3 Flexural Analysis/Design of Beam 3 Flexural Analysis/Design of Beam 3. Flexural Analysis/Design of Beam 3. Flexural Analysis/Design of Beam

3 Flexural Analysis/Design of Beam
3.
BENDING OF HOMOGENEOUS BEAMS
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM BEHAVIOR
S G O
DESIGN OF TENSION
S O REINFORCED
O C REC.
C BEAMS
S
DESIGN AIDS
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN
REC. BEAMS WITH TEN. AND COMP. REBAR
T BEAMS
447.327
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab. I
Spring 2008
3. Flexural Analysis/Design of Beam
Typical Structures
Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Typical Structures

Typical Structures

Typical Structures

BENDING OF HOMOGENEOUS BEAMS
Concrete is homogeneous?
Reinforced Concrete is homogeneous?
The fundamental principles in the design and analysis of

reinforced concrete are the same as those of homogeneous
structural material.
Two components
Internal forces normal to the section - flexure
at any cross section tangential to the section - shear

Basic Assumptions in Flexural Design
1. A cross section that was plane before loading remains

plane under load
F unit strain in a beam above and below the neutral
axis are proportional to the distance from that axis;
strain distribution is linear G Bernoulli’s hypothesis
( not true for deep beams)

2. Concrete is assumed to fail in compression,

when εc = εcu (limit state) = 0
0.003
003
3. Stress-strain relationship
p of reinforcement is assumed to
be elastoplastic (elastic-perfectly plastic).
G Strain hardening effect is neglected
4. Tensile strength of concrete is neglected for calculation

of flexural strength.
strength

cf.)
f ) Typicall s-s curve off h
homogeneous materiall
proportional
not proportional

5. Compressive stress-strain relationship for concrete

may be assumed to be any shape (rectangular
(rectangular,
trapezoidal, parabolic, etc) that results in an
acceptable
p prediction
p of strength.
g
G Equivalent rectangular stress distribution

Behavior of RC beam under increasing load

Behavior of RC beam under increasing load
ent
Mome
ε M
φ= =
y EI
Curvature

Elastic uncracked Section
not homogeneous homogeneous
uncracked
transformed
section
As (n-1)As
In elastic range
fc fs Es
εc = = εs = F fs = f c = nff c
Ec Es Ec
Example 3.1 (SI unit)
250
A rectangular beam
As = 1,520 mm2
fcu = 27 MPa (cylinder strength)
600
fr = 3.5 MPa (modulus of rupture) 650
fy = 400 MPa
Calculate the stresses caused by a D25

bending moment M = 60 kN kN·m
m (unit: mm)

Solution
250
Es 2.0 ×105
n= = = 7.84
7 84 ≈ 8
Ec 8,500 3 f cu
650 600
(n − 1) As = 7 ×1,520 = 10, 640 mm 2

transformed area of rebars
D25
transformed section

Solution
Assuming the uncracked section
section,
250
neutral axis
bh 2
+ (n − 1) As d
Qx ∫ ydA
dA
y= = = 2
650 600
A ∫ dA bh + (n − 1) As
= 342 mm
3
bh ⎛h ⎞
I x = ∫ y 2 dA = + ⎜ − y ⎟ bh
12 ⎝ 2 ⎠
D25 + (d − y ) 2 (n − 1) As
transformed section = 6, 477 × 106 mm 4
Solution
Compressive stress of concrete 250
at the top fiber
M
fc = y = 3.17 MPa
Ix
650 600
Tension stress of concrete
at the bottom fiber
M
f ct = (h − y ) = 2.85 MPa < fr
Ix
D25
Assumption of uncracked, transformed section is justified !!

Solution
Stress in the tensile steel 250
M
f s = n (d − y ) = 19.12
19 12 MPa
MP
Ix
650 600
Compare fc and fs with fcu and
fy respectively!!!
D25

Elastic Cracked Section
This situation is under service load state

1
• ctf > f r • f c < f ck • fs < f y
2
To determine neutral axis
kd (1)
b(kd ) − nAs (d − kd ) = 0
2

Tension & Comp. force
fc
C = b((kd
kd ) T = As f s (2)
2

Bending moment about C
M = T ( jd ) = As f s ( jd ) (3)
M
F fs = (4)
As ( jd )
Bending moment about T
fc
M = C ( jd ) = b(kd )( jd ) (5)
2
22M
M
F fc = (6) How to get k and j ?
kjbd 2
As
Defining ρ= Then, As = ρbd (7)
bd
kd
Substitute (7) into (1) and solve for k b(kd ) − nAs (d − kd ) = 0
2
k = ( ρn) 2 + 2 ρn − ρn (8)
cf.)
f) jdd = d − kd / 3
k See Handout #3
#3-3
3
F j = 1−
3 Table A.6
Example 3.2 (Quiz)
The beam of Example 3.1 is subjected to a bending
moment M=120 kN·m (rather than 60 kN·m as previously).
Calculate the relevant properties and stress right away!!

