A Handbook of Germanic Etymology

A HANDBOOK OF GERMANIC ETYMOLOGY
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A HANDBOOK OF
GERMANIC
ETYMOLOGY
BY
VLADIMIR OREL
AEGID
B
E
TA SU
..
P AA LL LL AA S
.
.
TU
.
S
BRILL
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2003
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
ISBN 90 04 12875 1
© Copyright 2003 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored
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   

For Miriam, Elizabeth and Ira, to hear the unspoken word.
If the lost word is lost, if the spent word is spent
If the unheard, unspoken
Word is unspoken, unheard;
Still is the unspoken word, the Word unheard,
The Word without a word, the Word within
The world and for the world;
And the light shone in darkness and
Against the Word the unstilled world still whirled
About the center of the silent Word.
T.S. Eliot
CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................ xi
List of references ............................................................................ xv
Abbreviations .................................................................................. xxxvii
Dictionary ...................................................................................... 1
Indices
Germanic languages .................................................................. 477
Other Indo-European languages .............................................. 629
Non-Indo-European languages .................................................. 683
PREFACE
The objective of this work is to present a reasonably full (but certainly not
exhaustive) collection of Proto-Germanic lexemes with their reconstruc-
tions, their reflections in main branches of Germanic and, whenever
possible, with plausible etymologies and etymological references (the latter
include main etymological dictionaries as well as articles and notes). As it
sometimes happens in other fields of knowledge, for the last fifty or sixty
years linguists have operated under the misleading impression that Ger-
manic etymology does not leave us much more than minor issues to deal
with and that the main bulk of relevant problems in this field has been
solved. I do not believe this view to be true and this book is to prepare
grounds for a future serious revision of the etymologies (mainly, root ety-
mologies) automatically accepted today and sanctified more by habit than
by reason.
The dictionary includes the following categories of (Proto-)Germanic
words:
(a) words attested in two or three branches of Germanic;
(b) words attested in only one Germanic branch but having precise exter-
nal cognates or being sources of wider attested Germanic derivatives;
(c) words attested in only one Germanic branch but representing ancient
loanwords that might have penetrated Germanic at the Proto-
Germanic level.
Clearly, with words of categories (b) and (c), the writer depends on ety-
mological solutions and, therefore, on scholarly preferences and tastes to
a greater extent than with words of category (a). That has certainly
influenced the choice of certain entries. In some cases, entries were added
even when the word represented an innovation in one branch but its dis-
cussion and analysis in the etymological literature indicated otherwise and
the entry could be of some interest for the study of Proto-Germanic.
The dictionary only deals with full lexical parallels in Germanic and the
resulting reconstructions are words (sometimes with their morphological
variants), not morphemes. Internal Germanic cognates are represented by
the oldest attested forms from each branch involved in a given compari-
son. Thus, High German is represented by an Old High German form
unless such has not been registered. In the latter case, High German will
be represented by Middle High German or modern German, and so on.
Normally, an entry will include Gothic (or other East Germanic dialects,
XII PREFACE
usually in reconstruction), Old Norse (or other Old Scandinavian), Old

English, Old Frisian, Old Saxon and Old High German forms.
The Proto-Germanic phonological reconstruction used in the Dictionary
is fairly traditional. No attempt has been made to solve the problem of the
(lack of) opposition between Gmc short *e and *i (even though the present
writer believes the reconstruction of one phoneme would be appropriate):
in most words with established etymology or related forms with different
ablaut grades, the choice between *e and *i raises no doubts. In more
difficult (and rarer) cases, the reconstruction of *e or *i is close to arbitrary.
The same applies to some instances when there was no way to distinguish
between *f and *b or * þ and *¶ on the reconstruction level. One can only
hope that the further progress of Germanic etymology will allow to
improve such reconstructions. Otherwise, the phonological inventory of
Proto-Germanic and the alphabetic order used in the dictionary are estab-
lished as follows: a b ¶ e è (and è2) f x i ì j k l m n ò p r s t þ u ù w.
Transliterations chosen for individual Germanic languages could not be
entirely consistent throughout the book. However, an attempt has been
made to reach a certain level of standardization (which includes, among
other conventions, the omission of traditional post-word asterisks in
Gothic). At the same time, I made it a point to return to the main lexico-
graphic sources for most of the involved Germanic languages (and occa-
sionally, to texts), with the unfortunate exception of Low German, in order
to verify morphological features and meanings of the forms compared.
This process took considerable time and some efforts and was particularly
painful in determining meanings and expressing them in English. It is well-
known how misleading translations of translations of translations can be—
I did my best to control them and to replace them with originally coined
English glosses whenever possible (that applied primarily to Gothic, Old
Norse and Old English). Numerous ghost-words and ghost-meanings
appearing in linguistic publications (not only on Germanic but on other
Indo-European dialects as well) were pitilessly eliminated. I realize, how-
ever, that some of those unfortunately remained undetected.
The semantic reconstruction of the Proto-Germanic words was not even
attempted: too many complications and arguments would have followed
the decision to ascribe meanings to Proto-Germanic words. This exercise
is therefore left to the reader, not without some relief on my part.
Certain constraints (partly dictated by external factors, partly following
the linguistic views of the author) have been imposed to filter out several
groups of words. Primarily, that applies to prefixal verbs and nouns that
have not been included as separate entries even in (numerous) cases when
a prefix is attested in all compared forms. Whenever the prefix can be pro-
jected into the Indo-European prehistory of Germanic, this—rather infre-
PREFACE XIII
quent—fact is noted in the corresponding unprefixed entry. It was also

decided not to include Germanic proper names, toponyms and ethnonyms
as separate units. Proper names, however, appear in quite a few entries
whenever they form parallels to appellative nouns in other Germanic lan-
guages. Loanwords to Proto-Germanic have been included; however, the
status of Latin loanwords proved to be problematic. As a result, the dic-
tionary covers only such Latin elements as may be given the credit of
doubt of being quite old and not obtained by different Germanic dialects
separately or through chain-borrowings.
Clearly, some of the Proto-Germanic morphological reconstructions of
entries are, to a great extent, idealized. In certain cases, for example in
nouns, when certain fluctuations of gender appeared to be of regular
nature, a deeper reconstruction was offered without additional comments.
Some other reconstructions, for example, those of root stems, are undoubt-
edly rather arbitrary too. The same accounts for the reconstruction of
stem vowels in compounds and for the way in which adverbial forms are
presented.
I owe my gratitude to several colleagues of mine: my teachers Leonid
A. Gindin and Vladimir A. Dybo whose interest and encouragement were
always of great importance, Oleg N. Trubachev and Zhanna Zh. Varbot
whose insights of etymology inspired me, Olga A. Smirnitskaia who was
my first teacher of Gothic and Old Norse. I feel greatly indebted to George
Durman and Grigory Zubakov for their practical help with the retrieval of
some etymological sources.1
Several institutions provided me with their assistance, in particular, the
libraries of McMaster University, Princeton University, Hebrew University
in Jerusalem, Tel-Aviv University and Bar-Ilan University.
Finally, I must thank those whose unspoken word keeps me alive.
Vladimir Orel
Princeton – Calgary
March 29, 2003
1
Most of my bibliographic inquiries were successful, with the exception of the recent
work published in the Ukraine: V.V. Levitskii “Etimologicheskii slovar’ germanskikh
iazykov”, I–II, Chernovtsy: Ruta, 2000 of which I could only obtain some information from
the review of M VJa XLVIII/5 124–130.
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ABBREVIATIONS
Languages
Alb - Albanian MIr - Middle Irish

Arm - Armenian MPers - Middle Persian
Av - Avestan MW - Middle Welsh
Balt - Baltic Myc - Mycenaean
Bret - Breton NCauc - North Caucasian
Burg - Burgundian Norw - Norwegian
Chuv - Chuvash NPers - Modern Persian
Crim. Goth - Crimean Gothic OCS - Old Church Slavonic
Dor - Doric OE - Old English
Du - Dutch OESc - Old East Scandinavian
E - English OFrank - Old Frankish
EGmc - East Germanic OHG - Old High German
ELith - East Lithuanian OHung - Old Hungarian
Ethio-Sem - Ethio-Semitic OIr - Old Irish
Etr - Etruscan OLFr - Old Low Frankish
Finn - Finnish ON - Old Norse
Flem - Flemish OPic - Old Picardian
Fr - French OPrus - Old Prussian
G - German OS - Old Saxon
Gaul - Gaulish Osc - Oscan
Gep - Gepidic OSwed - Old Swedish
Gk - Greek OW - Old Welsh
Gmc - Germanic PAlb - Proto-Albanian
Goth - Gothic Phryg - Phrygian
Grg - Georgian PIE - Proto-Indo-European
Hbr - Hebrew Pkt - Prakrit
Hom - Homeric Pol - Polish
Hung - Hungarian Rom - Romance
Icel - Icelandic Russ - Russian
IE - Indo-European Sem - Semitic
Ion - Ionic Skt - Sanskrit (including Vedic)
Iran - Iranian Slav - Slav(on)ic
Lat - Latin Slvn - Slovene
Latv - Latvian Sum - Sumerian
LG - Low German Sweb - Swebian
Lith - Lithuanian Swed - Swedish
MDu - Middle Dutch Umb - FIND
ME - Middle English W - Welsh
Messap - Messapic WGmc - West Germanic
MGk - Middle Greek Yns - Yenisseyan
MHG - Middle High German
Grammatical terms
acc. - accusative comp. - comparative

adj. - adjective cons. - consonantal
coll. - collective denom. - denominative
cmpn. - compound derive. - derivative
XXXVIII ABBREVIATIONS
deverb. - deverbative pl. - plural

dial. - dialectal pln. - place name
dim. - diminutive poet. - poetic
ethn. - ethnonym prep. - preposition
f. - feminine prop. - proper name
impf. - imperfect ptcl. - particle
indecl. - indeclinable refl. - reflexive
irreg. - irregular rvn. - river name
m. - masculine sb. - substantive
mtn. - mountain name sbst. - substantivized
n. - neuter sg. - singular
part. - participle theon. - theonym
perf. - perfect
a
*aba prep.: Goth af ‘from, away from’, *abòn sb.m.: Goth aba ‘husband, man’,
ON af id., OE æf, of id., OFris af, of id., ON afi ‘grandfather, man’, OHG prop.
OS af id., OHG aba id. (with secondary Abo. Probably, a Lallwort (U
-a). Identical with Skt ápa ‘away, off ’, Av PBB XXII 188, XXVII 113–114: nursery
ap¡ id., Gk épÒ, êpo ‘from’, Alb pa word for ‘father’). T-F 15; B-
‘without’, Lat ab ‘from’. B  BB XXI 296 (to *abraz and
72; T-F 15; H AEEW Lith úo“vis ‘father-in-law’); L Studien
9; W-H I 1; F 3; 73–74 (to IE *op- ‘to be able, to bring
M I 37; P I 53; V about’); F AND I 11; Z-
ANEW 2; F I 122; O 624;  BB XXIX 272 (to Etr apa ‘father,
L GED 2; L-S I 5–8; husband’); S KZ LII 311 (same as
K-S 2–3; O AED 307; B); M IF XVII
B OFED s.v. 129, XVIII 208–209 (follows L);
*abisjanan wk.vb.: ON efsa ‘to cut off ’, Z Festschr. Kock 405 (to OE Aba,
OE efesian ‘to cut, to round, to shear’. Abba, Afa); F 1; P I 2; V
Probably derived from *aba. V ANEW 2 (to *afalan; separates ON afi
ANEW 94. ‘man’ from afi ‘grandfather’, the latter to
*abjòn sb.f.: ON efja ‘mud, ooze’, OE ebba Goth awo ‘grandmother’); Z I
‘ebb’ (masc.), OFris ebba id., MDu ebbe id. 152; J LBd LX 199–203; B-
Closely related to Gk êpiow ‘far away’.  IEL 181; L GED 1 (against
Derived from *aba. T-F 15; comparison of Goth with ON).
H AEEW 87; P I 54; *abraz adj.: Goth abrs ‘great, severe,
V ANEW 94; F I 121–122; extreme’, ON afr-endr at afli ‘very strong,
O 299; K-S 203. valiant’. Related to MIr abor- ‘very’, W
*abnjan sb.n.: ON efni ‘material, stuff ’, afr- id. (L RC XLII 64), Thrac prop.
OE and-efn ‘equality, proportion, meas- ÉAbro-zelmiw. M Goth. 64 (to Skt
ure, amount’. Related to Skt ápna- ábhva- ‘monstrous’); K KZ XXV (to
‘possession, work’, Gk êfnow ‘riches, Skt àprá- ‘active, eager (?)’); J IF
wealth’ (with irregular -f-). T-F III 239–241 (to Skt ámbha- ‘power’, Lat
15–16; H AEEW 88; M- omnis ‘all’); B BB XXI 296
 I 40; V ANEW 94. (to *abòn); F KZ XLV 56–57 (same
*abnjanan ~ *abnjòjanan wk.vb.: ON as J); U Btrg. Gesch.
efna ‘to perform, to prepare, to make XXX 253; M Etudes 183 (to Slav
arrangements’, OE efnan ‘to perform, to *obr˙ ‘Avar’); T-F 16; F 1–2;
execute, to labor’, OHG ebanòn id. S-P Slav.-germ. 184–185
Derived from *abnjan. T-F 15– (Slav *obr˙ from Gothic); M KZ
16; H AEEW 88; V LXV 122–123 (follows B);
ANEW 94. V RESl XXIX 122 (against
abraz 2 aft£
S-P); J LBd LX *afaròn sb.m.: Goth afara ‘descendant’,

199–203; W KZ LXXV 58–75 (to OE eafora ‘heir, offspring, successor, son’,
Sum áb2 ‘to procreate’, Akk abàru ‘to be OS avaro ‘descendant’. Derived from
strong’); J IEW 86; P *afar£ (F 4). T-F 15; H-
I 2; V ANEW 2–3; V A6–7;  AEEW 83; T JEGP
L GED 1; B Nom. XLVII 180 (to *abòn); V ANEW 2 (to
248; H 93 (to Skt ápas- ‘work, ON afr ‘buttermilk’); S Studien 164;
action’, Lat opus ‘work’). L GED 3.
*abu prep.: ON au-viräi ‘worthless wretch, *aftan£ adv.: Goth aftana ‘from behind’,
damage’, MHG abe ‘from’. A variant of ON aptan ‘afterwards, again’, OE æftan
*aba. Cf. Gk Arc-Cypr épÊ for épÒ. ‘behind’, OFris efta id., OS aftan ‘eventu-
P I 55; F I 122. ally’, OHG aftan ‘behind, from behind’.
*abuaz ~ *abuxaz adj.: ON ‡fugr ‘bent Derived from *aft£. H AEEW
back, inverted’, OS abuh ‘evil’, OHG abuh 9; F 11; P I 54; V ANEW
‘bad, wrong’. Derived from *aba. Cf. sim- 11; O 18; L GED 7;
ilar but not identical derivatives in Skt B OFED s.v.
ápàka- ‘aside, back’, Slav *opak˙ ‘back, *aftanþaz ~ *èban¶az sb.m.: ON
back to front’. S Plur. 392; aptann, eptann ‘evening’, OE ≠fen id., OFris
K KZ XXXI 389; T-F èvend, iound id., OS àband id., OHG àband
15; W IF XLI 345–350; H- id. Derived from *aftan£ ( J
 AEEW 2; P I54; V MASO V 50–75) with taboo transforma-
ANEW 685; V-T III tions. B IF V 376 (to IE *epi ~
142; L-S I 33–35; K- *opi ); W BB XXVIII 73 (same
S 6; H 93–94. as B); H AEEW 9;
*a¶elaz ~ *a¶elòn sb.m.: OSwed ko-adel P I 324; O 331; V
‘cow’s urine’, OE adela ‘filth’, MLG adel(e) ANEW 11; L-S I 9–13;
‘unpleasant dampness’. Of unknown ori- B KZ CIX 231–232 (non-Indo-
gin. T-F 10 (to Gk ˆnyow ‘dung’); European); K-S 3–4.
H AEEW 2; O 12. *aft(e)raz adj.: Goth aftaro ‘in back of,
*afalan sb.n.: ON afl ‘strength’, OE afol from behind’ (with analogical -o), ON
‘power’, OS abal id. The same root is eptir ‘after’, OE æfter id., OFris efter id.,
preserved in Gk én-apelãsaw: énar- OS aftar id., OHG after id. Modification
rvsye¤w, Hes., Ion eÈpelÆw ‘strong’, Hom of a comparative degree of *aba influ-
Ùlighpel¤h ‘weakness’, Ion énhpel¤h: enced by *afta. Close to Skt apataram
ésy°neia (Hes.). T-F 16; H- ‘farther off ’, OPers apataram ‘away from,
 AEEW 2; P Gliederung 130; far away’, Gk épvt°rv ‘farther’ (B-
P I 52; V ANEW 2 (OE <  Grundriß II/1 324–326). T-
ON); L 1 (to *abòn). F 15; F 11–12; S KZ XL
*afalòjanan wk.vb.: ON afla ‘to acquire, 414; P I 53; S Studien 262
to cause, to contrive’, OHG part. avalònti (to IE *opi ); M I 37; V
‘farmer’. Derived from *afalan. T- ANEW 11; O 18; P SL
F 16; V ANEW 2, 94. XXIX, 59–60; L GED 8; K-
*afar£ adv.: Goth afar ‘after’, ON afar- S 18; B OFED s.v.
‘very’ (in compounds), OHG avur ‘again’. *aft£ adv.: Goth afta ‘behind’, ON eft
Related to Skt ápara- ‘posterior, later’, Av ‘after’ (with e- from eftir), OE æft ‘behind,
aparò id. Cf. *aba. B 76–77; again’, OFris eft ‘later, afterwards’, OS eft,
T-F 15; F 3–4; M I eht ‘after’. Derived from *aba (S
38; P I 54; C SGGJa I Studien 88). H AEEW 88;
107; V ANEW 2; L GED 2–3. F 11; P I 53–54 (to Gk ˆpiyen
aft£ 3 ajò
‘behind’). S Bibel I 484 (Goth H AEEW 89; W-H

afta as an erroneous reading of aftra); I 22–23; F 16; M I 59;
L GED 7–8; B OFED s.v. P I 19–20; C SGGJa I
*aftr£ adv.: Goth aftra ‘back, again’, ON 63; F 18; F I 49, 62; V
aptr id. See *aft(e)raz. T-F 15; ANEW 685; Z II 194; O
F 12; P I 53; S Studien 66; L GED 11.
262 (to IE *opi ); V ANEW 11; *aaz sb.m.: Swed ag ‘swamp grass’, MLG
L GED 8. ag ‘perch’. For the etymology see *aanò
*aftumòn adj.: Goth aftuma ‘aftermost, ~ *axanò. P I 18.
hindmost’. Superlative degree of *aba. Cf. *aeþò sb.f.: OE eeäe, eäe ‘rake, harrow’,
*aftumistaz. F 12; P I 53; OFris eide id. OS egitha id., OHG egida id.
L GED 8; B Nom. Related to OW ocet id. < *okità, OPrus
234. aketes id., Lith akî‘ios, ekî‘ios id. T-
*aftumistaz adj.: Goth aftumists ‘endmost, F 8; H IF XXXVII 230 (also to
final’, OE æftemest ‘last’. Secondary super- Lat occa ‘harrow’; H AEEW
lative based on *aftumòn. H 88; P I 22; C SGGJa
AEEW 9; F 12; P I 53; I 62; F 119; K-S
L GED 8; B Nom. 205.
234. *aez sb.n.: Goth agis ‘awe, fear’, OE
*aa-laikìn ~ *aa-laikan sb.f./n.: Goth masc. ee ‘fear, horror, dread’. An es-stem
ag-laitei ‘licentiousness, debauchery’ (irreg- derivationally identical with Gk neut.
ular -t- < *-k-), OE a-lác ‘misery, grief, êxow id. (A KZ I 355). Further
trouble’. Compound of *aa (see *aanan) connected with *aanan. Already in Goth
and *laikan (M Word II 66–71). oblique cases are based on *aesan. Cf.
T-F 9; H AEEW 3; A- masc. *aesòn id. > OE eesa id., OS egisa
 Lehnw. 28–31 (OHG agaleizi ‘dili- id., OHG egiso id. Z Gutt. 218;
gence, zeal’ < Goth); F 14 (to *aluz); T-F 9; H AEEW 89;
S Goten 227–228 (follows A- F 14; P I 7; C
); L GED 10. SGGJa I 110; F I 202–203; Z
*aanan str.vb.: Goth agan ‘to be afraid of ’ II 223; S 362; L GED 10;
part. un-agands ‘fearless’. Related to Gk P Karg-Gasterstädt Festschr. 93–
êxomai ‘to be sad, to mourn’, OIr ad- 135 (to *awi- ‘snake’ in *awi-þaxsjòn);
ágathar ‘to fear’. T-F 9; F 13, B Nom. 211; K-S
380–381 (on Goth og ‘to be afraid of ’); 902.
P I 7; V ANEW 3; F I *aìn sb.f.: Goth un-agei ‘fearlessness’,
202–203; S 362; P KZ XC OHG egì ‘fear’. Derived from *aanan.
9–10; L GED 9. F 13; P I 7; V ANEW 3;
*aanò ~ *axanò sb.f.: Goth ahana Z II 223; O 65; L
‘chaff ’, ON ‡gn id. (pl. agnir < fem. GED 10; H 94.
*aaniz), OE eenu ‘little round heap’ (< *aja-stainaz sb.m.: ON egg-steinn ‘sharp
*ainò; pl. from fem. *aanòn), OS agana stone’, MLG egge-stèn ‘corner-stone’,
‘chaff ’, OHG agana id. Derived from MHG ecke-stein id. Compound of *ajò
*aaz. Derivationally close to Skt a≤áni- and *stainaz. C Nom. comp. 83 (par-
‘thunderbolt, tip of a missile’, Gk êkaina allel formations).
‘spike, prick’, êkanow ‘pine-thistle’, Lat *ajò sb.f.: Burg *agja ‘edge’, ON egg id.,
agna ‘ear (of grain)’ < *a˚nà, Lith a“nìs OE ec ‘edge, angle, blade, sword’, OFris
‘edge, blade’, Latv asns ‘new shoot’. egg, ig ‘edge, sword’, OS eggia id., MHG
A KZ I 353 (to Lat acus ‘needle, ecke ‘sharp point, side’. Related to Gk
pin’); Z Gutt. 129; T-F 7; ék¤w ‘sharp point’, Lat aciès ‘sharp edge’
ajò 4 axaz(an)
and other continuants of IE *a˚- ‘sharp’. *awja-lan¶an ~ *axwja-lan¶an sb.n.:

T-F 8; H AEEW 87; ON ey-land ‘island’, OE é-land id., OFris
W-H I 8; P I 19; a-lond id., MLG ei-lant, eyg-lant id. Com-
V ANEW 94; Z I 148; F pound of *awjò ~ *axwjò and *lan¶an.
I 52; O 301; B Nom. O 486–487; K-S 209;
113; K 708; K-S 204; B OFED s.v.
B OFED s.v. *awjò ~ *axwjò sb.f.: ON ey ‘island’,
*ajòjanan wk.vb.: ON eggja ‘to incite, to OE í id., OFris a, ey id., OHG ouwa id.
goad’, OE ecan ‘to sharpen’, OFris eggia ‘to Pln. Oium ( Jordanes 60.15) < Goth *aujan
drive, to fence’, MLG eggen ‘to sharpen’. and -avia in Scandinavia belong here.
Derived from *ajò. H AEEW Derived from *axwò (B KZ XI
87; V ANEW 95. 403–404). T-F 9; H
*aljanan wk.vb.: Goth agljan ‘to harm’, AEEW 186; F 18; P I 23;
OE elan ‘to trouble’, MLG egelen ‘to C SSGJa I 54; Z I
annoy’, OHG egilen ‘to torment’. Derived 148; V ANEW 106; O 486;
from *aluz. H AEEW 89; D Vºddhi 25; L GED 13;
F 15; P I 8; O 21; L-S I 99–103; B-
L GED 10; H 95.  Nom. 113; K-S 61;
*aluz adj.: Goth aglus ‘difficult, toilsome’, B OFED s.v.
OE ele ‘troublesome, hateful’. Con- *awnòjanan wk.vb.: OE eánian ‘to yean,
nected with Skt aghá- ‘bad’, Av agò id. to bring forth (of ewe)’, WFris eandje id.,
S KZ I 151; W BB Du dial. oonen id. Based on the unattested
XXVIII 50 (to Gk éxlÊw ‘fog’); *awnaz identical with Lat agnus ‘lamb’,
B 47–48; T-F 9 (to Gk émnÒw id., OIr úan id., Slav *agn\ id.
Gk ˆxlow ‘crowd, throng’); F 15; Specifically close to Slav *agniti s\ ‘to
H AEEW 89; M Word II bring forth (of ewe)’. M BSL
67; M I 19; P I 8; XXIV 183–184 (isolates Gk and Lat);
L GED 10; B Nom. W-H I 23; C
249; H 95. SGGJa I 59; P I 9; F I 93;
*anan sb.n.: ON agn ‘bait’. From *a˚nó-. O 1019; T Zhiv. 71–73,
Related to *axjanan. Structurally close to ESSJa I 54–55; D BSA 123–124.
Skt neut. á≤ana- ‘meal’. T-F 8; *axaz(an) sb.n.: Goth ahs ‘ear of grain’,
P I 18; C SGGJa I ON ax id., OE ear id., OFris àr id., OS
106; V ANEW 3. ahar id., OHG ehir id. Related to Toch B
*auraz sb.m.: ON ‡gr ‘kind of fish, carp’. àk ‘ear of grain (?)’, Gk êxnh ‘foam,
Derivationally close to OIr aicher ‘sharp’, chaff ’ < *a˚snà, Lat acus id. (s-stem), Slav
Lith e“er‹s, dial. a“er‹s ‘perch’, Latv asars, *ost¸ ‘spike of corn, sharp point’, *osera
asaris id. (M KZ XXIV 466). Fur- ‘ear, spike of corn’. Z Gutt. 129;
ther related to IE *a˚- ‘sharp’. T- T-F 7–8; H AEEW 85;
F 23; T BSW 14; P W-H I 11; F 17–18;
I 20; F 125. P I 22; C SGGJa I 63;
*awi-þaxsjòn sb.f.: OE áäexe ‘lizard’, OS V ANEW 21; F I 202; Z
egithassa, ewithissa id., OHG egidehsa id. II 223; O 297; V-T
Compound consisting of *awi- (from III 167; T Etim. 1968 60 (OHG
*og⁄hi-, cf. Skt áhi- ‘snake’, Gk ˆfiw id., ahir < *a˚ero- = Slav *osera, Lith a“er‹s
K apud Z Gutt. 99) and ‘perch’); L GED 12; L-
*þaxsjòn derived from *þexsanan. T- S I 95–98; B Nom.
F 9; H AEEW 8; M- 212; K-S 21; A TB
 I 68; P I 44; F II 453. 35–37.
axiraz 5 axwò
*axiraz ~ *axuraz sb.m.: Dan ær Z Gutt. 188; B 260;

‘maple’, Germ dial. Acher id. Related T-F 8; M IF XLIV 137–
to Lat acer id. W-H I 6–7; 138; P Kelt. Gr. I 103, 392;
P I 20. W-H II 199–200; F 18;
*axjanan wk.vb.: ON æja ‘to bait, to rest’. M I 63; P I 22, 775;
Probably derivationally close to Skt F 19–20; V ANEW 17; F
à≤ayati ‘to make eat’ (to Skt a≤nàti ‘to eat, II 374–375; O 304; L GED
to consume’). T-F 8; M- 12; L-S I 121–124; R-
 I 60; P I 18. B Numerals 588–589; K-S
*axmaz sb.m.: Swed dial. åm ‘swamp 12; A TB 110; B OFED s.v.
grass’. Derivationally similar to Gk ékmÆ *axtu¶òn ~ *axtuþòn num.: Goth
‘point, edge’ < *a˚-m- ‘sharp point’. ahtuda ‘eighth’, ON átte id., OHG ahtodo
P I 19; F I 153–54. id. Other forms, ON áttandi, OFris ach-
*axslò sb.f.: ON ‡xl ‘shoulder-joint’ (from tunda, MLG achtende and the like, were
fem. *axsliz), OE eaxel ‘shoulder’, eaxle id. restructured under the influence of
(òn-stem), OFris axle, axele id., OS ahsla *sebun¶an ~ *sebunþan. T-F 8;
id., OHG ahsla id. (ò- and òn-stem). F 18; V ANEW 17; R-B
Derived from *axsò. Derivationally simi- Numerals 629–630; B OFED s.v.
lar to Lat àla id. < *a·slà. Z *axurnaz sb.m.: OS ahorn ‘maple’, OHG
Gutt. 187; R WuS XII 112–114; ahorn id. Derivationally close to Gk
T-F 8; H AEEW 87; ékarna: dãfnh (Hes.), Lat acernus ‘of
W-H I 25; P I 6; maple-tree’. Connected with *axiraz
C SGGJa I 89; V ANEW ~ *axuraz. W-H I 6–7;
689; Z II 195; L-S I P I 20; L-S I 110–
114–116; K-S 12. 113; K-S 20–21.
*axsò sb.f.: OE eax ‘axis, axle’, OFris axe *axwa-¶ukkòn sb.f.: ODan å-dokke ‘water-
id., MLG asse id., OHG ahsa id. Related dock’, OE éa-docce id. Compound of *axwò
to Skt ákßa- ‘axle’, Gk êjvn id., Lat axis and *dukkòn. O 280.
id., OIr aiss id., Lith a“ìs id., Latv ass id., *axwalaz sb.m.: ON soä-áll ‘flesh-hook’ (=
Slav *os¸. T-F 8; M BSL Lat fuscinula), OE neut. awel ‘awl’, OHG
XXV 144; T BSW 14–15; R- ahil ‘point of the ear (of corn)’. Deriva-
 WuS XII 112–114; H tionally similar to Lat aculeus ‘spine’, W ebil
AEEW 87; B Origines 7; W- ‘drill’ < *a˚⁄ìlƒo-. Connected with IE *a˚-
H I 89; M I 16; ‘sharp’, see *aanò ~ *axanò. T-F 8;
P I 6; C SGGJa I H AEEW 8; W-H
108; F 19; F I 116; I 11; P I 19; C SGGJa
Z I 146; V-T III I 63, 107; V ANEW 6.
167–168; L-S I 113–114; *axwò sb.f.: Goth aa ‘flowing body of
K-S 11–12. water, river’, ON á ‘river’, OE eá
*axsulaz sb.m.: ON ‡xull ‘axle’. Derived ‘running water, stream’ (root stem), OFris
from *axsò. Derivationally close to W echel à, è id., OS aha id., OHG aha id. Iden-
id., Bret ahel id. < *aksilà. T-F 8; tical with Lat aqua id. Z Gutt.
P I 185; K-S 11. 60; T-F 9; B IF LII
*axtòu num.: Goth ahtau ‘eight’, ON átta 225; H AEEW 82; W-
id., OE eahta id., OFris achta id., OS ahto H I 60; F 18–19; P
id., OHG ahto id. Continues the Indo- Gliederung 100–101, 205–207 (on the rela-
European word for ‘eight’: Toch A okät, tion with *ap- ‘river’); W KZ
B okt-, Skt aßtáu, aßtà, Av a“ta, Gk Ùkt≈, LXXV 67 (to *e˚⁄os); J ZdPh
Arm ut', Lat octò, OIr ocht n-, Lith a“tuonì. LX 113 (ON to Gmc theon. ON Yngvi,
axwò 6 aikanan
OE In, OS Ing); P I 23; C- *aiòn sb.f.: ON eiga ‘ownership, prop-
 SSGJa I 54; V ANEW 1; erty’, OE áe ‘property’. Derived from
Z II 205; O 487; L *aixa. H AEEW 3; V
GED 12–13; B Nom. 199; ANEW 95; S 69.
L-S I 99–103; K- *aiwiskaz adj.: Goth un-aiwisks ‘blame-
S 11; B OFED s.v. less’, OE ≠wisc ‘disgraced, ashamed,
*ai¶az sb.m.: Crim. Goth sched-iit ‘light’, abashed’, MLG eisch ‘hateful’. Related
OE ád ‘funeral pile’, OS èd ‘firebrand’, and structurally similar to Gk a‰sxow
OHG eit id. Identical with Skt édha- ‘fuel’, ‘shame’ < *aig ⁄hsko- (F I 345–346), cf.
Gk a‰yow ‘firebrand’, OIr áed ‘fire’. *aiwjanan > OE ≠wan ‘to despise, to
P Kelt. Gr. I 57; T-F 2; scorn’ (W MLN XVI 309). T-
W JEGP XIII 504; H F 2 (to Gk a‰sxow ‘shame’); H-
AEEW 2; F 414; M I 128;  AEEW 14; F 30; P I
P I 11; F I 37–38; L 14; F I 146–47; M KZ LXXIX
GED 298. 38–41 (to *aiwaz ~ *aiwiz); B Gedenk-
*ai¶sòn sb.f.: ON eisa ‘glowing embers’, schr. Güntert 53, 55; P IF LXXXIII
MLG èse ‘hearth’. Derived from *ai¶az. 138 (agrees with M); S KZ
Reflects an original s-stem *aidhes-. LXXXI 123; L GED 21; K-
T-F 3; V ANEW 97–98; S 214.
P I 12. *aixa str.vb.: Goth aih ‘to have, to own’,
*aianan ~ *aienan sb.n.: Goth aigin ON á id., OE áh id., OFris aga, hàga id.,
‘belongings, possessions, property’, ON OS pl. ègun id., OHG pl. eigun id. Related
eigin ‘one’s own, of property’, OE áen to Toch B aik- ‘to know, to recognize’,
‘property’, OFris ègin, ein id., OS ègan id., Skt ≈≤e, ≈ß†e ‘to possess, to own’, Av aès- ‘to
OHG eigan id. Substantivized *aianaz ~ dominate’ (P Gr. 31). S
*aienaz. H AEEW 10; V KZ I 153; B 26; T-F
ANEW 95; S 69–70. 1; F 20; H AEEW 10;
*aianaz ~ *aienaz adj.: ON eiginn J IEW 46; M I 96;
‘own’, OE áen id., OFris ein, egen id., OS P I 299; Z I 150; V
ègan id., OHG eigan id. Past participle of ANEW 95; O 638; S 69–72;
*aixa. T-F 1; H AEEW L GED 14; K-S
10; V ANEW 96; O 638; B- 208–209; A TB 101–102; B
 OFED s.v. OFED s.v.
*aienan sb.n.: ON eigin ‘seed’, MLG ìne *aixtiz sb.f.: Goth aihts ‘belongings, pos-
‘shoot, sprout’. Related to Lith ái≥a sessions, property’, ON ≠tt, átt ‘family,
‘crack, rift’, ái≥ëti ‘to be peeled’, éi≥ëti race’, OE ≠ht ‘possessions, property,
‘to jump up, to start up’. F III 2 power’, OHG èht ‘property, power’. Deri-
(to *ai˚- ‘spear’); T-F 2; B- vative in *-tiof *aixa. Close to Av ì“ti-
 BB XXVII 166; P I 15; ‘ability, power, property’. B-
F 4; V ANEW 95–96.  376–377; T-F 1; H
*aienòjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-aiginon ‘to AEEW 10; F 20; M WZUG VI
appropriate’, ON eigna ‘to dedicate, to 218–220; P I 298–299; Z
attribute’. Cf. also *aienènan in OE ánian I 150; S 70; L GED 14;
‘to possess, to own, to appropriate’, MLG B Nom. 143.
ègenen id., OHG eigenèn ‘to take possession *aikanan str.vb.: Goth af-aikan ‘to deny,
of ’. Derived from *aianaz ~ *aienaz. to abjure’, OHG in-eihhan ‘to claim’
H AEEW 3; F 20; V (gloss, = in-sagèn). Related to MIr éigid ‘to
ANEW 96; L GED 14; K- shout’. Further cf. *aixtròjanan > Goth
S 209. aihtron ‘to beg, to pray’, a denominative
aikanan 7 aina-buranaz
based on the unattested *aixtra- = Gk *akranan); T-F 1; H

ofiktrÒw ‘pitiable’. B ZdPh AEEW 2; P I 13; V ANEW
V 229–230 (from *ai·- ‘to spring’); 96; F I 31; Z II 205; P
S IF IV 101 (to Gk e‰pon ‘to St. balt. X 52 (to OPrus ansonis ‘oak’);
speak, to say’); G Goten 4 O 619; B Nom. 195;
(to Gk ±m¤ ‘to say’); T-F 1; G Wurzelnomina 21–32; K-
U PBB XXVII 114 (to Slav  708; K-S 207.
*iz˙ ‘out, from’); F 3; F JEGP *ailan sb.n.: OE ál ‘flame’. Despite pho-
XLII 270 (to Gk o‰ktow ‘waiting’, MIr netic difficulties, probably from *ai¶lan
éigid ‘to cry’), Goth. 2–3; B BSOAS connected with *ai¶az (S IF IV
XXI 536–538 (to Toch en- ‘to instruct’, 339). Derivationally close to MIr áel
Gk éna¤nomai ‘to refuse, to renounce, to ‘lime’ < *aidh-lo-. F KZ I (NF) 3–4
spurn’); P I 298; F II 361– (to Lat ad-oleò ‘to burn’); J ZdPh
362; S 72–73; L GED 2. XXXI 285–288 (influenced by IE *alèto:
*aikìnaz adj.: Burg *aikins, ON eikinn Skt neut. alàta- ‘fire-brand, coal’); W
‘oaken’, OE ≠cen, ácen id., OFris èzen, ètzen JEGP XIII 500 (to OE ile ‘hard skin’);
id., MLG èken id., OHG eihhìn id. De- H AEEW 3; P I 12;
rived from *aikz. H AEEW 8; V ANEW 99–100.
V ANEW 96; K 708. *aili¶az sb.m.: ON eldr ‘fire’, OE æled ‘fire,
*aikwernòn ~ *ìkwernòn sb.m.: ON conflagration’, OS èld ‘fire’. Derived from
íkorni ‘squirrel’, OE ácwern id. (neut.), *ailjanan. T-F 3–4 (to W ailwyd
MLG èkeren, èkhorn id., OHG eihhurno id. ‘hearth’ < *ailètà); H AEEW
A taboo transformation of the name 10; P I 12; V ANEW 99–100;
attested in Lat uìuerra ‘weasel’, Bret gwiber O 38.
‘squirrel’, Lith vëverìs, vaiverìs id., Slav *ailjanan wk.vb.: OE ælan ‘to kindle, to
*vîverica id., probably influenced by *aikz set on fire, to burn’. Derived from *ailan.
and formations in *-ern-, cf. *þewernò(n). T-F 3; H AEEW 10;
T-F 27 (to Skt éjati ‘to stir, to P I 12.
move’); M ZDADL XLII 166 (the first *aimaz sb.m.: ON eimr ‘reek, vapor’, OE
part to ON eikinn ‘savage’); S BB ám ‘reed, slay of a weaver’s loom’, E dial.
XV 134 (the first component to Skt ejati oam ‘warm wind’. Continues *ai-mo- or,
‘to stir, to move’); H AEEW 2; better, *aidh-smo-, eventually related to
S KZ LXII 253–254 (Lat uìuerra < *aidh- ‘to burn’, cf. in particular Av aèsma-
*uì-uer-sa); W-H II 808; ‘firewood’, Lith íesmë id. B
P I 14 (compound of *aik- con- 26–27; H AEEW 3; P I
nected with Skt éjati ‘to move’ and *wern- 11–12; V ANEW 96; O 308.
related to Lith vaiverìs ‘squirrel’, Slav *aimuzjòn sb.f.: ON eimyrja ‘embers’, OE
*vîverica id.); F 1233; V ≠myrie, ≠mere id., MLG èmere id., OHG
ANEW 284; K-S 207 (recon- eimuria ‘pyre, hot ash’. Derived from
structs *aikurnan). *aimaz (K KZ XXVI 84). T-
*aikz sb.f.: Burg *aiks ‘oak’, ON eik id., F 32; H AEEW 11; V
OE ác id., OFris èk id., OS èk id. (i-stem), ANEW 96; O 308; K-S
OHG eih id. (i-stem). Compared with Gk 34 (compound of *aimaz and *usjòn > ON
afig¤lvc ‘kind of oak’, with the second poet. ysja ‘fire’).
component identified with l≈c: xlamÊw, *aina-aujaz adj.: ON ein-eygr ‘one-eyed’,
Hes., lopÒw ‘shell, bark’, Lat aesculus ‘kind OE án-eáe id., MLG ein-òge id., OHG
of oak’ (K Glotta III 335). ein-ougi id. Compound of *ainaz and
S KZ X 461–462 (to Gk afigan°h *aujaz. C Nom. comp. 64.
‘hunting spear’); K KZ LXXI 151 (to *aina-buranaz ~ *aina-burenaz adj.:
aina-buranaz 8 aina-lìkaz
ON ein-borinn ‘only begotten’, OE án-boren Compound of *ainaz and *xar¶uz. C

id., OHG ein-boran ‘unique, sole’. Com- Nom. comp. 63.
pound of *ainaz and participle of *bera- *aina-xlaupiz adj.: ON ein-hleypr ‘single,
nan. C Nom. comp. 92 (calque of Lat unmarried’, OE án-hlíepe id., late OS èn-
unigenitus). lòpe ‘alone, single’. Derived from *ainaz
*aina-¶aòn sb.m.: ON ein-dagi ‘term for and *xlaupan. H AEEW 163;
pay’, OE án-daa ‘fixed day, time C Nom. comp. 62; S 260;
appointed, day appointed for hearing a M Festschr. Schröder 259–261, KZ
cause’, OS èn-dago ‘day of death’. Com- CV 129; H 293.
pound of *ainaz and *¶aaz. K *ain(a)kai adv.: ON einka- ‘only, special’
EngS LXX 40–43 (compares *ain- with (in compounds), Du ènec ‘alone’. Derived
Skt inóti ‘to advance upon, to press upon’; from *ainaz. Cf. a similar pattern in Slav
cf. *ferinò ); T-F 199; H *j¸nog˙ ‘single’ and Cypr ‡ggia. V
AEEW 4; C Nom. comp. 58; P ANEW 99; T ESSJa VIII 231;
I 241–242; L GED 86. L GED 16.
*aina-fal¶az adj.: Goth ain-falþs ‘in one *ainak(i)laz adj.: Goth ainakls ‘alone,
piece, simple’, ON ein-faldr id., OE án- standing alone’, ON name of a sea-king
feald ‘simple, single, one, alone’, OFris en- Ekkill, OSwed sbst. ænkill ‘widower’,
fald ‘singular, single’, OS èn-fald id., OHG MLG enkel ‘single’. Derived from *ain(a)kai.
ein-falt ‘pure, single’. Compound of *ainaz G Got. 14 (from *ain-ak-l-az,
and *fal¶az. F 23; C Nom. comp. cf. *akanan); F 22–23; V ANEW
64–65; L GED 16; H 99; L GED 16; R-B
187–188; K-S 211; B Numerals 658.
OFED s.v. *aina-lifa ~ *aina-liba num.: Goth
*aina-fòtjaz adj.: ON ein-f≤ttr ‘one- ainlif ‘eleven’, ON ellifu id., OE endleofan
legged’, OE án-féte id. Compound of id., OFris andlova, elleva id., OS elleban id.,
*ainaz and *fòtjaz (see *fòtz ~ *fòtuz). OHG einlif id. Most of WGmc forms
C Nom. comp. 65. have a secondary -(a)n. Compound of
*ainaaz ~ *aineaz pron., adj.: Goth *ainaz and *lif- ‘left’ (see *laibjanan). A sim-
ainaha ‘only, sole’ (< *ainaxaz), ON einigr, ilar structure is found in Lith vienuólika id.
eingi ‘none, any’, OE ≠ni ‘any, anyone’, in which -lika is identical with Gmc *lif-
OFris ènich ‘only’, OS ènig id., OHG sbst. (G Germania I 19, DG II 946–947).
einago ‘hermit, monk’. Derived from M MSL XV 259; Z Gutt. 12;
*ainaz. Cf. a similar derivation in Lat T-F 3; B KZ XLIV
ùnicus id. (S PBB XXVII 356). 133–135; H AEEW 91; F
T-F 3, 557 (to Slav *inok˙ ‘monk’ 23; P Gliederung 146; P I
but *-ok˙ < *ok ⁄o-); H AEEW 670; C SGGJa I 74–75;
11; W-H II 821; F 22; F 1239–1240; V ANEW
P I 286; V ANEW 97; O 101; O 306; L GED 17;
41; L GED 16; R-B R-B Numerals 593–596 (*aini- in
Numerals 656–657; K-S 211– Goth); K-S 217; B
212; B OFED s.v. OFED s.v.
*aina-xan¶jaz adj.: ON ein-hendr ‘single- *aina-liftòn num.: ON ellepti ‘eleventh’,
handed’, OE án-hende id., OHG ein-henti OE ællyfta, endlefta id., OFris andlofta id.,
id. Compound of *ainaz and *xan¶jaz (see OS ellifto id., OHG einlifto id. Derived
*xan¶uz). C Nom. comp. 65. from *aina-lifa ~ *aina-liba. R-B
*aina-xar¶uz adj.: ON ein-harär ‘coura- Numerals 633–634; B OFED s.v.
geous, constant’, OS èn-hard ‘hostile, evil’, *aina-lìkaz adj.: OSwed ènlìker ‘alone’,
OHG ein-harti ‘courageous, constant’. OE ≠nlíc ‘singular, incomparable, excel-
aina-lìkaz 9 aiskòjanan
lent’. Derived from *ainaz. R-B írask ‘to be rumored abroad’), AEEW 6;
Numerals 663. F 26–27; V ANEW 14; Z
*aina-naxtjaz adj.: ON ein-n≠ttr ‘one II 198; L GED 19; B
night old’, OE adv. án-nihte id., MHG ein- Nom. 66.
nehte id. Compound of *ainaz and *naxtjaz *airi adv.: Goth air ‘early’, ON ár id., OE
(see *naxtz). C Nom. comp. 65. ≠r ‘previously, before’, OS èr id., OHG èr
*aina-rè¶az adj.: ON ein-ráär ‘self-willed’, id. Continues loc. *aƒ(e)ri. Related to Av
OE án-r≠d ‘one-minded, unanimous, ayar6 ‘day’, Gk ±°riow ‘early’. Cf. com-
agreed’, OHG ein-ràti ‘secret’. Com- parative *airiz > Goth airis ‘before, ear-
pound of *ainaz and *rè¶az. C Nom. lier’, ON ær id., OE ≠r ‘early, former’,
comp. 94–95 (parallel formations). OFris èr ‘before, earlier’, OS èr id., OHG
*aina-stapòn sb.m.: ON ein-stapi ‘a kind èr id. and superlative *airistaz > OE ≠rest
of fern, Pteris aquilina’, OE án-stapa ‘lone ‘first’, OS èrist id., OHG adv. èrist id.
wanderer’. Compound of *ainaz and F KZ XXII 95–96; B
*stapan. C Nom. comp. 87 (parallel 157; T-F 3; H AEEW
formations). 12; F 24–25; S Kl. Schr. 825,
*aina-wal¶òn sb.m.: ON ein-valdi ‘mo- 833; P I 12; V ANEW 12,
narch’, OE án-wealda ‘sovereign, gover- 681; F I 624; O 323–324;
nor’. Compound of *ainaz and *wal¶òn. L GED 18; K-S
C Nom. comp. 87 (calque of Lat 205–206; B OFED s.v.
monarchus in OE). *airi-¶aaz sb.m.: ON pl. ár-dagar ‘days of
*aina-wìjan sb.n.: ON ein-vígi ‘single yore’, OE pl. ≠r-daas id., OS pl. èr-dagos
combat’, OE án-wí id., OHG ein-wìgi id. id. Cf. also OHG adj. èr-tagìg ‘of yester-
Compound of *ainaz and *wìjan (see day, before the dawn’. Compound of *airi
*wìan). C Nom. comp. 58. and *¶aaz. C Nom. comp. 58.
*ainaz num.: Goth ains ‘one’, ON einn id., *airinòjanan wk.vb.: Goth airinon ‘to be
OE án id., OFris àn, èn, on id., OS èn an emissary, to be a messenger’, ON árna
id., OHG ein id. Identical with Lat ùnus ‘to intercede, to pray’. Derived from *airaz
id., OIr óen id., OPrus ains id. further ~ *airuz. F 25; V ANEW 14.
related to Skt éka- id., Av aèvò id., Gk o‰ow *airi-wakraz adj.: ON ár-vakr ‘early
id. B 22–24; P Kelt. awake’, OHG èr-wackar id. Compound of
Gr. I 57, 447; T-F 3; H *airi and *wakraz. C Nom. comp. 63.
AEEW 4; W-H II 821; F *airò sb.f.: ON ár ‘oar’, OE ár id. Of
24; M I 126; P I unknown origin. B PBB XXIV
281–286; V ANEW 97; F II 367; 429 (to *ròanan); T-F 3; H-
O 627; T PJa I 63–64;  AEEW 7; P I 298 (to Gk
L GED 17; B Nom. o‡aj ‘handle of rudder’); V ANEW
227; R-B Numerals 559–561; 12; O 619; L GED 19.
K-S 210; B OFED s.v. *aiskòjanan wk.vb.: OE ascian ‘to
*airaz ~ *airuz sb.m.: Goth airus ‘emis- inquire, to ask’, OFris àskia ‘to demand,
sary, messenger’, ON árr, ‡rr ‘messenger’, to claim’, OS èscon ‘to promote, to fur-
OE ár ‘messenger, herald’, OS èr ‘messen- ther’, OHG eiscòn ‘to search, to look for’.
ger’ (< *airiz). Probably, a derivative of Related to Skt éßati ‘to seek’, iccháti, ‘to
*airi. G Goten 15; T- seek, to wish’ < *is-s˚e-, Av aè“- id., Arm
F 3; W BB XXVIII 46; hayc'em ‘to beg’, Lith íe“kau, ie“kóti ‘to seek’,
W MLN XIII 82 (from *ei- ‘to go’); Slav *iskati id. (F BB XVI 170–171).
B PBB XXIV 430–433 (to *airò ); B KZ III 40–41; B
M IF XVIII 249–251 (to *arja- 28–31; T-F 4; T BSW
nan); H PBB LXVI 267 (to ON 67; H AEEW 7; M I
aiskòjanan 10 aiwaz
85; P I 16; F 182; with Gk o‰tow ‘fate’, OPhryg oito- id.
O 54; T ESSJa VIII (M IF XVIII 295; G
238–239; K-S 366; B Goten 16). These forms could be (but not
OFED s.v. necessarily are) derived from *ei- ‘to walk’
*aiskròjanan wk.vb.: ON eiskra ‘to roar, (B IF XXXVII 241) or related
to rage’. A denominative based on the to Hitt ¢ai- ‘to believe, to trust’ (P
unattested *aiskran. Related to Lith ái“kus III 9–10). A  J MSL
‘clear’ and derivationally close to Slav VII 292 (from Celtic, cf. OIr oeth ‘oath’);
*j¸skra ‘sparkle’ (< neut.). P Bei- O BB XXIV 208–209 (to Gk
träge 950; J IF XIX 112–114 (to a‰now ‘consent’); T-F 2; B-
Lat aestus ‘heat’); F 3; P I  IF XII 30 (compares o‰tow with Av
16–17; T ESSJa VIII 239–240. aèta- ‘punishment’); M IF XVIII
*aitaz sb.m.: OHG eiz ‘abscess’. Related 295 (to *ei- ‘to go’); P Kelt. Gr. I
to Arm aitnum ‘to swell’, Gk ofidãv id. 58 (to Lat ùtor ‘to need’); H
(F KZ I 5–6). Structurally close to AEEW 8; F 29; T Notes 36 (to
Gk neut. o‰dow ‘swelling, tumor’. T- Gk ‡thlow ‘abiding’); L Language IX
F 2; P I 774; F II 357– 246 (from Celtic); K Spr. Vorz. 134;
358; K-S 214. P Gliederung 121; P I 11,
*aitilaz adj.: ON sbst. eitill ‘nodule in 295; C SGGJa I 96; V
stone’, EFris eitel ‘fast, raging’, OHG sbst. ANEW 95; Z II 185; O
eizzala ‘gallnut’. Derived from *aitaz. 619; F II 370–371; B 393,
B BB XXVII 172; V 433; C 788; S Goten
ANEW 98; K-S 214. 53–54 (against the Celtic etymology);
*aitòn sb.f.: OE ≠te ‘oats’, OS eriwit ‘pea’ P JIES XI 281–298; L
(< *arwa-aitò ), OHG araweiz id. (< *arwa- GED 20; B Laryngeals 128; B-
aitò ). May be related to *aitaz (W  Nom. 78; O Phrygian 449;
JEGP XIII 500). For the semantic dev- K-S 207–208; Boutkan OFED
elopment cf. Gk o‡daj ‘unripe fig’. s.v.
W BB XXVIII 46, 50 (recon- *aiþìn sb.f.: Goth aiþei ‘mother’, OHG
structs *araw-ait- with suff. *-ait-); fuotar-eidì ‘nanny’. Cf. also *aiþòn ‘mother’
H AEEW 7; P I 774; > ON eiäa. Derived from *aiþaz (M-
O 619; K-S 228.  KZ LXXVI 85–86: a legally
*aitran sb.n.: ON eitr ‘poison’, OE ≠tor id., acknowledged mother as opposed to a
OFris àter ‘pus’, àtter id., OS èttor id., concubine-mother). U Btrg.
OHG eitar id. Derived from *aitaz. If Gesch. XXVII 115 (to Basque aita
originally from *‘swelling’, can be directly ‘father’); G Goten 16 (to Gk
compared with Slav *îdro ‘womb, lap’. fut. Ù¤sv ‘to carry’); T-F 2; F
T-F 2; H AEEW 8; 28, PBB LIII 397–400 (from non-existent
P I 774; V ANEW 98; Illyr OHYH ‘mater Dea’); K PBB
Z I 138; K-S 214 (to LVII 426–428 (against F); V
Slav *îd˙ ‘poison’). ANEW 95; Z I 157; L
*aiþa-stabaz m: ON eiä-stafr ‘wording of GED 20.
an oath’, OE áä-stæf ‘oath’, OS èd-staf id., *aiwaz ~ *aiwiz sb.m.: Goth aiws ‘age,
MHG eit-stap id. Compound of *aiþaz eternity’, OE ≠w, á ‘law’, OFris a- ‘law’
and *stabaz. C Nom. comp. 46. (in cmpn.), OS èo id., OHG fem. èwa id.
*aiþaz sb.m.: Goth aiþs ‘oath’, ON eiär id. Cf. also ON ævi ‘time, eternity’ < *aiwìn.
(gen. sg. reflects *aiþiz), OE áä id., OFris Acc. sg. *aiwin is used as an adverb ‘ever’:
èth, èd id., OS èth id., OHG eid id. Goth aiw, ON æ, OE á, OS èo, OHG io.
Identical with OIr óeth id. and, probably, Related to Skt àyu- ‘vital power’, Av àyù
aiwaz 11 ake
‘lifespan’, Gk afi≈n ‘vital power’, Lat 324–325; T-F 1; H

aeuus, aeuum ‘age’. V Btrg. Gesch. AEEW 9–10; F 2; P I
LVIII 1–66; Z Gutt. 74 (to *ei- ‘to 783–784; V ANEW 94–95; F II
go’); B 333; T-F 4; 1150; Z II 223; S
H AEEW 8; W-H Sprache XV 144–167; L SL
I 21; B BSL XXXVIII XIV/2 10–11, Verschärfung 10.2; O
103–112; F 30–31; T Notes 36 303; T ESSJa I 61–62;
(to Lat iùs ‘right, law’); M I 77; L Phon. 36–46, GED 2; K-
P I 17; F I 49; Z II S 206.
214; O 66; L GED 22; B *ajukaz adj.: Goth ajuk-duþs ‘eternity’, OE
Gedenkschr. Güntert 47–48, 53–54; K- éce ‘eternal, perpetual’. Derived from
S 238, 410; B OFED s.v. *aiwaz ~ *aiwiz. Probably derivationally
*aiwiþò sb.f.: ON lang-æä ‘long lasting’, similar to Lat iùgis ‘permanent, perpetual’
OHG èwida ‘eternity’. Derived from (S Etym. 93–94). T-F 4;
*aiwaz ~ *aiwiz. V ANEW 680. B MSL IV 140–141 (Goth suffix <
*aizan sb.n.: Goth aiz ‘copper’, ON eir Lat); F 32; H AEEW 8;
‘brass’, OE ár ‘ore, brass, copper’, OS èr W-H I 727; P I 17;
‘ore’, OHG èr ‘ore, copper’. Related to B AE 12, Nom. 262; L-
Skt áyas- ‘metal, iron’, Av ayah- id., Lat  GED 23; H 97.
aes ‘ore’ continuing IE *aƒos-. B- *akanan str.vb.: ON aka ‘to drive (in a
 159; T-F 4; H vehicle)’, OE acan ‘to ache, to pain’.
AEEW 7; W-H I 19–20; Despite the semantic discrepancy, these
W-H I 19–20; F 31; forms are historically identical (S
M I 46; P I 15; 74–75). Cf. the meanings of Lat agitò ‘to
C SGGJa I 90; V ANEW put in motion, to drive, to rouse up, to
97; Z I 138; L Verschär- disturb’. Related to Toch B àk- ‘to lead,
fung 11.4; G-I 709–710; to guide, to drive’, Skt ájati ‘to drive’, Av
L GED 22; B Nom. azaiti id., Arm acem ‘to lead, to bring’, Gk
212; K-S 206. êgv ‘to lead’, Lat agò ‘to drive’, OW agit
*aizò sb.f.: ON eir ‘peace, clemency’ (< ‘to go’. Z Gutt. 195; W AJPhil
*aizjò ), OE ár ‘honor, glory, kindness’, XXVII 59 (OE to Skt àgas- ‘transgres-
OFris ère ‘honor’, OS èr, èra ‘honor, help’, sion, fault’ Gk êgow ‘pollution, guilt, expi-
OHG èra ‘honor’. Related to Osk abl. pl. ation’); L KZ XLVIII 99–100M
aisusis ‘sacrifice’, Marruc dat. pl. aisos (same as W); B 223–224;
‘gods’, Umbr esono- ‘divine, sacred’ and T-F 7; H AEEW 2;
probably to Gk a‡domai ‘to respect’ < W-H I 23–24; P Glie-
*aiz-d- (B BB IV 313). derung 120; M I 23; P I
Perhaps, further connected with *aiskòjan. 4; V ANEW 3; F I 18; O
T-F 4; H AEEW 7; 8–9; A TB 36.
F 27–28; P I 16; V ANEW *akaz sb.m.: Run prop. akaR, Identical
97; F I 34–35; Z II 191; with Gk êgÒw ‘leader, chief ’. Further
P IF XCIV 295; K-S related to *akanan. F I 18; B-
206; B OFED s.v.  Nom. 51.
*ajjaz sb.n.: Crim. Goth nom. pl. ada *ake conj.: Goth ak ‘but, however’, OE ac
‘egg’, ON egg id., OE æ id., OS ei id., id., OS ak id., OHG oh id. Related to Gk
OHG ei id. Related (without traces of *⁄ êge ‘now, then’, Lat age id. (H
and with Verschärfung) to OPers xàya id., IF XVII 458–459). B KVG 616
Gk ”Òn id. Arm ju id., W wy id., Slav (from *aþa/*aþi and particle *k(e) as in
*aj¸ce, *aje id. M Btrg. Gesch. XXXI Goth mik); H AEEW 1; F
ake 12 ala-þeu¶ò
32; S GR XXVI 57 (to IE *a˚- stem. Probably related to Gk éj¤nh id.,
‘sharp’ followed by a particle); L Lat ascia ‘axe of carpenters and masons’
GED 23. < *acsià ( J BuZ 20: reconstructs IE
*akra-karlaz sb.m.: ON akr-karl ‘plow- *ag- parallel to *a˚-). Z Gutt. 89;
man, reaper’, OE æcer-ceorl id. Compound K Einleitung 164; W-
of *akraz and *karlaz. C Nom. comp. H I 71–72; P I 9; F I
80 (parallel formations). 115–116; Z II 205; O 66;
*akra-mannz sb.m.: ON akr-maär ‘plow- L-S I 44; K-S
man, farmer’, OE æcer-man id., MLG 70 (*akwesjò).
acker-man id., OHG ackar-man id. Com- *akwesjò ~ *akwezjò sb.f.: Goth aqizi
pound of *akraz and *mannz. C Nom. ‘axe’, ON øx id. (*akusjò ), OE æcs, æx id.,
comp. 71 (parallel formations). OFris axa id. Derived from *akusiz.
*akranan sb.n.: Goth akran ‘fruit’, ON Z Gutt. 89; T-F 7; H-
akarn ‘acorn’, OE ≠cern id., MLG eckeren  AEEW 9; F 54; P
id. Derived from *akraz (T-F 16). Gliederung 133; P I 9; V
Z apud Z Gutt. 213 (deriva- ANEW 683; Z II 205; L
tionally close to Celt *agrìnƒà ‘sloe’: Ir GED 40; K-S 70.
áirne, W aeron ‘fruit’ MBret irin, and other *ala-xwìtaz adj.: ON al-hvítr ‘quite white’,
continuants of IE *òg-); L IF XVIII OE eal(l)-hwít id., OS ala-hwìt id. Com-
503–506 (to Lith úoga ‘berry’ Slav *agoda pound of *alaz and *xwìtaz. C Nom.
id.); U TNTL XXV 249; comp. 62.
P Kelt. Gr. I 103, 143; H- *ala-maxtiaz adj.: ON al-máttigr ‘al-
 AEEW 9; F 32–33; P mighty’, OE eall-mihti id., OFris el-
I 773, KZ L 46–48; V ANEW 4; mechtich id., OS ala-mahtìg id., OHG
Z I 139; L GED 24; ala-mahtìg id. Compound of *alaz and
B Nom. 83; K-S *maxtiaz. C Nom. comp. 91–92 (cal-
204. que of Lat omnipotens).
*akra-werkan sb.n.: ON akr-verk ‘field- *ala-mannz sb.m.: Goth ala-mans ‘(all)
work’, OE æcer-weorc id. MLG acker-werk mankind’, ON al-manna- ‘general, com-
id. Compound of *akraz and *werkan. mon’ (in compounds), MLG al-man
C Nom. comp. 71 (parallel formations). ‘mankind’, OHG ethn. Ala-man. Cf.
*akraz sb.m.: Goth akrs ‘field’, ON akr id., ÉAla-mano¤, Ala-manni = OHG Ala-man.
OE æcer id., OFris ekker id., OS akkar id., Compound of *alaz and *mannz. C
OHG ackar id. Related to Skt ájra- ‘plain, Nom. comp. 56–57; S PVN 6–8;
field’, Gk égrÒw ‘field’, Arm art id., Lat F 34; L GED 25.
ager id. continuing IE *a·ros, a derivative *alanan str.vb.: Goth alan ‘to grow on, to
of *a·- ‘to drive’ (see *akanan). T- feed on’, ON ala ‘to beget, to bear’, OE
F 7; B IF XVIII 132; P- alan ‘to nourish, to grow, to produce’.
 KZ XXXIX 352; K KZ LV Related to Lat alò ‘to nourish’, OIr alim
312–313; H AEEW 8; W- id. S KZ I 558 (to Lat part.
H I 22; F 33; T PBB altus); T-F 20; H AEEW
LXVII 126; M I 23; P 3; W-H I 31–32; F 34;
I 6; V ANEW 4; F I 16; J IEW 37–38; P I 26;
Z I 129; S 74; L V ANEW 4–5; S 75–77;
GED 24; B Nom. 74; L- L GED 25.
S I 40–42; K-S 13; *ala-þeu¶ò sb.f.: ON al-þjóä ‘the com-
B OFED s.v. mons’, OS ala-thioda ‘mankind’. Com-
*akusiz sb.f.: OS akus ‘axe’, OHG ackus id. pound of *alaz and *þeu¶ò. C Nom.
In dat. sg. WGmc keeps traces of a root comp. 59.
ala-wal¶az 13 al¶iz
*ala-wal¶az ~ *ala-wal¶òn sb.m.: ON ‘river-bed’, MHG rvn. Elbe. Usually con-

al-valdr ‘sovereign king’, OE eal-wealda id., nected with Lat albus ‘white’, Gk élfÒw
OS ala-waldo id., MHG al-walte id. Com- ‘dull-white leprosy’ (S Kl. Schr.
pound of *alaz and *wal¶an. L 120). However, the meaning in Swed and
GED 29 (calque of Gk pantokrãtvr or MLG makes this etymology not very reli-
Lat omnipotens). able and implies the existence of a Gmc
*alaz adj.: Goth ala-mans ‘mankind’, ON appellative *albiz ‘river, river-bed’ hardly
al-vitr ‘all-wise’, OE eal-mihtig ‘almighty’, derived from a color adjective. T-
OFris al-evna ‘in a similar way’, OS ala- F 21; E SSUF 1939/13 1–15 (to
hwìt ‘quite white’, OHG ala-wàri ‘friendly, Swed dial. älv and Lat Alpes); W-
benign’. Usually compared with Toch B H I 26–27; R Nazwy
àl ‘entire, uncastrated (?)’ and to Lat ollus 174 (on hydronyms including that of the
‘ille’, OIr oll ‘amplus’. However, more Elbe); P I 30–31; V ANEW
probably, immediately derived from 100; F I 81–82.
*alanan with a semantic development sim- *al¶a-dòman sb.n.: Goth aldomo ‘old
ilar to that of Lat tòtus ‘all’ (to *teu- ‘to age’, OE eald-dóm ‘age’, OHG alt-tuom id.
swell’) and Lith vìsas ‘all’, Slav *v¸s¸ id. Derived from *al¶az ( J Festschr.
(to Lith veÛsti ‘to breed’), see M St. Noreen 457); for the derivational pattern
Balt. III 132; P Paideia VIII/4–5 292. cf. *wìsa-¶omaz. G Goten 18
T-F 20; H AEEW 10; (reconstructs superl. *aldumin, to *alanan);
W-H II 206–207; F 33; E KZ LII 124; F 34–35;
P I 24–25; S 75–76; K Nom. Stamm. 81 (suffix *-òman
L GED 24; A TB 53–54. identical with Lat -àmen); L GED
*albatiz ~ *albetiz sb.f./m.: ON ‡lpt 25.
‘swan’ (traces of a root stem), OHG elbiz *al¶az adj.: Crim.-Goth alt ‘old’, OE eald
id. Cf. also OE ilfetu id. < *albet( j)ò. id., OFris ald id., OS ald id., OHG alt id.
Derivative of *albh- ‘white’ similar to Slav Derived from *alanan. Derivationally sim-
*olb‡d¸ ~ *elb\d¸ ‘swan’. P KZ IV ilar to Gk ênaltow ‘sateless’, Lat altus
124–126; O IF VIII 65–66; T- ‘high’ (B PBB XLIII 310–324).
F 22 (adduce Gk §lefit¤w ‘a kind of B PBB XLIII 310–324; T-
fish’); H AEEW 186; P F 20; W-H I 31–32;
Gliederung 144; P I 30; C- F 40; H AEEW 83–84;
 SGGJa I 80; V ANEW 101; H IF XXXVIII 179–183 (seman-
Z II 205; S LS 31; tic parallel in Lat decem annos natus);
T ESSJa VI 19. W-H I 31–32; P
*albaz sb.m.: Burg *alfs ‘elf ’, ON alfr Festschr. Debrunner 343–349; P I
‘nightmare, elf ’, OE ælf ‘elf, genius, 26; F I 102; O 625; L-
incubus’, MLG alf ‘evil spirit’, OHG S I 171–173; S 76;
alb id. Of uncertain origin. K KZ L-S I 171–173; B-
IV 110 (to Skt ºbhú- ‘clever, skilful’);  Nom. 250–251; H
W Festschr. Bugge 152–155 (to 97–98; K-S 30–31; B
*albh- ‘white’); T-F 21; S- OFED s.v.
 apud M StG XIII 5–13 (to *al¶iz sb.f.: Goth alds ‘generation, age,
the name of the Alps); H life-time’, ON ‡ld ‘age, time’, OE pl. ilde
AEEW 186; P I 30; V ANEW ‘men’, OS pl. eldi ‘people’. Related to
5–6; K 708; K-S *al¶az, *al¶ran. P I 26–27;
24–25. B Btrg. Gesch. XLIII 310–324;
*albiz sb.f.: ON rvn. Elfr, Swed dial. älv T-F 20; H AEEW 186;
‘deep river-bed’, OE rvn. Ielf, MLG elve F 35; V Btrg. Gesch. LVIII 11–18;
al¶iz 14 alinò
V ANEW 686; Z I 150; S- *el˚is (Gk êlkh id., Lat alcès id., Slav *ols¸
 76; L GED 26; B- id.) (M ZDADL XXXIX 26; O
 Nom. 144. Etym. I 318). K KZ I 39 (to IE
*al¶ìn sb.f.: ON elli ‘old age’, OE ildu ‘age, *º˚to- ‘bear’); F KZ I 493 (same
life’, OFris elde id., OS eldì id., OHG eltì as K); T-F 26; H-
id. Derived from *al¶az. T-F 20;  AEEW 92; W-H I 28;
H AEEW 186; P I 27; P I 303; V ANEW 100; F
V ANEW 100; Z I 157; I 75; O 306; S LS 33–34;
H 98. K-S 215.
*al¶janan wk.vb.: ON eldask ‘to grow old’, *alxz ~ *alxaz sb.f./m.: Goth alhs ‘tem-
OE ildan ‘to delay, to tarry, to defer’, ple’, ON -áll (in cmpn.), OE ealh
MHG elten ‘to make old’. Derived from ‘residence, temple’, OS alah ‘temple’. The
*al¶az. H AEEW 186; V consonantal stem appears to be a sec-
ANEW 99; H 98. ondary modification of *alxaz. Identical
*al¶òn sb.f.: ON alda ‘wave’, Norw dial. with Lith afikas, alkà ‘holy grove’ (M-
olda ‘trough’, Swed dial. ålla ‘long and  BB XXII 241 Bù II 148–149).
narrow hollow’. Related to Slav *old¸ja Cf. also Gk élkÆ ‘strength, defence’,
‘boat’, Lith aldijà, eldijà ‘river boat’ (L êlsow ‘gorve, sacred grove’ (H
BSB 3–4, 9–10). T-F 21; M- BB XXV 106)? Presumably further con-
 RES VII 7–8; T BSW nected with Skt rákßati ‘to protect, to
6; P I 31–32; F 120; guard’, Gk él°jv ‘to ward off, to
V-T II 510. defend’. K KZ I 39; T
*al¶ra-¶aaz sb.m.: ON pl. aldr-dagar KZ XVI 188–190; M WuS IX
‘everlasting life’, OE ealdor-dæ ‘day of 108–109 (to Lat ulciscor ‘to avenge, to
life’. Compound of *al¶ran and *¶aaz. punish’); R Wortst. 10–11 (derived
C Nom. comp. 80 (parallel formations). from *alanan); Z Gutt. 128; T-
*al¶ra-laan sb.n.: ON aldr-lag ‘death, F 21 (to Gk élkÆ); H
destruction’, OE ealdorlæ id., OS aldar- AEEW 84; F 36–37; P Gliederung
lagu id. Compound of *al¶ran and *laan. 97; M III 30; P I 32;
C Nom. comp. 45. V ANEW 6–7; F I 75; F
*al¶ran sb.n.: Goth adj. fram-aldrs ‘aged, 7; Z II 205; S LS 13;
advanced in age’, ON aldr ‘age, life, old L GED 27; B Nom.
age’ (< *al¶raz), OE ealdor ‘age, life’, OS 195; G Wurzelnomina 33–40.
aldar id., OHG altar id. Related to *al¶az. *alina-buòn sb.m.: ON ‡ln-bogi ‘elbow’,
Continues IE *altrom, cf. OIr altram ‘nour- OE eln-boa id., MLG ellen-boge id., OHG
ishment’ (cf. OIr altru ‘foster-father’ W elin-bogo id. Derived from *alinò and
athraw ‘teacher’), or *altros as in éltrÒw: *buòn. T-F 273; C Nom.
misyÒw, Hes. (B PBB XLIII 317). comp. 46; V ANEW 686; O 305;
Further connected with IE *al- ‘to grow’. K-S 218.
P Kelt. Gr. I 137, II 45; T- *alinò sb.f.: Goth aleina ‘cubit’ (with *-ì-),
F 20; H AEEW 84; F ON ‡ln ‘cubit, forearm’ (partly *aliniz),
164; V PBB LVIII 11–18; P I OE eln ‘ell’, OFris ielne id., OS elina id.,
26–27; V ANEW 5; Z II 165; OHG elina id. Related to Gk »l°nh id.,
L GED 124; L-S Lat ulna id., OIr uilenn ‘angle’, W elin
I 173–174; B Nom. 86; ‘elbow’, OCorn elin id., Bret ilin id. (<
K-S 31. *olìnà, cf. the Gothic form), Alb llërë ~
*aliz ~ *elxaz ~ *elxòn sb.m.: ON elgr llanë id. < *olenà. K KZ XXVI 101
‘elk’, OE eolh id., OHG elaho id. Ac- (on -ei- in Goth); R SAW [1919]
centual variants continuing IE *ol˚is ~ 793 (reconstructs *-ì-); P Kelt. Gr.
alinò 15 alkòn
II 59, 111; T-F 21; H 289 (to IE *al- ‘to burn’); F BB
AEEW 90; W-H II 812; XX 185 (to Gk §lãv ‘to drive, to drive
F 35; P I 307-308; D VSJa on’); C SSN VIII 1–13 (to Gk
25 (pretonic shortening of *ò- in Gmc); élÊv ‘to be active’); W-P I
V ANEW 686; Z II 192; 156 (to Lat alacer ‘lively, brisk, quick’);
F II 1146; O 306; O AED H AEEW 89; F 38;
238; L GED 26; S LL P I 25, 28; V ANEW 100;
352 (follows D); K-S F I 357–358; Z II 173; L-
217–218.  GED 28 (agrees with J);
*alizò ~ *alisò sb.f.: Goth *alisa ‘alder’ P III 52 (to Hitt ¢al⁄ammar ‘eager-
(> Sp aliso id.), OS elira id., elis- (in ness, zeal’).
cmpn.), OHG elira, erila id. Cf. also ON *aljanòjanan wk.vb.: ON elna ‘to wax, to
elri < *alizjan, alri < *alizan. Identical with grow’, OE elnian ‘to make strong, to strive
Maced êliza: ≤ leÊkh t«n d°ndrvn with zeal’, OHG ellinòn ‘to strive with
(Hes.), Slav *el¸xa ‘alder’ Further con- zeal’. Derived from *aljanan I. H-
nected with Lat alnus ‘alder’. Lith afiksnis  AEEW 90; V ANEW 101.
id. P Beiträge 893–895; K- *al( j)a-wixtiz sb.f.: ON al-vitr ‘super-
 Glotta XV 305–307; T-F natural being, Valkyria’, OE æl-wiht
26, 560; G 27 (reconstruc- ‘strange creature, monster’. Compound
tion of Goth); W-H I 31; of *aljaz (with analogical influence of
P I 302–303; C SSGJa *alaz) and *wixtiz (S PBB XII 488).
I 57; F 8; F I 73; V W Festschr. Bugge 175 (non-synco-
ANEW 101; Z II 214; O pated form of ON elptr ‘swan’); Ó
23; T ESSJa VI 23–24; K- ANF XXXIX 114–115 (ON from *alf-
S 230. vitr); C Nom. comp. 32 (ON < OE);
*alja-lìkòt adv.: Goth alja-leiko ‘otherwise’, V ANEW 7.
ON el-liga, el-ligar id., OE comp. el-lícor, *aljaz adj.: Goth aljis ‘other’, OFris ili-, ele-
elcor id., OFris comp. ekkor ‘apart from id. (in compounds). In other Germanic
that, moreover’, OS comp. elcor ‘other- languages gen. sg. (meaning ‘otherwise,
wise’, OHG comp. elihhòr ‘further’. Based else’) is preserved, cf. OSwed äljes, OE
on the unattested adj. *alja-lìkaz, com- elles, OFris elles, MDu els, OHG alles.
pound of *aljaz and *lìkaz. H Related to Arm ail id., Gk êllow id., Lat
AEEW 89; F 37–38; V ANEW alius id., Gaul alios id., OIr aile id.
101; L GED 27–28; B P Kelt. Gr. I 32, 69; T-F
OFED s.v. 22; H AEEW 90; W-
*aljanan I wk.vb.: Goth aljan ‘to fatten’, H I 30–31; F 38–39;
Norw dial. elja id. Derived from *alanan. P I 25; F I 76–77; Z
F 38; P I 26. II 173; O 307; S Studien 70;
*aljanan II sb.n.: Goth aljan ‘avidity, L GED 28–29; K-S
eagerness, zeal’, ON fem. eljan ‘endu- 216–217; B OFED s.v.
rance’, OE ellen ‘strength, power, vigor’, *aljòn I prep., adv.: Goth alja ‘but,
OS ellean ‘courage’, OHG ellen ‘zeal’. except’, ON ella ‘otherwise, else’. Derived
Derived from *aljaz with a semantic dev- from *aljaz. Similar with Gk éllã ‘but’,
elopment similar to that of Gk deinÒw Arm ail ‘but (rather)’. F 37; F I
‘fearful’ ~ de¤dv ‘to be afraid’ going back 76–77; L GED 27.
to *d⁄ò ‘two’. F Spracheinh. 302 (to *aljòn II sb.f.: ON elja ‘concubine’, MDu
Lat alacer ‘lively, excited’); O Nom. elle ‘rival’, OHG ella ‘concubine’. Derived
Stamm. I 63–66 (same as F); T- from *aljaz. V ANEW 100.
F 20; J ZfdtPh XXXI 285– *alkòn sb.f.: ON alka ‘sea bird, alca, awk’,
alkòn 16 aluþ
OE ealce id. Of unknown origin. L *al(l)un(òt) adv.: ON ‡llung-is ‘alto-

