give her a ring when I get home.
It consists of two clauses: (main clause) (secondary clause)
These conjunctions of time introduce secondary clauses.

when while as soon as after before until
These time conjunctions are not usually followed by the future tense, even when they refer to a future
time. We use a present tense.
When I get home, …..
While we’re away, ….
As soon as I hear from you, ….
Wait here until I get back.

1. I’ll have a bath __________ I go to bed. It will help me sleep.
a. when b. after c. until d. before
2. I’m travelling to Riyadh this afternoon. I’ll call you __________ I arrive at the hotel.
a. because b. while c. as soon as d. until
3. Could you please water my plants __________ I’m away?

a. as soon as b. while c. after d. before
9.2 will
Form – See Unit 5

Use
Rule Examples
Will expresses a decision or intention made at the
Give me your bag. I’ll carry it for you.
moment of speaking.
It also expresses a future fact or prediction. The speaker
My football team will win the match.
thinks “This action is sure to happen in the future.”
It will be hot and sunny tomorrow.
9.3 First condiBonal

If + Present Simple, will + base form of verb
secondary clause (main clause)

I work hard, I pass my exams.
she has enough money, she will (’ll) buy a new car.
If
we don’t hurry up, we won’t be late.
you’re late, I wait for you.
ELCA 102 45
Questions
What you do you can’t find a job?

will if
Where they go they don’t travel abroad?

Will you have a party if you pass your exams? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.
If Ali has enough money, will he buy a new house? Yes, he will. / No, he won’t.
Note: The condition clause if … can come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end. If it comes at the
beginning, we put a comma at the end of the clause. If it comes at the end, we do not use a comma.
If I work hard, I’ll pass my exams. (comma)

I’ll pass my exams if I work hard. (no comma)
Use
Rule Examples
If I get my salary tomorrow, I’ll buy lunch for
The first conditional is used to express a possible
everyone.
condition and a probable result in the future.
Schools will be closed if it rains tomorrow.
English uses a present tense in the condition clause,
If it rains tomorrow… NOT If it will rain….
not a future form.
If I work hard… NOT If I will work hard, …
If I find your keys, I’ll call you.
If expresses a possibility that something will happen;
(It’s possible but not sure that I will find the keys.)
when expresses what the speaker see as sure to
When I get home, I’ll have lunch.
happen.
(I’m sure I will get home.)
1. If you __________ some exercise every day, you will lose weight.
a. do b. doing c. will do d. did
2. When Hala finishes university, she ____________ to get a job.

a. try b. tries c. is trying d. will try
3. We will go to the beach tomorrow if it __________.

a. didn’t rain b. wasn’t raining c. doesn’t rain d. won’t rain
4. Sara and Reem __________ in the UK if their parents agree.

a. studied b. are studying c. study d. will study
5. Where __________ you travel when you have a holiday?

a. will b. are c. have d. did
6. If you __________ late, you won’t be able to take the exam.

a. be b. are c. will be d. were
7. I will visit my grandparents next weekend if I __________ enough time.

a. has b. had c. have d. will have
ELCA 102 46
READING
Sunset in the West
The first industrial economies were European, until the 1890s, when the US
became the world's economic superpower. In the 1960s the 'Asian Tigers'
arrived, and suddenly everything we bought was 'Made in Japan/ South Korea'.
But the populations of these new industrial nations are much smaller than
America's, and could never produce enough to move the centre of the world
economy from West to East.
Made in China
Now the East's Jme has come. China, with its populaJon of 1.3 billion, has already become 'the world's factory'.
If its economy conJnues to grow at 10%, it will become the biggest economy in the world by 2018. It will also take
America's place as the world's largest oil market, thirsty for petrol to run the 140m private cars on its roads.
The West was once afraid of China because of its communist

ideas. Now it's more worried about China's success in capitalism.
China has nearly 100 billionaires. Although many of its people are
still poor, a third of the world's luxury products - Chanel perfume,
Rolex watches, Lacoste clothing - are now sold in China.
The sky's the limit?

The pollution in the skies over cities like Beijing is one of the costs of this incredible success. Five out of ten
of the world's most polluted cities are in China, and its economy will have to become 'greener' as quickly as
it has become more capitalist. Another problem for China's future economy is its population growth.
Because of the 'one child per family' policy, started in the 1980s, the working populaJon of China will start
to get smaller in 2015.
What about India?

Everyone is talking about China as the future world superpower, but India isn't far behind. India already has
over 1 billion people, and here there will be no problems finding enough workers for its fast growing
economy. If the populaJon conJnues to grow as quickly as now, it will be bigger than China's by 2040.
And although it has enough cheap workers to produce a car for $2000,
India is not just a gigantic factory. It has an enormous number of highly
educated scientists, engineers, and IT specialists. Many of the West's
successful technology companies use Indian teams to design software
for their mobile phones and computers. The Vice-President of Cisco
Systems said recently, 'I find Bangalore one of the most exciting
places in the world. It's what Silicon Valley in California was in 1999.'
From West to East

Between them, China and India have a third of the world's population. Every year they produce a million
graduates in science and engineering (the US produces 70,000), entering industry and doing research in
university departments.
Whether China or India becomes the leading economic power, the result for the West will be the same.
America's time as the world's most powerful nation will soon be over, and all Western countries will have
to live in a changing world, where the sun rises in the East once more.
ELCA 102 47
1. The US became the world’s economic superpower in the __________.

a. 1960s b. 1890s c. 1980s d. 1990s
2. According to the passage, which country has become the world’s factory?
a. America b. China c. Japan d. South Korea
3. India’s populaJon is ___________ .

a. growing quickly b. getting smaller c. staying the same d. bigger than China’s

a. a car b. a factory c. India d. China

a. Every month, the US produces 1 million science graduates.
b. China has nearly one thousand billionaires.
c. Half of the world’s population lives in India and China.
d. There is a lot of pollution in China.
VOCABULARY – collocations with the verbs take, get, do and make
TAKE GET DO MAKE

two tablets a day back home some shopping sure
a photo a cold me a favour friends
somebody out for a meal angry homework up your mind
care on well with someone research a reservation
someone’s place ready a complaint
better / smaller / bigger mistakes
1. Did your friends __________ you out for a meal on your birthday?
a. make b. take c. get d. do
2. I can’t make __________. Should I get an iPhone or a Samsung?

a. a reservation b. care c. up my mind d. a complaint
3. Fahd __________ angry when his brother broke his PlayStation.

a. got b. made c. came d. took
4. A: Are the car doors locked?

B: I think so, but I’ll just __________.
a. do research b. take care c. get ready d. make sure
5. Can you __________ me a favour?

a. get b. do c. take d. make
6. Ahmed can’t go out with his friends because he has to __________ his homework.
a. write b. do c. take d. make
ELCA 102 48
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. d 2. c 3. b
Exercise 2: 1. a 2. d 3. c 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. c
Exercise 3: 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. d
Exercise 4: 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. b
ELCA 102 49
Unit 10 – Scared to death
Grammar
10.1 Verb paKerns 2 (see also Unit 5)

Rule Examples
verb + to + infinitive
They managed to finish the report before 2:00.
choose help need want
Ali tries to visit his uncle every month.
decide hope promise would like
Sara decided to open her own business.
forget manage try would love
We went swimming last weekend.
go + -ing for sports and activities
Have you ever gone sailing?
Ahmed goes jogging every morning.
Verb + (somebody) + to + infinitive without to Please let me go home early. I don’t feel well.
let My mother made my sister cook lunch yesterday.
make The teacher made the students write a report.

1. I promised __________ to take my sister out for lunch for her birthday.
a. take b. taking c. to taking d. to take
2. You need __________ harder if you want to get a high mark.

a. to study b. study c. studying d. to studying
3. My parents didn’t let me __________ up late when I was a young child.

a. stays b. staying c. stay d. to stay
4. I want to go __________ next winter.

a. to ski b. ski c. skiing d. to skiing
5. Ali’s boss made him ___________ late to finish the report.

a. work b. works c. working d. to work
6. Sara hopes __________ a lawyer when she finishes university.

a. be b. to be c. being d. will be
10.2 used to
Form
used + to + infinitive without to The form is the same for all persons.

I I
He/She he/she
used to play tennis.
We What did we use to do?
didn’t use to go to bed late.
You you
They they
Yes/No Question and short answer: ! Notice that the ‘d’ is removed in the question and
Did you use to swim a lot? Yes, I did / No, I didn’t. negative forms.
What did you use to eat when you were young?
NOT What did you used to eat when you were young?
ELCA 102 50
Rule Examples
Ali used to play football every weekend, but now he
Used to is used to express a past habit.
doesn’t.
They used to be happy with their house, but now
It’s used to express a past state.
they want to move.
The question form is not often used. We ask a Where did you go on holiday when you were young?
question in the Past Simple, and reply using used to. We used to go to Egypt.
Never is often used. I never used to read the newspaper, but now I do.
Don’t confuse the verb to use (e.g. I use a pencil to do my maths homework.) with used to
10.3 used to and the Past Simple
Rule Examples
He played football every Sunday when he was a boy.
The Past Simple can also be used to express a
They were happy with their house when they first bought
past habit or state.
it.
Only the Past Simple can be used to express We used to go to Egypt every summer, but once, in 1996,
an action which happened once in the past. we went to Lebanon.
1. Reem used __________ for her family every day, but now her daughter does the cooking.
a. cooked b. to cook c. cooks d. to cooking
2. When we lived in England, we didn’t __________ the AC because it was never hot.
a. using to need b. used to need c. use to need d. used needing
3. Did you __________ outside when you were a child?

a. use to play b. used to play c. use to playing d. used to playing
4. Sami used to get excellent marks in school, but once he __________ a low mark because he was sick.
a. used to get b. got c. gets d. to get
5. I never ___________ exercise, but now I do.

a. use to doing b. use to do c. used to do d. used to doing
10.4 Infinitives
Rule Examples
I’m learning English to get a good job.
Infinitives are used to express purpose. They answer the (because I want to get a new job)
question Why…? This use is very common in English. She’s saving her money to buy a new phone.
(because she wants to buy a new phone)
I went to the mall to buy a bag.
English does not use for in this situation. NOT I went to the mall for to buy a bag.
I went to the mall for buy a bag
Infinitives are used after certain adjectives. I’m pleased to see you.
surprised
It’s hard to learn Chinese.
important
impossible
ELCA 102 51
Can you tell me how to get to the airport?
Infinitives are used after the question words who,
I don’t know who to ask.
what, where, how, etc.
Show me what to do.
Have something to eat.
Infinitives are used after the compounds something, I’ve got nothing to do!
nothing, nowhere, anybody, etc. There’s nowhere to go in this town.
Is there anybody to talk to?