Flexural Strength
f av
α= (9)
f ck
fav = ave. compressive
stress on the area bc
C = αf ck bc
b ( )
(10)

Flexural Strength
α
0.72 fck ≤ 28 MPa
decrease by 0.04 for every 7 MPa 28 MPa ≤ fck ≤ 56 MPa
0.56 fck > 56 MPa
β
0.425 fck ≤ 28 MPa
decrease by 0.025 for every 7 MPa 28 MPa ≤ fck ≤ 56 MPa
0.325 fck > 56 MPa
Flexural Strength
This values apply to compression zone with other cross
sectional shapes (circular, triangular, etc)
However, the analysis of those shapes becomes complex.
Note that to compute the flexural strength of the section
section, it
is not necessary to know exact shape of the compression
stress block. Only need to know C and its location.
These two quantities are expressed in α and β .

Flexural Strength
G The higher compressive strength, the more brittle.

Flexural Strength
Tension failure (εu<0.003, fs =fy)
Equilibrium
C =T αf ck bc = As f s (11)
Bending moment
M = Tz = As f s (d − βc) (12)
or M = Cz = α f ck bc(d − β c) (13)

Tension failure (εu<0.003, fs =fy)
Neutral axis at steel yielding, fs = fy
As f y ρf y d
From Eq.(11) c= = (14)
αf ck b αf ck
Nominal bending moment
⎛ ρ f yd ⎞
M n = As f y ( d − β c ) = ρ bdf y ⎜ d − β ⎟
⎝ α f ck ⎠
2⎛
ρ fy ⎞ 2⎛
ρ fy ⎞
= ρ f y bd ⎜1 − β ⎟ = ρ f y bd ⎜1 − 0.59
0 59 ⎟ (15)
⎝ α f ck ⎠ ⎝ f ck ⎠
Flexural Strength
Compression failure (εu=0.003, fs < fy)
Hook’ss law
Hook
f s = ε s Es (16)
from strain diagram

d −c
f s = ε u Es (17)
c
Equilibrium
d −c
α f ck bc = As f s = Asε u Es (18)
c
Compression failure (εu=0.003, fs < fy)
Solving the quadratic for c
αf ckk bc 2 + Asε u Es c − Asε u Es d = 0 (19)
c= (20)
fs = (21)
N i l bending
Nominal b di momentt
Mn = (22)

Flexural Strength
Balanced reinforcement ratio ρb
The amount of reinforcement necessary for beam fail to
by crushing of concrete at the same load causing the
steel to yield; (εu=0.003,
0.003, fs =fy)
• ρ < ρb lightly reinforced, tension failure, ductile
• ρ = ρb balanced, tension/comp. failure
• ρ > ρb heavilyy reinforced, compression
p failure, brittle

Balanced reinforcement ratio ρb
Balanced condition
fy
fs = f y εy = (23)
Es
d −c
Substitute Eq. (23) into Eq.(17) f s = ε u Es
c
εu
c= d (24)
εu + ε y
Substitute Eq. (24) into Eq.(11) αf ck bc = As f s
αf ck εu
ρb = (25)
f y εu + ε y
Example 3.3 (SI unit)
250
A rectangular beam
As = 1,520 mm2
600
fy = 400 MPa
Calculate the nominal moment Mn D25

at which the beam will fail.
fail (unit: mm)

Solution
Check whether this beam fail in tension or compression
As 1 520
1,520
ρ= = = 0.0101
bd (250)(600)
α f ck εu (0.72)(27) 0.003
ρb = = = 0.0292 > ρ
fy εu + ε y 400 0.003 + 0.002
F The beam will fail in tension by yielding of the steel

Solution
Using Eq. (15) for tension failure
⎛ ρ fy ⎞
M n = ρ f y bd ⎜1 − 0.59
2
⎟
⎝ f ck ⎠
⎛ (0 0101)(400) ⎞
(0.0101)(400)
= (0.0101)(400)(250)(600) ⎜1 − 0.59
2
⎟
⎝ 27 ⎠
= 332 kN ⋅ m

DESIGN OF TENSION REINFORCED REC. BEAMS
Korea’s design method is Ultimate Strength Design.

called as Limit States Design in the US and Europe
1. Proportioning for adequate strength
2. Checking the serviceability
:deflections/crack width compared against limiting values

Equivalent Rectangular Stress Distribution

is called as Whitney’s Block (Handout #3-1)
What if the actual stress block is replaced by an
equivalent rectangular stress block for compression zone.
Actual Equivalent

Go to Cactual = αf ck bc = γf ck ab = Cequi.
P.25
αc
F γ=
a
G a = β1c
α
γ= γdepends
β1 on α,β
a
= βc
2
G a = β1c
β1 = 2 β
fck, MPa
< 28 35 42 49 56 ≤
α 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.60 0.56
β 0.425 0.400 0.375 0.350 0.325
β1=2 β 0.85 0.801 0.752 0.703 0.654
γ= α/ β1 0.857 0.849 0.851 0.853 0.856
- γ is essentially independent of fck.