ANF XIII 30–31 (to Lat olor ‘swan’); gether’, OE ealluna, eallina id., OS alung
T-F 22; H AEEW 83; id., OHG adj. alang ‘whole’. Derived
V ANEW 6 (same as L). from *alaz, *allaz (H ANF XI
*alla-berxtaz adj.: ON all-bjartr ‘very 348). H AEEW 84; V
bright’, OE eall-beorht id. Compound of ANEW 686.
*allaz and *berxtaz. C Nom. comp. 63. *alþanaz ~ *al¶enaz adj.: Goth us-
*alla-kal¶az adj.: ON all-kaldr ‘very cold’, alþans ‘old, infirm’, ON aldinn ‘old’.
OE eal-ceald id. Compound of *allaz and Participle of the unattested strong vb.
*kal¶az. C Nom. comp. 63. *alþanan (with analogical -þ- in Gothic).
*al(l)a-wal¶an¶z sb.m.: Goth all-waldands See *alþjaz. F 529; S 77–78.
‘ruler, almighty’, OS ala-waldand id., *alþjaz adj.: Goth alþeis ‘old’, ON comp.
MHG al-waltende id. Participial form of a ellri ‘older’. Identical with OIr altae ‘adult’
compound based on *alaz or *allaz and (M Corr. 47). Further related
*wal¶anan. A calque from Lat omnipotens to *alanan. S KZ I 558 (to Lat
or Gk pantokrãtvr cannot be excluded. part. altus); T-F 20; B
F 40; C Nom. comp. 57; S PBB XLIII 310–324; K NB II
KZ LXXXII 79 (extension of *al(l)a- 330–331, 370; T-F 20; F 40;
wal¶az ~ *al(l)a-wal¶an); L GED P I 27; V ANEW 101; M-
29.  AGIt XLVI 139–147 (Germanic
*al(l)a-wèrjaz adj.: ON ‡l-værr ‘friendly, tradition of killing the aged); L
hospitable’, OE adv. eal-wer-líce ‘liberally, GED 29–30; H 98–99.
freely’, MLG al-wàr ‘foolish’, OHG ala- *alun¶az sb.m.: ON ‡lunn ‘a kind of fish,
wàri ‘friendly, hospitable, benign’. Cf. mackerel’, OS alund ‘whitefish’, OHG
also Goth allawerei ‘simplicity, sincerity, alunt id. Of unclear origin. Derived from
total gareement’ Compound of *alazor, *alanan? L PBB LIX 254–255;
*allaz and *wèrjaz. C Nom. comp. 62; T-F 558; H AWN 357
V ANEW 687; S IF LXXVIII (to *aliz ~ *elxaz ~ *elxòn); V ANEW
146–162; K-S 25. 686–687 (to *al- ‘white’); K-S
*allaz adj.: Goth alls ‘all’, ON allr id., 24.
OE eall id., OFris alle, al id., OS al id., *aluþ sb.n.: ON ‡l ‘beer, ale’ (wa-stem with
OHG al id. Continues *alnaz derivation- traces of a root stem), OE ealu, ealo id.,
ally close to Osc allo ‘all’, OIr uile id. OS alu- (in compounds). Connected with
(U IF LXIII 241–245). Further or borrowed to OPrus alu ‘mead’, Lith
connected with *alaz. K KZ I alùs id., Slav *ol˙ id. Scyth *alut- (cf.
516; M RG XXI 38 (from *alos prop. ÉAloÊyagow and Osset æluton ‘beer’)
with a secondary geminate); T-F from Gmc, indicative of the early chron-
21; H AEEW 84; W- ology of Germanic contacts with East
H II 206–207; F 40, 579; Iranian (from where NCauc *’VlVdwV
M Gém. 176; P I 24–25; ‘beer’). Grg ludi, dial. aludi id. is also
V O-21; F 7 (no connec- from Gmc but hardly via Iranian. K
tion with Lith aliái ‘every, all’); D- KZ XV 313–314; S PBB X 449;
 SG 41 (to Arm amb-o∑ú ‘all’ < *olƒ-); T-F 21; H PBB XXIII 336;
V ANEW 7; V U-17-18; B KS 64–66, 70 (Balt and Slav bor-
O 25; S 76; L GED rowed from Gmc); K Lehnw.
29; L-S I 129–131; B- 78–80; H AEEW 84; S
 Nom. 228, 246; K-S 195–196; A OJaF 338–339; P-
27; I Proc. IX UCLA 76; B  I 33–34 (related to Lat alùta ‘a
OFED s.v. kind of soft leather’); F 8–9;
aluþ 17 ananan
V ANEW 686; Z I 221; W mwyalch id. (F I 515). On the other
O 24; S LS 13; V- hand, the Germanic word appears to be
T III 132–133; B a transparent derivative of *amsaz (a bird
Nom. 215; N-S NCED with a distinctly colored back?). P-
224.  Kelt. Gr. I 73; T-F 16; S-
*aluþ-bankiz sb.m./f.: ON ‡l-bekkr ‘ale-  DVN 54–55; H AEEW
bench’, OE ealu-benc id. Compound of 243; W-H II 77–78; P-
*aluþ and *bankiz. C Nom. comp. 55.  I 35–36; C SGGJa I
*aluþ-xùsan sb.n.: ON ‡l-hús ‘ale-house’, 101; O 636; H IF LXXXVII
OE ealu-hús id. Compound of *aluþ and 77–79; L-S I 212–213;
*xùsan. C Nom. comp. 82 (parallel K-S 35.
formations). *an ptcl.: Goth an ‘so, then’. Similar to Lat
*aluz sb.m.: ON ‡lr ‘alder’, OE alor id. particle an ‘or’, Gk ên. T-F 11;
Variant of *alizò ~ *alisò. H W-H I 44; F 41; P-
AEEW 3; P I 302; V ANEW  I 37; L GED 30 (unrelated
686; Z II 214. to Gk ên).
*ammòn sb.f.: ON amma ‘grandmother’, *ana(i) prep.: Goth ana ‘on account of, at’,
MDu amme ‘nanny’, OHG amma id. A ON á ‘on, upon’, OE on id., OFris a ‘to,
Lallwort typical of many other languages in, at’, OS an id., OHG ana, an id.
cf. Gk émmã ‘mother’. T-F 16; Related to Av ana ‘through, along’, Gk
V ANEW 8; L-S I (Ion-Att) êna ‘on’ (S Studien 203–
205–206; K-S 33–34. 207). B 112–114; T-
*ampraz adj.: ON apr ‘cold, sharp’, MDu F 11; H AEEW 4; F
amper ‘sour, sharp’. Probably from an ear- 41; P I 39–40; V ANEW 1;
lier *amraz. Related to Skt amlá- ‘sour’ < F I 100; O 627; L GED
*om6ro- Lat amàrus ‘bitter’. J IF 30; B OFED s.v.
III 240; T-F 16; K NB II *an(a)mòn sb.f.: OFris omma ‘breath’.
256–257; W-H I 35; M- Close to Gk ênemow ‘wind’, Lat animus
 I 46; P I 778; V ‘spirit, soul’, OIr anim id. For further con-
ANEW 11; L-S I 207–209; nections see *ananan. P Kelt. Gr.
H 99–100; K-S I 170, 240; W-H I 49–50;
35. P I 38; F I 105; L
*amsaz sb.m.: Goth ams ‘shoulder’. GED 388; A TB 40–42 (Toch A
Related to Hitt an(a“)“a ‘part of the back’, àñcäm, B àñme ‘wish, self, soul’ as a con-
Toch A es, B àntse ‘shoulder’, Skt áása- flation of *ètmen and *an6mo-); B
id., Arm us id., Gk »mÒw id. (with length- OFED s.v.
ening of the root vowel), Lat umerus id., *ananan str.vb.: Goth uz-anan ‘to breathe
Slav *‡s˙ ‘mustache’ continuing IE *omsos out, to expire’. Related to Toch B anàsk-
~ *omesos (L apud A KZ I ‘to inhale, to breathe’, Skt ániti ‘to
283–4). T-F 16–17; S- breathe’ and further to Toch AB àñm-
N I 636; W-H II 815; ‘life, spirit’, Gk ênemow ‘breath’, Lat
F 40–41; M I 14; P animus ‘soul’ anima ‘air, wind’, Slav *von¸
I 778; V ANEW 16; F II 1148; ‘smell’. The participle in *-to- is reflected
Z I 129; T Etim. 1970 in OE neut. or-oä ‘breath, breathing’ <
13–14; L GED 30; A TB *-anþan identical with Gk êntai: êne-
43–44. moi, éntaw:pnoiãw, Hes. T-F 10;
*amslòn sb.f.: OE ósle ‘blackbird’, OHG W-H I 49–50; F 538;
amsla id. Usually connected with Lat H AEEW 242; M I
merula id. and Celt *mesalkà or *misalkà > 33–34; P I 38–39; F I 105;
ananan 18 an¶òn
S 78–79; V-T I flecting *–te. Cf. Skt ánti ‘before, near’,
349; L GED 385; B átha ‘then, now’ (if from *–t-), Gk ént¤
Nom. 77; A TB 12; B IFTJa ‘over against’. See *unþi. T-F
237. 13–14; H AEEW 5; M-
*an¶a prep.: Goth and ‘throughout, from  I 28 (against the connection with
one side to the other’, ON and- ‘opposite, Skt); P I 50; V ANEW 102;
against’, OE and- id., OS and- id., OHG F I 113–114; O 36; K-
ant- id. Closely related to Gk ênta ‘oppo- S 847; B OFED s.v.
site’, Lith añt ‘on, in order to’. Cf. comp. *an¶i-lausaz adj.: Goth andi-laus ‘end-
Goth andiz-uh ‘either’, ON endr, enn ‘in less’, ON enda-lauss id., OE ende-leás ‘infi-
times of yore, again’, OE énd ‘formerly, of nite, eternal’, OS endi-lòs ‘endless’, MHG
old’, OS endi ‘earlier’, MHG end id. For ende-lòs id. Compound of *an¶jaz and
further connections see *an¶jaz. T- *lausaz. F 50; C Nom. comp. 88
F 13; L SNF IX/1 6; H- (parallel formations); L GED 229.
 AEEW 5, 90; F 46, 50; *an¶jaz sb.m.: Goth andeis ‘end’, ON endir
P I 49; F 11, IF XL id., OE ende id., OFris enda, ende id., OS
88–90; V ANEW 9, 102; F I endi id., OHG neut. enti id. Based on IE
112–113; S Studien 310– 315 (to adv. *anti ‘opposite’ (Skt ánti ‘before,
*an followed by *-ta, *-ti ); L GED near’, Gk ént¤, see also *an¶a). Cf. in
34, 37. particular Skt antya- ‘last’, Gk ént¤ow
*an¶baxtaz sb.m.: Goth andbahts ‘serv- ‘opposite’. Cf. also *anþjan > ON enni
ant’, ON ambátt ‘bondwoman’ (> *an¶- ‘forehead’ with a different stress. T-
baxtò ), OE ambeht ‘servant’, OHG ambaht F 13; H AEEW 90; F
id. If Goth -nd- is due to analogy with the 49; W-H I 54; M I
prefix and-, an alternative reconstruction 35–36; P I 48–50; V ANEW
*ambaxtaz is more acceptable. Borrowed 102–103; F I 113–114; Z II
from Celt *amb(i)-aktos: Gaul-Lat ambactus 165; O 313; L GED 36;
‘servant’ W amaeth ‘servus arans’ (A B Nom. 66; K-S
 J MSL VII 289–290). 220–221; B OFED s.v.
Z ZfceltPh III 353, 374 (on the substi- *an¶jòjanan wk.vb.: ON enda ‘to end’,
tution of Celt amb- with Gmc *an¶-); OE endian id., OFris endia id., OS endion,
B IF XIX 390 (on the structure endòn id., OHG entòn id. Derived from
of the Celtic word); T-F 13; H- *an¶jaz. H AEEW 91; V
 AEEW 3; F 48–49; W- ANEW 102.
H I 36–37; V ANEW 8; *an¶ò sb.f.: ON ‡nd ‘porch’. Compared
B IEL 110–111; L GED with Skt àtà ‘door frame’, Lat antae ‘pil-
36; L-S I 195–196; K- lars or pilasters on each side of doors’
S 35–36. (B KZ XIX 401). Yet, a comparison
*an¶baxt( j)an sb.n.: Goth andbahti ‘serv- with *an¶jaz is not less attractive. T-
ice’, ON emb≠tti id., OE ambiht ‘office, F 13; W-H I 52; M-
ministry, service’, OS ambaht ‘service’,  I 72; V ANEW 687.
OHG ambaht id., ambahti id. Derived from *an¶òjanan wk.vb.: ON anda ‘to breathe’,
*an¶baxtaz. T-F 13; H OE óäian ‘to blow strongly’. Derived
AEEW 3; F 48–49; V ANEW from *an¶òn. H AEEW 243;
102; Z II 214; K-S P I 38; V ANEW 9.
35–36. *an¶òn sb.m.: ON andi ‘breath’, OE anda
*an¶i conj.: ON en, enn ‘and’, OE and id., ‘malice, envy, hatred’, OS ando ‘breath’,
OFris and, anda id., MDu enn id. A full OHG anto ‘zeal’. Cf. also ON ‡nd ‘breath’
grade of the conjunction originally re- < *an¶ò. Derived from *ananan. Structur-
an¶òn 19 anwiþò
ally similar to Gk êntai: ênemoi, Hes. M I 19, 24; P I 45–46;
T-F 10–11; H AEEW V ANEW 10; F I 11; Z I
6; P I 38; V ANEW 687; 152.
F I 113; Z I 152; S *anraz sb.m.: ON angr ‘bay’, OS angar
78. ‘meadow’, OHG angar id. Derivationally
*anaraz sb.m.: OHG angar ‘corn worm’. close to Lat ancrae ‘convalles vel arborum
May be close to Gk ‡mbhriw: ¶gxeluw, intervalla’. Further connected with *anòn
Meyumna›oi, Hes. < *eng ⁄(h)èri- and Lith II. S IF XLV 307 (to Gk nãph
ungur‹s ‘eel’ (from *angur‹s, cf. O ‘woodland vale’); T-F 12; W-
LP V 26), OPrus angurgis id., Slav *‡g˙r¸ H I 61; P I 46; V
‘pimple, maggot, eel’ (T BB ANEW 10; L-S I 247–249;
XXIX 307). B BB II 154; K-S 39.
Z Gutt. 128; P I 44; *anulaz sb.m.: ON ‡ngull ‘angle, hook’,
F 1163; F I 725; S LS OE anel ‘hook, fishing-hook’, MLG angel
40; V-T IV 146–147; ‘hinge’, OHG angul ‘hook, hinge’. Iden-
T PJa I 88–89. tical with Gk égkÊlow ‘crooked’. Further
*anaz sb.m.: ON angr ‘grief, sorrow’. connections see under *anòn II. Z-
Originally, a neut. s-stem identical with  Gutt. 128; T-F 12; H-
Skt áµhas- ‘anxiety, trouble’, Lat angor  AEEW 6; P I 46; V
‘strangling, anguish’. F III 12; T- ANEW 687; F I 11.
F 12; U PBB XXXVI 7; *anustiz ~ *anustuz sb.f.: OFris
W-H I 47; M I 14; masc. angst, ongost ‘fear’, MLG angest id.,
P I 43; V ANEW 10. OHG angust id. Derived from *anuz ~
*an(i)laz sb.m.: ON pl. Englar ‘Angles’, *anwjaz. Close to Slav *‡zost¸ ‘narrow-
OE Engle id., OHG Angil- (in cmpn.). ness’ < *an·hosti-. Cf. also Lat angustus
Rendered as Lat Anglii, Gk ÉAgge¤loi. ‘narrow’ < *an·hosto-. For further connec-
Related to *anòn II, *anulaz (L tions see *anaz. S KZ I 143;
Festschr. Sahlgren 2–3). E SVSU T-F 12; W-H I 49;
I/1 114 (to *anòn); V ANEW 102. P I 43; L-S I 253–
*an(i)liskaz adj.: ON enskr ‘Anglian’, OE 255; K-S 40; B OFED
enlisc id., OFris engelsk id., MLG engelsch s.v.
id. Derived from *an(i)laz. H- *anuz ~ *anwjaz adj.: Goth aggwus
 AEEW 91; V ANEW 103. ‘narrow’, ON ‡ngr id. (wa-stem), OE enge
*anjò sb.f.: ON eng ‘meadow’, MDu eng id., OS engi id., OHG engi id. Related to
‘farmland’. Related to *anraz. V Skt aµhú- id., Gk êgxi ‘near’, Arm anjuk
ANEW 102; K-S 39. ‘narrow’, Lat *angu- (in angiportus), Slav
*anòn I sb.m.: ON angi ‘sweet odor’. *‡z˙k˙ id. (F Btrg. Gesch. XV 545).
Close to Arm anjn ‘soul’ < *an·hen- (L K NB II 407–408; Z Gutt.
Arm. St. 38–39). L KZ 98; T-F 12; F 13–14; H-
XXXV 274 (to Gk Ùmfã: ÙsmÆ Lãkvnew);  AEEW 91; W-H I
T-F 557; P I 43; V 47; M I 14; P I 42;
ANEW 10. V ANEW 687; F I 17–18; H-
*anòn II sb.m.: ON angi ‘spine, prickle’,  KZ XCIX 279–280; V-
OE ana ‘thorn, sharp point’, OHG ango T IV 154; L GED 9;
‘hook, hinge’. Related to Skt áñcati ‘to B Nom. 262; H
bend, to curve’, a«ká- ‘curve, hook’, Lat 100–101; K-S 221.
uncus ‘bent; hook’, Gk égk≈n ‘bend of the *anwiþò sb.f.: Goth aggwiþa ‘trouble,
arm, elbow’. T-F 12; H- affliction’, OS engitha ‘straits’, OHG engida
 AEEW 6; W-H II 816; ‘oppression, fear’. Derived from *anuz ~
anwiþò 20 ansaz
*anwjaz. F 13; V ANEW 682; S I 258–261; K-S

B Nom. 117; H 222; B OFED s.v.
100. *ankòn sb.m.: MHG anke ‘scruff, thigh,
*anwjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-aggwjan ‘to shank’. Related to Skt á«ga- ‘limb’. A
oppress, to constrain’, OHG engen ‘to further connection with Gk diyÊr-ambow
scare, to press’. Derived from *anuz ~ ‘dithyramb’ (F BB XXI 195) is
*anwjaz. T-F 12; F 174; probable and would imply *ang ⁄o- as a
V ANEW 682; L GED 9; source. M I 21; P I
H 100. 46–47; V ANEW 99; F I 8.
*anwòn sb.m./f.: Goth bals-agga ‘neck, *ankwòn sb.m.: OHG anko ‘butter’. Close
narrow of the neck’ (leg. hals-agga), OHG to Lat unguen ‘fatty substance, ointment’,
anka ‘occiput’. Related to *anuz ~ Umbr umen ‘fat’, OIr imb ‘butter’ <
*anwjaz. Cf. a similar formation in Gk *–g ⁄en- (S Scripta 872–874).
êmfhn ‘neck, throat’. S KZ X Cf. also OPrus anctan ‘butter’ < *ong ⁄-
461 (to Gk êggow ‘pitcher, bucket, vessel’); t-om. Further connected with Skt anákti
Z Gutt. 89; F 242; P ‘to anoint’, Lat unguò id. T-F
42–43; L GED 175. 11; T BSW 9–10; W-
*anxtò sb.f.: OE óht ‘fear, terror, hostile H II 819–820; P I 779;
pursuit’, OFris acht, achte ‘hostile pursuit’, C SGGJa I 102; T PJa
OHG àhta ‘persecution’. Close to Ir écht I 91; B Nom. 175; L-
‘manslaughter’ < *anktu-. Further con- S I 263–265; K-S 41.
nected with *anuz ~ *anwjaz. T- *anòn sb.f.: OHG ana ‘grandmother’. Cf.
F 558; H AEEW 241; also OHG ano ‘grandfather’. A descrip-
P I 45 (further to Gk énãgkh tive word similar with Hitt anna- ‘mother’,
‘force, constraint, necessity’); L- ¢anna- ‘grandmother’, Arm han id., Gk
S I 118–120; K-S énn¤w: mhtrÚw µ patrÚw mÆthr, Hes., Lat
12–13. anna ‘foster-mother’, Messap ana ‘pÒtnia’,
*anxulaz sb.m.: ON áll ‘seed, sprout’. An OPrus ane ‘old woman’. T-F 11;
accentual variant of *anulaz. Derivation- W-H I 50; A I 148;
ally close to Skt a«kurá- ‘sprout, shoot’, P I 36; F I 112; B
Gk êgkulow ‘crooked, curved’ (F ANF 190; P III 84–86; L-S
VI 115). See *anxulò. T-F 12; I 215–217; K-S 20.
P I 46; V ANEW 6; F *ansaz sb.m.: Goth ans ‘beam’, ON áss
I 11. ‘pole, rafter’, MHG ans-boum ‘beam of a
*anxulò sb.f.: ON ál ‘strap, bridle’. De- bridge’. Related to Lat ànsa ‘handle’, MIr
spite a different stress pattern, identical pl. éisi ‘rein’, OPrus ansis ‘hook’, Lith [sà
with Gk égkÊlh id. Further related to ‘handle, loop’ (G Got. 27).
*anulaz, *anxulaz. T-F 12; P- H BB XXV 108 (to Skt ána-
 I 46; V ANEW 4; F I 11. ‘cart’, Lat onus ‘burden’); T-F 14
*ankalaz ~ *ank(u)lò(n) sb.m./f.: ON (to OIr asna ‘rib’); U PBB XXX
‡kkla ‘ankle’, OFris onkel id., MDu ankel 260–261 (same as H); M
id., OHG ankala id. Cf. also MLG enkel IF XVIII 26 (to Gk n°omai ‘to go back,
id., OHG enkil id. < *ankilaz. Derived to return’), XXI 302–303, WuS IX 115
from *ankòn. Structurally similar to Lat (to *ansiz ~ *ansuz); T-F 14 (to Lat
angulus ‘angle’ and, Slav *‡gl˙ id. T- asser ‘beam’); W JEGP II 213 (to *–sis
F 11; W-H I 48–49; ‘sword’); W-H I 51–52; F
P I 47; V ANEW 686; O 52; P I 48; T PJa I 92;
38; V-T IV 145; L- L GED 38.
ansiz 21 ap(u)laz
*ansiz ~ *ansuz sb.m.: Goth-Lat pl. 407; T-F 13; S ZDWf X
anses ‘(pagan) god’, ON áss id., OE ós id., 157; H AEEW 243; F 53;
OS às, òs in prop. (a-stem), OHG ansi- M I 35; P I 37;
(in cmpn.). Identical with Skt ásu- ‘life, F 12; V ANEW 10; L
vital strength’, Av aŋhu- id., Venet ahsu- GED 39; L-S I 241–242;
‘cult image’ (B ZDMG XL 347). R-B Numerals 625; K-
G DM 22 (to *ansaz, in view of wor- S 38; B OFED s.v.
ship pillars erected to Germanic gods); *anu¶iz ~ ani¶iz sb.f.: ON ‡nd ‘duck’
F KZ I 243; B (traces of a root stem), OE ened id., OS
283; T-F 14; G anud, anad id., OHG anut, enita id. Related
ZDADL XXXVI 313; M IF XVII to Skt àtí- ‘aquatic bird’, Gk n∞ssa
159–160, WuS IX 115 (to *ansaz); ‘duck’, Lat anas id., Lith ántis id., Slav *‡ty
G Weltkönig 102 (follows B); id. S KZ XXIII 268–270; S-
H AEEW 242; F 52–53;  DVN 420; T-F 11; M
M I 65–66; V ANEW 16; MSL VIII 236; H AEEW 91;
P EG VIII 36–44; P I 48; W-H I 44–45; M I
Z II 198; L GED 38–39. 72–73; P I 41–42; C
*ansjò sb.f.: ON æs ‘outer border, edge (of SGGJa I 59; F 11–12; V
a shoe)’, MLG öse ‘loop, sling’. Derived ANEW 687; F II 317–318; Z
from *ansaz. Identical with Gk ≤n¤a II 205; O 288; V-T
‘bridle, reins’ (P Beiträge 5; F IV 174; H KZ CII 29–31; B-
NVA 1919 131). T-F 14; W  Nom. 202–203 (reconstructs *anþz);
Festschr. Streitberg 153–154; W- K-S 222–223.
H I 51–52; P I 48; *apal¶raz ~ *apul¶rò sb.m./f.: ON
F 18; V ANEW 681; F apaldr ‘apple-tree’ OE neut. (?) apulder,
I 637. apuldor id. OS apuldra id., MHG apfalter
*anstiz sb.f.: Goth ansts ‘beneficence, gra- id. Derived from *ap(u)laz with suffix
ciousness, grace’, ON ást ‘love, affection’, *-dhro-. T-F 14–15; H
OE ést ‘will, consent, favor, grace’, OFris AEEW 6; P I 2; Z II 182;
enst ‘favor, grace’, OS anst id., OHG anst V ANEW 11; K-S 17–18.
id. Derived from *unnanan. S *apòn sb.m.: ON api ‘ape’, OE apa id., OS
KZ I 143; T-F 14; F 53; apo id., OHG affo id. Borrowed from
P I 47; V ANEW 16; Z- Celtic, cf., ébr„naw [sc. ébb„naw]: Kelto‹
 II 228; S 79; L GED toÁw kerkopiyÆkouw, Hes. F
39; B Nom. 144. KZ I 496 (to Skt kapí- ‘monkey’, Gk k∞pow
*anstjanan wk.vb.: ON æsta ‘to demand, ‘long-tailed monkey’); T-F 14 (to
to ask’, MHG ensten ‘to be kind’. Derived Slav *opica ‘ape’ which, however, is from
from *anstiz. V ANEW 681. Gmc); H AEEW 6; P I
*anþera-lìkaz adj.: Goth adv. anþar-leiko 2–3; V ANEW 11; Z I 153;
‘differently, otherwise’, OS òäar-lìk id., O 42; L-S I 58–59;
OE adv. óäer-líce. Compound of *anþeraz K-S 17.
and *lìkaz. F 54; L GED 40. *ap(u)laz sb.m.: Crim. Goth apel ‘apple’,
*anþeraz adj.: Goth anþar ‘other’, ON ON apal-grár ‘dapple-gray’, OE æppel
annarr id., OE óäer id., OFris òther id., OS ‘apple’, OFris appel id., OS appul id.,
òäar id., OHG ander id. Identical with Skt OHG apful id. (< *ap(u)liz). Related to
ántara- ‘other’, Av antara- id., Osc anter id., Gaul avallo ‘pomma’, OIr ubull ‘apple’ <
OPrus antars ‘other’, Lith añtras, añtaras *ablu-, Lith obuol‹s id., Slav *abl˙ko id.
id., Slav *v˙tor˙ ‘second’. M Etudes (F BB II 195). T-F 14; F
ap(u)laz 22 ar¶az
54, 579; H Waldbäume 477–479; put into, to fix’); P PBB XL
H AEEW 11; L Language 97–101; W-H II 219–220;
IX 251 (on Celtic words); P I F 56; P Gliederung 121–122;
1–2; C SGGJa I 63–64; V P I 781; V ANEW 13; F
ANEW 103; B I 433; Z II II 431; Z II 214; B
214; F I 515; O 44; H 68–70; V-T III 453;
ZfceltPh XXXVII 164 (from non-IE G Inheritance passim; L
*åblu); A IF XL 79–82 (against GED 41; B Nom. 53.
H); T ESSJa I 44–47; *arbjan sb.n.: Goth arbi ‘inheritance, herit-
I-G 637–641 (to Hitt age’, ON erfi ‘wake, funeral feast’, OE
“amlu⁄anza id.); L-S I 60–63, erfe ‘inheritance’, OFris erve id., OS erbi
298–301; L GED 40; K- id., OHG erbi id. Close to OIr orb(b)e id.
S 46–47. Derived from *arbaz. A  J-
*arbai¶iz sb.f.: Goth arbaiþs ‘work, labor’,  MSL VII 286–288 (from Celtic);
OFris arbè(i)d id., OS arbèth id., OHG T-F 19; M IF XVII 128
arbeit id. An unusual derivative of *arbaz. (to *arjanan); H AEEW 186;
Probably, a compound of *arbaz and F 56; P Gliederung 121–122
*i¶iz. K KZ I 39; G- (from Celtic); P I 781; C-
 Goten 27–28 (to *arjanan); B-  SGGJa I 96; V ANEW 12–13,
 BB XXVII 150; P KZ 103; Z II 214; B IEL
XXXVI 94; B IF XIX 384 68–70; L GED 41; B
(deverbative from the unattested *arbèjò ); Nom. 53, 66; K-S 227; B-
T-F 19; U PBB XVI  OFED s.v.
562; M IF XVII 128 (compound *arbjanan ~ *arbjòjanan wk.vb.: ON
of *arbho- ‘plow-animal’ and *i-ti- ‘walk, erfa ‘to honor with a funeral feast’, OE
tread’); F 55; K HS 170 (to irfan ‘to inherit’, OFris ervia id., OS gi-
Lith dárbas ‘work’); P I 782; ervan id., OHG ir-erben id. Derived from
Z II 214; S LS 44; L *arbjan. Structurally close to Slav *orbiti
GED 40–41; L-S I 313–318; ‘to work’. H AEEW 186;
K-S 50. V ANEW 103; V-T
*arbai¶jan sb.n.: ON erfiäi ‘toil, labor’, III 487; B OFED s.v.
OE earfoä ‘hardship, trouble’, OS arbèthi *arbja-war¶az sb.m.: ON erfi-v‡rär, arf-
‘toil, labor’, OHG fem. arbeiti id. Derived v‡rär ‘heir’, OE irfe-weard ‘guardian of an
from *arbai¶iz. H AEEW 86; inheritance, heir’, OS erbi-ward ‘heir’.
P I 782; V ANEW 103–104; Compound of *arbjan and *war¶az.
Z II 214; L GED 40–41. C Nom. comp. 47.
*arbai¶òjanan wk.vb.: ON erfiäa ‘to toil, *arbjòn sb.m.: Goth arbja ‘heir, inheritor’,
to labor’, OE earfoäian ‘to to trouble’, ON arfi id. (a-stem), OE ierfa id., OFris
OHG arbeitòn ‘to torment’. Derived from erva id., MLG erve id., OHG erbo id.
*arbai¶iz. T-F 19. Related to *arbjan. Structurally close to
*arbaz sb.m.: ON arfr ‘inheritance’. Re- Gaul PN Orbius (V 0–27).
lated to OIr orb(b)e id. Further connected T-F 19; H AEEW 186;
with Skt árbha- ‘little, weak, young’, Gk F 56; P Gliederung 121; P
ˆrfanÒw ‘orphaned’, Lat orbus ‘bereaved, I 781; V ANEW 12–13; Z II
parentless’, Slav *orb˙ ‘slave’. K- 214; L GED 41–42; S
 KZ I 39; S PBB XII 176–177; Festschr. Meid 359–368; K-S
T-F 19; M IF XVII 128; 227–228; B OFED s.v.
W MLN XXI 39 (to Skt arpáyati ‘to *ar¶az adj.: ON ein-arär ‘firm, single’, OE
ar¶az 23 arma-buòn
sbst. eard ‘state, condition’, MDu sbst. aert *arxwò sb.f.: ON ‡r ‘arrow’, OE earh id.,
‘kind, situation’, MHG sbst. art ‘kind’. Cf. also Goth araz-na id. based on an
Related to Skt ºtá- ‘right, true’, Av a“a- old s-stem. Close to Lat arcus ‘arch, bow’.
‘truth, right’, Arm ard ‘structure’, Gk T-F 18–19; H AEEW
èmart∞ ‘together, at once’, Lat artus 85; W-H I 64; F 56;
‘fitted, close, strait, narrow’. B- P I 67; C SGGJa I 87;
 229–238; T-F 17; W- V ANEW 688; L GED 42;
H I 70; M I 122; B Nom. 115.
P I 57; F I 87; K- *ar(i)þaz sb.m.: OS erida id. Continues
S 54. *ar6-to- morphologically different from
*ar¶iz ~ *arþiz sb.f.: ON ‡rä ‘crop, the usual *ar6-tro- id.: Arm araur, Gk êro-
produce’, OE irä ‘plowing, tilling, crop, tron, Lat aràtrum (K KZ LXXI 141).
produce’, OFris raef-erd ‘plowing off See *arjanan. M IF XVII 121–
boundaries’, OHG art ‘plowed land, 122; W-H I 62; P I
yield’. Derivative of *arjanan. T-F 62; V ANEW 12; F I 147.
18; H AEEW 187; P I *arjanan str./wk.vb.: Goth arjan ‘to plow’,
62; V ANEW 688; Z I 150; ON erja id., OE erian id., OFris era id.,
S 82; L-S I 347–349; OS erian id., OHG erren id. Identical
B Nom. 144; K-S with MIr airim id., Lith ariù, árti id., Slav
54–55. *orj‡, *orati id. Further connected with Gk
*araz adj.: Burg *args ‘cowardly, mean’, érÒv id., Lat arò id. P Beiträge
ON argr ‘emasculate, effeminate’, OE ear 659, 669; T-F 18; H
‘inert, weak, timid, cowardly’, OFris erch AEEW 94; W-H I 69; F
‘evil, wrong’, MLG arch ‘angry, evil’, 56–57; S KZ LVI 29; B RL
OHG arg ‘greedy, cowardly, worthless’. II 193–195; J IEW 34–35;
Related to Lith ar≥ùs, er≥ùs ‘salacious, P I 62–63; C SGGJa I
lecherous’ (Bù Aist. st. 119), further to 62; F 17; V ANEW 104;
Hitt ark- ‘to climb, to cover’, Gk Ùrx°o- F I 147–148; O 297; S
mai ‘to dance, to jump’. K NB I 81–83; V-T III 148–149;
49; W IF XLI 16–18; S- L GED 42; M Festschr.
 IF XLV 307 (to Skt ºhánt- ‘small’); Rosenfeld 455–468.
Z Gutt. 208; T-F 19; H- *arjaz adj.: Run nom. pl. superl. arjosteR
 AEEW 85; L PBB ‘noble’. Related to Skt aryá- ‘lord, master
LIV 157 (to Gk érxÒw ‘rectum, anus’); of the house’, Av airyò ‘Aryan’, Ir aire,
P I 339; V ANEW 13 (to airech ‘swain, suitor’ (K FF X 217–
Toch AB erkàt ‘depreciatory’); F 218; Run. 539). B 198;
123–124; F II 433; K SUR 58; M I 52; P I 67; V
L-S I 321–324; P ANEW 13; P Gedenkschr. Güntert
Festschr. Risch 154–155; H 11–19; H 103– 104.
102–103; K-S 51 (to Gk ˆrxiw *arma-bauaz sb.m.: ON arm-baugr ‘arm-
‘scrotum’); B OFED s.v. let’, OE earm-béa id., MLG arm-bòg id.,
*arìn sb.f.: ON ergi ‘lewdness, lust’, OHG OHG arm-boug id. Compound of *armaz
argì ‘negligence, greed’. Derived from *ar- and *bauaz. C Nom. comp. 46.
az. V ANEW 104; H 102. *arma-buòn sb.m.: ON alm-bogi ‘elbow’,
*arjanan wk.vb.: ON ergjask ‘to become Swed arm-båge id., OFris arm-boga. Com-
a coward’, MHG gi-ergen ‘to spoil, to pound of *armaz and *buòn. Probably,
destroy’. Derived from *araz. H- influenced by *alina-buòn. C Nom.
 103. comp. 46.
arma-xertaz 24 arnuz
*arma-xertaz adj.: Goth arma-hairts PBB XV 223–224; W MLN XXI 39).
‘merciful, compassionate’, OE earm-heort On the other hand, cf. Skt armaka- ‘ruins’
id., OHG arm-herz id. Calque of Lat based on the unattested adj. *arma- (H-
misericors id. (R Einwirk. 345). Com-  Festschr. Knobloch 189–193; B-
pound of *armaz II and *xertòn. K S Festschr. Eggers 40), Hitt arman-
Btrg. Gesch. XXXV 148–149, 159; H- ‘sickness’ (I Etimologija 1979 131).
 AEEW 86; F 57; C NC F III 24 (to Gk §r∞mow ‘desolate,
3–4 (OHG < Goth); B ZdPh XCVIII lonely’); M MSL X 280 (to Arm
109–129; L GED 42–43; K- o∑-orm ‘pity’); T-F 19; F 57–58;
S 82. H AEEW 86; W IF
*arma-xertiþò sb.f.: Goth arma-hairtiþa XLI 304–329; M KZ LXXVI
‘mercy, charity’, OHG arm-herzida id. 178– 180 (to Hitt ara¢za- ‘outside, all
Calque of Lat misericordia id. (R around’); S 264 (same as
Einwirk. 345). Cf. *arma-xertaz. F 57; J); V ANEW 14; S
L GED 43. 427–428 (follows M); B-S
*arma-xertìn sb.f.: Goth arma-hairtei Festschr. Eggers 18–41 (to Lith ìrti ‘to fall
‘mercy, compassion’, OHG arm-herzì id. apart, to dissolve’); R ZfBalk XIII
Calque of Lat misericordia id. (R 133–138; P 157–160; L
Einwirk. 345). Cf. *arma-xertaz. F 57; GED 43; L-S I 333–335;
L GED 43. B Nom. 71 (to Gk êryron
*arma-lìkaz adj.: ON arm-ligr ‘pitiful’, ‘joint’), 244; K-S 52–53;
OE earm-líc ‘miserable, wretched’, OS H 104–105; B OFED
arm-lìk id., OHG armi-lìh id. Derived s.v.
from *armaz. H 104. *armènan wk.vb.: Goth arman ‘to have
*armaz I sb.m.: Goth arms ‘arm’ (from mercy, to pity’, OS part. gi-armod ‘poor,
*armiz), ON armr id., OE earm id., OFris needy’, OHG armèn ‘to become poor’.
erm, arm id., OS arm id., OHG arm id. Derived from *armaz ‘poor’, probably a
Related to Skt ìrmá- id., Av ar6mò id., Lat calque of Lat miserèri (K Btrg. Gesch.
armus ‘upper part of the arm’, Gaul aramò XXXV 159). F 57; L GED
‘fork’, OPrus irmo ‘arm’ and in particular, 43; H 104.
with the same ablaut grade, Slav *ormê *armjanan wk.vb.: ON erma ‘to keep
‘shoulder’ (K KZ I 39). Bù unhappy’, OE irman ‘to make miserable,
Aist. (adds Lith pl. armaÛ ‘bars holding the to afflict’. Derived from *armaz II.
front shaft of a cart’ which is, however, H AEEW 186; V ANEW
from dial. German); B 197; 104; H 104.
T-F 18; H AEEW 86; *arniz adj.: Goth adv. arniba ‘certainly’,
W-H I 69; F 58; M- ON ern ‘brisk, vigorous’. Related to Skt
 I 96; P I 58; F ár»a- ‘undulating, surging’ and further to
16; V ANEW 14; Z II 185; º»óti ‘to arise, to move’, Gk ˆrnumi ‘to set
O 50; V-T III into motion’ (B ZdWf VI
440–441; H JIES X 187–189; 355). T-F 17; B IF
L GED 43; L-S I XIX 384; F 58; P I 328;
331–333; K-S 52; B V ANEW 105; F II 422–424;
OFED s.v. O 297; L GED 43–44;
*armaz II adj.: Goth arms ‘poor, pitiable, H 105.
miserable’, ON armr id., OE earm id., *arnuz ~ arnaz sb.m.: ON ‡rn ‘eagle’,
OFris erm ‘poor’, OS arm id., OHG arm OE earn id., OS arn id. (in prop.), OHG
‘poor, powerless’. Probably continues arn id. (i-stem). Based on *aròn. Struc-
*arbmaz derived from *arbaz ( J turally similar to Gk ˆrniw ‘bird’, ˆrneon
arnuz 25 aseluz
id. H AEEW 86; P I T-F 18; W-H I 62;

326; F II 421–422; V ANEW F I 147; B Nom. 86.
688; Z II 220; O 324. *arutaz sb.m.: OS arut ‘piece of ore’,
*aròn sb.m.: Goth ara ‘eagle’, ON ari id., OHG aruz ‘ore, piece of ore, lump of
OS aro id., OHG aro id. Related to Hitt clay’. OHG meanings indicate an origi-
¢ara(n)- id., Gk ˆrniw ‘bird’, Bret er nal word for marsh iron and contradict
‘eagle’, cf. also Lith er‚lis, ar‚lis id., Slav the popular hypothesis of an old borrow-
*or¸l˙ id. M Etudes 418; T- ing going back to Sum urudu ‘copper’
F 17; S DVN 345–352; (despite K Germanen 196). Probably
T BSW 13; F 54–55; P- related to *erwòn, cf. Slav *≥elîzo ‘(marsh)
 I 325–326; C SGGJa I iron’ ~ *≥el(e)za ‘gland’. T-F 18;
111; F 122, KZ LVIII 285–287; I IF XLI 174–175; L-S
V ANEW 13; F II 421–422; I 355–358; K-S 232; T-
Z II 220; O 324; V-  VJa XXXIII/5 7–8.
T III 150–151; L GED *arfòn sb.m.: ON arfi ‘chickweed’, OE earfe
40; B Nom. 176; P III ‘tare’, EFris arf, arve ‘vetch’. Borrowed
137–139; L-S I 341–344; from an unknown source as well as Lat
K-S 2. eruum ‘vetch, pea’, Gk ˆrobow ‘bitter
*arsaz sb.m.: ON ars ‘behind, backside’, vetch’ (H Waldbäume 463). W-
OE ears id., OS ars id., OHG ars id. H I 419– 420; V ANEW 13.
Related to Gk ˆrrow id., Arm ofi, pl. ofik', *arwaz adj.: ON ‡rr ‘swift, ready’, OS aru
continuing IE *orsos, cf. also OIr err ‘tail’ ‘ready for harvesting’. Identical with
< *ersà. P Kelt. Gr. II 101; Toch A àrwar, B àrwer ‘ready’, Av aurva-
T-F 20; H AEEW 86; ‘quick, brave’. B KZ XI (1870) 403
P I 340; V ANEW 14; F (to Skt árvant- ‘courser, horse’); B-
II 427; Z I 129; L-S  200; T-F 17; H
I 345–346; B Nom. 54; AEEW 86; K NB II 194, 412–414;
K-S 54. F ZfslavPh XXI 138–140; P-
*artjanan wk.vb.: ON erta ‘to taunt, to  I 331; V ANEW 688; L-
tease’. Identical with Skt ardáyati ‘to make S I 311–312; S Festschr.
flow’ (causative of árdati, ºdáti ‘to flow, Kolb 558–568; B Nom. 243;
to dissolve’), Lith ardÿti ‘to untie, to H 106.
unstitch’. T-F 19; M *arwaz ~ *arwez sb.n.: ON {rr ‘scar’,
apud V ANEW 105 (to *araz); MLG are id. Close to Skt neut. áruß-
M I 51; P I 63 (to OIr ‘wound’. (T-F 19). P I
aird ‘point, top’), 329–330; F 338; C SGGJa I 107.
15–16; V ANEW 105. *arwìtò sb.f.: ON pl. ertr ‘pea’, OS erit
*artòn sb.f.: ON arta ‘teal, Anas quer- id., MLG erwete id., OHG arawiz id.
quedula’, OE earte ‘wagtail’. Probably See *arfòn? T-F 19–20 (non-IE);
connected with *artjanan. Similarity with B ZdPh XXXVIII 371 (OHG araweiz
Lat ardea ‘heron’, Gk §rƒdiÒw, =vdiÒw < *arwa-aita-); I Festschr. Streitberg
id. may be deceptive. T-F 19; 230–232; W-H I 419–420;
H AEEW 86; W-H- V ANEW 105; F II 424.
 I 64; P I 68; C *aseluz ~ *aselaz sb.m.: Goth asilus
SGGJa I 59; V ANEW 15; F I ‘donkey, ass’, OE eosul id., OS esil id.,
572–573. OHG esil id. An early borrowing (with
*arþraz sb.m.: ON arär ‘plow’, Close to *-l- < -n-?) from Lat asinus id. (K
Gk êrotron id., OIr arathar id., Lat arà- Urgerm. 68) or a later loan from Rom
trum id. Further connected with *arjanan. *áselus < Lat asellus id. (L ZDADL XLI
aseluz 26 atiskaz
241–242). F KZ I 495; 297; L GED 45; B

S PBB XLIV 497–498; Nom. 66–67.
H AEEW 93; F 59–60; *aspiz ~ *aspò(n) sb.f.: ON ‡sp ‘asp’,
S Kl. Schr. 507 (follows L); OE æsp id., æspe id., OHG aspa id., Cf.
L GED 45; K-S also MLG espe id. < *aspjòn. Connected
233. with Latv apse id., OPrus abse id., Slav
*asjò(n) sb.f.: ON esja ‘a kind of clay’, *osa id. T-F 23; T
OHG essa ‘chimney’. Related to *azenaz BSW 11–13; H AEEW 13;
~ *azenan. T-F 22; P T KZ LXIX 175 (on Skt sphyá- id.
I 68; V ANEW 105–106; K- < *aspi-); P I 55; F 14;
S 234. V ANEW 688; Z II 214;
*askaz sb.m.: Burg *asks ‘ash-tree’, ON J KZ LXXIX 89–91, XCVII
askr id., OE æsc id., OS ask id. (< *askiz), 202–203; O 54; S LS 13;
OHG asc id. (< *askiz). Close to Arm V-T III 156; L-
hac'i id., Alb ah ‘beech’ < PAlb *aska, cf. S I 370–372; K-S
also Gk ÙjÊa ‘beech’. H Waldbäume 234.
121; Z Gutt. 159; T-F 23; *astaz I sb.m.: Goth asts ‘branch, bough’,
H AEEW 12; P I 782; OS ast id., OHG ast id. Note a derivative
V ANEW 15; F II 400; Z with a long grade *òstaz ‘knot, knob’: OE
I 185; O 54; N Sprache óst, MLG òst. Identical with Gk ˆzow
XXVII 22–29 (Indo-Iranian parallels); ‘branch’, Arm ost ‘twig’. Further cf. Hitt
L-S I 360–363; K- ¢a“t⁄er- ‘twigs, stick’. B Lan-
S 233; O AED 2. guage III 213–214 (*ozdo- < *o-s(e)do-);
*askjan sb.n.: ON eski ‘ashen box’, MDu S Language IV 163; T-F
esch id., esche ‘ash’. Derived from *askaz. 559 (to Gk ˆsxow ‘shoot’); H
S KZ LXI 136; V ANEW 106. AEEW 243; F 60; P I 280;
*askòn sb.f.: Goth azgo ‘ashes’ (with voiced C SGGJa I 110; F II 353;
inlaut), ON aska id., OE æsce id., MLG D Vºddhi 236–238; L GED
asche id., OHG asca id. Connected with 45; K IF XCII 29–32; P
Arm a‘iun id. < *azg-. Cf., on the other III 339–340; L-S I 373–375;
hand, *às- in Hitt ¢a““a- ‘ashes, hearth’, K-S 58.
Skt àsa- ‘ashes, dust’ and *azd- in Gk êza *astaz II sb.m.: OE ast ‘kiln’, MDu ast id.
‘dry dirt’ (W KZ XXXI 290). Identical with Gk êza ‘dryness, heat’,
M Esquisse 29; O PBB XIII Slav *ozd˙ ‘malt-kiln, oast’. F I
396–399 (from *ast-k-òn, to Gk êzv ‘to 25–26; P I 68–69; C
dry up, to parch’); Z Gutt. 96; SGGJa I 88 (to Lat aestus ‘heat’); O
G Goten 41 (Goth suffix *-- 619; D BSA 229–230.
vs. other Gmc *-k-); T-F 22; *at prep.: Goth at ‘from, at, with’, ON at
K KZ XXXI 452; H- ‘at, to’, OE æt id., OFris et id., OS at id.,
 AEEW 12; F 72; S 69; OHG az id. Related to Phryg ad-, Lat ad
M I 83; P I 69; id., Umbr a®-, Osc az id., OIr ad-.
C SGGJa I 110; V ANEW T-F 9–10; H AEEW
15; F I 25–26; Z I 155; 13; W-H I 11–12; F
O 54; L GED 54; K- 60–61; P I 3; V ANEW 16;
S 56. O 58; L GED 45; B
*asnjaz sb.m.: Goth asneis ‘day-laborer, OFED s.v.
hired man’, OE esne ‘servant’, OHG asni, *atiskaz sb.m.: Goth atisk ‘standing grain,
esni id. Derived from *az(a)niz ~ *asaniz. grainfield’ (masc. or neut.), MLG esch id.,
H AEEW 94; F 60; O OHG ezzisca ‘seed’. Derived from *atjanan
atiskaz 27 aþalòjanan
(D VW I 78; G Got. 10; F 61; H AEEW 8;

31). G DG I 47; L KZ VII K NB II 274, 283; W-
180 (from *ades-ko-, to Lat ador ‘spelt’); H II 202–203; P I 773;
F I 351 (to Gk éyÆr ‘awn’); T- V ANEW 17; F II 351; H-
F 24; S-N II 648 (fol-  107.
low L); F 61; L Language *aþalan sb.n.: OSwed aäal ‘nature, dispo-
XIV 25 (to Toch A àti, B acc. atiyai sition’, OHG adal ‘descent, lineage’. Cf.
‘grass’); P Toch. 64 (against L); also OFris edila ‘grandfather’. Identical
P I 3 (follows L); R with Toch A àtäl ‘man’. Cf. also Gk
Gedenkschr. Güntert 77–78 (follows G- étalÒw ‘tender, delicate’. G
); L GED 46; K- Got. 104 (prefix *a-/*ò-); T-F 10;
S 233. H AEEW 13; N PBB
*atjanan wk.vb.: Goth fra-atjan ‘to give XLI 385–436; L Glotta XV 154
away (to be eaten)’, ON etja ‘to fodder’, (against comparison with étalÒw); K-
OE ettan id., OFris etta id., MLG etten id.,  NB II 274– 275, 370; S
OHG ezzen id. Causative of *etanan. Word VIII 42–50 (to Lat indoles ‘inborn
H AEEW 94; F 61; V quality, nature’); P I 71 (to *attòn);
ANEW 106; S 180; L GED M KZ LXXII 114; V ANEW
208; K-S 61. 1–2; F I 176; Z II 214;
*attòn sb.m.: Goth atta ‘father’, ON atti B 370; V W 171;
id., OFris aththa id., OHG atto ‘ancestor’. D Vºddhi 192–207; P Denkschr.
A nursery word (M BSL XXXIV/ Güntert 15; L-S I 44–46;
101 1–2), cf. Gk êtta id., Lat atta id. H 109; K-S 14;
and the like. T-F 10; F B OFED s.v.
ZDMG I (NF) 159 (from one of the lan- *aþal( j)az adj.: Burg *aþals ‘noble’, OESc
guages of Asia Minor), Glotta XXIII aþul, aþal- ‘marital’, OE æäele ‘noble,
207–210; F 62; M Gém. 56, eminent’, OFris ethele ‘having free citizen-
64–65, 161–162; P Gliederung 129; ship’, OS ethili ‘of good origin’, OHG adal
P I 70; V ANEW 17; ‘noble’, edili ‘noble, distinguished’. De-
Z I 153; B IEL 169, rived from *aþalan. H AEEW
370; L Expr. 254–255; L- 13; K 708; H 107–109;
S I 385–388; L GED 46; K-S 14, 204; B OFED
K-S 60–61. s.v.
*atuaz adj.: Crim.-Goth atochta ‘bad’ (leg. *aþalinaz sb.m.: Burg *aþalings ‘noble-
atocha?). Identical with Hitt ¢atug(a)i- man’, ON ‡älingr ‘prince’, OE æäelin
‘horrible, frightening’ < *oduko- (T- ‘king’s son, man’, OFris etheling ‘free citi-
 KZ XCII 108–111), further to Lat zen’, MLG edelinc ‘nobleman’, OHG
òdì ‘to hate’, Gk ÙdÊssomai id., Arm ediling id. Derived from *aþalan. H-
ateam id. (G ZdPh XXX 127;  AEEW 13; V ANEW 685;
T KZ XLII 108–111). W- K 708; H 108; B-
H II 202–203; F 61; P  OFED s.v.
I 773; L GED 46; P III *aþaljan sb.n.: ON øäli, eäli ‘patrimony,
375–376; H 106–107. origin’, OE æäelo ‘nobility’, OS adali
*atulaz adj.: ON atall ‘fierce’, OE atol ‘noble origin’, OHG edili ‘clan, nobility’.
‘dire, terrific, terrible’, MDu atel ‘terrible’. Derived from *aþalan. T-F 10;
Cf. also ON etja ‘to fight, to contend’ < H AEEW 13; P I 71;
*atjanan. Related to Lat òdi ‘to hate’, Gk V ANEW 93–94; Z II 214;
ÙdÊssomai id., Arm ateam id. (F BB I H 108.
334, II 195). See *atuaz. T-F *aþalòjanan wk.vb.: ON ‡älask ‘to gain,
aþalòjanan 28 aujaz
to win’, OE e-æäelian ‘to render cele- F 6 (to Lith áusti ‘to weave’); H-
brated’. Derived from *aþalan. H-  AEEW 83; L Festschr.
 108. Pipping 354; J IEW 7–8;
*aþ(i) ptcl.: Goth aþ-þan ‘but then, but’. K SuV 105; P I 76; V
Related to Toch A atas, B ate ‘away’, Skt ANEW 18; S 83–84.
áti ‘beyond, very’, Av aiti id., OIr aith- *au¶az ~ *au¶an sb.m./n.: Burg *aud(s)
‘against’, Slav *ot˙ ‘from’. B- ‘wealth’, ON auär ‘fate, destiny, wealth’
 54; T-F 10; F 63; (partly < *au¶iz), OE eád ‘possession,
P I 70; V-T III riches, prosperity, happiness’, OS òd
168; A TB 10. ‘happiness’. Cf. Goth auda-hafts ‘fortu-
*aþnaz sb.n.: Goth aþn ‘year’. Identical nate, blessed’, MHG klein-òt ‘treasure’.
with Lat annus id. < *atnos, Osc akeneí ‘in Probably, connected with W udd < *audos
the year’, Umbr acc. pl. acnu ‘year’. ‘lord, master’, Bret ozac’h < *udakkos
M KZ XXVIII 164 (further to Skt ‘home owner’. Also compared with Lat
átati ‘to go, to walk’); F BB XVI ùber ‘rich, fertile’ < *oudh-ero- (S
196–197; T-F 10; S BB IBK XV 207). L RC XLI 234; T
XX 8; B IF XVII 492; W- SHS 172 (to Lith áud≥u, áusti ‘to weave’);
H I 51; F 62–63; S F Goth. 5–6 (to IE *au(6)- ‘to
TPS 172–175 (Lat annus < *asnos); increase’); T-F 6 (same as T);
P I 69; C SGGJa I 90; H AEEW 83; W-
L GED 47. H II 738–739; P Gliederung
*aþnjan sb.n.: Goth at-aþni ‘year’. Struc- 130; P I 62–76; C
turally close to Lat bi-ennium. Derived SGGJa I 72; V ANEW 18 (separates
from *aþnaz. W-H I 51. ON auär ‘riches, wealth’ from auär ‘fate,
*au¶a-fun¶iz ~ *au¶a-fun¶jaz adj.: destiny’); Z I 185; M KZ
ON auä-fyndr ‘easily perceived, clear’, OE LXXXII 288–297 (to Gk aÈtÒw ‘self ’);
eáä-fynde ‘easy to be found’. Compound of S 83; L GED 47; K
*au¶az ~ *au¶an and *fun¶iz II. C 708; B Nom. 54.
Nom. comp. 92 (parallel formations); *aua-¶uran ~ *aua-¶urò(n) sb.n./f.:
M KZ CV 105. Goth auga-dauro ‘window’, OE eá-dúru
*au¶aaz ~ *au¶iaz adj.: Goth audags id., OHG ouga-tora id. Compound of
‘blessed, fortunate’, ON auäigr ‘rich, opu- *auòn and *¶uran, *¶urò. C Nom.
lent’, OE eádi ‘happy, blessed, prosper- comp. 44.
ous’, OS òdag ‘rich, opulent’, OHG òtag *au(a)njanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. öygna
id. Derived from *au¶az ~ *au¶an. ‘to show’, MLG t-ònen id., OHG ougenen
Z BB XXIII 275–276 (to Lat id. Derived from *auòn. T-F 5.
autumnus ‘autumn’); T-F 6; H- *aui¶az adj.: late ON eygär ‘having eyes’,
 AEEW 83; F 63; P OE súr-eáede ‘blear-eyed’. Derived from
Gliederung 130; V ANEW 18; L *aujanan. T-F 5; V ANEW
GED 47. 107.
*au¶a-òtiz ~ *au¶a-òtjaz adj.: ON *aujanan wk.vb.: Goth augjan ‘to show’,
auä-œtt ‘easily got’, OE eáä-ete ‘easily ON eygja ‘to furnish with an eye’, OE
got, prepared’. Compound of *au¶az ~ eáwan ‘to show, to manifest’, OS ògan ‘to
*au¶an and a derivative of *etanan. show’, OHG ougen id. Derived from
C Nom. comp. 92 (parallel formations). *auòn. O PBB VIII 261–262;
*au¶anaz ~ *au¶enaz sb.m.: ON auäinn T-F 5; H AEEW 87;
‘lent’, OE eáden ‘given’, OS òdan ‘given as F 64; V ANEW 107; L
a gift’. Participle of the unattested verb GED 48.
*au¶anan. See *au¶az ~ *au¶an. T- *aujaz adj.: ON eygr ‘having eyes’, OE
aujaz 29 auraz
súr-íe ‘blear-eyed’, OHG sùr-ougi ‘with *auke conj.: Goth auk ‘but, also, further-
watery eyes’. Derived from *auòn. more’, ON auk ‘also’, OE eác ‘also, how-
T-F 5; V ANEW 107. ever’, OFris àk ‘also’, OS òk id., OHG
*auòn sb.n.: Goth augo ‘eye’, ON auga id., ouh id. Identical with Gk aÔ-ge ‘again’. A
OE eáe id., OFris àge id., OS òga id., compound of *au (Gk aÔ ‘again’) and
OHG ouga id. From *a(w)òn influenced particle *·e. Cf. also Toch A -ok, B -uk <
by *auzòn. Further to IE *ok ⁄- id.: Toch *u-·e (V W I 329–330).
A ak, B ek, Skt ákßi, Av dual a“i, Gk ˆsse, T-F 5; H AEEW 82;
Alb sy, Lith akìs, Slav *oko (S KZ F 67; P I 74; V ANEW
II 381–382). A consonantal stem *awz 19; F I 183; O 304; S 84
and an i-stem *awiz can be recon- (to *aukan); L GED 50; K-
structed on the basis of compounds S 61–62; A TB 109; B-
(S Plur. 106–108, 388–405). Goth  OFED s.v.
aha ‘mind, understanding’ hardly belongs *aukòjanan wk.vb.: ON auka ‘to increase’
here (despite F I 13; Z Gutt. 72; (weak forms, cf. *aukanan), OE ókian id.,
O IF XXVII 175). M MLG òken id., OHG ouhhòn id. Derived
LHLG I 289–290 (taboo); Z Gutt. from *aukòn. P I 85; V
73–74 (to Slav *aviti ‘to show’); T- ANEW 19; S 84.
F 5; S KZ XXXV 151–152 *aukòn sb.m.: ON auki ‘increase’, OE eáca
(to MIr uag ‘den, cave’); H ‘addition, increase, advantage’, OFris àka
AEEW 83; S KZ LXII 211; F ‘increase’, MLG òke id. Derived from
64–65; M I 16; P I *aukanan. H AEEW 83; V
775–777; F 5; V ANEW 19; ANEW 19; S 84.
F II 436; Z I 157; O *aulaz sb.m.: Norw dial. aul ‘pipe’. Iden-
340; V-T III 128–129; tical with Gk aÈlÒw id., Lith aªlas ‘boot-
L GED 48; B Nom. leg’. Further related to Toch B pl. auloñ
173–174; K-S 65; H ‘blood vessels’, Lith aul‹s ‘beehive’,
Festschr. Puhvel I 85; A TB 74–75; Slav *ul¸( j¸) id. T-F 6; P
O AED 405; B OFED s.v. I 88–89; F I 186–187; A TB
*aujan sb.n.: Run auja ‘good fortune’. 134.
Related to Skt ávati ‘to be pleased, to *aumaz adj.: ON aumr ‘poorly, miserable’.
strive, to promote’, Av avaiti ‘to help’, Gk Identical with Toch B aume ‘misery,
é˝thw ‘friend, beloved’. B poverty’ (K GGA 1958/1–3 54;
162; M I 57; P I 683; S Festschr. Eggers 31–35). K
V ANEW 19; F I 47; K NB II 244, 247; V ANEW 19;
Run. I 241–244, 261–263; L GED H 109–110; A TB 132;
52. B IFTJa 240.
*aukanan str.vb.: Goth aukan ‘to increase, *auraz sb.m.: ON aurr ‘wet clay, mud, wet
to augment’, ON auka id., OFris àka id., soil’, OE ear ‘sea, ocean’. Related to Gk
OHG auhhan id. Connected with Toch B ênaurow ‘without water’, Thrac rvn.
auk- ‘to grow, to increase’, Lat augeò id., AÎraw (K Glotta X 51, XIV
Lith áugu, áugti ‘to grow’, Latv aªgt id. 93), Latv rvn. Aure. See *ùran. G
Z Gutt. 160; T-F 5; W- Komm. I 24 (reconstructs *auza- = Lat
H I 82–83; F 67; J- aurum ‘gold’); T-F 6 (separate ON
 IEW 10; P I 85; F aurr ‘clay, soil’ to be compared with
24; V ANEW 19; A Schw. *ùran); P IF XXXV 199–200;
91; O 304; S 84–85; L- E KZ LII 116–117; J NB
 GED 50; A TB 130; B XXIV 247–253; F 67–68; H-
OFED s.v.  AEEW 85; D Thr. 39;
auraz 30 auzòn
P I 80; V ANEW 20; F I *austraz ~ *austran. H AEEW
103; V W–26 (to OIr úr ‘soil, 87; V ANEW 21.
earth’); L GED 50; D BSA 33. *auþaz ~ *auþòn adj.: ON auä-fengr ‘easy
*ausanan str.vb.: ON ausa ‘to sprinkle’, to get’, OE íäe ‘easy, pleasant’, OS òthi,
MLG òsen ‘to scoop’, MHG òsen id. òtho ‘light, easy’, OHG òdi, òdo id. Close
Identical with Gk aÎv ‘to get a light, to to Lat òtium ‘leisure’, further cf. Skt ávati
light a fire’ (with a secondary semantic ‘to be pleased, to strive, to promote’. See
development, see F BB II 187), cf. fur- *aujan. T-F 5; F-T 1407;
ther Lat hauriò ‘to draw’ < earlier *auriò. H AEEW 87, 187; K
T-F 6; W-H I 637; NB II 390–391; W-H II
V ANEW 21; S I 644; 228–229; P I 77; V ANEW
S Kl. Schr. 190–191; P I 18; M KZ LXXXII 288–297;
90; F I 193; S 85. H 110.
*ausòn sb.f.: ON ausa ‘ladle’, OE ease *auþjanan wk.vb.: ON eyäa ‘to waste, to
‘glass, tumbler’. Derived from *ausanan. destroy’, OE íäan ‘to lay waste, to de-
H AEEW 86; V ANEW 21. stroy’, OHG fir-òden ‘to waste, to desert’.
*austan£ adv.: ON austan ‘from the East’, Derived from *auþjaz. T-F 5;
OE eástan id., OS òstana id., OHG òstana M KZ LXXXII 288–297; H-
‘eastward’. Derived from *austaz. T-  111.
F 6; H AEEW 86; V *auþjaz adj.: Goth auþeis ‘barren, desolate,
ANEW 21; O 298; K-S deserted’, ON auär ‘desert, empty’, OE
605. íeäe ‘desert, forlorn’, OHG òdi ‘desert,
*austaz sb.m.: OE eást ‘East’, late MHG empty’. Identical with Gk aÎsiow ‘empty,
ost id. Related to Skt ußà ‘morning light’, vain’ (S Kl. Schr. 71), thus histo-
Gk Hom ±≈w ‘dawn’, Lat auròra ‘day- rically may be related to *auþaz ~ *auþòn.
break, dawn’, Lith au“rà id. T-F T OI 41 (to OIr úathad ‘small
6; H AEEW 86; W- number’); T-F 4–5; F 69–70;
H I 86; P I 86–87; H AEEW 187; K NB II
F 27; F I 605–606; O 387–389; M Word II 229, KZ
298; K-S 605. LXXXII 288 (to Gk aÈtÒw); P I
*austraz sb.m.: ON austr ‘drawing water’. 73; V ANEW 18; F I 191;
Derived from *ausanan. Structurally close L GED 52 (identical with *auþaz
to Gk §jaustÆr: kreãgra, aÈstÆr: m°t- ~ *auþòn); H 111; K-
rou ˆnoma. P I 90; F I 529. S 597.
*austraz ~ *austran sb.m./n.: Burg adj. *auzòn sb.n.: Goth auso ‘ear’ (*-s-), ON
*austr ‘Northern’, ON austr ‘East’, OE eyra id., OE eáre id., OFris àre id., OS òra
eáster, eástre ‘Easter’, OHG pl. òstara id. id., OHG òra id. Related to Av u“- id.,
(fem.). Related to *austaz. Continues Arm unkn id., Gk Dor Œw id., Alb vesh id.,
*ausro-, cf., Lat auster ‘South wind’ (< Lat auris id., OIr áu id., Lith ausìs id., Slav
*aus-tero-), Lith au“rà ‘dawn’, Latv austrà *uxo id. K I 377; S Plur. 109,
id., austra vèj“ ‘Eastern wind’. T- 406–407; B 414; T-F
F 6; H AEEW 87; W- 7; M SBAW CXXV/2 12–13 (to
H I 87; P I 87; V *òus- ‘mouth’); H AEEW 85;
ANEW 21; O 298; L GED W-H I 85–86; F 69;
270 (on Goth ostro- in Ostrogothae); K P I 785; F 26; V
708; K-S 605–606. ANEW 107–108; Z I 157; F
*austrònjaz adj.: ON austrœnn ‘eastern’, II 448–449; O 297; V-
OE eástern id. OS òstròni id. OHG sund- T IV 179; L GED 51;
òstròni ‘south-eastern’. Derived from B Nom. 174; O AED
auzòn 31 azenaz
501; K-S 599; B P I 89; B IEL 181;