1. I’m really confused. I don’t know what _____________.
a. do b. doing c. to doing d. to do
2. It’s important ____________ healthy food.

a. eats b. eat c. to eating d. to eat
3. Hana went to the UK ___________ English.

a. to study b. to studying c. study d. for to study
4. Do you have anything __________? I’m hungry!

a. eat b. for eating c. to eat d. to eating
5. I was happy __________ that Nadia is getting married.

a. learned b. to learn c. learning d. to learning
VOCABULARY – -ed/-ing adjectives

-ing adjectives describe a situation, thing or person -ed adjectives describe how people feel
interesting I read an interesting book last week. interested Hala is interested in photography.
boring This is a boring match. Let’s watch a film. bored We were bored at home so we went out.
exciting Our trip to Turkey was very exciting, excited They are excited about their holiday to France.
frightening Getting stuck in a lift can be very frightening. frightened People were frightened by the loud noise.
confusing This manual for the TV is so confusing! confused Can you explain this to me? I’m so confused!
disappointing The match was disappointing. Our team lost. disappointed Ali was disappointed when his team lost.
worrying Ali is 3 and can’t talk. It’s very worrying. worried Mum gets worried when I come home late.
surprising The ending of the film was surprising. surprised I was surprised by the ending of the film.
terrifying Being in a fire is a terrifying experience. terrified The girls were terrified to see a lizard in the class.
exhausting Running for 30 km is exhausting. exhausted After cleaning all day, Sara was exhausted.
Exercise 4: How do these people feel?
1. 2. 3. 4.
ELCA 102 52
5. 6. 7.
1. We’re going to South Africa on holiday next week! I’m so _________!

a. exciting b. excited c. frightened d. frightening
2. This book is so __________. I can’t understand anything!

a. interesting b. interested c. confusing d. confused
3. Khalid was __________ after playing football for two hours.

a. surprising b. surprised c. exhausting d. exhausted
4. Mona doesn’t travel to places if she has to take a plane because she’s __________ of flying.
a. exciting b. excited c. terrifying d. terrified
5. A: Are you __________ in photography?

B: Yes! I love it!
a. interesting b. interested c. worrying d. worried
6. It is __________ that our teacher didn’t give us any homework tonight. She usually gives us a lot.
a. exhausting b. frightening c. surprising d. disappointing
ELCA 102 53
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. a 6. b
Exercise 2: 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. c
Exercise 3: 1. d 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b
Exercise 4: 1. terrified/frightened 2. exhausted 3. confused 4. disappointed

5. bored 6. excited 7. worried
Exercise 5: 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. b 6. c
ELCA 102 54
Unit 11 – Things that changed the world
Grammar
11.1 The passive
Form
Tense form of be The past participle of regular verbs ends in –ed.

Present am/is/are
+ -ed (past participle) For irregular verbs, see list in Unit 3.
Past was / were form of verb
Present (to express a habit/ fact)
Positive and negative sentences: Questions & short answers

English is spoken all over the world. Where is rice grown?
Renault cars are made in France. How is paper made?
Coffee isn’t grown in England. A: Are cars made in your country?
B: Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
Past (to express an action finished in the past)

My bag was stolen yesterday. When was the television invented?
Ten people were injured in the bus accident. A: Were the students told to bring pencils?
B: Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
Use
Rule Examples
Object
The object of an active verb becomes the subject of Active Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
a passive verb.
Passive Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
Subject
We use the passive when we are more interested in
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
the action than who did the action.
(we’re more interested in Hamlet)
We sometimes use by in a passive sentence if we
want to show who did the action.
If we are more interested in who did the action, we Shakespeare wrote many plays and poems.
use the active. (we’re more interested in Shakespeare)
We also use the passive when we don’t know or it’s BMWs are made in Germany.
not important to mention who did the action. Oil is produced in Saudi Arabia.

1. The classrooms __________ every day.
a. clean b. cleaned c. are cleaned d. is cleaned
ELCA 102 55
2. Oil __________ in Saudi Arabia in 1938.
a. discovers b. discovered c. was discovered d. is discovered
3. Paper __________ from trees.

a. is made b. made c. makes d. is making
4. Nora __________ a report for her boss yesterday.

a. writes b. was written c. wrote d. is writing
5. Millions of text messages __________ every day.

a. are sending b. send c. sent d. are sent
6. Alexander Graham Bell __________ the telephone in 1876.

a. is invented b. invented c. was invented d. invents
7. Rice __________ in Saudi Arabia.

a. not grown b. isn’t grown c. not grows d. isn’t growing
8. _______ camels ________ in Australia?

a. Did… find b. Do …. find c. Have….found d. Are … found
VOCABULARY
These words appear in the reading passages for this unit.
nouns weblink structure company cure cell disease result search engine
verbs contain borrow commit (a crime) dream be related to
1. Did the police catch the person who __________ the crime?
a. invented b. committed c. made d. contained
2. If we want to look for information on the internet, we can use a __________ like Google.
a. cell b. disease c. structure d. search engine
3. Mr. AlGhamdi works for a big __________ in Riyadh.

a. reservation b. conversation c. company d. weblink
4. Mona went to the library to __________ some books.

a. dream b. borrow c. invent d. contain
5. The students got their __________ two weeks after the exam.
a. results b. cures c. earrings d. structures
6. My friend __________ our teacher. She is her aunt.

a. contains b. borrows c. is related to d. is exhausted by
ELCA 102 56
READING – A discovery and an invention that changed the world
The discovery of DNA
Did you know that a tiny piece of your hair gives us information about who you are
related to, which career you could be successful in, any crimes you have
committed, what illnesses you could get, how and when you could die?
This is possible thanks to the information in DNA (or deoxyribonucleic acid). Your
hair and every cell in your body contains your own unique DNA. It can tell you a lot
about your family, health, and personality.
DNA was discovered by a German scienJst, Friedrich Miescher, in 1869, but nobody realized its
importance then. Other scientists thought that it was too simple to contain the map of how we are made!
In1953, a group of BriJsh scienJsts at Cambridge University finally discovered the structure of DNA and
how it worked. They were given the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1962.
Gradually, scienJsts learned to “read” more and more of the informaJon in DNA. In 1986, for the first Jme
DNA testing was used by the police. Some DNA is usually left by a criminal at the place where the crime
was committed. This can be matched with DNA from a suspect. The test shows if the suspect is guilty.
In 1990 the Human Genome Project was begun. ScienJsts wanted to make a map of the 3 billion chemical
leOers in human DNA. Over 1,000 scienJsts all over the world worked on the project, and it took 10 years.
With this information, it is possible that a cure for many diseases will be found in the future. But it also
brings with it many questions. Do we want to be able to choose what our babies will look like, or pick the
best person for a job with DNA tests?
1. Who first discovered DNA?

a. British scientists b. a German scientist c. a French scientist d. American scientists
2. The Human Genome Project took __________ years.

a. 1,000 b. 3 billion c. ten d. 1990
3. The word then in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

a. 1953 b. 1869 c. 1962 d. 1986

a. DNA tesJng was first used by the police in 1986.
b. One thousand scientists worked on the Human Genome Project.
c. A human hair contains DNA.
d. A British scientist discovered DNA.
5. This passage is mainly about __________.

a. how DNA was discovered
b. how police use DNA
c. Human Genome Project
d. the Nobel Prize for Medicine
ELCA 102 57
The Invention of Google
Google is the most popular Internet search engine in the world. It was
invented by two students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin. They met in 1995, when they were both studying
computer science at Stanford University, USA. They were also both fans of the science fiction TV
programme Star Trek, and they loved the spaceship computer. They dreamed of producing something that
could also answer any question in seconds.
Internet search engines at the time were slow and gave many websites that weren’t useful. In January
1996, Page and Brin decided to make a beOer and faster search engine. They thought the results should be
based on the popularity of each website – the most popular ones have the highest number of ‘weblinks’
(links to other websites).
Nobody would give them money for their project, so they used their credit cards and bought as much
computer memory as possible. They also borrowed money from family and friends. Then, in 1998, they
were given a cheque for $100,000, and they started their own company. Their first office was in a friend’s
garage! The company name Google comes from mathematics. A googol is a very high number – 1 followed
by a hundred zeros.
The Google search engine was soon used by thousands of people worldwide because it was fast, easy and
accurate. By 2002 it was the biggest search engine on the Internet. Now, more quesJons have been
answered by Google than any other Internet service, from sport to science, and from travel to technology.
Google hopes that in the future all the world’s information will be put on the Internet, so that everybody
can find everything.
1. Where did Larry Page and Sergey Brin meet?

a. In a garage. b. On TV. c. At university. d. On the Internet.
2. Page and Brin wanted to make __________.

a. a better Star Trek film b. a fast search engine c. a spaceship computer d. a popular TV programme
3. The word fans in paragraph 1 means people who __________ something.

a. buy b. study c. understand d. love

a. By 1998, Google was the biggest search engine.
b. Page and Brin got $10,000 to start their company.
c. Page and Brin borrowed money to start Google.
d. A googol is a term from sports.
ELCA 102 58
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. c 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. d 6. b 7. b 8. d
Exercise 2: 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. c
Exercise 3: 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. a
Exercise 4: 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. c
ELCA 102 59
ELCA 102 continued…
based on
New Headway Plus

Intermediate
ELCA 102 60
Unit 3 – Telling tales
Grammar - Introduction to past tenses
3.1 Past Simple
Form
Positive Negative
The form of the Past Simple is the same for all persons. The negative of the Past Simple is formed with didn’t.
I I
He/She/It finished He/She/It
We arrived yesterday. We didn’t (did not) finish yesterday.
You left last week. You
They They
she Did you like the film? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
you
When did finish school?
they
(etc.)
Use
Rule Examples
I met my best friend in 2009.
The Past Simple expresses a past action that is now finished. She graduated last year.
They went to Madinah three days ago.
The Past Simple also expresses actions that follow each Sara woke up at 6:00 and took a shower.
other in a story. Then she ate breakfast and brushed her
teeth. She left home at 7:00, and…
The Past Simple is also used for a past situation or habit. When I was a child, I lived in Taif.
Certain time expressions are commonly used with the Past last year
Simple. last week
I watched TV last night. two months ago
yesterday afternoon
in 2003
Spelling
Rule Examples
The normal rule is add -ed wanted watched
If the verb ends in –e, add -d liked moved
If the verb has only one syllable + one vowel + one consonant, shopped planned
double the consonant.
The final consonant is not doubled if it is –y or -w played showed
If the verb ends in a consonant + -y, change the –y to -ied studied carried
There are many common irregular verbs See the list below.
ELCA 102 61
Irregular Verbs
Base form Past Simple Past Participle Base form Past Simple Past Participle
be was / were been leave left left
become became become let let let
begin began begun lose lost lost
break broke broken make made made
build built built meet met met
buy bought bought pay paid paid
catch caught caught put put put
choose chose chosen read read read
come came come ride rode ridden
cut cut cut ring rang rung
do did done run ran run
drink drank drunk say said said
drive drove driven see saw seen
eat ate eaten sell sold sold
fall fell fallen send sent sent
feel felt felt sit sat sat
find found found sleep slept slept
fly flew flown speak spoke spoken
forget forgot forgotten spend spent spent
get got got swim swam swum
give gave given take took taken
go went gone teach taught taught
have had had tell told told
hit hit hit think thought thought
hurt hurt hurt understand understood understood
keep kept kept win won won
know knew known write wrote written
3.2 Past ConBnuous

Form
was/were + -ing (present participle)
I I
He /She was was he /she
it
It wasn’t (was not) What doing?
working. we
We
were were you
You they
weren’t (were not)
They
Short answer
Were you working yesterday? Yes, I was.
Was she studying when you arrived? No, she wasn’t.
ELCA 102 62
Use
Rule Examples
The Past Continuous expresses an activity in progress What were you doing at 9:00 last night?
before, and probably after, a time in the past.
It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining and
It’s used for descriptions in the past.
the birds were singing.
It’s used to express an interrupted past activity. It started to rain while we were having a picnic.
When you phoned, I was taking a shower.
3.3 Past Simple and Past ConBnuous?
Rule Examples
The Past Continuous refers to longer, background activities, and the Past Simple refers to shorter,
completed actions.
I did my homework last night.
The Past Simple expresses past actions as simple
A: What did you do yesterday evening?
facts.
B: I visited my friend.
The Past Continuous gives past activities time and A: What were you doing at 9:00 last night?
duration. The activity can be interrupted. B: I was visiting my friend.
I was doing my homework when the phone rang.
Questions using Past Continuous ask about activities A: What were you doing when the guests arrived?
before. B: I was cooking.
Questions using Past Simple ask about what A: What did you do when the guests arrived?
happened after. B: I greeted them and invited them to sit down.
1. Fahad __________ a new job last month.

a. has got b. gets c. got d. was getting
2. A: What were you doing last night at 10?