- β1 = 0.85 0 007 (fck -28)
0 85 - 0.007×( 28) and
d 0.65
0 65 ≤ β1 ≤ 0.85
0 85

- KCI 6.2.1(6) allows other shapes for the concrete stress
block to be used in the calculations as long
g as theyy result
in good agreement with test results.
- KCI6.2.1(5) makes a further simplification. Tensile
stresses in the concrete may be neglected in the cals.
G Contribution of tensile stresses of the concrete below
N.A. is very small.
Concrete Stress Distribution in Ultimate Strength Design”

“Concrete Design
Handout #3-2 by Hognestad
Balanced Strain Condition

steel strain is exactly equal to εy and
concrete simultaneouslyy reaches εu =0.003
Eq. (24)
εu
c= d
εu + ε y
Equilibrium C=T
As f y = ρbbd f y = 0.85 f ck ab = 0.85 f ck β1cb

Balanced Strain Condition
Balanced reinforcement ratio

f ck c f ck ε u
ρb = 0.85β1 = 0.85β1 (26)
f yd f y εu + ε y
Apply εu =0.003 and Es=200,000 MPa

f ck 0.003 f ck 600
ρb = 0.85β1 = 0.85β1 (27)
fy fy f y 600 + f y
0 003 +
0.003
Es
Underreinforced Beams
In actual practice, ρ should be below ρb for the reasons,
1. Exactly ρ= ρb, then concrete reaches the comp. strain limit and steel
reaches its yield stress
stress.
2. Material properties are never known precisely.
failure, although ρ may be
3 Strain hardening can cause compressive failure
3.
somewhat less than ρb.
4. The actual steel area provided, will always be equal to or larger than
required based on ρ.
5. The extra ductility provided by low ρ provides warning prior to failure.

KCI Code Provisions for Underreinforced Beam
By the way, how to guarantee underreinforced beams?
F KCI Code provides,
(1) The minimum tensile reinforcement strain allowed at
nominal strength
g in the design
g of beam.
(2) Strength reduction factors that may depend on the
tensile strain at nominal strength.
g
Note Both limitations are based on the net tensile strain εt
of the rebar farthest from the compression face at the
depth dt. (d ≤ dt)
(1) For nonprestressed flexural members and members with factored
axial compressive load less than 0.1fckAg, εt shall not be less than 0.004
((KCI 6.2.2(5))
( ))
Substitute dt for d and εt for εy

εu dt − c
c= d F εt = εu
εu + ε y c
f ck ε u f ck ε u
ρb = 0.85β1 F ρ = 0.85β1
f y εu + ε y f y εu + εt
The reinforcement ratio to
produce a selected εt
Maximum reinforcement ratio (KCI 2007)
f ck ε u f εu
ρ max = 0.85β1 = 0.85β1 ck (29)
f y εu + εt f y ε u + 0.004
Cf.) (prior to KCI 2007 ρ max = 0.75ρb (28)

& ACI 2002)
F εt = 0.00376 at ρ= 0.75ρb for fy=400 MPa.
F 0.00376 < 0.004 ,i.e., KCI 2007 is slightly conservative.
εu = 0.003 εu = 0.003 εu = 0.003
dt
εt = 0.002 εt = 0.004 εt = 0.005

c 0 003
0.003 c 0 003
0.003 c 0 003
0.003
= = 0.600 = = 0.429 = = 0.375
dt 0.003 + 0.002 dt 0.003 + 0.004 dt 0.003 + 0.005
Compression Minimum Tension

controlled net strain controlled
member for flexural member
member
(2) Compression Transition Tension
controlled zone controlled
Φ = 0.85
Spiral
Φ = 0.70 + (εt - 0.002) 0.85
Φ = 0.70
0 70 Other Φ = 0.65 + (εt - 0.002)) 200/3
/
Φ = 0.65
εt = 0.002 εt = 0.005

Nominal flexural strength
⎛ a⎞
M n = As f y ⎜ d − ⎟ (30)
⎝ 2⎠
As f y
a= (31)
0.85 f ck b
Example 3.4 (the same as Ex.3.3)
250
A rectangular beam
As = 1,520 mm2
600
fy = 400 MPa
Calculate the nominal strength Mn D25

using the equivalent stress block. (unit: mm)

Solution
Maximum reinforcement ratio
f ckk εu
ρ max = 0.85β1
f y ε u + 0.004
(27) 0.003 As
= (0.85)(0.85)
(0 85)(0 85) = 00.0209
0209 > 00.0101
0101 =
(400) 0.003 + 0.004 bd
F This beam is underreinforced (tension controlled)

and will fail yielding of the steel

Solution
Depth of stress block
As f y (1520)(400)
a= = = 106 mm
0.85 f ck b (0.85)(27)(250)
Nominal Strength
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 106 ⎞
M n = As f y ⎜ d − ⎟ = (1520)(400) ⎜ 600 − ⎟ = 333 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
C
Compare this
thi with
ith Example
E l 3.3
3 3 !!!
Nominal flexural strength (Alternative)
Eq(31) can be written w.r.t. ρ
ρ f yd
a= (32)
0.85 f ck
Nominal flexural strength
⎛ ρ f yd ⎞ 2⎛
ρ fy ⎞
M n = ( ρ bd ) f y ⎜ d − ⎟ = ρ f y bd ⎜1 − 0.59 ⎟ (33)
⎝ 1.7 f ck ⎠ ⎝ f ck ⎠
A s
a/2

Nominal flexural strength (Alternative)
simplified expression of Eq.(33)
M n = Rbd 2 (34)
where,, ρ fy
R = ρ f y (1 − 0.59
0 59 ) (35)
f ck
flexural resistance factor R depends on

1. reinforcement ratio
2. material properties (Handout #3-3)

Design flexural strength
KCI Code Provisions
a
φ M n = φ As f y (d − )
2
ρ fy
= φρ f y bd (1 − 0.59
2
0 59 ) (36)
f ck
= φ Rbd 2 (37)

Compression Transition Tension
controlled zone controlled
Φ = 0.85
Spiral
Φ = 0.70 + (εt - 0.002) 0.85
Φ = 0.70
0 70 Other Φ = 0.65 + (εt - 0.002)) 200/3
/
Φ = 0.65
εt = 0.002 εt = 0.005

Example 3.4 (continued)
Calculate the design moment capacity for the beam
analyzed in Example 3.4
Hint net tensile strain should be known.