OFED s.v. T PJa I 179–180; A TB 56.
*awi¶jan sb.n.: Goth aweþi ‘herd of sheep’ *az(a)niz ~ *asaniz sb.f.: Goth asans
(-þ- < *-¶-, irreg. -e-), OE eówd(e) id., ‘harvest, harvest time’, ON ‡nn ‘working
OHG ouwiti id. Derived from *awiz. season’, OE masc. ern ‘harvest’, OFris ern
B Btrg. Gesch. XI 32 (reconstructs id., OS aran-fimba ‘mow, rick’, asna ‘tax,
Goth *aweiþi ); H AEEW 93; levy’ (< *asnò ), OHG arn ‘harvest’. Re-
F 70; O 332; B 48; lated to OPrus assanis ‘harvest’, Slav
L GED 52. *esen¸ ‘autumn’. Cf. verbal derivatives in
*awistran sb.n.: Goth awistr ‘sheepfold’, OE earnian ‘to earn’, MLG arnen ‘to reap’,
OE éwestre id. (masc.). Derived from OHG arnòn id. W KZ I 247;
*awiz. O KZ XXIII 316 (from F BB I 32 (to Lat annòna ‘annual
*awi-wistraz); M MSL XII 218–219 yield’ < *ann-osnà); B BB V
(from *o⁄i-sth(e)-ro-); B KZ 176 (to Skt neut. vasná- ‘price, value’);
XXII 267–269; K Nom. Stamm. T-F 18, 22; P IF V 44;
51–52; H AEEW 93; F S Qu. 475 (to Gk Àra ‘spring’);
70–71; O 332; L Verschär- G Got. 30 (to *askòn); H-
fung 16.4; L GED 53; B-  AEEW 86, 94; F 58–59;
 Nom. 88. W-H I 50; P I 343;
*awiz sb.f.: ON ær ‘ewe’ (root stem), OE V ANEW 687–688; Z II 192;
eówu id. (< *awjò ), OFris ei id., OS ewi M Slav.-germ. 133 (from Slavic);
‘lamb’, OHG ouwi, ou ‘sheep’. Identical O 297; S LS 25; T
with Hitt ¢a⁄i- ‘sheep’, Toch B à(u )w id., ESSJa VI 28–29; R Gedenkschr.
Skt ávi- id., Gk ˆÛw id., Lat ovis id., OIr Güntert 71; L GED 44; L-
ói id., Lith avìs id., Slav *ov¸-ca id. S I 304–307; W KZ CV
(F KZ I 493). T-F 22; 273–275; K-S 231.
T BSW 20–21; M *azenaz ~ *azenan sb.m./n.: ON arinn
Festschr. Streitberg 269; H AEEW ‘hearth’, OHG erin ‘floor, floorboard’.
93; W-H II 229; M Related to Hitt loc. ¢a““i ‘herd’, Toch AB
I 59; P I 784; F 28; F as- ‘to dry’, Skt àsa- ‘ashes, dust’, Lat àra
II 367–368; V ANEW 681; Z- ‘altar’, Osc loc. aasaí id. T-F 18
 II 206; O 332; T (to Lat àrea ‘ground, vacant space, thresh-
Zhiv. 69–71; V-T III 116; ing floor’); S Festschr. Streitberg
P III 379–380; A TB 35. 340–343 (to Skt íri»a- ‘hole in the
*awòn sb.m.: ON ái ‘great-grandfather’. ground’); R KZ XLVI 315–316;
Cf. also Goth awo ‘grandmother’. Related H KZ LXXI 55 (to Gk
to Hitt ¢u¢¢a- ‘grandfather’, Toch àwe érar¤skv ‘to fit together, to equip’);
id., Arm hav id., Lat auus id., OPrus awis W-H I 61; M I 83;
‘uncle’, Slav *uj¸ id. U PBB P I 68; C SGGJa I 66;
XXX 263 (Lallwort); T-F 22; V ANEW 13; K Festschr.
W-H I 88–89; F 71; Polomé 347–352 (to Lat àrea).
b
*ba¶jan sb.n.: Goth badi ‘bed’, ON beär P KZ LXXXVIII 129–133; L-
id. (< *ba¶jaz ~ *ba¶iz), OE bedd id.,  GED 55–56.
OFris bed id., OS bed, beddi id., OHG betti *bai¶janan wk.vb.: Goth baidjan ‘to com-
id. Probably connected with W bedd, pel, to force’, ON beiäa ‘to request, to
Corn bedh, Bret béz ‘grave’ (M IF ask’, OE b≠dan ‘to constrain, to compel’,
XIX 448; further see P). Dubious. OS bèdian ‘to compel’, OHG beiten ‘to
F I, 491; P WuS XVI 4–16 (to compel, to urge’. Causative of *bì¶anan
*bhedh- ‘to dig, to pierce’); B PBB (W MP IV 489–490). Structurally
XXIII 250; B PBB XIII 176 (to Slav similar to Lith baidÿti ‘to frighten’ and
*pod˙ ‘base, bottom support’); T-F Slav *bîditi ‘to constrain, to persuade,
258; H AEEW 18; F 73; to cause evil’ (V-T I 142)
P I 114; V ANEW 29 (to unless the latter is a denominative.
*baþan); Z II 212; O 84; T-F 270–271; Z KZ XXX
L GED 55; L-S I 43–45; S IF XI 79 (to Lat boiae
572–574; B Nom. 65; K- ‘collar’); H AEEW 14; F
S 104; B OFED s.v. 74; P I 117; V ANEW 30;
*ba¶jòn sb.m./f.: ON beäja ‘wife, bed- S LS 14–15; B IEL 95, 99;
fellow’, OE e-bedda id., OFris bedda ‘hus- P KZ XCIV 206–207; S 95;
band’, OS gi-beddio id., MHG ge-bette T ESSJa II 56–57 (Slavic verb
‘wife, bed-fellow’. Derived from *ba¶jan. as denominative); L GED 56.
V ANEW 29. *bainan sb.n.: ON bein ‘bone’, OE bán id.,
*ba¶wò sb.f.: ON b‡ä ‘battle’, OE beadu OFris bèn id., OS bèn id., OHG bein id.
‘battle, war’, OS badu- (in cmpn.), OHG Continues *bhoino- based on IE *bhei- ‘to
batu- (in cmpn.). Cf. Burg *badus id. strike’ (B PBB XXIV 459; W
Related to OIr bodb ‘crow, image of the MLN XXIX 69). For the semantic deve-
battle goddess’. Further cf. a semantic- lopment cf. Slav *bedro ‘hip’ < *bhedh- ‘to
ally distant but formally similar Slav strike, to prick’. D LS VI 125
*body, gen. *bod˙ve ‘fish-spear, harpoon’. (to Lat femur ‘hip’ < *bhedh-); H
G KZ I 437; T-F 256; ANF VII 7 (to ON beinn ‘straight’); W-
T-F 256; H AEEW  ZdPh XXVIII 529 (same as H-
17; P I 114; C SGGJa ); B MSL V 158; T-F
I 96; V ANEW 69; Z I 257 (same as D); H Idg. Gr.
149; T ESSJa II 155; K I 312 (from *bhonƒo-); H AEEW
708. 16; P I 117–118; V ANEW
*bamaz ~ *banaz sb.m.: Goth bagms 30; Z I 139; O 106; L-
‘tree’, ON baämr, barmr id. (with assimila- S I 515–516; B KZ
tion), OSwed bagn id. An irregular phone- CIII 264–268 (to Lat fìnis ‘boundary’);
tic transformation of *baumaz ( J H 113; K-S 94;
PBB XV 224–225; U PBB B OFED s.v.
XXX 263–264). S KZ I 159; *baitan ~ *baitaz sb.n./m.: ON beit
M IF XVI 158 (to *baþan, isolates ‘ship’, OE bát ‘boat, ship, vessel’, OFris
*bamaz from *baumaz); G bàt ‘boat’. Probably related to *bìtanan
Got. 42 (to Skt bàhú- ‘arm’); T-F (L Festschr. Bugge 85–86, HVSU VI/1
257–258; F 73–74; P I 149; 34). T-F 270; H
V ANEW 22; Z II 226; AEEW 16; V ANEW 30 (to *baitja-
baitan 33 baliz
nan); O 103; S 97; K- F II 1057; O 69; S 87–
S 125–126. 88; L-S I 419–421; K-
*baitilaz sb.m.: Norw beitel ‘chisel’, MLG S 72 (to Skt bhrjáti ‘to roast’);
beitel, bètel id., MHG beizel ‘stylus, prick’. P IF LXXXI 30–31.
Derived from *bìtanan. T-F 270. *bakiz sb.m.: ON bekkr ‘brook, rivulet’ (<
*baitjanan wk.vb.: ON beita ‘to yoke’, OE *bakjaz), OE bece id., OFris -bitze (in com-
bætan ‘to bridle, to rein in, to restrain’, pounds), OS beki id., OHG bah id. Of
OS und-bètian ‘to dismount’, OHG beizen uncertain origin. Cf. *bankòn? Z
‘to spurn on’. Causative of *bìtanan. Gutt. 160; M BB XXI 218 (to Slav
T-F 270; H AEEW 15; *bagno ‘marsh’);  W IF XXIV 233
P I 116; V ANEW 30–31; (to MIr búal ‘flowing water’ < *bhoglo-
S 97. and further to *bheg ⁄- ‘to run’, or to
*baitjan sb.n.: ON beiti ‘pasturage, alum’, Slav *bagno ‘marsh’); T-F 257;
OE e-bæte ‘bit (of a bridle)’, MLG bète H AEEW 18; P I 161;
‘bit’, MHG ge-beize ‘falconry’. Cf. OHG C SSGJa I 54; V ANEW
beiza ‘alum’ < *baitò. Derived from *bìta- 31; Z II 212; O 84;
nan. V ANEW 31; S 97. P IF 212–214; L-S I
*baitraz adj.: Goth baitrs ‘bitter’, ON 427–429; K-S 71.
prop. Beitr. An ablaut variant of *bitraz. *bakòjanan wk.vb.: ON baka ‘to bake’,
Derived from *bìtanan. N IF OHG bachòn ‘to bake’. Derived from
XXXVII 145–147 (to Slav *brid˙k˙ *bakanan ‘to bake’. S 87.
‘sharp’); W MLN XX 41–42; T- *bal¶raz sb.m.: ON mann-baldr ‘great
F 270; F 77; V ANEW 31; man’, theon. Baldr, OE bealdor ‘prince,
O 97; S 97; L GED hero’. Derived from *balþaz. G
58–59; H 115. DM I 202; S ZDADL XXXV
*baizaz sb.m.: Burg *bairs ‘boar’, OE bár 241 (to Lith báltas ‘white’); M IF
id., OS bèr-swìn id., OHG bèr id. Identical XVIII 282–285 (to *bulaz ~ *bulò ); K
with Lith baÛsas ‘terrible apparition’, Festschr. Helm 37–45; S GRM
Slav *bîs˙ ‘demon’ < *bhoidh-s-o- (K- XXXIV 168; H AEEW 17;
S 80). T-F 257 (reconstruct P I 121; V ANEW 24; L-
*bairaz); W Postv. 78; H  GED 60.
AEEW 16; O 103; K 708; *baliz sb.m.: Goth balgs ‘bag made of
L-S I 542. skin, wine-skin’, ON belgr ‘skin, bellows’,
*bakan ~ *bakaz sb.n./m.: ON bak OE bel ‘bulge, bag, purse’, NFris balge
‘back’, OE bæc id., OFris bek id., OS bak ‘bag’, MLG balch id., OHG balg id.
id., OHG bahho id. (<*bakòn). Of un- Related to Ir bolg ‘sack’, OPrus balsinis
known origin. The similarity with Slav ‘pillow’, Slav *bolzina ‘pillow, beam’ con-
*bok˙ ‘side’ (M 40), itself unclear, tinuing *bhel·h- ‘to swell’. See *belanan.
is semantically attractive but phonetically P Kelt. Gr. I 105 (to Lat follis
difficult. Z Gutt. 160; T-F ‘hose’ < *bhol·hnis); Z Gutt. 26, 204;
259; H AEEW 14; V T-F 268; F 78; L Language
ANEW 23; Z II 227; O 68; IX 255; V BSL XLI 134–139;
K-S 72; B OFED s.v. P I 125–126; V ANEW 32;
*bakanan str.vb.: OE bacan ‘to bake’, Z I 149; O 87–88; S
MLG backen id., OHG backan, bahhan id. LS 14; S 99; T ESSJa II
(*-kk-). With its pret. *bòka, related to Gk 183–184; V W I 371 (to Toch
f≈gv ‘to roast’. P Wurzelerw. 190; B pelke ‘solemn but joyous utterance’);
Z Gutt. 213; T-F 257; L GED 59; L-S I
H AEEW 14; P I 113; 438–440; B Nom. 133 (to
baliz 34 balwa-wìsaz
OE belan ‘to make oneself angry, to swell CV 121 (< *bhol6-to-, to *bhel6- ‘to swell’);
with anger’); K-S 75; A H 115–116; K-S
TB 399 (against V W). 75.
*baljanan wk.vb.: ON belgja ‘to inflate’, *balþjanan wk.vb.: Goth balþjan ‘to be
OE a-belan ‘to anger, to irritate’, OS bold, to dare’, ON bella ‘to deal with’,
ar-belgid ‘incensed’, OHG gi-belgen ‘to OE byldan ‘to make bold, to encourage’,
irritate’. Derived from *belanan. S- OS beldian ‘to make valiant’, MHG balden
 99. ‘to hurry’. Derived from *balþaz. H-
*balixòn sb.f.: OHG belihha ‘coot’. Close  AEEW 22; F 78–79; V
to Lat fulica id. < *bholikà (S HL ANEW 32; L GED 60.
66; V‘ Lat. 181). S VDN *balþìn sb.f.: Goth þrasa-balþei ‘quarrel-
302 (to *bhel- ‘white’ because of a white someness’, OE beldo ‘boldness, rashness’,
spot on the bird’s forehead); W-H- OHG baldì ‘courage, boldness’. Derived
 I 559–560; P I 119; L- from *balþaz. H AEEW 22;
S I 431–434; K-S 96. F 78; O 94; H 115.
*balkòn ~ *belkòn sb.m.: ON bjálki *balwan sb.n.: Goth balwa-wesei ‘malice,
‘beam’, OE balca ‘beam, bank, ridge’, wickedness’, ON b‡l ‘misfortune, bale’,
OFris balka ‘beam’, MLG balke id., OHG OE bealu ‘woe, harm, wickedness, de-
balco id. Related to Gk fãlagj ‘line pravity’, OFris balu-mon ‘unfaithful guar-
of battle, phalanx, beam’. T-F dian’, OS balu ‘wickedness, misfortune’,
267–268; P I 123; V ANEW OHG balo ‘disease, sickness’ (masc.).
70; F II 985–986; O . Connected with OCorn bal ‘illness’ <
*balluz sb.m.: ON b‡llr ‘ball’, OHG bal id. *bal⁄- (P KZ V 351: also adds Slav
Related to Lat follis ‘bellows, ball’, Gk *bol’¸ ‘pain, illness’). K KZ I 516 (to
fallÒw ‘penis’, Thrac ethn. Tri-ballo¤, Gk faËlow ‘weak, little’); B I 71
OIr ball ‘membrum’. T-F 267; (against the comparison with Slav *bol’¸
K Glotta XXII 41; W- reflecting no traces of *-⁄-); T-F
H I 524–525; S Kl. Schr. 268–269; S KZ XXXII 342;
308; D Thr. 523–526; P I M IF XXI 296 (to Slav *b˙lvan˙
120; V ANEW 70; F II 987–988; ‘idol’); S KZ XXX 466 (to Lat
O 70; L 54; L- fallò ‘to deceive’); K KZ XXXI
S I 430–431; K-S 76. 449 (same as K); S KZ
*balþaz adj.: Goth adv. balþaba ‘boldly, XXXIV 342; B PBB XIII 182
openly’, ON ballr ‘hard, stubborn’, OE (prefix b-); O PBB XVIII 256
beald ‘bold, brave, confident’, OS bald (same as B, -alwan to Gk Hom ÙloÒw
‘valiant, bold’, OHG bald ‘brave, coura- ‘destructive, deadly’); F 79; H-
geous’. The old comparison with Lith  AEEW 17; W IF XLI 70–
báltas ‘white’ based on the semantic 77; K NB II 195–196; P I
development into ‘strong’ or ‘shining’ 125; C SGGJa I 80; V
(G DM I 202) could be tenable. ANEW 70; Z II 165; O 70;
S KZ I 479; U PBB S LS 15; S LuE 482–483 (from
XXXV 161–180; T-F 267; *·h⁄el- ‘to exchange’); L GED 60;
O PBB XVIII 255–256 (prefix L-S I 444–445; B-
b-, -alþaz to *aljanan II); F 78–79;  Nom. 243; T ESSJa II
H AEEW 17; P I 121; 188 (agrees with B); B
V ANEW 24 (to *bhel6- ‘to swell’, OFED s.v.
cf. Norw bala ‘to rut’); O 105; *balwa-wìsaz adj.: ON b‡l-víss ‘detes-
L GED 60 (same as V); table’, OS sbst. bala-wìso ‘malice’ (masc.
L-S I 434–436; M KZ n-stem). Cf. also Goth balwa-wesei ‘malice,
balwa-wìsaz 35 banjò
wickedness’ for which *balwa-wìsìn may H AEEW 31; F 80–81;
be conjectured (S Erw. 69). V ANEW 28; S 103; L
Compound of *balwan and *wìsaz. F GED 61–62; H Festschr. de Smet
79; L GED 60. 185–193; B Nom. 77.
*ban¶an sb.n.: ON band ‘bond, band’, *ban¶stiz ~ *ban¶stò sb.m.: Goth
OFris band id., OS hòbid-band ‘crown’, bansts ‘barn’, OFris bòste ‘marital tie’.
OHG bant ‘priest’s band, band’. Identical Derived from *ban¶an (D VW
with Skt bandhá- ‘bond, fetter’, Av banda- 274) or *ban¶saz. G Got. 43;
id. Cf. also Toch B pànto ‘support, aid’. T-F 259; U PBB XXX
Derived from *ben¶anan. B 264; S KZ XXX 483–484 (to Gk
926–927; T-F 259; M II su-feÒw ‘pigsty’); J IF XIX
407; P I 127; Z II 216; 114–116; W BB XXVIII 61;
V ANEW 25; O 72; S F 80–81, PBB XV 546; S 103;
103; K-S 77; A TB L GED 61–63; K-S
365. 79.
*ban¶ilaz sb.m.: ON bendill ‘small cord, *ban¶wjanan wk.vb.: Goth bandwjan ‘to
string’, ME bendel id., MLG bendel id., mark, to make a sign’, ON benda ‘to give
OHG bentil ‘band’. Derived from *ban¶jò. a sign, to beckon’. Derived from *ban¶wò.
V ANEW 32; S 103; K- T-F 256; F 79; P I
S 97. 104; V ANEW 32; L GED 61.
*ban¶islan sb.n.: ON benzl ‘bow in a bent *ban¶wò sb.f.: Goth bandwa ‘sign’. Prob-
state’, MLG bendsel ‘association’. Derived ably related to the isolated Lith bandÿti ‘to
from *ban¶jò. V ANEW 32. try’, OPrus per-bandan ‘trial’. M Goth.
*bandjan sb.n.: ON bendi ‘cord’, MLG 59 (to IE *bhà- ‘to shine’); D
bende id., MHG bende id. Derived from VW 296–297 (to *bendanan); W MP II
*ben¶anan. V ANEW 32. 471 (same as D; semantically
*ban¶janan wk.vb.: ON benda ‘to bend *‘knotted cloth’); T-F 256; F
(a bow), to join’, OE bendan ‘to bend’, 79–80; P I 104; F 34;
MHG benden id. Derived from *ben¶anan. L GED 61 (follows M).
T-F 259; H AEEW 19; *banòjanan wk.vb.: Icel banga ‘to ham-
V ANEW 32; O 88; S mer’, E bang, G dial. bangen ‘to knock’. If
103. not of imitative origin, probably related
*ban¶jò sb.f.: Goth bandi ‘bond, fetter’. to Skt bhanákti ‘to break’, Arm bek ‘bro-
Identical with MIr buinne ‘band’ < ken’, Lith beñgti ‘to finish’ (V ANEW
*bhondhƒà. Derived from *ben¶anan. Cf. 25). T-F 256 (to *banòn); T-
WGmc *ban¶iz: OE bend ‘band, bond,  BSW 26; M II 469;
ribbon’, OFris bend ‘bond, tie’, bende id., P I 114–115; F 34.
OS bendi id. T-F 259; H- *baniþò sb.f.: ON bend ‘wound’, OFris
 AEEW 19; F 79; P I 127; benethe id., OS baneäi id. Related to *banjò.
Z II 216; S 103; L- V ANEW 32.
 GED 60–61; B Nom. *banjò sb.f.: Goth banja ‘wound’, ON ben
134. id., OE ben id., OS beni-wunda id. Derived
*ban¶saz sb.m.: ON báss ‘stall in a cow- from *banòn. G KZ I 82; S
house’, LG banes ‘interior of a barn’ AW I 39 (to IE *g ⁄hen- ‘to strike’); T-
(fem.), G Banse ‘bay in a barn’. Cf. also F 256 (to *ba¶wò); S BB
OE bós-i ‘winter cow-stall’. Derived XXIX 37 (to Arm banam ‘to open’);
from *ben¶anan ( J IF XIX 116). T-F 256; H AEEW 19;
G 9 (to Russ baz ‘cowshed’); T- F 80–81 (to Av banta- ‘sick’); P
F 259; U PBB XXX 264; I 126; V ANEW 32; Z II
banjò 36 bar¶òn
173; O 72; S KZ LXXXI *bannòjanan wk.vb.: ON banna ‘to hinder,
113 (follows S); V B-32–34 to forbid’, OHG bannòn ‘to call upon’.
(to OIr benaid ‘to beat, to strike’); L- Derived from *bannan. S 89.
 GED 61; B Nom. 112. *banòjanan wk.vb.: ON bana ‘to kill’,
*banjòjanan wk.vb.: ON benja ‘to wound OFris bonia id. Derived from *banòn.
mortally’, OE bennian ‘to wound’. De- V ANEW 25.
rived from *banjò. H AEEW *banòn sb.m.: ON bani ‘death, bane’, OE
19; V ANEW 32. bana ‘killer, murderer’, OFris bona id., OS
*banki-þeljan sb.n.: ON bekk-þili ‘wain- bano id., MHG bane ‘death’. Of uncer-
scotted walls of a hall’, OE benc-äel tain origin. P UUÅ 1891 73 (to
‘bench-floor’. Compound of *bankiz and *ba¶wò); Z Gutt. 30; T-F
*þeljan. C Nom. comp. 80 (parallel 256; H AEEW 16; P I
formations). 126 (to Av bànay6n ‘they make ill’); V
*bankiz sb.m.: Burg *banki ‘bench’, ON ANEW 25; Z I 153; O 72;
bekkr id., OE benc id., OFris benk, bank id. M Germ. Rek. 109 (to IE *g ⁄hen- ‘to
(fem.), OS bank id. (fem.), OHG banc id. kill’); B Nom. 176.
(masc., fem.). See *bankòn. U *baraz sb.m.: Crim. Goth baar ‘boy’,
PBB XXXV 171; T-F 259; MHG bar ‘son, man’. Derived from
H AEEW 19; V ANEW 31; *beranan (H ZDADL CXIV 44–45).
Z II 176; O 88; K S NGWG [1910] 15 (mistaken
709; L-S I 456–458; K- for *barn); F 73; S 105 (from
S 78 (from *branka-). Goth *baur); H JEGP LXXII 60–61
*bankòn sb.m.: ON bakki ‘bank, ridge’, (continues Goth *barn); L GED
OE banca ‘lair, bed’, LG bank ‘bank, 55.
shore’. Of uncertain origin. W MLN *baraz ~ *bariz sb.n./m.: ON barr ‘bar-
XV 95 (to Skt bhanákti ‘to break, to shat- ley’, OE bere id., OFris berid. (in cmpn.).
ter’); T-F 259 (to Lith bangà ‘wave’); Related to Lat far ‘spelt’, Osc far id.,
H AEEW 16; V ANEW 23. Umbr far id., Alb bar ‘grass’. H-
*bannan sb.n.: ON bann ‘prohibition,  AEEW 21; W-H I
ban’, OE e-bann id., OFris ban(n) ‘order’, 455–456; F 81; P Gliederung 109;
OS ban(n) id. (masc.), OHG ban ‘or- P I 111; L GED 62;
der, ban’ (masc.). Related to *bannanan. B Nom. 211 (old s-stem);
C ANF X 158 (from OIr); T- O AED 16–17.
F 256; H AEEW 16; *bar¶az sb.m.: Crim. Goth bars ‘beard’,
W TuB 19–28; P I 106; OE beard id., OFris berd id., MDu baert
S 89; L-S I 454–456; id., OHG bart id. Related to Lat barba id.,
K-S 79. Lith barzdà id. (with a secondary -zd-),
*bannanan str.vb.: OE bannan ‘to sum- Slav *borda id. (S KZ XXXIV 21).
mon’, OFris banna id., OS bannan ‘to P IF V 73 (Slav, Lat < Gmc);
precharge’, OHG bannan ‘to precharge, T-F 262; H AEEW
to order’. Cf. Skt bhánati ‘to speak, to 17; W-H I 96; F 82;
sound’, and further probably to Gk fhm¤ P I 111; C SGGJa I
‘to say’, Lat fàrì ‘to speak’, Arm ban 61; T Venus 188–191; F 36;
‘word’ < IE *bhà- ‘to speak’. T- V ANEW 26 (ON barä id. < MLG
F 256; H AEEW 16; bard ); Z II 166; O 83;
W-H I 525–526; M- L GED 62–63; L-S I
 II 469–470; P I 106; F II 488–490; T ESSJa II 197–198;
1009–1010; O 71–72; S 88– K-S 83.
90; K-S 79. *bar¶òn sb.f.: Burg *bardo ‘axe’, ON baräa
bar¶òn 37 baruaz
‘a kind of axe’, OHG barta id. Derived viae, aggeris’, OS barm ‘bosom, lap’,
from *bar¶az. Cf. ON skegg-‡x id. with OHG barm id. Identical with Skt bhárman-
a similar semantic motivation. T- ‘support, nourishment’, Gk formÒw ‘bas-
F 262; K 709. ket for carrying’ (H IF XXXII 287).
*barjanan wk.vb.: ON bergja ‘to taste’, W MP XI 326; G WuS XI
OE beran ‘to taste’. Probably derived 139; T-F 260–262; H
from *beranan. On the other hand, the AEEW 18; F 81–82; D Thr.
comparison with Lat fragrò ‘to smell’ can- 53 (to Thrac mtn. B°rmion ˆrow); M-
not be completely ruled out. H-  II 481; P I 131, 137, 142
 IF XXXII 340; Z Gutt. 208; (to *bruman); V ANEW 27; Z
H AEEW 23; V ANEW 33 II 185; F II 1037; O 75; S-
(to Gk f°rbv ‘to feed, to nourish’).  105; A Schw. 91; L
*barizìnaz adj.: Goth barizeins ‘of barley’. GED 62; B Nom. 71.
Structurally close to Lat farìna ‘flour’ < *barna-lausaz adj.: ON barn-lauss ‘child-
*farsìna, cf. also Slav *bor“¸no ‘dish, rye less’, OE bearn-leás id., OFris bern-làs
flour’ < *bharsinom. Derived from *baraz id. Compound of *barnan and *lausaz.
~ *bariz. H Waldbäume 362–363; C Nom. comp. 60.
W-H I 455; F 81; P *barnan sb.n.: Goth barn ‘child’, ON barn
Gliederung 109; C SGGJa I 63; id., OE bearn id., OFris bern id., OS barn
T ESSJa II 212–213; L id., OHG barn id. Related to Lith bérnas
GED 62. ‘boy’, Latv b=rns ‘child’, Alb barrë ‘foetus’
*barjanan wk.vb.: ON berja ‘to strike’, OE < *barnà (B BB XVII 21). A
berian ‘to take away, to withdraw’, OHG participle in *-no- of *beranan (M
berren ‘to treat cruelly’. Identical with MSL XXI 47) in its meaning ‘to give
Slav *boriti ‘to fight’, *borj‡, *borti id. birth’. T-F 260; H
and further with Alb bie ‘to fall, to hit’ < AEEW 18; F 82; P I 131;
PAlb *berja, Lat feriò ‘to bore, to drill’, T Rod. 44; F 40; V
Lith barù, bárti ‘to scold’. T-F ANEW 27; Z I 139; O 69;
261; H AEEW 21; W- S 105; M BSI 12 (adds
H I 481–482; P Gliederung dubious Slav fem. *berna ‘pregnant’); L-
204; P I 134; L 22;  GED 62; B Nom. 73;
F 35–36; V ANEW 33; O AED 19.
T ESSJa II 203–204, 213–214; *barniskaz adj.: Goth barnisks ‘childish,
O AED 24. childlike’, ON bernskr ‘childish’. Deriva-
*barkaz sb.m.: Swed bark ‘stubborn and tionally identical with Lith bérni“kas ‘of
unfriendly man’. Identical with Arm bark servant’. See *barnan. F 82; V
‘harsh, sharp’, OIr borb ‘foolish, silly’, ANEW 34; L GED 62.
Latv bargs ‘stern, grim’. B *barò sb.f.: E bar ‘beam, barrier’, MHG
BB XXVI 167 (to OE beorcan ‘to make bar id. Related to *barjanan. Deriva-
a sharp explosive sound, to bark’); tionally close to Lat forus ‘open space,
P I 138–139. public place’, forum id., Lith bãras ‘swath,
*barkuz sb.m.: ON b‡rkr ‘bark’, MLG borke row of mowed corn’ (F I 191).
id. (fem.). Related to *berkò. P T-F 261; W-H I 537;
IF XXIII 403 (to *bher- ‘to cut’); T- P I 134.
F 263; P I 166; V ANEW *baruaz sb.m.: ON b‡rgr ‘barrow-hog’,
70; K-S 126–127. OE bear id., OFris barg id., OS barug id.,
*barmaz sb.m.: Goth barms ‘lap, bosom’ OHG barug id. Derivationally identical
(i-stem), ON barmr ‘brim’, OE bearm with Alb barukë ‘fleece’ < *bhoru-k-o-,
‘bosom, lap’, WFris berm ‘latus sinuatum based on IE *bhoru- attested in another
baruaz 38 batizòn
derivative as *bhor⁄os in Alb berr ‘sheep, vigorous’, OHG bar ‘upright’. Identical
goat’, Slav *borv˙ ‘sheep, barrow’ (O with MIr borr ‘thick, large, strong’ <
Linguistica XXVI 172–173). W *bhorso-. T-F 265–266; H-
KZ I 247; F KZ I 497 (related  AEEW 18; P I 108–109;
to Lat porcus ‘hog, pig’); T-F 263; L-S I 466–467; H-
M LF XIV 81 (to Slav *porz˙  117; K-S 83.
‘bull, hog’); T BSW 27 (on sin- *bastan ~ *bastaz sb.n.: ON bast
gulative -k- as in Av pasu- ‘cattle’ ~ ‘inner bark of a tree’, OE bæst id., MLG
pasuka- ‘(one) animal’); K Lehnw. bast id. (masc.), OHG bast id. (masc.).
61 (Slav < Gmc); H AEEW Continues *bh6-sto- or *bh6s-to- related to
17; T Holz 87–88; M KZ *bhà- ‘to shine’, *bhàs-: Skt bhàti ‘to
LXIV 263 (further to Skt bhárvati ‘to shine’, bhàs- ‘light’, Gk fa¤nv ‘to appear’,
chew’); P I 135; V ANEW 70; f≈skei: diafãnei and the like. Seman-
Z I 129; O 76; S LS tically similar to Slav *lyko ‘bast’ < IE
15; T ESSJa II 214–215; *leuk- ‘to shine’ (T Rem. 165–
L-S I 493–495; K- 166). J IF XIX 121 (from
S 81; O AEW 18, 21–22. *bhad-stu-); A IF XLVI 267;
*barwaz sb.m.: ON b‡rr ‘a kind of tree’, J ZDADL LXVI 238–240 (from
OE bearu ‘wood, grove’. Related to Slav Scythian, cf. Av basta ‘bundle, bunch’,
u-stem *bor˙ ‘pine, pine forest’ (L Osset bast id.); T-F 269; H-
PBB LX 162; S BB XV 287–  AEEW 15; M II
288). S BB XV 287; H PBB 493–494, 499; P I 104–105;
XXIII 331 (Slav < Gmc); M Etudes S KZ LXXI 211–213 (from
II 234 (same as H); P Beiträge 22 Illyrian *bast- < *bh–dh-t-); V ANEW
(against H); B I 76; T- 28; Z II 166; F II 982–984;
F 260; H AEEW 18; O 78; D Vºddhi 257–264;
P Gliederung 144; P I 109; K Festschr. Schmitt 246–258 (to
C SGGJa I 79; V ANEW bábhasti ‘to chew, to masticate, to de-
70; Z I 138; M Slav- vour’); L-S I 500–502;
germ. 108 (from Slavic); S LS 15; K-S 84.
T ESSJa III 216–217. *batiz comp. adv.: ON betr ‘better’, OE bet
*barwòn sb.f.: ON pl. barar ‘hand-bier’, id., OFris bet id., OS bet, bat id., OHG
OE bearwe ‘basket, bier’, EFris barwe baz id. (< *bataz). See *batizòn. Cf. superl.
‘hand-barrow’. Cf. also WGmc *bèrò > Goth batista ‘best’, ON beztr id., OE betst
OE b≠r ‘bier’, OS bàra id., OHG bàra id. id., OFris betst id., OHG bezzisto id.
Derived from *beranan. Cf. also *bèrò. G DG II 43 (reconstructs *batanan
T-F 260; H AEEW 15, ‘vigere, valere’); O Morph. Unt. VI
18; V ANEW 25; P I 131; 286–288; T-F 258; H
Z II 219; O 94; L- AEEW 21–22; F 83; P I 106;
S I 469–470; K-S 74. V ANEW 34–35; O 90–91;
*barzan ~ *barsan sb.n.: ON barr ‘nee- L GED 63; B Nom.
dles of a fir-tree’, OE bears ‘coniferous 235; K-S 84, 102.
tree, foliage, tree’, OHG bars id. Closely *batizòn comp. adj.: Goth batiza ‘better’,
related to OIr barr ‘mop of hair, top’. W ON betri id., OE betre id., OFris betere id.,
bar id., Corn bar id. Substantivized *bar- OS betaro id., OHG bezziro id. May be
zaz. T-F 265–266; H related to the isolated Skt bhadrá- ‘blessed,
AEEW 18; P I 109; V ANEW delightful, fortunate’, Av hu-badra ‘happy,
27; H 117. lucky’ (B Glossarium 269) if those are
*barzaz adj.: ON barr ‘ready, strong, not from *bh–dró-. B 1828;
batizòn 39 baunò
T-F 258; S KZ XL 245 *bheugh- ‘to bend’. Reflected in Slav rvn.
(to MIr baid ‘durable’); F 83; *Bug˙ (West Bug, right tributary of Wisla)
H AEEW 21–22; W also known in the XII century as Armilla
NP 14–16; M II 467–468; (T ZÖG XXVI 523; B
P I 106; C SGGJa I 47). T-F 274; H
107; V ANEW 34; O 91; AEEW 17; M II 504; P
L GED 63; H IIJ XXX 175 I 152–153; V ANEW 29; Z I
(together with MW bodd ‘good will’ from 129; B 111; S 110;
*bhod-); L-S I 503–505, T ESSJa III 78 (OCS boug˙
577–578; B Nom. 235; ‘armillar’ as a parallel to rather than a
K-S 102. borrowing from Gmc); L GED
*batnòjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-batnan ‘to 73; B Nom. 52.
benefit, to profit’, ON batna ‘to improve, *baujanan wk.vb.: Goth us-baugjan ‘to
to get better’. Related to *batòn. F sweep out’, ON beygja ‘to bow, to bend’,
174; P I 1; V ANEW 28; OE bían id., OFris beia id., OS bògian id.,
H 118. OHG bougen id. Causative of *beuanan.
*batòn sb.m.: ON bati ‘improvement, G Got. 230–231; T-F
advantage’, OFris bata ‘advantage, gain’, 273; H AEEW 22; F 529;
MLG bate ‘improvement’. See *batiz. P I 153 (to Av bunúainti ‘to liber-
T-F 258; P I 106; V ate’); V ANEW 34; S 111;
ANEW 28; L GED 63; H- L GED 73, 380; K-S
 119. 105.
*baþa-xùsan sb.n.: ON baä-hús ‘bathing- *bauknan sb.n.: ON bákn ‘beacon’, OE
house’, OE bæä-hús id., OHG bada-hùs id. beácen id., OFris bàken id., OS bòkan id.,
Compound of *baþan and *xùsan. C OHG bouhhan id. Related to *bukjanan.
Nom. comp. 71 (parallel formations). T-F 257; H AEEW 17;
*baþan sb.n.: ON baä ‘bath, bathing’, OE P I 105 (to IE *bhà- ‘to shine’);
bæä ‘bath, font’, OFris be(i)th ‘bath’, OS Z I 139; O 82; K-
bath id., OHG bad id. Derived from S 74.
*bèjanan. T-F 256; H *b(a)ukòjanan wk.vb.: ON bauka ‘to dig’,
AEEW 15; P I 113; V ANEW MLG boken ‘to knock, to beat’, MHG
22; Z I 139; O 79; K- buchen id. Of imitative origin. P
S 72. I 97–98; V ANEW 29.
*baþa-stufòn sb.f.: ON baä-stofa ‘bath- *baumaz sb.m.: OE beám ‘tree’, OFris
room’, MLG bade-stove ‘bathroom’, OHG bàm id., OS bòm id., OHG boum id.
bada-stuba id. Compound of *baþan Continues *bhou-mo- derived from IE
and *stufòn. C Nom. comp. 83 (paral- *bheu- ‘to grow’, see *bewwanan. Cf. *bheu-
lel formations). men- in Gk fËma ‘growth’, Skt bhùman-
*baþòjanan wk.vb.: ON rare baäast ‘to ‘being, world, earth’ ( J Btrg.
bathe’, OE baäian ‘to wash, to bathe’, Du Gesch. XV 224–225). T-F 258;
baden ‘to bathe’, OHG badòn id. Derived H AEEW 17; S 54
from *baþan. H AEEW 17; (reconstructs *baum-na-); M II
V ANEW 22; O 79. 512–513; P I 149; Z II
*bauaz sb.m.: ON baugr ‘ring’, OE beá 226; F II 1052–1053; O 82–83;
‘ring, crown’, OFris bàg ‘ring’, OS bòg- P KZ LXXXVIII 129–133 (sec-
gebo ‘one presenting a ring’, MLG bòch ondary form of *bamaz); L GED
‘ring’, OHG boug id. Derived from *beu- 55–56; B Nom. 71; K-
anan. Together with Skt bhogá- id., con- S 86; B OFED s.v.
tinues a noun *bhougho- derived from *baunò sb.f.: ON baun ‘bean’ (i-stem), OE
baunò 40 bebruz
beán id., OS bòna id., OHG bòna id. (ò- Identical with Arm bok' ‘barefoot’, Lith
and òn-stem). Of uncertain origin. May bãsas id., Slav *bos˙ id. V KZ
be close to Slav *buna ‘swelling, tuber’ XXIII 113; P IF V 46; H-
< *bhounà, further related to *bewwanan.  AG 430; K NB I 42–43;
P IF XXIII 390 (to *bheu- ‘to P UUÅ 1891 115 (to *bhes- ‘to
swell’); T-F 257 (to Lat faba id., scrape’); K KZ XXXI 414;
Slav *bob˙ id.); H AEEW 17; T-F 269; T BSW 28;
P I 106 (from *babnò related to H AEEW 15; F 36,
OPrus babo id., Slav *bob˙ id.); V Glotta XXXV 87; P I 163; V
ANEW 29; Z II 192; O 83; ANEW 34; O 75; T ESSJa
T ESSJa III 95–96; K- II 223–224; L-S I 465–
S 123. 466; B Nom. 239; K-
*bausaz adj.: Burg *bausiz ‘wicked’, Norw S 79; H 121.
baus ‘proud, bumptious’, OFris bàsa-feng, *bazjan sb.n.: Goth weina-basi ‘wine-berry,
bàs-feng ‘obscene touch’, MLG bòse, bòs grape’ (< *basjan), ON ber ‘berry’, OE
‘unclean’, OHG bòsi ‘worthless’. Prob- berie ‘berry, grape’ (fem.), OS beri ‘berry’,
ably, continues *bau¶-s-az, to *beu¶anan OHG beri id. Connected with Skt bábhasti
(H 120–121). T-F ‘to chew, to masticate, to devour’. For
276; K 709. the semantic development cf. Slav *gru“a
*bautanan str.vb.: ON bauta ‘to beat, to ‘pear’ < *gru“iti ‘to break, to destroy’, Lat
hunt’ (secondary wk.), OE beátan ‘to beat’, pirum ‘pear’ < *pisom, to *peis- ‘to stick, to
MHG bòzen id. (some forms are wk.). Of pound’. B PBB XXI 421 (to Norw
unknown origin. T-F 274 (to Lat dial. bas, base ‘shrub’); L IF XVIII
con-fùtò ‘to repress, to diminish, to put to 415–416 (to OE basu ‘crimson, purple’);
silence’); F 74; H AEEW T-F 269; H AEEW
18; J IEW 596–597; P 21; W-H II 309–310; F
I 112 (to Lat fùstis ‘knobbed stick, 559; M II 409; P I 105
cudgel’); V ANEW 29; O 83; (to Skt bhàs- ‘light, splendour’), 145;
S 90–91. V ANEW 32–33; O 90; Z-
*bautilaz sb.m.: ON beytill ‘Equisetum  II 182; L GED 400; L-
hiemale’, OE bíetel ‘hammer’, MLG bπtel S I 560–561; K-S 89
‘beating implement’, OHG stein-bòzil (to Lith úoga ‘berry’ < *òg ⁄hà).
‘cudgel’. Derived from *bautanan. H- *bazòjanan wk.vb.: ON bera ‘to make
 AEEW 23; P I 112; V bare’, OFris baria ‘to reveal’, OS baron id.,
ANEW 35; O 85; S 90; OHG gi-baròn ‘to lay bare’. Derived from
K-S 95. *bazaz. V ANEW 33; H
*bauþaz adj.: Goth bauþs ‘deaf, dumb’. 121.
Probably related to Slav sbst. *buta ‘stu- *bebruz sb.m.: ON bjórr ‘beaver, beaver’s
pid person; haughtiness, pride’. G- skin’, OE beofor ‘beaver’, MLG bever
 Got. 45; P Kelt. Gr. I 111 id., OHG bibar id. Originally, a color
(to OIr bodar ‘deaf’); U PBB adjective. Related to Skt babhrú- ‘reddish-
XXX 265–266; P IF XXIII 395 brown, brown’, Av bawra-, bawri-
(to *beu¶az); M MSL X 282 (to Lith ‘beaver’, Lat fiber id., Lith b‚bras id.,
bukùs ‘blunt, dull’); F 86; F OPrus bebrus id., Slav *bebr˙ id. ON
63; T ESSJa III 101–102; L- bjórr ‘triangular cut off piece of meat’ is
 GED 65. a metaphoric usage of the above and
*bazaz adj.: ON berr ‘naked, bare’, OE bær has nothing to do with Lat fibra ‘fiber’
id., OFris ber-fòt ‘barefoot’, OS bar ‘naked, < *g ⁄hisrà (despite N Abriß 228).
bare’, OHG bar ‘uncovered, naked, bare’. F KZ I 497 (related to Lat fibra
bebruz 41 beranan
‘fibre, filament’); B 925; OIr béal ‘sun’); K Glotta XIV
T-F 264; T BSlWb 96–97 (a Wanderwort); T-F 267
28–29; H AEEW 20; W- (reconstruct *belunòn < Celtic, cf. Gaul
H I 490–492; M II bilinuntia id.); T ESSJa I 185–
409–410; P I 136; F 38; 187 (to *bhel- ‘to speak’); K-S
V ANEW 40; Z II 227; 111.
O 83; H IF LXX 162 (to *ben¶anan str.vb.: Goth bindan ‘to bind’,
*beranan); T ESSJa I 174–175; ON binda id., OE bindan id., OFris binda
K-S 107. id., OS bindan id., OHG bintan id. Re-
*bekwjanan wk.vb.: ON bikkja ‘to plunge lated to Skt badhnàti id., Av bandayeiti id.
into water’, MHG bicken ‘to punch, to B 926; T-F 259;
kick’. Probably related to Gk f°bomai M MSL XVII 194; F 93; H-
‘to be put to flight, to flee’, Lith b∏gu, b∏gti  AEEW 23; J IEW
‘to run’, Slav *bîgti id. P I 116; 611–612; M II 406; P I
V ANEW 36. 127; V ANEW 37; M II
*bekwjòn sb.f.: ON bikkja ‘bitch’, OE bicce 406, 408; O 95; S 102–
id. Unclear. Perhaps based on *bekwjanan. 104; L GED 71; K-S
Z Gutt. 96; T-F 259 (to 111–112.
*bakan ~ *bakaz); V ANEW 36 (to Skt *benaz sb.m.: ON bingr ‘bolster, bed, a
bhaga- ‘vulva’). heap of corn’, MLG binge ‘kettle-shaped
*belanan str.vb.: ON part. bolginn ‘to deepening’. Related to Skt bahú- ‘much,
swell’, OE belan ‘to swell with anger’, abundant, large’, Gk paxÊw ‘thick’, Latv
OFris part. ovir-bulgen ‘to incense’, OS bel- bìezs id. Z Gutt. 177; M
gan id., OHG belgan ‘to get angry’. Re- II 424–425; P I 127–128; V
lated to *baliz. Z Gutt. 26, 204; ANEW 37; F II 484–485.
T-F 268; H AEEW 19; *benutaz sb.m.: Norw dial. bunt ‘Aira cae-
J IEW 629–630; P I spitosa’ (< *bunut-), OE bionot ‘dry blade
126; V ANEW 49; S 99–101; of grass’, OS binet ‘bulrush’, OHG binuz
K-S 640. id. If originally stood for *‘dead grass’,
*bellanan I str.vb.: OHG widar-bellan ‘to could be compared with *banòn. T-
rebound’. Probably connected with Slav F 271; O 89.
*bel’ati ‘to swing, to limp’. H *beranan str.vb.: Goth bairan ‘to bear, to
AEEW 19; J IEW 629; T- carry; to give birth’, ON bera id., OE
 ESSJa I 185; S 101. beran id., OFris bera id, OS beran id, OHG
*bellanan II str.vb.: OE bellan ‘to bellow, beran id. Cf. also *a-beranan ‘to give
to roar’, MHG bellen ‘to bay, to bark’. birth’: Goth ga-bairan, OE e-beran, OS gi-
Related to Toch AB päl-, pàl- ‘to praise’, beran, OHG gi-beran. Continues IE *bher-
OPrus billit ‘to say, to speak’, Lith bìlstu, ‘to bear’: Toch AB pär-, Skt bhárati, Gk
bìlti ‘to start speaking’. T-F 266; f°rv, Arm berem, Lat ferò, OIr berid
P I 123–124. merged with *bher- ‘to give birth’.
*bellòn sb.f.: ON bjalla ‘bell’, OE belle id., Prefixed *at-beranan > Goth at-bairan ‘to
MLG belle id. Derived from *bellanan II. bring, to offer’ is identical with Phryg
T-F 266; H AEEW 19; impf. abberet, Lat adferò ‘to bring’.
P I 123 (to *bullòjanan); L T-F 260–261; H
24–26. AEEW 21; W-H I 483–485;
*belnòn sb.f.: OE belone, belene ‘hen-bane’, F 75; J IEW 612–613;
MLG billen id. Close to Slav *beln˙ ~ M II 473–476; P I
*belna id. Further cf. Gaul bel°nion id., 128–131; V ANEW 33; F II
W bela id. P KZ IV 361–362 (to 1003–1004; I-S Opyt I 195
beranan 42 berkjòn
(on the contamination of IE *bher- ‘to ANEW 41; S 107; B
bear’ and *bher- ‘child; to give birth’); Nom. 109.
O 83; S 104–106; L *berxta-lìkaz adj.: ON bjart-ligr ‘clear’,
GED 57; K-S 303; O OE beorht-líc ‘bright, light, clear’, OS
Phrygian 409; A TB 371; B berht-lìk ‘bright’. Derived from *berxtaz.
IFTJa 248. H 124.
*beran ~ *beraz sb.n./m.: ON bjarg *berxtaz adj.: Goth bairhts ‘bright, clear,
‘rock’, OE beor ‘hill, mountain’, OFris manifest’, ON bjartr ‘bright’, OE beorht
berch id., OS berg id., OHG berg id. ‘bright, light, clear’, OS berht id., OHG
Closely related to Av bar6zah- ‘height’, beraht id. Identical with W berth ‘beautiful’
Arm barjr ‘high’, Thrac pln. B°rga, OIr < *bher·-t-, Slav sbst. *berst˙ ‘elm’. Fur-
brí ‘hill’, W bera ‘heap’, Slav *berg˙ ‘shore, ther related to Skt bhràjate ‘to shine, to
mountain’. Further connected with IE beam’, Av bràzaiti id., Alb bardhë ‘white’.
*bher·h- ‘high’. Z Gutt. 204; B- F KZ I 104; Z Gutt. 188;
 950; T-F 265; H- B 972; T-F 264–265;
 AEEW 20; F 75–76 (on F 76–77; H AEEW 20;
Goth bairgahei ‘hill country, mountainous K NB II 324; M II
region’); D Thr. 51–52; P 529–530; P I 139; V ANEW
I 140–141; V ANEW 39; Z 39; O 118; L GED 58;
II 166; O 76; T ESSJa L-S I 545–546; B-
191–193; L GED 57–58; B-  Nom. 256; H 123–
 Nom. 60; L-S I 124; O AED 17.
553–554; K-S 98–99. *berxtìn sb.f.: Goth bairhtei ‘brightness,
*beranan str.vb.: Goth bairgan ‘to pre- clarity’, ON birti id., OE birhtu id., OHG
serve, to keep’, ON bjarga ‘to save, to berahtì ‘clarity’. Derived from *berxtaz.
help’, OE beorgan ‘to save, to protect, to H AEEW 23; F 76; V
defend’, WFris bergje ‘to keep’, OS bergan ANEW 37; L GED 58; H-
id., OHG bergan id. Identical with Slav  124.
*bergti id., cf. also Lith bìrginti ‘not to *berxtjanan wk.vb.: Goth bairhtjan ‘to ex-
spend much’, Osset æm-bærzyn ‘to cover’. hibit, to show, to disclose’, ON birta ‘to
K KZ I 39; Z Gutt. 177; illuminate, to brighten’, OE e-birhtan ‘to
P Beiträge 927; M IF make bright’, OHG part. gi-beraht ‘bright-
XVIII 262; T-F 265; T- ened’. Derived from *berxtaz. T-
 BSW 31; H AEEW 20; F 263–264; H AEEW 23;
F 76; J IEW 624; F 76; V ANEW 37; L
P I 145; C SGGJa GED 58; H 124.
I 81; F 44; A AION-L IV *berilaz sb.m.: Burg *berils ‘bearer’, ON
33; V ANEW 39; O 108; berill ‘barrel (for fluids)’, OS biril ‘basket’,
B 152; S 106–107; L- OHG biril ‘big pot’. Derived from *bera-
 GED 58; T ESSJa I nan (S KZ LXX 258). V
189–191 (follows M in comparing ANEW 33, 68 (alternatively, from MLat
these forms with Lith geıbti ‘to praise’); barillus ‘keg’); S 105; K 709.
L-S I 554–556; K- *berkìnaz adj.: ON birkinn ‘related to
S 99. birch’, OE bircen, beorcen id., OHG birkìn
*berò sb.f.: ON bj‡rg ‘help, deliverance’, id. Derived from *berkò. V ANEW
OE heáfod-beor ‘head-shelter, helmet’, 37.
OFris here-berge ‘inn’, OS heri-berga id., *berkjòn sb.n./f.: ON coll. birki ‘birch’,
OHG her-berga id. Derived from *bera- OE birce ‘birch’, OS birka id., OHG birca
nan. H AEEW 20; V id. Derived from *berkò. Z Gutt.
berkjòn 43 beuanan
196; T-F 263; H  AEEW 21; P I 129; F
AEEW 23; P I 139; V ANEW II 1003–1004.
37; Z II 216. *beu¶anan str.vb.: Goth ana-biudan ‘to
*berkò sb.f.: ON bj‡rk ‘birch’, OE beorc id., bid, to command’, ON bjóäa ‘to offer’,
OS berka id. Related to Skt bhùrjá- ‘kind OE beódan ‘to command, to order, to
of birch’, Lat fràxinus ‘ash’, and especially announce’, OFris biàda id., OS biodan id.,
to Lith bér≥as ‘birch’, OPrus berse id., OHG biotan id. Related to Skt bódhati ‘to
Slav *berza id. Cf. also Dac pln. Bers-ovia. wake, to be awake’, Av baod6nt- ‘becom-
W IF I 512; H IF X 53; ing aware’, Gk peÊyomai ‘to give notice’,
T-F 263; K Festschr. Slav *bl’ud‡, *bl’usti ‘to observe, to keep,
Bezzenberger 94; H AEEW 20; to protect’, and, with nasalization, OIr
W-H I 544; F 87 (on ad-bond- ‘to announce’ and the like
Goth bercna ‘b-rune of the Gothic Runic (M Goth. 61). B KZ XIX
alphabet’ < *berknò); P I 139; (1870) 441; B 917–918;
F 40–41; V ANEW 41; T-F 274; H AEEW
Z II 216; O 96; T- 19–20; L Language XIV 27 (adds
 ESSJa I 201–203; L GED Toch A pot-, B paut- ‘to honor, to flatter’);
66; K-S 112. F 41; J IEW 607–608;
*bernjò(n) sb.f.: ON birna ‘she-bear’, OE P Gliederung 122; M II
byrene id., OHG birin id. Derived directly 449–450; P I 150–151; F-
from *beròn I or from *bernuz. H-  62; F II 625–626, GHÅ XLIV
 AEEW 24; V ANEW 37. 21–23; V ANEW 40; O 93;
*bernuz sb.m.: ON bj‡rn ‘bear’, OE beorn S 108–110; T ESSJa II
‘man, prince, nobleman’. Derived from 136–137; L GED 30; K-
*beròn I. T-F 263; H S 109.
AEEW 21; S 120; P I 136; *beu¶az sb.m.: Goth biuþs ‘table’, ON
V ANEW 41; Z II 220. bjóär id., OE beód id., OS biod id., OHG
*beròn I sb.m.: Burg *bers ‘bear’, OSwed biet id. Derived from *beu¶anan (U-
prop. Biari, OE bera ‘bear’, OS bero id.  PBB XXX 268). G
(in prop.), OHG bero id. Close to Lith Got. 50 (to *bu¶maz ~ *butmaz); B-
b∏ras ‘brown’ (with a long grade), Toch  Grundriß II/1 155; P IF
A parno, B perne ‘radiant, luminous’. XXIII 395 (to *bauþaz); S DWG 15;
F KZ I 497; Z Gutt. 31; T-F 275; H AEEW 19;
T-F 263; G Anim. 39–41; F 97; P I 151; V ANEW
H AEEW 21; P I 136; 40; Z I 129; S 109
F 39; Z II 220; O (against U); L GED 74;
83; S LS 15; L-S I B Nom. 60; K-S
563–565; B Nom. 176 (to 105.
Gk yÆr ‘animal’, Lith ≥verìs id., Slav *beuanan ~ *bùanan str.vb.: Goth
*zvîr¸ id.); K 709; K-S biugan ‘to bow, to bend’, ON pret. pl. bugu
79–80. id., OE búan id., OS pret. bòg id., pres.
*beròn II sb.m.: ON á-beri ‘accuser’, OE bùgan, OHG biogan id. Related to Skt bhu-
-bera ‘porter, bearer’, OFris -bera id., OS játi id., Ir fid-bocc ‘wooden bow’ (U-
-bero id., OHG -bero id. Derived from  PBB XXX 268; T KZ
*beranan. H AEEW 21; V XLVIII 65), Lith bùgti ‘to frighten’, Slav
ANEW 33. *b˙gati ‘to bend’ (I’ RFV LXII
*berþran sb.n.: OE beoräor ‘child birth’. 253–259). Z Gutt. 218; T-
Close to Gk f°retron ‘stretcher’, see F 273; B I 366 (Slav *b˙gati
*beranan (B Nom. 85). H- may be a metathesis of *g˙bati id.); W
beuanan 44 bi
MP V 270 (from IE *bheuk-); T *bèanan str.vb.: OHG bàgan ‘to scold, to
BSW 39; H AEEW 38; F have a row’. Close to OIr bágaid ‘to fight’
96; J IEW 606–607; M- (Z KZ XXXVI 447–454). T-
 II 504–506; P I 152–153; F 257; S 93–94.
F 37; V ANEW 40; O *bèaz sb.m.: ON bágr ‘contest, strife’, OE
111; S 110–111; B IEL bá ‘bragging, boasting’, OS bàg ‘praise’,
111; T ESSJa 115; L OHG bàg ‘quarrel’. Derived from *bèa-
GED 73; K-S 108. nan. T-F 257; J IEW
*beuaz ~ *beuòn adj.: ON bjúgr 598–599; P I 115; C
‘bowed, bent’, OHG sbst. biogo ‘bend, SGGJa I 96; V ANEW 22–23, S-
curve’. Derived from *beuanan ~ *bùa-  93–94.
nan. T-F 273; P I 151; *bèènan wk.vb.: ON bága ‘to quarrel’,
V ANEW 41. OFris bàga ‘to boast’, OHG bàgèn ‘to
*beura-saliz sb.m.: ON bjór-salr ‘beer- quarrel’. Derived from *bèaz. T-
hall’, OE beór-sele id. Compound of *beu- F 257; V ANEW 69; S 94.
raz ~ *beuran and *saliz. C Nom. *bèjanan wk.vb.: OHG bàen ‘to warm
comp. 80 (parallel formations). (with a compress)’. A parallel derivational
*beuran sb.n.: ON bjórr ‘beer’ (masc.), OE variant of *bakanan? T-F 256;
beór id., OFris biàr id., MLG bèr id., OHG P I 113; K-S 73 (to
bior id. Borrowed from Rom *biw(e)r < Slav *grîti ‘to warm’, supposedly from
*biber ‘wine, drink’ ~ LLat biber id. (L- *g ⁄hrè- > *brèjanan > *bèjanan).
 DK 29–30). Z Gutt. 15; *bèlan sb.n.: ON bál ’flame, fire’, OE b≠l
K PBB XXXV 570 (ON < OE); id. Related to *bhel- ‘white’: Gk fal-
T-F 276 (from *beuzan); H- [l]Òw: leukÒw (Hes.), Lith bãlas, cf. in par-
 IF LX 280 (< *breu-ra-); AEEW ticular Skt bhàla- ‘light, shine, forehead’,
20; V ANEW 40; Z II 166; Slav *bîl˙ ‘white’. P Beiträge
O 85; K-S 108 (to 28–30; T-F 267; H
*brewwanan). AEEW 15; M II 496–497;
*bewwanan str.vb.: OE 1 sg. beó, bíom ‘to P I 119; F 32; V
be’, OFris 1 sg. bim id., OS 1 sg. bium id., ANEW 23; F II 988; O 70;
OHG 1 sg. bim id. Related to Skt bhávati T ESSJa III 79–81.
‘to become, to be’, Av bavaiti id., Gk fÊv *bèriz adj.: ON bærr ‘due, entitled to’, OE
‘to bring forth, to produce, to beget’, Lat wæstm-b≠re ‘fruitful, fertile’, OFris à-bær
perf. fuì ‘I was’, OLat fùì id., Lith bùti ‘obvious’, MDu open-baer id., OHG danc-
‘to be’, Slav *byti id. OE beó ‘(I) am’ is a bàri ‘grateful’. Derived from *beranan.
relic of an old paradigm also reflected K NB I 94–95; T-F 260–
in Lat fìò < *fìò, pass. of faciò, OIr -bíu, 261; P I 131; V ANEW 69;
both from *bh⁄iƒò (O Perf. 426). S 106; M Festschr. Schröder
B 927–933; T-F 272; 100, 117, KZ CV 108; H
H AEEW 20; W-H 124–125.
I 504–505, 557–558; M II *bèròn sb.f.: ON bára ‘wave’, ME báre id.,
485–487; P I 149; F 68; MLG bàre id. Derived from *beranan.
F II 1052–1054; S 112–115; T-F 260; V ANEW 25;
T ESSJa III 155. P I 131.
*bewwu sb.n.: ON bygg ‘barley’, OE béow *bi prep.: Goth bi ‘by, about, over’, OE be,
id., OS bewò ‘seed’. Related to *bòw- bí ‘by’, OFris be, bì id., OS be, bì id.,
(w)anan. T-F 273; H OHG bì id. Secondary lengthening of the
AEEW 21; V ANEW 66; P stressed auslaut vowel in WGmc. Prob-
I 149. ably connected with *umbi. B
bi 45 bitraz
Grundriß II/2 820–821; T-F 270; bead’, OE béd ‘prayer, supplication’