B: I ______________.
a. was studying b. study c. studied d. am studying
3. Last week Nora __________ to New York. There, she visited museums and went shopping.
a. was flying b. flew c. is flying d. has flown
4. A: Why __________ the phone when I called you last night?

B: I was sleeping.
a. don’t you answer b. weren’t you answering c. didn’t you answer d. aren’t you answering
5. Mary ___________ her finger while she was making lunch.

a. has cut b. was cutting c. cuts d. cut
6. The mall was very crowded because everyone __________ to buy things during the sales.
a. has tried b. tries c. was trying d. tried
ELCA 102 63
3.3 Past Perfect
The Past Perfect refers to an action in the past that was completed before another action in the past.
It is the same form for all persons. had + past participle

I I
He/She he/she
‘d (had) seen him before. Where had we been before?
We you
hadn’t finished work at 6.00.
You they
They
Short answer
Yes, he had.
Had he already left?
No, he hadn’t.
Use
Rule Examples
The Past Perfect is used to make clear When they got home, they found that
that one action in the past happened someone had broken into their house.
before another action in the past.
PAST NOW
____________________________________________________
Someone broke into their house. They got home.
AcJon 1: Someone broke into their house.

AcJon 2: They got home.
Notice the difference between When I got to the party, Mary went home.
these two sentences: (First I arrived, then Mary left.)
When I got to the party, Mary had gone home.
(First Mary left, then I arrived.)
1. Reem got up late. She was the only one at home because everyone had already _________ for school.
a. leaves b. leave c. leaving d. left
2. Sami couldn’t get on the plane to London because he __________ his passport.
a. has forgotten b. had forgotten c. was forgetting d. forgets
3. I didn’t want to watch the film with my friend because I __________ it before.
a. had seen b. have seen c. saw d. was seeing
4. A: I met my neighbours for the first time yesterday.

B: Really? __________ them before?
a. Weren’t you meeting b. Hadn’t you met c. Didn’t you meet d. Haven’t you met
5. The teacher __________ Hind come in the classroom because the exam had already started.
a. isn’t letting b. hadn’t let c. didn’t let d. wasn’t letting
ELCA 102 64
VOCABULARY
These words appear in the reading passages for this unit.
Nouns Verbs Adjectives

award educate fascinated
childhood encourage strict
novel
1. Khuloud spent her __________ in the UK, so her English is very good.
a. childhood b .opportunity c. conversation d. award
2. A teacher’s job is to __________ students.

a. borrow b. dream c. commit d. educate
3. Reading __________ in English is a good way to improve your vocabulary.

a. cells b. novels c. awards d. crimes
4. Were your parents __________ with you as a child, or did they let you do anything you wanted?
a. wealthy b. bored c. generous d. strict
5. Nuha won __________ for her painting. It was the best in her school.
a. a signpost b. a disease c. an award d. a timetable
READING – Two writers

Agatha Christie
Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie is possibly the world’s most famous

detecJve story writer. She wrote 78 novels, and her sales (4
billion copies of her novels) outnumber those of William
Shakespeare. However, behind her 4,680,000 words was a
painfully shy woman whose life was often lonely and unhappy.
She was born in 1890 in Devon, the third child of Clarissa and
Frederick Miller, and grew into a beautiful and sensitive girl. She didn’t go to school but was educated by
her parents. Her father taught her mathematics through stories and games, and her mother encouraged
her to write her own stories. Unfortunately her father died in 1901 when she was 11, and both she and her
mother were grief-stricken.
When World War I came in 1914, she became a nurse in a hospital dispensary, which
proved very useful to her later career. Many of the murders in her books were carried
out by a clever use of drugs and poisons, showing how much she had learnt about them
as a nurse.
She wrote her first detective novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, in 1920. In it she
introduced Hercule Poirot, the Belgian detective who appeared in many subsequent
novels. Her other main detective was an elderly spinster called Miss Marple, who was
based on Agatha’s grandmother and her circle of friends. Christie’s stories have
ingenious plots, and keep the reader guessing who the murderer is until the very end of
the story.
ELCA 102 65
In 1914, at the beginning of the war, she married Archibald Christie, but the marriage was unhappy. It
didn’t last and they divorced in 1926. It was a very difficult Jme for her, as her much-loved mother had
died earlier that year. Agatha suffered a nervous breakdown and one night she abandoned her car and
mysteriously disappeared.
She went missing for eleven days and was eventually found in a hotel in Harrogate, in the north of England.
Agatha desperately wanted solitude and felt bitter towards the media because the newspapers had given
her a hard time over her breakdown and disappearance. She was determined never to let them enter her
private life again.
She enjoyed a very happy second marriage to Max Mallowan, an archaeologist, who she met in Baghdad
and married in 1930. Her detecJve skills were a help to him in his excavations in Syria and Iraq. By
successfully staying out of the media’s spotlight, she ultimately found happiness with her beloved husband.
Her best novels were wriOen aNer 1930, and she conJnued wriJng unJl 1973. Christie was awarded
England’s highest honour, an OBE, by the Queen in 1971. She died peacefully in 1976.
Exercise 4: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. When was Agatha ChrisJe born?
a. In 1809. b. In 1890. c. In 1901. d. In 1910.
2. Hercule Poirot was __________.

a. Agatha’s first husband
b. Agatha’s second husband
c. a detective in Agatha’s novels
d. a friend of Agatha’s grandmother
3. Agatha wrote her best novels __________.

a. in 1920 b. during the war c. aNer 1930 d. when she married Archibald
4. The pronoun they in paragraph 5 refers to __________.

a. Agatha’s mother and father
b. Agatha and her mother
c. Agatha and her father
d. Agatha and Archibald
5. Which statement is TRUE about Agatha?

a. She had no brothers or sisters.
b. She got an award in 1971.
c. She never got married.
d. She wrote 87 novels.
Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway was one of the great American writers of the

twentieth century. He was born on 21 July 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, the
second of six children. His family was very strict and he ran away from
home twice. His father taught him hunting and fishing. Ernest caught his
first fish at the age of three, and was given a shotgun for his twelfth
birthday. Hemingway's love of outdoor activity and danger showed in his
ELCA 102 66
later career as a war correspondent. At school, he was good at English and wrote for the school newspaper.
He graduated in 1917, but he didn't go to college. He went to Kansas City and worked as journalist for the
Star newspaper. He learned a lot, but left after only six months to go to war.
Hemingway was fascinated by war. He had wanted to become a soldier. Instead, in

the First World War, he became an ambulance driver and was sent to Italy, where he
was wounded in 1918. ANer the war, he went to live in Paris, where he was
encouraged in his work by the American writer Gertrude Stein. In the 1930s, he
became a war correspondent in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Many of his
books were about war. His most successful book, For Whom the Bell Tolls, was written
in 1940 and is about the Spanish Civil War. Another novel, A Farewell to Arms, is about
the futility of war.
Hemingway's success in writing was not mirrored by similar success in his personal life. He married four
Jmes. His first wife divorced him in 1927. He immediately married again and moved to Key West, Florida,
where he enjoyed hunting and fishing, but he also suffered from depression. This wasn't helped when his
father died in 1928. Hemingway's health was not good, and he had many accidents. Two more marriages
failed. In 1954, he survived two plane crashes. In October of the same year, he was awarded the Nobel
Prize for literature, but he was too ill to receive it in person.
His final years were taken up with health problems. He began to lose his memory and he couldn't write any
more. He died on 2 July, 1961.
Exercise 5: Choose the best answer for each question.
1. Hemingway was born in __________.

a. Italy b. America c. Spain d. England
2. Hemingway __________ in the First World War.

a. drove an ambulance b. was a soldier c. wrote novels d. lived in Paris
3. Hemingway got the Nobel Prize in __________.

a. 1928 b. 1927 c. 1954 d. 1961
4. The word This in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

a. success b. depression c. hunting d. fishing
5. Which statement is NOT TRUE about Hemingway?

a. He was born in 1899.
b. He wrote books about war.
c. He was married four times.
d. He went to college.
ELCA 102 67
Everyday English – Giving Opinions
Asking for opinions Response

It was excellent! The room was great, the beds were
1. Did you like the hotel? really comfortable, and the view from the balcony was
fantastic.
It was really boring! I fell asleep and missed the only
2. Did you enjoy the football match?
goal!
They were delicious. I had the chicken and Sara had
3. Did you like your pizzas?
the mozzarella and tomato.
I didn’t like his first one, but I couldn’t put his last one
4. Do you like Malcolm Baker’s novels?
down. It was so exciting, right up until the last page!
I think they spoil them. They always give them
5. What do you think of Jim and Anne’s children?
whatever they want.
6. What was your holiday like? It was a nice break, but the weather wasn’t very good.
I thought it was very interesting. I took a lot of notes,
7. Was the lecture good?
and he gave us some useful handouts, too.
I love it! It’s got six gears, and it’s brilliant on the
8. Are you happy with your new car?
motorway.
1. A: What was your holiday like?

B: ______________.
a. We like going on holiday.
b. I didn’t like his first one.
c. It was great! Malaysia is a beautiful country.
d. Amazing! It’s got six gears and a great radio.
2. A: _________________________
B: Yes, it was really exciting! Our team won in the last minute!
a. What do you think of their children?
b. Do you like Khaled Hosseini’s novels?
c. Was the lecture good?
d. Did you enjoy the football match?
ELCA 102 68
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. d 6. c
Exercise 2: 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c
Exercise 3: 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. d 5. c
Exercise 4: 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. b
Exercise 5: 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. d
Exercise 6: 1. c 2. d
ELCA 102 69
Unit 4 – Doing the right thing
Grammar - Introduction to modal auxiliary verbs
Form
There are many different modal auxiliary verbs. They have different meanings but they have certain things
in common.
can could might must
ought to shall should will would
Rule Examples
Modals help the main verb. The main verb form is the She can speak Japanese.
infinitive without to. You must come and visit us.
Can she speak Chinese?
There is no do / does in questions using modals.
Should I see a doctor?
He can cook well.
The form is the same for all persons. There is no –s in the
She should try harder.
third person singular.
It will rain soon.
To form the negative, add n’t to the modal. I can’t swim.
There is no don’t / doesn’t. You mustn’t steal.
Note: will not = won’t It won’t rain tomorrow.
Most modal verbs refer to the present and future. Only can
I could read when I was five.
has a past tense form – could.
Modal verbs of obligation and permission
4.1 have (got) to
Form
has/have + to+ infinitive It’s not a modal verb because it has different forms.

I I
We have we
You don’t have Do
you
They to work hard. they have to work hard?
He has he
She doesn’t have Does she
It it

Do you have to wear a uniform? Yes, I do.
Does he have to work now? No, he doesn’t.
Past form Questions

I/We/You/They had I /we/you/they
to work last week. Did have to work last week?
He/She/It didn’t have he/she/it
ELCA 102 70
Use
Rule Examples
Have to expresses a strong obligation. The You have to have a driver’s licence if you drive. (the law)
obligation comes from ‘outside’ - maybe a law, a Sara has to start work at 8:00. (her company’s rule)
rule at school or work, or someone in authority. The doctor says I have to eat less red meat.
Don’t / doesn’t have to expresses absence of I don’t have to get up early at the weekend.
obligation (it isn’t necessary). She doesn’t have to teach in the summer. It’s a school holiday.
Have got is common in British English but it is I’ve got to go now. See you later!
more informal than have to. Reem can’t go out because she’s got to help her mum.
4.2 can and be allowed to
Form
can / can’t Can I/we/you/she etc.
I am allowed to
I
am not allowed to Am
We can / can’t we
take photos here?
You are allowed to take photos here. Are you allowed to
They aren’t allowed to they
can / can’t Is he
He
is allowed to she
She
isn’t allowed to
Past form
We could / couldn’t
You were allowed to
They weren’t allowed to
stay up late.
I /He/She could / couldn’t
was allowed to
wasn’t allowed to
Use
Rule Examples
You can go out and play when you finish your homework.
Can and be allowed to express permission. Can is
Students aren’t allowed to use a dictionary during the exam.
more informal.
Were you allowed to stay up late when you were a child?
1. Students in Saudi high schools __________ wear uniforms. They can’t wear anything they want.
a. has got b. are allowed to c. have to d. can
2. A: __________ to stay out late with your friends?