Solution
a 106
c= = = 125 mm
β1 0.85
dt − c 600 − 125
F εt = εu = 0.003 = 0.0114 > 0.005
c 125
F strength reduction factor is 0.85!!!
Design strength φ M n = (0.85)(333) = 283 kN ⋅ m

Minimum Reinforcement Ratio
; very lightly reinforced beams will also fail without warning
warning.
so, lower limit is required.
Rectangular cross section
0.15 f ck (38)
As.min = bd
fy
Proof
Equating the cracking moment to the flexural strength, based under
the assumptions,
assumptions h=1.1d
h=1 1d and internal lever arm = 0.95d
0 95d

Proof
• cracking moment Mcr
M cr = z ⋅ f r = As ⋅ f y ⋅ (internal lever arm)
⎛ bh 2 ⎞
F ⎜
⎝ 6 ⎠
( )
⎟ 0.63 f ck = As f y ( 0.95d )
b(1.1d ) 2 (0.63 f ck )
F As.min =
(0 95d ) f y (6)
(0.95
0.134 f ck bd 0.15 f ck bd
= ≈
fy fy
Minimum Reinforcement Ratio
Similarly, T cross secton

Similarly, T cross secton
Flange in compression
0 22 f ck
0.22
As ,min = bw d (39)
fy
Flange in tension
0 50 f ck
0.50
As ,min = bw d (40)
fy

KCI Code provisions (6.3.2)
0.25 f ck 1.4
As ,min = bw d ≥ bw d (41)
fy fy
,where bw=b, if rectangular cross section.
Exception (KCI 6.3.2 (2)) ~statically determinate T beam

with a flange in tension, Eq.(41) replaced bw by either b
(effective flange width) or 2bw, whichever is smaller.

KCI Code provisions (6.3.2)
cf.) can be expressend w.r.t. reinforcement ratio
0 25 f ck
0.25 1.44
1
ρ min = ≥
fy fy

Example 3.5 (analysis problem)
Rectangular beam b=300 mm, d=440 mm
Reinforced with four D29 in a row.
fy=400 MPa, fck=27 MPa
What is the maximum moment that will be utilized
in design, according to the KCI code?

Solution
From Table A.2 of Handout #3-3 As = 2,570 mm 2
ρ = 2,570 /(300)(440)
/( )( ) = 0.0195
f ck εu
ρ max 0 85β1
= 0.85
f y ε u + 0.004
27 0 003
0.003
= (0.85)(0.85) = 0.0209 > ρ
400 0.003 + 0.004
F Thi b
This beam will
ill fail
f il by
b tensile
t il yielding
i ldi
Solution
Nominal strength for this underreinforced beam
As f y (2,570)(440)
(2 570)(440)
a= = = 149 mm
0.85 f ck b (0.85)(27)(300)
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 149 ⎞
M n = As f y ⎜ d − ⎟ = (2,570)(400) ⎜ 440 − ⎟ = 376 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

Solution
Strength reduction factor φ?
a149
c= = = 175 mm
β1 0.85
dt − c 440 − 175
F εt = εu = 0.003 = 0.00454 < 0.005
c 175
F strength reduction factor is not 0.85!!!
200
F φ = 0.65
0 65 + (ε t − 00.002)
002) = 00.82
82
3
Solution
Design strength
φ M n = (0.82)(376)
(0 82)(376) = 308 kN ⋅ m
Check minimum reinforcement ratio
0.25 f ck 1.4
ρ min = ≥
fy fy
0.25 27 1.4
= ≥ = 0.0035 < 0.0195 = ρ
400 400
Overreinforced Beams
Occasionally it is necessary to calculate the flexural
strength of an overreinforced (fs<fy) beams.
Such as, analysis of existing structures.
fs

steel strain
d −c
ε s = εu (42)
c
equilibrium
0.85β1 f ck bc = As ⋅ f s = ρ bd ⋅ ε s Es
substitute Eq.(42) into above Eq. and define ku=c/d

k u 2 + m ρ ku − m ρ = 0

where, ρ=As/bd and m is material parameter
Es ε u
m= (43)
0.85β1 f ck
solving the quadratic equation
mρ 2 mρ
ku = m ρ + ( ) −
2 2

neutral axis depth c

c = ku d
stress-block
stress block depth a
a = β1c
nominal flexural strength

a a
M n = As f s (d − ) = As ( Esε s )(d − ) (44)
2 2
DESIGN AIDS
In practice, AIDS is very useful for both analysis & design
1st approach for design

1 Set
1. S t th
the required
i d strength
t th equall to
t th
the d
design
i strength
t th
M u = φ M n = φ Rbd 2
2. Select an appropriate reinforcement ratio between
ρmin and ρmax from Table A.4
Often a ratio of about 0.5 ρb will be an economical
and practical choice.