H AEEW 22; F 88; (neut.), OFris bede id., OS beda id., OHG
P I 34; S Studien 225–227 beta id. Derived from *bi¶janan or directly
(from IE *pi); O 131; L GED from *bì¶anan. H AEEW 19;
67; G KZ CIV 122; K- F 88–89 (to Skt bàdhate ‘to press, to
S 92. force’); P I 114; S 93;
*bibòjanan ~ *bibènan wk.vb.: ON B IEL 501; L GED
bifask ‘to shake’, OE beofian ‘to tremble, to 67; B Nom. 110; K-
quake’, OFris beva ‘to shake’, OS bibòn S 104; B OFED s.v.
id., OHG bibèn id. Reduplication related *bi¶òjanan wk.vb.: ON biäa ‘to bide a
to Skt bháyate ‘to fear, to be afraid’, Skt bit’, OE on-bidian ‘to wait’, OFris bidia
bibhéti id., Av ni-wyeiti id., OPrus biàtwei id., OS bidòn ‘to remain’. Derived from
id., Slav *bojati s\ id. (M MSL *bì¶anan. H AEEW 22; V
XIV 346). K KZ XXVI 85–86; ANEW 35; S 95.
W KZ XLI 305–309 (against *bilan ~ *bilaz sb.n./m.: ON bil ‘mo-
the above etymology); B ment’, OHG bil ‘a moment when the
927; T-F 271; H hunted game stands on guard’. If derived
AEEW 23; M KZ LXXII 127; from *bhei- ‘to cut, to strike’ (L KZ
M II 431, 471–472; P I LXI 13), identical with Slav *bilo ‘beater’.
162; V ANEW 35; T ESSJa N Abriß 227 (to Lith bailùs ‘fearful’);
II 163–164; K-S 88. T Festschr. Unger 172–172 (to *bhi as in
*bi¶an sb.n.: ON biä ‘biding, waiting, Gk émf¤ ‘about, on both sides of ’); V
delay’, OE bíd ‘delay, abiding’. Derived ANEW 36.
from *bì¶anan. H AEEW 22; *bilaz adj.: OE bile-wit ‘merciful, mild,
B Nom. 56. gentle’, MHG bil-wiz ‘cobold’. Close to
*bi¶ilaz sb.m.: ON biäill ‘wooer, suitor’, OE MIr bil ‘good’ < *bhili- and probably Gk
adj. bédul ‘prayerful, suppliant’ (< *bi¶u- f¤low ‘beloved, dear’. M IF
laz), OHG bitil ‘swain, suitor, solicitor’. XVIII 284–286; H AEEW 23;
Derived from *bi¶janan. H P I 153–154; F II 1018–1020.
AEEW 9; V ANEW 35; S 92. *bitan sb.n.: ON bit ‘bite’, OHG gi-biz
*bi¶janan str.vb.: Goth bidjan ‘to ask, to ‘rein, bit’. Derived from *bìtanan. V
pray’, ON biäja ‘to beg, to pray’, OE bid- ANEW 38; S 97.
dan ‘to ask, to pray’, OFris bidda id., OS *bitòjanan wk.vb.: ON bita ‘to divide
biddian id., OHG bitten id. Derived from with cross-beams, to cut into bits’, OE
*bì¶anan (O PBB VIII 140–143). grist-bitian ‘to gnash’, OHG bizzòn ‘to
S KZ I 561 (to Skt bàdhate ‘to crunch, to gnash’. Derived from *bitòn.
press, to force’); C REA 1910 10–13 H AEEW 25; V ANEW 38;
(from Celtic); B BB XVI 252 S 97.
(with doubts, to * g ⁄hedh-); Z Gutt. *bitòn sb.m.: ON biti ‘bit, cross-beam,
31 (same as B); O- girder’, OE bita id., OFris kor-bita ‘conse-
S IF XXIII 377; K TNTL I crated piece’, MDu bète ‘morsel, bit’,
32–37 (to IE *bhedh- ‘to bow’); M OHG bizzo ‘bit, wedge’. Derived from
BSL XXIV 23–24 (to IE * g ⁄hedh-); T- *bìtanan. T-F 270; H
F 258; H AEEW 22; F AEEW 24; P I 116; V ANEW
89; P I 114; V ANEW 35; 38; O 97; S 97.
S 91–93; O 93; B *bitraz adj.: ON bitr ‘biting, sharp’, OE
IEL 500; M Germ. Rek. 109; L biter ‘bitter, sharp, severe’, OS bittar ‘bit-
GED 67–68; K-S 114. ter’, OHG bittar ‘sharp, bitter’. Derived
*bi¶ò sb.f.: Goth bida ‘request, prayer, from *bìtanan. M NTS III
bitraz 46 bla¶ròn
312; K NB II 254; N IF 163; F 45; V ANEW 66;
XXXVII 145–147 (to Slav *brid˙k˙ Z II 220; O 84; T-
‘sharp, bitter’); T-F 270; H-  ESSJa III 91, 104–105; K-
 AEEW 25; P I 116; V S 108.
ANEW 38; O 97; S 97; *bìtan ~ *bìtaz sb.n./m.: Goth anda-beit
L GED 58–59; B ‘reproach, rebuke, §pitim¤a’, ON hæl-bítr
Nom. 247; H 126–127; K- ‘shadower’, OE and-bita ‘unleavened
S 114. bread’. Derived from *bìtanan. F 46;
*bitulaz sb.m.: ON bitull ‘bit’, OE bitol, S 97.
bytol ‘rein’, MHG bizzel ‘little bit’. De- *bìtanan str.vb.: Goth beitan ‘to bite’, ON
rived from *bitan. H AEEW bíta id., OE bítan id., OFris bìta id., OS
25; V ANEW 38; S 97. bìtan id., OHG bìzan id. Related to Skt
*bituliz ~ *bitulaz sb.m.: Dan bille ‘bee- bhinátti ‘to split, to cleave, to pierce’, Gk
tle’, OE bítel ‘beetle, biting’. Derived from fe¤domai ‘to spare’, Lat findò ‘to split’.
*bitan or directly from *bìtanan. Cf. *bitu- T-F 270; F 87; H-
laz. T-F 270.  24; W-H I 500–501;
*bì¶anan str.vb.: Goth beidan ‘to wait’, J IEW 602–604; M
ON bíäa id., OE bídan ‘to bide, to abide, II 500; P I 116–117; V
to continue, to wait’, OFris bìda ‘to wait’ ANEW 38; F II 999–1000; S
(usually wk.), OS bìdan id., OHG bìtan id. 96–99; O 97; L GED 66;
Related to Gk pe¤yomai ‘to be persuaded, K-S 94.
to obey’, Lat fìdò ‘to trust’. W MP *bìþlan sb.n.: ON bíldr ‘axe, an instrument
IV 489–490; T-F 270; W- for bleeding’ (masc.), MLG bìl ‘axe’,
H I 493–494; F 86–87; H- OHG bìhal ‘axe’. Cf. also WGmc *bi¶lan
 AEEW 22; T ZdPh LXX > OE bill ‘crooked double-edged sword,
341–342 (to Lat fiscus ‘basket, chest’, Icel bill, falchion’, OS bill ‘sword’, MHG bil
biäa ‘milk tub’ and the like); J- ‘pick’. Continues IE *bh(e)i-tlo- (H-
 IEW 604; P I 117; V  AEEW 23) also reflected in Slav
ANEW 35; F II 487–488; B *bidlo ‘rake, pole, plectrum’ (T
IEL 95–98 (the original meaning in Ger- Etim. 46). T-F 269; P I
manic: ‘attendre avec confiance’); C- 118; V ANEW 36; O 94; T-
 868–869; O 93; S  Rem. 130–132 (on Slav *-dlo < IE
94–96 (to Latv gàidît ‘to wait’); L *-tlo-m), ESSJa II 94–95.
GED 56, 65–66. *bla¶an sb.n.: Burg *blaþ ‘blade, edge’,
*bìò(n) sb.f.: ON bÿ ‘bee’, OE beò id., ON blaä ‘leaf, blade’, OE blæd id., OFris
OFris bè id., OS bìa id., OHG bìa id., cf. -bled id., OS blad id., OHG blat id.
bìan id. (masc.). Cf. WGmc *binjan ~ *binò Identical with Toch A pält, B pilta id. and
> OS bini- (in compounds), bina id., related to *blòanan (H Urgerm. II 41).
OHG bini id., bìna id. Somehow related T-F 283; H AEEW 25;
to Lat fùcus ‘drone’ < *bhoi-ko-, OIr bech P I 122; V ANEW 41; Z-
id. < *bhi-ko-, W bydaf ‘beehive’, Lith bìtë  I 139; O 98; L GED
id., Slav *b¸‘ela ‘bee’ (F I 490; M- 76; K-S 116; A TB 388.
 MSL XIV 476–478). P Kelt. *bla¶ròn ~ blè¶ròn sb.f.: ON blaära
Gr. I 367, 537; K Glotta III 280 ‘bladder’, OE bl≠dre ‘blister, pimple, blad-
(reconstructs *bhouk ⁄o- for Gmc and Lat); der’, OS blàdara ‘bladder’, OHG blàtara
T-F 271; J IF III 225 (to ‘pock-mark’. Derived from *blèanan.
Lat fùcus ‘drone’ < *bhoiko-), KZ XXXVI T-F 283; H AEEW 25;
358; W-H I 555– 556; H- P I 121; V ANEW 41; Z-
 AEEW 18, 24; P I 116,  I 155; O 98.
blaxòn 47 blankaz
*blaxòn sb.f.: ODan blaa ‘oakum’, OHG *blakròjanan wk.vb.: Norw blakra ‘to
blaha ‘rough linen cloth’. Related to Latv flash’. Identical with Lat flagrò ‘to flame,
blaks ‘even, smooth’, Lith blãkas ‘equal’. to blaze, to burn’ and further with Gk
P Glotta IV 296–297 (to Lat fl°gv ‘to burn’. See *blankaz. T-
floccus ‘lock, flock’); T-F 285 (same F 284; W-H I 510–511;
as P); P I 161; F P I 124–125; F II 1022–1024;
47; V ANEW 46. L 34–35.
*blaikaz adj.: ON bleikr ‘pale, wan’, OE *blan¶an sb.n.: ON í bland ‘among’, OE
blác ‘shining, white’, OS blèk id., OHG e-blond ‘mixture’. Derived from *blan¶a-
bleih ‘yellowish, pale’. Derived from nan. S 116.
*blìk( j)anan. K NB I 58; Z *blan¶anan str.vb.: Goth blandan ‘to mix,
Gutt. 196; T-F 286; H to mingle, to associate with’, ON blanda
AEEW 25; P I 156; V ANEW ‘to mix’, OE blandan id., MDu blanden id.,
43; O 99; S 118; B- OHG blantan id. Related to Lith blend≥iù,
 Nom. 237; H 127– bl.sti ‘to sleep, to mix food with flour’,
128; K-S 118. Slav *bl≤d‡, *bl≤sti ‘to err’. Further con-
*blaikjanan wk.vb.: ON bleikja ‘to bleach nected with *blen¶az. B IF
linen’, OE bl≠can id., MLG blèken ‘to XXXII 179–181; L Studien 77; T-
bleached’, OHG bleihhen ‘to bleach, to F 285; T BSW 34; H-
make pale’. Derived from *blaikaz.  AEEW 26; F 98–99;
H AEEW 25; V ANEW J IEW 646; P I
43; O 99; H 127. 157–158; F 47–48; V ANEW
*blaik( j)òn sb.f.: ON bleikja ‘chalk paint’, 42; O 99; S 115–117; T-
OHG bleihha ‘make-up’. Derived from  ESSJa II 115; L GED
*blaikaz. T-F 286; O 99; 74–75; K-S 118.
H 127. *blan¶janan wk.vb.: OE blendan ‘to
*blaitaz adj.: OE blát ‘pale, livid’. blind’, OFris blenda, blinda id., MLG
Identical with Slav *blîd˙ id. Further may blenden, blinden id., OHG blenten id. Fac-
be connected with *blaikaz. S titive of *blen¶az. Structurally identical
Voc. II 71; T-F 286; H with Lith blandÿti ‘to wander, to lower
AEEW 26; Oé LP I 122 (adds Lith eyes’, Slav *bl‡diti ‘to wander, to forni-
blaÛvas ‘pale’ ?< *blaidvas); P I cate’. T-F 285; F 47;
160; S LS 15; T ESSJa II K-S 118.
111–112; L GED 75; H- *blankaz adj.: ON blakkr ‘pale, wan’,
 128. poet. ‘horse’, OE blanc ‘white, grey’,
*blaitòjanan wk.vb.: E bloat ‘to bloat’. MLG blanc ‘light’, OHG blanc ‘bright,
Derivationally close to Gk floid°v ‘to white’. Probably, a deverbative. The
seethe’. Further related to Gk flidãv corresponding str. vb. *blenkanan, how-
‘to overflow with moisture, to be ready to ever, is only marginally attested (MLG
burst’ (F III 286), Latv blîdu, blîst ‘to blinken) and may be secondary. Con-
increase quickly’. M-E nected with WGerm *blakjanan ‘to be
I 316; P I 156; F II 1027– visible’ (OFris blesza, MLG blecken ‘to
1028. bare’, OHG blecken ‘to shine’) and further
*blakòjanan wk.vb.: ON blaka ‘to slap, to with *blakròjanan. Related to Gk fl°gv ‘to
flutter’, MDu blaken ‘to shiver’. Probably burn’, Lat flagrò id. K NB I
connected with Lat flagrum ‘whip, scourge, 52–53; F ANF XLI 118; T-F
lash’ (Z Gutt. 213). T 284; H AEEW 86, 418;
BB XXX 328; T-F 284; W- W-H I 510–511; P
H I 511–512; P I 154. I 124– 125; V ANEW 42; F II
blankaz 48 blèanan
1023–1024; H 129 (to OE F 287; F 99; H AEEW
blæc ‘black’); K-S 115. 26; K NB II 391–392; V
*blankjanan wk.vb.: ON blekkja ‘to ANEW 44; L GED 75; L Expr.
impose upon’, OE blencan ‘to deceive, 267–268; H 131.
to cheat’. Derived from *blankaz. H- *blen¶az adj.: Goth blinds ‘blind’, ON
 AEEW 27; V ANEW 43; blindr id., OE blind id., OFris blind id., OS
O 99; H 129. blind id., OHG blint id. Related to Lith
*blasaz adj.: ON sbst. blesi ‘blaze, a white blandùs ‘unclean’, bl.sti ‘to sleep, to mix
star on a horse’s forehead’, OHG blas food with flour’, Slav *bl\sti ‘to err’. Cf.
‘pale, white’. Hardly can be separated *blan¶anan. T-F 285; F 100;
from *bhel- ‘white’ (Gk falÒw and the H AEEW 27; W NP
like). M LF XIII 170 (to Slav 82; K NB I 27; F
*plî“¸ ‘baldness’); T-F 285; H- 196–197; S LS 15; P I 157;
 AEEW 26; P I 158; V C SGGJa I 85; F
ANEW 43; O 99; K-S 47–48; V ANEW 44; O 100;
116. S 116; L GED 75–76;
*blautaz adj.: Burg *blauts ‘bare’, ON B Nom. 240–241, 256; H-
blautr ‘soft, faint’, OE bleát ‘miserable,  133–134; K-S 119.
wretched’, OFris blàt ‘poor’, MLG bloot *blen¶ìn sb.f.: ON blindi ‘blindness’, OS
‘uncovered’, MHG blòz id. Probably con- blindi id., OHG blintì id. Derived from
nected with flaËrow ‘petty, paltry, indif- *blen¶az. H 134.
ferent’, fludarÒw ‘soft’. K NB I *blen¶janan wk.vb.: Goth ga-blindjan ‘to
62; T-F 287; M AIW 180 (to blind, to make blind’, OFris blinda ‘to
Lat flacceò ‘to be flabby’); H blindfold’. Derived from *blen¶az. F
AEEW 26; P I 159; V ANEW 100; V ANEW 44; H 134.
43 (to fludãv ‘to have an excess of mois- *blen¶òjanan wk.vb.: ON blinda ‘to
ture’); O 101; L GED 75 blind’, OFris blindia id. Derived from
(with pre-Gmc *d, related to *blauþaz); *blen¶az. H 134.
L Expr. 267–268; H 130– *bleuaz adj.: ON bljúgr ‘bashful, shy’,
131; K-S 12. MHG bliuc id. See *blautaz? T-F
*blauþaz adj.: ON blauär ‘weak, efemi- 287–288 (to Lith blúk“tu ‘to become
nate’, OE bleáä ‘gentle, timid, peaceful’, slack’); P I 159; V ANEW 44.
OS blòth ‘fearful, despondent’, OHG blòdi *bleusan ~ *bleusòn sb.n./m.: ON
‘apathetic, tedious’. Related to *blautaz. blys ‘torch’, OE blysa id. Connected with
W MLN XV 326 (to Skt mlàyati ‘to *bhleus- in Gk peri-pefleusm°now pur¤
wither, to fade’); T-F 287; H- ‘burned by fire all around’. H-
 AEEW 26; P I 159;  AEEW 28; P I 159.
V ANEW 43; P IF XCIV *blewwanan str.vb.: Goth bliggwan ‘to
295–296; L GED 75; H- beat, to strike’, ME bléwe id., MLG
 131–132; K-S 120. blouwen id., OHG bliuwan id. Of unknown
*blauþìn sb.f.: ON bleyäi ‘cowardice’, OS origin. O KZ III (NF) 84–85 (to
blòthì id., OHG blòdì ‘apathy’. Derived Lat flìgò ‘to strike, to strike down’); W
from *blauþaz. V ANEW 44; H- MLN XV 327–328; T-F 287;
 131. F 100; Gà KZ LXXV 80–86;
*blauþjanan wk.vb.: Goth blauþjan ‘to P I 125 (to *balwan); O 102;
make powerless, to bring to naught’, ON S 120–122; L Verschärfung
bleyäa ‘to lose heart’, OS part. gi-blòthid 15.17, 20.4; L GED 75; K-
‘despondent’, OHG blòden ‘to invalidate, S 119.
to fear’. Derived from *blauþaz. T- *blèanan str.vb.: OE bláwan ‘to blow’,
blèanan 49 blìwan
OFris pret. sg. on-blè id., OHG part. ‘metal leaf ’, OHG bleh id. Related to
-blàen id. Related to Lat flò id. B *blìk( j)anan. T-F 286; P I
PBB XI 278; T-F 283; H- 156; V ANEW 44; Z II 185;
 AEEW 26; W-H S 119; K-S 117.
I 517; J IEW 627–628; *blikòjanan wk.vb.: ON blika ‘to shine’,
P I 121; O 101–102; S- OE blician id. Derived from *blikan.
 117–118. H AEEW 27; V ANEW 44;
*blèjanan wk.vb.: MHG blæjen ‘to bleat’. S 119.
Identical with Lat fleò ‘to weep, to neigh’, *blikòn sb.f.: ON blika ‘flash, lightning’,
Latv blèju, blèt ‘to bleat’, Slav *blîj‡ id. OE ofer-blice ‘surface’. Derived from
(H KZ XLVII 310). T- *blikan. S 119.
F 284; W-H I 515–516; *blìk(j)anan str.vb.: ON blíkja ‘to gleam’,
P I 154–155; S LS 15. OE blícan ‘to shine’, OFris blìka id., OS
*blèsanan str.vb.: Goth uf-blesan ‘to blìkan id., OHG bi-blìhhan id. A suffixal
blow up, to boast’, ON blása ‘to blow’, formation related to *blìþjaz. Cf. also Lith
MLG blasen id., OHG blàsan id. Em- bl‹k“ti ‘to pale’, bly“k∏ti ‘to sparkle, to
phatic derivative of *blèanan. T-F shine’, Slav *bl¸stati ‘to shine’, *bliskati id.
283; H 26; F 511–512; Z Gutt. 196; T-F 286–287;
J IEW 627–628; P I H AEEW 27; J
121; V ANEW 42; O 99; S- IEW 644; P I 156; C
 120; L GED 373; K- SGGJa I 84; V ANEW 44; F
S 115. 46; O 99; S 118–120; G„
*blèsman adj.: ON indecl. blæsma ‘of Origins 127; K-Seebold 118.
a ewe in heat’, OLFrank sbst. blasmo *blìþìn sb.f.: Goth bleiþei ‘benevolence,
‘torch’. Derived from *blèsanan. V mercy’, OHG herz-blìdì ‘joy’. Derived
ANEW 46. from *blìþ( j)az. F 99; H
*blèstaz ~ *blèstuz sb.m.: ON blástr 132.
‘blast, breath’, OE bl≠st ‘blast’, OHG *blìþjanan wk.vb.: Goth bleiþjan ‘to take
blàst ‘breath’. Derived from *blèsanan. pity, to be merciful’, OHG blìden ‘to
T-F 283; H AEEW 26; rejoice’. Derived from *blìþ( j)az. F
P I 121–122; V ANEW 99; V ANEW 44; H
42–43; Z II 199; O 98; 132.
L GED 373. *blìþ( j)az adj.: Goth bleiþs ‘kind-hearted,
*blèwaz adj.: ON blár ‘blueish, dark blue’, merciful’, ON blíär ‘gentle, mild’, OE
OE bl≠-h(≠)wen ‘blueish, violet’, OFris blíäe ‘joyful, glad, merry’, OS blìthi ‘shin-
blàu ‘blue’, OS blào ‘blueish’, OHG blào ing, light’, OHG blìdi ‘merry, glad’. Con-
‘blue, purple’. Related to Lat flàvus tinues *mlìto- ‘sweet’, cf. Hitt miliddu- ~
‘golden yellow’, OIr blár ‘yellow’, W blawr maliddu-, Luw *mlitu- (H 133).
‘grey, blue grey’ (P Beiträge 31). J PBB XV 226–227 (to Skt
T-F 285; S FB 69–74; mlàyati ‘to fade, to wither’); T-F
H Etym. 193 (from *mlè⁄o-, to Gk 286; B PBB XIII 181–182 (separates
m°law ‘black’); H AEEW 25; a prefix *b-, further to Lith pa-líeti ‘to
W-H I 513–514; K pour in’); J PBB XV 226–227;
NB II 191–192; P I 160; V F 99; H AEEW 27;
ANEW 42; L Festschr. Starck K NB II 443–444; P I
57–58; P RBPH XLIV 110–112; 155; V ANEW 44; Z I
O 102; B Nom. 244; 146; L GED 75; H
H 135; K-S 116. 132–133.
*blikan sb.n.: ON blik ‘gleam’, OS blek *blìwan sb.n.: ON blÿ ‘lead’, OFris blì id.,
blìwan 50 blòtan
OS blì id., OHG blìo id. Identical with *blò¶a-rau¶az adj.: ON blóä-rauär
Lith blÿvas ‘violet blue’. Further related to ‘blood-red’, OE blód-reád id., early G blut-
*blìþjaz and WGmc *blìwòn ‘color’ > OE rot id. Compound of *blò¶an and *rau¶az.
blío, OFris blìen, OS blì, *blajjòn > OE C Nom. comp. 88 (parallel formations).
bl≠e ‘blay (fish), gudgeon’, MLG bleie id., *blò¶a-rennan¶z adj.: Goth bloþa-rin-
G Blei(h)e id. P UUÅ 1891 109, nands ‘blood-running, bleeding’, OE blód-
173; M ZDADL XLII 163 (from yrnende ‘having an issue of blood’, OFris
Celtic); S JEGP XXXII 509; T- blòd-rennand id. Compound of *blò¶an and
F 287 (together with Gk mÒlubdow, participle of *rennanan. C Nom. comp.
mÒlibow ‘lead’ and Lat plumbum id., from 88 (parallel formations).
an unknown source); H AEEW *blò¶a-risaz adj.: ON indecl. blóä-risa
25, 27; P I 155; V ANEW ‘bruised and bloody’, LG dial. Blut-rise id.
45–46; Z I 146; C Cf. also OFris blòd-risne ‘bleeding wound’,
SGGJa I 81; O 99; L GED MLG blòtrisene id. Compound of *blò¶an
75; K-S 117–118. and *risaz derived from *rìsanan. V
*blòanan str.vb.: OE blówan ‘to blow, ANEW 45.
to bloom, to blossom’. Corresponds to *blò¶janan wk.vb.: ON blœäa ‘to bleed’,
wk. *blòjanan elsewhere: OFris blòia, OE blédan id., OFris blèda id., MLG blöden
OS blòjan, OHG bluoen. Related to Lat id., OHG part. bluotenti ‘bloody’. Derived
flò ‘to blow’, flòs ‘bloom, flower’, MIr from *blò¶an. H AEEW 27;
bláth id. See *blèanan. T-F 283– V ANEW 46; O 99.
284; H AEEW 28; W- *blòmòjanan wk.vb.: ON blómask ‘to
H I 518–519; J IEW bloom’, OHG bluomòn id. Derived from
626–627; P I 122; C *blòmòn. V ANEW 45.
SGGJa I 101; O 102; S *blòmòn sb.m.: Goth bloma ‘flower’, ON
122; L GED 76; K-S blómi ‘bloom, blossom’, OFris blòma id.,
121. OS blòmo id., OHG bluomo id. Derived
*blò¶aaz ~ *blò¶iaz adj.: ON blóäigr from *blòanan. H Ablaut 90 (to Gk
‘bloody’, OE blódi id., OFris blòdich id., bl≈skv ‘to go, to come, to pass’); M-
OS blòdag id., OHG bluotag, bluotìg id.  Etudes 178; P KZ XLVII
Derived from *blò¶an. V ANEW 45. 290; T-F 284; F 100; P-
*blò¶aòjanan wk.vb.: ON blóäga ‘to  I 122; Z I 153; O
make bleed’, OHG bluotagòn ‘to make 101; S 122; L GED 76;
bloody’. Derived from *blò¶aaz ~ *blò¶i- K-S 121.
az. V ANEW 44–45. *blòstaz sb.m.: ODan blòstr ‘blossom’,
*blò¶an sb.n.: Goth bloþ ‘blood’ (with MHG bluost id. Derived from *blòanan.
*-þ-), ON blóä id., OE blód id., OFris blòd P BB XXI 210 (to Slav *bl’u“‘¸ ‘ivy’);
id., OS blòd id., OHG bluot id. Deriva- L GED 76.
tionally identical to MIr bláth ‘blossom’, *blòstran sb.n.: OHG bluostar ‘sacrifice’.
W blawd, OCorn blodon < IE *bhlò-to- and A similar form can be reconstructed for
further connected with *blòanan. G- Gothic on the basis of guþ-blostreis ‘wor-
 Got. 52 (to Lat flàvus ‘golden yel- shiper of God’. Derived from *blòtanan.
low’); H Ablaut 90 (to Gk m°law F 228; S 123; B
‘black’); U PBB XXX 269–270; Nom. 87.
T-F 283; H AEEW 27; *blòta-xùsan sb.n.: ON blót-hús ‘heathen
F 101; P I 122; V ANEW house of worship’, OHG bluoz-hùz ‘tem-
44–45; Z I 139; O 101; ple’. Compound of *blòtan and *xùsan.
L GED 76–77; K-S C Nom. comp. 83 (parallel formations).
121 (to *bhel- ‘to swell’). *blòtan sb.n.: ON blót ‘sacrifice, worship’,
blòtan 51 bòkòjanan
OE blót id. Related to *blòtanan. T- arm’, OFris bòg ‘bow, branch’, MLG bòch
F 287; H AEEW 28; V ‘joint, shoulder, hip’, OHG buog ‘joint,
ANEW 45; S 123. shoulder, hip’ (< *bòiz). Identical with
*blòtanan str.vb.: Goth blotan ‘to serve Toch A poke, B poko ‘arm’, Skt bàhú- ‘arm,
(God), to honor (through sacrifice)’, ON fore-arm’, Av bàzu- ‘arm’, Gk p∞xuw
blóta ‘to worship’, OE blótan ‘to sacrifice’, ‘elbow’. Z Gutt. 205; B-
OHG bluozan id. Probably related to  955–956; T-F 272; H-
*blòanan. B BB III 98 (to Lat flàmen  AEEW 29; M II 429;
‘sacrificial priest’ < *bhlàd-men-); G- P I 108; V ANEW 47;
 Got. 51–52 (to OHG blòz ‘super- Z II 199; F II 531–532;
bus’); O BB XXIV 142 (same as O 109–110; R Sprache XXXII
B); L ANF XXXV 231 311–323; B Nom. 156;
(to *bhel- ‘to swell’); M ZÖG LIV K-S 143; A TB 403.
398–399 (to Skt mlàyati ‘to wither, to *bòjanan wk.vb.: OE bóian ‘to boast’.
fade’); L PBB XLV 258–259 Identical with Lat 1 sg. *fòr ‘to speak’ <
(to *blò¶an); T-F 287; H *fà-ƒ-òr, Slav *baj‡, *bajati ‘to tell, to nar-
AEEW 28; F 100–101; W- rate’ (H KZ XLVIII 238–239;
H 512–513; J IEW B Grundriß II/3 100, 197).
643; K GGA CCXII 54 (to Toch A Further related to IE *bhà- ‘to speak’: Skt
plàc, B plàce ‘speech’); P I 154; bhánati, Gk fhm¤. M BSL XX 31,
C SGGJa I 87; V ANEW 161; H AEEW 29; W-
45; S 122–123; H IF LXXIX H I 525–526; M II
157 (to W blawdd ‘to boast, to brag’); 469–470; P I 106; F II
P KZ LXXIX 5 (follows W- 1009–1010; T ESSJa I 138–
H); L GED 76. 139.
*bò ptcl.: Goth -ba ‘if, even if ’. Related to *bòka-listiz sb.f.: ON bók-list ‘book learn-
Av bà ‘truly’, Gk f∞ ‘as’, Lith bà ‘so, yes’, ing’, OHG pl. masc. buoh-liste id. Com-
bè ‘and’, Slav *bo ‘for, because’ (B pound of *bòkz and *listiz. C Nom.
BSL LXVIII 39, 53). G Got. comp. 83 (parallel formations).
41 (syncopated form of *ebò); B- *bòka-stabaz sb.m.: ON bók-stafr ‘letter,
 912; J IF LXXXVII character’ (if not from OE), OE bóc-st≠f
166–169 (to Gk -sfa in m°sfa ‘until’); id., OS bòk-staf id., OHG buoh-stab id.
T BSW 22–24; F 72; Compound of *bòks and *stabaz. K-
P I 113; F I 28, Gnomon  IF XLVIII 268; T-F 272;
XXVIII 238; F II 1007–1008; T- V ANEW 48; E GL XXI
 ESSJa II 141–142; L 194–197; L GED 77; K-
GED 55. S 142 (ON < OE).
*bòbòn sb.m.: ON bófi ‘knave, rogue’, OE *bòkjan ~ *bòkjòn sb.n./f.: ON b≠ki
prop. Boba, Bofa, OS prop. Bòvo, MLG ‘beech’, OE béce id., OS bòkia id. Derived
bòve ‘scam, scoundrel’, Alam prop. Boabo, from *bòkz. H AEEW 28;
MHG buobe ‘boy, servant’. Originally, a P I 107; O 84–85.
nursery word. P I 164 (short *bòkò sb.f.: Goth boka ‘letter, character’,
form of *bròþar); P SVSU X 253 (to OS bòka ‘beech’, OHG buohha id. (ò- and
Lat faba ‘bean’); W MP XI 324 (same òn-stem). See *bòkz. F KZ I
as P); T-F 272; J- 237; T-F 271–272; F 102–
 IEW 583 (to Icel babba ‘to say, to 103; P I 107; Z II 206;
talk, to chat’); V ANEW 47. L GED 77; K-S 141.
*bòuz ~ *boaz sb.m.: ON bógr ‘shoul- *bòkòjanan wk.vb.: ON bóka ‘to affirm by
der (of an animal)’, OE bo ‘shoulder, oath on the book’, OE bócian ‘to give by
bòkòjanan 52 bòw(w)anan
charter, to charter’, OFris bòkia id., MLG improve’, OE bétan id., OFris bèta id., OS
bòken id. Derived from *bòkz. H- bòtian id., OHG buozen ‘to help, to excul-
 AEEW 28; V ANEW 48. pate’. Derived from *bòtò. T-F
*bòkz sb.f.: ON bók ‘beech; book’, OE bóc 258; H AEEW 29; F 103;
‘beech’ (partly neut.), OFris bòk ‘book’, V ANEW 69; L GED 78;
OS bòk ‘beech’ (also neut.), OHG buoh K-S 147.
‘beech’ (also neut. and masc.). Related to *bòtò sb.f.: Goth bota ‘advantage, benefit,
Gk fhgÒw ‘oak’, Lat fàgus ‘beech’, Gaul good, usefulness, profit’, ON bót ‘cure,
bàgo- in compounds, Slav *b˙z˙ ‘elder, remedy, compensation’ (traces of root
Sambucus’ (H Waldbäume 126). stem), OE bót ‘help’, OFris bòte ‘improve-
W Buche passim; O BB ment’, OS bòta id., OHG buoza id.
XXIX 249–251 (from *bhàu·-); Z Connected with *batiz. W MP XI
Gutt. 214; B IF IX 271–272 323 (to Skt bhùtí- ‘well-being, prosperity,
(on Kurd bùz ‘elm’ < Iran *bùz-); T- power’); T-F 258; H
F 271–272; H AEEW 28; AEEW 31; F 103; P I 106;
W-H I 445–446; F V ANEW 51; Z II 206;
102–103; Pß FuS 155–160; P O 107; L GED 78; K-
I 107; C SGGJa I 90; V S 147.
ANEW 47–48; Z II 206; F II *bòþò sb.f.: OSwed bòþ ‘hut’, MLG bòde
1008; O 107; L KZ LXXXI id., MHG buode id. Related to *bòw(w)a-
197–212; L GED 77; B- nan. P I 149.
 Nom. 197–198; G *bò(u) num.: Goth pl. bai ‘both’, ON bá-äir
Wurzelnomina 41–45; K-S id., OE been (< *bò-jenò), bá id., OFris bè-
141. the id., OS bè-thia id., OHG bè-de, bei-de
*bòniz sb.f.: ON bœn ‘prayer, request’, OE id. Related to the second element of
bén ‘prayer, petition’. A derivative in *-ni- Toch A àmpi, B ant-api id., Skt u-bháu id.,
of *bòjanan. Cf. in particular Arm ban Gk êmfv id., Lat ambò id., Lith abù id.,
‘word, speech’ < *bhà-ni-, and also Gk Slav *oba id. S PBB X 495 (on
fvnÆ ‘sound, tone’. T-F 256; OE); S KZ XXVI 384; M
H AEEW 29; W-H- KZ XXVIII 235–237 (Goth -ai under the
 I 525–526; P I 105–106; influence of twai ‘two’); T-F 255
V ANEW 69; F II 1009–1010; (Goth -oþ- in bajoþs id. = Lat -àt- in nos-
S KZ XLIII 122–123 (to tràtes ‘ours’); H AEEW 29;
*bi¶jan); B Nom. 148. W-H I 37; F 74, 77;
*bòsmaz sb.m.: OE bósum ‘bosom’, OFris M I 107; P I 34–35;
bòsem, bòsm id., OS bòsom id., OHG buo- F 1; F I 100; V ANEW
sum id. Continues *bhòs-mo- related to Skt 22; O 109; L Verschärfung
bábhasti ‘to blow’, Gk cÊxv id. T- 11.6; L GED 56; J BSL
F 272 (from *bò-sma- related to LXXI 123–131 (Toch < *Hent-bho-);
*bòuz ~ *bòaz); H AEEW L-S I 513–515; K-
31; P I 101 (to IE *bheu- ‘to S 93; R-B Numerals 571–
swell’), 146; O 108; K-S 573; A TB 14; B IFTJa 238;
147. B OFED s.v.
*bòta-lausaz adj.: ON bóta-lauss ‘getting *bòw(w)anan str.vb.: Goth bauan ‘to
no redress’, OFris bòt-làs id. Compound dwell, to inhabit’ (partly wk.), ON búa ‘to
of *bòtò and *lausaz. C Nom. comp. dwell, to live’, OE búan ‘to dwell’ (partly
91 (parallel formations). wk.), OFris buwa, bowa id., OS bùan id.
*bòtjanan wk.vb.: Goth bòtjan ‘to do Related to Skt bhávati ‘to become, to be’,
good, to be of use’, ON bœta ‘to better, to Av bavaiti id., Gk fÊv ‘to grow’, Alb buj
bòw(w)anan 53 brakan
~ bûj ‘to state overnight’, Lat perf. fuì *brexòjanan (T-F 278). P I
‘to be’, Lith bùti id., Slav *byti id. See 142 (to *bher6˚- ‘to shine’).
*bewwanan. S KZ XXVI 1–4 *brai¶az adj.: Goth braiþs ‘broad’, ON
(Goth -au- < *-òw-); K PBB VI breiär id., OE brád id., OFris brèd id., OS
381–383; B 927–933; T- brèd id., OHG breit id. Probably from
F 272; H AEEW 38; *bhroi-to- based on IE *bhrei- ‘to cut’
W-H I 557–558; F (W BB XXVIII 35). B-
83–84; J IEW 604–605;  BB III 81 (to Lith beıti ‘to pour
M II 485–487; P I out, to empty’); P IF XXIII 392
146–149; F 68; F II 1052– (same as B, adds Lat fròns
1054; S 124–128 (specifically to ‘forehead’); G Got. 53 (to
Skt bhàvayati ‘to bring into being’ and Lat brùtus ‘heavy, difficult’ < *bhroito-);
Slav *baviti ‘to be slow, to stay’); J KZ XXX 451 (to Gk br—yÊw
T ESSJa I 168–170, III 155; ‘heavy’); B PBB XXIV 453–454
L GED 63–64; K-S (reconstructs *bhor6do-); K NB I 58;
86; O AED 39. S KZ XXXVII 306 (to *sprì¶anan and
*bòwwiz sb.m.: ON bœr ‘town, village, Lith brÿdoti ‘to stand at arrest while wad-
farm’, OFris half be ‘half of the house’. ing’); L WuS X 166–167
Derived from *bòw(w)anan. S (from *bhr-oitos ‘wall-eyed’); T-F
126. 277; F 104; H AEEW 31;
*bòwwjanan wk.vb.: ON byggja ‘to settle, T Lehm 43; V ANEW 55; O
to inhabit’, OE bÿan ‘to inhabit, to stay’, 119; L GED 79; B
OFris bùwa id., OS bùan id., OHG bùen, Nom. 252; H 136–137 (to
bùwen id. Derived from *bòw(w)anan. *sprì¶anan); K-S 134.
H AEEW 39; V ANEW 67; *brai¶islan sb.n.: ON breizl ‘cover’, OE
S 125. masc. (?) br≠dels ‘anything spread, carpet,
*bra¶an ~ *bra¶az sb.n/m.: ON covering’. Derived from *brai¶az. H-
bragä ‘moment, quick movement’, OE  AEEW 32; V ANEW 55.
brægd ‘deceit, fraud’, OFris breud ‘pulling’. *brai¶ìn sb.f.: Goth braidei ‘breadth’, OE
Derived from *bre¶anan. H br≠do id., OFris brède id., OHG breitì id.
AEEW 32; V ANEW 52; V W- Derived from *brai¶az. H
 I 387 (to Toch A pra«k, B prentse AEEW 32; F 104; O 115; H-
‘moment’).  137.
*branan sb.n.: OE bræen ‘brain’, OFris *brai¶janan wk.vb.: Goth us-braidjan ‘to
brein id., MLG bragen, bragen, bregen id. A spread out’, ON breiäa ‘to spread’, OE
difficult word. Perhaps, originally an br≠dan ‘to make broad’, OS brèdian ‘to
adjective *branan (mazan) ‘upper (mar- spread’, OHG breiten id. Derived from
row)’ derived from IE *bher6·h- ‘high’ and *brai¶az. H AEEW 32; F
opposed to *maziz ~ *mazan proper. 529; V ANEW 55; L GED 79;
On the other hand, the original mean- H 137.
ing of *branan could be *‘head’. For the *brai¶òn sb.f.: ON breiäa ‘drift, flock’, OE
formation and meaning cf. Av bar6“nu- br≠de ‘breadth’, MLG brède id., OHG
‘height, head’. T-F 279; H- hant-breita ‘palm’. Derived from *brai¶az.
 AEEW 32 (to Gk brexmÒw ‘top of H AEEW 32; V ANEW 55;
the head’); O 113. H 136.
*braxsmòn sb.f.: Norw dial. brasma *brakan sb.n.: ON brak ‘creaking noise’,
‘bream (a kind of fish)’, OS bressemo id. OE bræc ‘breaking, flowing, rheum’,
(masc.), OHG brahsmo id. (masc.), brahsma MLG brak ‘burst, fracture’, MHG brach
id. Probably derived from *brexanan ~ ‘noise’. Derived from *brekanan. Similar to
brakan 54 brautjanan
Lat fragor ‘fragility’. O Morph. T-F 263; H AEEW 15;
Unt. V 100 (adds OIr braigim ‘to fart’ < F 176; V ANEW 56; O 128;
*bhragƒò); T-F 277; F 104 (sep- S 137; L GED 80; K-
arates *brakan from *brekanan); P S 134; B OFED s.v.
I 165; V ANEW 53; S 133; *brannjòn sb.f.: ON brenna ‘fire’, OHG
L GED 79 (to Lat fragor ‘crash, brenne-friscing ‘burning offering’. Derived
noise’). from *brannjanan. S 138.
*brakòjanan wk.vb.: ON braka ‘to creak’, *brantaz adj.: ON brattr ‘steep’, OE brant
OS brakòn ‘to crash’, MHG braken id. ‘high, deep, steep’. Probably related to
Derived from *brakan. V ANEW 53; Latv bruôds ‘roof ridge’ (P KZ
S 133. XXXIII 292: Latv bruõdin“ id.). T-
*brakòn sb.m.: Norw brake ‘juniper bush’, F 279; H AEEW 32;
E brake ‘bush’, MLG brake ‘branch’. De- K NB II 229–230; P I 167;
rived from *brekanan. T-F 277; C SGGJa I 77; V ANEW
P I 165. 54 (to *bran¶az II); H 137.
*bran¶a-rai¶ò sb.f.: ON brand-reiä *brastòjanan wk.vb.: ON brasta ‘to
‘grate’, OE brand-rád ‘branding rod’, OS bluster’, OHG brastòn ‘to pelt down, to
brande-rèda ‘grate’, OHG brante-reita id. patter’. Derived from *brestanan. C-
Compound of *bran¶az II and *rai¶ò.  SGGJa I 75; S 139.
C Nom. comp. 46. *brau¶an sb.n.: Crim. Goth broe ‘bread’,
*bran¶az I sb.m.: ON brandr ‘firebrand’, ON brauä id., OE breád ‘bit, morsel’,
OE brand id., OFris brand id., OS brand OFris bràd ‘bread’, OS bròd id., OHG bròt
id., OHG brant id. Derived from *bren- id. Continues IE *bhrou-tó- related to
nanan (C KZ XL 462). T- *brewwanan (F ANF XLI 117–118).
F 263; H AEEW 32; Another accentual and apophonic type of
J IEW 619–620; P I the same derivative in *-to- is represented
144–145; V ANEW 53–54; Z- by *bruþan. P SVSU X 784–785;
 I 129 (identifies *bran¶az I and II); S NGWG [1910] 13–15 (Goth
O 114; S 138; K-S- broe < *broet); T-F 281; H-
 130.  IF XLVII 329 (reconstructs Goth
*bran¶az II sb.m.: ON brandr ‘blade of a *broc = OHG brocko ‘hunk, chunk’),
sword’, OE brand ‘sword’ (if not from ON), AEEW 33; W MLN XXV 72 (to Skt
MHG brant id. Related to Lat fròns ‘fore- bhárvati ‘to chew, to devour’); F 106;
head’ (P KZ XXXIX 392). It P I 145; V ANEW 54;
can also be just a metaphoric usage of Z I 139; S CG 132 (fol-
*bran¶az I. P IF XXIV 40–42 lows S); O 115; S
(to *bur¶an); H AEEW 32; 143; L GED 80–81; B-
W-H I 551; P I 167;  Nom. 79; K-S 137.
V ANEW 53; Z I 129; O *brauskaz adj.: ON breyskr ‘brittle’, MLG
114 (identical with *bran¶az I). bròsch id., G dial. brausch ‘brittle, dry’.
*branò(n) sb.f.: ON branga ‘quarrel (?)’ Despite morphological difficulties, de-
(hap. leg.), MLG brank ‘fight’. Unclear. rived from *breutanan. H KZ
F Festschr. Bugge Kr. 13–14 (to XLVII 311; T-F 282; P I
*pran( j)anan); V ANEW 53. 169; V ANEW 56 (reconstructs
*brannjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-brannjan ‘to *brautiskaz); H 138.
burn (trans.)’, ON brenna id., OE bærnan *brautjanan wk.vb.: ON breyta ‘to alter,
‘to kindle, to light, to burn’, OFris barna to change’, OE brytan ‘to break’. Causa-
‘to burn (trans.)’, OS gi-brennian id., OHG tive of *breutanan. H AEEW
brennen id. Causative of *brennanan. 37; V ANEW 56; S 141.
braz¶az 55 brenanan
*braz¶az ~ *brez¶az sb.m.: Norw dial. kaz ~ *bròkan to Gk bragÒw: ßlow, Hes.);
bradd ‘shore, bank’, OE breord ‘brim, mar- H AEEW 33, 35; W-
gin, rim’, OHG brart ‘edge, prow of a H I 541; F 105–106;
ship’. Related to *bruz¶az. T-F P I 165; F 35; O
266. 115, 120; S 132–135; L
*bre¶an sb.n.: ON brigä ‘change, breach’ GED 80; K-S 133.
(also fem.), OE brid ‘change, variety’. *brekòn sb.m.: ON breki ‘breaker’, OE
Derived from *bre¶anan. H wiäer-breca ‘adversary’, OHG hùs-brehho
AEEW 34; V ANEW 56. ‘burglar’. Derived from *brekanan. H-
*bre¶anan str.vb.: ON bregäa ‘to move  AEEW 33; V ANEW 55;
swiftly’, OE bredan ‘to move to and fro, S 133.
to vibrate’, OFris breida ‘to pull, to tug’, *brem(m)anan str.vb.: OE bremman ‘to
OS part. brugdun ‘knitted, tied’, OHG bret- roar, to rage’, OHG pret. bram ‘rugie-
tan ‘to pull, to tug’. Derived from *brekanan. bam’ (*-m-), MHG brimmen ‘to roar’.
However, if ‘moving swiftly’ or ‘vibrating’ Identical with Lat fremò ‘to roar, to re-
are older meanings, one could derive sound’, W brefu ‘to bleat’ (S KZ
this verb from *brexanan ~ *brexòjanan. XLV 55; F II 184). P Beiträge
T-F 278; H AEEW 36 (on Gk br°mv ‘to roar’ with initial
33; F 103–104; J IEW *b-); O Morph. Unt. V 93–94 (from
621–623; P I 142 (to *bher6˚- ‘to *mrem-); T-F 279; H
shine’); V ANEW 55 (to *bher- AEEW 33–34; W-H I 544–
‘fence’); O 113; S 129–132; 545; P I 143; S 135–136.
L GED 79 (to *brèwò ~ *brèxwò); *bren¶az ~ bren¶òn sb.m.: Swed brind,
H 140. brinde ‘elk’, Norw bringe id. Close to
*brexanan ~ *brexòjanan str./wk.vb.: Messap br°ndon: ¶lafon (Hes.), br°n-
ON brjá, brá ‘to flicker’ (wk.), MHG bre- tion: ≤ kefalØ toË §lãfou (Strabo),
hen ‘to light up’ (str. and wk.). Connected brunda ‘caput cervi’ (isid.). Cf. Lith bríedis
with Skt bhrà≤ate ‘to shine, to glitter’, Gk ‘deer’, OPrus braydis ‘mooze’ and Alb bri
forkÒn: leukÒn, poliÒn, =usÒn, Hes. ~ brî ‘horn’. B BB XXIII
T-F 278 (to Lith mérkti ‘to shut 299–300; L WuS XI 60; T-
(eyes)’, Slav *m¸rkn‡ti ‘to become dark’, F 279; M KZ LXVI 75–77,
Gk émarÊssv ‘to sparkle, to twinkle’); 87–89 (on onomastics containing this
M II 532 (the comparison with stem); P I 168–169; F 57;
Skt “subjective Auswahl bleiben muß”); T PJa I 244–245; O AED
P I 141–142; F II 1036. 36–37.
*brekan sb.n.: ON brek ‘fraudulent pur- *brenanan str.vb.: Goth briggan ‘to
chase of land’, OE brec ‘breaking, crash, bring’, OE brinan id., OFris bringa id.,
noise’, MLG brek ‘affliction, shortage’. OS bringan id., OHG bringan id. Related
Derived from *brekanan. H to IE *bhrenk- in W he-brwng ‘to bring, to
AEEW 33; V ANEW 55; S lead’, Toch B prà«k- ‘to take away’.
132–133. B IF XII 155–158 (from *bher-
*brekanan str.vb.: Goth brikan ‘to break’, ‘to carry’ and *ene˚- ‘to reach’); G-
OE brecan id., OFris breka id., OS brekan  Mélanges Saussure 119–121 (follows
id., OHG brehhan id. Related to Lat frangò B); J PBB XV 227–228
id., Lith bró≥ti ‘to whisk’ (C Gr. Et. (prefix *b-; related to Gk =¤mfa ‘quick,
542). Cf. WGmc derivative *bròkaz ~ fast’); Z Gutt. 209; T-F 279;
*bròkan > OE bróc ‘brook’, MLG bròk P KZ XXXIX 354 (to Arm
‘marsh’, OHG bruoh ‘swamp’. Z bafinam ‘to exalt’ < *bhor·h-n-); H-
Gutt. 196, 214; T-F 277–278 (*brò-  AEEW 34; F 105; P I
brenanan 56 brè¶anan
168; C SGGJa I 111; O T-F 280; H AEEW 21;
118; S 136–137; L GED V ANEW 56.
79–80; K-S 136. *breuskan sb.n.: ON brjósk ‘gristle’, MLG
*brenòn sb.f.: ON bringa ‘breast, chest’, brùsche ‘bump’. Probably related to
OE brin-ádl ‘epilepsy’. Derived from *brustz. T-F 281–282; P
*brenanan. T-F 279 (to Icel bringr I 171.
‘hill’, and further to Lith brìnkti ‘to soak’). *breusta-berò sb.f.: ON brjóst-bj‡rg
*brenkaz sb.m.: ON fem. brekka ‘slope’, ‘breastplate’, OE bréost-beor id. (masc.).
ME neut. brinke ‘bank, shore’, MLG brink Compound of *breustan and *berò.
‘edge of a field, hill’. Close to Toch B C Nom. comp. 80 (parallel formations).
prenke ‘island’ (V W I 387). *breustan sb.n.: ON brjóst ‘breast’, OE
Z Gutt. 197–198 (from IE *mreng- bréost id. (also fem. and masc.), OFris
and further to *markan); T-F 277 briast id., OS pl. briost id. An ablaut vari-
(to *brekanan); P I 167; V ANEW ant of *brustz. Structurally close to Slav
55; O 118; L 50–51; *br’ust˙ ‘calf (anat.)’, *br’ust˙v¸ id.
K-S 136 (to *barmaz II). (T ESSJa III 34–35). G-
*brennanan str.vb.: Goth brinnan ‘to burn G II 443 (influenced by *breutanan);
(intr.)’, ON brinna, brenna id., OE beornan K Btrg. Gesch. VIII 510; T-F
id., OFris burna id., OS brinnan id., OHG 283; H AEEW 34; P I
brinnan id. Of unknown origin. It is not 170–171; C SGGJa I 61;
clear whether ON brimi ‘fire’, ME brim V ANEW 57–58; Z II 206;
‘embers’ belong here. K KZ I 201; O 116; L GED 82; B-
B BB XII 77 (to Lat furnus  Nom. 200; K-S 140.
‘stove’); S BB XX 12 (to MIr do- *breutanan str.vb.: ON brjóta ‘to break’,
e-prinn ‘affluit’); A NTU VIII OE breótan ‘to bruise, to break’, MHG
15–21; P Kelt. Gr. II 477–478; briezen ‘to bud’. Of unclear origin.
P Beiträge 784 (from *bhren-⁄-ò); T-F 281–282 (to Lith briáutis ‘to
T-F 263; H AEEW 24; penetrate’); H AEEW 34;
F 106; J IEW 619–621; W MP V 270–271 (to IE *bhreu- ‘to
P I 144–145 (to IE *bhreu- ‘to cut off ’); P UUÅ 1891 125 (to *bar-
move violently’); V ANEW 56–57; janan); T Holz 81; J IEW
O 128; S 137–138 (to * g ⁄her- 635–636; P I 169; V ANEW
‘to burn’); L GED 80; K- 58; S NTS XX 239–242, LS 16;
S 134. S 141–142; L GED 81;
*brennòn sb.f.: Goth brinno ‘fever’, OHG K 715.
brinna ‘burning, pain’. Derived from *brewwanan str.vb.: ON part. brugginn ‘to
*brennanan. F 106; S 137. brew (beer)’, OE breówan id., OFris past
*brestanan str.vb.: ON bresta ‘to burst’, part. browen id., OFris brouwa id., OS
OE berstan id., OFris bersta id., OS brestan part. gebreuuan id., MLG brouwen id.,
id., OHG brestan id. Related to OIr bris- MHG briuwen, brùwen id. Related to Lith
sim ‘to break’. T-F 280; H- briáuti ‘to push’, Slav *brujati ‘to buzz, to
 AEEW 21; J IEW flow’. See *bruþan. T-F 281;
640–641; P I 169 (to MIr brosc H AEEW 34; J
‘noise’); V ANEW 56; O 129; IEW 619–621; P I 145 (to *bren-
S 139; K-S 100 (to nanan); V ANEW 60; O 117;
*brekanan). S 143–144; L Verschärfung
*brestuz sb.m.: ON brestr ‘outburst, crash’, 17.6; K-S 132.
OE berst ‘loss’, OHG bresto ‘destruc- *brè¶anan str.vb.: OSwed part. bràdhin
tion, damage’. Derived from *brestanan. ‘melted’, OE br≠dan ‘to roast, to broil’,
brè¶anan 57 bròþèr
OFris brèda id., MLG braden id., OHG roast’, MDu bræyen id., MHG bræjen ‘to
bràtan id. Can be connected with *brèja- smell’. A distant connection with Skt
nan. T-F 263–264; H bhuráti ‘to move’, Gk porf,rv ‘to heave,
AEEW 32 (to *brè¶az); F 104–105; to rise’ is possible. F I 696 (to Lat
J IEW 613–614; P I fretum, in its metaphoric meaning: fretus
132–133; V ANEW 62; S ipse anni permiscet frigus et aestum, Lucr. 6,
128–129; L GED 79; K- 364); G ZdPh XXX 133;
S 131 (to IE * g ⁄her- ‘to burn’). B PBB XI 279; H PBB
*brè¶az adj.: ON bráär ‘hasty, sudden’, LXVI 268; F 104–105; P I
OE sbst. br≠ä ‘odor, scent, breath’. De- 132–133; L GED 79 (to IE *bher-
rived from *brèjanan. Perhaps, further ‘to boil up’).
related to Lat fretum, fretus ‘raging, swelling, *brima-lai¶ò sb.f.: ON brim-leiä ‘sea’, OE
heat, violence’. T-F 263; H- brim-lád ‘sea-way’. Compound of *briman
 AEEW 32; W-H and *lai¶ò. C Nom. comp. 54.
I 546–547; P I 132– 133 (to IE *briman sb.n.: Burg *brim ‘flood’, ON
*bher- ‘to boil up’); V ANEW 52; brim ‘surf ’, ME brim ‘surf, sea’. Related to
O 116. Gk frimãv ‘to snort and leap (of ani-
*brè¶janan wk.vb.: ON bræäa ‘to melt’, mals)’ (F BB XVII 310). C-
OE br≠dan ‘to roast’. Derived from  IF XXIX 376 (to Skt bhrámati ‘to
*brè¶anan. T-F 263; H move around’); P I 133 (to
AEEW 32; S 129. *brè¶az); V ANEW 56–57; F II
*brè¶ò(n) sb.f./m.: ON bráä ‘raw 1043; K 709.
meat’, OE br≠de ‘roasted meat’, OS bràdo *bròkz sb.f.: ON brók ‘tartan cloth,
‘ham’, OHG bràto ‘meat, roasted meat’. breeches’, OE bróc ‘breeches’, OFris bròk
Related to *brè¶anan. T-F 263; id., MLG bròk id., OHG lìn-bruoh ‘stock-
H AEEW 32; V ANEW 52; ing’. The relations with Gaulish bràca
K-S 131. ‘breeches’, MIr bróc id., OPrus broakay id.
*brèxwò ~ *braxwan sb.f./n.: Goth are not clear. The latter is probably from
bra ‘twinkling (of an eye)’ (only in the Gmc. M ZDADL XLII 170 (to *bre-
context of in braa augins §n =ipª kanan); S IF II 168 (to Lat fràgrò ‘to
ÙfyalmoË), ON brá ‘eyelid’, OFris àg-brè emit a smell, to smell’); Z KZ XXX
id., OS slegi-bràwa, bràha ‘eyelid, brow’, 87–88 (MIr bróc ‘trousers’ < Gmc);
OHG bràwa ‘eyelid, brow’. Cf. also OE J WuS IX 148–151 (from Celtic);
masc. br≠w ‘eyelid’ < *brèwiz ~ *brèxwiz. T-F 280; H AEEW 35;
Derived from *brexanan ~ *brexòjanan. J ZDADL LXVI 244–246 (same
K KZ I 134 (to IE *bhreu- ‘brow’); as J); P I 165; V ANEW
F KZ XX (1872) 178; S I 350, 58; Z I 157; O 116;
463 (follows K); J KZ XXX B GuK 402; T PJa I
445–448 (to Lith mérkti ‘to motion’); 253–254; B Nom. 198; G-
N SVSU V/3 7; T-F  Wurzelnomina 62–90; K-
278–279; H AEEW 32; F S 138.
103–104; S 83, 162 (to Lat fròns *bròþèr sb.m.: Goth broþar ‘brother’,
‘forehead’); P I 142; V ANEW ON bróäir id., OE bróäor id., OFris
51–52 (to *bre¶anan); Z II 192; bròther id., OS bròthar id., OHG bruodar
O 112; L GED 78–79 (to IE id. Continues IE *bhràter- id.: Toch A
*bhrek- ‘to gleam’); K-S 131– pracar, B procer, Skt bhràtar-, Av bràtar-,
132; A TB 418–419 (to Toch B preke Gk Ion frÆthr: édelfow (Hes.), Arm
‘time, occasion’). e∑bayr, Lat fràter, OIr bráth(a)ir, OPrus
*brèjanan wk.vb.: Crim. Goth breen ‘to bràti, Slav *bratr˙. K HG 95;
bròþèr 58 brunstiz
B 971–972; T-F 280– ‘foliage, branch, bow’); L Studien 96

281; H AEEW 36; W- (same as B); T-F 105 (follow
H I 541–542; F 106–107; B); P I 142; V ANEW 60
M II 530–531; P I (to OE bróm ‘shrub from which besoms
163–164; Z I 157; V ANEW are made, broom’).
58; F II 1039–1040; O 121; *brunaþòn sb.m.: Swed brånad ‘conflagra-
B IEL 172; S Kinship tion’, OE brúnéäa ‘a kind of disease’,
25–28; T ESSJa II 238; L- OHG bronado ‘scab, rash’. Derived from
 GED 81; H KZ CIII 102–103; *brunjaz ~ *brunòn. T-F 263.
B Nom. 208; K- *brunjaz ~ *brunòn sb.m.: ON
S 138–139 A TB 421–422; bruni ‘burned lava-field’, OE bryne ‘burn-
B IFTJa 250. ing, flame, fire’. Related to *brennanan.
*bròþur-banòn sb.m.: ON bróäur-bani T-F 263; H AEEW 37;
‘fratricide’, OE bróäor-bana id. Compound V ANEW 61.
of *bròþèr and *banòn. C Nom. comp. *brunjòn sb.f.: Goth brunjo ‘armor, breast-
54. plate’, ON brynja ‘coat of mail’, OE byrne
*brujò(n) sb.f.: ON bryggja ‘landing-stage, ‘corslet, coat of mail’, OS brunnia id.,
pier’, OE bryc ‘bridge’, OFris bregge, OHG brunna, brunnì id. Borrowed from
brigge id., OS bruggia id., OHG brugga id. Celtic, cf. OIr bruinne ‘breast’, OW bronn
A guttural derivative connected with id., Bret bronn id. (S Urkelt. 184).
Gaul brìva ‘bridge’ < *bhrè⁄à, Slav *br¸v¸ G Got. 53 (to *brùwò);
id. Cf. also ON brú ‘bridge’ < *bròwò. W BB XXVII 235 (to Alb mbrej
K KZ I 134 (to Skt bhrù- ‘brow, eye- ‘to harness’, brinjë ‘rib’); W MLN XIII
brow’, Gk ÙfrÊw id.); M WuS 82 (to *bher- ‘to carry’); P IF
I 189; T-F 281; L Language XXIII 390–392 (to Lat fròns ‘forehead’);
IX 253–254; H AEEW 37; T-F 282; H AEEW
P I 173; V ANEW 59, 61–62; 41; F 107–108; S GRM
Z II 179; S IF LXXXVII XXXI 273; P I 170; V
189–191; T ESSJa III 71–72; B-104–105; V ANEW 62; Z
K-S 138. I 155; L GED 81–82; K-
*brunò sb.f.: Norw dial. brogn, brogne S 139 (to *brustz).
‘twig’, OE bron(e) id. Closely related to *brunnòn sb.m.: Goth brunna ‘fountain,
W brwyn-en ‘bulrush’, OCorn brunnen ‘jun- source’, ON brunnr, bruär ‘spring, well’
cus, scirpus’, Bret broenn-enn < *bhrugh-no-. (from *brunnaz), OE burna ‘stream’, OFris
H AEEW 36; P I 174. burna ‘spring, well’, OS brunno, burno id.,
*brukòn sb.m.: Goth ga-bruka ‘broken OHG brunno id. Based on an r/l-stem
piece, crumb’, OE e-broc ‘broken piece, reflected in Arm a∑biwr ‘fount’, Gk fr°`r
fragment’ (neut.), OHG brocko ‘a kind of ‘well, reservoir’. J BB XVIII
biscuit’. Comparison with *brekanan (C- 37; S Urkelt. 172 (to MIr bruinnid ‘to
 Gr. Et. 542; G Ablaut 54, make spout’); O-S IF XXIII
79–86) is impeded by the vocalism of 379 (to Slav *brujati ‘to stream’); W
*brukòn (but cf. *brunjaz ~ *brunòn). KZ XXXIV 517; T-F 264;
T-F 277; H Idg. Gr. II 82; H AEEW 39; F 108;
H AEEW 36; F 176; P I 144; V ANEW 61; Z-
W-H I 541; P I 165;  II 178; F II 1040–1041; O
L GED 134. 128; L GED 82; K-S
*bruman sb.n.: ON brum ‘bud’, OHG 139–140.
brom id. Probably from *bruman, related *brunstiz sb.f.: Goth ala-brunsts ‘burnt
to *brunò. B BB III 99 (to Lat fròns offering’, OHG brunst ‘fire, burning, in-
brunstiz 59 brù¶iz
flammation’. Derived from *brennanan. move strongly’, see *brewwanan. T-

T-F 263; F 33–34; S F 281; H AEEW 36;
138; L GED 24–25; K- D Thr. 93; P I 145;
S 140. G Issledov. 119; V ANEW 58;
*bruskaz sb.m.: Norw brusk ‘bush’, LG Z I 139; O 121; B-
brüsch ‘hair-lock’. Close to Lith pl. br~zgai  Nom. 79.
‘scrub, copse, bush’, brùzgas ‘rod, twig’. *bruz¶az sb.m.: ON broddr ‘spike, shaft’,
F III 282; T-F 282; P I OE brord ‘prick, sharp point’, OHG brort
172; F 61. ‘edge, stem’. Continues *bhruzdhos <
*brustz sb.f.: Goth brusts ‘breast’, OFris *bhrus-dh-. Related to Lith bruzdùklis ‘bri-
brust id., MLG borst id., OHG brust id. dle’, Slav *br˙zda id. P IF V 73;
(also an i-stem). Identical with Slav M Etudes I 156; T-F 266;
*br˙st˙, *br˙st¸ ‘bud’. G DW II T BSW 39; H
443 (to *breutanan); Z Gutt. 129; AEEW 36; P I 110; F I
B PBB XIII 320–322 (to Slav pl. 60; V ANEW 58; Z I 129;
*p¸rsi ‘breast’); G Got. 53–54 O 112; T ESSJa III 62.
(to *brùwò); U PBB XXX 271; *bruz¶janan wk.vb.: ON brydda ‘to prick,
J IF XIX 117–118 (to Slav to point’, OE bryrdan ‘to prick, to goad’.
*b¸rdo ‘hill, elevation’); P IF Derived from *bruz¶az. H
XXIII 391 (to IE *bhreus- ‘to swell’); AEEW 37; V ANEW 61.
T-F 283; F 108–109; P *brù¶i-umòn sb.m.: ON brúä-gumi
I 170–171 (to OIr brú ‘belly’); C- ‘bridegroom’, OE brÿd-guma id., OFris
 SGGJa I 61; V ANEW 57; breid-goma id., OS brùdi-gomo id., OHG
Z II 206; T ESSJa III brùti-gomo id. Compound of *brù¶iz
57–58; L GED 82; B and *umòn. T-F 282; S
Nom. 200; G Wurzelnomina ZDADL LI 28–287; C Nom. comp. 46;
463–471; K-S 139–140 (to P KZ XC 8–9; K-S
Slav *gr‡d¸ ‘breast’). 132–133.
*brutan sb.n.: ON brot ‘broken piece, frag- *brù¶i-xlaupan sb.n.: ON brúä-laup
ment’, OE e-brot ‘fragment’. Derived ‘bride’s journey’, OFris brò-lop id. Cf. also
from *breutanan. H AEEW 36; OS brùd-loht, MHG brùt-louft. Compound
V ANEW 59; S 141; B- of *brù¶iz and *xlaupan. S
 Nom. 56. ZDADL LXI 17–34 (reconstructs the ori-
*brutjòjanan wk.vb.: ON brytja ‘to chop’, ginal meaning as ‘bride’s dance’); K-
OE bryttian ‘to divide into fragments’.  WuS XVI 80–90; T-F 282;
Related to *brutjòn. H AEEW C Nom. comp. 46; V ANEW 59;
38; P I 169; V ANEW 62. K-S 133.
*brutjòn sb.m.: ON bryti ‘steward, bailiff ’, *brù¶iz sb.f.: Goth bruþs ‘bride, young
OE brytta ‘bestower, dispenser, distribu- wife’ (< *brùþiz), ON brúär ‘bride’, OE
tor’. Derived from *breutanan. T- brÿd ‘bride, wife’, OFris breid ‘newly mar-
F 282; H AEEW 37; ried’, OS brùd ‘bride, married woman’,
P I 169; V ANEW 62; OHG brùt ‘newly married woman, young
S 141; B Nom. 182. woman, daughter-in-law’. Of unknown
*bruþan sb.n.: ON broä ‘broth’, OE broä origin. U PBB XXII 188 (<
id., OHG brod id. Continues IE *bhrúto- *mrùti- ‘promised, engaged’, to Lith martì
identical with OIr bruth ‘heat’, Thrac ‘bride, daughter-in-law’, Skt brávìti ‘to
brËtow ‘barley beer’, broËtow: tÚ §k speak, to say’); W MLN XV 96
kriy«n pÒma, Hes. (T Thr. II/1 (follows U); W BB
7) further belonging to IE *bhreu- ‘to XXVII 205 (same as W); B PBB
brù¶iz 60 bu¶an
XIII 184–185 (from *per-ùdhi-, based on OS brùn-ròd ‘sparkling red’, OHG brùn
*⁄edh- ‘to lead’); T Festschr. Unger 174 ‘reddish-brown, blackish’. Structurally
(same as U); B PBB identical with Gk frËnow ‘frog’ <
XXXII 58 (to Lat Frutis, epithet of *‘brown’ (K KZ I 200). Further re-
Venus); K PBB XXXIV 561–562 lated to IE *bhreu-, cf. Skt babhrú- ‘red-
(follows B); H PBB XXXV dish-brown, brown’. T-F 264;
306–310 (to *brau¶an, for the meaning S FB 56–59; H
cf. OE hl≠f-die ‘bread-kneader, mistress, AEEW 36 (adds Slav *brunîti ‘to shine’);
lady’);  H ZdPh XLII 446–447 K ZdPh LXVII 1–10; K
(to Slav *brak˙ ‘marriage’); L NB II 204–205; M II 409–410;
LS II 48–64 (from IE *bhº-H⁄-eH-ti- ‘life- P I 136; D VSJa 26; V
giving force bearer’); K WuS ANEW 61; F II 1047; O 121;
XVI 80–90 (to *breutanan); H- H 143; K-S 132.
 Glotta XI 216–217 (to Gk ÉAfro- *brùnaz II adj.: ON sbst. brún ‘edge’, OE
d¤th); T-F 282; H brún ‘shining, flashing’. Related to OIr brú
AEEW 37; F 103, 110–111; T ‘border, edge, shore’, Lith briaunà ‘edge’
ZSSR LXV 254–255 (to IE *bhràter- (P Beiträge 17–19, 750–752: further
‘brother’); P I 299; V ANEW to *brùwò). H AEEW 36;
59–60; Z I 150; O 117; P I 170–173; F 57; V
L GED 83–84; K-S ANEW 60; Z II 220; H-
132.  143 (identifies *brùnaz I and II);
*brùkanan str.vb.: OE brúcan ‘to use’, A TB 374 (identical with Toch A
OFris brùka id., OS brùkan id., OHG pärwàá, B pärwàne ‘brows’).
brùhhan id. Cf. Goth brukjan id. < *brùk- *brùsòjanan wk.vb.: Swed brùsa ‘to roar,
janan. Related to Lith braukiù, braUkti ‘to to thunder’, MLG brùsen id., MHG brùsen
smear, to paint’, Slav *brusiti ‘to whet’. id. Of imitative origin. P UUÅ
T Thr. I/30 (to Thrac ethn. 1891 164 (to Gk fruãssomai ‘to neigh,
BrÊgew); S KZ XXXIV 70 (same to be wanton’); P I 171–172;
as T); T-F 281; W V ANEW 61.
MP V 270–271 (to *breutanan); H- *brùwò sb.f.: ON brún ‘eyebrow’ (general-
 AEEW 37; F 107; H ized pl. stem), OE brú ‘eyebrow’. Related
AEEW 36; P I 170, 173 (to Lat to Toch A dual pärwàn-, B pärwàne id.,
frùx ‘fruits of the earth, produce of the Skt bhrù- id., Gk ÙfrËw id., Maced
fields, pulse’, fruor ‘to enjoy, to delight in’); ébroËtew (leg. ébroÊWew): ÙfrËw. Make-
C SGGJa I 91; O 120; dÒnew (Hes.), MIr brúad, Lith bruvìs id.,
S 140–141; K-S 131. Slav *bry, gen. -˙ve id. K
*brùkiz ~ *brùkjaz adj.: Goth bruks Einleitung 287 (on Macedonian); H-
‘useful’, OE brÿce id., OHG brùhhi id.  Mak. 51 (conjecture for Macedo-
Derived from *brùkanan. W MP V nian); T-F 281; H
270–271 (to *breutanan); Z Gutt. AEEW 36; M II 534–536;
96; F 107; W-H I P I 172–173; F 57;
552–553 (to Lat frùgì ‘having merit’, dat. Z II 220; F II 454; O
of frùx ‘fruit’); H AEEW 36; 121; T ESSJa III 63–64;
P I 173; M Festschr. Schröder G Etim. 1984 41 (Maced ébroËtew
97, KZ CV 134–135; L GED 81; = Slav pl. *brudi ‘whiskers’).
B Nom. 260; H *bu¶an sb.n.: ON boä ‘bid, command-
142. ment’, OE bod ‘command, command-
*brùnaz I adj.: ON brúnn ‘brown’, OE ment’, OFris bod id, OS gi-bod id, OHG
brún ‘dark, brown’, OFris brùn ‘brown’, bot ‘authoritative pronouncement’. De-
bu¶an 61 bukkaz
rived from *beu¶anan. T-F 274; P I 152–153; V ANEW 47;
H AEEW 28; P I 151; Z I 153; O 111; S
S 109; B Nom. 56. 111; L GED 73, 77; B-
*bu¶¶òn sb.m.: ON prop. Boddi, Norw  Nom. 174; K-S 123.
budda ‘newborn domestic animal’, ME *builaz sb.m.: ON bygill ‘stirrup’, MLG
budde ‘bud’, LG budde ‘louse’. Of descriptive bogel ‘hanger’, G Bügel id. Derived from
origin. H AEEW 38; V *beuanan. V ANEW 67; K-
ANEW 47; K-S 105–106. S 143.
*bu¶maz ~ *butmaz sb.m.: ON botn *buiz sb.m.: ON bugr ‘bowing, winding’,
‘bottom’ (*-t-), OE bodan id. (also botm OE bÿe ‘bowing, bending, angle’, MDu
with *-t-), OFris bodem id., OS bodom id., boge ‘bend’. Derived from *beuanan.
OHG bodam id. (<*-þ-). Unexplained H AEEW 39; V ANEW 63;
fluctuations in the intervocalic dental. S 111.
Close to Gk puymÆn id. and further to *bujanan wk.vb.: Goth bugjan ‘to buy’,
Skt budhná- ‘bottom, ground’, Av buna- id. ON byggja ‘to let out, to lend’, OE bycan
(?< *bhundhno-), Lat fundus ‘bottom’. ‘to buy’, OS buggian id. Derived from
P SVSL I 17–18 (alternation *d: *beuanan (G Got. 54). For the
*dh explained from the paradigm nom. semantic development cf. Gk pvl°v ‘to
*bhudh-, gen. *bhu(n)dnes); B sell’ ~ p°lv ‘to turn, to spin’. O
968–969; T-F 275 (add OE IF V 293–295; U Btrg. Gesch.
byden ‘bushel, barrel’, MLG bodene ‘cask’, XXX 2777; L ANW XXXII
OHG butin(a) id. which are from MLat 282 (to Gk feÊgv ‘to fly’); T-F
butina ‘bottle, vessel’); P WuS XV 274; H AEEW 39; F 111;
112–133; N GR XIII 127– P I 153; V ANEW 67; B-
129; H AEEW 31; W-  110–111 (to Av baog- ‘to save, to
H I 564–565; M II 438; redeem, to liberate’); S 111; B-
P I 174; V ANEW 51; Z-  IEL 108–111; L Verschär-
 II 226; F II 620–621; O fung 15.3; L GED 84.
109; L Expr. 340–341; K- *buxtiz sb.f.: ON bót ‘patch’, OE byht
S 122–123. ‘bending, corner’ (masc.), MLG bucht
*bu¶òjanan wk.vb.: ON boäa ‘to an- ‘bay’, G Bucht id. Derived from *beuanan.
nounce’, OE bodian ‘to tell, to announce’, H AEEW 39; V ANEW 51;
OFris bodia ‘to summon’, MLG boden id., K-S 142.
MHG boten id. Derived from *beu¶anan. *bukjanan wk.vb.: OFris buckia ‘to bend’,
H AEEW 28; V ANEW MLG bucken id., MHG bücken id. Based on
46–47. the unattested *beukanan to be compared
*bu¶òn sb.m.: Burg *buda ‘messenger’, with Skt bhujáti id., Ir fid-bocc ‘wood bow’.
ON boäi id., OE boda id., OFris boda id, M II 504–506; P I 153.
OS bodo id, OHG boto id Derived from *bukkaz sb.m.: ON bukkr, bokkr ‘buck’,
*beu¶anan. T-F 275; H- OE bucc ‘roebuck’, MLG buck ‘goat, ram’,
 AEEW 28; P I 151; V OHG boc, buc id. Borrowed from the
ANEW 47; Z I 139; O 104; Celtic word for ‘he-goat’, cf. MIr bocc, W
S 109; B Nom. 174; bwch, Corn boch, Bret bouc’h (P
K 709; K-S 128. Litteris VII 23–24). M MSL XV
*buòn sb.m.: Crim. Goth boga ‘bow’, ON 356 (hypocoristic gemination); Z
bogi id., OE boa id., OFris boga id., OS Gutt. 196; T-F 273 (related to
swi-bogo ‘vault’, OHG bogo ‘arch, bow’. Celtic and other Indo-European forms
Derived from *beuanan. T-F continuing *bhu·os ~ *bhukkos); L Lan-
273; H AEEW 29; F 102; guage VII 282 (to *beuanan); M
bukkaz 62 bur¶a-þakan
Gém. 87, 138–139; P Gliederung 115; L 55–56; K-S 144.
P I 174; V ANEW 64; *bulstraz sb.m.: ON bólstr ‘cushion’, OE
Z II 178; O 122; K- bolster ‘bolster, pillow’, MDu bolster id.,
S 122. OHG bolstar id. Probably from *bulxstraz,
*bukkòn sb.m.: ON bokki ‘he-goat’, OE to *belanan. T-F 268; H-
bucca id. See *bukkaz. H  AEEW 30; V ANEW 49; O
AEEW 38; M Gém. 113, 139, 178; 105; S 100; B Nom.
O 122. 87; K-S 639–640.
*bulaz ~ *bulò sb.m./f.: ON bolr, bulr *bultaz sb.m.: ON boltr ‘bolt’, OE bolt id.,
‘trunk’, MLG bole ‘plank’, MHG bole id. MLG bolte id., OHG bolz ‘catapult’.
Related to *bùljò(n). T-F 266 (to Probably related to Lat fullò ‘to trample’,
Slav *b˙lvan˙ ‘idol’); V ANEW 49 (to Lith béld≥iu, bélsti ‘to knock, to rap’, bìldu,
*bhel- ‘to swell’). bild∏ti ‘to crash, to thud’. B ZDADL
*buljòn sb.f.: ON bylgja ‘billow’, MLG LXXIII 75–86; T-F 268; W-
bulge ‘rising wave’, MHG bulge ‘storm H I 560–561; H
wave’. Derived from *belanan. T- AEEW 30; P I 124; F 39;
F 268; P I 126; V ANEW V ANEW 49; O 105; K-
67; K-S 144. S 124.
*buljanan wk.vb.: ON bylja ‘to roar’, OE *bunòn sb.f./m.: ON bunga ‘elevation,
bylan ‘to offend, to anger’, MDu bullen convexity’, MLG bunge ‘drum’, OHG
‘to race, to rage’, MHG büllen ‘to bark’. bungo ‘tuber’. Related to Skt bahú- ‘much,
Connected with *bellanan I. H- abundant, large’, Gk paxÊw ‘thick’, Latv
 AEEW 40; P I 123; V bìezs id., Lith búo≥ë ‘knob’. Z Gutt.
ANEW 67. 177; M Language XXVI 387 (to Alb
*bullòn sb.m.: ON bolli ‘bowl’, OE bolla bung ‘a kind of oak’); P I 128;
‘round vessel, cup, pot’, OFris strot-bolla F 64; V ANEW 65.
‘larynx’, OS bollo ‘cup’, OHG bolla ‘bud, *bunkòjanan wk.vb.: OSwed bunka ‘to
round pod, globular vessel’ (fem.). strike, to hit’, MLG bunken id., G bunken
Related to *bùl( j)òn. T-F 267 (to id. Denominative of *bunkòn. P I
Lat follis ‘purse, bag’); H 115 (to IE *bheg- ‘to break, to strike’);
AEEW 30; M Gém. 194; P F II 484–485.
I 121 (to IE *bhel- ‘to swell, to blow); *bunkòn sb.m.: ON bunki ‘heap, pile’, Du
V ANEW 49; O 111. bonk ‘clump, clot’. To be compared with
*bullòjanan wk.vb.: Icel-Norw bulla ‘to Alb bung ‘a kind of oak, Quercus sessi-
babble’, OHG bullòn ‘to howl, to bark’. flora’ < PAlb *bunga, further to *bheu- ‘to
Related to *bellanan II. M Gém. grow’ (see *bewwanan). T-F 259
142; P I 123. (to *bankiz); V ANEW 65 (to Icel buna
*bulòjanan wk.vb.: ON bola ‘to fell trees’, ‘ox bone’); L 41–44; O AED
OHG bolòn ‘to roll’. Derived from *bulaz 41–42.
~ *bulò. V ANEW 48. *buran sb.n.: Goth ga-baur ‘tribute, contri-
*bulòn sb.m.: ON boli ‘bull’, OE bula bution, tax, loge¤a, fÒrow’, OHG gi-bor
‘young bull’, MDu bul, bolle ‘bull’. WGmc ‘progeny, offspring’. Derived from *bera-
words reflect *bull- < *buln- extracted nan. K KZ XXVI 71; F 174;
from oblique cases of *bulòn. Perhaps S 105; B Nom. 58.
connected with Thrac bÒlinyow ‘wild *buraz sb.m.: ON borr ‘borer’, OE bór
bull’ < *bhul-ento- (T Thr. II/1 id., MLG bor id. Connected with *burò-
5). T-F 266; D Thr. 74; janan. H AEEW 30; V
P I 121 (to IE *bhel- ‘to swell’); ANEW 51.
G Issledov. 119; V ANEW 49; *bur¶a-þakan ~ *bur¶a-þakòn sb.n./m.:
bur¶a-þakan 63 burz
ON borä-þak ‘covering of planks’, OE *bur¶janan wk.vb.: ON byräa ‘to em-