B: No, I have to be home by 8 pm.
a. Do you have b. Can you c. Must you d. Are you allowed
3. You __________ leave class as soon as you finish the exam. You don’t have to stay.
a. can b. must c. don’t have to d. aren’t allowed to
4. Ahlam: Mum, __________ I go to a restaurant with my friends?

Mum: No, sorry. We’re going to visit your grandmother tonight.
a. Can b. Must c. Have d. Will
ELCA 102 71
5. Ali _________ to play computer games on school days. He can play them only at the weekend.
b. can’t b. isn’t allowed c. mustn’t d. doesn’t have
4.2 should, ought to and must
Form
should (not) The form is the same for all persons.
ought (not) to + infinitive without to
must (not)

I
should/shouldn’t
You
ought to work hard.
He
must
(etc.)
Use
Rule Examples
I should do more exercise. (This is my opinion.)
Should and ought to express mild obligation or
You ought to eat less last food. (I’m telling you what I
advice. They express what the speaker thinks
think.)
is right or the best thing to do.
Do you think we should buy a new car? (I’m asking you for
your opinion.)
They are often introduced by I think … or I
I think you ought to look for a new job.
don’t think….
I don’t think you should buy that bag. It’s too expensive.
Shouldn’t expresses negative advice (advice
NOT to do something). Oughtn’t is not very You shouldn’t sit so close to the TV. It’s bad for your eyes.
common.
Must expresses strong obligation (like have
to). It generally expresses an obligation that I must get a new laptop. My old one is broken. (my
involves the speaker’s opinion. It is more opinion)
personal.
All students must show their KAU IDs at the gate.
Must is also used with a formal, written style. Visitors must have a visa before they can enter the
country.
have to and must / don’t have to and mustn’t

Rule Examples
Have to and must are sometimes interchangeable. But I must be home by 10:00.
have to is used more often than must. I have to be home by 10:00.
For questions, Must I …? is possible, but questions with Do I have to clean my room?
have to are more common. Does he have to go to work tomorrow?
We had to study hard in high school. (Past)
Have to can be used in different tenses and forms, but You’ll have to work hard next year. (Future)
must can’t. Ali hates having to drive in heavy traffic. (-ing
form)
In the negative form, have to and must have
When you go into a shop, you don’t have to buy
completely different meanings. Don’t have to shows
anything. You can just look.
absence of obligation (you can but it isn’t necessary).
You mustn’t use a mobile phone when the plane
Mustn’t shows negative obligation – it is very
is taking off or landing.
important NOT to do something.
ELCA 102 72
1. If you can’t see well when you’re reading, you __________ to get your eyes checked.
a. must b. can c. ought d. should
2. I don’t think you __________ eat out so much. You’ll save money if you eat at home.
a. have b. should c. can d. must
3. Mum: Billy, are you ready for your day at the beach? You _________ forget your towel and suncream.
a. mustn’t b. don’t have to c. ought to d. should
4. Tariq _________ wear a uniform at his last job, but he does where he works now.
a. shouldn’t b. doesn’t have to c. didn’t have to d. mustn’t
5. What time _________ to be at the university?

a. can we b. must we c. do we have d. should we
4.3 Making requests: can, could, will and would
There are many ways to make requests in English.

Can
Could
you help me, please?
Will
Would Could is more
Would you mind helping me, please? formal than can
Can
I ask you a question?
Could
Do you mind if I open the window?
Would you mind if I opened the window?
Ways of responding to requests:

Request Response
Sure.
Excuse me! Could you help me? Of course.
Sorry, I’m afraid I’m a little busy right now.
No, not at all.
Would you mind if I turned on the AC? No, that’s fine.
Well, I’m a little cold, actually.
4.4 Making offers: will and shall/should

Rule Examples
will and shall/should are used to express offers.
Come to my office. I’ll make you some tea.
The contracted form of will (’ll) is used to express a
decision or offer made at the moment of speaking. A: Sara is getting married.
B: Really? I’ll call her to congratulate her.
! Don’t use present tense to express offers. I’ll carry your bags. NOT I carry your bags.
Shall / Should …? are used in questions with the first Shall I help you with your bags?
person (I and we). They express an offer, suggestion Shall we go out to eat tonight?
or a request for advice. What should we do this weekend?
ELCA 102 73
1. ____________ if I turned on the TV?

a. Should you b. Would you mind c. Do you mind d. Could you
2. You look like you need help. I __________ the door for you.
a. ’ll open b. am opening c. open d. would open
3. A: __________ we go to the mall tomorrow?

B: Sure! That’s a good idea.
a. Have b. Must c. Shall d. Will
4. Could _________ me with this math problem, please? I don’t understand it.
a. I helping b. you helping c. I help d. you help
VOCABULARY
These words appear in the reading passage for this unit.
Nouns Verbs Adjectives

bow (greeting) behave global
colleague bow (greeting) local
greeting socialize modest
manners
rule
tip
1. Fahad __________ with his colleagues after work. They often go to the coffee shop and chat.
a. bows b. socializes c. behaves d. encourages
2. We show good __________ when we say “Please” and “Thank you.”

a. rules b. tips c. awards d. manners
3. Shaking hands is a common _________ in Western countries.

a. disease b. greeting c. novel d. colleague
4. Pollution is a __________ problem. All countries need to work together to solve this problem.
a. global b. strict c. modest d. generous
5. People who come to live in Saudi Arabia should learn some Arabic because it is the _________
language.
a. tidy b. modern c. local d. wealthy
ELCA 102 74
READING- How to behave abroad
A World Guide to Good Manners
Travelling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in a
global village, but this doesn’t mean that we all behave in the same way.
How should you behave when you meet someone for the first time? An
American or Canadian shakes your hand firmly while looking you straight in
the eyes. In many parts of Asia, there is no physical contact
at all. In Japan, you should bow, and the more respect you
want to show, the deeper you should bow. In Thailand, the
greeting is made by pressing both hand together at the chest and bowing your head
slightly. In both countries, eye contact is avoided as a sign of respect.
Many countries have rules about what you should and shouldn’t wear. In Asian and
Muslim countries, you shouldn’t reveal the body, especially women, who should wear
long sleeved blouses and skirts below the knee.
In Japan, you should take off your shoes when entering a house or a restaurant. Remember to place them
neatly together facing the door you came in. This is also true in China, Korea, Thailand, and Iran.
In Italy, Spain, and Latin America, lunch is often the biggest meal of the day, and can last two or three hours. For
this reason many people eat a light breakfast and a late dinner. In Britain, you might have a business lunch and do
business as you eat. In Mexico and Japan, many people prefer not to discuss business while eating. Lunch is a time
to relax and socialize. In Britain and the United States, it’s not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast,
and in China it’s common to have business banquets, but you shouldn’t discuss business during the meal.
In most countries, an exchange of business cards is essential for all

introductions. You should include your company name and your
position. If you are going to a country where your language is not widely
spoken, you can get the reverse side of your card printed in the local
language. In Japan, you must present your card with both hands, with
the writing facing the person you are giving it to.
In many countries, business hours are from 9.00 or 10.00 to 5.00 or 6.00. However, in some countries, such
as Greece, Italy, and Spain, some businesses close in the early afternoon for a couple of hours then remain
open until the evening.
Japanese business people consider it their professional duty to go out to restaurants after work with
colleagues. If you are invited, you shouldn’t refuse, even if you don’t feel like staying out late.
1. It is good manners to take off your shoes when you enter a house in __________.
a. Canada b. Mexico c. Italy d. China
2. The Japanese think it’s important to __________.

a. look at each other in the eyes
b. go out with colleagues after work
c. shake hands
d. eat a big lunch
3. The phrase both countries in paragraph 2 refers to __________.

a. Canada and America b. Japan and Canada c. Japan and Thailand d. Thailand and America
ELCA 102 75
4. The word light in paragraph 5 means __________.
a. small b. sunny c. late d. delicious

a. In China, you should discuss business during the meal.
b. People in Thailand greet each other by shaking hands.
c. Lunch is the biggest meal of the day in Spain.
d. Koreans leave their shoes on when they enter a house.
6. The passage is mainly about __________.

a. the best way to travel around the world
b. how to do business in Asia
c. clothes around the world
d. how to behave in different countries
Everyday English – Requests and Offers

Request / Offer Response
1. Could you bring us the bill, please? Yes, sir. I’ll bring it right away.
2. Would you give me your work number, please? Of course. Oh, shall I give you my mobile number, too?
3. Can I help you? Just looking, thanks.
4. Two large coffees, please. White or black?
5. Can you tell me the code for Paris, please? One moment. I’ll look it up.
6. I’ll give you a liN if you like. That would be great! Could you drop me off at the library?
7. Would you mind opening the window? No problem. It’s stuffy in here.
8. Could I have extension 238, please? That line’s engaged. Would you like to hold?
Exercise 6: Choose the best response or quesBon to complete each dialogue.

1. A: One black coffee, please.
B: ______________.
a. It’s next to the bank.
b. Large or small?
c. Just looking, thanks.
d. I’ve got a sore throat.
2. A: Could you tell me the phone code for the UK, please?
B: _________________________
a. No problem. It’s stuffy in here.
b. Shall I give you my mobile number?
c. That would be great!
d. One moment. I’ll look it up.
3. A: ________________________.
B: Of course. I’ll bring it right away.
a. Could we have the bill, please?
b. Would you mind opening the window?
c. Can I help you?
d. Can I try this on?
ELCA 102 76
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. c 2. d 3. a 4. a 5. b
Exercise 2: 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. c
Exercise 3: 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. d
Exercise 4: 1. b 2.d 3. b 4. a 5. c
Exercise 5: 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c 6. d
Exercise 6: 1. b 2. d 3. a
ELCA 102 77
Unit 5 – On the move
Grammar - Introduction to future forms
English has several forms that can refer to the future. The difference between one form or another
depends on how the speaker sees the future event. Is it a plan, a decision, an intention, an offer, a
prediction, or an arrangement?
5.1 will /going to and the Present Continuous
Form
The form is the same for all persons.