DESIGN AIDS
3. Find the flexural resistance factor from Table A.5, then
Mu
bd =
2
φR
4. Choose b and often an effective depth
p about 2~3 times is
appropriate
5. Calculate the required steel area
As = ρ bd
6 Choose the size and number of bars from Table A

6. A.2
2

DESIGN AIDS
7. Check that the selected beam will provide room for the
bars chosen, with adequate concrete cover and
spacing
2nd approach for design

1 Select b and d. Then calculate the required R
1.
Mu
R=
φ bd 2
DESIGN AIDS
2nd approach for design
2. Find reinforcement ratio to meet the required R from
Table A.5.
3. Calculate the required steel area.
As = ρ bd
4. Select the size and number of bars from Table A.2.

5 Check
5. Ch k that
th t th
the b
beam width
idth is
i sufficient
ffi i t to
t contain
t i the
th
selected reinforcement.

Concrete Protection for Reinforcement
cover thickness
; thickness of concrete cover outside of the outermost steel
minimum concrete cover (KCI Code 5.4)

; To provide the steel with adequate concrete protection
against
g fire and corrosion.
Make a hard copy of KCI Code 5.4 and

attach
h it
i on the
h next page!!
!!
Concrete Protection for Reinforcement
40mm min.
D13 stirrup
40mm min.
D13 ~ D32
65 mm
25 mm 20mm min.
40mm min.
D10 or D13
65 mm
Beam with stirrups Slab

Concrete Proportions
Maximum material economy ;
p d = 2~3 times the width b
effective depth
but, not always satisfy maximum structural economy

Selection of Bars and Bar Spacing
- Often desirable to mix bar sizes to meet As more closely.
; limiting the variation in diameter of bars in a single layer
- Clear distance between adjacent bars shall not be less
than the nominal bar diameter or 25mm ((KCI Code 5.3.2))
- Max. number of bars in a beam of given width is limited.
; Table A.7 is limiting the maximum width of beam for a
single layer of bars based on bar size and stirrup size.

Selection of Bars and Bar Spacing

- The minimum number of bars in a single layer
to control the flexural crack width. Table A.8
- In large girders and columns, it is sometimes
advantageous to bundle rebars with two, three, or four
bars. (KCI Code 5.3.2)

Example 3.6 (design problem)
Find the cross section of concrete and area of steel
required for a simply supported rectangular beam.
- span = 4.5 m
- dead load = 19 kN/m
/
- live load = 31 kN/m
- fck = 27 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa

Solution
load combination (KCI 3.3.2(1))
wu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = (1.2)(19) + (1.6)(31) = 72.4 KN / m
wu l 2 (72.4)(4.5)
(72 4)(4 5) 2
Mu = = = 183.3 KN ⋅ m
8 8

Solution
determination of cross section
; depends on designer
designer’ss choice of reinforcement ratio
; to minimize the concrete section, select the maximum
permissible ρ
; to maintain φ=0.85, the maximum reinforcement ratio
corresponding
di to
t a nett ttensile
il strain
t i off 0
0.005
005 will
ill be
b
selected Why do not use ρmax with εt=0.004 ?

Solution
1. reinforcement ratio for εt=0.005
f ck εu 2 27 0 003
0.003
ρ = 0.85β1 = (0.85) = 0.0183
f y ε u + 0.005 400 0.003 + 0.005

Solution
2. Setting the required flexural strength equal to
the design flexural strength
ρ fy
M u = φ M n = φρ f y bd (1 − 0.59
2
)
f ck
⎛ (0.0183)(400) ⎞
F (183.3)(10 ) = (0.85)(0.0183)(400)bd ⎜1 − 0.59
6 2
⎟
⎝ 27 ⎠
F bd 2 = 35, 070, 000 mm3
be careful at UNIT!
Solution
3. Select an adequate width and height, as
b=220 mm and d=400 mm bd2=35,200,000
, , mm2
b=200 mm and d=420 mm bd2=35,280,000 mm2
.
.
.
See calculation.xls
F b=200 mm and d=420 mm are selected.

Solution
determination of the reinforcement amount
A
1. s
1 = ρ bd = (0
(0.0183)(200)(420)
0183)(200)(420) = 1,537
1 537 mm 2
2. 4@D22=1,548 mm2
3@D25=1,520 mm2
2@D32=1,522 mm2 See Handout #3-3 Table A.2
3 assuming
3. i concrete
t cover = 70mm,
70 then
th h=490mm
h 490

Solution
Check cover and bar spacing
40mm min
min.
40+10+32+32+32+10+40
D13 stirrup
=196
196 mm < 200 mm O.K.
OK
40mm min.
D13 ~ D32
65 mm
40mm min.
65 mm

Solution
<Iterative Method>
1. assuming a reasonable value of a is equal to 135 mm
a
M u = φ M n = φ As f y (d − ) (36)
2
(183.3)(106 )
F As = = 1,529mm 2
(0.85)(400)(420 − 135 / 2)
Compare with 1
1,537mm
537mm2

Solution
2. checking the assumed a See calculation.xls

As f y (1529)(400)
a= = = 133 mm ≈ 135 mm
0.85 f ck b (0.85)(27)(200)
Note
1. A d a is
1 Assumed i very close
l to the
h calculated
l l d
2. No further calculation require
3 This method converges very rapidly
3.