bord-äaca ‘board thatch, a cover of a broider’, OE byrdan id., OS burdian
house, snare’. Compound of *bur¶an and id. Derived from *bur¶an. H
*þakan. C Nom. comp. 80 (parallel AEEW 40; V ANEW 67.
formations). *burènan ~ *buròjanan wk.vb.: ON
*bur¶an sb.n.: Goth fotu-baurd ‘footstool’, borga ‘to bail, to pay’, OE borian ‘to bor-
ON borä ‘board, plank’, OE bord id., row’, OFris borgia id., MLG borgen id.,
OFris bord id., OS bord id., OHG bort OHG borgèn id., ir-borgòn ‘to promise’.
‘deck’. A secondary ablaut variant is Derived from *beranan. T-F
*bar¶an > ON barä ‘edge, brim’ some- 265; H AEEW 31; V
times explained from *bar¶az (T-F ANEW 50; O 108; K-S
262; Z II 166) or compared with 126.
Lith bartà ‘board’ (V ANEW 26). *burjan sb.n.: ON byrgi ‘enclosure,
Together with Umbr furf-ant ‘(they) put fence’, OE eorä-byr ‘earth mound’
upon the board’ and Slav *b¸rdo ‘reed (in (fem.). Derived from *burz. H-
loom), mountain ridge’ continues IE  AEEW 41; V ANEW 68.
*bhºdho- (D KZ XVI 221). *burjanan I wk.vb.: ON byrgja ‘to close,
U AfslPh XV 483 (Slav *b¸rdo to shut’, OE byran ‘to bury’. Cf. also
from Germanic); B AfslPh XLII OHG borgèn id. Derived from *beranan.
127 (against U); T-F H AEEW 41; V ANEW 68;
262–263; H AEEW 30; F S 107.
159; T Holz 86–87; P I 138; *burjanan II wk.vb.: ON á-byrgja ‘to
V ANEW 50 (separates *bur¶an answer for, to take care of ’, OE on-byran
‘board’ from *bur¶an ‘edge, board of a ‘to vouch for’, MLG börgen id., OHG
ship’); Z I 139; O 103; unter-burgen ‘to fake’. Related to *burènan
T Rem. 26–31, 131, ESSJa III ~ *buròjanan. H AEEW 41;
164–166; A Schw. 91; L V ANEW 68.
GED 121; K-S 126. *burz sb.f.: Goth baurgs ‘castle, citadel,
*bur¶òn sb.m.: ON boräi ‘border’, OE city’, ON borg ‘hillock, wall, castle, city’ (i-
borda ‘hem, trimming’, OS borda id., stem), OE bur ‘fortified place, castle,
OHG borto id. A morphological variant of city’, OFris burch, burich id., OS burg id.
*bur¶an. H AEEW 30; V (also an i-stem), OHG burg id. (also an
ANEW 50. i-stem). Corresponds to Av b6r6z- ‘high’,
*bur¶inaz sb.m.: ON byräingr ‘mer- Arm barjr id. < *bhº·hu-, OIr brí ‘hill’.
chant ship’, MLG bordinc ‘small vehicle’. Other parallels see s.v. *beranan. B
Derived from *bur¶an (F WuS IV MSL VII 135–136 (to Gk pÊrgow ‘tower,
111–112). V ANEW 67. fortification, castle’); M ZDADL XLI
*bur¶iz sb.f.: Goth ga-baurþs ‘birth’, ON 113, WuS XII 353 (partly from Lat burgus
masc. burär id., OE e-byrd id., OFris berd, ‘castle, fort, fortress’ < Gk pÊrgow);
berde id., OS gi-burd id. (masc.), OHG gi- Z Gutt. 204; J KZ XLVIII
burt id. Continues IE *bhºtí-, cf. OIr breth, 139–140 (to Gk fÊrkow: te›xow, Hes.);
brith id. < *bhºtà. Further related to K Glotta XXII 100–102 (from
*beranan. T-F 261; H the same North Balkan source as Gk
AEEW 40; F 175; P I 131; pÊrgow); G ZDADL LXXII
Z II 176; V ANEW 68; 173–175; B 949–950; T-
O 96; S 105; T F 265; H AEEW 38; F
ESSJa III 97–98; L GED 134; 85–86; P Gliederung 173; P I
B Nom. 141; K- 140–141; V ANEW 50 (to Gk
S 304. frãssv ‘to fence in, to fortify’, fÊrkow
burz 64 bùkaz
‘wall’); Z II 206; O 108; *buròn sb.f.: ON bora ‘bore-hole’, late
M IF LXXXI 204–220; L OHG bora ‘auger’. Related to *buròjanan.
GED 64–65 (influenced by Lat burgus); O 108.
B Nom. 195–196; G- *burstiz sb.f.: ON burst ‘bristle’, OE byrst
 Wurzelnomina 91–116; K- id. (neut.), OS bursta id. (ò-stem), OHG
S 145–146. burst id. (neut.), bursta id. (ò-stem). Iden-
*burilòn sb.m.: ON byrli ‘cup-bearer’, OE tical with Skt bhºß†í- ‘sharp point’. Cf. also
byrele id. Derived from *burilaz, see *beri- Slav *b˙r“‘¸ ‘kind of plant, Heracleum’
laz. H AEEW 41; V (P BB XXI 211). T-F 266;
ANEW 68. H AEEW 41; P I 109;
*buriz I sb.m.: Goth baur ‘he who is born, V ANEW 65; Z II 195;
genhtÒw’, ON burr ‘son’, OE byre id. O 119; T ESSJa III
Derived from *beranan. T-F 261; 131–132; K-S 127.
H AEEW 40; F 84–85; *burþìn sb.f.: Goth baurþei ‘burden, load’,
V ANEW 65; P I 131; S- OFris berde id., OHG burdì id. Based on
 105; L GED 64; B- *bhºti- attested in Skt bhºtí- ‘load, burden’,
 Nom. 132. cf. also bhºtyà ‘care, food’. For further
*buriz II sb.m.: ON byrr ‘fair wind’, OE connections see *beranan. T-F
byre ‘event, opportunity’, WFris bur 261; F 86; P I 131; V
‘wind’, MLG bore-lòs ‘without fair wind’. ANEW 67–68; Z II 220; O
Related to Slav *bur’a ‘storm’ (U- 127; L GED 65; K-S
 PBB XXX 278; L IF XXXII 145.
158–159). T-F 261; H- *buskaz sb.m.: Norw busk ‘bush’, ME
 AEEW 40; P I 131; V busch, busche id., MLG busch id., OHG
ANEW 68; T ESSJa III 97–98. busc id. Derived from *bòw(w)anan.
*burjanan ~ *burjòjanan wk.vb.: ON T-F 276–277; V ANEW 66
byrja ‘to begin’, OE bÿrian ‘to happen’, (from late Lat boscus ‘a forest where wood
OFris bera id., OS gi-burian ‘to take care gathering is permitted’); K-S
of, to befit’, OHG purren ‘to happen, to 147 (to *bruskaz).
be due’. Derived from *buriz II. T- *buttaz ~ *bùtaz sb.m.: ON bútr ‘log’,
F 261; H AEEW 41; T LG adj. butt ‘blunt, plump’, MHG butze
Holz 88; P I 131 (to *beranan); ‘cut out piece’. Probably related to *bau-
V ANEW 68; K-S 304. tanan. T-F 274; V ANEW 66.
*burjaz adj.: Goth adv. ga-baurjaba ‘gladly, *buþlan sb.n.: ON ból ‘farm, abode’, OE
with pleasure’, OE am-byr ‘favourable’. bold ‘building, dwelling, house’, OFris
Related to *buriz II. F 175; H- bodel ‘movable property’, OS bodal ‘land
 AEEW 3, 5; M KZ CIV property’. Derived from *bòw(w)anan.
240–250, CV 135; B ESts Structurally similar to Lith bùklà ‘resi-
LXIV 97–101 (reconstructs *buruz from dence, camp’ < *bhù-tlo-. T-F
*beranan); H 144. 272–273; H AEEW 30; F-
*buròjanan wk.vb.: ON bora ‘to bore’,  68; V ANEW 48; O 124;
OE bórian id., OS boròn id., OHG boròn S 126; K-S 143 (ON
id. Related to *barjanan. T-F to MLG boule ‘sleeping place’, MHG buole
261; E KZ LII 124 (to Latv bìrze id. < *bòlòn further compared with Lith
‘furrow in the field of corn’); H guõlis ‘resting-place’).
AEEW 31; P I 135; V ANEW *bùkaz sb.m.: ON búkr ‘trunk, body’, OE
49–50; O 108; K-S bùc ‘belly, stomach’, OFris bùk ‘trunk,
124. body’, MLG bùk id., OHG bùh ‘sto-
bùkaz 65 bùwòn
mach, womb’. A descriptive formation. T-F 275; H AEEW 41;

O BB XXIX 255 (to OE búc ‘bot- F 41–42; V ANEW 68; S
tle, jug’); T-F 273 (to *beuanan); 109; L GED 31; B
H AWN 29 (to Latv baugas Nom. 148.
‘intestines’); V ANEW 64 (same as *bùsòjanan str.vb.: Norw bùsa ‘to dart, to
T-F); P I 100; Z I make a dash’, EFris bùsen ‘to be turbu-
130; O 123, 125; K-S 85. lent, to storm’, MDu bùsen ‘to tipple’.
*bùljò(n) sb.f.: ON bóla ‘blister’, OE bÿl Related to Slav *bystr˙ ‘quick’. T-
(masc.), bÿle ‘bile, blotch, sore’, OFris bèl, F 276; V ANEW 68; T
bèle id., OS bùla id., OHG bulla ‘blister, ESSJa III 153–154.
pimple, swelling’. Cf. Skt buli- ‘buttocks, *bùþò ~ *bòþòn sb.f.: ON búä ‘abode,
vulva’, buri- ‘vulva’ (reflecting unaspirated booth’, MLG bòde ‘hut’ (*-ò-), MHG buode
*b), Lith bulìs id. O Suppl. 66–67 id. (-ò-). Derived from *bòw(w)anan.
(to IE *bheu- ‘to grow); Z Gutt. 72; Structurally close to OIr both ‘hut’ <
P Beiträge 30; T-F 274–276; *bhutà, Lith bùtas ‘house’, OPrus buttan
H AEEW 39; F 511; M- id., Slav *byto ‘stay, possessions’. T-
 II 439–440; P I 98–102; F 272; T BSW 40–42;
V ANEW 48; F 63–64; F 68; V ANEW 63; T-
O 104; L GED 371; K-  ESSJa III 155; L GED 64;
S 105, 143. K-S 142.
*bùran sb.n.: ON búr ‘chamber, pantry’, *bùwa-lan¶an sb.n.: ON bú-land ‘home-
OE búr ‘cottage, dwelling, room’, OS bùr land’, OS bù-land ‘cultivated land’. Com-
‘dwelling, room’ (masc.), OHG bùr pound of *bùwan and *lan¶an. C
‘house’ (masc.). Close to Messap bÊrion: Nom. comp. 83 (parallel formations).
o‡khma, Hes. (K IF XLVII 326, *bùwan sb.n.: ON bú ‘house, estate’, OE
Spr. Vorz. 104). Further to *bòw(w)anan. bú ‘dwelling’, OS bù id. Derived from
T-F 273; H AEEW 38; *bòw(w)anan. T-F 272; H-
P Gliederung 129; P I 146,  AEEW 38; P I 149; V
149; V ANEW 65; Z II 167; ANEW 63, 67; S 125; L
O 111; S 126; L GED 64.
GED 64; B Nom. 75; K- *bùwiz sb.m.: ON bÿr ‘town, village,
S 86. farm’. Identical with Lith b~vis ‘resi-
*bùsniz sb.f.: Goth ana-busns ‘command, dence’. Further derived from *bòw(w)a-
commandment’, ON bÿsn ‘wonder’, OE nan. T-F 272; C
bÿsen ‘example, pattern’, OS am-bùsan SGGJa I 73; F 68.
‘order’. Derivative in *-sni- based on *bùwòn sb.m.: ON búi ‘dweller’, OHG
*beu¶anan. B Grundriß I 705 erd-bùwo ‘inhabitant of the earth’. Derived
(compensatory length in *-ù- < *-us-); from *bòw(w)anan. V ANEW 63.
¶
*¶abanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-daban ‘to hap- *¶aa-werkan sb.n.: ON dag-verk ‘day’s
pen, to be suitable’, OE part. e-dafen work’, OE dæ-weorc id., OFris dei-werch
‘becoming, fit, suitable’. Related to Arm id., OS dag-werk id., OHG taga-werk
darbin ‘smith’ (< *dhabhro-), Lat faber id. Compound of *¶aaz and *werkan.
‘forger, smith, artificer, carpenter, joiner’, C Nom. comp. 52.
Lith dabà ‘nature, way’ (if not from *¶aaz sb.m.: Goth dags ‘day’, ON dagr id.,
Slavic), dabaı ‘now’, Slav *doba ‘time’, OE dæ id., OFris dei id., OS dag id.,
*dobiti ‘to form, to decorate’. T- OHG tag id. Identical with Skt ni-dàghá-
F 200–201; H AEEW 69; ‘heat, summer’, MIr daig ‘fire’, Lith dãgas
W-H I 436–437; F ‘summer heat’. Continues *dhog ⁄hos, deri-
176–177; P I 233–234; F vative of IE *dheg ⁄h- ‘to burn’. S
79; S 146; T ESSJa V Kl. Schr. 833, 844–847; Z Gutt.
38–39; L GED 134–135; K- 101, 205; T-F 199; H
S 166. AEEW 69; F 113–114; W-
*¶abjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. dabba ‘to H I 466–467 (contamination with
tap’, E dab ‘to tap lightly’, EFris dafen ‘to IE *¡·h-r- ‘day’); L JEGP XXXV
strike’, MDu dabben ‘to patter’, G tappen 25 (phonetically difficult *-g ⁄h- > *--);
id. An imitative verb. However, a con- M II 39; P I 7 (related
nection with *¶abanan cannot be ruled to Skt áhar- ‘day’ with secondary *¶-),
out—in this case cf. Slav *dobiti ‘to form, 240–242; F 85–86; V ANEW
to decorate’. V ANEW 71 (to *¶ab- 71–72; Z I 130; S KZ
jaz); T ESSJa V 38–39. LXXXI 125; O 246; L GED
*¶abjaz sb.m.: Norw dial. dab, dabbe ‘small 86; B Nom. 51; K-
fat person’, MHG tappe ‘clumsy man’. S 812.
Identical with Slav *dob¸ ‘valiant, noble’. *¶aòjanan wk.vb.: ON daga ‘to dawn’,
L ANF XXXV 240 (to Skt OE daian id., MLG dagen id., OHG
dabhnóti ‘to hurt, to injure’); P tagèn id. Derived from *¶aaz. T-
IF XXXV 202 (to Latv depis ‘fool’); F 199; H AEEW 70; V
P I 233 (to Gk tãfow ‘funeral ANEW 71.
rites; raised platform’); H *¶aiaz I sb.m.: Goth daigs ‘dough, soft
AWN 33 (to SCr depati ‘to strike’); V mass’, ON deigr id., OE neut. dá id.,
ANEW 71. OFris deeg id., MLG dèch id., OHG teig
*¶abnòjanan wk.vb.: ON dafna ‘to thrive id. Continues *dhoi·hos derived from IE
well’, OE e-dafenian ‘to be becoming, to *dhei·h- ‘to knead’. Close to Toch A tseke
fit’. Connected with *dabanan. T- ‘molded figure’, Skt deha- ‘body’, Av uz-
F 200; H AEEW 69; V daèza- ‘wall’, Arm dez ‘heap’, Gk to›xow
ANEW 71; L GED 134–135. ‘wall’, Slav *dî≥a ‘kneading trough, ves-
*¶a¶ròjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. dadra ‘to sel’ < *doi·hƒà. In the Gmc perspective,
shake, to tremble’, G dial. tattern id. Of substantivated *¶aiaz II. See *¶ìanan.
imitative origin. T-F 202. B 411–412; T-F 206;
*¶aa-lanaz adj.: ON dag-langr ‘all day H AEEW 69–70; F 114;
long’, OE dæ-lan ‘lasting a day’, MHG M II 65–66; P I
tage-lanc id. Compound of *¶aaz and 244–245; V ANEW 74–75; Z
*lanaz. C Nom. comp. 88 (parallel I 130; F II 865–866; O 286;
formations). S 151; T ESSJa V 23–
¶aiaz 67 ¶ammaz
24; L GED 87; B F 80; V ANEW 75; M-
Nom. 52; H 145; K-  Slav.-germ. 112 (Gmc < Slav); B-
S 819.  IEL 156; T ESSJa IV
*¶aiaz II adj.: ON deigr ‘soft’, MLG dèch 233–234; L GED 87.
‘pasty’, MHG teic ‘soft’. Derived from *¶ailò(n) sb.f.: ON deila ‘disagreement,
*¶ìanan. K NB I 58–59; T- contest’, MHG teile ‘division’. Related to
F 206; V ANEW 75; S *¶ailiz. V ANEW 75.
151; M Festschr. Schröder 94, KZ CV *¶ajjanan wk.vb.: Goth daddjan ‘to suckle’,
96; H 145; K-S OSw dæggia id. Structurally identical with
819–820. Skt dháyati ‘to suck, to drink’, Osset dæjùn
*¶aijòn sb.f.: ON deigja ‘dairy-maid’, OE ‘to suck’, Slav *doj‡, *dojiti ‘to suckle, to
dæe ‘female baker’ . Derived from *¶ìa- milk’. Further related to *¶èjanan, *¶ìòja-
nan or directly from *¶aiaz I. Formally nan. T-F 205; F 112–113;
close to Slav *dî≥a ‘kneading trough, ves- M II 93; P I 241–242;
sel’ < *doi·hƒà. S PBB L 16; H- V ANEW 76; L Verschärfung
 AEEW 69; V ANEW 75; 10.4; T ESSJa V 53–54; L-
O 242; S 151; T  GED 85.
ESSJa V 23–24; B Nom. *¶alaz ~ *¶alan sb.m./n.: Goth dal(s)
180–181. ‘ravine, pit, valley’, ON dalr ‘dale’, OE
*¶ailiþò sb.f.: ON deild ‘deal, share’, OHG dæl ‘dale, den, gulf ’, OFris del ‘valley’, OS
teilida ‘division’. Derived from *¶ailjanan. dal id., OHG tal. Identical with W dol
T-F 198; V ANEW 75. ‘valley’, Slav *dol˙ id. (H ANF
*¶ailiz sb.m.: Goth fem. dails ‘part, por- VII 171; M Etudes 242–243). Cf.
tion, share’, late ON deill ‘deal, share’, probably Gk yÒlow ‘round building with a
OE d≠l ‘part’, OFris dèl id., OS dèl id., conical roof ’. S KZ I 478;
OHG teil id. Identical with Slav *dîl¸ S WuS VI 40; L RC XLII 86;
‘part, division’. Further related to *dài-: T-F 204; H AEEW 69;
*dì- ‘to divide’ with an irregular develop- F 114–115; H KZ LXXI 103;
ment of the anlaut. B apud S- P I 245; V ANEW 72; F I
 KZ I 478 (to Skt dº»àti ‘to burst’); 677; Z II 186; O 242;
W MLN XXI 39 (to Gk dÆleomai ‘to T ESSJa V 64–65; B-
hurt, to damage’); P KZ XXXIX  Nom. 54; K-S 813.
372 (from Slav *dîl˙ ‘portion’); T- *¶alòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. dalga ‘to
F 198; H AEEW 69; F strike’, LG dalgen id. Related to *¶ulan.
114; P I 176, 195; C T-F 210; P I 247.
SGGJa I 84; Z II 185; O *¶aljan ~ *¶aljò sb.n./f.: Goth ib-dalja
247; M Jazyk 17–18 (follows ‘declivity, slope’ (masc. or neut.), OE of-
P); T ESSJa V 9–10; dæle ‘downward slope’, dell ‘deep hollow,
L GED 87; K-S 820; valley’, OFris dele id. MLG delle id., late
B OFED s.v. MHG telle id. Derived from *¶alaz ~
*¶ailjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-dailjan ‘to *¶alan. T-F 204; H
divide, to allot’, ON deila ‘to divide, to AEEW 71; F 114, 287; O 253;
deal’, OE d≠lan ‘to divide, to separate’, L GED 202; K-S 169.
OFris dèla id., OS dèlian id., OHG teilen *¶ammaz ~ *¶amman sb.m./n.: ON
id. Derived from *¶ailiz. Structurally dammr ‘dam’, OFris damm, domm id.,
close to Lith dailÿti ‘to divide’, Slav *dîliti MLG dam id., MHG tam, tamm id.
id. Bù RFV LXX 103; B Continues *dh6-mno, based on *dhè-men-,
I 195; T-F 198; H cf. Skt dhàman- ‘statute, law’ (G-
AEEW 69; F 114; P I 176;  Got. 66). S ZDADL
¶ammaz 68 ¶arsa
XLII 66 (to IE *dheb- ‘thick’); T-F *¶ankwaz ~ *denkwaz adj.: ON d‡kkr

201–202 (same as G);  ‘dark’, OFris diunk id. Identical with
W IF XXIV 31–32 (from *¶ambna-, to Hitt dankui- ‘black, dark’ (K
Gk yãptv ‘to bury’, Arm damban ‘grave’); KZ LXXVII 62). T-F 201;
W MP XVIII 84 (from *dh6m-⁄o-, cf. S PBB XLV 457; K
Gk yamÊw ‘thick’); G Labyrinth 30 NB II 429–431; P I 247–248 (to
(pre-IE term); W-P I 850 MIr dem ‘black’); V ANEW 92; H-
(follow S); P I 238; V  146, 152, KZ XCIX 297;
ANEW 72–73; O 242; L K-S 199.
GED 111; K-S 161 (back for- *¶annòn sb.f.: OS danna ‘pine’, OHG
mation from *¶ammjanan). tanna ‘fir wood’. If related to Gk yãmnow
*¶ammjanan wk.vb.: Goth faur-dammjan ‘thicket’ (F I 464), *¶amnòn should be
‘to dam up, to hinder’, OE for-demman ‘to reconstructed. T-F 200 (to Skt
dam up’, OFris damma ‘to fence in’, neut. dhanva- ‘bow’); F I 652.
MHG ver-temmen ‘to fence in’. Derived *¶apraz adj.: ON dapr ‘sad, downcast’,
from *¶ammaz ~ *¶amman. T-F MLG dapper ‘heavy’, OHG tapfar id.
201; H AEEW 71; F 146; Compared with Toch A tpär, B tapre
V ANEW 75; O 242; L ‘high’ (W BB XXX 216: also to
GED 111; K-S 161. Slav *dobr˙ ‘good’, *debel˙ ‘strong, thick’).
*¶ampaz sb.m.: MLG damp ‘steam’, W MLN XXI 227 (to Skt dabhrá- ‘lit-
OHG dampf id. Based on str. vb. tle, small’); T-F 200; K NB
*¶empanan > MHG dimpfen ‘to steam, to II 257; P I 239; C
smoke’ which can be related to Lith SGGJa I 111; V ANEW 73; O
dumpiù, dùmpti ‘to blow’. P I 244; T ESSJa V 45–46;
247–248 (to Skt dhámati ‘to blow’, MIr H 146–147; K-S
dem ‘black, dark’); O 243. 815; A TB 280 (compares Toch with
*¶aniz sb.m.: Goth prop. Danus, ON pl. *¶eupaz); B IFTJa 246 (same as
Danir ‘Dane’, OE pl. Dene id., OHG pl. A).
Teni id. Of uncertain origin. Z- *¶ar(r)a¶az sb.m.: Burg *dards ‘spear’,
 Festschr. Kock 404–408; L NB ON darraär ‘dart’, OE daroä id., OHG tart
106–110 (to *¶entanan); H id. Derived from *¶arran. H
AEEW 71; V ANEW 73. AEEW 70; V ANEW 74; O 244;
*¶anwjanan wk.vb.: ON dengja ‘to K 709.
hammer’, OE dencan ‘to knock, to *¶arran sb.n.: ON darr ‘dart’. Borrowed
ding’, MHG tengen ‘to strike’. Causative of from Iran *dàru-: Av dàuru- ‘trunk,
*¶enwanan. Identical with Slav *d‡≥iti ‘to wooden weapon’. M Gém. 199;
rush’, cf. further Lith dangìnti ‘to move, to V ANEW 74 (to Skt dhàrà ‘edge,
resettle’. T-F 200; V ANEW blade’).
75; T ESSJa V 100; K- *¶arsa str.vb.: Goth ga-dars ‘to venture, to
S 170. dare’, OE dear ‘to dare’, OFris dùr id.,
*¶ani-markò sb.f.: ON Dan-m‡rk ‘Den- OS dar, darr id., OHG -tar id. Related to
mark’, OE Dena-mearc id., OHG Dene- Skt dhºß»ú- ‘bold, courageous’, Av dar“i-
marca id. Compound of *¶aniz and ‘bold, strong’, Gk yrasÊw ‘bold, rash’,
*markò. V ANEW 73. yars°v ‘to be courageous’, Lith drAsùs
*¶ankò sb.f.: ON d‡kk ‘pit, pool’. Could be ‘brave’ and probably Slav *d¸rz˙ ‘dar-
formally identical with Latv danga ‘vault, ing, audacious’ (with unexplained *-z-).
angle’, Slav *d‡ga ‘arc’ but the latter seem B 699; T-F 203;
to reflect *-gh-. T-F 200; V M IF V 333; F 177–178; H-
ANEW 93; T ESSJa V 98–99.  AEEW 80; M II
¶arsa 69 ¶auþa-ban¶an
112–113; P I 259; F 333–334; H NTS XV 410–411;

101–102; F I 654–655; O 244; P I 260; V ANEW 74; O
S 147; T ESSJa V 246; S 148; L GED 89–90;
228–229; L GED 135. B Nom. 251; H
*¶asòn ~ *¶asaz sb.m.: ON dasi ‘lazy 149; K-S 829; B
fellow’, MDu daes ‘fool’. Related to Lat OFED s.v.
fèriae, OLat fèsiae ‘days of rest, holidays’, *¶au¶janan wk.vb.: Goth dauþjan ‘to kill’,
fèstus ‘of the holidays, festive, solemn’, ON deyäa id., OS bi-dòdian id., OHG
Umbr fesnaf-e ‘in fanum’ < *dhès-. pret. gi-dòtta id. Derived from *¶au¶az.
W-H I 481, 489; P I F 118; V ANEW 76; L
259; V ANEW 74 (to MLG dasen ‘to GED 90; H 149.
mock’). *¶aua str.vb.: Goth daug ‘to be good, to
*¶aubaz adj.: Goth daufs ‘dull, numb, be suitable’, OE deáh ‘to be of use, to be
deaf, pepvrvm°now’, ON daufr ‘deaf ’, OE good’, OFris dàch, dàech ‘to be suitable
deáf id., OFris dàf id., MLG dòf id., OHG for’, OS dòg id., OHG toug id. Related to
toub id. Probably related to Gk tuflÒw Gk teÊxv ‘to produce, to make, to build’,
‘blind’, tËfow ‘smoke, conceit’ (P tugxãnv ‘to meet, to attain a goal’, Lith
UUÅ 1891 55). On the other hand, cf. daUg ‘much, many’, Slav *dug˙ ‘strength,
Slav *dub˙ ‘upright, straight’. K power’, *du≥¸ ‘strong, large’ (W MP
NB I 62; T-F 209–210; L KZ XI 333). Z Gutt. 178; G-
XL 420 (to Latv stubs ‘stump’); F  Got. 54–55; T-F 207; H-
115–116; H AEEW 70; W-  AEEW 79; F 127–128;
 NP 88; J IEW 503–506; J KZ XXX 422 50; J-
P I 264; V ANEW 74; F  IEW 508; P I 271; F-
II 949–950; C 1147–1148;  84, IF LIX 161; V ANEW 86;
O 246; S 155; T F II 888; O 286; T
ESSJa V 145; L GED 88; B- ESSJa V 150, 167–168; S 149–
 Nom. 237; H 148; 151; L GED 96–97; K-
K-S 817. S 818.
*¶aubiþò sb.f.: Goth daubiþa ‘dullness, *¶auniz sb.f./m.: Goth dauns ‘odor, smell’,
numbness, stubborness’, ON deyfä ‘deaf- ON daunn id. Related to IE *dheu- ‘to fly
ness’. Derived from *¶aubjanan I. F about, to whirl’: Skt dhùnóti ‘to shake, to
115; V ANEW 76; H 148. agitate’, Gk yÊv ‘to sacrifice’. S-
*¶aubjanan I wk.vb.: Goth ga-daubjan ‘to  KZ I 159; T-F 206–207;
make insensitive, to be numb, to harden’, F 116–117; M II 107–108;
ON deyfa ‘to make blunt’, OHG gi-touben P 259–260; V ANEW 74;
‘to weaken’. Derived from *¶aubaz. F I 698–699; L GED 88–89.
F 115; V ANEW 76; L *¶aupjanan wk.vb.: Goth daupjan ‘to im-
GED 88; H 148. merse, to baptize’, ON deypa ‘to dip’, OFris
*¶aubjanan II wk.vb.: ON deyfa ‘to dive’, dèpa ‘to immerse, to baptize’, OS dòpian
OE á-diefan id., OS bi-dòbian id. Derived id., OHG toufen id. Derived from *¶eu-
from *¶ùbanan. H AEEW 73; paz. K Btrg. Gesch. XXXV 131–132
V ANEW 76. (Gothic influence on WGmc meanings);
*¶au¶az adj.: Goth dauþs ‘dead’ (-þ- T-F 209; F 117; V ANEW
under the influence of *¶auþaz ~ *¶au- 76; L GED 89, 92; H
þuz), ON dauär id., OE deád id., OFris dàd 154; K-S 817–818.
id., OS dòd id., OHG tòt id. Derived from *¶auþa-ban¶an sb.n.: ON pl. dauäa-b‡nd
*¶ewanan. F 118; T-F 199; ‘death bond’, MHG tòt-bant id. (hap. leg.).
H AEEW 70; K NB II Compound of *¶auþaz ~ *¶auþuz and
¶auþa-ban¶an 70 ¶enraz
*ban¶an. C Nom. comp. 83 (OHG is a OFris delva id., OS bi-delban id., OHG bi-
calque of Lat uincula mortis). telpan id. Related to Slav *d¸lbti ‘to gouge,
*¶auþa-¶aaz sb.m.: ON dauäa-dagr to thump’, rare *delbti id. T-F
‘death day’, OE deáä-dæ id. Compound 204; H AEEW 71; P I
of *¶auþaz ~ *¶auþuz and *¶aaz. C 246; C SGGJa I 82; O
Nom. comp. 80 (parallel formations). 254; S LS 17; S 153; T-
*¶auþaz ~ *¶auþuz sb.m.: Goth dauþus  ESSJa IV 205, V 206.
‘death’, ON dauär id., dauäi id. (n-stem), *¶elbaz ~ *¶elban sb.m./n.: ON stein-
OE déaä id., OFris dàth id., OS dòth id., delfr ‘wagtail, Motacilla’, MLG delf ‘ditch’.
OHG tòd id. Substantivized *¶au¶az. Derived from *¶elbanan. Cf. a structurally
T-F 199; H AEEW 71; close Slav *d¸lb˙ ‘chisel, pit’. V
F 118; P I 260; V ANEW ANEW 75; T ESSJa V 206–
74; Z II 199; L GED 207.
90; B Nom. 159; K- *¶eljaz sb.m.: Swed dill ‘dill’, OE dile id.,
S 826; B OFED s.v. OS dilli id., OHG tilli id. Related to OIr
*¶awjanan str./wk.vb.: ON deyja ‘to deil ‘rod’ < *dheli-. T-F 203;
die’, OS dòian id., OHG douwen ‘to set, T Holz 56; K-S 181 (to
to go down’. Derived from *¶ewanan. OHG toldo ‘foliage’).
T-F 198–199; J IEW *¶emmaz adj.: ON dimmr ‘dark, dim’, OE
502–503; P I 260–261; V dim id., OFris comp. dimme id. Related to
ANEW 76; O 266; S 147; OIr dem ‘black, dark’. T-F 201;
K-S 826. H AEEW 73; S
*¶awwènan wk.vb.: ON d‡ggva ‘to PBB XLV 454–455; K NB II
bedew’, OFris dawa ‘to melt’, MHG tou- 220–221; P I 247–248; V
wen id. Derived from *¶awwò ~ *¶awwan. ANEW 77; O 268; H
T-F 204; V ANEW 92–93. 151–152.
*¶awwò ~ *¶awwan sb.f./n.: ON d‡gg *¶emmòjanan wk.vb.: ON dimma ‘to
‘dew’, OE masc. deáw id., OFris dàw id., become dim’, OE part. á-dimmad ‘to dim,
OS masc. mili-dou ‘mildew’, OHG tou to darken, to obscure’. Derived from
‘dew’. Connected with Toch A twe, B *¶emmaz. V ANEW 77; H-
tweye ‘dust’, Lat suf-fiò ‘to fumigate, to  151.
perfume, to scent’ < *-dh⁄iƒò. T- *¶enwanan str.vb.: OSwed diunga ‘to
F 204; H AEEW 71; knock, to rap’, ME dinen, denen ‘to beat’.
W-H II 625; P I See *¶anwjanan. T-F 200; V
260–261; V ANEW 92; Z II ANEW 75; T ESSJa V 100;
173; O 263; L GED 89; K-S 170.
K-S 817; B OFED s.v. *¶enraz sb.m.: OHG tenar ‘flat hand,
*¶elaz ~ *¶elò sb.m./f.: Sw dial. del palm’. Related to Hitt dannar-e““ar
‘teat’, OE delu id., OHG tila. Identical ‘armpit’, Gk y°nar ‘palm, footsole’.
with Alb djalë ‘boy, youth’, cf. also Latv Thematization of the original *dhenº
d=ls ‘son’, Lat fìlius id. with a long vowel. (L Wortschatz 68). No connection with
Derivative of IE *dhèi- ‘to suck’, see WGmc *¶enjan > OE denn ‘den’, MLG
*¶ajjanan. T-F 205; H fem. denne ‘low ground’, OHG tenni
AEEW 71; W-H I 496–497; ‘threshing-floor’ (despite K-S
P I 242; D VSJa 25 (pretonic 821) which is to be compared with Skt
shortening of *è in Gmc); L GED dhánuß- ‘dry land’, dhánu- ‘sandbank,
85; S LL 352 (follows D); shore’. W MLN XXI 41–42 (*¶enjan
O AED 67. to Skt pl. dhànà ‘grain’); T-F 199;
*¶elbanan str.vb.: OE delfan ‘to dig’, H AEEW 72; P I
¶enraz 71 ¶euzan
249; F I 661–662; O 255–256; OIr domain id., Lith dubùs id., Latv duôbs
B Nom. 74; L Wortschatz id. Z Gutt. 37; T-F 209;
67–70; K-S 821. F 121; H AEEW 72;
*¶entanan str.vb.: ON detta ‘to fall, to K NB I 29; P I 267;
drop’. Related to Alb gdhend ‘to plane’ < F 108–109; V ANEW 78;
PAlb *ka-denta ( J Studien 21–22). O 250; L GED 92; B-
F I 463 (to Lat de-fendò ‘to fend, to  Nom. 240; H 153–
repel, to avert’); T-F 199–200; 154; K-S 824; A TB 280
J IEW 512–514; P I (to Toch A tpär, B tapre ‘high’).
250; V ANEW 76; S 154; *¶eupiþò sb.f.: Goth diupiþa ‘depth’, ON
B Nom. 131; O AED dÿpt id., ME depthe id., OLG diopitha id.,
112. MLG dèpede id., MHG tùfede id. Derived
*¶erbanan str.vb.: OE deorfan ‘to labor’, from *¶eupaz. Identical with Alb det ‘sea’
OFris far-derva id., MLG vor-derven ‘to step < PAlb *deubeta ( J Studien 14–15).
down’, MHG ver-derben ‘to die, to pass T-F 209; F 121; V ANEW
away’. Related to Lith dìrbu, dìrbti ‘to 90; O 258; B Nom.
work’, dárbas ‘work’. T-F 567; 117; H 154; O AED
H AEEW 72; P I 257; 61–62.
C SGGJa I 71; V ANEW *¶eupìn sb.f.: Goth diupei ‘depth’, OS diupi
77–78; F 82; S 154–155. id., OHG tiufì id. Derived from *¶eupaz.
*¶erbaz adj.: ON djarfr ‘bold, daring’, OE T-F 209; F 121; O 258;
deorf ‘valiant’, OFris derve ‘daring, auda- L GED 92; H 153.
cious’, OS derbi ‘hostile, evil’. Derived *¶eurja-lìkaz adj.: ON dÿr-ligr ‘glorious’,
from *¶erbanan. T Festschr. Unger OS diur-lìk ‘valuable, excellent’, OHG
176–179 (to Gk tr°fv ‘to feed’); T- tiur-lìh id. Derived from *¶eurjaz. H-
F 202; H AEEW 70;  154.
K NB I 32; W-P I 863 *¶euriþò sb.f.: ON dÿrä ‘glory, fame’, OS
(to Lith dárbas ‘work’); P I diuritha id., OHG tiurida id. Derived from
257–258; V ANEW 77–78; S *¶eurjaz. T-F 199; V ANEW
154; H 152–153. 90; O 247; H 154.
*derkaz adj.: OE deorc ‘dark, obscure’. *¶eurjaz adj.: ON dÿrr ‘dear, precious’,
Identical with OIr derg ‘red’ < *dhergo- OE deóre ‘dear, expensive’, OFris diure id.,
and further connected with Lith dérgiu, OS diuri ‘valuable, expensive’, OHG tiuri
dérgti ‘to become dirty’. Cf. also Toch id. Related to Skt adv. dhurà ‘violently’,
A tärkär, B tarkär ‘cloud’ < *dhºg-ru-. Gk é-y-rv ‘to play’. T-F 199;
Z Gutt. 160; P BB XIX H AEEW 73; K 129, 727;
299–300 (to Lat furuus ‘ark, dusky, K NB II 384–385; P I
gloomy’ < *dhorg ⁄o-); R KZ XLVI 266–267; V ANEW 91 (to *dheu- ‘to
323 (same as P); T-F 202; weave’); O 247; H 154–
S PBB XLV 457–458; H- 155 (to Slav *dur¸ ‘stupidity, madness’);
 AEEW 72; P I 251–252; K-S 822–823 (from *dheg ⁄h-
F 103; H 153; A ro- to *dheg ⁄h- ‘to burn’).
TB 21. *¶euzan sb.n.: Goth dius ‘beast, animal’,
*deupa-lìkaz adj.: ON djúp-ligr ‘deep’, ON dÿr id., OE deór id., OFris diàr
OE deóp-líc id. Derived from *deupaz. id., OS meri-dior ‘sea animal’, OHG tior
H 154. ‘animal’. Continues IE *dheuso- closely
*¶eupaz adj.: Goth diups ‘deep’, ON djúpr related to *dhouso- > Alb dash ‘ram’, Lith
id., OE deóp id., OFris comp. diàpe id., pl. daUsos ‘paradise’, Slav *dux˙ ‘breath,
OS diop id., OHG tiof, tiufi id. Related to spirit’ (B KZ II 190–191; S
¶euzan 72 ¶ìsò
Mémoire 81). P UUÅ 1891 81–83; L NTS XXII 72–73; L
G Got. 58 (to Gk y°v ‘to run’); GED 85.
T-F 217; W AJPhil XLI 345– *¶iraz adj.: ON digr ‘stout, big’, OFris
346 (to Gk yÊv ‘to rage’); F 121–122; adv. diger ‘careful’, MDu deger ‘complete’,
H AEEW 72; P I MHG adv. tiger, tigere ‘complete, total’.
244–245; C SGGJa I 83; Derived from *¶ìanan. K NB II
F 115; V ANEW 90; Z- 254; T-F 205; F 119; V
 I 139; O 250; T W I 533 (to Toch A tsi«k
ESSJa V 153–154; L GED 92–93; ‘hardly, strongly’); P I 244–245;
B Nom. 96; H V ANEW 76; S 151; L
155–156; K-S 825; O GED 90 (on Goth digrei ‘abundance’);
AED 57. H 156–157.
*¶ewanan str.vb.: Goth diwan ‘to die’. *¶ìanan str.vb.: Goth irreg. d(e)igan ‘to
Connected with Av 1 dual. pres. med. knead’, Norw digen ‘to milk’. Related to
dvaidì ‘to press’, Phryg daÒw: [. . .] ÍpÚ Toch A tsek-, B tsaik- ‘to shape, to form’,
Frug«n lÊkow, Hes., Slav *daviti ‘to press, Skt degdhi ‘to smear, to anoint’, Av caus.
to squeeze’. G Got. 58 (to daèzayeiti ‘to wall about’, Gk yiggãnv ‘to
Gk y°v ‘to run’); T-F 198–199; touch, to take hold of ’, Lat fingò ‘to form’,
F 122; L Arm. St. 40–41 (to Arm Lith díe≥ti ‘to skin, to flay’. B-
di ‘corpse’); W MLN XXI 226–227  673–674; T-F 205–206;
(to Lat fatigò ‘to grow weary’); P H AEEW 69–70; W-
I 235; S 147–149; L Ver- H I 501–502; F 118–119;
schärfung 16.5; L GED 3, 93. J IEW 501–502; M
*¶è¶iz sb.f.: Goth ga-deþs ‘act, deed’, ON II 62; P I 244–245; F 98;
dáä id., OE d≠d id., OFris dède id., OS dàd V ANEW 76; F I 674–675;
id., OHG tàt id. Formally identical with O 242; S 151–152; L
Av ni-dàiti- ‘laying down’, Lith d∏tis ‘load’ GED 90; B IFTJa 263.
derived from IE *dhè- ‘to put, to set’, see *¶ìkòn ~ *¶ìkaz sb.m.: ON díki ‘ditch,
*¶ònan. B 1082; T- dike’, OE díc id. (fem.), OFris dìk id., OS
F 198; H AEEW 68; F dìk id., OHG tìh id. Of unknown origin.
178; T Lehm 104–109; P I F KZ XXII 103–104 (to Lat fìgò ‘to
237; F 91–92; V ANEW 71; fix, to fasten, to thrust in, to attach’, Lith
Z I 150; O 250; S dÿgti ‘to grow, to crop’); T-F 205
157; L GED 136; B (follow F); H AEEW 72;
Nom. 146; K-S 816; B P I 244; V ANEW 76;
OFED s.v. Z II 182; O 278; L
*¶èxòn sb.f.: OHG tàha ‘jackdaw’. GED 90; K-S 167.
Probably telated to OPrus doacke ‘starling’ *¶ìòjanan wk.vb.: OSwed dìa ‘to suck’,
< *dàk- (P BVS VI 113). N- MHG dìen ‘to suck, to suckle’. Related to
 Thesaurus 31; T PJa I 354; *¶èjanan. T-F 205; P I
K-S 187. 241–242; F I 673–674.
*¶èjanan wk.vb.: OHG tàen ‘to suckle’. *¶ìsò sb.f.: ON dís ‘goddess, sister’.
Related to Skt dháyati ‘to suck, to drink’, Unclear prefixal formations in WGmc:
Gk aor. yÆsato id., Arm diem id., OIr OE ides ‘woman’, OS idis ‘woman, wife’,
dínim id., Latv dêju id., Slav *dojiti ‘to OHG itis ‘woman’. Unclear. Related to
milk’. Cf. zero grade in OSw dìa ‘to *¶ajjanan? Or to Arm pl. di-k' ‘gods’ if
suckle’, MLG tìen id. See *¶ajjanan. the latter is to be separated from Gk
T-F 205; M II 93; yeÒw ‘god’? T-F 206; F I
P I 241–242; F I 673–674; 662–663.
¶òbiz 73 ¶raan
*¶òbiz adj.: Goth ga-dofs ‘appropriate, Related to IE *dhè- ‘to put’: Hitt dài-
suitable’, OE e-défe ‘becoming, fit, ‘to put’, Toch AB tà- id., Skt dádhàti id.,
proper’. Derived from *¶abanan. T- Av dadaiti ‘to bring’, Gk t¤yhmi ‘to put’,
F 200; F 179; S 146. Lat faciò ‘to do, to make’, Lith d∏ti ‘to
*¶òaz sb.n.: Goth fidur-dogs ‘four days put’, Slav *dîti ‘to put’. B
long’, ON døgr ‘day or night’. Derived 678; T-F 197–198; H
from *¶aaz. T-F 199; S AEEW 75; W-H I 440–442;
Kl. Schr. 844–845; H AEEW M II 14–15; P I
74; F 149; P I 7, 241–242; 235–239; F 91–92; F II
V ANEW 92; L GED 86. 897–898; O 279–280; S
*¶òljò sb.f.: ON dœl ‘little dale’, LG döle 157–160; K-S 841; B
‘hole’, OHG tuola ‘hole, pit’ (ò- and òn- IFTJa 245.
stem). Related to *¶alaz ~ *¶alan. *¶òwjanan wk.vb.: Goth part. af-dauiþs
T-F 204; V ANEW 92; ‘troubled, annoyed’. Similar to Slav
L GED 87. *daviti ‘to strangle, to press, to squeeze’.
*¶òma-xùsan sb.n.: ON dóm-hús ‘court- Cf. also ON dá ‘catalepsy’ < *¶awan
house’, OE dóm-hús id. Compound of close to Phryg dãow: . . . ÍpÚ Frug«n
*¶òmaz and *xùsan. C Nom. comp. 80 lÊkow (Hes.). Causative of *¶ewanan.
(parallel formations). K Einleitung 211; W MLN
*¶òma-stòlaz sb.m.: ON dóm-stóll ‘judg- XXI 226–227 (to ON dasask ‘to become
ment seat’, OHG tuom-stuol ‘tribunal’. weary’); F BB XXIX 236; T-F
Compound of *¶òmaz and *stòlaz. C 198; F 4; D Thr. 117;
Nom. comp. 85 (parallel formations). P I 235; F 100 (Lith dõvyti
*¶òmaz sb.m.: Goth doms ‘discernment, ‘to torment’ < Slav); V ANEW 71;
distinction’, ON dómr ‘court of judgment, S LS 18; T ESSJa IV 198–
judgment’, OE dóm ‘judgment, ruling’, 199; L GED 3; O Phrygian
OFris dòm id., OS dòm id., OHG tuom id. 422.
(also neut.). Close to Gk yvmÒw ‘heap’, *¶raban sb.n.: ON draf ‘draff, husks’, ME
Phryg duma, dumos ‘religious assembly’, masc. draf ‘yeast’, MLG draf ‘draff, husks,
further derived from *dhè- ‘to put, to set’. dregs’, OHG pl. trebir ‘husks’. See
See *¶ònan. T-F 198; H- *¶ròb( j)az. Further to be compared with
 AEEW 74; F 122–123; P OIr drab ‘dregs, yeast’, Slav *drob˙ ‘bit,
I 238; D VSJa 27; F 92 (Lith intestine’ (F 102–103). T-
domE ‘attention’ is secondarily derived F 202–203; F 126–127, 179;
from dom∏tis ‘to watch’); F I 700; P I 204, 252; V ANEW 79–80
V ANEW 79; Z II 167; (to Gk tr°fv ‘to fatten, to nourish’);
O 24; S 158; L GED C 1135 (follows V);
93; B Nom. 72; O Phry- O 287; T ESSJa V 119–
gian 425. 120; L GED 96, 136; K-
*¶òmjanan wk.vb.: Goth domjan ‘to deem, S 834.
to judge’, ON dœma ‘to judge, to talk’, *¶rablòn sb.m.: ON drafli ‘curdled milk’.
OE déman ‘to think, to judge’, OFris dèma Cf. also neut. drafl ‘tattle’ < *¶rablan.
id., OS à-dòmian ‘to judge’, OHG tuomen Structurally close to Gk trofal¤w ‘fresh
id. Derived from *¶òmaz. T-F cheese, sour milk’, further to Gk tr°fv
198; H AEEW 74; F 122; ‘to feed’ (P SVSL I 125). V
V ANEW 92; O 250; L ANEW 80; F II 925–927.
GED 93. *¶raan sb.n.: ON drag ‘rim, lining’, OE
*¶ònan str.vb.: OE dón ‘to do, to make’, e-dræ ‘dragging, band, multitude’, MLG
OFris dwa id., OS dòan id., OHG tuon id. ge-drach ‘yield’. Derived from *¶raanan.
¶raan 74 ¶rauaz
H AEEW 75; V ANEW 80. ‘draught, pulling’, MLG dracht id.
*¶raanan str.vb.: Goth dragan ‘to draw, Structurally close to Lat part. tractus, of
to accumulate, to take on’, ON draga ‘to trahò ‘to drag’. Further related to *¶raa-
draw’, OE draan ‘to draw, to drag’, nan. T-F 211; W-H
OFris draga, drega ‘to carry’, OS dragan id., II 698–699; V ANEW 81; K-
OHG tragan id. Identical with Alb dredh S 830.
‘to turn, to rotate’ < PAlb *dradza, cf. also *¶raibjanan wk.vb.: Goth draibjan ‘to
Arm dafinam ‘to turn’ (L Arm. St. drive, to propel’, ON dreifa ‘to scatter, to
101–102). W IF XIX 106 (to Lat disperse’, OE dr≠fan ‘to drive’, MHG
trahò ‘to pull’ if from *dhraghò); Z durch-treiben id. Derived from *¶rìbanan.
Gutt. 177; B 212–213 (to Slav H AEEW 75; F 123; V
*dorga ‘road’); T BB XX 330 ANEW 82; S 163.
(to Gk tr°xv); T-F 211; F 123; *¶ramban sb.n.: ON dramb ‘roll of fat on
H AEEW 76; W-P the neck’. Close to Gk yrÒmbow ‘coagu-
I 859 (to Skt d®hyati ‘to be strong’); lated mass’. P I 257–258; F
J IEW 519–521; P I I 685–686 (further to tr°fv ‘to thicken,
257; V ANEW 80; O 288; to curdle’); C 442; L
S 160–162; L GED 93–94 GED 96.
(to IE *dher- ‘to hold’); M KZ *¶ranaz sb.m.: ON drangr ‘lonely up-
CVI 160–172; K-S 830–831; standing rock’. Identical with Alb drang
O AED 73. ‘barge-pole, punting-pole; young crea-
*¶railaz sb.m.: Burg *dragils ‘carrier’, ture, cub’, Lith drañgas ‘thick pole’, dránga
ON dregill ‘ribbon’, OHG tregil ‘bearer’. ‘perch, pole’, Slav *dr‡g˙ ‘club, stick’
Derived from *¶raan, *¶raanan. S- (Z Gutt. 177). J KZ
 161; K 709. XXXVI 374; T-F 211; T-
*¶rajò sb.f.: ON dregg ‘dregs, lees’.  BSW 59; S LS 19; P I
Related to OPrus dragios ‘yeast’ (if not 254; F 101; V ANEW 81;
from Germanic), Lith pl. drãgës id. (if not Mann Language XXVI 386; T
from Old Prussian), Lett dial. dradzi ‘sed- ESSJa V 129–130; O ZfBalk XXIII/1
iment in melted butter’, Slav *dro≥d≥a 73, AED 72.
‘yeast’ < *dhroghƒò, Alb dra ~ drâ ‘oil-cake, *¶rankan sb.n.: Goth dragk ‘drink, potion’,
melted butter’ < PAlb *draga (F- OHG tranc id. (masc., neut.). Derived
 KZ XIX (1870) 355). F KZ from *¶renkanan. F 123; O 289;
XXI 4; F BB XIII 455 (adds Lat S 165; B Nom. 53;
fracès ‘grounds, dregs of oil’); P K-S 832.
Beiträge 929 (follows F); T *¶rankjanan wk.vb.: Goth dragkjan ‘to
Festschr. Unger 178; Z Gutt. 31, 178; make drink’, ON drekkja ‘to drown, to
T-F 211; R KZ XLVI swamp’, OE drencan ‘to give to drink’,
322; P I 251; F 100; OFris drentza id., OS or-drenkian id.,
V ANEW 82; O 289; T- MHG trenken id. Causative of *¶renkanan.
 ESSJa V 128–129; K-S T-F 211–212; H
835; O AED 71; D BSA 13. AEEW 76; F 123; V ANEW 82;
*¶raòn sb.f.: ON pl. dr‡gur ‘timber car- O 289; S 165; K-
ried on horseback’, OE dræe ‘dragnet’ S 832.
(neut.?), OHG traga ‘barrow, nurse, *¶rauaz sb.m.: ON draugr ‘ghost, spectre’
nanny’. Derived from *¶raanan. H- (unless = draugr ‘dry log’), OS gi-dròg
 AEEW 75; V ANEW 80; ‘mirage’, OHG gi-trog ‘deception’ (neut.).
S 161. Identical with Av draoga- ‘lie, deceit’. See
*¶raxtuz ~ *¶raxtò sb.m./f.: ON dráttr *¶reuanan. B 768; T-
¶rauaz 75 ¶reuanan
F 213; P I 276; V ANEW that *¶renkanan is a back formation based
81; L GED 95; C ANF CII on *¶rankjanan, the latter originally mean-
1–12 (on ON draugr ‘companion’). ing ‘to milk’ and related to Slav *dr\gati
*¶raumaz sb.m.: ON draumr ‘dream’, OE ‘to pull’. W MLN XVIII 15–16 (to
dreám ‘joy, pleasure’, OFris dràm ‘dream’, *¶rajò); Z Gutt. 161 (to Skt dhrájati
OS dròm id., OHG troum id. Derived from ‘to glide, to move’); T-F 211–212
*¶reusanan ‘to fall’, semantically similar to (to Lith nérti ‘to dive’); C Etudes 23–
the development of IE *s⁄ep- ‘to sleep’ 25 (from pre-Gmc); Z Gutt. 161 (to
based on *s⁄ep- ‘to fall’, presumably, with Skt dhrájati ‘to glide, to move’); S
an intermediate stage ‘to become weak, to KZ XXVII 606 (to Skt adv. hap. leg.
drowse’ (cf. E drowse also connected with drahyát- ‘firmly’); F 125; H
*¶reusanan). Note that *¶raumaz is formally AEEW 77; K 791–792; J
close to Gk yraËma, yraËsma ‘debris, IEW 529–530; P I 273 (to *dhre·-
wound’ based on yraÊv ‘to break’ < IE ‘to pull’); V ANEW 82; O 290;
*dhreus-. S GRM XVI 164 S 165–166; L GED 94–95
(from *¶raumaz, to *drauaz); S (to Lith dr∏gti ‘to become damp’); K-
Kl. Schr. 862; T-F 213 (separate S 836.
OS and OE); H AEEW 76; *¶renkòn sb.f.: ON drekka ‘drink, bever-
P Gliederung 180; P I 275; age’, OE drince id. Derived from *¶ren-
V ANEW 82; Z I 130; F kanan. H AEEW 77; V
I 680–681; O 289; C I ANEW 82; S 164.
439; B Nom. 70; K- *¶repan sb.n.: ON drep ‘blow’, OE e-drep
S 833–834. ‘stroke’. Derived from *¶repanan. T-
*¶raumjanan wk.vb.: ON dreyma ‘to F 212; H AEEW 77;
dream’, Du dromen id., OHG troumen id. S 166; B Nom. 59.
Derived from *¶raumaz. V ANEW *¶repanan str.vb.: ON drepa ‘to strike’,
83. OE part. drepen id., OS ofar-drepan
*¶raupjanan wk.vb.: ON dreypa ‘to drop, ‘to outdo, to surpass’, OHG treffan ‘to
to dip’, OE dreópan id., MLG dröpen id., strike’. Related to Slav *drebiti ‘to crush’.
OHG troufen id. Causative of *¶reupanan. T-F 212; H AEEW 77;
T-F 214; H AEEW 77; J IEW 530; P I 272–
V ANEW 83; S 169. 273; V ANEW 83 (to Goth ga-draban
*¶rausjanan ~ *¶rauzjanan wk.vb.: ‘to chip, to hew out’); S 166–167;
Goth ga-drausjan ‘to cast down, to over- T ESSJa V 106; B
throw’, ON dreyra ‘to bleed, to ooze’, Nom. 59, 62; K-S 834.
OHG tròren ‘to rain’. Causative of *¶reu- *¶reuanan str.vb.: Goth driugan ‘to wage
sanan. T-F 214; F 5; V war, to lead a military life’, OE dreóan
ANEW 83; S 171; L GED ‘to do, to work, to perform, to bear’. Cf.
95. also ON drÿgja ‘to commit’ < *¶reujanan.
*¶rauzaz ~ *drauzjòn sb.m.: ON dreyri Historically identical with WGmc *¶reu-
‘gore, blood’, OE dreór ‘blood’, OS dròr anan > OE be-dró ‘seduced’, OFris bi-
id., OHG tròr id. Derived from *¶reu- driàga ‘to seduce’, OS bi-driogan id., OHG
sanan. T-F 215; H triogan ‘to deceive’ (A ASNSP
AEEW 77; V ANEW 83; O 289; XXVII 229). Probably related to Lith
S 171; L GED 95. draUgas ‘fellow traveller’, OPr drùktai
*¶renkanan str.vb.: Goth drigkan ‘to ‘hard’, Slav *drug˙ ‘friend, other, second’
drink’, ON drekka id., OE drincan id., (L Language IX 247; S LS 19–20).
OFris drinka id., OS drinkan id., OHG trin- K KZ I 181 (connected with *¶rauaz);
can id. Of unknown origin. It is plausible P Wurzelerw. 25, 60 (*¶reuanan ‘to
¶reuanan 76 ¶rìtanan
seduce’ to Lat fraus ‘deceit, fraud’); T- T-F 211; H AEEW 76;
F 213–214; Z Gutt. 102, 177; P I 255; D VSJa 25–26 (pre-
F 125–126; H AEEW 77; tonic shortening in OHG); F I 681–
P Gliederung 196; J IEW 682; O 290; K-S 195.
516–517; P I 255; F 102; *¶riban sb.n.: ON drif ‘driven snow’, OE
Z I 150; O 289; B- e-dríf ‘driving, movement’, OHG thana-
 IEL 89; S 167–168; T- trib ‘divorce’. Derived from *¶rìbanan.
 ESSJa V 131–132; L T-F 212; H AEEW 77;
GED 95 (to IE *dher- ‘to hold’); K- V ANEW 83; S 163; B-
S 839.  Nom. 56.
*¶reuaz adj.: ON drjúgr ‘rich, solid, sub- *¶ribòn sb.m.: ON hring-drifi ‘prince’,
stantial’, OE dréo ‘studious, earnest’, OHG uz-tribo ‘exorcist’. Derived from
NFris driech ‘extensive’. See *dreuanan. *¶rìbanan. S 163.
T-F 213–214; Z Gutt. 129; *¶riftiz sb.f.: ON drift, dript ‘snow-drift’,
H AEEW 76–77; K NB ME drift ‘current, flow’, OFris ur-drift
I 40; P I 254–255; V ANEW ‘driving out’, MLG drift id., OHG ana-
84; H 159–160. trift ‘influence’. Derived from *¶rìbanan.
*¶reupanan str.vb.: ON drjúpa ‘to drip’, V ANEW 83; S 163; L
OE dreópan id., OFris driàpa ‘to drip, to GED 94; K-S 836.
trickle’, OS driopan id., OHG triofan ‘to *¶rìbanan str.vb.: Goth dreiban ‘to drive’,
drip’. A secondary formation parallel to ON drífa id., OE drìfan id., OFris drìva id.,
*¶reusanan. T-F 214; H- OS drìban id., OHG trìban id. Related to
 AEEW 77; J IEW 527– Lith drimbù, drìbti ‘to fall down in flakes’,
529; P I 274–275; V ANEW cf. ON drífr snær ‘snow drifts’ ~ Lith
84 (to OIr drucht ‘dew’); S 169– sni‚gas driMba ‘the snow is falling thickly’
170; K-S 836. (G Got. 59–60). M
*¶reusanan str.vb.: Goth driusan ‘to fall’, IF XVIII 235–236 (follows G-
OE dreósan ‘to rush, to fall, to perish’, OS ); P Beiträge 75, 309; U-
driosan ‘to fall’. Etymologically identical  PBB XXVII 117–118; T-F
with Gk yraÊv ‘to break, to grind’ 212; F 124–125; H AEEW
( J KZ XXX 422), cf. also Slav 77; J IEW 526–527; P
*drusati ‘to shake, to throw up, to swing’ I 274; F 104; V ANEW 83;
with *-s- < *-˚-. T-F 214–215; O 290–291; S 162–163;
F 126; H AEEW 77;  L GED 94; L IF CIII
W KZ LXXIII 26–27 (to Gk 224 (to *¶ròbjanan); K-S 834.
drÒsow ‘dew’); J IEW 527– *¶rìfòn sb.f.: ON drífa ‘fall of snow, sleet’,
529; P I 274; F I 680–681; MLG drìve ‘gutter’, MHG trìbe ‘diarrhea’.
O 289–290; S 170–171; T- Cf. also OE drif ‘fever’. Derived from
 ESSJa V 133; L GED 95. *¶rìbanan. H AEEW 77.
*¶rèkò sb.f.: ON drák ‘streak’. Related to *¶rìtanan str.vb.: ON dríta ‘cacare’, ME
Skt dhrájati ‘to glide, to move, to fly’, driten id., OFris part. be-drìt id., MDu
dhràj- ‘tractive force’. Z Gutt. 161; drìten id., OHG gloss drizo ‘megio’. Sim-
M II 115; P I 273; ilar to but phonetically not agreeing with
V ANEW 80; D BSA 128 (with a Lith tríed≥iu, tríesti ‘to have diarrhea’ <
length of an original root noun). *treidh-. T-F 212; H
*¶rènò ~ *¶rènaz sb.f./m.: OE drán AEEW 78; J IEW 518–519;
‘drone’, OS dràn id. Cf. also OHG tren id. P I 256; F 1122; V
with short vocalism. Identical with Gk ANEW 84; O 271; S LS 20 (to
én-yrÆnh ‘wild bee’, yr∞now ‘dirge’. Slav *dristati ‘cacare’); S 164–165.
¶ròb( j)az 77 druzan
*¶ròb( j)az adj.: OE dróf ‘draffy, draggy, on an unattested verb, cf. Skt dhrá»ati
dirty’, OS dròbi ‘murky, cloudy’, OHG ‘to sound’. T-F 211; F 127;
truobi id. Related to *¶raban and eventu- M II 115–116 (onomatopoeia
ally to Gk tr°fv ‘to become fat’ (K in Skt); M II 115–116;
742). T-F 203; F 126–127; P I 255–256 (to Tokh A trä«k-, B
H AEEW 78; P I 252; tre«k- ‘to speak’); V ANEW 85–86;
F II 925–927; L GED 96; L GED 96.
M KZ CV 121; H 160– *¶runkanaz ~ *¶runkenaz adj.: ON
161; K-S 839. drukkinn ‘drunken’, OE druncen id., MLG
*¶ròbjanan wk.vb.: Goth drobjan ‘to stir drunken id., OHG win-truncan id. Derived
up, to excite’, OE dréfan ‘to disturb, to from *¶renkanan. T-F 212; H-
agitate’, OS dròbian ‘to become sad’,  AEEW 78; V ANEW 85;
OHG truoben ‘to entangle’. Derived from L GED 95; K-S 839.
*¶ròb( j)az. Z Gutt. 31; T-F *¶runkanìn sb.f.: Goth drugkanei ‘drunk-
203; H AEEW 78; F enness’, OHG truncanì id. Derived from
126–127; L GED 96; H- *¶runkanaz ~ *¶runkenaz. F 127;
 160. L GED 94–95.
*¶ruxtiz sb.f.: Goth drauhti-witoþ ‘cam- *¶runkanòjanan wk.vb.: ON drukna ‘to
paign’, ON drótt ‘people, bodyguard’, OE be drowned’, OE druncnian ‘to sink, to
dryht ‘people, multitude, army’, OFris drown, to be drunk’, OHG trunkanèn,
dracht, drecht ‘people’, OS druht-folk ‘suite’, trunkanòn ‘to sink, to drown’. Derived
OHG truht ‘crowd’. Derived from *¶reu- from *¶runkanaz ~ *¶runkenaz. H-
anan. K KZ I 181; G  AEEW 78; V ANEW 85;
Got. 80; Z Gutt. 178; T-F O 291.
214; L Language IX 247; H *¶runkiz sb.m.: ON drykkr ‘drink, bever-
AEEW 79; F 124; P Gliederung age’, OE drync id., MLG drunk id., OHG
196; P I 255; C trunc id. Derived from *¶renkanan. T-
SGGJa I 66; V ANEW 84–85; Z- F 212; H AEEW 79; V
 I 150; S 167; B IEL ANEW 85; B Verbalabstr. 15–17;
89, 93; L GED 94; B S 165; L GED 4, 95; L
Nom. 140; K-S 839. Expr. 243, 255; B Nom. 53,
*¶ruxtìnaz sb.m.: ON dróttinn ‘lord, mas- 131.
ter’, OE dryhten ‘ruler, lord, prince’, *¶rupòn sb.m.: ON dropi ‘drop’, OE dropa
OFris drohten id., OS drohtìn id., OHG id., ME droppe id., OS dropo id., OHG
truhtìn id. Cf. Goth drauhtinon ‘to cam- tropfo id. Derived from *¶reupanan.
paign, to serve in the army’ < *¶ruxtìnò- T-F 214; H AEEW 78;
janan. Derived from *¶ruxtiz. K KZ P I 275; V ANEW 84; Z-
I 181; T-F 214; H  I 153; O 291; S 169;
AEEW 79; F 124; P Gliederung K-S 838.
196; V ANEW 85; S 167; *¶rusòjanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. drusa ‘to
B IEL 89; L GED 94; fall down hard’, MLG drusen ‘to fall with
B Nom. 83. noise’. Derived from *¶reusanan. V
*¶runjanan wk.vb.: Norw drynja ‘to rum- ANEW 85.
ble’, LG drönen id. Derived from *¶runjuz. *druzan ~ *¶ruziz sb.n./m.: Goth drus
T-F 211; O 290 (to *¶rènò ~ ‘fall’, ON drør ‘phlegm, rheum’, OE dryre
*¶rènaz); L GED 96. ‘fall, decline’. Derived from *¶reusanan
*¶runjuz sb.m.: Goth drunjus ‘sound, call’, (L MASO I 109). H
Norw dryn id. A verbal abstract AEEW 79; F 127; V ANEW 86;
(B Grundriß II/1 224–225) based S 171.
¶rù¶az 78 ¶ulaz
*¶rù¶az sb.m.: OHG trùt ‘friend, H IF LXXXVIII 94–95; L