I
She ’ll will you
They won’t arrive?
What time are you going to
(etc.) watch TV tonight. are you seeing the doctor?
I’m /I’m not
He’s / He isn’t going to
We avoid saying going to come or
We’re / We aren’t
going to go
I’m /I’m not
She’s / She isn’t taking the bus tomorrow. We’re coming tomorrow.
You’re / You aren’t
Use
Plans, decisions and intentions (will and going to)

Rule Examples
A: Would you like soup or salad with your steak?
B: I’ll take the salad, thanks. (decision)
Will is used when the speaker wants to
express a future decision, intention or A: Sara is getting married.
offer made at the moment of speaking. B: Is she? I’ll buy her a present. (intention)
(See also Unit 4.)
A: This bag is really heavy.
B: I’ll carry it for you. (offer)
Going to is used when the speaker wants When I grow up, I’m going to be an engineer.
to express a future decision or intention
made before the moment of speaking. Khalid and Nora are going to get married next month.
Facts and predictions (will and going to)

Rule Examples
The most common use of will is to express a You’ll be sick if you eat all those chips!
future fact or prediction. The prediction can be Those flowers won’t grow in this weather. It’s too hot.
based on the speaker’s opinion. I think our team will win the match tomorrow.
Going to is used when the speaker can see or feel Look at the blue sky. It isn’t going to rain today.
now that something is certain to happen in the There’s only one minute leN and the score is 3-0! Our
future. team is going to win!
ELCA 102 78
Arrangements (Present Continuous)
The Present Continuous can be used to express a future We’re going out with the boss for lunch.
arrangement. It usually refers to the near future. These are Reem is seeing the dentist tomorrow.
often things you might put in a diary or agenda as reminders. I’m meeting my professor next week.
1. A: Are you going to the supermarket? We need some milk.

B: OK, I __________ some.
a. got b. ’ll get c. ‘m going to get d. ’m getting
2. Here’s an interesting book to read. I think you _________ it.

a. like b. ’re liking c. ’ll like d. liked
3. Look at those black clouds! I think it _________.

a. won’t rain b. isn’t raining c. is raining d. is going to rain
4. Oh no! The score is 6-0 and the match is almost finished. We __________.
a. ’re going to lose b. were losing c. lose d. will lose
5. They __________ to Dubai next weekend. They already have their tickets.
a. went b. are going c. will go d. going to go
VOCABULARY – weather
Adjective Noun Verb Adjective Noun
It’s sunny. sunshine The sun is shining. It’s cloudy. cloud
It’s rainy. rain It’s raining. It’s stormy. storm

thunderstorm
It’s snowy. snow It’s snowing. It’s foggy. fog
It’s windy. wind The wind’s It’s icy. ice

blowing.
1. You should wear your heavy coat today because it’s __________.
a. snowy b. snow c. sunny d. sunshine
2. It’s dangerous to drive when the roads are __________.

a. cloud b. cloudy c. ice d. icy
3. Last night the wind was _________ very hard, and a tree fell on our car.
a. shining b. blowing c. snowing d. raining
4. The flight to New York was cancelled because there was a terrible __________ .
a. cloudy b. cloud c. stormy d. thunderstorm
ELCA 102 79
READING - Hotels with a difference
Kevin’s ideal holiday has a little bit of everything. He likes lazing on the beach with a pile of books, but then
he gets bored and needs to do something. He likes exploring new places, especially on foot, and nosing
around in shops, museums, and restaurants. He is very into trying local foods.
However, he must confess that his favourite “holiday resort” is home. He travels so much in his job that just
waking up in his own bed is heaven. He potters around the house in his pyjamas, reads the paper, does
some gardening, shops for some food, then makes a delicious meal in the evening and watches a film on
TV.
He has three trips coming up. He is looking forward to going to Canada soon,
where he is staying for four nights at the Ice Hotel. This is a giant igloo
situated in Montmorency Fall Park, just 20 minutes from downtown Quebec.
It is made from 4,500 tons of snow and 250 tons of ice, and it takes 5 weeks
to build. It will stay open for three months. When the spring arrives, it will
melt. Then it will be built again next year – maybe in a different place! Each
room is supplied with a sleeping bag made from deer skins. The hotel has an
ice café, ice sculptures, and all the furniture is made of ice.
In complete contrast to the Ice Hotel, he's going to Dubai the following month, to stay a
few days at the spectacular Burj al-Arab, which means the Arabian Tower. It's shaped like
a giant sail, and it rises dramatically out of the beautiful blue water. Each room has sea
views. He really wants to try the restaurant in the tube at the top next to the helipad.
Other must-dos include shopping in the markets, called souks. Shoppers can buy designer
clothes, perfumes, and spices, but what Kevin wants is some gold jewellery for his mother.
He is also going to visit the camel races.
The next trip, different again, is to Baobab River, in Selous, Tanzania, for a seven-
day safari and he is looking forward to a visit to his favourite resort spas.
Exercise 3: QuesBons: Choose the best answer.
1. Kevin’s favourite place to spend his holiday is __________.

a. in a museum b. at home c. in Canada d. in Dubai
2. The Ice Hotel takes __________ to build.

a. 3 months b. 5 weeks c. 20 minutes d. 4 days
3. The Burj al-Arab is shaped like __________.

a. an igloo b. the sea c. a sail d. a souk

a. the Ice Hotel b. the furniture c. Dubai d. the Burj al-Arab

a. Kevin has a travel agency in London.
b. The Ice Hotel is in Canada.
c. Kevin is going to Dubai before he goes to Canada.
d. Kevin is planning to go on safari in Tanzania.
ELCA 102 80
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. b
Exercise 2: 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. d
Exercise 3: 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. c
ELCA 102 81
Unit 6 – I just love it!
Grammar - Introduction to like
Like can be a verb or a preposition.

like as a verb like as a preposition
It has a person as the subject.
I like photography. It has an object after it.
They like Italian food.
It can be followed by another action, using the -ing or to form. He looks like his father.
We like swimming. Don’t act like a child.
She doesn’t like to get up early.
6.1 What … like?

Rule Examples
What is/are/was/were … like? is used to ask about
A: What’s Taif like?
the permanent nature of people and things. It asks
B: It’s a nice small city in the mountains.
for a description or an impression or a comparison.
A: What’s Aisha like?
When we’re answering, giving a description or an
B: She’s intelligent and funny.
impression, we don’t use like in the answer.
NOT She’s like intelligent and funny.
A: What’s London like?
With a comparison, we can use like in the answer.
B: It’s like New York, but without so many tall buildings.
Here, like means similar to / the same as
(= It’s similar to New York…)
6.2 How….?
Rule Examples
How..? is used to ask about the present condition of A: How are classes this semester?
something that can change. B: They’re harder than last semester.
To ask about the weather, we can use both questions. How’s the weather
where you are?
What’s the weather like
How…? asks about people’s health and happiness. It A: How’s your father?
doesn’t ask for a description. B: He’s still in the hospital.
How…? is also used to ask for people’s reactions and A: How was your meal?
feelings. B: It was delicious.

1. A: What’s King Abdulaziz University like?
B: ____________________
a. It’s like big and modern.
b. I like studying in Jeddah.
c. It’s big and has many modern buildings.
d. My father teaches at the university.
2. A: How’s your new job?

B: ____________________
a. I started last month.
b. It’s like wonderful.
c. I’m just looking.
d. It’s very interesting.
ELCA 102 82
3. A: ____________________
B: He’s got a bad cold, so he’s staying in bed.
a. How was your father?
b. How’s your son?
c. What’s your brother like?
d. What was grandfather like?
4. A: What was the weather like in London?

B: ____________________________.
a. I like visiting London.
b. It’s sunny and warm.
c. It was cold and foggy.
d. London is like Paris.
VOCABULARY – Adjectives for food, cities and people
Food City People Other

delicious ancient boring / bored agricultural
disgusting busy elderly antique
expensive capital outgoing long
fast cosmopolitan rude
fresh crowded shy
frozen exciting sociable
home-grown expensive sophisticated
junk historic starving
plain industrial tall
rich modern vegetarian
tasteless polluted wealthy
tasty small young
1. London is a/an __________ city. You need a lot of money to live there.
a. polluted b. young c. expensive d. busy
2. Do you use fresh vegetables in your dishes or __________ ones?

a. frozen b. junk c. agricultural d. vegetarian
3. My grandparents are very __________, so they can’t live alone now.

a. historic b. elderly c. antique d. ancient
4. Ugh! This soup is __________! I don’t want to finish it.

a. starving b. tasty c. tasteless d. messy
5. Sara is very ___________. It is hard for her to talk to people she doesn’t know.
a. shy b. rude c. cosmopolitan d. outgoing
6. Makkah is very __________ during Ramadan. Millions of people go there for prayers.
a. sociable b. outgoing c. modern d. crowded
ELCA 102 83
READING Global Pizza
So you thought the burger was the world's most popular fast food? In fact, there is another truly universal
fast food, the ultimate fast food. It's easy to make, easy to serve, much more varied than the burger, can be
eaten with the hands, and it's delivered to your front door or served in fancy restaurants. It's been one of
America's favourite foods for over 50 years. It is, of course, the pizza.
A brief history of pizza
It's kind of silly to talk about the moment when pizza was
'invented'. It gradually evolved over the years, but one
thing's for certain - it's been around for a very long time.
The idea of using pieces of flat, round bread as plates
came from the ancient Greeks. They called them
'plakuntos' and ate them with various simple toppings
such as oil, garlic, onions, and herbs. The Romans
enjoyed eating something similar and called it 'picea'. By
about 1000 A.D. in the city of Naples, 'picea' had become
'pizza' and people were experimenting with more toppings: cheese, meat, anchovies, and finally the tomato
brought to Italy from Mexico and Peru in the sixteenth century. Naples became the pizza capital of the
world. In 1889, King Umberto and Queen Margherita heard about pizza and asked to try it. They invited
pizza maker, Raffaele Esposito, to make it for them. He decided to make the pizza like the Italian flag, so he
used red tomatoes, white mozzarella cheese, and green basil leaves. The Queen loved it and the new pizza
was named 'Pizza Margherita' in her honour.
Pizza migrated to America with the Italians at the end of the

nineteenth century. The first pizzeria in the United States was
opened in 1905 at 53½ Spring Street, New York City, by
Gennaro Lombardi. But the popularity of pizza really exploded
when American soldiers returned from Italy after World War II
and raved about 'that great Italian dish'. Americans are now
the greatest producers and consumers of pizza in the world.
Exercise 3: QuesBons: Choose the best answer.
1. Plakuntos were __________.

a. ancient Greeks b. pieces of round bread c. Roman pizzas d. Italian toppings
2. Raffaele Esposito was __________.

a. the King of Naples b. an Italian flag maker c. a pizza maker d. an American restaurant owner
3. The word migrated in paragraph 3 means __________.

a. ate b. opened c. cooked d. moved
4. The pronoun it in paragraph 2 refers to __________.

a. Naples b. pizza c. capital d. the world

a. Gennaro Lombardi opened a restaurant in Naples.
b. A Pizza Margherita is red, white and green.
c. The people who eat the most pizza are the Americans.
d. Tomatoes arrived in Italy in the 16th century.
ELCA 102 84
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. c 2. d 3. b 4. c
Exercise 2: 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. d
Exercise 3: 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. a
ELCA 102 85
Unit 7 – Just the job!
Grammar
7.1 Present Perfect
Form
have l has + past participle (V3)
The past participle of regular verbs ends in –ed. Irregular verbs have different forms. See list in Unit 3.