Solution
Note
• Infinite number of solutions exist.
exist
• ρ min ≤ ρ ≤ ρ max
• LLarger cross section
ti + less
l reinforcement
i f t can be
b
economical and reduce deflection.
• Simplicity of construction should be considered
in selection of reinforcement.
0 50 ρ max ≤ ρ ≤ 00.75
• Economical design typically have 0.50 75ρ max

Example 3.7 ~ 3.11
Example_Solution_1.pdf

SUMMARY
Under Reinforced Section
Steel may reach its yield strength before
f the concrete
reaches its maximum. (f ’=f , ε ’= ε )
c ck c u

SUMMARY
Balanced Section
Steel reaches yield at same time as concrete reaches
ultimate strength. (fc’=fck, εc’= εu)

SUMMARY
Over Reinforced Section
Concrete may fail
f before
f the the yield off steel due to the
presence of a high percentage of steel in the section.
(fc’=f
’ fck, εc’=
’ εu)

SUMMARY
most desirable

REC. BEAMS with TEN. & COMP. REBARS
Why Compression Steels are Needed?
1. To increase the compression resistance of a beam of

which dimension is limited by architectural or the
other consideration.
2 To reduce long-term
2. long term deflections of members.
members
; transferring load to compression steel induces the
reduction
educt o of o compressive
co p ess e ststress
ess in co
concrete
c ete a
and
d less
ess
creep.


3. For minimum-moment loading (Sec 12.2)

; according to the applied load,
load occasionally negative
moment can occur.
4 To increase ductility
4. ductility.
; additional steel reduces stress block depth, along
with
t tthe
e increase
c ease o of stee
steel st
strain.
a
F larger curvature

5. For the ease of fabrication

; a role as stirrup
stirrup-support
support bars continuous throughout
the beam span.

Comparison Singly RB and Doubly RB
ε cu
A's c2
c1
As As
ε s1
Section 1 Section 2
ε s2
Comparison Singly RB and Doubly RB
Section 1 Section 2
As f s As f s − As' f s'
c1 = c2 =
0.85 f ck bβ1 0.85 f ck bβ1
Additional As’ strengthens compression zone so that less

concrete is needed
d d to resist a given force.
f
F N.A. goes up and steel strain increases.

Failure Types of Doubly Reinforced Beams
1. Both tension and compression steels yield.
2 Tension
2. T i steel
t l yields
i ld but
b t compression
i steel
t l does
d not.
t
3. Tension steel does not yield but compression steel does.
4. Neither tension nor compression steel yield.

Tension and Comp. Steel Both at Yield Stress

If ρ ≤ ρb Effect of compression steel can be disregarded,
since such a beam will be controlled byy steel
yielding.
G Internal lever arm of the resisting moment is little
affected by the presence of the compression bar
If ρ > ρb Beam should be considered as a doubly

reinforced beam.

The total resistance force (Mn)
= Mn1 by As’ + Mn2 by (As – As’))
M n1 = As' f y (d − d ' ) (45)

a
M n2 = ( As − A ) f y (d − )
'
s (46)
2
the depth of stress block
( As − As' ) f y
a= ( )
(47)
0.85 f ck b
apply As= ρbd and As’= ρ’bd
(ρ − ρ ' ) f y d
a= (47)
0.85 f ck
total nominal resisting moment
M n = M n1 + M n 2
a
= As' f y (d − d ' ) + ( As − As' ) f y (d − ) (48)
2
balanced reinforcement ratio
ρb = ρb + ρ ' (49)
,where ρb is balanced reinforcement ratio of singly reinforced beam.

(Eq (27))
(Eq. ρb = 0.85β1
f ck ε u f
= 0.85β1 ck
600
f y εu + ε y f y 600 + f y

ρ max = ρ max + ρ ' (50)
f ck εu
ρ max = 0.85β1
f y ε u + 0.004

Compression Steel below Yield Stress
Eq. (48) is valid only if the compression steel yields at
beam failure.
In many cases, however, compression steel is below the
yyield stress.
Whether the compression steel will yield or not can be
determined as follows.