beloved’. A substantivized adjective iden- GED 88; K-S 826; A TB
tical with OIr drúth ‘salacious, lecherous’ 312.
< *dhrù-to-. M NTS I 245 *¶uxtiz ~ *¶uxtò sb.f.: Goth dauhts
(to Lat Frutis, epithet of Venus); T- ‘feast’, MHG duht ‘doughtiness’. Derived
F 214 (to Skt dhruvá- ‘firm, fixed’); from *¶aua (D VW II 616).
P I 215; M KZ LXXIX 291; G DG II 208; G Got. 79;
H 161–162. H AnZDA XXIV 33 (to Gk
*¶rùpòjanan wk.vb.: ON drúpa ‘to teÊxv ‘to make, to build’); F 116;
droop’, OE drupian ‘to drop’. Derived L GED 88.
from *¶reupanan. H AEEW *¶ukkòn sb.f.: ODan -dokke ‘dock, coarse
78; V ANEW 85; S 170. weedy herb’ (in compounds), OE docce
*¶u¶ròn sb.m.: Swed dodra ‘marsh id., OS dokka ‘doll’, OHG tocka id.
marigold’, ME doder ‘dodder, devil’s guts, Probably connected with Latv duga ‘slime
Caltha palustris’, Du dodder id., OHG on the surface of water’. H
totoro ‘cuscuta, epithymus’. Identical with AEEW 74; O 280; L Expr.
Skt dudhra- ‘violent’ further related to Skt 226–227; K-S 187.
dódhat- ‘violent, shocking’, Gk Hom *¶ulan sb.n.: ON dolg ‘enmity’, OE dol
yussanÒeiw ‘tasseled, fringed’ (based on ‘wound, scar’, OFris dolg id., MLG dolk
*yuyƒa). T-F 208; P I id., OHG tolg id. Based on WGmc
264–265; F I 697. *¶elanan > OFris delga ‘to wound’, MHG
*¶uftaz sb.m.: ON dupt, duft ‘powder’, telken ‘to beat’ related to Gk y°lgv ‘to
MHG tuft ‘fog, dew’. Related to *¶aubaz. enchant, to transform using a charm’
T-F 209; P I 264; V (E PBB XX 60; H KZ
ANEW 87 (to *steubanan ~ stùbanan); L- XLIII 231, IF XXVIII 190–192). The
 GED 328. original meaning of *¶ulan must have
*¶uunþiz sb.f.: ON dygä ‘virtue’, OE been ‘mark (of blood)’ while the Greek
duguä ‘manhood, multitude, majesty, verb denoted the act of making such
glory’, OFris dugethe ‘virtue’, MLG doget, a mark. For the semantic development
dogent id., OHG tugund id. Derived from cf. Fr blesser ‘to wound’ < WGmc
*¶aua. H AEEW 79; V *blò¶sjanan (OE blédsian ‘to bless, to con-
ANEW 89; K-S 840 (to ON secrate’) based on *blò¶an. S
dyggr ‘faithful’). MSL VIII 443 (Gk y°lgv to Lith ≥velgiù
*¶uxtèr sb.f.: Goth dauhtar ‘daughter’, ON ‘to look, to peer’); T-F 210;
dóttir id., OE dóhtor id., OFris dochter id., H AEEW 74; D DELF
OS dohtar id., OHG tohter id. Related to 93; W-P I 866 (to Lat
Toch A ckàcar, B tkàcer id., Skt duhitár- id., falx ‘sickle, reaping-hook, scythe’);
Av dug6dar- id., Gk yugãthr id., Arm dustr P I 247; V ANEW 78–79;
id., Osc fùtír id., Lith duktE id., Slav *d˙kti Z I 139; F I 658–659;
id. D KZ XIX (1870) 240–247; O 100; C I 427; S
B 748; T-F 207; 153.
H AEEW 74; F 116; M- *¶ulaz sb.m.: Goth dulgs ‘debt’. Related
 II 56; P I 277; D II to OIr dliged ‘duty, law’, dligim ‘to earn’,
Facht. IGAS 160–162 (to *¶aua); V Slav *d˙lg˙ (K KZ I 205; B I
ANEW 79; Z I 157; F 244). G KZ I 82; L KZ XI
110; F I 690; S Kinship 174 (Gmc < Slav); Z Gutt. 178;
22 (to *¶uxtiz ~ *¶uxtò), Hermes CV T-F 210; F 128–129; C-
387; O 245; T ESSJa V  SGGJa I 96; S Goten 54
178–179; P IF LXXXIV 206–207; (from Celtic); L GED 97.
¶ulþiz 79 ¶urz
*¶ulþiz sb.f.: Goth dulþs ‘festival’, OHG  II 118; P I 277; V
tuld id. Derivative in *-ti- related to OE ANEW 90; F I 697–698; O 269.
deall ‘proud, exulting, eminent’, MHG *¶unjanan wk.vb.: ON dynja ‘to gush, to
ge-telle beautiful, nice’ and further to shower’, OE dynian ‘to make a noise, to
MIr dell-rad ‘shine’. D ZDADL resound’, OS dunian ‘to roar, to rumble’.
V 224–225 (to ON dvala ‘to delay’); Connected with *¶uniz. T-F 208;
D ZdPh I 9 (to Skt dh®†i- ‘firm- H AEEW 82; V ANEW 90;
ness, resolution’); G Got. 60 O 269.
(derived from *¶welanan); T-F 204; *¶u(n)stan ~ *¶u(n)staz sb.n./m.: ON
S JEGP XXXII 513, 528; H- dust ‘dust’, OE dust id., OFris dùst ‘heap’,
 AEEW 70; F 129; T MLG dust ‘dust’, dunst ‘smoke, haze’,
Holz 55 (follows D⁾; P I OHG dunst ‘wind, storm’. Related to
246; Z I 150; M II Latv dvans ‘smoke, haze’. Any connection
111–112 (against D); L with *¶uniz? T-F 216–217; H-
GED 97; K-S 198 (from  AEEW 80; P I 266; V
*¶welanan). ANEW 88; O 295.
*¶umbaz adj.: Goth dumbs ‘dumb’, ON *¶untiz sb.m.: ON dyttr, dyntr ‘dint’, OE
dumbr id., OE dumb id., OFris dumb id., dynt ‘stroke, blow’. Derived from *¶enta-
OS dumb ‘stupid, simple’, OHG tumb id. nan. H AEEW 82; V
An expressive form related to *¶aubaz ANEW 90–91; S 154; B-
(H GEW 24. T Festschr.  Nom. 131.
Unger 179 (to ON dumba ‘mist’); T- *¶uran ~ *¶urò sb.n./f.: Goth daur
F 201; L KZ XL 420 (to Slav ‘door, gate’, OE dór ‘large door’, dúru
*d‡b˙ ‘oak’); F 129; H ‘door’, OFris dure id., OS dor ‘gate’, duru
AEEW 80; K NB I 15; P I ‘door’, OHG tor ‘gate’. A morphological
264; V ANEW 87; O 293; variant of *¶urz. M IF XVI 125
L GED 97–98 (to IE *dheubh- (on masc. *¶uròn > Goth auga-dauro ‘win-
‘darkened’); L Expr. 101–103; H- dow’); T-F 210; H
 166; K-S 199. AEEW 75. 80; F 117–118; P
*¶unaz ~ *¶unò sb.m./f.: OE dun I 278–279; Z II 206; O
‘dung’, OFris dung id., OS dung id., OHG 284; L GED 89; K-S
tunga ‘manuring, fertilizer’. Cf. also ON 828.
dyngja ‘heap’ < *¶unjòn. Related to Lith *¶ura-stu¶ò sb.f.: ON dura-stoä ‘door-
dengiù, deñgti ‘to cover’, OIr dinged ‘to sup- post’, OE dúru-stod. Compound of *¶urz
press’. Z Gutt. 99; T-F and *stu¶ò. C Nom. comp. 52.
208; H AEEW 80; L *¶ura-war¶az sb.m.: Goth daura-wards
NB XV 97–132 (to *¶enwanan); P- ‘door-keeper’, OE dúru-weard id., OHG
 I 249; F 88–89; V tor-warto id. (n-stem). Compound of *¶urz
ANEW 90; O 294; K-S and *war¶az. F 117; C Nom.
199. comp. 69 (parallel formations); L
*¶unjòn sb.f.: ON dyngja ‘dungeon, lady’s GED 89.
bower’, OE dynce ‘plowed land, fallow *¶urstiz sb.f.: OE dyrst ‘tribulation’, OHG
land’. Derived from *¶unaz ~ *¶unò. ki-turst ‘boldness’. Derived from *¶arsa.
H AEEW 82; V ANEW Identical with Skt dhºß†í- id. derived from
90. dhºßnóti ‘to be audacious’. T-F
*¶uniz sb.m.: ON dynr ‘din’, OE dyne ‘din, 203; P I 259.
noise’. Related to Skt dhvánati ‘to sound’, *¶urz sb.f.: ON pl. dyrr ‘door’, ODu dori
Gk yÊnv ‘to rush, to dart along’. T- id. (i-stem), OHG turi id. (i-stem with
F 208; H AEEW 81; M- traces of a root stem). Related to Toch B
¶urz 80 ¶ùsaz
twere id., Skt nom. pl. dvàr- id., Av acc. sg. *¶uttaz sb.m.: Norw dott ‘tuft, wisp’, OE
dvar6m id., Arm pl. dur-k' id., Gk yÊr` dott ‘dot, small spot’, LG dott ‘tuft, bunch’.
‘door’, Alb derë id., Lat foris, forès id., W Derived from *dheu- ‘to blow’: Skt dhùnØti
dor ‘door’, Lith dùrys id., Slav *dv¸r¸ ‘to shake, to move’, Gk y-v ‘to offer by
id. B Grundriß II/1 133; B- burning’, Lat suf-fiò ‘to fumigate, to per-
 766; T-F 210; W- fume, to scent’. T-F 208 (to Gk
H I 529–530; F 117–118; yÊsanow ‘tassel, fringe’); H
M II 83–84; P I AEEW 75; P I 262–263; V
278–279; F 112–113; V ANEW 91; O 285.
ANEW 91; Z II 206; F *¶ùbanan str.vb.: ON dúfa ‘to dive’ (wk.),
I 695–696; O 284; T OE dúfan ‘to sink’, MLG be-duven ‘to be
ESSJa V 171–172; L GED 89; covered’. Eventually related to *¶eupaz.
B Nom. 197; G Z Gutt. 37; T-F 209; H-
Wurzelnomina 117–152; K-S  AEEW 79; J IEW
841; O AED 60; A TB 323– 508–509; P I 267–268; V
324. ANEW 86; L 61; S
*¶urzuz adj.: MHG türre, dürre ‘valiant’. 155–156.
Derived from *¶arsa. Structurally identi- *¶ùbjanan wk.vb.: ON dÿfa ‘to dip’, OE
cal with Skt dhºßú- ‘bold, courageous’, Gk dÿfan id. Derived from *¶ùbanan. H-
yrasÊw ‘brave, valiant’ and probably Slav  AEEW 81; V ANEW 89;
*d¸rz˙-k˙ ‘daring’ (with unclear *-z-). O 278; S 156; L
M II 112–113; P I 259; GED 92.
F I 654–655; S 147; M *¶ùbòn sb.f.: Goth hraiwa-dubo ‘turtle-
Festschr. Schröder 98, 109, 113, KZ CV dove’, ON dúfa ‘dove’, OE dúfe-doppa ‘pel-
104; G LuE 199 (on Slav *d¸rz˙- ican’, OFris dùve ‘dove’, OS dùba id.,
k˙); H 167–168. OHG tùba id. Originally, a dark-colored
*¶uskaz adj.: OE dox, dosc ‘dark, swarthy’. bird (cf. Gk p°leia ‘wild dove’ ~ peliÒw
Identical with Lat fuscus ‘dark, blackish’ < ‘dark, black and blue, livid’)? If so, con-
*dhusko- (Z KZ XXXVII 388). Cf. nected with OIr dub ‘black’, OW dub id.
*¶usnaz. T-F 216; S and Gk tuflÒw ‘dark, blind’ (P
PBB XLIX 428–429; H Aufs. 53–54), cf. for example Slav *gol‡b¸
AEEW 75; W-H I 572–573; ‘dove’ ~ *gol‡b˙ ‘blue’. S DVN
P I 270; O 295; H- 206–212; T-F 209; H
 168. AEEW 79; F 269–270; P I
*¶usnaz adj.: OE dosen ‘chestnut brown’, 264; V ANEW 86; Z I 155;
OS dosan ‘maroon, ash-colored’, OHG F II 949–950; E GL XVI
tusin ‘ash-colored’. Identical with MIr 9–13 (onomatopoeia); L GED
donn ‘dark brown’, MW dwnn ‘dark red’ 190–191; K-S 817.
< *dhusno- ~ *dh⁄osno-. Cf. *¶uskaz. F- *¶ùnaz ~ *¶ùnò sb.m./f.: OE dún
 Festschr. Liebermann 137; S ‘mountain, hill, down’, OFris dùne ‘hill,
FB 61–62, PBB XLIX 423–427; T- dune’, MDu duun id., OHG dùna ‘cape,
F 216; H AEEW 80; dune’. Borrowed from Gaul *dùnom, cf.
P I 270–271; V ANEW 87; Celtic place names in -dùnum. T-
L KZ LXXIX 294–300; F 207 (from *dheu- ‘to blow’); H-
H 168–169.  AEEW 80; P I 263;
*¶ut(t)janan wk.vb.: ON dytta ‘to med- O 286; K-S 199 (to
dle’, OE dyttan ‘to close, to shut up’. Gk y,w ‘heap, shore, sand’, Skt dhíßniya-
Derived from *¶uttaz. H ‘generous’).
AEEW 82; V ANEW 91. *¶ùsaz adj.: ON sbst. dús ‘lull, dead calm’
¶ùsaz 81 ¶wulaz
(< *¶ùsan), OFris dùs ‘still’. Identical with OHG ga-twalòn ‘to delay, to postpone’.
Slav *dyx˙ ‘breath’, for further connec- Derived from *¶walò(n). H
tions see *¶euzan. J IEW 508; AEEW 80; S 172.
V ANEW 88 (to Gk yÊv ‘to offer, to *¶walò(n) sb.f./m.: ON dv‡l ‘short stay,
sacrifice’); T ESSJa V 200. stop’, dvala ‘hesitation’, OE dwala ‘error,
*¶ùsòjanan wk.vb.: ON dúsa ‘to doze’, doubt’, MDu dwale id., OHG twàl ‘pro-
MLG dosen, dusen ‘to slumber, to re- crastination’, twàla id. Derived from
sound’. Derived from *¶ùsaz. T *¶walaz. H AEEW 80; V
NNEO 79; H PBB XLI 476; ANEW 88–89; L GED 98.
M ZDADL LXXVI 179 (adduces *¶welanan str.vb.: Icel dulinn ‘swell-
MLG dùschen ‘to rush’); V ANEW 88. headed’, OE part. e-dwolen ‘erroneous,
*¶walaz adj.: Goth dwals ‘foolish, stupid’, wrong, perverse’, OS far-dwolon ‘missed,
MLG dwal ‘insane’. Compared with Gk lost’, OHG twelan ‘to remain, to be slow,
yolÒv ‘to make turbid, to confound’ to lag’. Probably related to Lat fallò ‘to
(P KZ XXVI 189), OIr dall ‘blind, deceive’, Lith dùlti ‘to rot’ and deriva-
dark’. The connection with *¶welanan tionally identical with Lith dvélti ‘pedere’.
seems indisputable. T-F 215; T-F 215–216; H AEEW
K NB II 241, 297; F 130; 80; W-H I 447–448 (Lat fallò
P I 265–266 (OIr dall < *dh⁄¬no-); < *·h⁄e lnò); J IEW 503–506;
V ANEW 88 (to Gk yÒlow ‘dirt’); P I 261–267; F 109;
S 172–173; L GED 98; S 172.
B Nom. 238; H *¶weraz sb.m.: ON dvergr ‘dwarf ’, OE
169; K-S 827. dweor id., MLG dwerch id., OHG twerg id.
*¶waliþò ~ *¶waliþan sb.f./n.: Goth (neut.). Of unknown etymology. B-
dwaliþa ‘folly, foolishness’, OE dwild  IF XII 131 (to Av drva-
‘error, heresy’. Derived from *¶walaz. ‘dwarfish, bent’); Z Gutt. 99; T-
F 130; H 169. F 215; H PBB XI 548,
*¶waljanan wk.vb.: ON dvelja ‘to delay’, AEEW 81; K KZ LXII 143 (to
OE dwellan ‘to lead into error, to Latv drugt ‘to subside, to fall’); P I
deceive’, OFris dwelia ‘to be mistaken’, 278; V ANEW 89 (to *þweraz);
OS bi-dwellian ‘to hinder’, MDu dwellen Z I 130; O 296 (to Gk
‘to stun, to perplex’, OHG twellen ‘to s°rfow ‘midge’); K-S 919.
stop, to halt’. Derived from *¶welanan. *¶wìnanan str.vb.: ON dvína ‘to dwindle’
T-F 215; H AEEW 81; (wk.), OE dwínan ‘to pine, to fade, to
V ANEW 88–89 (to *¶walaz); O dwindle’, MDu dwìnen ‘to fade’. Based on
296; S 172. *¶ewanan. P SVSU X 744; T-
*¶walmaz ~ *¶walmòn sb.m.: OE F 217; H AEEW 81;
dwolema ‘darkness, chaos’, NFris dwelm J IEW 502–503; P I
‘stupidity’, OS dwalm ‘fascination’, OHG 260–261; V ANEW 89 (to *¶awjanan);
twalm ‘confusion’. Derived from *¶walaz. L 70–71; S 171 (to OIr
T-F 216; H AEEW 81; díth ‘loss’).
L GED 98. *¶wulaz adj.: ON sbst. dul ‘self-conceit,
*¶walmjanan ~ *¶ulmjanan wk.vb.: pride’ (< *¶wulò ), OE dol ‘foolish, erring’,
ON dylma ‘to be careless’, OE for-dwilman OFris dol id., OS dol id., OHG tol id.
‘to confuse, to perplex’. Derived from Related to *¶walaz. T-F 215;
*¶walmaz ~ *¶walmòn. T-F 216; H AEEW 74; W NP
H AEEW 81; V ANEW 89. 104; P I 266; V ANEW 87;
*¶walòjanan wk.vb.: ON dvala ‘to delay’, O 293; H 170; K-
OE dwalian ‘to err’, OFris dwalia id., S 827.
e
*ebò(i) ptcl., conj.: Goth ibai, iba ‘whether, *eburaz sb.m.: ON j‡ furr ‘wild boar, king,
possibly’, ON ef ‘if ’, OS ef id., OHG ibu warrior’, OE eofor ‘boar’, MLG ever id.,
id. A sequence of two Indo-European OHG ebur id. Close to Lat aper id., Umbr
particles *e (like in Gk §-kei ‘beside’) and acc. sg. abrunu id. (with a secondary a- in
*bhe ~ *bho: Av bà ‘indeed’, Lith ba id. Italic), Thrac ßbrow: trãgow, bãthw: ka‹
(B Dem. 115–117, Grundriß II/2 potamÚw Yrñkhw, Hes. (F KZ I
323–324). See *ba. G Got. 497). Cf. also Slav *vepr¸, Latv vepris ‘cas-
125 (from IE *epi ‘after, upon’); B- trated boar’ with an unexpected initial
 912; U TNTL XXV 281 *⁄- (P KZ XXXVIII 311).
(same as B); K Urgerm. (a T-F 25; H AEEW 92;
case form in *-bh-); F 286–287; W-H I 56, II 754–755;
P I 113, 280–281; F 28– D Thr. 163; P I 323;
29; V ANEW 94; F I 475–476; C SSGJa I 57; V ANEW
L GED 202; K-S 595. 294; Z I 130; V-
*ebna-lìkaz adj.: Goth ibna-leiks ‘of equal T I 292.
substance, of similar form’, OSwed jæm- *e¶araz sb.m.: ON jaäarr ‘edge’, OE eodor
liker ‘homogeneous’, OE efn-líc ‘equal’, ‘hedge, fence’, OS edor, eder ‘woven
OHG eban-lìh id. Compound of *ebnaz fence’, OHG etar ‘fence’. Probably related
and *lìkaz. F 287; L GED to Slav *odr˙ ‘wooden platform, bed’
142, 202; H 171. (U PBB XXVI 295) or to Slav
*ebnaz adj.: Goth ibns ‘flat, even’, ON *îdro ‘net, cloth’ (T Etim. 31–
jafn, jamn ‘even, equal, same’, OE efen 32). T-F 24, 559 (to Arm ezer
‘even, equal’, OFris adv. even ‘same’, OS ‘border, edge’); M IF XVIII 256–
efni ‘flat, even’, OHG eban, ebano ‘equal, 258; H AEEW 91; P I
same’. Identical with MBret effen ‘like’, W 290; C SGGJa I 81; V
iawn ‘just’ < *epno- (P Kelt. Gr. I ANEW 289; G„Á Origins 145; K-
92). J PBB XV 229–230 (to S 236.
Lat aemulus ‘imitating’, imàgo ‘image’); *e¶i ~ *eþi adv.: Goth iþ ‘but, however,
S IF XXXI 361–362 (from *ep- if ’, ON pl. iä-gj‡ld ‘recompense’, OE ed-
nó-, to IE *epi); B IF XXXVII cerr ‘return’, OS ed- id., OHG it-lònòn ‘to
161 (same as J); T-F 28; remunerate’. Continues IE *eti: Skt áti
F 287–288; H AEEW 88; ‘beyond, very’, Av aiti id., Gk ¶ti ‘further-
T apud F 287 (to MIr more, still’, OPhryg eti ‘and, also’, Lat et
emain ‘twins’); K NB II 211; ‘and’, Gaul eti ‘also’, OPrus et-, at-
P I 505; V ANEW 289; ( J KZ XLIX 194). B-
M KZ LXXIX 45 (from *i-bh-  54; T-F 24; H
‘here’); O 331; L GED 202; AEEW 88; W-H I 421–422;
B Nom. 246; H F 297; M I 27; P I
171–172; K-S 203. 344–345; V ANEW 283; L
*ebnòjanan wk.vb.: ON jafna ‘to make GED 208; O Phrygian 429.
equal, to compare’, OFris evenia ‘to *ealaz sb.m.: Dan igle ‘kind of worm,
smooth (the ground)’, OHG ebanòn ‘to leech’, Norw igle id., MLG egel, ìle ‘leech’
make equal, to make the same’. Derived (fem.), OHG egala id. (fem.). Related to
from *ebnaz. V ANEW 289; L- Gk §x›now id., Gk ¶xiw ‘snake’, Arm i≥ id.,
 GED 202; H 171. Lith e≥‹s ‘hedgehog’, Slav *e≥¸ id. F
ealaz 83 en¶ai
BB XXIX 237; T-F 23; T- Acc. sg. *meke (Goth mik, ON mek, mik,
 BSW 73; P I 44; F OE mec, mic, OS mik, OHG mih) contin-
330; F I 602; V-T ues IE *(e)me ge, cf. Gk §m°ge id. Dat. sg.
II 10. *mez: Goth mis, ON mér, OE mé, OFris
*exwa-rai¶ò ~ *exwa-rai¶an sb.f./n.: mi, OS mì, OHG mir. Gen. sg. *mìna:
ON jó-reiä ‘horsemen(?)’, OE eó-red ‘cav- Goth meina, ON mín, OE mín, OFris mìn,
alry, legion’, OLG eo-rid id. Compound OS mìn, OHG mìn. B 225–
of *exwaz and *rai¶ò. Structurally close to 227; T-F 23, 300; H
OIr fem. coll. echrad ‘horses’. C Nom. AEEW 185; W-H I 395–396;
comp. 46–47. F 291–292; P Gliedrung 128;
*exwaz sb.m.: Goth aia-tundi ‘thornbush, M I 68; P I 418, 702;
bramble’, ON jór ‘stallion’, OE eoh ‘war- F 18; V ANEW 98–99, 384,
horse’, OS ehu-skalk ‘groom, ostler’. From 386–387; F I 441; S Pron.
IE *e˚⁄os ‘horse’: Toch A yuk, B yakwe, 21–48, 54–55; T ESSJa I
Skt á≤va-, Gk ·ppow, Lat equus, OIr ech 100–103; L GED 204–205, 254;
(F KZ I 493). K ANF K-S 392; B OFED s.v.
XXXII 189; T-F 23; H *eli(þ) ~ eljò sb.m./f.: ON il ‘footsole’,
AEEW 92; W-H I 412–413; OE ile ‘footsole, hard skin’, OFris ili
F 21; M I 62; P I id., MLG ele, elde, elt id. Derived from IE
301; V ANEW 293; Z I 138; *el-: Gk (rare) §lãv ‘to drive’, §laÊnv
F I 733–735; L GED 15; id. T-F 28 (to Lat pl. ìlia ‘flanks,
B Nom. 69; A TB 482. entrails’); P UUÅ 1891 78 (to OHG
*ejja str.vb.: Goth pret. iddja ‘went’, OE ìlen ‘to hurry’); H AEEW 187;
pret. eóde id. Suppletive preterite of P I 306–307; V ANEW 284;
*ananan identical with Skt áyàt and fur- F I 482–483; B OFED s.v.
ther continuing IE *ei- ‘to go’: Hitt pa-izi, *elmaz ~ *almaz sb.m.: ON almr ‘elm-
Toch AB y-, Skt éti, Av aèiti, Gk e‰mi, Lat tree’, OE elm id., OHG elm id. ON
eò, OIr pass. pret. etha, Lith eimì, eÛti, Slav reflects an old o-grade. Related to Lat
*iti. B 147–154; T- ulmus id. (< *¬mos), MIr lem id. (< *lemos)
F 27; K Beiträge 124–127 (from and Slav *j¸l¸m˙ id. < *(u)lmos with some
an augmented aorist); H IF irregularities in vocalism (P KZ
XIV 342 (to Lat vadere ‘to go’); C XXXVIII 313–314). U AfslPh
Prät. 142–148 (from perfect middle); XV 487 (Slav < Gmc); T-F 26;
M MSL XXIII 257 (from an H AEEW 90; W-
unaugmented imperfect); F 288–289; H II 811–812; P I 303;
H AEEW 91; C C SSGJa I 57; V ANEW
Language XXXVI 483–501; W- 7; Z I 129; O 307; V-
H I 406–409; M I 128; T II 126–127; T
P I 293–297; F 119; ESSJa VIII 222–223.
F I 462–463; T ESSJa VIII *enaz pron.: ON def. art. (h)inn, OHG enèr
247–248; S 174–176; L id. Related to Lith anàs ‘that one’, Slav
Verschärfung 17.2; B IFTJa 252. *on˙ < *ono-. Cf. also Skt instr. anéna
*eka pron.: Goth ik ‘I’, ON ek id., OE ic ‘through this’, Gk ¶nh ‘third day’ <
id., OFris ik id., OS ic id., OHG ih id. *‘yonder day’. M I 32;
Continues IE *e·ò id.: Gk §g≈, Arm es, P I 320; F 10; V
Lat egò, OLith e“. Other Indo-European ANEW 286; F I 514; L GED
forms differ from *e·ò in phonetic and 210; K-S 410.
derivational details (Skt ahám, Av az6m, *en¶ai adv.: Goth inna ‘within, inside’,
Slav *az˙). Cf. also emphatic OHG ihha. ON inni ‘indoors’, OE inne ‘in, within,
en¶ai 84 erknaz
inside’, OFris inna ‘inside’, OS inna id., XXXIII 328; L Studien 70–71).
OHG inna- id. Locative of *en¶£ (F T-F 28; T BSW 70;
293). B IF XXXIII 304 (from H IF XVII 295, AEEW 188;
*eni-nò); H AEEW 188; F P I 13; F 10, 1163–1164;
293; V ANEW 287; L GED V ANEW 99; S LS 25; T-
206; K-S 401.  ESSJa VI 68–69; D BSA 201.
*en¶an£ adv.: Goth innana ‘from within, *enkwaraz pron.: Goth igqar ‘your (dual)’,
within, inside’, ON innan ‘from within’, ON ykkar id., OE incer id., OS inca id.
OE innan id., OFris inna id., OS innan id., Derived from *enkwara (see *jutwò ~
OHG innan, innana ‘inside’. Derived from *jitwò). H AEEW 188; F
*en¶£. H AEEW 188; F 291; L GED 204.
294; V ANEW 286; K-S *enkwaz sb.m.: ON økkr ‘glans, glandula’.
401. Related to Gk édÆn ‘gland’ < *–g ⁄èn, Lat
*en¶a-war¶az adj., adv.: ON innan-verär inguen ‘groin, abdomen’ (B BB III
‘inward’, OE innan-weard, in-weard id., 115). S MSL VI 53; T-F
MDu inne-wert, in-wert id., OHG in-wart 25; W-H I 701; P I
‘inside’. Compound of *en¶£ and *war¶az. 319; F I 20.
O 484. *enstran sb.n.: ON ístr ‘fat of the paunch’,
*en¶(£) adv.: Goth inn ‘in’, ON inn id., OE MLG inster, inser ‘intestines of a slaugh-
inn ‘in, within’, OFris in ‘in’, OS ìn id., tered animal’. Close to Latv îstri ‘kidneys’,
OHG ìn id. (with secondary lengthening). OPrus instran ‘fat’ < *–stro- (F
Derived from *eni. Close to Gk ¶ndon KZ XIX 355). Further to Gk §ntÒw
‘within’ (C MLN XXXVII 215– ‘within, inside’, Lat intus id. < *entos.
218), Hitt anda(n) ‘in’, Alb ndë. Cf. also See *enþran. T-F 25; E
comp. *en¶izòn > ON innri, iäri ‘inmost’, KZ LII 121; W-H I 713;
OE innera, innerra ‘inner, inward’, OFris T BSW 69–70; P I 182,
inra, innere ‘inside, interior’, OHG innaro, 314; V ANEW 287; F 188;
inner id. T-F 25 (extension of *eni F I 525; S LS 25; T PJa
by means of a particle *ne); H III 54–55.
AEEW 188; F 293; P I 311– *enþran sb.n.: ON pl. iär, innr ‘bowels,
314, 774; F I 511–512; V ANEW entrails’. Identical with IE *entro- > Skt
286–287; O 466, 476; T neut. antrá- ‘intestine’, Gk ¶ntera id.,
HEG I 33–34; L GED 206; O Arm pl. 6nder-k' id., Slav *\tro ‘liver, intes-
AED 284. tines’. T-F 25; P I 313;
*eni prep.: Goth in ‘in’, ON í id., OE in M I 36; V ANEW 283;
‘in, within’, OFris in id., OS in id., OHG F I 524–525; T ESSJa VI
in id. Identical with Gk §n, §n¤ id., Lat in 72–73.
id., OIr in- id., OPrus en id., Lith ⁄ id., *erkna-stainaz sb.m.: ON jarkna-steinn
Slav *v˙n id. T-F 25; H- ‘gem’, OE eorcnan-stán ‘precious stone,
 AEEW 188; W-H I pearl’. Compound of *erknaz and *stainaz.
687–688; F 292; P I 311–312; H AEEW 92; P I 65.
F 181; V ANEW 282; F I *erknaz adj.: Goth un-airkns ‘impure’,
508–509; O 466; L GED OHG ercan ‘holy, sublime’. Related
205; K-S 397. to Toch A yärk, B yarke ‘adoration,
*enkòn sb.m.: ON ekki ‘convulsive sob- reverence’ but to be separated from the
bing’, OE inca ‘doubt, question, cause of family of Skt árcati ‘to shine, to adore’.
complaint’. Related to Lith éngti ‘to stran- O Morph. Unt. VI 33 (to Gk érgÒw
gle, to squeeze, to torment’, Slav *\ga ~ ‘white, quick’); T-F 26; F 25;
*\za ‘witch, illness, wrath’ (P RFV H AEEW 92; P I 65
erknaz 85 erþa-kun¶az
(“Kreuzung” of *ar·- ‘white’ und *erk ⁄- M I 122; P I 332; F
‘to light, to shine’); M IF LXIX 245; II 422–424.
L JIES VII 287–296 (from IE *er-·nos *erpaz adj.: Burg *erps ‘brown’, ON jarpr
‘having a good birth’); L GED 18; id., OE eorp ‘dark, dusky, brown’, OS
L Expr. 339; B Nom. prop. Erp-hund, OHG erpf ‘dark brown’.
246; H 174–175. Unclear. Hardly to Gk ÙrfnÒw ‘dark
*erlaz sb.m.: ON jarl ‘earl, leader, noble- brown’ (~ Arm arún id. < *org ⁄hen-).
man’, OE eorl ‘nobleman of high rank’, O Etym. I 78–79 (< *ereb(h)-, cf.
OS erl id., OHG erl- id. (in cmpn.). Lith jérbë ‘hazel-grouse’); T-F 332;
Related to *eròn. Probably can be directly H AEEW 93; K NB
compared with Thrac prn. ÉOlÒrow, II 220; P I 334; V ANEW
Oroles (T Thr. II/2 29; K- 291; F II 431–432; K 709;
 Einleitung 214, 221) unless the lat- H 176–177.
ter is to Slav *or¸l˙ ‘eagle’. T-F *erþa-bazjan sb.n.: Swed jord-bær ‘straw-
25; H AEEW 92; D berry’, OE fem. eorä-berie id., MDu erd-
Thr. 341; P I 326 (to *aròn), 328; bere id., OHG erd-beri id. Compound of
V ANEW 290; Z I 130; *erþò and *bazjan. F BB XVII
O 297; L GED 40. 310 (to Lat arbutus ‘wild strawberry-tree’);
*ermena-run¶iz ~ *ermuna-run- C Nom. comp. 47.
¶an sb.f./n.: ON j‡rmun-grund ‘Earth’, *erþa-burz sb.f.: ON jarä-borg ‘earth
OE eormen-grund id. Based on *ermenaz ~ stronghold’, OE eorä-burh ‘earth mound’,
*ermunaz and *run¶uz ~ *runþuz. OHG erd-burg ‘earth stronghold’. Com-
C Nom. comp. 58. pound of *erþò and *burz. C Nom.
*ermenaz ~ *ermunaz adj.: Goth prop. comp. 47.
Ermeni-ricus, ON j‡rmun-gandr ‘great mon- *erþa-fallaz sb.m.: ON jarä-fall ‘earth-
ster’, J‡rmunr (name of Odin), OE eormen- slip’, OFris erth-fall ‘fall to the ground’,
cyn ‘mankind, human race’, OS irmin-man MLG erd-fal id., OHG erd-fal ‘earth-slip’.
‘man’, OHG irmin-sùl ‘tall column’. Of Compound of *erþò and *fallaz. C
uncertain origin. Probably related to Gk Nom. comp. 75 (parallel formations).
ˆrmenow ‘high’, Slav *ormîn˙ ‘strong, *erþa-fastaz adj.: ON jarä-fastr ‘fixed in
large’. B KZ XLV 107–108 (to the earth’, OE eorä-fæst id., OFris erth-fest
Gk ˆrnumi ‘to urge, to incite’); T- id., MLG erd-fast id., early G erdfest id.
F 18; F 132; H AEEW Compound of *erþò and *fastaz. C
92; W-P I 183–184 (to Lat Nom. comp. 60.
armentum ‘cattle for plowing, herd’); *erþa-xnutz sb.f.: Swed jord-nöt ‘earth-
P I 58; B Festschr. Wolff nut’, OE eorä-hnutu id., MDu erd-note id.,
9–21 (to *eròn); V ANEW 295 (to Skt OHG erd-nuz id. Compound of *erþò and
aryaman- ‘companion, host, god of hospi- *xnutz. C Nom. comp. 47.
tality’); V-T III 441; *erþa-xùsan sb.n.: ON jarä-hús ‘cave,
H TIES III 65–75 (to Toch A underground home’, OE eorä-hús ‘earth-
yärm, B yarm ‘size, measure’); L house, den’, OS erth-hùs ‘cave, under-
GED 100; H 175–175. ground home’, OHG erd-hùs id.
*eròn sb.f.: ON jara ‘fight, battle’. Compound of *erþò and *xùsan. C
Connected with Skt º»óti ‘to arise, to Nom. comp. 47.
move, to reach, to attack’, Av 6r6naoiti ‘to *erþa-kun¶az adj.: Goth airþa-kunds ‘of
move’, Gk ˆrnumi ‘to urge, to incite’, Lat earthly birth’, OE eorä-cund ‘earthly, ter-
orior ‘to rise, to get up’. Cf. especially Skt restrial’. Compound of *erþò and *kun¶az.
sam-ará- ‘fight, battle’. B C Nom. comp. 88 (calque of Lat terri-
183–184; W-H II 222–223; genus).
erþa-weaz 86 eþþau
*erþa-weaz sb.m.: ON jarä-vegr ‘earth’, W-H II 628–629; K

OE eorä-we ‘earth, earth-way’. Com- 700–701; L Language XXX 113;
pound of *erþò and *weaz. C Nom. J IEW 78–79; M I
comp. 54. 67; P I 340–342; F 124;
*erþò sb.f.: Goth airþa ‘earth’, ON j‡rä id. V ANEW 101, 105; F I 463–464;
(partly < *erþiz), OE eoräe id. (< *erþòn), S 176–178; T ESSJa VI
eorä id., OFris erthe id., OS ertha id., 32; L GED 205; P II
OHG erda id. Related to or derived from 285–291; O AED 156.
*erwòn (B ZDADL XXXI 205–206). *etanan str.vb.: Goth itan ‘to eat’, ON eta
T-F 26, 560; H AEEW id., OE etan id., OFris eta id., OS etan id.,
93; F 25–26; P I 332; V OHG ezzan id. Related to Hitt e-id-mi
ANEW 295; Z II 195; O id., Skt átti id., Gk ¶dv id., Arm utem id.,
298; L GED 18; B Lat edò id., OIr ith id., Lith ∏mi id., Slav
Nom. 116; K-S 228–229. *îdm¸ id. (Balto-Slavic lengthening due
*erwòn sb.m.: ON j‡rfi ‘gravel’, OHG ero to Winter’s law) T-F 24, 232;
‘earth’. Close to Toch B yare ‘gravel’, W B Grundriß II/3 96; T
erw ‘field’, Corn erw id., OBret eru ‘fur- BSW 66; F 163, 296–297; H-
row’, Gk ¶r` id. and probably to Phryg  AEEW 94, 116; W-H
dat. sg. eiroi ‘earth, earthly (?)’ (O I 392–393; J IEW 53–54;
Phrygian 71). S I ; T- M I 28; P I 287–289;
F 26; P I 332; V ANEW F 124–125; V ANEW 106;
295; F I 546–547; C 363; F I 444–445; O 298, 376;
L GED 18. C 312–313; S 179–180;
*erziþò sb.f.: Goth airziþa ‘deception, T ESSJa VI 53–54; L
delusion’, OHG irrida ‘heresy’. Derived GED 208; P II 315–320; K-
from *erzjaz. F 27; H S 235, 285.
177. *etulaz adj.: ON etall ‘consuming’, OE etol
*erzjanan wk.vb.: Goth airzjan ‘to mis- ‘voracious, gluttonous’, OHG filu-ezzal
lead, to delude’, OS irrian ‘to dissolve’, ‘greedy’. Derived from *etanan.
OHG irren ‘to entangle’. Derived from H AEEW 94; S
*erzjaz. F 27; L GED 19; 179–180; H 178–179.
H 177. *etunaz sb.m.: ON j‡tunn ‘giant’, OE eóten
*erzjaz adj.: Goth airzeis ‘deluded, erring, id. The meanings of *etulaz make a ten-
misled’, OE eorre ‘angry, enraged, fierce’, tative connection with *etanan probable.
OFris ìre ‘furious’, OS irri id., OHG irri S IF XV 266 (to the ethnonym
‘stray’. Related to Lat errò ‘to go astray’, Etiones); T-F 24; H
Arm efiam ‘to be restless’ < *ersàƒò (K- AEEW 93; V ANEW 295–296;
 KZ XXXI 184). T-F 26; B Nom. 82.
W-H I 416–417; F 27; *eþþau conj.: Goth aiþþau ‘else, or’, ON
H AEEW 186–187; P I eäa id., OE eääa, oääa id., OS ettho id.,
336–337; L GED 19–20; H- OHG edo id. An unclear compound, pro-
 177–178; K-S 406. bably continuing *ef þau (G
*esti athem.: Goth ist ‘is’, ON es id., OE is Got. 17) or *ex þau (C JIES XII
id., OFris is, ist id., OS is, ist id., OHG 315–344). S Studien 85–95 (re-
ist id. Continues IE *es-ti id.: Hitt è“zi, Skt constructs *eft-þau); J BB XIII
ásti, Av asti, Gk §st¤, Lat est, OIr is, Lith 120–122; H AEEW 94; F
‚sti, Slav *est¸, Alb është. See *wesanan I. 29; P I 344; V ANEW 93
B 266–279; T-F 27; (*eþ- to Lat et); L GED 21;
F 292; H AEEW 92; K-S 597.
eu¶aran 87 £n(e)u
*eu¶aran sb.n.: ON júgr ‘udder’, OFris N SVSU V/3 39–43; P I
jàder id., OS geder id. A secondary ablaut 347; V ANEW 294; Z II 184;
variant of *ù¶aran. T-F 29; O 954; K-S 237–238.
è
*è¶maz ~ *èþmaz sb.m.: OE ≠äm *ezero ‘lake’, OPrus assaran id. < *e·hero-) .
‘vapor, breath, smell’, OFris èthma *èlaz I sb.m.: ON áll ‘colored stripe along
‘breath’ (n-stem), OS à¶um id., OHG àtum the horse’s back’. Identical with Arm il
‘spirit, life breath’. Continues IE ‘spindle’ < *èlo-. L SHVS Uppsala
*èt-mo- close to *èt-men- reflected in Skt VI 82 (to Skt àra- ‘cavity’); P I
àtmán- ‘breath, soul, self ’. T-F 308–310 (to Skt àli- ‘row, line’ but the
24; H AEEW 13; M latter is from *à∂i-); V ANEW 6;
I 73; P I 39, 345; C Z I 130.
SGGJa I 106; Z I 130; S- *èlaz II sb.m.: ON áll ‘eel’, OE ≠l id.,
 Sprache XIII 202; L-S I OFris èl id., OS àl id., OHG àl id. Histo-
391–393; B Nom. 71–72; rically identical with *èlaz I (U
K-S 59; B OFED s.v. PBB XXXV 162). S ZDADL
*è¶raz adj.: ON adv. áär ‘ere, already, XLII 63 (from *èdlo- ‘eater’); L-
soon’, OE adv. ædre ‘quickly, promptly, at  WuS X 144 (to Skt àlam ‘discharge
once’, OS adv. àdro ‘early’, OHG àtar from a venomous animal’); T-F
‘swift, eager’. Related to Lith otrùs ‘lively’, 26; H AEEW 10; P
Latv ãtrs ‘swift’. T-F 559–560; I 309–310; V ANEW 6; Z I
H AEEW 9; S KZ 130; O 302; L-S I
LXVI 249–251 (to Toch A atär ‘hero’); 133–135; K-S 1 (to *alinò ).
P I 345; C SGGJa I *èlaz III sb.m.: ON alr ‘awl’ (< *alaz), OE
77; F 518–519; V ANEW æl id., OS àl id., OHG àla id. (< *èlò ).
2; L-S I 379–381; H- Identical with Skt àrà id. T-F
 173. 26; H AEEW 10; M
*è¶rò ~ *èþrò sb.f.: OE ≠dre, ≠dr ‘artery, I 78; P I 16; V ANEW 7;
vein, sinew’, MLG àdere, àder ‘sinew’, D VSJa 26; O 66; Z II
OHG àdra ‘blood vessel, sinew’. Related 191; L-S I 135–136; K-
to Gk Hom ∑tor ‘heart’, OIr inathar S 20.
‘intestines’ < *en-òtro- (F I 366). *èmaz ~ *òmaz adj.: ON ámr ‘black,
Cf. also ON fem. ≠är ‘vein’ < *è¶iz. loathsome (?)’, OE sbst. óm ‘rust’, G dial.
S Plur. 198; T-F 24–25, sbst. ahm, ohm ‘blast (in corn), erysipelas’.
560; H AEEW 9; P I Of unknown origin. W Language
344; V ANEW 680; Z I 221; VIII 213 (to Lat àreò ‘to be dry’); H-
F I 645; L-S I 54–57;  AEEW 241; V ANEW 8.
K-S 15. *£n(e)u prep.: Goth inu ‘without’, ON án
*èwjaz ~ *èwjò sb.m./f.: ON ≠gir id., OFris òne id., OS àno id., OHG ànu
‘sea, ocean’, OE ≠ ‘water, island’, ≠e id. Related to Skt ánu- ‘after, along’, Av
‘island’. Long grade derivative of *axwò. anu ‘along’, Gk êneu ‘without, away from’.
P I 23; V ANEW 681; B Grundriß II/2 837 (to Osset
S VJa 1967/4 19 (to Slav änä ‘without’); B 127; T-
£n(e)u 88 faanaz
F 25; W Festschr. Daniels-  ESSJa VI 38; B Nom.
son 383–384 (to Skt ánu ‘after, along’); 62–63.
F 295; M I 34; P I *ètiz ~ *ètjaz adj.: ON ætr ‘edible’, OE
318; V ANEW 9; M I 34; ofer-≠te ‘gluttonous’. Derived from *etanan.
F I 106; L GED 207; H H AEEW 13; M Festschr.
JIES X 189–190; L-S I Schröder 103, 117, KZ CV 112; H-
289–290; K-S 599; A  178.
TB 40 (adds Toch AB àñu ‘rest, peace’). *ètjòn sb.m.: Goth af-etja ‘glutton’, OE self-
*ètan sb.n.: ON át ‘act of eating’, OE ≠ta ‘cannibal’. Structurally similar to Skt
≠t ‘food’ (masc., fem.), OFris èt id., OS àt àdyá- ‘edible’, Lith ∏d≥ia ‘fodder, glutton’,
id., OHG àz ‘carrion’. Together with Slav *îdja ‘food’. Derived from *etanan or
Lith ∏da id., Latv pl. êdas id., Slav *îda id. directly from *ètan. H AEEW
continues IE *èdom ~ *èdà. For further 13; F 5; M I 74; F
connections see *etanan. T-F 24; 125; S 180; L GED 4.
T BSW 66; H AEEW *ètòn sb.m.: Goth uz-eta ‘manger, crib’,
13; P I 288; F 125; V MLG or-ète, or-àte ‘remainder of animal
ANEW 17; Z I 139; S feed, straw’. Derived from *ètan. F
180; L GED 4, 208, 385; T- 538; L GED 385.
f
*fa¶èr sb.m.: Goth voc. fadar ‘father’ (hap. *fa¶riaz adj.: ON pl. feägar ‘father and
leg.), ON faäir id., OE fæder id., OFris son’. Identical with Gk patrikÒw ‘fatherly’.
feder, fader id., OS fadar id., OHG fater id. Derived from *fa¶èr. P I 829;
Identical with Toch A pàcar, B pàcer V ANEW 114; F II 481; L
id., Skt pitar- id., Gk patÆr id., Lat pater GED 101.
id., Arm hayr id., OIr athir id. T-F *fa¶urwjòn sb.m.: OE fædera ‘father’s
227; H AEEW 95; W- brother’, OFris federia id., OHG fatureo,
H II 262–264; F 133; M- fetiro id. Identical with Skt pitºvya- ‘paternal
 II 277–278; P I 829; V uncle’, Av tùiryò id., Lat pàtruus ‘father’s
ANEW 109; F II 481–482; O brother, paternal uncle’ < *p6tº⁄ƒo-. See
347; B IEL 169–170; L *fa¶èr. B 657; H
GED 101; B Nom. 207–208; AEEW 95; W-H II 263;
K-S 853; A TB 365. M II 278–279; P I 829;
*fa¶iz sb.m.: Goth bruþ-faþs ‘bridegroom’. L GED 101; K-S 863.
Identical with Toch A pats, B pets ‘hus- *faanaz ~ *faenaz adj.: ON feginn
band’, Skt páti- ‘master, owner, husband’, ‘glad, joyful’, OE fæen ‘glad, joyful’,
Av paiti- ‘master, spouse’, Gk pÒsiw ‘hus- OS fagan, fagin ‘glad’, OHG gi-fagan
band’, Lat potis ‘capable’, Lith pàts ‘mar- ‘contented’. Participle of *fexanan. G-
ried man’ (M WuS XII 17–20).  Btrg. Gesch. XXXIX 69–71;
B 821; S II 337– T-F 225; F 134; H
340; T-F 227; F 109–110; AEEW 95; W NP 14; P I
M II 200–201; P I 796–797; V ANEW 115; O 342;
842; F 551–552; F II 584; S 189; L GED 102; H-
L GED 82–83.  180–181.
faanòjanan 89 faixaz
*faanòjanan ~ *faenòjanan wk.vb.: 797; V ANEW 114; Z II

Goth faginon ‘to feel happy, to rejoice’, 167; F II 492–493; K-S
ON fagna ‘to be fain, to rejoice’, OE 254.
fæenian ‘to rejoice’, OS faganòn id., OHG *faxtiz sb.m.: OSwed fæt ‘wool, fleece’,
feginòn id. Derived from *faanaz ~ OE feht, fieht ‘sheepskin with wool’, OFris
*faenaz. Z Gutt. 188; T-F fecht ‘wool, fleece’, Du vacht id. Related
225; H AEEW 95; F 134; to *faxsan. Cf. also *fextanan. T-F
V ANEW 109; O 348; S 225; H AEEW 103; P I
189; L GED 102. 797; V ANEW 149.
*faraz sb.m.: Goth fagrs ‘proper, suitable’, *faiaz adj.: ON feigr ‘death-bound’,
ON fagr ‘fair, bright’, OE fæer ‘fair, OE f≠e ‘fated, doomed’, OS fègi
beautiful’, OS fagar id., OHG fagar ‘beau- ‘death-bound’, OHG feigi id. Related to
tiful, bright, splendid’. Identical with *faixaz II (B BB XXVII
Toch A pàkär, B pàkri ‘manifest, appar- 176; W BB XXVIII 36–38).
ent’, Skt pajrá- ‘firm, solid’, Umbr pacer O KZ III (NF) 427–428 (to Skt
‘bent’ (B IF IX 349). See *fan- pakvá- ‘cooked, baked, ripe’); S
xanan, *fexanan. S KZ I 155; ZdWf XI 274–275; Z Gutt. 189;
B PBB XLIII 369; Z Gutt. T-F 223 (to Lith paÛkas ‘stupid’);
188; K NB II 252; T-F H AEEW 95, 420; K
224; F 134; H AEEW 95; 207–208; K NB II 444; P I
W NP 14, 109, 123; M 795; V ANEW 115; O 353;
II 186; P I 796–797; V L GED 68; H apud J-
ANEW 109 (to *fanxanan or *f£òjanan); B Festschr. Puhvel I 214–215 (to *faixaz
M II 186; O 342; L- I); H 182–183; K-
 GED 101; B Nom. 248; S 256.
H 181–182. *faiiþò sb.f.: ON feigä ‘approaching
*fariþò sb.f.: ON fegrä ‘beauty, fair- death’, OE f≠ä ‘hostility’. Derived from
ness’, OS gi-fagiritha ‘ornament’. Derived *faiaz. Cf. *faixiþò. H AEEW
from *faraz or *farjanan ~ *faxrjanan. 95; V ANEW 115; H
H 182. 183.
*farìn sb.f.: ON fegri ‘beauty’, OHG fagarì *faixaz I adj.: Goth filu-faihs ‘multicolored,
‘splendor’. Derived from *faraz. H- manifold’, ON blá-fár ‘in blue speckles’,
 181. OE fáh, fá ‘colored’, OS fèh id., OHG fèh
*farjanan ~ *faxrjanan wk.vb.: Goth id. Identical with Skt pé≤as- ‘shape, form,
ga-fahrjan ‘to put in proper condition, color’, Av paès- ‘to color, to ornament’,
to make suitable’, ON fegra ‘to adorn’. Gk poik¤low ‘colorful’, Toch A peke ‘tab-
Derived from *faraz. F 180; V let, painting’ < *poi˚o-. Z Gutt.
ANEW 115; H 182. 132; B 817; T-F 241;
*faxez sb.f.: ON fær ‘sheep’. Close to Gk F 153–154; H AEEW 97;
pÒkow ‘wool, fleece’ (F BB I 60) fur- K NB I 45–46; P Gliederung
ther related to *fexu. S Plur. 149; 136 (short form of the original *filu-faixaz
T-F 225; P I 797; V ‘with many stains’); M II 342;
ANEW 149; F II 492–493. P I 794–795; V ANEW 112;
*faxsan sb.n.: ON fax ‘mane’, OE feax F II 572–573; L GED 116;
‘hair’, OFris fax id., OS fahs id., OHG B Nom. 237; H
fahs id. Based on an original s-stem as in 183–184; K-S 255.
Gk p°kow ‘fleece’. Derived from *faxez. *faixaz II adj.: OE fáh ‘guilty, criminal,
Z Gutt. 189; T-F 225; hostile, inimical’, OFris fàch ‘criminal’,
H AEEW 100; P I MDu vee ‘hostile, inimical’, OHG gi-fèh
faixaz 90 fal¶az
‘hostile’. Identical with Lith paÛkas ‘stupid’ V-T III 231; K-
(Z KZ XXXVII 401). Any connec- S 256.
tion with *faixaz I? Z Gutt. 189 *faimnjò sb.f.: ON feima ‘bashful girl,
(to *faixaz I); T-F 240–241; H- young lass’, OE f≠mne ‘virgin, maid,
 AEEW 97; W Postv. 79– woman’, OFris fàmne ‘young woman’, OS
81; P I 795; F 525; fèmea id. Fem. of unattested *faimòn ‘shep-
L GED 68; H 184–185; herd, herder’ related to Gk poimÆn id.,
K-S 255; B OFED s.v. Lith piemuõ id. Cf. in particular Lith
*faixjanan wk.vb.: ON fá ‘to draw, to piem‚në ‘female shepherd’. T-F
paint’, OHG fèhen ‘to decorate’. Derived 240 (to Av paèman- ‘milk’); F 585;
from *faixaz I. T-F 241; V F II 573.
ANEW 108; L GED 116; H- *faitaz adj.: ON feitr ‘fat’, MLG veet id.,
 183. MHG veiz id. Related to the IE adjective
*faiknan sb.n.: ON feikn ‘fright, misfor- reflected in Skt p≈van- ‘swelling, fat,
tune’, OE fácen ‘deceit, fraud’, OS fèkan strong’, Gk p¤vn id. T-F 241;
‘guile, malice’, OHG feihhan id. Sub- H AEEW 97; K NB I
stantivized *faiknaz. Z Gutt. 161; 59; M II 297–298; P I
T-F 241; H AEEW 794 (to Gk pidÊv ‘to gush forth’); V
94; P I 795; V ANEW 115 ANEW 115–116; F II 532; O
(to *faixaz II); Z I 139; H- 346–347; H 186–187; K-
 185. S 257, 261.
*faikna-stabaz sb.m.: ON pl. feikn-stafir *faitìn sb.f.: ON feiti ‘fatness’, MHG veize
‘bane, evil’, OE fácen-stæf ‘deceitful deed’. id. Derived from *faitaz. H
Compound of *faiknan and *stabaz. 186.
C Nom. comp. 54. *faitjanan wk.vb.: ON feita ‘to fatten’, OE
*faiknaz adj.: ON feikn ‘perishable’, OE part. f≠t id., OHG feizen id. Derived from
f≠cne ‘deceitful, fraudulent, wicked’, OS *faitaz. H AEEW 97; V
fèkni ‘guileful, malicious’, OHG feihhan ANEW 116; O 346–347; H-
‘insidious’. Related to Lat impers. piget ‘to  186.
annoy’ (C Gr. Et. 164). K *falaz adj.: ON falr ‘for sale’, OHG fali
NB II 449; T-F 241; H ‘saleable’. Related to Gk pvl°v ‘to sell’,
AEEW 94–95; W-H II 300– Lith pefinas ‘profit, yield’. T-F
301; F 89–90; P I 795; V 237; K NB I 66; P I 804;
ANEW 115; K Run. 122; L F 567–568; V ANEW 110–
Expr. 337–338 (to *faixaz II); H- 111; F II 633; M KZ CV 110;
 184–185. H 187; K-S 256.
*faiman sb.n.: Norw dial. feim ‘foam’, OE *fal¶a-lìkaz adj.: ON marg-faldligr ‘mani-
fám id., OHG masc. feim id. Related to fold’, OHG ein-faltlìh ‘simple’. Derived
other phonetically diverging words for from *fal¶az. H 188.
‘foam’: Skt phéna- ‘foam, froth’, Sogd *fal¶az adj.: Goth -falþs ‘-fold’, ON -faldr
pym’kh id., Lat spùma id., pùmex ‘pumice’, id., OE -feald id., OFris -fald id., OS -fald
Slav *pîna ‘foam’, Lith spaÛnë id. W- id., OHG -falt, -falto id. Appears only as
 KZ I 247; P Beiträge 690; the second element of adjectival com-
P IF V 80; M Etudes 445; pounds (see *aina-fal¶az). Derived from
T-F 224; T BSW 227– *falþanan. T-F 238; F 23;
228; H AEEW 98; W- H AEEW 99; W NP
H II 388–389; M II 33; O 366–367; H 187–
399; P I 1001 (reconstructs 188; K-S 247–248; B
*spoimno-); F 858; O 366; OFED s.v.
fal¶iz 91 falwaz
*fal¶iz sb.m.: ON feldr ‘cloak’, OE fyld *falliz adj.: ON hug-fellr ‘pleasing’, OFris
‘fold, volume’. May be related to Gk gars-felle ‘falling into the grass, hewn off ’.
p°lth ‘small shield’ and probably (with Derived from *fallanan. K NB I
phonetic difficulties) to Skt pa†a- ‘woven 111; M Festschr. Schröder 106, KZ
cloth, garment, blanket’. In any case, fur- CV 127; H 189; B
ther related to *falþanan. M II OFED s.v.
190; V ANEW 117; F II 501; *falljanan wk.vb.: ON fella ‘to fell, to
S 184. make fall’, OE fyllan ‘to fell, to cut down’,
*fal¶òjanan wk.vb.: ON marg-falda ‘to OFris fella, falla ‘to fell’, OS fellian id.,
multiply’, OE e-meni-fealdan id., OHG OHG fellen id. Causative of *fallanan.
manag-faltòn id. Derived from *fal¶az. T-F 238; H AEEW
V ANEW 110; S 184; H- 119; V ANEW 118; O 350;
 188. K-S 247; B OFED s.v.
*falxaz sb.m.: ON falr ‘socket of a spear’s *falþanan str.vb.: Goth falþan ‘to fold’,
head in which the handle is put’, OE fealh ON falda ‘to cover one’s head’, OE feal-
‘harrow’ (fem.). Derived from *felxanan dan ‘to fold up’, MLG volden id. (wk., with
(L apud V). Z Gutt. 132; str. part.), OHG faldan id. Continues
H AEEW 99; V ANEW *pel-t- further connected with Gk è-plÒow
110. ‘simple’, Lat sim-plus id. (B IF
*falkòn sb.m.: ON fálki ‘falcon’, MLG XXXVIII 128–130). T-F 238;
falke id., OHG falco id. Reflects *pol-·-, a F 141–142; H AEEW 99;
variant of *pol-˚- in Lith pál“as ‘pale’, W-H II 540; K 182–
Latv pàlss id. See *falwaz (T-F 183; J IEW 557; P I
239). P I 805. 802–803, 834–835; V ANEW 110;
*fallan ~ *fallaz sb.n./m.: ON fall ‘fall’, F I 121–122; O 366; S
OE fem. (?) feal ‘trap, pitfall’, OFris fal 183–184; P IF XCIV 295; L-
id., OS fal id., OHG fal ‘fall’. Directly  GED 107–108; K-S
derived from *fallanan ‘to fall’ or substan- 248.
tivized *fallaz. T-F 239; H- *falu¶az sb.m.: Dan fald ‘herd of sheep’,
 AEEW 99; V ANEW 110; OE falod, feald ‘fold, enclosure for ani-
Z II 186; B Nom. 54. mals, fold’ (neut.), OS faled id., OHG
*fallanan str.vb.: ON falla ‘to fall’, OE fald, falt ‘fold’. Derivationally close to Slav
feallan id., OFris falla id., OS fallan id., *pol˙t˙ ‘side, layer’ < *pol-uti- further
OHG fallan id. Reflects *pol-n- or *pol-. related to alb palë ‘pair, fold’, slav *pol˙
Connected with Arm p'lanim ‘to fall’, Lith ‘half’. T-F 236; M
púolu, pùlti id., Latv pult id., OPrus au-pal- NTS VII 347–349 (to Mir aile, gen. ailed
lai ‘to find’. W GR I 309 (to Gk ‘fence’); H AEEW 97; O
p¤ptv ‘to fall’); B KZ XXXII 28– 366; V-T III 316; L-
30; T-F 238–239; H  GED 107; O AED 309.
AEEW 99; J IEW 582–583; *falwaz adj.: burg *falus ‘fallow’, on f‡lr
P I 851; F 666; V ‘wan, pale’, OE fealu ‘fallow, yellow’, OS
ANEW 110; O 343; S 181– falu ‘pale yellow’, OHG falo ‘pale, reddish
182; T PJa I 159–160; K- yellow’. Identical with Lith pafivas ‘wan,
S 247; B OFED s.v. pale’, Slav *polv˙ ‘yellow, whitish’ (K
*fallaz adj.: ON vá-fallr ‘making a danger- KZ I 516). Further connected with Gk
ous fall, tottering’, OFris pl. gers-falle ‘cut poliÒw ‘gray’ < *poliWÒw, Arm alik' ‘white
off, fallen’. Derived from *fallanan ‘to fall’. hair’ and other continuants of IE
K NB I 79–80; H *pel-. K NB II 194–195; P
188–189. SVSU X 32, Beiträge 808; S
falwaz 92 fara-al¶an
FB 83–86; T-F 239; S 531–532; P I 788; V ANEW

ZDADL LXVI 95–96; T BSW 108; F II 525–526; O 344;
213; H AEEW 99; P S 185–186; L GED 102–
Gliederung 204; P I 804; C- 103; K-S 249; B
 SGGJa I 68; F 534; V OFED s.v.
ANEW 150; F II 575–576; O *fanjan sb.n.: Goth fani ‘clay, mud’, ON
343; V-T III 313; fen ‘fen, quagmire’, OE fen ‘fen, marsh,
B Nom. 243; K 710; mud, dirt’ (masc. and neut.), OFris fenne
H 189–190; K-S ‘wet meadow’ (masc., fem.), OS feni, fenni
244–245. ‘swamp, fen’, OHG fenni id. Etymo-
*falwiskò(n) sb.m./f.: ON f‡lski ‘ash over logically connected with Thrac pln.
burning ambers’, OHG falawisca ‘hot Pãnion, Gaul anam ‘paludem’, MIr en
ashes’. Derived from *falwaz. T- ‘water’, an id., enach ‘swamp’, OPrus
F 239; V ANEW 150. pannean ‘quagmire’ (B Glossarium 224;
*fanan ~ *fanxan sb.n.: Goth ga-fah L BB XXI 93; Bù Roczn. S∑aw. VI
‘catching, catch’, ON fang ‘catching fish’, 37). S Kl. Schr. 716 (to *funòn, as
OE fan ‘booty’ (masc.), OHG gi-fang ‘fire-colored’); K WF XII 7; E
‘clothing’. Related to *fanxanan. H- KZ LII 116; T-F 228; H-
 AEEW 98; F 179–180;  AEEW 101; F 142; P
P Gliederung 104, 127; V ANEW I 807–808; V ANEW 118; Z
110, 117; O 344; S 185; II 174; S LS 40–41; D
L GED 102; B Nom. Trakite 44; L GED 108; K-
134. S 258.
*faniz I sb.m.: ON fengr ‘gain, booty’, *fanòn sb.m.: Goth fana ‘piece of cloth,
OE fen ‘grasp, span’, OFris basa-fang rag’, ON -fani ‘flag’ (in compounds), OE
‘obscene grip’, OS ana-fang ‘touch’, OHG fana ‘flag’, OFris fana, fona ‘flag’, OS fano
ant-fang ‘reception, acceptance’. Sub- ‘cloth’, OHG fano ‘flag’. Related to Gk
stantivized *faniz II. T-F 224; p∞now: Ïfasma Hes., pÆnh ‘cloth’, Lat
H AEEW 100; S 185– pannus id. (C Gr. Et. 275–276;
186; B OFED s.v. O-S IF XXXIII 238). T-
*faniz II adj.: ON bráä-fengr ‘hot, hasty’, F 227; H AEEW 98;
OE and-fene ‘acceptable, approved, fit’, W-H II 247–248; F 142;
OFris fensze ‘suitable’, OHG ant-fengi S Festschr. Voretzsch 40 (same as
‘acceptable, pleasant’. Derived from *fan- C and O-S); T Lehm
xanan. K NB I 111–112; H- 27–28 (to *fanjan); P I 788; V
 AEEW 100; V ANEW 118; ANEW 111; Z I 153; F II
S 186; M Festschr. Schröder 529–530; L GED 108; K-
106, KZ CV 127; H 190. S 245.
*fanxanan str.vb.: Goth fahan ‘to catch, to *fantaz adj.: ON fattr ‘bowed backward’.
capture’, ON fá ‘to fetch, to catch’, OE Identical with Lat pandus ‘bent, crooked,
fón ‘to grasp, to catch, to seize’, OFris fà curved’ (B KZ XIX 437–438;
id., OS fàhan id., OHG fàhan id. Related V‘ 333). T-F 228 (to
to Lat pangò ‘to fortify’, Gk pÆgnumi *fenþanan); H IF XLVIII 255
‘to stick, to fix in’ (F BB XVI (to Pãndarow in Asia Minor); W-
189). Further connected with *faraz. H II 245; P I 788; V
Z Gutt. 6, 189; B Grundriß ANEW 114; H 190–191.
II/3 291; T-F 224; F 134– *fara-al¶an sb.n.: ON far-ald ‘journey’,
135; H AEEW 112; W- OE fær-eld ‘way, going, motion, journey’.
H II 245–246; J IEW Compound of *faran and *al¶an (see
fara-al¶an 93 farmaz
*al¶az). T-F 229; H C SGGJa I 58; P I