I/ have (’ve)
We/You/They haven’t lived in Riyadh.
He/She has (’s)
Questions and short answers:

Questions Answers
have I / we / you /they For three years.
How long lived in Jeddah?
has he /she Since 2003.
No, I haven’t.
Have I / we / you /they
lived in Yes, we have.
Makkah? Yes, she has.
Has he /she
No, he hasn’t.
Use
Rule Examples
The Present Perfect looks back from the present into the past,
I’ve met a lot of famous people. (before now)
and expresses what has happened before now. The action
She has invented many things. (in her life)
happened at an indefinite time in the past.
He’s made many albums. (up to now)
They’ve been married for 18 years.
The action can continue to the present and probably into the
(they are still married)
future.
I’ve travelled to Australia.
The Present Perfect expresses an experience as part of
He’s lived all over the world.
someone’s life. When the action happened is not important.
Have you ever had an operation?
Ever and never are common with this use.
My grandfather has never flown in a plane.
The Present Perfect expresses an action or state which began in I’ve known Reem for ten years. (I met her 10
the past and continues to the present. years ago and I still know her)
How long have you worked as a teacher?
Note: The time words for and since are common with this use.
for - period of time since - specific point in time She has lived in Jeddah for three years.
(period of time)
two days last night She has lived in Jeddah since 2012.
one year 2011 (specific point in time)
four hours 7:30
! Don’t use present tense for this situation.
Sara has been a teacher for 10 years.
NOT Sara is a teacher for 10 years.
The Present Perfect expresses a past action with results in the I’ve lost my mobile phone. (I don’t have it now.)
present. It is often a recent past action. The guests have arrived.
(They are at the door now.)
ELCA 102 86
The adverbs just, already and yet are common with this use. We’ve just heard the good news.
I’ve already had breakfast.
Yet – used in negatives and questions. Have you had breakfast yet?
It’s 12:00, and she hasn’t got up yet.
We often use the Present Perfect to announce the news A hurricane has hit the Philippines.
headlines. Ronaldo has won the Ballon d’Or award again.
! Be careful with been and gone. She’s been to the UK. (experience in her life – she isn’t there now)
She’s gone to the UK. (present result - she’s there now)
7.2 Present Perfect and Past Simple
Past Simple Present Perfect

The Past Simple refers to an action that The Present Perfect refers to an action that happened at an
happened at a definite (specific) time in the past. indefinite (not specific) time in the past.
He died in 1884. She has won many awards.

Shakespeare wrote 30 books. She’s written ten books.
The action is finished. The action can continue to the present.

I lived in London for a year. (but not now) She’s lived in London for 20 years. (she still lives there now)
Time expressions + Past Simple Time expressions + Present Perfect
in 1998. for 8 years.

last month. I’ve worked here since 2006.
I did it three weeks ago. since I left school.
on October 3.
for two years when I was a child.
1. Have you ever __________ sushi?

a. eat b. eaten c. ate d. eating
2. A: Where’s Nada? I haven’t seen her for a while.

B: Oh, she ___________ to Canada to study. She’ll be there for 4 years.
a. has been b. had gone c. was going d. has gone
3. They have lived in that apartment __________.

a. in June b. for a long time c. last month d. when they were young
4. I had a history exam yesterday. It __________ hard.

a. has been b. had been c. is d. was
5. A: How many times __________ this film?

B: Oh, about 5 or 6 Jmes, and I can’t wait to see it again!
a. have you seen b. did you see c. were you seeing d. are you seeing
ELCA 102 87
7.3 Present Perfect Passive
have l has been + past participle (V3)
It has
been sold.
They have
The uses are the same in the passive as in the active.
Millions of mobile phones have been sold so far this year. (unfinished past)
Have you ever been given a gift you didn’t like? (past experience)
Today’s headlines: Hundreds of houses have been damaged by an earthquake in Iran. (news - present importance)
1. Did you hear the news? The exam __________ postponed because of the rain.
a. had b. has been c. has d. been
2. Faisal drives very carefully. He __________ a ticket.

a. never gave b. had never given c. has never been given d. has never given
3. The winners of the competition __________ yesterday.

a. were announcing b. are announced c. had been announced d. were announced
4. Mahmoud __________ English for 7 years.

a. has studied b. studies c. was studied d. has been studied
VOCABULARY – phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs are verbs which are made up of two or more words, usually a verb + preposition or verb + adverb.
Phrasal Verb Meaning

come across find by chance
come up with think of an idea for
cut off from separate from
end up arrive unexpectedly / do something unplanned
fall out with argue and no longer be friends with
get on (well) with have a good relationship with
give up stop (a job or habit)
hand down pass from one generation to another
look for search for / try to find
look forward to feel excited about something nice that will happen
put up build/construct
put up with tolerate /accept
run out of have none left
take away remove
take up start doing an activity or hobby
ELCA 102 88
Some phrasal verbs are literal (the meaning is the same as the words used to form it) and some are idiomatic.
The cat is looking out of the window. Look out! You’re going to fall!
Phrasal Verb Example

take off literal Please take off your coat and sit down.
idiomatic When will the plane take off?
go out literal We went out with our friends last night.

idiomatic The electricity went out during the thunderstorm.
cut off literal Hala cut off some leaves from the mint plant to make tea.
I was trying to talk on the phone to my uncle in Taif, but we got cut
idiomatic
off. The connection was bad.
look out literal She looked out of the window at the beautiful trees.
idiomatic Look out! There’s a car coming fast!
look up literal When the plane flew over his head, the little boy looked up.
idiomatic Ali looked up the new words in his dictionary.
Please pick up your dirty clothes and put them in the washing
pick up literal
machine.
idiomatic Did you pick up any French while you were in France?
1. Scientists in Europe __________ a way to make cars run on used cooking oil.
a. put up with b. ran out of c. fell out with d. came up with
2. I’m __________ going to Turkey next week. I really need a break!

a. taking away b. looking forward to c. ending up d. cutting off from
3. Mona couldn’t print her report because she had __________ paper.
a. run out of b. come across c. ended up d. picked up
4. A: What’s the biggest country in the world?

B: I’m not sure, but I can __________ the answer on the Internet.
a. take off b. take up c. look out d. look up
5. The little girl was frightened when the lights ____________ because it was very dark.
a. looked up b. took off c. went out d. turned on
ELCA 102 89
READING – Dream Jobs
Stanley Karras works as a meteorologist in Tampa, Florida. It's
his job to follow hurricanes by plane and provide information
about them to scientists.
How did you get the job?

I was working for the National Meteorological Office in
Bracknell, near London, in the autumn of 1999, and I saw a
documentary with my family called Stormchasers. It was about
hurricane hunters and I thought, 'Wow, that's an interesting job!' As it happened, two months later I came
across an ad in a newspaper for a meteorologist to work in Florida with the same people who had made the
documentary. I applied, was interviewed over the phone, moved to the US, and started work here in Tampa
in May 2000.
What do you like most about it?

I love the travel. Chasing hurricanes has taken me all over the
world. It's exciting to end up in different cities and different
countries day after day. If you're a meteorologist, you have to
love flying. I also love working with top scientists. I've learned
so much from them and we've had a lot of exciting times
together. For me, it's like a classroom in the sky.
What's an average day like?

There's no such thing as an average day in my job! It all
depends on the weather, and you can't control that. It's constantly changing. We often take off at a
moment's notice to chase storms. I'm the one who decides whether we fly low through a storm. I don't
want to take us into a hurricane that could be particularly nasty. There's a lot on my shoulders.
Have you made any sacrifices to do this job?

Yes, one big one. I'm so far away from my family. They all live in the UK. My wife's with me, of course, but
her family is also in the UK, so we're pretty cut off from them all over here.
What would you like to do next?

I'd like to join a space programme and be the first meteorologist in space, but I haven't come up with an
experiment to do in space yet. There aren't any hurricanes!
What advice would you give to someone who wanted to do your job?
Study maths and science and get a degree in meteorology. There are many areas in meteorology to study.
I've taken the hurricane hunter path, but you could be a weather forecaster or do research in other areas.
It's a fascinating subject and the pay's pretty good.
1. Stanley Karras now works in __________.

a. Bracknell b. London c. Tampa d. New York
2. Stanley’s job is to __________.

a. study maths and science
b. fly airplanes
c. give information about hurricanes to scientists
d. make documentaries about the weather
ELCA 102 90
3. The pronoun them in paragraph 3 refers to __________.
a. scientists b. hurricanes c. cities d. countries
4. The phrasal verb came across in paragraph 2 means __________.

a. left b. arrived c. wrote d. found

a. Stanley’s wife lives in the UK.
b. Stanley is a meteorologist.
c. Stanley wants to work in space.
d. Stanley loves flying.
Cowboy in the sky
Michael Doyle is an ironworker in New York City. He’s one of 100 or so

ironworkers currently employed by Boston Properties to erect the steel
frame of a new 40-storey building in Times Square. These ironworkers
are known as ‘cowboys in the sky’.
How did you get the job?

Ironwork is a trade that is still handed down from father to son. Many of
today’s ironworkers are descendants of the men who built New York’s
first skyscrapers. My great-grandfather was Irish. He came over from
Ireland in 1930 to work on the construcJon of the Empire State Building.
My father and grandfather were also ironworkers. My father did it for 40
years. I’ve never wanted to do any other job.
What do you like most about it?

To me, ironworkers are the kings of construction. We make the skeleton that the
other workers build on. We have real pride in our work - you look at the New York
skyline and think ‘I helped build that’. Also, we work hard, we play hard. Ironworkers
have to get on well together. We depend on each other for our lives so we can’t fall
out. Oh, and the pay is good!
What’s an average day like?

You never stop in this job. Eight hours a day, from seven in the morning until three in
the afternoon. You’re moving all the time. The crane lifts the iron girders, and you
have to catch them and move them into place. There’s always danger. It’s a fact of
life for us.
Have you made any sacrifices to do this job?

Yes, one big one - physical health. The wear and tear to the body is enormous. I’ve fallen three times. My
father fell two storeys, lost a finger, and broke his ankles. He needed two new knees when he retired.
ELCA 102 91
What would you like to do next?
I’d like to help put up a really important building like my great-grandfather did. And I’d like to travel. I’d like
to see some of the world’s tallest buildings, such as the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, and the world’s
tallest hotel, the Burj al-Arab in Dubai. I’d love to see that.
What advice would you give to someone who wanted to do your job?
You need to be strong, really strong. You have to be OK with height. It usually takes about a year to get
used to it. Many guys who look strong and want to earn good money try it once, but then give up. It’s just
too frightening.
1. Michael Doyle started working as an ironworker because __________.

a. his teacher advised him to
b. his father, grandfather and great-grandfather did it
c. he couldn’t find a better job in New York
d. he wanted to move all the time
2. To do his job, Michael has to __________.

a. be really strong
b. fall several times
c. see the world’s tallest buildings
d. have a lot of education

a. crane b. place c. iron d. danger
4. The word skyscrapers in paragraph 2 means __________.

a. big parks b. expensive houses c. blue skies d. tall buildings

a. Michael works in Boston.
b. Michael is afraid of heights.
c. Ironworkers have to get on well together.
d. Michael’s father came from Ireland in the 1930s.
ELCA 102 92
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. d 5. a
Exercise 2: 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a
Exercise 3: 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. c
Exercise 4: 1. c 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. a
Exercise 5: 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. d 5. c
ELCA 102 93
Unit 8 – Just imagine!
Grammar - Introduction to Conditionals
In order to know how to make sentences with if, you have to understand the difference between sentences
that express real possibilities and those that express unreal situations.
8.1 First condiBonal
Form
If + Present Simple , will + base form of verb
condition clause result clause

I work hard, I pass my exams.
she has enough money, she will (’ll) travel to Dubai.
If
we don’t hurry up, we won’t be late.
you don’t study, you pass the test.
Questions
What you do you can’t find a job?

will if
Where they go they don’t travel abroad?