let, εs’ = εy, then from geometry

c εu
= (51)
d εu − ε y
'

check minimum tensile reinforcement ratio ρ̄cy
; to ensure yielding
y g of compression
p steel
f ck d ε u
'
ρcy = 0.85β1 + ρ' (52)
f y d εu − ε y
f ck c f εu
Compare with Eq. (26) ρb = 0.85β1
f yd
= 0.85β1 ck
f y εu + ε y
If ρ<ρ̄cy , neutral axis is sufficiently high that the

compression steel stress at failure is less than the yield
stress. (fs’ < fy)
balanced reinforcement ratio
'
f
ρb = ρb + ρ ' s (53)
fy
Compare with Eq. (49)
⎛ d' ⎞
,where f = E ε = Es ⎜ ε u − ( ε u + ε y ) ⎟ ≤ f y
s
' '
s s (54)
⎝ d ⎠
maximum reinforcement ratio ⎛ d
f = E ⎜ ε − (ε
'
'
+ 0.004 )
⎞
⎟ ≤ fy
' s s u u
f ⎝ d ⎠
ρ max = ρ max + ρ ' s
(55)
fy
Note Equations for compression steel stress fs’ apply only
for beams with exact strain values in the extreme
il steell off εy or εt=0.004
tensile 0 004
If tensile reinforcement ratio ρ≤ρ̄b and ρ ≤ ρ̄cy, then the

tensile steel yields at failure, but the compression steel
does not reach the yield.
Therefore,, new equations
q for compression
p steel stress
and flexural strength are needed.
comp. steel stress
ε s' : ε u = c − d ' : c
c − d '
f s' = ε s' Es = ε u Es
c (56)
where c is still unknown
force equilibrium
T = Cc + Cs
c − d'
F As f y = 0.85 f ck β1cb + A ε Es
'
s u (57)
c
solve the quadratic Eq. (57) for c
then
h apply
l a = β1c
nominal flexural strength

⎛ a⎞
M n = 0.85 f ck ab ⎜ d − ⎟ + As' f s' ( d − d ' ) (58)
⎝ 2⎠
Note must ensure that compression steel does not

buckle using lateral ties (KCI 5.5.1)
Analysis Procedure of Doubly Reinforced Beam.
1. Check the tensile reinforcement ratio ρ<ρ̄b (Eq.(53))
using Eq.(54)
2. Calculate ρ̄cy from Eq.(52) determining whether
compression steel yields or not.
3. Compare ρ̄cy with actual tensile reinforcement ratio ρ.
¡) ρ≥ρ
ρ≥ρ̄cy then fs’=f
’ fy F Mn=Eq.(48)
Eq (48)
¡¡) ρ<ρ̄cy then fs’<fy F Mn=Eq.(58)
c should be calculated previously
Design Procedure of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Note
• Direct solution is impossible because,
because
steel areas to be provided depends on the steel stress,
which aare NOT
O KNOWNO before
b o the section
o is
proportioned.
• Assume fs’=ffy but this must be Confirmed.
Confirmed

1. Calculate maximum moment can be resisted by ρ = ρmax
or ρ for
o o εt = 0 005 to
0.005 o ensure
u φ φ=0.85
0 85
Corresponding As=ρmaxbd
a
M n = As f y (d − )
2
As f y
with a=
0.85 f ckk b

2. Find the excess moment, if any, that must be resisted
and set M2=Mn.
In other words, if Mn (from step 1) < Mu/ φ, then
set M2=MMn
Mu
F M1 = − M2
φ
(cont.)

2. Now, As from step1 is defined as As2.
Here, As2 is the part of the tension steel area that
Here
works with compression force in the concrete.
F As − As' = As 2

3. Tentatively assume fs’=fy , then
M1
A =
'
s
f y (d − d ' )
4. Add an additional amount of tensile steel As1=As’.

Thus, As=As2 (step 2) + As1
5. Analyze the doubly reinforced beam to see if fs’=fy ;
that is,, check ρ
ρ>ρ̄
ρcy to ensure yyielding
g of the compression
p
steel at failure.
6. If ρ<ρ̄cy, then fs’<fy and the compression steel must
be increased to provide the needed force as follows.
( As − As' ) f y
a=
0 85 f ck b
0.85 a
G c=
β1
c−d '
f = ε u Es
s
'
c
fy
A '
f =A
' '
fy A '
s , revised =A
'
s ,trial
s , revised s s ,trial
f s'
Example 3.12 (Analysis)
b = 300 mm
d = 600 mm, d’= 65 mm
As = 4,765 mm2 (6-No.32 in two rows)
As’ = 1,013
1 013 mm2 (2-No.25)
(2 N 25)
fy = 400 MPa, fck = 35 MPa
Calculate the design moment capacity of the beam.

Example 3.13 (Design)
What steel area(s) must be provided?
service live load = 37 kN/m
/
calculated dead load = 16 kN/m
simple span length = 5.4
54m
b = 250, h = 500 mm
fy = 400 MPa,
MPa fck = 27 MPa
T BEAMS
- Reinforced concrete floors, roofs, decks are almost

monolithic.
G cast in once
- Upper part of such structures resist longitudinal
compression.
p
- The resulting beam cross section can be considered as
T-shaped
T shaped one.
- We call ‘-’ as flange, while ‘l’ web.

T BEAMS

T BEAMS
Note
The upper part of T beam is stressed laterally due to
slab action.
Transverse compression at the bottom surface of slab
g
can increase longitudinal compressive
p strength
g byy
25%.
Transverse tension at the top surface of slab can
decrease longitudinal tensile strength.
Neither effect is considered in DESIGN
DESIGN.