AEEW 96; V ANEW 112. 841; T Zhiv. 63; F 542;
*faran sb.n.: ON far ‘travel, ship’, OE fær V ANEW 113; T Zhiv. 63;
‘journey, vehicle, ship’, OHG far ‘haven’. O 345; V-T III 332;
Derived from *faranan. T-F 229; B Nom. 52; K-S
H AEEW 96; P I 816; 259.
V ANEW 112; Z I 140; *farxwaz adj.: OHG faro ‘colored’. Rela-
O 345; S 187. ted to Skt p®≤ni- ‘spotted, variegated’, Gk
*faranan str.vb.: Goth faran ‘to pass over, porknÒw ‘dark’, MIr erc ‘spotted, dark
to wander, to travel’, ON fara ‘to travel’, red’ (H IF LXXVIII 142–143). Cf.
OFris fara id., OE faran id., OFris fara id., also *furxnò. T-F 234; M-
OS faran id., OHG faran id. Related to  II 336; P I 820–821;
Skt píparti ‘to bring over, to save, to sur- S Language XLVIII 5–9 (with
pass’, Av par- ‘to bring over’, Gk perãv metathesis, to Lat corpus ‘body’); L
‘to penetrate’, pe¤rv ‘to pierce, to run GED 109; B Nom. 49–50.
through’, Slav *p¸r‡, *perti ‘to move, *farxwò sb.f.: Goth masc. or neut. farwa
to fly’. B IF XXXII 173–175 ‘form, appearance’, OFris ferwe id., MDu
(*-a- from *farjanan); B 851; verwe id., OHG farawa id. Substantivized
T-F 229; M MSL XIX 135; *farxwaz (M Wortbild. 75). T-
T BSW 215–216; F 142– F 234; S Language XLVIII
143; H AEEW 98; J- 5–9 (metathesis of *k⁄erp-: Skt k®p- ‘shape,
 IEW 548–551; B BSL LI beautiful appearance’, Lat corpus ‘body’);
36–41; M II 284; P I L GED 109 (against S);
816–818; V ANEW 112; F II K-S 249.
491–492; O 345; S 186–188; *farjanan wk.vb.: Goth farjan ‘to travel, to
V-T III 240; L go by sea’, ON ferja ‘to ferry, to trans-
GED 108–109; K-S 245. port’, OE ferian ‘to carry, to bear, to
*far¶iz sb.f.: Burg *fards ‘journey, way’, lead’, OFris feria ‘to lead, to ferry across’,
ON ferä ‘travel, journey’, OE fyrd ‘army, OS ferian ‘to travel by ship’, OHG ferren
expedition’, OFris ferd ‘military expedi- ‘to sail’. Causative/iterative of *faranan.
tion’, OS fard ‘way’, OHG fart id. T-F 229; H AEEW
Derived from *faranan. T-F 229; 102; F 142–143; V ANEW 118;
P I 817; V ANEW 119; O 352; S 187; L
Z I 150; S 187; L GED 108; K-S 245, 259.
GED 136–137, 381; B Nom. *farjòn sb.f.: ON ferja ‘ferry’, MLG vere
144–145; K 710; K-S id., MHG vere id. Derived from *faranan.
245. T-F 229; V ANEW 118;
*far¶jan sb.n.: ON fram-feräi ‘procedure, O 352.
conduct’, MLG e-verde ‘ride, way’, OHG *farmaz sb.m.: ON farmr ‘freight, cargo’,
gi-ferti ‘way’. Derived from *far¶iz. OE fearm id., OS farm ‘stampede’, OHG
V ANEW 118. farm ‘fast ship’. Identical with Slav *porm˙
*farxaz sb.m.: OE fearh ‘little pig, farrow’, ‘ferry’ (F I 475; P Beiträge
OHG neut. farah, farh id. Identical with 641). Derived from *faranan. H RFV
Lat porcus ‘pig’, MIr orc ‘young pig’, Lith XXIII 336 (Slav < Gmc); T-F
paı“as ‘gelded pig’, Slav *pors\ ‘piglet’ 229; T BSW 216; H
(K KZ I 39). Z Gutt. AEEW 99; P I 816–817; C-
190; P Kelt. Gr. I 91; T-F  SGGJa I 80; V ANEW 112;
234; T BSW 207; H Z I 131; S LS 43; V-
AEEW 99; W-H II 341; T III 331–332; S 187.
farnan 94 fastènan
*farnan sb.n.: OE fearn ‘fern’, MLG farn virile’, Gk p°ow id., Lat pènis id. < *pes-
id., OHG farn id. Related to phonetically ni-s (G apud A KZ I 288).
diverging IE words for ‘fern’: Gk pt°riw T-F 239; H AEEW 96;
id., Alb fier id. < PAlb *sper(n)a, OIr W-H II 281; M II
raith id. (< *prati-), Lith papártis id., 241; P I 824; Z II 167;
Slav *paport¸ id. Further connected with F II 507; K-S 250–251.
and exactly corresponding formally to Skt *fasta-xal¶az adj.: ON fast-haldr ‘fast-
par»á- ‘wing’, Av par6na- id. B- holding’, OE fæst-heald ‘firmly fixed’.
 869–870; P Kelt. Gr. I 91; Compound of *fastaz and *xal¶az (see
T-F 234; H AEEW 99; *xal¶anan). C Nom. comp. 63.
P I 826; F 538; F *fasta-lìkaz adj.: ON fast-ligr ‘strong,
II 611; O 351; K-S fast’, OE fæst-líc ‘firm’, OHG fast-lìh
249–250; O AED 96. ‘solid, firm, safe’. Derived from *fastaz.
*farò sb.f.: ON f‡r ‘journey’, OE faru id., H 192.
OFries fera id., MHG far id. Derived from *fastaz adj.: Burg *fastis ‘fast, firm’, ON
*faranan. T-F 229; H fastr id., OE fæst id., OFris fest id., OS fast
AEEW 98; V ANEW 151; O id., OHG fasto id. identical with Arm
345; S 187; B Nom. hast ‘firm’ (H ASt I 38; S
107. Arm. 439–440), probably from *po-stH-o-
*faròn sb.m.: ON -fari ‘sea-farer’, OE e- ‘standing firm’ based on *stà- ‘to stand,
fara ‘companion’, OFris rum-fara ‘pilgrim, to set’. K NB II 373–374;
traveler to Rome’, OHG -faro ‘traveler’. U PBB XX 328 (to Skt pastya-
Derived from *faranan. Identical with ‘dwelling, abode’); T-F 239; F
Toch B akwam-pere ‘sprout and stalk’ < 143–144; H AEEW 96;
*-porom. H AEEW 98; V P I 789; C SGGJa I
ANEW 112; S 187; B 107; V ANEW 113; O 346; 
Nom. 176; A TB 5. L Sprache XXVI 133–144 (to
*farzòn sb.m.: ON farri ‘bullock’, OE fearr Hitt pa¢“- ‘to protect’, Slav *pasti ‘to pas-
‘bull, ox’ (from *farzaz), MLG varre id., ture’); L GED 109–110; S
OHG farro id. Deverbative based on IE Festschr. Rosenfeld 499–503; K 710;
*pers-: Skt p®ßan ‘spotted’, Tokh AB pärs- H 192–193; K-S
‘to sprinkle’. For the semantic develop- 260–261.
ment cf. Latv vepris ‘boar’, Slav *vepr¸ id. *fastènan wk.vb.: Goth fastan ‘to hold
~ Skt vápati ‘to throw (out), to eject, to fast, to fast’, ON fasta ‘to fast’, OE fæstian
excrete’. P WuS XX 38; O ‘to entrust, to commit’, OFris festia ‘to
PBB XX 90–91 (to Skt pºthuka- ‘boy, fast’, OS festian ‘to strengthen’, OHG
young of an animal’, Arm ort' ‘calf ’); fastèn ‘to fast’. Derived from *fastaz. The
T-F 235; H AEEW semantic development from ‘keeping,
99; M Gém. 178; M II observing’ to ‘fasting’ is explained by
336; P I 818, 823; T calquing Lat (ièiùnium) observàre (W
Zhiv. 42–43 (to Slav *porz˙ ‘bull, hog’ < ANF XLIV 104–105: ON < OE; V
*porso-); V ANEW 112; Z II JEGP XXIX 502–503). T-F
195; B Nom. 50; K- 239; F 143–144; F ANF XLI 116;
S 250. H ANF XLVII 285 (ON < MLG
*fas(u)laz sb.m.: ON f‡sull ‘brood’, OE vasten); P AGIt LVI 19–28 (the cultic
fæsl ‘offspring, progeny’ (masc. or neut.?), meaning of *fastènan is based on Lat sta-
MLG vasel ‘mature bull’, OHG fasal tiò ); L Sprache XXVI 139–144
‘offspring, progeny, kin’ (neut.). Con- (from IE *pà-); V ANEW 113; O
nected with Skt neut. pásas- ‘membrum 346; M P AGI LVI 19–
fastènan 95 faþò
28; S RIL CIX 433–436 (calque *fatan II sb.n.: ON fat ‘clothes, dress’.
of Gk fulãssv); L GED 109– An isolated form. Probably an old Orien-
110; S Festschr. Rosenfeld 493–505 tal loanword, cf. NCauc *Hp>dV: Avar
(from *p⁄os-to-, to Lat pùrus ‘clean’ < hebét ‘linen’, Lak pat:a ‘old clothes’, Rutul
*p⁄6s-); H 193; K- badu ‘trousers’. V ANEW 113;
S 251. N-S NCED 600.
*fastinòjanan wk.vb.: ON fastna ‘to *fatilaz sb.m.: ON fetill ‘strap’, OE fetel
pledge’, OE fæstnian ‘to fasten’, OFris ‘girdle, belt’, MDu vetel ‘fetter’, OHG
festna id., OS fastnòn id., OHG festinòn, fezzil ‘girdle, band’ (also neut.). Derived
fastinòn ‘to strengthen’. Derived from from *fatan II. Hardly related to *feturaz
*fastaz. H AEEW 97; V ~ *feturò(n). T-F 226; H-
ANEW 113; O 346.  AEEW 102; V ANEW 118–119;
*fastìn sb.f.: ON staä-festi ‘steadfastness’, O 352; K-S 260.
ODu festi ‘solidness’, OHG festì ‘strength, *fatjanan wk.vb.: OFris fatia ‘to grasp’,
might’. Derived from *fastaz. V OE fetian ‘to fetch, to marry’. Derived
ANEW 118; H 192. from *fetanan. T-F 226; P-
*fastjan sb.n.: OSwed fæste ‘fortress’,  I 790–791; O 352.
OFris feste ‘contract, treaty’. Derived *fatòjanan wk.vb.: ON fata ‘to step’, OE
from *fastaz. H 192. fatian ‘to fetch’, OHG sih fazzòn ‘to rise,
*fastjanan wk.vb.: ON festa ‘to fasten’, to exalt’. Derived from *fetanan. T-
OE fæstan id., OFris bi-festa ‘to entrust’, F 226; H AEEW 98; V
OS part. gi-festid ‘fastened’, OHG festen ANEW 114; S 196; L GED
‘to strengthen, to fasten’. Derived from 113; K-S 251.
*fastaz. T-F 239; H *faþmaz sb.m.: ON faämr ‘fathom’, OE
AEEW 96; V ANEW 118; H- fæäm ‘embracing arms, lap, cubit, fathom’,
 192. OFris fethm ‘fathom’, OS pl. fathmòs
*fastòn sb.f.: ON fasta ‘fasting’, OS fasta id., OHG fadam ‘yarn, fathom’. Etymo-
id., OHG fasta ‘fast, parsimony’. Con- logically related to W etem, NW edau
nected with *fastènan. V ANEW 113; ‘thread’ < *petimà and, with certain
L GED 109. difficulties, to Slav *pasm\ ‘thread bundle’
*fastubnjan sb.n.: Goth fastubni ‘fasting, (< *pòt-s-mà). Further see *faþò (M-
observance, vigilance’, OS fastunnia ‘fast-  Festschr. Heinzel 174; L Language
ing’. Derived from *fastènan or directly IX 249). T-F 226; H
from *fastaz. F 144; L GED AEEW 97; P I 824–825; C-
109–110.  SGGJa I 97; V ANEW 109;
*fatan I sb.n.: ON fat ‘vat’, OE fæt ‘vessel’, Z I 131; O 347; T-
OFris fet id., OS fat id., OHG faz id. ON  Rem. 102–103; V-T
fat ‘clothes, dress’ is a historically different III 212; L GED 110; B-
word (see *fatan II). Identical with púodas  Nom. 71; K-S 244.
‘pot’ (an original neuter with a lengthen- *faþmjanan wk.vb.: ON feäma ‘to span’,
ing due to Winter’s law). Probably further MLG vedemen ‘to measure with outspread
related to Lith p∏das ‘sheaf ’, Latv pêda arms’. Derived from *faþmaz. V
‘bunch’. T-F 226; H ANEW 114.
AEEW 97; T ZDPh LXX 353–355; *faþmòjanan wk.vb.: ON faäma ‘to
P I 790; F 563; V embrace’, OE fæämian ‘to fathom, to
ANEW 113; Z I 140; O embrace’, MDu vademen ‘to thread’,
971; L GED 113 (to *ped- ‘foot’); OHG fadamòn ‘to spin, to sew’. Derived
K-S 251; D BSA 130– from *faþmaz. V ANEW 109.
131. *faþò sb.f.: Goth faþa ‘hedge’, ON pln.
faþò 96 fextanan
F‡ä, MHG vade ‘hedge’. Related to Gk fioräo id., OHG fiordo id. Derived from
petãnnumi ‘to spread out’, Lat pateò *fe¶wòrez, *fe¶urez. In WGmc *fe¶urþòn >
‘to stand open’ (G Got. 65). *feurþòn. Identical with Toch A ≤tärt, B
U PBB XXX 274–275 (to IE ≤tarte id., Gk t°tartow id., Skt caturthá- id.,
*pà- ~ *pò- ‘to protect’); G Lat quàrtus id., Lith ketviıtas id., Slav
Got. 65; O ANF XXIII 90–94 (adds *‘etv¸rt˙ id. T-F 227; T-
ONorw theon. F‡ä, originally—‘border’);  BSW 132; M MSL XIV 382,
T-F 226; W-H II BSL XXIX 34, 36–37; W-H
262; F 144; T ZSSR LXV II 399; M I 371; F 247;
242–243 (follows U); P I V ANEW 124; F II 883–884;
824–825; V ANEW 150; F II O 373; T ESSJa IV 95;
520–521; L GED 110. R-B Numerals 627; A TB 641;
*fauxaz ~ *faxwaz adj.: Goth pl. fawai B IFTJa 258.
‘few’, ON fár id., OE feáwa id., OS fà, fao *fe¶wòrez num.: Goth fidwor ‘four’, OE
id., OHG fò ‘rare, few’. Related to Lat feówer id., OFris fiùwer, fiòwer id., OS fiwar,
paucus id., and further to Lat paullus id., fiuwar id., OHG fior id. Phonetically trans-
Gk paËrow ‘small’ (K KZ I 515). formed by analogy with *fenfe (Z
B KZ XXXII 31 (adds Arm p'ok'r Gutt. 7). Related to IE *k⁄et⁄òr id.: Toch
‘small’); T-F 239; W- ≤twar, B ≤twer, Skt catvàra-, Gk t°ssarew,
H II 265–266; F 147; Alb katër, OIr cethir, Lat quattuor, Lith
P I 842–843; V ANEW 112; keturì, Slav *‘etyri. M MSL VII
F II 482–483; O 353; L 162, IX 158–159; S BB
Verschärfung 16.6; L GED 112; XXVIII 301; T-F 227; T-
B Nom. 239.  BSW 131; H AEEW
*fausaz ~ *fauzaz adj.: Norw dial føyr 102; W-H II 400–401;
‘rotten’, Du voos ‘spongy’. Derived from F 149–150; M I 371–372;
*fùanan. T-F 242–243; V P I 642–644; F 247–248;
ANEW 114; P I 790; V- H MGS II 1; V ANEW 124; F
T III 414. II 883–884; O 373; L GED
*fe¶urez num.: Goth fidur- ‘four’ (in 113–114; T ESSJa IV 97–98;
cmpn.), ON masc. fjórir, neut. fj‡gur id., R-B Numerals 582–584; K-
OE feäer-fóte ‘foor-footed’. Continues S 864; O AED 173–174;
*k⁄et⁄º-, cf. Skt catúr-a«ga- ‘four-mem- A TB 641–642; B IFTJa 258.
bered’, Gk tetra-, Myc qe-to-ro-, Lat *fexanan str.vb.: OE e-feón ‘to be glad, to
quadru-. See *fe¶wòrez. T-F 227; rejoice’, OHG gi-fehan id. Probably rela-
H AEEW 103; W- ted to *fanxanan. F I 471 (to Lat pàx
H II 706; F 149; M ‘peace’); Z Gutt. 188–189 (same as
I 372; P I 642–644; F II F); T-F 224–225; W JEGP
883–884; S Numerals 79–85; XIII 504 (to *fextanan); H
L GED 113; R-B Numerals AEEW 101; P I 796–797; S-
579–582.  189.
*fe¶ur-skautjaz ~ *fe¶wòr-skautjaz *fextanan str.vb.: OE feohtan ‘to fight’,
adj.: ON fer-skeyttr ‘four-cornered, OFris fiuchta id., OS fehtan id., OHG
square’, OE feówer-scÿte id., OHG fior- fehtan id. Identical with Lat pectò ‘to comb’
scòzi id. Compound of *fe¶urez, *fe¶wòrez (Z Gutt. 189; S KZ LXVIII
and *skautjaz (see *skautaz). C Nom. 205–207), further to Gk p°kv id. (note
comp. 65. pekt°v ‘to shear, to clip’), Lith pe“ù, pè“ti
*fe¶urþòn num.: ON fjóräi ‘fourth’, OE ‘to pluck’. O Etym. 369–371 (to
feóräa, feóweräa id., OFris fiàrda id., OS Lat pugnus ‘fist’); T-F 225; H-
fextanan 97 felþuz
 AEEW 101; W-H II Gk pãlkow: phlÒw, Hes.); G

269–270; S KZ LXVIII 507, 613 Got. 68 (to Slav *p˙lk˙ ‘warfare, troop’);
(on the influence of *flextanan); P I Z Gutt. 130; T-F 237;
797; F 580–582; A Festschr. H ESt. 29–46; F 151–152;
Trier KG 146–159; F II 492–493; H AEEW 101; T Lehm
O 355; S 190–191; K- 24–30; J IEW 557–558;
S 254. P I 803–804; V ANEW 117
*fexu sb.n.: Goth faihu ‘money, movable (to IE *pel- ‘cover, skin’); S
goods’, ON fé ‘cattle, property’, OE feoh 191–193; B IEL 128–129;
id. (< *fexan), OFris fià id. (masc., neut.), L GED 115; K-S 90
OS fehu id., OHG fihu id. Identical with (to Lat appellò ‘to drive to, to move
Skt pa≤ú- ‘cattle, animal’, Av pasu- ‘cattle’, toward’, Latv pefit ‘to vilify’).
Lat pecù id., Umbr pl. pequo ‘pecua’, Lith *fellan sb.n.: Goth þruts-fill ‘leprosy’, ON
p‚kus ‘cattle’, OPrus pecku id. O fjall ‘skin’, OE fell id., OFris fell id., OS
Etym. I 214, 256–257 (adds Slav *p¸s˙ fell id., OHG fel id. Identical with Gk acc.
‘dog’ as *‘cattle guard’); Z Gutt. pl. p°llaw id., Lat pellis id. < *pel-n-
190; S KZ XL 412; B (B KZ XIX (1870) 409–410). Cf.
879–880; T-F 225; F also WGmc *feltaz > OE felt ‘felt’, MLG
ZfslavPh XI 49–51; H AEEW filt id., OHG filz id. and *speltaz ~ *speltò
101; W-H II 270–271; > OE masc. (?) spelt ‘spelt’, OS spelta
F 135–136; M II 239– ‘spelt’, OHG spelza ‘spelt’. C Gr.
240; P I 797; F 564– Et. 276 (*feltaz to Lat pilleus ‘felt cap’);
565; V ANEW 114; Z II S KZ X 479–481; H Wald-
199; B IEL 39, 47–48, bäume 420 (*speltaz ~ *speltò to *spal¶anan);
155; L GED 102–103; B- S-N II 648 (*speltaz ~
 Nom. 156; K-S *speltò to Lat pollen ‘fine flour, fine
864. powder’ < *(s)p¬dèn); T-F 236–
*fexu-frekaz adj.: Goth faihu-friks ‘cov- 238; H AEEW 100; W-
etous, greedy’, ON fé-frekr ‘greedy for H II 275–276; F 503–504;
money’. Compound of *fexu and *frekaz. P I 801–803 (*feltaz to Lat pellò
C Nom. comp. 67. ‘to beat, to push’); V ANEW 123;
*fexu-ernaz adj.: Goth faihu-gairns ‘cov- Z I 140; F II 499; O
etous, avaricious’, ON fé-gjarn ‘greedy’, 349–350, 852; L GED 114–115;
OE feoh-eorn ‘avariciuos, covetous’. K-S 258, 265, 776.
Compound of *fexu and *ernaz. C *fellìnaz adj.: Goth filleins ‘leathern’, OE
Nom. comp. 59. fellen ‘made of skin’, OHG fellìn id.
*fexu-xùsan sb.n.: ON fé-hús ‘stall’, OE Derived from *fellan. Structurally close to
feoh-hús ‘treasury’, MLG vè-hùs ‘stall’. Lat pellìnus id. H AEEW 105;
Compound of *fexu and *xùsan. C W-H II 275; F 152;
Nom. comp. 71 (parallel formations). L GED 114.
*felxanan str.vb.: Goth filhan ‘to bury, to *felmaz sb.m.: OE film ‘skin, husk’.
conceal’, ON fela ‘to hide, to conceal’, Derivationally close to Gk p°lma ‘sole of
OE féolan ‘to cleave, to stick, to reach’, foot’. Further related to *fellan. T-
OFris bi-fella ‘to conceal, to commit’, F 235; H AEEW 100;
OS bi-felhan ‘to commit’, OHG felahan P I 803; F II 499–500;
‘to transmit, to entrust, to bury’. Of O 356.
unknown origin. K KZ I 39; *felþuz ~ *felþaz sb.m.: OE feld ‘field’,
E KZ VI 217 (to OHG felga ‘bend, OFris feld id., OS feld id., OHG neut.
rim’); U PBB XXVII 118 (to feld id. Continues *peltu-, a secondary
felþuz 98 fenra-ulþan
transformation of the original zero grade T III 426; L GED
*p¬tu-: Skt pºthú- ‘broad, wide’, Av p6r6yu- 117; R-B Numerals 584–585;
id., Gk platÊw ‘flat’. Related to *ful¶ò(n). K-S 290–291; O AED
B 892–893; T-F 237; 316; A TB 388; B IFTJa 248.
H AEEW 100; M *fenfe-fal¶jan ~ *fenfe-fal¶( j)òn
II 333; P I 806 (to *pel6- : *plà- sb.n./f.: ON fífrildi ‘butterfly’, OE
‘wide’), 833; V ANEW 137; Z- fíf( f )ealde id., OS fifaldra, fìfoldara id., MDu
 II 199; F II 553–554; O viveltere id., OHG fìfaltra id. Compound
354; B Nom. 155; K- based on *fenfe and *fal¶az, *‘(creature) of
S 257. five folds’ (cf. OE fíf-feald ‘five-fold’),
*felu adv., adj.: Goth filu ‘much, very’, ON tabooed and modified in various ways
fj‡l-auäigr ‘very rich’, OE fela, feala, feola in different Gmc languages. Hardly a
‘many, much’, OFris felo, ful id. (< *fulu), descriptive stem similar to Lat pàpiliò
OS filu id., OHG filu, filo id. Identical ‘butterfly’. B BB VII 75
with Skt purú- ‘much, many, abundant’, (to Lat pàpiliò ‘butterfly, moth’); N
Av pauru- ‘much, many’, Gk polÊ id. Abriß 228 (same as B); T-
O PBB XIII 444–445; B- F 238; H AEEW 104;
 854–855; T-F 235; W-H II 249–250; P I
H AEEW 100; F 152–153; 801; V ANEW 119; Z I 222;
B Origines 54; M II K-S 248 (reconstructs *fifal-
311; P 799–800; V ANEW dròn).
125; F II 577–578; L GED *fenftòn num.: Goth fimfta- ‘fifth’ (in
116; B Nom. 262–263; cmpn.), ON fimti, fimmti id. (for *fífti ), OE
K-S 864. fífta id., OFris fìfta id., OS fìfto id., OHG
*felzan ~ *fel(e)zaz sb.n./m.: ON fjall fimfto id. Close to Toch A pänt, B pi«kte
‘rock, mountain’, OS felis id., OHG felis id., Av puxda- id., Gk p°mptow id., Lat
‘rock, cliff ’. Closely related to Gk p°lla: quìntus id., OIr cóiced id., Lith peñktas
l¤yow (Hes.) < *pelso-, OIr all ‘cliff, stone’ id., Slav *p=t˙ id. Further see *fenfe.
< *p¬so- (V RC XXXVIII 184). B 908–909; T-F
P I 807; V ANEW 123; F 228–229; T BSW 213; H-
II 499; K-S 258.  AEEW 104; W-H II
*fenfe num.: Goth fimf ‘five’, ON fimm id., 408; F 154–155; P I 808;
OE fíf id., OFris fìf id., OS fìf id., OHG F 570; V ANEW 120;
fimf id. From *fenxwe identical with Toch S Numerals 27–44, 71–76; F
A päñ, B pi≤ id., Skt páñca id., Av pan‘a id., II 506–507; O 358; V-
Arm hing id., Gk p°nte id., Arm hing id., T III 426; L GED 117;
Alb pesë ~ pêsë id., Lat quìnque id., OIr cóic R-B Numerals 628; A TB 385;
id., Lith penkì id., Slav *p\t¸ id. < *penk⁄- B IFTJa 248.
ti-. S KZ XXXI 280 (to *fenraz); *fenftiz num.: ON fimt ‘number of five’.
P KZ XXXII 272, Kelt. Gr. I 37; Identical with Skt pa«ktí- ‘group of five’,
Z Gutt. 7–8; H IF XVIII 84; Alb pesë ~ pêsë ‘five’, Slav *p\t¸ id.
B 844–845; L JEGP T-F 229; M II 185;
XXXVIII 192–193; T-F 228; V ANEW 120; V-T
T BSW 213; H III 426; O AED 316.
AEEW 104, AWN 61; W-H *fenra-ulþan sb.n.: Goth figgra-gulþs
II 407–408; F 154; M II ‘finger-ring’, ON fingr-gull id. Compound
187; P I 808; F 570; of *fenraz and *gulþan (C Nom. comp.
V ANEW 120; Z II 206; 67, 276). F 150; C Nom. comp.
F II 506–507; O 358; V- 67; L GED 161.
fenraz 99 fer(w)unjan
*fenraz sb.m.: Goth figgrs ‘finger’, ON 808–809; M II 210–211; V

fingr id. (contamination of u-stem and root ANEW 120; H Lingua XXXIV 229–
stem), OE finer id., OFris finger id., OS 234; F II 578–579; O 356;
fingar id., OHG fingar id. Together with S 193–194 (to *pet- ‘to fall’);
OIr cóicer ‘set of five persons’ and Arm V-T III 413; L
hinger- (in hinger-ord ‘fifth’), continues GED 117; K-S 266.
*penk⁄rós (M MSL IX 151, BSL *fer(e)rai ~ *fer(e)ròt adv.: Goth fairra
XXIX 36). Further connected with *fenfe ‘far’, ON fjarri id., OE feorr id., OFris fèr
(S BB XXX 238). G DG II id., OS ferr, ferro id., OHG ferro id.
60 (to *fanxanan); B BB XIV 79 Derivative of IE *per- (Skt párà ‘away,
(from *penk⁄res); P KZ XXXII off ’, Av par¡ id.) similar to IE *up-ero-
272; G Got. 67 (with com- (B IF XXXIII 300–301).
parative suffix *-ero-); L ANF G Got. 64 (comparative *feri-
XXXV 229 (to *fimiz); Z Gutt. 73; zòt); B 852–853; T-F
T-F 228; H AEEW 231 (reconstruct *-ai); K Urgerm.
105; F 150; S Kl. Schr. 193 247; H AEEW 102; F 141;
(follows G); P I 808; V M II 215; P I 811;
ANEW 120; Z II 206; O V ANEW 123; O 345; L
357; L GED 114; B GED 107; K-S 259; A
Nom. 75; R-B Numerals 661; TB 359 (identical with Toch A pärne, B
K-S 266. parna ‘outside’ < *pereno- < *perero- with
*fenjò sb.f.: Goth-Lat fenea (= Goth *finja) dissimilation).
‘pearl barley, barley dish’. Related to *fer(e)rjanan wk.vb.: ON firra ‘to deprive,
Lat penus ‘store of food’, Lith p‚nas to save’, OE a-firran ‘to remove, to take
‘nourishment’. W-H II 283; away’, OFris fira id., OS firrian id., OHG
P I 807; F 569; L firren id. Derived from *fer(e)rai ~ *fer(e)ròt.
GED 112. T-F 231; V ANEW 121.
*fenþanan str.vb.: Goth finþan ‘to find out, *fer(w)unjan ~ *fer(w)unjò sb.n./f.:
to recognize, to learn’, ON finna ‘to find’, Goth fairguni ‘mountain, mountain
OE findan id., OFris finda id., OS findan range’, ON fj‡rgyn ‘mother-earth’, OE
id., OHG findan id. A secondary verb firgen ‘mountain, mountain-woodland’,
derived from *pontHo-: Skt pánthà- ‘path’, OHG mtn. Fergunna. Identical with
Gk pÒntow ‘sea’, Arm hun ‘ford’, Lat pòns (M ZDADL XXXII 454–458) or bor-
‘bridge’, OPrus pintis ‘way’, Slav *p‡t¸ id. rowed from (K IF VII 284–285)
(B-R TPS 1961 138). Cf. also Celt ÑErkÊniow drumÒw, Hercynia silva, cf.
*p–tHo- ‘one pertaining to the way’ in further Lith perkùnas ‘thunder god; thun-
Toch B amäkß-pänte ‘wagon-master (?)’ der’, OPrus Percunis ‘thunder’ (G
(A TB 19). The original meaning DM I 156–157). Derived from *ferxwuz.
was better preserved in WGmc *fanþjòn > S KZ I 155–157; H IF I
OE féäa ‘troop, band, company’, OHG 479–483 (same as M); Z Gutt.
fendo ‘soldier, pedestrian’ reflecting an 130; Z ZDADL XIX 164–166 (to
underlying verbum movendi. S Skt Parjánya- ‘raincloud, god of rain’);
Btrg. Gesch. XVIII 261; T-F 228; K Einleitung 81 (Celt < Gmc);
B 732 (to Gk papta¤nv ‘to W BB XXVIII 8–9 (to Slav
peer’); P KZ XXXIX 366; *porg˙ ‘threshold, rapids’ and mnt. *per-
T BSW 205–206; H gyni); M PBB XXVI 282 (same as
AEEW 105; W-H II 336– K); F 137–138; K GFL
337; F 155; B Word X 257; 75–76 (Lith perkùnas < EGmc); M-
J IEW 543; P I  II 241–242 (originally, the name of
fer(w)unjan 100 fernaz
the Alps); T-F 234; J (Goth fers compared with OE ferhä ‘soul,
IEW 557 (to *ferxwan); F 137–139; spirit, mind’); W BB XXVIII 1;
J Word XI 616 (to Slav *pergyni Z Gutt. 64; K KVSL XLVIII 2
‘wooded hill’); P Gliederung 195; (Crim. Goth < Hung férj ‘man’); F
P I 822 (from pre-Celtic); F- 148; V ANEW 121; M Germ. Rek.
 575; V ANEW 126; Z II 98–100; L GED 105–106, 113.
216; F Trees 133–140; V- *ferxwuz sb.m.: Goth fairus ‘world’,
T III 246–247; H JL III OHG fereh-eih ‘oak’. Identical with Lat
83–90 (follows K); L GED quercus id. (H IF I 479). W
104–105. BB XXVIII 3; T-F 234; W-
*ferxwa-ebòn sb.m.: ON fj‡r-gjafi ‘one H II 402–403; P I 822–
who saves another’s life’, OE feorh-ifa 823; M Festschr. Oberhuber 159–170.
‘giver of life’. Compound of *ferxwan and *ferina-werkan sb.n.: ON firin-verk
*ebòn. C Nom. comp. 80 (parallel ‘lechery’, OE firen-weorc ‘wicked work’,
formations; OE is a calque of Lat largitor OS firin-werc ‘act of violence’. Compound
vitae). of *ferinò and *werkan. C Nom. comp.
*ferxwa-rè¶an ~ *ferxwa-rè¶iz sb.n./ 47; V ANEW 121.
m.: ON fj‡r-ráä ‘plotting against one’s *ferinò sb.f.: Goth fairina ‘fault, offence,
life’, OE feorh-r≠d ‘life-benefit’. Com- reproach’, ON firn ‘abomination’ (neut. <
pound of *ferxwan and *rè¶an ~ *rè¶iz. *ferinu-), OE firen ‘wicked deed, sin,
C Nom. comp. 80 (parallel formations). crime’, OFris firne id., OS firina id., OHG
*ferxwa-seukaz adj.: ON fj‡r-sjúkr ‘sick firina id. Connected with *fèran ~ *fèrò.
unto death’, OE feorh-seóc ‘mortally U Got. Wb. 41 (prefixal form
wounded’. Compound of *ferxwan and related to Skt inóti ‘to advance upon, to
*seukaz. C Nom. comp. 61. press upon’, iná- ‘strong, mighty’); G-
*ferxwan sb.n.: ON fj‡r ‘life’, pl. masc.  Got. 63 (to Gk pe›ra ‘attempt,
fj‡rvar ‘men’, OE feorh ‘life, soul’, OFris undertaking’); W IF XLI 29–30
ferch id., OS ferah id., OHG ferah id. (same as U); T-F 231;
Related to *ferxwuz (G-G III M BSL XXII 224 (to Iran par- ‘to
1527). K KZ I 39; W go through’); S KZ LXVI 253
BB XXVIII 14–15 (to Skt pár≤u- ‘rib; (to Toch A pare, B peri ‘debt’); F 139–
sickle’); Z Gutt. 63; T-F 234; 140; H AEEW 105, AWN 62
H AEEW 101; F 139; (to Toch A pare, B peri ‘guilt’); V 121
J apud V (to Gk prap¤dew (to *fer(e)rai ~ *fer(e)ròt); P I 10,
‘midriff; understanding, mind’); T- 818; Z I 174; L GED 106.
F 234 (same as W); S *ferinòjanan wk.vb.: Goth fairinon ‘to
KZ LXVIII 200 (follows G); blame, to accuse, to reproach’, ON firna
V RC XLIV 313–315 (follows ‘to blame’, OE firenian ‘to sin’, OHG
G); P I 822; V ANEW firinòn ‘to stain (by crime)’. Derived from
125; Z II 199; F Trees *ferinò. H AEEW 105; F
137 (same as G); M Germ. Rek. 98– 139; V ANEW 121; L GED
100; L GED 105–106; B- 106.
 Nom. 155. *fernaz adj.: Goth fairns ‘previous (of
*ferxwjaz sb.m.: Crim. Goth fers ‘man’, year)’ (af fairnin jera = épÚ p°rusi), OS fer-
ON pl. firar id., OE pl. firas ‘living beings, nun gère id., MHG verne id. Identical with
men’, OS firihos ‘people’, OHG gen. pl. Umbr perne ‘before’ < *pernai, Lith pl. pér-
u[i]rho, dat. pl. mit firahim ‘people’. nai id., Latv p.rns id. Probably to be
Derived from *ferxwan (D VW I explained from *per- ‘previous’ and zero
361). G ZDPh XXX 128 grade of *eno- ‘year’. M BSL
fernaz 101 fetjò
XXIX 229–230, MSL XXIII/IV 274– *feru¶i adv.: ON í fj‡rä ‘in the previous
275; T-F 231; F 140–141; year’, MHG vert ‘previous year’. Identical
S Kl. Schr. 537–540 (from *per-no-, with Skt parút ‘last year’, Arm heru id., Gk
with suffix *-no-); K NB II 210– Att p°rusi id., OIr ónn-urid ‘ab anno
211; C SGGJa I 77; F priore’. (B Grundriß II/2 708).
576; P I 810–811; S LS 42; T-F 231; H IF XXV
L GED 106–107; B 148; M II 219; P I
Nom. 246; K-S 267. 810–811; V ANEW 124; F II
*fernjaz adj.: Goth fairneis ‘old’, OE fyrn 518–519; B Nom. 199–200;
‘ancient, old’, OHG firni ‘old, erstwhile, G Wurzelnomina 444–445.
former’. Derived from *fernaz. T- *festiz sb.m.: MLG vist ‘foist, fart’, MHG
F 231; F 140; V ANEW 123 vist id. Identical with Gk p°ziw ‘bullfist,
(to *fer(e)rai ~ *fer(e)ròt); L GED Lycoperdon Bovista’, Lat pèdis ‘louse’,
106; H 196; K-S further to Gk bd°v ‘to break wind’, Lat
267. pèdò id., Lith bezdù, bezd∏ti ‘to break wind’,
*fersnò ~ *ferznò sb.f.: Goth fairzna Slav *p¸zdîti id. F BB VII 270;
‘heel’, OE fiersn id. (< *fersniz), OS fersna S KZ XXVII 320; T
id., OHG fersana, fersna id. Connected BSW 221; W-H II 272–273;
with Hitt par“ina ‘upper thigh’, Toch B P I 829; F I 230; V-
porsno ‘ankle (?)’ < *pèrsn-, Skt pàrß»i- T I 163; K-S 268.
‘heel’, Av pà“naid., Gk pt°rnh ‘heel’, Lat *fetan sb.n.: ON fet ‘step, pace’. Continues
perna ‘haunch’ < *pèrsnà (F I 81–82). IE *pedó-, cf. Hitt pedan ‘place’, Toch A
B 891; T-F 234– päts, B patsa ‘bottom’, Skt padám ‘step,
235; H AEEW 104; W- footstep’, Av pad6m id., Gk p°don
H II 289–290; F 141; ‘ground, earth’, Arm het ‘foot trace’, Lat
K HG 27 (*è > *e before sonorant peda id., OIr ed ‘period’, Lith pëdà ‘foot,
followed by obstruent); P I 823; sole’. Thematization of IE *ped- ‘foot’.
C SGGJa I 106; Z II See *fòtz. B 842; T-
193; F II 611–612; L GED F 225; T BSW 209–210;
107; B Nom. 147; K- W-H II 293–294; M-
S 260; A TB 404.  II 204–205; P I 790–791;
*fertanan str.vb.: ON freta ‘to break wind’ F 561–563; F II 485–486;
(with metathesis), MLG verten id., OHG B Nom. 59; A TB 362;
ferzan id. Cf. OE feortin ‘pedatio’. D BSA 134 (lengthening in Baltic due
Related to Skt párdate id., Gk p°rdomai to Winter’s law).
id., Alb pjerdh, Lith pérd≥iu, pérsti id., Slav *fetanan str.vb.: ON feta ‘to step’, OE
*p¸rdîti id. T-F 234; T pret. e-fæt ‘to fall’, OHG pret. faz id.
BSW 220; H AEEW 102; Related to IE *ped- id.: Skt padyate ‘to
J IEW 554; M II fall’, Slav *pad‡, *pasti id. (M MSL
225; P I 819; V ANEW XIV 336). T-F 225; H-
142; F 577; F II 511–512;  AEEW 102; J IEW 541–
O 346; S 194–195; V- 542; M II 206–207; P I
T III 235–236; K-S 790–792; V ANEW 118; S
250; O AED 330. 195–196; V-T III 184;
*fertaz ~ *furtaz sb.m.: ON fretr ‘fart’ K-S 251.
(with metathesis), MLG vort id., OHG *fetjò sb.f.: ON fit ‘webbed foot of water-
firz, furz id. Derived from *fertanan. birds’, OE fitt ‘song, poem’, OS fittea ‘sec-
T-F 234; V ANEW 142, 147; tion’, OHG fizza ‘hem, skein of yarn’.
K-S 292. Structurally close to Toch B paiyye ‘foot’
fetjò 102 fèrjanan
< *podƒo-, Gk p°za ‘foot, edge’, Skt padya- P I 826; V ANEW 124–125;
‘related to foot’ (B BB III 116). Z I 146; F II 612–613;
Further connected with *fetan. T- O 348; B Nom. 118;
F 226; H AEEW 106; K-S 254.
P I 791; V ANEW 122; F *fèòjanan wk.vb.: ON fága ‘to polish, to
II 486; V W 82; K- clean’, OFris fègia ‘to clean’, MDu vàgen
S 268. id., OS fegòn id., OHG fegòn ‘to sweep’.
*fetjòjanan wk.vb.: ON fitja ‘to web, to Despite phonetic difficulties, related to
knit’, MDu vitten ‘to be suitable’, OHG *fanxanan. V ANEW 109 (to Lith
fizzòn ‘to surround’. Derived from *fetjò. púo“iu, puõ“ti ‘to decorate’); P I
V ANEW 122. 797; K-S 255.
*feturaz ~ *feturò(n) sb.m./f.: ON *fèra-liaz adj.: ON fár-ligr ‘disastrous’,
fj‡turr ‘fetter, shackle’, OE fetor, feter id., OE f≠r-líc ‘sudden, unexpected, quick’,
OS pl. feteros id., OHG fezzara id. Derived MHG vær-lic id. Derived from *fèran ~
from *fòtz (R KZ XXXVI 118). *fèraz. O 351.
T-F 226; H AEEW *fèran ~ *fèraz sb.n./m.: ON fár ‘harm,
103; T ZdPh LXX 354 (reconstructs evil passion, bale’, OE f≠r ‘fear, danger,
the original meaning as ‘forked piece of peril’, OS fàr ‘ambush, lurking danger’
firewood’); P I 792; V ANEW (fem.), OHG fàr ‘ambush’, fem. fàra
127; Z I 174; O 352. ‘ambush’. Compared with Arm p'orj
*feturòjanan wk.vb.: ON fj‡tra ‘to fetter’, ‘attempt’, Gk pe›ra id. (F BB II
OE e-feterian ‘to fetter, to bind’, OFris 210). M BSL XXXVI 110; T-
fiteria ‘to bind’, MDu veteren id., OHG F 230; H AEEW 96;
fezzaròn id. Derived from *feturaz ~ P I 818; V ANEW 112;
*feturò(n). H AEEW 102; Z II 174; F II 489–490;
V ANEW 127. S Arm. 342–343 (isolates Arm p'orj );
*feþra-xamaz ~ *feþra-xamòn sb.m.: O 348; L GED 112; K-
ON fjaär-hamr ‘winged haunch’, OE feäer- S 305.
hama ‘wings, plumage’, OS fedar-hamo id. *fè2rò sb.f.: Goth fera ‘side, limb’, OHG
Compound of *feþrò and *xamaz, *xamòn. fera ‘ham’. Probably derived from IE
C Nom. comp. 47. *(s)pèi-, cf. Skt sphàyate ‘to grow fat, to
*feþrjan sb.n.: ON fiäri ‘feathers, plum- increase’, Lith sp∏ti ‘to be fast enough’,
age’, OE fiäere ‘wing’, MDu ge-vedere ‘plum- Slav *spîti ‘to flourish, to ripen’ (U-
age’, OHG gi-federi id. Derived from  PBB XXX 275; S Kl. Schr.
*feþrò. T-F 227; H 54). Structurally close to Lith sp∏rus
AEEW 106; V ANEW 119. ‘rapid, energetic’. G Got. 66
*feþr( j)òjanan wk.vb.: ON fiära ‘to (to Gk p°raw ‘exit, end’); S KZ XL
feather’, OE e-fiäerian ‘to give wings’, 248 (to OIr íriu ‘land’); G WuS XI
G be-fiedern ‘to feather’. Derived from 139 (to Gk pÆra ‘satchel’); T-F
*feþrjan, feþrò. T-F 227. 567; F 148; M III 541–542;
*feþrò sb.f.: ON fj‡är ‘feather’, OE feäer id., P 983–984; F 865–866;
OFris fethere id., OS feäara id., OHG V-T III 734; L
federa id. Related to Hitt pattar ‘wing’, GED 112.
Skt patará- ‘flying’, Gk pterÒn ‘feather, *fèrjanan wk.vb.: ON færa ‘to slight’, OE
wing’, OW peterin ‘bird’ (P KZ f≠ran ‘to terrify, to frighten’, MHG færen
XXXII 245), further connected with *pet- ‘to readjust’. Derived from *fèran ~ *fèrò.
‘to fly’. S Recueil 420 (from T-F 230; H AEEW 96;
*pet-tro-); T-F 226–227; H- V ANEW 149; O 348; L
 AEEW 103; M II 199; GED 112.
fètjanan 103 fìjèn¶z
*fètjanan wk.vb.: Goth fetjan ‘to adorn’, sphyá- ‘splinter, staff ’. T-F 240
ON fæta ‘to manage, to deal’, OE f≠tan ‘to (to Lat pinna ‘feather’, OIr ind ‘point,
equip’. Long grade variant of *fatòjanan. tip’ < *pinno-); H AEEW 105;
The same ablaut grade is found in Lith P I 981; O 356; K-
p∏das ‘sheaf ’, Latv pêda ‘bunch’. T- S 266.
F 226; P Beiträge 224–225 (to *fiskaz sb.m.: Goth fisks ‘fish’, ON fiskr id.,
Skt palla- ‘large granary, barn’); B- OE fisc id., OFris fisk id., OS fisk id.,
 BB XXVII 175 (to Latv pèda OHG fisc id. Etymologically related to
‘armful, bunch’); H AEEW Lat piscis id., OIr íasc id. < *peiskos (W
97; F 148–149; P I 790; MLN XV 95). M RFV XLVIII-
F 563; V ANEW 149; L- XLIX 279–280 (to Slav *piskar’¸ ~
 GED 113; K-S 305. *piskor’¸ ‘a kind of river fish, gudgeon’);
*fijaþ(w)ò sb.f.: Goth fijaþwa ‘enmity’, OE T-F 242; K KZ LXII
féoaä ‘hatred’. Derived from *fìjènan. 267; H AEEW 105; W-
H AEEW 101; F 151; H II 310; F 155; P
L GED 114. Gliederung 110, 193; P I 796;
*fimiz adj.: ON fimr ‘nimble, agile’. Close C SGGJa I 59; V ANEW
to OIr éim, ém ‘quick, fast’ < *pe(i)mi- 121–122; Z I 131; O 358;
(L BB XXI 95). T-F 228; L GED 118; K-S
C SGGJa I 100; V ANEW 267–268.
120. *fiskòjanan wk.vb.: Goth fiskon ‘to fish’,
*finxlò sb.f.: OE feól ‘file (instrument)’, ON fiska id., OE fiscian id., OFris fiskia id.,
MLG fìle id., MHG vìle id. Related to OS fiskòn id., OHG gi-fiskòn id. Deno-
Skt pim≤ati ‘to hew out, to carve’, Gk minative based on *fiskaz. Derivationally
pe¤kv ‘to scratch’, Lith pie“iù, pi‚“ti ‘to similar to Lat piscor ‘to fish’. T-F
draw lines with coal’, Slav *p¸sati ‘to 242; F 155; W-H II 310;
write’. Z Gutt. 64; T-F P Gliederung 110; P I 796;
241; H AEEW 105; M- V ANEW 121–122; L GED
 II 267–268; F 587; V 118.
ANEW 117; O 355; K-S *fitjò sb.f.: ON fit ‘meadow land’, EFris fit
256. ‘muddy pool’. Related to Gk p›daj
*finkiz ~ *finkòn sb.m.: OE finc ‘finch’, ‘spring, fountain’, OIr iath ‘meadow’ <
MDu vinke id., OHG finc, finco id. Related *peito-. T-F 241; V ANEW
to Gk sp¤ggow id., W pinc id. S 122; F II 533.
DVN 109–110; T-F 241–242; *fìjènan wk.vb.: Goth fijan ‘to hate’, ON
H AEEW 105; O 356; fjá id., OE fión, feó()an id., OHG fìèn id.
K-S 266. Related to Skt p≈yati ‘to revile, to blame’
*finnaz sb.m.: ON Finnr ‘Finn’, OE pl. (S KZ XXVII 426). H
Finnas id., G Finne id. Attested as Gk BB XVIII 149–151 (from *k⁄eƒò, to Lat
F¤nnoi, Lat Fennì. Unclear. K piò ‘to punish’, Gk te¤v ‘to respect’);
GFL 230 (to *fenþanan); L NB V T-F 240; H AEEW
45–50 (to G mtn. Finne and, eventually, 105; F 150–151; M II
to Celt *penn- ‘hill’); Z Festschr. 294–295; P I 792–793; V
A. Kock 312 (to OIr cenn ‘head’); H- ANEW 122; O 354; L GED
 AEEW 105; V ANEW 120– 114; K-S 257.
121; O 357. *fìjèn¶z sb.m.: Goth fijands ‘enemy, fiend’,
*finnaz ~ *fin(n)òn sb.m./f.: OSwed ON fjándi id., OE feónd id., OFris fìand id.,
fina ‘fin’, OE finn ‘fin’, MLG finne id. Pro- OS fìond id., OHG fìant id. Present par-
bably related to Toch A spin- ‘hook’, Skt ticiple of *fìjènan. H AEEW
fìjèn¶z 104 flaizòn
105; F 150–151; V ANEW 123; *flaxz sb.f.: ON flá ‘strip of meadow land’.
O 354; L Verschärfung 1.4; Structurally close to Gk plãj ‘flat land,
L GED 114; B Nom. flat stone’. Further to Lat placeò ‘to please,
215; K-S 257. to be pleasing’, Latv plakt ‘to become flat’
*fìsanan str.vb.: ON físa ‘to fart’, (Z Gutt. 130). T-F 250;
MHG vìsen ‘to fart’. An imitative stem. W-H II 313–314; P I
P Wurzelerw. 199 (to Lat spìrò ‘to 835; V ANEW 127; F II 550–
breathe’); T-F 242; P I 551.
796 (to Slav *piskati ‘to squeak’); V *flaixanan ~ *flaixjanan str./wk.vb.:
ANEW 121. Goth ga-þlaihan ‘to comfort, to admonish’
*flaan sb.n.: ON flag ‘spot where a turf (str.), MLG vlèn ‘to ask’, OHG flèhen
has been cut out’, LG flag, flagg ‘flat land’. ‘to fondle, to caress’. Related to *flaixaz.
Related to *flaxz. V ANEW 128 (to O PBB XIII 399 (to Lat lèna
*flaxanan). ‘bawd’ < *tlaic-snà); T-F 195 (to
*flaò(n) sb.f.: Norw dial. flag ‘open sea’, E Gk laikãw ‘whore’).
flaw ‘gust of wind’, MLG vlage ‘procella’. *flaixaz adj.: ON flár ‘false, insidious’,
Derived from *flaxanan. T-F 250; OE fláh ‘insidious, artful, deceitful’. Of
P I 832; V ANEW 128 (to unknown origin. O PBB XIII
*flòkanan). 399 (to Lat lèna ‘bawd, procuress’); 
*flaòn sb.f.: ON flaga ‘slab’, MLG vlage W IF XXIV 236–238 (from *flèwaz);
‘layer of earth’. Derived from *flaan. Z Gutt. 210; T-F 195;
Z Gutt. 130; T-F 250; V H AEEW 106; K NB I
ANEW 128 (to *flaxz or *flaxanan). 59; N Language XI 219 (to Gk
*flaxanan str.vb.: ON flá ‘to flay, to strip épeil°v ‘to promise, to threaten’); V
off the skin’, OE fleán id., MDu vlaen id. ANEW 129; H 198.
Related to Lith pl∏“iu, pl∏“ti ‘to tear’, Latv *flainaz sb.m.: ON fleinn ‘bayonet-like
plêst id. (Z Gutt. 190). F I 487 pike, shaft, dart’, OE flán ‘dart, arrow’
(to Lat plèctò ‘to beat, to punish’); P (fem., masc.). Derived from *flìnanan.
Beiträge 232–234; T-F 250; H- T-F 252; T APSpr. 400
 AEEW 107; J IEW (to OPrus playnis ‘barn, stable’, Lith pli‚nas
580–581; P I 835; C id.); H AEEW 106; V
SGGJa I 71; F 619; V ANEW ANEW 129–130 (to *(s)pel- ‘to split’).
127; O 361; S LS 42–43; *flaiskaz sb.n.: ON flesk ‘pork’, OE fl≠sc
S 198. ‘meat’ (i-stem), OFris flàsk id., OS flèsk
*flaxsan sb.n.: OE fleax ‘flax’, OFris flax id., OHG fleisc id. Of uncertain origin.
id., MLG flas id., OHG flahs id. (masc.). Cf. also OE fl≠c id. < *flaik- suggesting
Identical with Alb plaf ‘wool blanket, rug’ *flaiskaz < *flaik-sk-. O PBB XIII
< PAlb *plaxa < *plo˚so-. Further see 401–403 (reconstructs *þlaiskiz, to Lat
*flextanan. T-F 251; P I làridum ‘fat of bacon, lard’); T-F
834–835; F II 557–558; O 361; 252 (to *flikkjan); H AEEW
K-S 269; O AED 331. 106; P I 835 (to *flìkò); V
*flaxtò(n) sb.f.: Goth flahta ‘braid’, ON ANEW 130 (to ON flís ‘splinter’);
flátta ‘mat’. Derived from *flextanan. In Z II 216; O 362.
vocalism close to Slav *plot˙ ‘fence’ but *flaizòn adj. comp.: ON fleiri ‘more’.
structurally reminding of Gk plektÆ ‘coil, Related to Skt pràya˙ ‘more’, Gk ple¤vn
twisted rope’. T-F 251; F id., Lat plùs id. (a contamination of
156; V ANEW 129; S 199; *plei-s- and *pleu-s-). T-F 235;
L GED 118; V-T W-H II 327–328; P I
III 285. 800; F II 556.
flakaz 105 flauxz
*flakaz ~ *flakuz adj.: Goth þlaqus ‘sup- 372–373; T-F 251; M II
ple, tender’, MLG vlak ‘flat’, OHG flah id. 364; P I 834; V ANEW
See *flakòn. Z Gutt. 214; T- 129 (to Latv plade ‘placenta’); F II
F 249; W-H II 314; F 553–554; O 360; H
499; P I 832; O 364; 200.
L GED 363; H 199; *flatjan sb.n.: ON flet ‘set of benches or
K-S 269, 271. rooms’, OE flet ‘floor, dwelling’, OFris flett
*flakkòjanan wk.vb.: ON flakka ‘to rove ‘building, house’, OS flet, fletti ‘quarters,
about’, MDu vlacken ‘to blaze’, G dial. chamber’, OHG flezzi ‘threshing-floor,
flacken id. Related to Gk plãzv ‘to turn hall’. Derived from *flataz. T-F
aside, to turn away’ < *plaggƒv, with an 251; H AEEW 108; P I
unclear geminate, Lat plangò ‘to strike, to 834; V ANEW 130–131; Z I
beat’. W-H II 315–316; 145; O 360; H 200;
M Gém. 170; P I 832; K-S 275.
V ANEW 128 (“intensive gemina- *flatjanan wk.vb.: ON fletja ‘to cut open’,
tion”); F II 548–549. WGmc *flatjan > Fr flatir id. Derived from
*flakòn sb.m.: ON flaki, fleki ‘hurdle, *flataz. G Rom. Germ. I 158;
shield wicker-work’, ME flake, fleke ‘stick- V ANEW 131.
ing point, hurdle’, EFris flake ‘floe’, OS *flaþò(n) sb.f.: Norw flade ‘small valley, flat
flaka ‘foot sole’ (fem.). Related to Gk field’, OHG flada ‘a kind of thin and wide
Herakl plãgow ‘side’, Lat plaga ‘region, cake’, masc. flado id. A regular reflex of
quarter, tract’. T-F 249; W- IE *plet(6)- ‘wide’, cf. *flataz. T-F
H II 314; P I 832; V 251; P I 834.
ANEW 128 (to *felxanan). *flaþròjanan ~ *fleþròjanan wk.vb.:
*flakuraz adj.: Icel e-m veräur flökurt ‘to feel ON flaära ‘to fawn’, MHG vladern ‘to
sick’, OE flacor ‘flickering’. Related to flutter’, OHG flediròn ‘to be careless,
*flòkanan. B IF IX 364 (to Lat mindless’. Of imitative origin. T-
flagrò ‘to flame, to blaze’); T-F F 251; V ANEW 127 (to MDu
249; H AEEW 106; J- vleder, a crossing of *feprò and *fleuan).
 IEW 572; H 200 (sec- *flauiz adj.: ON fleygr ‘able to fly’, OHG
ondary derivation from *flakuròjan). wint-flougi ‘flying, soaring’. Derived from
*flakuròjanan wk.vb.: ON fl‡kra ‘to *fleuanan. T-F 254; M
flutter’, ME flakeren ‘to tremble’, MDu Festschr. Schröder 96, KZ CV 98; H-
flackeren ‘to flutter’, MHG vlackern ‘to  200–201.
flicker’. Derived from *flakuraz. H- *flaujanan wk.vb.: ON fleygja ‘to cause
 200; K-S 269. to fly, to throw’, OFris flàgia ‘to flee’.
*flaskò(n) sb.f.: ON flaska ‘flask’, OE flaxe Probably also Goth us-flaugjan ‘to carry
id., OHG flasca id. Close to Lith plók“‘ias about’ if this reading is to be preferred to
‘flat’, Slav *plosk˙ id. or directly derived us-walugjan (see *waljanan ~ *walòjanan).
from *flataz. S AnZDA XXIII Causative of *fleuanan. B LGRP
157 (to IE *plè- ‘full, to fill’); P I XXIX 328 (on the reading of the Gothic
831; P KZ XC 18–19; K- word); T-F 254; F 530; V
S 270 (from *flaxt-ska-). ANEW 131; S 201, 518; L
*flataz adj.: ON flatr ‘flat’, OS flat id., GED 381.
OHG flaz id. An irregular continuant *flauxz sb.m./f.: ON fló ‘flea’, OE fleá id.,
of IE *plet(6)- ‘wide’ in the full grade, MLG vlo id., OHG flòh id. Somehow dis-
cf. Skt práthas- ‘width’, Av frayah- id., tantly related to Skt plúßi- id., Arm lu id.,
Gk plãtow id., W lled id. See *flaþò(n). Alb plesht id. < *pleu-s-tà. The influence
B 983; K NB II of *fleuxanan is possible. M MSL
flauxz 106 fl(e)uòn
XXII 142; T-F 195–196 (to braid’, Slav *plet‡, *plesti ‘to weave’.
*fleuxanan); H AEEW 107; Further connected with Gk pl°kv ‘to
M II 386–387; P I 102; weave, to braid’, Lat plicò ‘to fold to-
V ANEW 132; Z II 207; gether’ (extracted from prefixal verbs, cf.
O 361; L GED 363; K- ex-plicò). P Beiträge 346; Z
S 274; O AED 333. Gutt. 190; T-F 250–251; T-
*flaumaz sb.m.: ON flaumr ‘eddy, crowd’,  BSW 224; H AEEW 107;
OHG weralt-floum ‘transitoriness of the W-H II 321; J
world’. Derived from *flòwanan. Struc- IEW 580; P I 834–835; V
turally similar with Gk plËma ‘water ANEW 131; F II 557–558; S
in which something has been washed’. 198–199; V-T III 280;
Z Gutt. 74; T-F 253; L GED 118; K-S
P I 836; V ANEW 129 (recon- 271.
structs *flaumaz); S 204. *flextòn sb.f./m.: ON flétta ‘braid’, OE
*flautaz adj.: Goth flauts ‘boastful, con- fleohta ‘hurdle’, OHG flehta ‘braid’. De-
ceited’, OHG adv. flòz-lìhho ‘effusive’. rived from *flextanan. T-F 251.
Derived from *fleutanan (G Got. *flekkaz sb.m.: ON flekkr ‘spot, fleck’,
70). H AnzZDA XXIV 34 (to MLG vleke ‘plot of land’ (fem.), OHG flec
Lat plaudò ‘to slap, to beat’); E KZ ‘stain, fleck’. Probably related to *flakaz ~
LI 258 (to Latv plaudis ‘bream, Cyprinus *flakuz. T-F 250; M Gém.
brama’); F 156; P I 837; 197; V ANEW 130 (to *felxanan);
L GED 118; H 201. S Schr. 15 (to *flìkò); L Expr.
*flautjanan wk.vb.: ON fleyta ‘to float, to 216–218; K-S 271.
lift’, MLG flòten ‘to drive’, OHG flòzzen *flekkòjanan wk.vb.: ON flekka ‘to fleck,
‘to flow’. Causative of *fleutanan. T- to stain’, MDu vlecken id., OHG gi-fleckòn
F 255; V ANEW 131; S id. Derived from *flekkaz. V ANEW
203. 130.
*flautiz ~ *flautjòn sb.f.: ON pl. flautir *fleuanan str.vb.: ON fljúga ‘to fly’, OE
‘a kind of whipped milk’, OE fliéte ‘cream, fleóan id., OFris fliàga id., MLG vlegen id.,
curds’. Derived from *fleutanan. T- OHG fliogan id. Derivationally close to
F 255; H AEEW 108; Lith plaukiù, plaªkti ‘to swim’ (F
V ANEW 129. IF L 229). Further related to Toch A plu-
*flawjan sb.n.: ON fley ‘a kind of ship’. ‘to fly’, Skt plávate ‘to float, to swim’, Gk
Identical with Toch B plewe ‘ferry, ship’, pl°v ‘to swim (on a ship)’, Lith pláuju,
Gk plo›on ‘ship’. For further connections pláuti ‘to rinse, to wash’, Slav *plov‡, *pluti
see *flò¶uz. T-F 253; P id. Z Gutt. 130; T-F 254;
Gliederung 186; P I 836; V T BSW 223–224; F 530–
ANEW 131; F II 559–560; L 531; H AEEW 107; J-
GED 119; B IFTJa 250.  IEW 575–578; M II 383–
*flawjanan wk.vb.: OHG flewen ‘to rinse’. 384; P I 837; C
Close to Skt plàváyati ‘to cause to swim, to SGGJa I 76; F 608; V ANEW
bathe, to submerge’, Slav *pluj‡, *ploviti 132; F II 559–560; O 365;
‘to swim’. See *flò¶uz. T-F 253– S LS 42; S 201–202; V-
254; M II 384–385; P I T III 288–289; L GED
835–837; V-T III 271– 130; K-S 272.
272. *fl(e)uòn sb.f.: ON fluga ‘fly, moth’, OE
*flextanan str.vb.: OE flohten-fóte ‘web- fleóe ‘fly’, MLG vlège id., OHG flioga
footed’, OS flehtan ‘to braid’, OHG flehtan id. Derived from *fleuanan. Z
id. Related to Lat plectò ‘to plait, to Gutt. 130; T-F 254; H
fl(e)uòn 107 flò¶uz
AEEW 107; P I 837; V *flikkjan sb.n.: ON flikki ‘flitch (of bacon)’,
ANEW 134; Z I 155; O OE flicce id., MLG vlicke id. Related to
365. *flìkò. T-F 252; H
*fleuxanan str.vb.: Goth þliuhan ‘to flee’, AEEW 108; V ANEW 131; O
ON pret. fló id., OE fleón id., OFris flìa 363.
id., OS fliohan id., OHG fliohan id. Cf. also *flintaz sb.m.: OE flint id., MLG vlint-stèn
ON wk. flÿja id. < *fleuxjanan. The com- ‘flintstone’. Cf. also MLG vlins id., OHG
parison with *fleuanan (Z Gutt. flins id. (K KZ I 380). Borrowed from
131) of which *fleuxanan is an early lexi- the same unknown source as Gk pl¤nyow
calized variant is decisive in postulating ‘brick, tile’. T-F 253; G
the Gothic change *fl- > þl- in unknown Labyrinth 22; K Glotta XXIII
phonological conditions. O PBB 12; H AEEW 108; V
XIII 412–415 (to Lat lòcusta ‘grasshopper, ANEW 131; F II 562–563; O
shellfish, lobster’); L ANF 362.
XXXV 238–239 (to Slav *t˙lpa ‘crowd’), *flìkò sb.f.: ON flík ‘tatter, rag’. Deri-
PBB XLIX 419; T-F 195–196; vationally close to Lith ply“à ‘tear, break,
F 499–500; H AEEW 107 split’, further connected to Lith plÿ“ti
(same as Z); J IEW ‘to burst, to tear’. T-F 252 (to
578; P I 837; F 608; Lith pléikëti ‘to become rough (of a face)’);
V ANEW 134; O 361; S P I 835; F 625; V
517–518; L GED 363; K- ANEW 131.
S 273. *flìnanan str.vb.: Norw dial. flìna ‘to
*fleutan sb.n.: ON fljót ‘river’ (mainly in whine’. Related to Lith plÿnas ‘even, bald’
rvn.), OE fleót ‘bay, gulf, river; raft, ship’ (T-F 252). The meaning in Gmc
(masc.), MLG flèt ‘river’ (masc., neut.). is secondary as attested by the derivative
Derived from *fleutanan. Substantivized *flainaz. P I 834.
*fleutaz? T-F 255; H *flò¶an sb.n.: ON flóä ‘tide, flood’, OE flód
AEEW 107; V ANEW 132; O ‘flow, wave, tide’, OFris flòd id. Derived
361; L 253. from *flòwanan. T-F 254; H-
*fleutanan str.vb.: ON fljóta ‘to float’, OE  AEEW 109; S 204.
fleótan id., OFris fliàta id., OS fliotan id., *flò¶iz sb.f.: ON flœär ‘flood-tide, high
OHG fliozan id. Related to Lith plùstu, water’, OS flòd ‘tide, torrent’, OHG fluot
plùsti ‘to flow, to stream’, Latv plûstu, plûst id. See *flò¶uz. T-F 254; S-
‘to pour out, to flow’ continuing *pleud-,  204.
an extension of IE *pleu- (A KZ I *flò¶janan wk.vb.: ON flœäa ‘to flood
119), cf. also OIr luaidid ‘to move’. See over’, OE flédan id., MDu vloeden id.,
*flòwanan. T-F 255; H MHG vlüeten id. Derived from *flò¶uz.
AEEW 107; J IEW 575–578; H AEEW 109; V ANEW
P I 837; F 634; V 135.
ANEW 132; O 361; S 202– *flò¶uz sb.m.: Goth flodus ‘stream’, OE flód
204; L GED 119; K-S ‘flow, wave, tide’, OS flòd id., OHG fluot
273. id. Close to Gk plvtÒw ‘floating’. Further
*fleutaz adj.: ON fljótr ‘fleet, swift’, E fleet derived from *flòwanan. T-F 254;
‘quick, fast’, MDu adv. vliet, vliete ‘swift, H AEEW 109; F 156–157;
hurried’. Derived from *fleutanan. Struc- P I 836–837; V ANEW 133;
turally close to OIr lúath id. (W Z II 216; O 363; F II
KZ XXI 431). T-F 255; K- 565–566; S 204; L GED
 NB II 401–402; V ANEW 132; 118; B Nom. 159–160;
H 202. K-S 277.
flòxò 108 flunþròn
*flòxò sb.f.: ON fló ‘layer’, OE flóh ‘frag- *flòwòn sb.m.: ON flói ‘marshy moor’.
ment, piece’, OHG fluoh ‘rock, cliff ’. Derivationally close to OIr ló ‘water’ <
Related to *flaxanan. Z Gutt. 130; *plò⁄o-. Further see *flòwanan. S
H AEEW 109; V ANEW SNF I/3 60; T-F 254; V
132; K-S 276. ANEW 133.
*flòkanan str.vb.: Goth flokan ‘to bewail, *fluan sb.n.: ON flog ‘flight’, OE e-flo
to mourn’, ON flókinn ‘bewildered, unset- ‘infectious disease’, MLG vloch ‘flight’.
tled’, OE flocan ‘to clap, to strike’, OS Derived from *fleuanan. T-F 254;
flòkan ‘to curse’, OHG widar-fluohhan ‘to H AEEW 109; V ANEW
revile’. Related to Gk plãzv ‘to make 133.
roam, to mislead’, Lat plangò ‘to bewail, *fluiz sb.m.: ON flugr ‘flight’, OE flye id.,
to strike’. See *flakkòjanan. T-F OS flugi id., OHG flug id. Derived from
250; F 157; H AEEW 109; *fleuanan. T-F 254; H-
W-H II 315–316; J-  AEEW 110; P I 837; V
 IEW 573; P I 832–833; F ANEW 134; Z II 186; S
II 548–549; S 205–206; L 201; L GED 363; B
GED 119; K-S 275. Nom. 130.
*flòkanaz ~ *flòkenaz adj.: ON flókinn *flujan sb.n.: ON flygi ‘flying insect’, E
‘clotted, entangled’, OFris ur-flòkin, OS fledge id., MHG adj. vlücke ‘fledged, flying’.
far-flòcan ‘cursed’. Derived from *flòkanan. Cf. also *fluòn > ON fluga ‘fly’. Derived
L GED 119. from *fleuanan. P I 837; V
*flòkòn ~ *flòkan sb.m./n.: ON flóki ANEW 134; Z I 155.
‘felt, hair’, OE flóc id. Related to *flakaz ~ *fluulaz adj.: ON flogall ‘volatile’, OE
flakuz. Z Gutt. 214; H fluol ‘apt to fly, flying swiftly, swift’.
AEEW 109; V ANEW 133; O Derived from *fleuanan. K NB
364. II 276, 286; H AEEW 110;
*flòraz sb.m.: ON flór ‘floor, pavement’, H 204.
OE flór ‘floor’, MDu vloer id., MHG vluor *fluxtòn ~ *fluxtjaz sb.m.: ON flótti
‘field’. Related to OIr lár ‘floor’, W llawr ‘flight’, OE flyht id., OFris flecht id., OS
(F KZ I 366–367: further to Lat fluht id., OHG fem. fluht id. Derived from
plànus ‘flat’, Lith plóti ‘to flatten’). Cf. also *fleuanan. H AEEW 110;
Lat ex-plòrò ‘to search out, to examine’ V ANEW 134; O 362; L
based on *plòro- ‘ground’. K WF GED 363.
XII 8; T-F 249; H *flukkaz sb.m.: ON flokkr ‘troop, band,
AEEW 109; W-H I 430–431; crowd’, OE flocc ‘flock, band, company’,
P 119; P I 806; C- MLG vlocke ‘flock’. Historically identical
 SGGJa I 98; V ANEW 133; with WGmc *flukkòn ‘snowflake’: MLG
O 363; K-S 276. vlocke, OHG flocko (T-F 254)
*flòwanan str.vb.: OE flówan ‘to flow’. Cf. further compared with Lith pláukas
also ON wk. flóa ‘to overflow’ < *flòwènan. ‘hair’, Latv pl. plauki ‘snowflakes’. M-
Long grade of IE *pleu-, see *flò¶uz. Cf.  LF LI 125–126; H
in particular Gk Ion pl≈v ‘to sail’, AEEW 109; M Gém. 197;
Slav *plavati ‘to swim’. T-F 254; P I 837; V ANEW 133 (to
T BSW 223; H *fleuanan); O 363; L 253.
AEEW 110; J IEW 575–578; *flunþròn ~ *flunþrjòn sb.f.: ON flyära
P I 835–837; V ANEW 132; ‘flounder’, MLG vlundere ‘thin board’.
F II 565–566; O 364; S Somehow connected with Lat pluteus
204–205; V-T III 271; ‘penthouse, shed’, Lith plaªtas ‘porch of
L GED 119. the beehive’, Latv plauts ‘shelf ’. T-
flunþròn 109 fòljanan
F 251 (to *flaþò(n)); P I 838; *fò¶òn sb.m.: OE fóda ‘food, nourish-
V ANEW 134. ment’. An archaism based on IE *pà-:
*flutan sb.n.: ON á flot ‘afloat’, OE flot Hitt pa¢“- ‘to defend, to guard’, Toch A
‘water deep enough for sustaining a ship, pàs-, B pàsk- ‘to guard’, Lat pàscò ‘to feed,
sea’, MDu vlot ‘flow’, OHG fluz ‘current, to pasture’. H AEEW 110;
flow’ (masc.). Derived from *fleutanan. W-H II 260; P I 787;
T-F 255; H AEEW O 368; L GED 119; B
109; V ANEW 134; S 203. IFTJa 248.
*flutòjanan wk.vb.: ON flota ‘to float’, *fò¶ran I sb.n.: Goth fodr ‘casing, sheath’,
OE flotian id., OS flotòn id. Derived from ON fóär ‘lining’ (*-þ-), MLG fòder ‘casing,
*flutan. H AEEW 110; V sheath’, OHG fuotar id. Identical with
ANEW 134; O 363. Hitt pattar ‘basket’, Toch B pàtro- ‘vessel
*flutòn sb.m.: ON floti ‘fleet, float’, OE for alms’, Skt neut. pàtra- ‘receptacle, ves-
flota ‘ship, fleet’, MLG vlote id. Derived sel’. T-F 223; F 157–158;
from *fleutanan. T-F 255; H- M II 252–253; P I 839;
 AEEW 109; V ANEW 134; V ANEW 136 (identical with *fò¶ran
S 203; K-S 275. II ); Z I 140; O 370;
*flùþò sb.f.: ON flúä ‘low skerries flooded L GED 120; B Nom.
by the sea’. Derivationally close to 86; K-S 293.
Skt pluta- ‘floated, swimming in’, Latv *fò¶ran II sb.n.: ON fóär ‘fodder’ (*-þ-),
pluts ‘raft’. Further related to *fleutanan. OE fódder id., MLG voder id., OHG fuotar
T-F 253; H AEEW id. From IE *pà-tro- also attested in Arm
107; M II 386; P I hawran ‘herd’ and belonging to IE *pà- ‘to
835–836; V ANEW 134. graze’. See *fò¶òn. H AEEW
*fnasan sb.n.: Norw fnas ‘awn (of corn)’, 110; P I 787; V ANEW 136;
OE fnæs ‘fringe’. Of unknown origin. Z I 140; O 366; K-
T-F 245 (to ON fnasa ‘to sneeze, S 293.
to snort’). fòjanan wk.vb.: OE féan ‘to join, to
*fneusanan ~ *fnùsanan str.vb.: ON bind’, OFris fòga id., OS fògian id., OHG
fnÿsa ‘to sneeze’, OE fnésan ‘to sneeze’, fuogen id. Derivationally close to Skt
MDu fniesen id., MHG pfnùsen id. Pro- pà≤áyati ‘to bind’. Further cf. Gk pÆgnumi
bably related to Gk pn°v ‘to blow’. ‘to stick, to fix’, Lat pangò ‘to fasten, to
T-F 245; H AEEW fix’, Lith puõ“ti ‘to adorn’. See *fanxanan.
110; P I 839; C H AEEW 111; W-
SGGJa I 109; V ANEW 136; F II H II 245–246; P I 797;
566–567. F 669; F II 525–526; L-
*fò¶islò(n) sb.f.: ON fœzla ‘food’, OE fédesl  GED 102; K-S 289–
‘feeder’, MDu voetsel ‘food’, OHG neut. 290.
fuotisal ‘fodder, grazing’. Derived from *fòljanan wk.vb.: OE félan ‘to feel’, OFris
*fò¶janan. H AEEW 111; fèla id., OS gi-fòlian id., OHG fuolen
V ANEW 150. id. Derivative of *fallanan semantically
*fò¶janan wk.vb.: Goth fodjan ‘to feed, to similar to such phrases as E to fall in
nourish’, ON fœäa id., OE fédan id., OFris love. Cf. in particular the meanings in
fòdia id., OS fòdian id., OHG fuoten id. Baltic: Lith púolu, pùlti ‘to fall’, Latv
Derived from *fò¶òn. T-F 223; pult id. as opposed to OPrus au-pallai ‘to
F 157; H AEEW 111; find’. H AEEW 111; O
P I 787; V ANEW 149; 349 (to *fulmò ‘palm’); K-S
O 349; L GED 119; K- 290 (to Lat palpò ‘to stroke, to touch, to
S 293. pat’).
fòriz 110 frajanan
*fòriz adj.: ON fœrr ‘able, capable’, OE *fòstran sb.n.: ON fóstr ‘fostering’, OE