Will you have a party if you pass your exams? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.
If Ali has enough money, will he buy a new house? Yes, he will. / No, he won’t.
Note: The condition clause if … can come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end. If it comes at the
beginning, we put a comma at the end of the clause. If it comes at the end, we do not use a comma.
If I work hard, I’ll pass my exams. (comma)

I’ll pass my exams if I work hard. (no comma)
Use
Rule Examples
Condition Result
The first conditional is used to express a possible If I get my salary tomorrow, I’ll buy you dinner.
condition and a probable result in the future. If you can’t understand, I’ll explain it to you.
If you touch the oven, you’ll burn yourself!
English uses a present tense in the condition
If it rains tomorrow… NOT If it will rain….
clause, not a future form.
If I work hard… NOT If I will work hard, …
Unless we hear from you, we’ll leave at 8.00.
If can be replaced by unless (= if…not) or in case (= (We will leave at 8 if we don’t hear from you.)
because of the possibility) I’ll take a book to read in case I have to wait a long
time.
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8.2 Time Clauses
These conjunctions of time introduce secondary clauses.

when as soon as after before until
These time conjunctions are not usually followed by the future tense, even when they refer to a future
time. We use a present tense.
When Sami gets to the office, he’ll start working on his weekly report.
While we’re away, our neighbours will take care of our cat.
As soon as I hear any news, I’ll let you know.
Wait here until I get back.
8.3 Zero conditional

If + Present Simple , + Present Simple
If you spend SR500, you get a SR50 voucher.
Zero conditional sentences refer to ‘all time’, not just
the present or future. They express a situation that is
always true. If means when or whenever.
8.4 Second conditional

Form
if + Past Simple + would + base form of verb
Positive - If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
Negative - If I didn’t have a cold, I would come to your party.
Questions - What would you do if you saw someone cheating on an exam?
Note: For the verb to be, it is common to use were for all persons in the condition clause.
If I I
were rich, wouldn’t have to work.
If he he
Use
Rule Examples
If I were a famous football player, I would earn a lot of money
We use the second conditional to express an
from advertisements.
unreal situation and its probable result. The
(but I’m not a famous football player and probably never will be)
situation or condition is improbable,
If my brother needed money, I would give some to him.
impossible, or contrary to known facts.
(but he doesn’t need it)
I could learn English quickly if I lived in the UK.
Other modal verbs are possible in the result
If I saved some money every week, I might be able to travel in
clause.
the summer.
If I were you, I’d talk to the boss about the report.
If I were you, I’d … is used to give advice.
I wouldn’t spend so much money on clothes if I were you.
ELCA 102 95
8.5 First or second conditional?
Both first and second conditional refer to the present and future. The difference is about probability, not time.
Second conditional = unreal, probably impossible

First conditional = real, possible situations
situations
If I lose my job, I’ll look for a new one.
If I lost my job, I would look for a new one.
(My company is doing badly. There’s a strong
(I probably won’t lose my job.)
possibility that they will lay off workers.)
If it rained a lot in Jeddah, there would be a lot of
If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the beach.
problems on the roads.
(It’s possible that there will be rain.)
(It doesn’t rain a lot in Jeddah.)
1. If you mix yellow and blue paint, you __________ green.

a. got b. get c. would get d. are getting
2. Talal would feel better if he ____________ smoking.

a. stops b. has stopped c. would stop d. stopped
3. If you can’t find your book, I __________ you use mine.

a. ’ll let b. let c. would let d. am letting
4. You will get sick if you __________ all that cake.

a. ate b. are eating c. eat d. will eat
5. I __________ a house if I won a million dollars.

a. bought b. would buy c. buy d. am buying
6. What would you do if you __________ some money on the ground?

a. are finding b. find c. will find d. found
7. If I were you, I __________ eat so much junk food. It’s not good for you.
a. didn’t b. wouldn’t c. won’t d. don’t
8. Can you please watch my bag __________ I get back?

a. when b. as soon as c. until d. after
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VOCABULARY – Base and strong adjectives
Some adjectives are similar in meaning to other adjectives but with the idea of ‘very’.
For example, delicious = very tasty
We can also make adjectives more extreme with adverbs such as very and absolutely.
This pizza is absolutely delicious! OR This pizza is very tasty.
Base adjectives Strong adjectives

angry furious
bad horrible, awful, terrible, disgusting
big enormous
dirty filthy
frightened terrified
funny hilarious
good great, wonderful, fantastic, superb
happy thrilled, delighted
hungry starving
surprised astonished, amazed
tasty delicious
tired exhausted
1. A: I’m hungry! Shall we get a pizza?

B: Good idea. I’m absolutely __________!
a. tasteless b. starving c. delicious d. hilarious
2. A: Was Fahad’s father angry when he had an accident in the new car?
B: Yes, he was _________!
a. furious b. filthy c. thrilled d. exhausted
3. Have you seen their new house? It’s __________! It must have been very expensive.
a. elderly b. happy c. surprised d. enormous
4. A: Were you frightened during the thunderstorm last night?

B: Yes, I was __________. The wind was blowing so hard!
a. delighted b. terrified c. outgoing d. sophisticated
5. Clean up your room, Ali. It’s __________!

a. filthy b. superb c. ancient d. tidy
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VOCABULARY – from the reading
Word Meaning
ambitious determined to succeed
to donate to give away
enormous very big
to found to set up, to start (a company or school)
to fund to pay for
generous kind
to improve to make better
wealthy very rich
1. It is good for Muslims to _________ some of their money to the poor.

a. improve b. fund c. donate d. behave
2. You can __________ your English by reading books. This will really help you learn.
a. socialize b. borrow c. commit d. improve
3. King Abdulaziz University was __________ in 1967.

a. delighted b. founded c. encouraged d. contained
READING - Philanthropists
Giving Away Your Money
Many rich people are ambitious and hard-working, some are mean and uncaring, but others see their
enormous wealth as an opportunity to be generous to people less fortunate than themselves. These are
philanthropists.
19th century philanthropists

The two richest men in history, America's Rockefeller and Carnegie, both 19th century industrialists, were
great philanthropists. Carnegie, who built the US steel industry, was once a factory worker. Like many
philanthropists, he made his own way to the top, and never forgot the difficulties faced by ordinary people.
He gave over $350m to libraries, schools, and universiJes, and started his own Foundation for International
Peace. He believed that the rich should use their money to improve society. Be said, 'if a man dies rich, he
dies disgraced'.
Modern philanthropists
Today's philanthropists have billions, not millions, to give away. The most
famous modern philanthropist is Bill Gates, who dropped out of university to
start his own company, Microsoft. Gates would easily be the richest man in
the world if he didn't give so much money to charity. The Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation is the largest private foundation in the world and donates
$1.5billion a year, much of it to fund health projects in Africa.
ELCA 102 98
Chuck Feeney, another American businessman, started as a radio operator and then made his fortune
opening airport shops. 'I had an idea that you should use your wealth to help people', he says. 'I try to live a
normal life, the way I grew up. I set out to work hard, not to get rich'. Feeney put $9billion into The Atlantic
Philanthropies, which funds medical programs in many countries, including South Africa, and Vietnam. He
doesn't own a house or car and flies economy class. His biographer says Feeney isn't a typical billionaire: 'If
you saw him in the street he'd probably be wearing an old raincoat, and he'd be picking up bits of rubbish
and putting it in rubbish bins'.
Practical but fun

Modern philanthropists are practical, and bring business skills as well as money to their charitable work.
Many give to universities, knowing that if they fund research, it will result in knowledge that helps all of
society. Mark Evans of Coutts Wealth Management in London gives advice to donors, he believes that
successful philanthropy is enjoyable: 'The people we work with say that they have more fun giving the
money away than they ever did making it".
Philanthropy around the world

Philanthropy has always been important in the Muslim world, where zakat
makes it a duty to give part of one's income to charity. Sheik Mohammed bin
Rashid Al Maktoum of Dubai has given $10bn, one of the largest donations in
history, to create an educational foundation in the Middle East. Saudi banking
billionaire Sheikh Suleiman Al Rajhi, who started life as a cook and a porter,
founded the Suleiman Al Rajhi University, and has recently announced that
he will donate most of his $6bn fortune to charity.
In 2011 China became the country with the second highest number of
billionaires after America, and now has its own big philanthropists. Cao
Dewang started as a salesman for a car window company, and is now Director
of Fuyao Glass. He has given away over $750m, mostly to the China
Foundation for Poverty AlleviaJon. When asked why he works 16 hours a day,
Cao replied: 'To get rid of poverty. I grew up in poverty, I know what poverty
is. In my life there is too much leisure. And if I played three games of golf, I'd
spend the equivalent of a year's salary for a Chinese farmer.'
1. Carnegie ___________.
a. was a Muslim philanthropist
b. gave a lot of money to universities
c. lived in the eighteenth century
d. built the US computer industry
2. Who has given billions of dollars to The Atlantic Philanthropies?

a. Bill Gates b. Sheikh AlMaktoum c. Chuck Feeney d. Mark Evans
3. Cao Dewang was a ___________ when he started working.

a. philanthropist b. company director c. billionaire d. salesman
4. The pronoun it in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

a. Microsoft b. a year c. $1.5 billion d. the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

a. Sheikh AlRajhi got his wealth from a glass company.
b. Bill Gates is the richest man in the world.
c. Philanthropists give money to help others.
d. Sheikh AlMaktoum has a fortune of $6 billion.
ELCA 102 99
EVERYDAY ENGLISH – Making suggestions
Here are some ways to make suggestions: Let’s ….. / Why don’t we ….. / Shall we…..
Here are some ways to reject suggestions: I’d rather…. I don’t feel like…
Here are some ways to accept suggestions: That’s a good idea. / That would be great.
A: I’m bored.
B: Well, it’s a nice day. Why don’t we go for a walk?
A: No, I don’t feel like it. I’m too tired.
B: You need to get out. Let’s go shopping!
A: Oh, no! I’d rather do anything than that!
B: OK, shall we see what’s on television?
A: That’s a good idea.
B: Do you want to watch the news?
A: I’d rather watch the football.
A: I’m broke, and I don’t get paid for two weeks. What am I going to do?
B: Well, you’d better get a loan from the bank, then.
A: No, I can’t. I owe them too much already.
B: Why don’t you ask your parents?
A: No, I’d rather not. I’d rather work out my problems for myself.
B: You ought to ask your boss for a pay-rise!
A: Good idea, but I’ve tried and it didn’t work.
B: Oh well, I suppose I could lend you some money.
A: Really? Oh, that would be great! Thanks, you’re a real friend.
A: My head is killing me! And my nose is running!

B: I think you should go to bed with a hot drink.
A: That’s a good idea. I’ll go right now.
B: How about a hot lemon drink? I’ll make it for you.
A: Oh, that would be great! Thanks.
Exercise 5: Choose the best response or quesBon to complete each dialogue.

1. A: I’m broke.
B: ______________.
a. Why don’t you go to bed?
b. Let’s go shopping!
c. The weather is fantastic! Shall we go for a walk?
d. Why don’t you ask your brother for some money?
2. A: _________________________
B: Why don’t we play computer games?
a. Your room is very messy.
b. I’m bored.
c. It’s a beautiful day.
d. My computer is broken.
3. A: How about some hot tea for your sore throat? I’ll make it for you.
B: ____________________________
a. Oh, that would be great! Thanks.
b. Could we have the bill, please?
c. I’m sorry. That line is busy now.
d. Of course. I’ll bring it right away.
ELCA 102 100
ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. d 7. b 8. c
Exercise 2: 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. a
Exercise 3: 1. c 2. d 3. b
Exercise 4: 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. c
Exercise 5: 1. d 2. b 3. a
ELCA 102 101

Unit 9 – Making connections
Grammar - Modal verbs of probability
9.1 Expressing possibility / probability: the present/future
Rule Examples
Must and can’t express the logical conclusion
of a situation. We don’t have all the facts, so You want to take a walk in this heat? You must be joking!
we’re not completely sure, but it makes sense Ahmed has just come home from standing all day at work. He must
to us. be exhausted.
must = logically probable Dina can’t have a 10-year-old son! She’s only 25!
can’t = logically improbable
Could and may/might express possibility in
Sara isn’t in class now. She might be sick, or she may be late.
the present or future. We are less sure than
Take your umbrella. It might rain later.
when we use must or can’t.
I might not be able to go to the party. I might have to work then.
Hamza may not pass his exam because he didn’t study very much.
Negative: may/might + not
must /can’t/ could /may/might + be + -ing Nancy’s kitchen is beautiful. She must clean it regularly. (habit)
make the continuous form in the present. What’s Nancy doing in the kitchen? She might be cleaning. ( now)
1. A: Whose blue bag is this?