T BEAMS
Effective Flange width
(a) (b)
In (b) of the above figure,

figure the element of the flange
between the webs are less stressed than the element
directly over the web due to the effect of SHEAR
deformation of the flange.
T BEAMS
The criteria for effective width (KCI 3.4.8)
; for the convenience of design assuming uniform stress at
maximum value
• For symmetrical T beams, the effective width b should
be selected to be the minimum value out of the follows.
1) 16hf + bw
2)) one-fourth
f h the
h span length
l h off the
h beam
b
3) distance between the center of adjacent slab

T BEAMS
2. For L beams having a slab on one side only, the effective

width shall not be exceed.
exceed
1) 6hf + bw
2) one-twelfth the span length of the beam + bw
3)) one-half the clear distance to the next beam + bw

T BEAMS
3. For isolated T beams in which the flange is used only
for the purpose of providing additional compression
area,
1)) hf ≥ bw//2
2) total flange width ≤ 4bw

T BEAMS
Strength Analysis
- Neutral axis of T beam can either in the flange or in the
web, that is, c ≤ hf or c ≥ hf
- c ≤ hf, then T beam can be analyzed as a rectangular
beam.
c > hf, then the actual T-shaped compression zone
should be considered.

T BEAMS
Strength Analysis
• In T beam analysis, equivalent stress block

(Whitney’s block) is still valid throughout the
extensive researches.

T BEAMS
Strength Analysis
As f y ρ f yd
a= =
0 85 f ck b
0.85 0.85
0 85 f ck
- a ≤ hf, then T beam can be treated as

T BEAMS
Strength Analysis (a > hf)
- For the convenience, As can be
divided into TWO parts.
p
(1) for Asf steel amount corresponding to

overhanging portion
0.85 f ck (b − bw )h f
Asf =
fy
⎛ hf ⎞
M n1 = Asf f y ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
T BEAMS
(2) for remaining As-Asf
( As − Asf ) f y
a=
0.85 f ck bw
⎛ a⎞
M n2 = ( As − Asf ) f y ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
total nominal moment
M n = M n1 + M n 2

T BEAMS
It should be noted that ρw and ρf are defined for
rectangular
g cross section bwd.
ρ w = As / bw d ρ f = Asf / bw d

ρ w,max = ρ max + ρ f
where ρmax is as p
previouslyy defined for a rectangular
g
cross section.
T BEAMS
Minimum reinforcement ratio

As for rectangular beam, Eq.(41) can be applied
0 25 f ck
0.25 1.4
1 4
As ,min = bw d ≥ bw d (41)
fy fy

T BEAMS
Design Procedure of T beams
(1) Determine flange thickness hf based on flexural
requirements of the slab
(2) Determine the effective flange width b according to KCI.
(3) Choose web dimensions bw and d based on either of the
following:
(a) negative bending requirements at the support, if a continuous
T beam
(b) shear requirement (chapter 4)

T BEAMS
Design Procedure of T beams
(4) Calculate a trial value of As, assuming that a does not
exceed hf , with beam width equal to flange width b.
using ordinary rectangular beam design method.
(5) For the trial As, check a ≤ hf . If a > hf , revise As using
T beam equation.
(6) Check εt ≥ 0.004
((7)) Check ρw ≥ ρw,min
w min

Example 3.14 (Analysis)
An Isolated T beam
b = 700 mm,
mm hf = 150 mm
bw = 250 mm, h = 750 mm
As = 4,765
4 765 mm2 (6-No.32
(6-No 32 in two rows)
; The centroid of the bar group is 660 mm from the top of the beam
fy = 400 MPa,
MPa fckk = 21 MPa
Calculate the design moment capacity of the beam.
Example 3.15 (Design)
A floor system consists of a 80mm concrete slab supported
by continuous T beams with a span 7.3 m span, 1.2 m on
centers.
Web dimensions, as determined by negative moment
requirements at the supports, are bw = 280 mm and d =
500 mm.
What tensile steel area must be provided at midspan to
resist a factored moment of 723 kN-m?
fy = 400 MPa, fck = 21 MPa Example_Solution_2.pdf

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3 Flexural Analysis/Design of Beam

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

The fundamental principles in the design and analysis of

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

1. A cross section that was plane before loading remains

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

2. Concrete is assumed to fail in compression,

4. Tensile strength of concrete is neglected for calculation

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

5. Compressive stress-strain relationship for concrete

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Calculate the stresses caused by a D25

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

(n − 1) As = 7 ×1,520 = 10, 640 mm 2

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

This situation is under service load state

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Calculate the relevant properties and stress right away!!

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

G The higher compressive strength, the more brittle.

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

from strain diagram

αf ckk bc 2 + Asε u Es c − Asε u Es d = 0 (19)

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Calculate the nominal moment Mn D25

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

F The beam will fail in tension by yielding of the steel

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Korea’s design method is Ultimate Strength Design.

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Equivalent Rectangular Stress Distribution

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

- γ is essentially independent of fck.

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Concrete Stress Distribution in Ultimate Strength Design”

Balanced Strain Condition

As f y = ρbbd f y = 0.85 f ck ab = 0.85 f ck β1cb

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Balanced Strain Condition

Balanced reinforcement ratio

Apply εu =0.003 and Es=200,000 MPa

Theory of Reinforced Concrete and Lab I. Spring 2008

Substitute dt for d and εt for εy

Cf.) (prior to KCI 2007 ρ max = 0.75ρb (28)

εt = 0.002 εt = 0.004 εt = 0.005

Compression Minimum Tension