B: It __________ be Khadija’s. Or it could be Aisha’s. They both have blue bags.
a. must b. can’t c. may not d. could
2. A: I think I’ve lost my mobile phone.

B: You __________ worried.
a. are b. must be c. can’t be d. may be
3. A: Where’s the boss?

B: She __________ having a meeJng. I saw her going to the meeJng room 10 minutes ago.
a. can’t be b. must be c. can’t d. must
4. 850 riyals for a shirt? This __________ be on sale! It’s too expensive!
a. can’t b. must c. might d. may
9.2 Expressing possibility / probability: the past
Use
Rule Examples
must / could /can’t/ might + have + past participle
Ali ate 5 pizzas! He must have been starving.
This is used to express degrees of probability in the Our guests haven’t arrived yet. They might have got lost.
past.
ELCA 102 102

1. She’s only 30, and she has a daughter in high school. She must _________ married young.
a. got b. have got c. be getting d. get
2. Lina _________ on holiday. I just saw her this morning!

a. may be going b. might be c. mustn’t go d. can’t have gone
3. A: I can’t find my keys.

B: You __________ them in your office.
a. may leave b. can’t leave c. might have left d. must be leaving
4. Samir has lost a lot of weight! He must _________ on a diet.

a. have gone b. be going c. go d. went
VOCABULARY – Character adjectives
Qualities Adjective (Meaning) This person ….

Positive cheerful is usually smiling and happy
easygoing is usually calm and not worried by things
generous often gives presents, money
hardworking works hard
reliable can be depended on
optimistic thinks the future will be good
sociable enjoys being with other people
Negative impatient gets annoyed if he/she has to wait
lazy doesn’t work hard
moody has mood changes often and for no reason
untidy often has a messy room
Both ambitious has definite plans for the future
reserved keeps feelings and ideas to himself /herself
sensitive notices other people’s feelings
shy has a hard time meeting new people
talkative talks a lot
1. Heba is very __________. It is hard for her to make new friends.

a. shy b. sociable c. outgoing d. easygoing
2. My father is very __________. He doesn’t like to wait for anything.

a. reserved b. untidy c. impatient d. generous
3. If you are very _________ , you won’t do well at your job.

a. hardworking b. lazy c. ambitious d. reliable
4. Fatima can’t stop talking. She’s so __________!

a. moody b. sensitive c. reserved d. talkative
ELCA 102 103

ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. d 2. b 3. b 4. a
Exercise 2: 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. a
Exercise 3: 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. d
ELCA 102 104

Unit 10 – Special interests
Grammar
10.1 Present Perfect ConBnuous
Form
have l has + been + verb + -ing

I/ have (’ve)
We/You/They haven’t
been working.
He/She has (’s)
hasn’t
Questions:
have I / we / you /they
How long been working?
has he /she
Use
Rule Examples
The Present Perfect Continuous expresses an activity She’s been studying English for three years.
that began in the past and is continuing now. How long have you been living here?
It can express a past activity that has caused a present
Hmm… Mum has been cooking. It smells great!
result.
Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?
Look out of the window! It’s been snowing!
The past activity might be finished or it might not. We (It has stopped snowing now.)
can usually tell from the context. I’ve been working on this report for six days.
(I’m not finished.)
10.2 Present Perfect Simple or Continuous?
Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Simple can express a completed The Present Perfect Continuous expresses an activity
action. over a period and things that happened during the
I’ve painted the kitchen, and now I’m doing the activity.
bathroom. I’ve got paint in my hair because I’ve been painting.
We can use it with a number or quantity of things. We can’t use the continuous form with a number.
I’ve read ten chapters of this book. I’ve been reading all day.
She’s eaten four packages of chips and six biscuits. She’s been eating all afternoon.
Some verbs don’t have the idea of a long time, so Some verbs have the idea of a long time, so they are
they are usually found in the simple form: often found in the continuous form:
For example: For example:
find, start, arrive, buy, die, lose, break, stop wait, work, play, try, learn, rain
State verbs rarely take the continuous form.

Examples of state verbs are think / understand / like
/ love / want / know / have / need
They have had their car for 5 years.
I have always liked drawing.
ELCA 102 105
1. A: Your clothes are dirty. What __________?

B: I’ve been working in the garden.
a. did you do b. do you do c. are you doing d. have you been doing
2. Nadia __________ a book about her travels for a year and a half. She hopes to finish it next month.
a. has written b. has been writing c. wrote d. writes
3. Abdullah __________ to the US five times, but he’s never been to Canada.
a. is being b. went c. has been d. has been going
4. Ouch! I __________ my finger!

a. ’ve cut b. had cut c. am cutting d. ’ve been cutting
5. A: How long __________ for the chemistry exam?

B: Oh, about five hours. I still have a few chapters left to revise.
a. did you study b. have you been studying c. were you studying d. are you studying
10.3 Time expressions
Past Simple Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous

I lived in Dammam for two years when I was young. They’ve been married since 2011.
We moved to a new house one month ago. I’ve been studying for seven hours. I’m exhausted!
They didn’t sleep during the flight. He’s taken three computer courses so far.
He started working at the bank in 2006.
Future
We’re going to Madinah for a few days.
The class ends in 15 minutes.
I’ll be home in half an hour.
Sara is going to study abroad next year.
Prepositions with dates, months, years
October Saturday 6 o’clock

the morning Monday morning the end of May
in summer on 18 January at New Year
the 1960s New Year’s Day the age of nine
the 20th century holiday lunch time
the holidays
1986
1. We’re going to move to Riyadh _________.

a. in 3 months b. in 2009 c. two months ago d. since November
2. On Fridays, all my relatives get together __________ lunch time.

a. on b. at c. to d. in
3. Najwa has been learning English __________ .

a. yesterday b. for three years c. in two months d. when she was a child
4. We have a meeJng ________ 9:00 ________ Tuesday morning.

a. at…. in b. on….. at c. at…. on d. in…. on
ELCA 102 106

VOCABULARY – Things I’m passionate about
There are many verbs that express different degrees of how much we like or don’t like something.
Degree of feeling Positive Negative .

don’t mind be not that keen on
average
quite like
adore can’t bear
(be) fond of can’t stand
strong
(be) crazy about loathe
(be) keen on
Examples:
He likes ice-cream very much. He absolutely adores ice-cream.
Fish is OK, but I prefer chicken. I don’t mind fish, but I prefer chicken.
Talal doesn’t really like tea. Talal isn’t that keen on tea.
Mary hates rainy weather. Mary can’t stand rainy weather.
I hate washing the dishes. I loathe washing the dishes.
1. Ahmed __________ going to museums. He really likes going there to learn about history.
a. can’t bear b. is fond of c. loathes d. doesn’t mind
2. My brothers love watching football, but I __________it. I think it’s so boring!

a. adore b. quite like c. am keen on d. can’t stand
3. Nowadays many children __________ computer games. They spend a lot of time playing them.
a. don’t mind b. loathe c. are crazy about d. aren’t that keen on
4. I absolutely __________ chocolate. I eat it every chance I get.

a. loathe b. quite like c. adore d. can’t bear
ELCA 102 107

Everyday English – Making the right noises
There are different ways to respond to what people say in conversations, depending on what feelings we
want to show.
Pleasure Agreement Surprise Sympathy

How fantastic! Absolutely. Did you? What a pity!
That’s great! Definitely. You didn’t! That’s a shame.
Lovely! Of course. That’s amazing. Oh dear.
Congratulations! Fair enough. You’re kidding. That’s too bad.
Brilliant! Fine. You did what? How awful!
Good for you! OK. Really? Bad luck.
A: Statement B: Response
My grandfather hasn’t been too well lately. Oh dear.
He’s 79. Don’t you think at his age he should slow down a bit? Absolutely.
But he won’t listen to me. He says he wants to enjoy his life to the full. Fair enough.
Last summer he went on a two-week cycling holiday in France. You’re kidding!
We’re going to have a big family meal for his 80th birthday. That’s great!
But before that, I’m going to talk with him and tell him to take things easy. Good for you.
1. A: I failed my maths test again.

B: ______________.
a. Fair enough.
b. That’s too bad.
c. Brilliant!
d. How fantastic!
2. A: _________________________
B: Of course. It’s the best way to learn the language.
a. Do you think I should study abroad?
b. Would you like sugar with it?
c. My computer doesn’t work.
d. My father doesn’t want me to go to London.
3. A: My boss just told me I’m getting a pay-rise!

B: ____________________________
a. That’s a shame.
b. Definitely.
c. Bad luck.
d. Good for you!
ELCA 102 108

ANSWERS
Exercise 1: 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. b
Exercise 2: 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. c
Exercise 3: 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. c
Exercise 4: 1. b 2. a 3. d
ELCA 102 109

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‫‪King Abdulaziz University‬‬

‫‪English Language Institute‬‬

‫‪Distance Learning and External Programs‬‬

‫‪Based on the ELI Curriculum‬‬

Pre-Intermediate Book Intermediate Book

Unit 3 – It all went wrong Page 3 Unit 3 – Telling tales Page 61

Unit 7 – Fame Page 31 Unit 7 – Just the job! Page 86

Unit 8 – Do’s and Don’ts Page 38 Unit 8 – Just imagine! Page 94

Unit 9 – Going places Page 45 Unit 9 – Making connections Page 102

Unit 10 – Scared to death Page 50 Unit 10 – Special interests Page 105

Unit 11 – Things that changed Page 55

New Headway Plus

Base form Past Simple Past Participle

Question She didn’t walk .

When did she finish ? Short answer

3.2 Past ConBnuous

Positive and negative Question

Were you working yesterday? Yes, I was.

3.3 Past Simple and Past ConBnuous

Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. Last weekend my family and I __________ to Riyadh.

2. A: What __________ yesterday at 4?

3. We __________ a lot of money at the mall last night.

4. A: When __________ you travel to London?

5. Ali had an accident while he ___________ to work.

Common noun and adjective endings in English

Noun Verb Noun Adjective

Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. Here is an __________ to my wedding. I hope you can come.

3. Your English will __________ if you read a lot of books in English.

4. Lionel Messi is a ___________ football player.

6. If you don’t understand something, ask your teacher to __________ it.

7. There are many __________ for toys during children’s TV programmes.

Exercise 4: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

2. It is very __________ to ask a woman how old she is.

3. It is _____legal to drive while talking on a mobile phone.

6. Oh! This math homework is __________! I don’t understand how to do it!

Exercise 3: 1. pack 2. unpack 3. agree 4. disagree 5. Jdy 6. unJdy

much and many

a few and a little

some and any

A lot/lots of (a lot of = lots of)

1. Have you got __________ butter? I need it to make a cake.

2. There isn’t __________ time left before the exams.

3. We got __________ money from the bank.

4. Do you have __________ friends at school?

5. Please wait for me. I’ll be ready in ___________ minutes.

6. A: Would you like __________ sugar in your coffee?

4.2 ArBcles – a and the

No article is used in exclamations with what + an What beautiful weather!

Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. I need to go to the mall to buy __________ pair of shoes.

3. My brothers go __________ on foot.

4. There’s __________ park in front of my house.

5. What ___________ awful day! Nothing is going right.

6. We all need to drink lots of __________ water every day.

7. I was very tired yesterday, so I went __________ early.

a clothes shop a pharmacy a café a post office a newsagent’s

Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.