fere ‘passable’, OFris fère ‘conducive’, fóster id., MLG fòster id. Related to *fò¶òn.
OHG gi-fuori ‘appropriate, suitable’. Goes back to *pàt-tro-, cf. Gk pat°omai
Derived from *faranan. K NB I ‘to eat and drink’, Lat pàscò ‘to feed,
112–113; T-F 230; H to pasture’, MIr ás ‘growth’ < *pàt-to-.
AEEW 111; V ANEW 150; S T-F 223; H AEEW
188; M Festschr. Schröder 104, KZ 113; W-H II 260; P
CV 119; H 205–206. I 787; V ANEW 139; F II
*fòrjan sb.n.: ON tor-fœri ‘difficult pas- 480; L GED 119; B
sage’, OFris fère ‘utility’, OS gi-fòri id., Nom. 87.
OHG gi-fuori ‘favorable condition, utility, *fòstra-swestèr sb.f.: ON fóstr-systir
house’. Derived from *fòriz. T-F ‘fostersister’, OE fóster-sweostor id. Com-
230; V ANEW 150; S 188; pound of *fòstran and *swestèr. C
H 206. Nom. comp. 54.
*fòrjanan wk.vb.: ON fœra ‘to bring’, OE *fòti¶az adj.: ON -fœttr ‘with feet’, OE
féran ‘to go, to travel, to march’, OFris -féted id., MLG -vœted id. Derived from
fèra ‘to bring’, OS fòrian ‘to lead, to *fòtz ~ *fòtuz. H AEEW 111;
convey’, OHG fuoren id. Causative of V ANEW 150.
*faranan. Cf. Skt pàráyati, causative of *fòt(u)-bur¶an sb.n.: Goth fotu-baurd
píparti ‘to bring over’, Slav *pariti ‘to soar’. ‘foot-stool’, ON fót-borä id. compound of
T-F 230; H AEEW *fòtz ~ *fòtuz and *bur¶an. C Nom.
111; V ANEW 150; S 188; comp. 67.
L GED 108; V-T *fòt(u)-spuran sb.n.: ON fót-spor ‘foot-
III 207; K-S 290. print’, OE fót-spor ‘foot-track, foot-trace’,
*fòrjòn sb.f.: ON ó-fœra ‘dangerous situa- MLG vòt-spor id., OHG fuoz-spor id.
tion’, OHG un-gi-fuora ‘unfavorable condi- Compound of *fòtz ~ *fòtuz and *spuran.
tion’. Derived from *fòriz. H C Nom. comp. 72 (parallel formations).
206. *fòt(u)-werkaz sb.m.: ON fót-verkr ‘gout’,
*fòstra-bròþèr sb.m.: ON fóstr-bróäir OE masc. fót-wærc ‘pain in the foot’.
‘foster-brother’, OE fóster-bróäor id. Com- Compound of *fòtz ~ *fòtuz and *werkaz.
pound of *fòstran and *bròþèr. C C Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
Nom. comp. 54. *fòtz ~ *fòtuz sb.m.: Goth fotus ‘foot’,
*fòstra-fa¶èr sb.m.: ON fóstr-faäir ‘foster- ON fótr id., OE fót id., OFris fòt id.,
father’, OE fóster-fæder id. Compound of OS fòt id. (sg. i-stem), OHG fuoz id. (sg.
*fòstran and *fa¶èr. C Nom. comp. 54. i-stem). Related to Hitt pata- id., Toch A
*fòstra-lan¶an sb.n.: ON fóstr-land peá, B paiyye id., Skt pad- id., Av pad- id.,
‘native land’, OE fóster-land ‘land assigned Arm pl. ot-k' id., Gk poÊw, Dor p≈w id.,
for the procuring of provisions’. Com- Lat pès id. B 842; T-
pound of *fòstran and *lan¶an. C F 225–226; H AEEW 113;
Nom. comp. 80 (parallel formations). W-H II 293–294; F
*fòstra-launan sb.n.: ON fóstr-laun 159–160; S 82; M II 249;
‘reward for fostering’, OE fóster-leán P I 790–791; V ANEW 139;
‘remuneration for rearing a foster-child’. Z II 207; F II 587–588;
Compound of *fòstran and *launan. O 368; S Schr. 13–15;
C Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations). L GED 121; B Nom.
*fòstra-mò¶èr sb.m.: ON fóstr-móäir 198; G Wurzelnomina 153–
‘fostermother’, OE fóster-módor id., OLG 170; K-S 293; A TB
fòstar-muoder id. Compound of *fòstran and 401–402.
*mò¶èr. C Nom. comp. 47–48. *frajanan wk.vb.: Goth fragjan ‘to ask, to
frajanan 111 frankòn
test’. Alternatively can be reconstructed XXXIX 327–339; H AEEW

as str. *fraanan. Identical with Lith pra“ÿti 114; V ANEW 139; L GED
‘to ask, to request’, Slav *prositi id. See 103; H 208–209.
*frexnanan ~ *frenanan. G *frama prep.: Goth prep. fram ‘forward;
Got. 72; F 160; P I 821–822; from’, ON frá, fram id., OE fram ‘from’,
F 647; L GED 121. OS fram ‘forward; from’, OHG fram
*fraisanan str.vb.: Goth fraisan ‘to put to id. See *framaz. T-F 232; H-
the test, to tempt’. Cf. WGmc *fraisò:  AEEW 114; F 164; O
OFris fràse ‘danger, hazard’, OS frèsa 378; P I 814–815; V ANEW
‘damage’, OHG freisa ‘setting, down- 139–140; L GED 124.
fall, destruction’. Derived from *fraiþaz. *framaþjanan wk.vb.: Goth framaþjan
B PBB XXIV 435–436 (from *per- ‘to estrange’, OE á-fremäan ‘to alienate’,
ei-); B Grundriß I 925 (compound MLG ent-vrömeden id., OHG fremiden id.
*fra-isanan, to ON eisa ‘to shower down Derived from *framaþjaz. F 164;
(embers)’); H Festschr. Fick 38 L GED 124.
(compound related to *aiskòjanan); T- *framaþjaz adj.: Goth framaþeis ‘strange,
F 245; H AEEW 115; F foreign’, OE fremäe id., OFris fremethe id.,
162–163; S 207 (to Gk pe›ra OS fremithi id., OHG fremidi id. Based on
‘trial, attempt’); L GED 123. unattested *framaþaz, further connected
*fraiþaz adj.: OS frèthi ‘renegade, run- with *framaz. H AEEW 115;
away’, OHG freidi ‘run-away, heretic’. F 164; L GED 124; K-
Identical with Skt préta- ‘dead’ < *pro-i- S 285.
to-, cf. further OPhryg proitavos (a title). *framaz adj.: Goth comp. adv. framis ‘far-
H IF XXXVII 235–236; M ther, further’, ON framr, comp. fremr ‘for-
II 353; P I 295; H ward’, OE fram ‘valiant, stout, firm’,
207–208 (secondary ja-stems). MHG fram ‘forward’. Related to Gk
*fraiwan sb.n.: Goth fraiw ‘seed’, ON fræ, prÒmow ‘foremost man, chief ’, Umbr
frjó id. Of unknown etymology. M promom ‘primum’. Maybe, further con-
KZ VIII 248 (to Gk spe¤rv ‘to strew’); nected with *frumaz ~ *frumòn. S
D VW I 398; W BB BB XXIII 321 (to OIr riam ‘beforehand’);
XXVIII 43–44 (to Lat praegnans ‘preg- T-F 232–233; F 164; H-
nant’); O PBB XX 95–96 (< IE  AEEW 114; K NB II 442;
*pro-i⁄om, to *ei- ‘to go’); B PBB S Kl. Schr. 310 (derives prÒmow
XXIV 457 (to Lat pariò ‘to bring forth’); from prÒmaxow); P I 814–815;
W BB XXVIII 43–44 (recon- C SGGJa I 109; V ANEW
structs *fraiwan, to Lat praegnans ‘preg- 140–141; F II 600; O 378;
nant’); P Aufs. 50 (from C 941; L GED 124;
*fraiwan, to Gk p°rkh ‘bass’, with the B Nom. 245; H
original meaning ‘sprayed out’); T- 209; K-S 287.
F 245; F 163; V ANEW 145; *framjanan wk.vb.: ON fremja ‘to further,
O 379; L GED 123; to promote’, OE framian ‘to avail, to
B Nom. 70. profit’, OFris frema, fremma ‘to promote’,
*fraiwjaz adj.: ON frjór ‘fertile’. Derived OS fremmian id., OHG fremmen id.
from *fraiwan. W BB XXVIII Derived from *framaz. H
43 (from *fraiwjaz, to Lat praegnans ‘preg- AEEW 115; V ANEW 141.
nant’); T-F 245; O 379. *frankòn sb.m./f.: ON frakka ‘javelin,
*frak(k)az adj.: ONorw frakkr ‘brave’, OE dart’, OE franca ‘javelin, lance’. Unclear.
fræc ‘voracious, greedy’, MLG vrak id. An Cf. also ON furkr ‘spear’. T-F
ablaut variant of *frekaz. F EngS 246 (to Lat-Gmc framea ‘spear, javelin’).
frastiz 112 frenanan
*frastiz sb.m.: Goth frasts ‘child, offspring’. F 165–166; S 208; B-
Together with Slav *prost˙ ‘simple, free’  Nom. 65.
continues IE *pro-stà- (U PBB *frauþò(n) sb.f.: ON frauä ‘froth’, ME
XXVII 119), a prefixal derivative of froäe id. Derived from *frawaz. T-
*stà- ‘to stand’ (cf. T SN XIII F 248.
305–307). For the semantic connection *frawa-lìkaz adj.: ON frá-ligr ‘swift,
between Gmc and Slav cf. Lat lìberì quick’, OHG frawa-lìh ‘happy, merry’.
‘children’ (B IEL 262–272). Derived from *frawaz. H
G-G IV/1/1 64 (to Goth fraþ- 211.
jan ‘to perceive, to understand’—semanti- *frawaz adj.: ON frár ‘swift’, ME adv. frow
cally plausible in view of Slav *otrok˙); ‘hurriedly’, OFris frè ‘glad, happy’, OS
K KZ XXV 313 (to Lat pròlès frà id., OHG frò id. Probably related to
‘descendant’); K ZDADL XXXVII Av fravi- ‘mobile (?)’, Slav *prav˙ ‘right,
218 (to Lat pariò ‘to give birth’); C- straight’ < *prò⁄os. O Etym. 336–
 KZ XL 456 (from *prod-ti-); 340 (to Skt pravate ‘to spring up’ < *pleu-);
O PBB XX 89–91 (to *sèi- ‘to T-F 233; P I 845; V
sow’, from *pro-s(6)tis, or to Lat pròsàpia ANEW 140; O 378; V-
‘stock, family’); M MSL XII 219 T III 352; A VJa XXXI/2
(reconstructs *pro-s6–ti-, to *sèi- ‘to sow’); 22 (on Av); H 211–212;
C KZ XL 456 (to Av fràd- ‘to K-S 287.
cultivate’); P Aufs. 13 (to Slav *fraw( j)òn sb.m.: Goth frauja ‘lord, mas-
*proso ‘millet’); T-F 232; F ter’, ON theon. Freyr, OE freá ‘lord, mas-
165; M Language XIX 262–263 ter’, OFris frà id., OS fròho, fràho id., fròio
(from *pro-s-tƒo-); V-T III id., OHG frò id. Derived from IE *pro
380; L GED 125–126 (a nursery ‘forward’ > Gmc *fra- (S PBB
word or cognate of *fraw( j)òn). XIV 186). B KZ VIII 289 (to
*fratwjanan wk.vb.: Goth us-fratwjan Lat pròuincia ‘province’); S KZ
‘to make wise, to instruct’, OE frætwian XXVI 15, Voc. I 107 (same as B);
‘to adorn, to deck, to embroider’. De- O IF VIII 53 (follows S);
rived from *fratwò. H AEEW M Festschr. Streitberg 270 (to Slav
114; F 531; S JEGP *pravo ‘right, law’); M NTS III
XXXVI 181–182 (on the semantic devel- 123–124, 153 (compound close to Skt
opment in Gothic); L GED 381– pra-avati ‘to be merciful’); T-F 233
382. (from *frawaz); H AEEW 115–
*fratwò sb.f.: OE pl. frætwe ‘ornament, 116; F 166; L LS II 56–59
adornment, decoration’. Unclear. Prob- (compound of *per- ‘to possess’ and *He⁄-
ably continues IE *pro dò-. G- ‘vital force’); P I 813–815 (related
 Got. 231 (prefixed form related to to *p‘⁄o- ‘first’); V ANEW 142;
*tèwò); H ZDWf VII 301 (to Z II 216; L Verschärfung
*tawjanan); H AEEW 114; 16.8; B IEL 274; L
F 474–475; L GED 381–382. GED 126–127; B Nom. 183;
*fraþaz adj.: OHG frad ‘strong, able’. Cf. K-S 283.
also Goth fraþi ‘understanding’ < *fraþjan. *frawjòn sb.f.: ON freyja ‘lady’, Freyja
Related to *frò¶az. T BSW (name of goddess), OS frùa id., OHG
230; F 165–166; P I 845; frouwa id. Cf. also *fròwòn > OS frùa
L GED 126. ‘lady, mistress’. Derived from *fraw( j)òn.
*fraþjanan str.vb.: Goth fraþjan ‘to per- P I 815; V ANEW 142;
ceive, to understand’. Derived from *fra- Z II 216; K-S 283.
þaz. F KZ XX 449; T-F 246; *frenanan ~ *frexnanan str.vb.: Goth
frenanan 113 frija¶wò
fraihnan ‘to question, to ask’, ON fregna ‘to *frekòn sb.m.: ON poet. freki ‘wolf ’, OE
ask’, OE frenan ‘to inquire’, OS pret. freca ‘bold man, warrior’. Derived from
fragn id. Continues IE *pre˚-: Toch AB *frekaz. H AEEW 115; V
pärk- ‘to ask’, Skt pºccháti ‘to ask, to ques- ANEW 141; H 213.
tion’, Av p6r6saite id., Arm harc'anem id., *frestan ~ *frestaz sb.n./m.: ON frest
Lat poscò id., precor id., MIr arco id., Lith ‘delay’, OE fyrst, first ‘space of time, time’
per“ù, piı“ti ‘to arrange a marriage’, Slav (< *frestiz), OFris frist ‘respite’, OS first id.,
*prositi ‘to ask’. Further related to frist id. An old compound *pres-sto- struc-
*frajanan and *furskò. S KZ I turally similar to Skt pura˙-sthàtár- ‘stand-
150; Z Gutt. 190; T-F ing on the top’ < *pe ros-st6to- and OIr
245–246; M MSL XV 98–100 (nà- arsaid ‘old, ancient’ < *pe ros-st6ti- (B-
present); M NTS II 103–106  IF XIII 164). H apud
(innovation built on the basis of preterite V (to *friþuz); T-F 233–234;
*fraxa); B 997–1000; P- H AEEW 117; T NGWG
 Kelt. Gr. I 44; T BSW III (NF)/4 128–129 (to G First ‘fence,
216; H AEEW 115; W- ridge’); M II 309; P I
H II 346–347; F 161–162; 813; V ANEW 141–142; Z II
J IEW 551–552; M 186; L GED 129.
II 329; P I 821; F 598– *freusanan str.vb.: ON frjósa ‘to freeze’,
599; V ANEW 140–141; S OE freósan id., MDu vriesen id., OHG
208–210; V-T III 377– friosan id. Related to Skt prußvà ‘rime, ice’,
378; L GED 122–123; K- Lat pruìna ‘frost’ (B KZ XIX 440).
S 282; A TB 372. S KZ XXVII 328; W MP V
*frextiz sb.f.: ON frétt ‘enquiry’, OE freht, 272–273; T-F 248; H
fryht ‘prediction’. Related to *frenanan ~ AEEW 116; W-H II 378–
*frexnanan. T-F 246; H- 379; J IEW 569; M
 AEEW 114; V ANEW 142; II 381–382; P I 846; V
S 209. ANEW 143; V R-24–25 (to OIr
*frekaz adj.: Goth faihu-friks ‘covetous, réud ‘cold’); S 210–211 (to *preus-
avaricious’, ON frekr ‘greedy’, OE frec ‘to sprinkle’); H JIES I 215–223;
‘desirous, greedy, gluttonous, audacious’, L GED 129; K-S
MDu vrec ‘mean’, OHG freh ‘greedy’. 286.
Related to Slav *pragn‡ti ‘to desire’. See *frèiz adj.: ON frægr ‘famous’, OE e-
*frak(k)az. K PBB XII 514 (to fr≠e ‘known, renowned, famous’, OS gi-
Lat precàri ‘to request’); G Got. fràgi ‘known’. Related to *frexnanan ~
62 (to Lith piıkti ‘to buy’); F EngS *frenanan. T-F 246; H-
XXXIX 327–339; T Festschr. Unger  AEEW 114; V ANEW 145; L-
183–185 (to Gk spargãv ‘to swell, to be  GED 122; M Festschr. Schröder
full’); H PBB XXIII 352; T-F 103, KZ CV 112; H 212.
245; F 136; H AEEW 115; *frija¶wò sb.f.: Goth fri(j)aþwa ‘love’, OE
K NB I 27; L Language IX 258 freóäo ‘peace’. Identical with late Skt
(to W rhewydd ‘lascivious’); P I priyatva- ‘being dear, being beloved’. Fur-
845; V ANEW 141; L GED ther see *frijaz. T-F 247; H-
103; H 212–213; K-  AEEW 116; F 168 (OE fríod
S 283. equivalent to Skt priyátà ‘love’); M-
*frekìn sb.f.: Goth faihu-frikei ‘avarice,  II 379 (against the comparison
cupidity’, OE scyld-frecu ‘guilty greed’, with Skt); B IEL 266; L-
OHG frehhì ‘avarice’. Derived from  GED 128; B Nom.
*frekaz. F 13; H 213. 118–119.
frija-xalsa-ebòn 114 frijòndz
*frija-xalsa-ebòn sb.m.: ON frjáls-gjafi priyà ‘own, dear, beloved’, Av fem. fryà

‘freed-man’, OE freóls-efa ‘giver of id. M Festschr. Streitberg 268; B-
freedom’. Compound of *frija-xalsaz and  1026; T-F 247; V
*ebòn. C Nom. comp. 81 (parallel for- ANEW 143; L Verschärfung 9.5,
mations). 17.9; O 377.
*frija-xalsaz adj.: Goth sbst. freihals *frijò¶elaz sb.m.: ON friäill ‘lover, gal-
‘freedom’, ON frjáls ‘free’, OE fríols ‘free, lant’, OS friuthil ‘loved one’, MLG vridel
freedom’, OFris sbst. frì-hals ‘freedom’, id., OHG friudil id. Corresponds to Slav
OHG frìhals ‘free’. Originally, *‘having *prijatel¸ id. At the same time may be
a free neck, neck unhampered by a identical with Dac priãdila, priãdhla
yoke’. A compound of *frijaz and *xalsaz. Ñbruvn¤a m°laina’. Further see *frijòjan.
N PBB XLI 405 (‘Schonhals’); T-F 247; D Thr. 556
T-F 247–248; H (Dac priã-dila as a compound of *priƒo-
AEEW 117; F 167; C Nom. comp. as in *frijaz, and *dhal- ‘to bloom’); V
65–66; P Gliederung 119; P I ANEW 142.
844, 1021; V ANEW 143; O *frijò¶elò(n) sb.f.: ON friäla ‘loved
375; L GED 127–128; H- one, mistress’, OHG friudila id. Derived
 215. from *frijò¶elaz. T-F 247; V
*frija-xalsìn sb.f.: ON frelsi ‘freedom’, ANEW 142.
OFris frìhelse id., OHG frìhalsì id. Derived *frijòjanan wk.vb.: Goth frijon ‘to love’,
from *frija-xalsaz. T-F 247–248; ON fría ‘to deliver’, OE freóan ‘to free, to
V ANEW 141. respect, to love’, OFris friaia ‘to love’,
*frijaz adj.: Goth freis ‘free’, OE freó id., MDu vrien ‘to marry’, MHG vrien id.
OFris frì id., MLG vrì id., OHG frì id. Derived from *frijaz. Structurally identi-
Etymologically close to Skt priyá- ‘own, cal with Skt priyàyáte ‘to make friends
dear, beloved’, Av fryò id., Lat pro-prius ‘to with’, Slav *prijati ‘to favor’. T-F
own’, W rhydd ‘free’, Slav *prijati ‘to be 246; H AEEW 117; F 168;
disposed, to favor’. F BB IX 110 M II 379; P I 844;
(to Lat prìuus ‘single, each, private’); V ANEW 143; M LZ LXXIX
A  J MSL VII 291 32–38; O 377; B IEL
(Celtic loanword); B 1026; 266–267; L GED 128–129;
K NB I 90; W MLN XVI 310 V-T III 369–370; H-
(from *pro-ei- ‘to go forward’); T-F  215–216; K-S 284.
247–248 (follow F); H ZdPh *frijòn sb.m.: ON frí ‘lover’, OHG frìo
XXIX 301; N PBB XLI 403–405; ‘free man’. Derived from *frijaz. H-
T BSW 231; F 167–  215–216.
168; H AEEW 116; W- *frijòn¶-xulþaz adj.: ON frænd-hollr
H II 373–374; S 20–23, ‘faithful to one’s kinsmen’, OHG friunt-
90–91 (semantics); P Gliederung 119; hold ‘friendly’. Compound of *frijòn¶z and
M II 378–379; P I 844; *xulþaz. C Nom. comp. 90 (parallel
O 375; V-T III formations).
369–370; L Verschärfung 124–125; *frijòndz sb.m.: Goth frijonds ‘friend’, ON
M KZ LXXIX 32–38; B frændi ‘relative, friend’, OE freónd ‘friend’,
IEL 266; L GED 128; B- OFris friònd id., OS friund id., OHG friunt
 Nom. 242; H 215– id. Participle of *frijòjan. T-F 246;
216; K-S 284. H AEEW 117; F 168;
*frijjò sb.f.: ON theon. Frigg, OHG theon. P I 844; V ANEW 145;
Frija. Substantivized feminine of *frijaz O 377; B IEL 266;
with Verscharfung. Identical with Skt fem. M KZ LXXIX 32–38 (non-
frijòndz 115 fròkniz
participial formation from *frijò ); L- P I 844; V ANEW 143; L-
 GED 128; B Nom. 215;  GED 127; H 214–215.
K-S 285–286. *frì¶janan wk.vb.: Goth freidjan ‘to keep
*friskaz adj.: ON ferskr ‘fresh’, OE fersc safe, to take care’, ON fríäa ‘to adorn’,
id., MLG vrisch id., OHG frisc id. Related OHG frìten ‘to take care of, to pet’.
to *frijaz. T-F 248; F 163; Derived from *frì¶az. T-F 247;
H AEEW 102; Bù II 302 F 167; V ANEW 142; L
(against the comparison with Lith pr∏skas GED 127; H 214; K-
‘unleavened’, Slav *prîsn˙ id.); M KZ S 286.
LXV 263–265 (to Lat prìscus ‘previous, *frìsaz sb.m.: ON pl. Frísir ‘Frisian’, OE
former’); V ANEW 118; H- pl. Frísan id. (n-stem), OFris pl. Frìsa, Frìsa
 216–217 (reconstructs *pr-isko- vs. id., MDu pl. Friesen, Vresen id., OHG pl.
Lat prìscus < *pri-isko- vs. Balto-Slav *pro- Frieson id. Related to *frijaz? E
isko-); K-S 287. SVSU I/1 83–86 (to Fris frìsle ‘frizz’ or to
*friþòjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-friþon ‘to rec- Lat prìmus ‘first’); H AEEW
oncile, to establish peace’, ON friäa ‘to 116; V ANEW 143.
restore peace’, OE friäian ‘to keep the *frò¶az adj.: Goth froþs ‘wise, intelligent’,
peace, to protect’, OFris frethia id., OS ON fróär ‘knowing, learned’, OE fród
frithòn id., MHG vriden ‘to bring to peace’. ‘wise, prudent, skilful’, OFris fròd ‘clever,
Derived from *friþuz. T-F 247; wise’, OS fròd ‘learned, wise’, OHG fruot
H AEEW 117; F 180–181; ‘skillful, long-lasting, beloved’. Deriva-
V ANEW 142; L GED 137. tionally close to Lith prõtas ‘understand-
*friþu-lausaz adj.: ON friä-lauss ‘out- ing’, Latv pràts id. Further related to
lawed’, OE friä-leás ‘not included in the Toch A pratim, B pratiá ‘decision’, Lith
treaty of peace’, OFris fretho-làs ‘out- prantù, pràsti ‘to get used, to become
lawed’, MLG vrede-lòs id., MHG vride-lòs accustomed to, to understand’, Latv prast
id. Compound of *friþuz and *lausaz. ‘to understand’ (F IF L 229).
C Nom. comp. 89 (parallel formations). F KZ I 237; C KZ IV
*friþu-mannz sb.m.: ON pl. friä-menn 237 (to Lat interpres ‘negotiator’); T-
‘men of peace’, OHG fridu-man ‘peace- F 246; F 169; H AEEW
ful man’. Compound of *friþuz and 117; K NB I 65; T DW 71–
*mannz. C Nom. comp. 83 (parallel 73; J IEW 567; P I
formations). 845; C SGGJa I 75–76;
*friþuz sb.m.: Goth prop. Fredu-mirus, ON F 646; V ANEW 144;
friär ‘peace’, OE friä id. (masc., neut.), S 208; P 11–82; L
OFris fretho id., OS frithu id., OHG fridu GED 126; H 217–218.
id. Derived from *frijaz. T-F *frò¶ìn sb.f.: Goth frodei ‘intelligence’, ON
247; H AEEW 117; F 169; frœäi ‘knowledge’, OHG fruotì ‘maturity,
P I 844; V ANEW 142–143; prudence’. Derived from *frò¶az. T-
Z I 151; L GED 129, F 246; F 169; H 218.
153; B Nom. 159; K- *frò¶jan sb.n.: ON frœäi ‘record, lore’,
S 286. MDu vroede ‘intelligence’. Derived from
*frì¶az adj.: ON fríär ‘fair, beautiful’, OE *frò¶az. V ANEW 145.
fríd-hengest ‘stately horse’. Related to *frijaz. *frò¶janan wk.vb.: Burg *frodjan ‘to be
Structurally identical with Skt prìtá- wise’, ON frœäa ‘to teach’, OHG fruoten
‘satisfied’, Av friya- ‘glad, happy’. B- ‘to teach, to make wise’. Derived from
 1025; K NB II 302–303; *frò¶az. V ANEW 145; K 710;
T-F 247; F 167; H- H 218.
 AEEW 116; M II 380; *fròkniz adj.: ON frœkn ‘valiant, stout’,
fròkniz 116 fulaz
OE frécne ‘horrible, savage, audacious’, *frustan ~ *frustaz sb.m./n.: ON frost

OS fròkni ‘valiant, daring’, OHG fruohhan- ‘frost’, OE frost, forst id., OFris forst, frost
(in prop.). Related to *frekaz. K id., OS frost id., OHG frost id. Derived
NB II 449; F EngS XXXIX from *freusanan ‘to freeze’. T-F
328–332; T-F 245; F 136; 248; H AEEW 113; P I
H AEEW 117; P I 846; V ANEW 144; Z II 167;
845; V ANEW 145; L GED O 379; S 211; L
103; L Expr. 331; H GED 129; B Nom. 77;
218–219. K-S 288.
*fròw( j)az adj.: MLG adv. vrò ‘early’, *fruwiþò sb.f.: ON frygä ‘blossoming’, Du
OHG adv. fruo id., adj. fruoi id. Identical vreugde id. Derived from unattested
with Gk adj. pr≈Ûow id. T-F 233; *fruwaz, cf. *frawaz. T-F 233.
P I 814; F II 607–608. *fruzan sb.n.: ON frer ‘frost’, OHG fror id.
*frumaz ~ *frumòn adj.: Goth fruma Cf. Goth frius ‘coldness, frost’ < *freusan.
‘first, former’, ON frum-burär ‘firstborn’, Derived from *freusanan. Z Gutt.
OE frum ‘original, primitive, first’, OFris 9; T-F 248; F 169; V
forma ‘first one’, OS formo id. Related to ANEW 145; S 211; B
Lith pìrmas ‘first’, OPrus pirmas id. further Nom. 56; L GED 129.
connected with IE *pºH⁄o- id. Cf. also, *fu¶iz sb.f.: ON fuä-flogi ‘runaway from his
with the same suffix, Gk prÒmow ‘foremost bride’, E dial. fud ‘vulva’, MHG vut ‘cun-
man, chief ’, Lat prìmus ‘first’ < *prìsmo-. nus’. Related to Skt pùti- ‘putrid, stink-
Cf. superlative *frumistaz > Goth frumists ing’, Av pùiti- ‘putrefaction, rottenness’,
‘first’, OE fyrmest id., OFris formest id. Lat pùteò ‘to stink, to be rotten’ (
T-F 233; H AEEW H ZdWf X 195). J KZ
118, 120; F 169–170; W- XXXVI 352–353; B 909;
H II 362–363; P I 814– W-H II 392; M
815; C SGGJa I 74; F II 321; P I 849; V ANEW
597–598; V ANEW 144; F II 600; 145–146; K-S 281 (to Skt
L GED 129–130; B dual putau ‘buttocks’).
Nom. 234; R-B Numerals 624. *fulaz sb.m.: Goth fugls ‘bird’, ON fugl
*frumìn sb.f.: Goth frumei ‘beginning’, OS id., OE fuol id., OFris fugel id., OS fugal
frumì ‘usefulness’. Derived from *frumaz ~ id., OHG fogal id. From a dissimilated
*frumòn. F 169; L GED 129– *flulaz derived from *fleuanan (G III
130. 434; M Goth. 556), especially in view
*fruskaz sb.m.: ON froskr ‘frog’, OE frox of OE fluol ‘apt to fly, flying swiftly’
id., MLG vorsch id., OHG frosc id. OE (see *fluulaz). B Glossarium 224 (to
froa, froca id. is a pet-form of *fruskaz Lith paªk“tis ‘bird’); G Got. 76;
similar to doca ‘dog’. Cf. also ON fraukr, B ZdWf VII 78; B
frauki ‘frog’. Derived from *frawaz. IF IX 361–362 (to Skt phuka- ‘bird’);
M Mindeskr. Bugge 242 (to U PBB XXVI 310; S IF
*frauþò(n)); U PBB XXII 197; XIV 482–485 (to *fulòn); Z Gutt.
T-F 248; S MP XXVI 132; T-F 243; H IF
473 (ON frauki from *frau¶kòn); H- XXV 152 (to Gk peukedanÒw ‘pine-
 AEEW 113; P IF XLV 165 covered’), AEEW 118; F 170 (to Lat
(to Slav *prygati ‘to jump’); P I plùma ‘feather’); S IF XXXI 482–
846; V ANEW 140, 144; Z I 484 (to *pòu- ‘small, little’); F 170;
131; O 378; K-S 288; P I 837; C SGGJa I
A TB 416–417 (to Toch AB pruk- ‘to 74; V ANEW 146 (follows B);
make a leap’). Z I 131; O 374; S
fulaz 117 fulkan
201 (follows B); S Scripta L Festschr. Olson 238–240 (same
1074; T VJa XXIX/3 10 (to as H); T-F 244; H-
Slav *puga ‘blunt end of an egg’); L-  AEEW 111; T Lehm 24–
 GED 130; B Nom. 75; 30; M II 332; P I 806
K-S 866. (to *pel6-: *plà-), 833; V ANEW 137;
*fuxòn sb.f.: Goth fauho ‘vixen, she-fox’, Z II 199; F II 553–554;
ON fóa id., MLG vohe, vò id., OHG foha B Nom. 175; K 710.
id. Related to Toch B pako ‘tail’, Skt *fulènan wk.vb.: ON fylgja ‘to follow’,
púccha- ‘tail’, Alb push ‘down, fluff ’ < PAlb OE folian id., OFris folgia, folia id., OS
*puksja, Lith paustìs ‘hair (of animals)’, folgon id., OHG folgèn id. Identical with
Slav *pux˙ ‘down, fluff ’ (U Btrg. Slav *p¸lzîti ‘to crawl’ (A Etim. 1984
Gesch. XXII 538–539). F KZ 29) derived from *p¸lzti id. T-F
I 498 (related to él≈-pek-); M BSL 237; H AEEW 111; P
XXII 243 (questions the IE source); I 850; V ANEW 148; O
ZŸ KZ XXXI 13 (to Slav *pysk˙ 367; V-T III 309; A
‘muzzle’); S BB XV 135–136 (to Etim. 1980 41–49, Etim. 1981 131–140;
Gk Lac foËai: él≈pekew, Hes.); W K-S 277–278.
AJPhil XLI 349 (to Gk peukedanÒw *fuliþò sb.f.: ON fylgä ‘following, backing
‘sharp’); L NB XIX 87–88; T- up’, OE folgoä ‘train, retinue, service’,
F 243; F 144–145; M II OHG folgida ‘sect’. Derived from *fulè-
298–299; P I 837; F 554; nan. H AEEW 112; V
V ANEW 136; Z II 227; ANEW 147.
O 374; V-T III 414; *fuljan sb.n.: ON fyl ‘foal’, OHG fuli
K Muttersprache XC 185–188 id. Derived from *fulòn. V ANEW
(against U); L GED 110; 147.
B Nom. 174; T PJa *fulka-¶ruxtiz sb.f.: ON fólk-drótt ‘band
IV 84–85 (similar semantic development of warriors’, OE folc-dryht ‘multitude
in Lith lãpë ‘fox’ ~ lãpas ‘leaf ’); K- of people’. Compound of *fulkan and
S 244; O AED 351; A TB *¶ruxtiz. C Nom. comp. 80 (parallel
352–353. formations).
*fuxsaz sb.m.: ON fox ‘fraud’ (neut.), *fulka-lan¶an sb.n.: ON fólk-land ‘land
OSwed fux ‘male fox’, OE fox id., occupied by an army, district’, OE folc-
OS fohs id., OHG fuhs id. Derivative in land ‘land held by freemen’. Compound
*-s- connected with *fuxòn. H of *fulkan and *lan¶an. C Nom. comp.
AEEW 113; P I 849; V 80 (parallel formations).
ANEW 139; Z II 227; O *fulkan sb.n.: ON fólk ‘crowd, army’, OE
374; L GED 110; B folc ‘folk, people’, OFris folk id., OS folk
Nom. 174; K-S 289. id., OHG folc id. Etymologically related
*ful¶a-weaz sb.m.: ON fold-vegr ‘Earth’, to OBret ol- ‘to follow’, Bret heulia id.,
OE fold-we ‘earth-way, earth’. Com- OBret a olguo ‘by seeking’, W ol ‘trace’,
pound of *ful¶ò(n) and *weaz. C Corn ol id. continuing *pol·-. B-
Nom. comp. 54.  BB V 171 (to Lat uulgus ‘great
*ful¶ò(n) sb.f.: Burg *fulþ ‘field’, ON fold mass, multitude, people’); Z Gutt.
‘field, earth’, OE folde ‘earth’, OS folda id. 9; T-F 235 (to Lat populus ‘peo-
Related to Skt pºthá- ‘palm of the hand’, ple’); J Studien 71; H AEEW
Gk plãth ‘blade of an oar, winnowing 111; P I 799 (to IE *pel6- ‘to fill,
fan’ and the like (P UUÅ 1891 10). to pour’); V ANEW 137; Z II
See *felþuz ~ *felþan. H ANF 167; O 367; F Gloses 276;
VII 8 (to Gk plãtow ‘breadth, width’); K-S 866.
fulka-wìan 118 funxwstiz
*fulka-wìan sb.n.: ON fólk-víg ‘warfare’, fulfil’. Derived from *fullaz. F 172;
OFris fol-wìch id., MLG volk-wìch id., H 220.
OHG folk-wìg. Compound of *fulkan and *fullòjanan wk.vb.: OESc fulla ‘to fulfil’,
*wìan. C Nom. comp. 47. OE fullian id., OFris fulla, fullia id., OS
*fulkjan sb.n.: ON fylki ‘country, shire’, fullon id., OHG follòn id. Derived from
OE e-fylce ‘army, troop, band of war- *fullaz. H AEEW 119; H-
riors’. Derived from *fulkan. V  220.
ANEW 148. *fullòn sb.f.: Goth fullo ‘fullness’, ON
*fullan sb.n.: ON full ‘goblet’, OE full theon. Fulla, OHG folla ‘plenitude’.
‘cup’. Derived from *fullaz. T-F Derived from *fullaz. Structurally close
235; H IF XXV 152 (to Lat to Av p6r6nà ‘plenitude’. B
peluis ‘basin’, Gk p°lla ‘wooden bowl’), 850; F 172; H 220.
AEEW 118; V ANEW 146 (follows *fulmò sb.f.: OE folm ‘palm’, OS pl. folmòs
H). id., OHG folma id. Close to Lat palma
*fulla-wìsaz adj.: Goth fulla-weis ‘mature, ‘palm (of the hand)’, OIr lám ‘hand’,
thoroughly instructed, t°leiow’, ON full- Gk palãmh ‘palm of the hand’ (K-
víss ‘quite certain’. Compound of *fullaz  KZ XXXI 398). T-F
and *wìsaz. C Nom. comp. 67. 236; H AEEW 112; W-
*fullaz adj.: Goth fulls ‘full’, ON fullr id., H II 240–241; P I 806;
OE ful(l) id., OFris fol, ful id., OS ful id., F II 466; B Nom. 115.
OHG fol id. Continues IE *p¬Hnos id., an *fulòn sb.m.: Goth fula ‘foal’, ON foli id.,
adjective in *-no- of *pelH- ‘to fill’: Skt OE fola id., OFris fola id., OS folo id.,
pùr»á-, OIr lán, Lith pìlnas, Slav *p¸ln˙ OHG folo id. A zero grade form related
(H Idg. Gr. II 130). T-F 235; to Arm ul ‘she-goat’, Gk p«low ‘foal’, Alb
P Kelt. Gr. I 52, 178; T pelë ‘mare’ < *pò(u)lo-, *pò(u)là (F-
BSW 218; F 172; H AEEW  KZ I 495; M KZ L 54–55).
118; K NB II 206; M Gém. H Ablaut 39 (to *pòu- ‘small’); T-
25, 71; M II 324; P I F 244; H AEEW 111; F
798–800; F 591; V ANEW 170–171; P I 842–843; V
146; O 380; V-T III ANEW 137; Z I 153; F II
312; L GED 131; H 634; O 366; L GED 130;
220–221; K-S 866. K-S 277; O AED 314.
*fullìn sb.f.: Goth ufar-fullei ‘superabun- *fun¶az sb.m.: ON fundr ‘a thing found’,
dance’, OESc eþa-fylli ‘group of men nec- MLG vunt ‘find’, MHG vunt id. Derived
essary for an oath’, OE fyllu ‘fulness’, from *fenþanan. V ANEW 147.
OHG fullì id. Derived from *fullaz. *fun¶iz I sb.m.: ON fyndr ‘find’, OFris fynd
H AEEW 119; F 509–510; id. Substantivized *fun¶iz II. V
O 355; L GED 131; H- ANEW 148; S 194.
 220; K-S 290. *fun¶iz II adj.: ON ein-fyndr ‘as finder
*fulljanan wk.vb.: Goth fulljan ‘to fill’, entitled to the whole’, OE eáä-fynde ‘easy
ON fylla id., OE fyllan id., OFris fella id., to find’. Derived from *fenþanan. H-
OS fullian id., OHG fullen id. Derived  AEEW 120; S 194;
from *fullaz. Cf. a similar derivation M Festschr. Schröder 99, KZ CV 105;
in Slav *p¸lniti id. T-F 235; H 221.
H AEEW 119; F 172; *funxwstiz sb.f.: OE fÿst ‘fist’, OFris fèst
V ANEW 148; L GED 131; id., OS fùst id., OHG fùst id. Related
H 220; K-S 290. to Lith kúmstë id. (with metathesis),
*fullnòjanan wk.vb.: Goth fullnan ‘to Slav *p\st¸ id < *p–k⁄-sti- (S MSL
be full, to become full’, ON fullna ‘to VII 93). Further connected with *fenfe.
funxwstiz 119 furxnò
T-F 243; T BSW 218– before’, ON for- id., OE fór id., OFris fora
219; H AEEW 121; P I id., OS fora, for id., OHG fora id. Cf. also
839; P I 30; C SGGJa ON fyr id., OS furi id., OHG furi id.
I 80; F 309–310; O 358; Related to Gk pãr ‘along’, Lat por-
S LS 42; L GED 114; R- (G IF XX 37–40). Cf. *furàn.
B Numerals 662; K-S 253. T-F 231; H AEEW
*funòn sb.f./m.: Goth fon ‘fire’ (< *fwòn), 112; W-H II 343; F 145;
gen. sg. funins (with traces of a root stem), P I 813; V ANEW 148; F
ON funi id. Reflects the old oblique forms II 472–473; O 368; L GED
in *-n- of r/n-stem as in OPrus panno id. 110; K-S 291, 867.
(F KZ XVIII 416), cf. *fuwer ~ *fùr. *furai adv.: Goth faura ‘ahead, before, in
From *funòn WGmc *funkòn (ME fonke front of’, OE fóre ‘before, aforetime’,
‘spark’ MLG vunke id., OHG funco id.) is OFris fora ‘in front of ’, OS fora id., OHG
derived. W KZ I 248; B- fora id. Close to Skt purà ‘formerly,
 IF XXXIII 308–310; Z Gutt. before’, Av par¡ id., Gk parã ‘near’.
162 (*funkòn to Skt pàjas- ‘surface, face’); C BB XVII 17 (to Gk para¤
T-F 227, 243; F 158–159; ‘near’); B 852; S KZ
P I 828, 898–990 (*funkòn to Gk XLIV 165 (follows C); H-
f°ggow ‘light’, Lith spìngiu, sping∏ti ‘to  AEEW 112; F 145; M
shine’); V ANEW 147; Z I II 310; P I 810–818; F II
223; L GED 120; B 472–473; O 368–369; L
Nom. 205–206. GED 110–111.
*funsaz adj.: Goth prop. Ala-fonsus, ON *fur¶uz ~ *fur¶az sb.m.: OE ford ‘ford’,
fúss ‘willing, eager’, OE fús ‘ready, pre- OFris forda id. (n-stem), OS -ford (in
pared, prompt’, OS fùs ‘ready’, OHG cmpn.), OHG furt id. Cf. also *ferþuz >
funs ‘ready, expectant’. Perhaps, related ON fj‡rär ‘firth, bay’. Related to Av
to Gk p°nomai ‘to toil, to work’, Arm p6r6tu- ‘ford, bridge’, OW rit ‘ford’, Lat
hanum ‘to weave’, Lith pìnti ‘to braid’, portus ‘harbor, door’. B
Slav *p¸n‡, *p\ti ‘to spin’, cf. the same 892; T-F 230; H
zero grade in *p–to-: pãtow: ¶nduma AEEW 112; W-H II 343–
t∞w ÜHraw, Hes. T-F 228 (to 344; P I 817; V ANEW 126;
*fenþanan); H AEEW 119; O 369; S 188; L
W NP 59 (to *fenþanan, from *p–t- GED 109, 136; B Nom. 158;
so-); S EngS LXVIII 161–173; K-S 292.
K NB II 343; S ZDADL *furxaz adj.: ON forr ‘forward, haughty’.
LXXXII 245–247; P I 808–809; Identical with Gk prÒka ‘right now,
V ANEW 147; F II 504–506; right away’, Lat recì-procus ‘turning back
S 194; B Sprache the same way, returning, receding’, Slav
XVII 46–49 (to *fenþanan, from *p–t-to-); *prok˙ ‘spare, remaining’. P Bei-
L GED 131–132; B träge 960 (to Lat pro-sperus ‘hurried’); K-
Sprache XVII 46–49, Nom. 250; H-  NB I 16–17 (to IE *pers- ‘to spray’);
 222–223. T-F 232; W-H II
*funsjanan wk.vb.: ON fÿsa ‘to exhort’, 424; P I 813; V ANEW 139;
OE fÿsan ‘to hasten, to make haste, to F II 599; H 223.
incite’, OS part. a-fùsid ‘to strive’. *furxnò sb.f.: OE forn ‘trout’, OHG forhana
Derived from *funsaz. T-F 228; id. Close to Skt p®≤ni- ‘spotted, variegat-
H AEEW 121; V ANEW ed’, Gk porknÒw ‘dark’. T-F 244;
149; H 222. H AEEW 113; P I 821;
*fur(a) prep., adv.: Goth faur ‘in front of, L GED 109.
furxò 120 furskò
*furxò sb.f.: ON for ‘drain, sewer’, OE furh to Lat quercus ‘oak’, W perth ‘bush’ <
‘furrow’ (root stem), OFris furch id., MLG *k⁄erk⁄-t-. Cf. *ferxwuz. L PBB LX
vore id., OHG furh, furuh id. (< *furxiz). 160–163 (to Gk p°rkh ‘perch’ rather
Identical with Lat porca id., W rh#ch id. than to Lat quercus); H Waldbäume
(F III 244; Z KZ XXXV 118; Z Gutt. 190; T-F 234;
256–257). Z Gutt. 132; P H AEEW 119; W-
Kelt. Gr. I 122; T-F 244; H- H II 402–403; P Gliederung
 AEEW 119; W-H II 147; P I 822; V ANEW 147
340–341; P Gliederung 125; P (to Gk mnt. Purra›on, Skt parka†ì ‘Ficus
I 821; C SGGJa I 102; V infectoria’); Z II 216; O
ANEW 137; Z II 207; O 357; G Wurzelnomina 443;
382; B Nom. 196 (root stem); K-S 277.
K-S 291. *furistaz num.: ON fyrstr ‘first’, OE fyrest,
*furxtaz adj.: Goth faurhts ‘fearful’, OE fyrst id., OFris ferost id., OS furist, OHG
forht id., OS forht, foraht ‘afraid, fright- furisto ‘first’. Superlative formation based
ened’, OHG got-forht ‘fearful of God’. on *fur(a). T-F 232; H-
Derivative in *-to- related to Toch AB  AEEW 120; P I 812; V
pärsk- ‘to fear’, A praski ‘fear’, B prosko, ANEW 149; O 357; R-B
proskye id. (H IF XXXIX 65). Numerals 625; K-S 292.
K KZ I 39; T-F 244 (to *furjaz ~ *fòrjaz adj.: Goth ga-faurs
Arm erk‘ 'nim ‘to be afraid’); Z Gutt. ‘temperate, restrained, well-behaved’,
5–6, 190; S IF XXV 65 (to Gk MHG ge-vüere ‘fitting, useful’. Derived
fr¤ssv ‘to be rough’); L IF XXXII from *faranan with an unaccountable
159 (to Lith per“∏ti ‘to hurt, to pain’); divergence in vocalism (G
F 146–147; H AEEW 112; Got. 81). W MLN XVI 310 (to Gk
P I 820; C SGGJa I paËrow ‘small’); U PBB XXX
111; O 377; V W I 366; 279 (to Lat pùrus ‘pure’); F 180;
L GED 111; B Nom. L GED 137.
250, JIES XIX 354 (to *frexnanan ~ *furna-mannz sb.m.: ON forn-maär ‘man
*frenanan); H 223–224. of the olden time’, OE fyrn-mann ‘man of
*furxtìn sb.f.: Goth faurhtei ‘fright, fear’, yore. Compound of *furnaz and *mannz.
OE fyrhtu id. Cf. also OHG forahta C Nom. comp. 58.
id. Derived from *furxtaz. T-F *furnaz adj.: ON forn ‘old’, OS adv. forn
244; H AEEW 120; F ‘previously’, OHG adv. forn ‘previously’.
146; P I 820; Z II Zero grade of *fernaz. T-F 231;
179; O 377; L GED 111; V ANEW 138; L GED 106.
H 224; K-S 291– *fursaz sb.m.: ON fors ‘waterfall, stream’.
292. Close to Slav *porx˙ ‘dust’ (M
*furxtjanan wk.vb.: Goth faurhtjan (sik) ‘to Etudes 285) further related to Skt párßati
be frightened’, OE fyrhtan ‘to terrify, to ‘to sprinkle’, Toch AB pärs- ‘to sprinkle’.
frighten’, OFris unt-fruchta ‘to beware’, P IF V 54; T-F 244;
OS forhtian ‘to fear’, OHG for(a)hten ‘to M II 230; P I 823;
fear, to loathe’. Derived from *furxtaz. V ANEW 139; V-T
T-F 244; H AEEW III 332–333; A TB 375.
120; F 146; P I 820; L *furskò sb.f.: OHG forsca ‘question’. An
GED 111; H 224. archaic zero-grade noun identical with
*furxwòn sb.f.: ON fura, fúra ‘fir-tree’, OE Class. Skt pºcchà id., Arm harc' id. See
furh-wudu ‘fir-tree’, OS furia ‘pine’ ( jò- *frexnanan ~ *frenanan. T-F 246;
stem), OHG foraha ‘pine, fir-tree’. Related P IF XLV 156–157; M II
furskò 121 za¶ilinaz
329 (on the late nature of the Skt form); to stink’, Gk p-yomai ‘to rot’, Lat pùteò ‘to
L GED 123; K-S 280. stink, to be rotten’, Lith pùvù, púti
*furþ(a) adv.: OE forä ‘forth, forwards’, ‘to rot’. T-F 242–243; W-
OFris forth id., OS forth id., MHG vort id. H II 392; J IEW
Cf. also Goth faurþis ‘earlier, beforehand’. 565–566; M II 322; P I
Derived from *fur(a). T-F 232; 848–849; F 680–681; F II
H AEEW 113; F 147; 621–622; S 196–197.
P I 810–818; O 372. *fùlaz adj.: Goth fuls ‘fetid, foul’, ON
*furþòjanan wk.vb.: ON foräa ‘to help fúll ‘rotten, stinking’, OE fúl ‘foul, dirty,
oneself forth, to save one’s life’, OE rotten’, OFris fùl ‘stinking’, MLG vùl
foräian ‘to further, to advance’. Derived ‘rotten, spoiled’, OHG fùl ‘foul, putrid’.
from *furþa. H AEEW 113; Derived from *fùanan. Structurally close
V ANEW 138. to Lith pl. pùliai ‘pus’ < *pùlo-. T-
*fuwer ~ *fùr sb.n.: ON fÿrr ‘fire’ (masc. F 242; F 172; H
i-stem), fúrr (< *fùraz), OE fÿr id., OFris AEEW 118; K NB II 263–264;
fiùr, fiòr id., OS fiur id., OHG fiur, fuir P I 848–849; D VSJa 26;
id. Related to Hitt pa¢¢ur id., Toch A por, C SGGJa I 78; F 680;
B pùwar id., Arm hur id., Gk pËr id., V ANEW 146; O 373; S
Umbr pir id. Cf. *funòn. B IF 197; L GED 131; B
XXXIII 308–313; T-F 243; Nom. 249; H 219; K-
H AEEW 120; F 158– S 252.
159; P I 828; V ANEW 149; *fùòn sb.m.: ON fúi ‘rottenness’. Close to
Z I 223; F II 627–628; Gk pËon ‘discharge from a sore’, Arm hu
O 357; B Nom. 205; ‘blood from an ulcer’, Lat pùs ‘pus, white
K-S 262; A TB 392– matter’ < *pu⁄os and further to *fùanan
393. ‘to rot’. T-F 242; P I
*fùanan str.vb.: ON part. fúinn ‘rotten’. 849; V ANEW 146; F II 621–622;
Related to Skt pùyati ‘to become putrid, S 196.

*abiaz ~ *abuaz adj.: Goth gabigs B IEL 48; L GED 134.
‘rich’, ON g‡fugr ‘worshipful, noble’, OE *ablaz ~ *ablò sb.f.: OE pl. aflas
iefi ‘rich’, OHG kepic id. Cf. OHG gebigì ‘fork, prop’, OS gabala id., OHG gabala
‘opulence’. Derived from *ebanan. id. Related to or borrowed from Celt-Lat
S ZDADL XLIX 520; H gabalus ‘a kind of gallows’, OIr gabul
AEEW 128; F 175; V ANEW 198; ‘gable, fork’. T-F 125; W-
L GED 134. H I 575; T ZDADL LXXVI
*abìn sb.f.: Goth gabei ‘riches, opulence’, 15–19; C SGGJa I 98; K-
OHG kepì id. Derived from *ebanan. S 294.
M Festschr. Jellinek 84 (from adj. *a¶aròn sb.m.: OSwed gadder ‘lattice’,
*abaz, further—to *ebanan); B MLG gaddere id., OHG gataro id. Derived
PBB XII 416–417 (from *a-ab-, to Lat from *a¶òjanan (see *a¶ilinaz). T-
còpia ‘crowd’); K ZdWf VIII 28 F 123.
(to Lat habeò ‘to have’); F 175–176; *a¶ilinaz sb.m.: Goth gadiliggs ‘cousin’,
za¶ilinaz 122 ailjanan
OE ædelin ‘companion’, OS gaduling to Lith gagù, gag∏ti id. (M Language

‘relative’, OHG gatiling id. Cf. also XXVIII 35–36). Of imitative origin.
*a¶òjanan: OFris gadia ‘to unite’, MLG F 127–128; P I 407;
gaden ‘to suit, to please’, OHG bi-gatòn V ANEW 152.
‘to forgather, to get together’. Derived *ai¶wan sb.n.: Goth gaidw ‘shortage,
from IE *ghadh-: Skt gádhya- ‘fitting, suit- lack’, OE ád ‘lack, want, desire’, OFris
ing’, Lith goda ‘honor’, Slav *god˙ ‘time, gàd ‘need’. Etymologically close to Gk
year’ (G KZ XII 128–129). xat°v ‘to lack’ further connected with
F BB VIII 165 (to Lat habeò ‘to Skt jáhàti ‘to leave, to abandon’ and the
have’); F III 123; B BB like. Probably, to be reconstructed as
XVI 243 (same as F); W *·h6i-t⁄ó- (S KZ XXVII 425, Kl.
KZ XLV 69; B IF XXI 316– Schr. 53). Z Gutt. 173; T-F
318; P 2 (to Gk égayÒw ‘good’); 133; F 185; H AEEW 121;
T-F 123; H AEEW M I 426; P I 418–419;
121; F 178–179; M I F II 1077–1078; M Wortbild. 163
320–321; P I 423–424; F (to Skt hetú- ‘instigation, inducement’);
159–160; T ESSJa VI 191– L GED 139; B Nom.
192; L GED 136; K-S 84; H 227.
301. *aiaz sb.m.: ON geigr ‘scathe, serious
*aalan sb.n.: ON gagl ‘wild goose’. hurt’. Derived from *ìènan ~ *inènan.
Closely related to OPrus gegalis ‘a kind of T-F 134; L GED 137.
duck’, Slav *gogol¸ ‘male duck’ (B- *aijanan ~ *aiòjanan wk.vb.: ON
 BB I 253). Of imitative origin. geiga ‘to take a wrong direction’, OE for-
Z Gutt. 172; T BSW 74; ≠an ‘to transgress, to prevaricate’,
V ANEW 152; T PJa II 187– OFris gèja ‘to pay penance’, G geigen
189; V-T I 425. ‘to move back and forth’. Derived from
*an£ prep., adv.: ON gegn ‘against’, OE *aiaz. Z Gutt. 97; T-F
en id., OFris ien id., OS gegin id., OHG 134; H AEEW 121; P I
gegin, gagan id. Derived from *aniz. 421 (to Lith ≥iógauti ‘to yawn’); V
T-F 119–120; H ANEW 160–161; L GED 137.
AEEW 126; V ANEW 160; K- *aila-skapiz sb.m.: OESc gælskaper ‘for-
S 306. nication’, OE álscipe ‘luxury, lastfulness’.
*aniz adj.: ON gegn ‘short (of way), Derived from *ailaz. H
ready’, OE én ‘direct, short (of a road)’. 226.
Related to *ananan? L PBB *ailaz adj.: Burg *gails ‘merry’, OESc gæl-
XXXII 140 (to Skt jaghána ‘hinder part, maþer ‘bedfellow’, OE ál ‘light, pleasant,
buttock, pudenda’, Gk kox≈nh ‘per- wanton’, OS gèl ‘merry’, OHG geil ‘high-
ineum’); T-F 119; H spirited’. Identical with Lith gailùs
AEEW 126; M I 411; V ‘piteous; biting, nippy, corrosive’, Latv
ANEW 160; O 18; K-S gails ‘lecherous, lascivous’, Slav *zîl˙
306. ‘strong’ (Z Gutt. 171). T-F
*anjanan wk.vb.: ON gegna ‘to go 120; T BSW 75; F 185;
against, to meet, to suit’, OE ienan H AEEW 123; P I 452;
‘to turn, to drive’, OHG gaganen, geginen F 128–129; S LS 21;
‘to meet’. Derived from *aniz. T- V-T II 92; P 56–
F 120; H AEEW 128; 58; V-T II 92; L
V ANEW 160. GED 140; K 710; H
*aòjanan wk.vb.: ON gaga ‘to throw the 226; K-S 307–308.
neck back’, MHG gàgen ‘to cackle’. Close *ailjanan ~ *ailènan wk.vb.: Goth
ailjanan 123 alanan
gailjan ‘to gladden’, OHG ir-geilèn ‘to stem in Gmc); H AEEW 124;
raise (one’s eyes)’. Derived from *ailaz. W-H I 632; F 186;
Z Gutt. 171; T-F 120; F K Spr. Vorz. 76; P Gliederung
185; L GED 139–140; H- 114; T VJa VIII/1 22–23 (adds
 226. Slav *≥i(d)-m˙lst¸ ‘honey-suckle’ <
*aislan ~ *aislò sb.n./f.: ON geisl *‘goat’s throat’); P I 409–410;
‘staff ’, masc. geisli id., MLG geisel ‘whip’, C SSGJa I 58; V ANEW
OHG geisila id. Derived from *aizaz. 162; Z II 207; O 404;
T-F 121; V ANEW 162. L GED 140–141; T KZ
*aisjanan wk.vb.: Goth us-gaisjan ‘to XCVI 141–144; P KZ CI 167;
frighten’. Based on an unattested noun B Nom. 195; G
*aisaz identical with Av zaè“a- ‘horrible’. Wurzelnomina 443; K-S 308.
B 1651; T-F 135; *aiza-laukaz sb.m.: ON geir-laukr ‘gar-
F 531–532; P I 427; L lic’, OE neut. ár-leác id. Compound of
GED 382. *aizaz and *laukaz. H Waldbäume
*aispòjanan wk.vb.: ON geispa ‘to 644 (ON < OE); C Nom. comp. 32 (fol-
yawn’, ME áspen ‘to gasp’. An emphatic lows H); V ANEW 161.
derivative of *aisjanan secondarily in- *aizan sb.m.: ON geiri ‘goar, triangular
fluenced by *ipòjanan. T-F 134 strip’, OE ára ‘angular point of land,
(reconstruct *aipsòjanan, to *ipòjanan); promontory’, OFris gàra ‘triangular piece
V ANEW 162 (to ON geisa ‘to chafe, (of land)’, MLG gère ‘wedge-shaped
to rage’ or to *ipòjanan). piece’, OHG gèro ‘angular strip of land’.
*aistaz sb.m.: OE ≠st ‘soul, spirit, mind’, Derived from *aizaz (after the triangular
OFris jèst id., OS gèst id., OHG geist id. shape of the spear-head). T-F
Related to *aisjanan. Cf. also a struc- 121; H AEEW 124; O
turally similar but semantically diverging 406; K-S 307.
Lith ≥aizdà ‘wound’. Z Gutt. 202; *aizaz sb.m.: Goth prop. Gais-walds, ON
T-F 135; H AEEW geirr ‘spear’, OE ár ‘dart, javelin, spear’,
122; P I 427; F 1285; OFris gèr id., OS gèr id., OHG gèr id. Cf.
Z I 131; F 1285; O also *ai¶ò > OE ád ‘point, sting, prick,
396; L GED 382; B goad’. Related to Lat-Gaul gaesum, ga›son
Nom. 76; K-S 308. ‘heavy iron spear’, OIr gaë ‘spear’, W
*aitìnaz adj.: Goth sbst. gaitein ‘kid’, OE gwayw id., MBret goaff id., Corn gew id.
≠ten ‘pertaining to goats’, OHG geizìn id. The same Indo-European word is at-
Diminutive of *aitz. Structurally identi- tested as a loanword from an unknown
cal with Lat haedìnus ‘of a kid’ (P (Western) source in Gk xa›on, xa›ow
114). T-F 120; H ‘shepherd’s stick’. Cf. also Thrac prop.
AEEW 122; W-H I 632; Boulo-ga¤shw. Z Gutt. 202; T-
F 186; P I 409; L F 120–121; F SVAO 1914/6 82–
GED 140. 83; S-N II 425 (Gmc <
*aitz sb.f.: Goth gaits ‘she-goat’ (i-stem), Celt); W-H I 575–576;
ON geit id., OE át id., OS gèt id., OHG H AEEW 124; D
geiz id. (i-stem). Related to Lat haedus Thr. 79; P I 410 (to Skt heßa-
‘buck’ (F KZ I 497). P- ‘weapon’); V ANEW 161–162; Z-
 500 (to Skt jáhàti ‘to leave, to aban-  I 131; O 403; F 1061–
don’); F I 433 (to Lith ≥áid≥iu, ≥áisti ‘to 1062; C 1240; B
play’); Z Gutt. 200–201; C- Nom. 54 (to Gk xa›ow); K-S
 KZ XL 472; T-F 120; 315; B OFED s.v.
H Urgerm. II 51 (on the consonantal *alanan tr.vb.: ON gala ‘to crow, to
alanan 124 almaz
sing’, OE alan ‘to sing’, OHG galan ‘to lows’, OE eal-tréow id. Compound of
incantate’. Originally, of imitative origin. *alòn and *trewan. C Nom. comp. 54.
B IF XXXII 190 (secondary *alòn sb.m.: Goth galga ‘stake, gallows,
present vocalism based on preterital cross’, ON gálgi ‘gallows’, OE eala ‘gal-
*òl-); T-F 130; B I 293 lows, gibbet, cross’, OFris galga ‘gallows’,
(to Slav *galiti ‘to triumph, to laugh’ < OS galgo id., OHG galgo id. Related to
*ghòl-eƒo-); H AEEW 123; Lith ≥algà ‘long pole’ (M WZKM V
S Festschr. Trier 442–444 (recon- 68) and, probably, to Arm ja∑k ‘branch’.
structs the original meaning ‘to praise’); P KZ XXXIX 361; Z Gutt.
J IEW 382–385; P I 178, 201; T-F 131; T
428; V ANEW 153; O 1019; BSW 364; H AEEW 125; F
S 212–213; L GED 157– 189; P I 411; F
158 (to Gk xelid≈n ‘swallow’). 1286–1287; V ANEW 153; Z
*al¶inaz sb.m.: ON geldingr ‘wether’, G I 153; O 387; S Arm. 314–315;
Gelling-hanf ‘male hemp’. Derived from S LS 65; L GED 142;
*al¶iz ~ *al¶jaz. V ANEW 162; K-S 295.
H 228. *allan ~ *allòn sb.n./f.: ON gall ‘gall,
*al¶iz ~ *al¶jaz adj.: Goth pln. Galtis bile’, OS galla id., OHG galla id.
(< *galþeis), ON geldr ‘barren, yielding no Continues *·hol-n-. Connected with Av
milk’, OE ielde ‘fruitless’, MLG gelt id., zàra- id., Gk xÒlow id., xolÆ id., Lat fel
OHG galt, gialt id. Related to Slav *gold˙ id. (n-stem) (K KZ I 516). Believed to
‘hunger’. K NB II 376; L be further related to the color adjective
ZDADL 146–147 (participle of *alanan); *·hel-: Skt hári- ‘pale, yellowish, greenish’,
O IF XXXVIII 168 (to Phryg pl. Av zairi- ‘yellow, yellowish’, Lat heluus
Gãlloi ‘castrated servants of Cybela’); ‘light bay’, Lith ≥ãlias ‘green’, ≥efivas
T-F 132 (to Lith ≥alà ‘harm, dam- ‘greenish’. Z Gutt. 171; P
age’); H AEEW 129; F Beiträge 794; B 1690; T-
189; S Festschr. Trier 448–449 (to F 131; H AWN 99, AEEW
IE *ghel- ‘to peel, to cut’); P I 434; 125; W-H I 473–474, 639;
V ANEW 196, 198–199; T P Gliederung 110, 207; M
ESSJa VI 199–200; L GED 143; III 581; P I 429–430; C-
H 228 (to IE *·hel- ‘to cut’);  SGGJa I 89; F 1287,
K-S 310. 1297; V ANEW 153; Z II
*al¶janan wk.vb.: ON gelda ‘to geld’, 182; F II 1109–1110; O 386;
MDu gelten id., G gelzen id. Derived from K-S 296.
*al¶iz ~ *al¶jaz. Structurally close to *allòn sb.m.: ON galli ‘fault, flaw’, OE
Slav *golditi ‘to cause hunger, to starve’. ealla ‘fretted place on the skin’, MLG
J IEW 385 (to *·hel- ‘to cut’); galle ‘wounded spot on the skin’, MHG
S Festschr. Trier 448–449; V galle ‘swelling’. Related to Lith ≥alà
ANEW 162–163; T ESSJa VI ‘harm, damage’, Slav *z˙l˙ ‘bad, angry’
199; H 228. (H AWN 79). Homonymic OE
*al¶ran sb.n.: ON galdr ‘song, witch- ealla ‘gall, bile’ belongs to *allan ~
craft’, OE ealdor ‘incantation, charm’, *allòn. Z Gutt. 201 (to OIr galar
OHG galtar id. Derived from *alanan. ‘sickness’); T-F 130; H
T-F 130; H AEEW AEEW 125; E KZ XLIV 66;
124; V ANEW 153; S 212; P I 490; F 1286; V
L GED 157, 193; B ANEW 154; O 386 (to *allan ~
Nom. 86. *allòn).
*ala-trewan sb.n.: ON gálga-tré ‘gal- *almaz sb.m.: ON galmr ‘sword’ (þula),
almaz 125 aniz
OS galm ‘tone’, OHG galm ‘tone, sound’. *anaz sb.n.: ON gan ‘frenzy, frantic ges-
Derived from *alanan. T-F 130; tures’. Identical with Gk xãnow ‘yawning,
V ANEW 154. gaping’. See *anòjanan. P I 411;
*alpòjanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. galpa ‘to F II 1076–1077.
cry (of birds)’, OS galpòn ‘to cry loudly’. *ananan tr.vb.: Goth gaggan ‘to go’,
Derived from *elpanan. T-F 132. ON ganga id., OE anan id., OFris gunga
*altaz ~ *altuz sb.m.: ON g‡ltr ‘boar, id., OS gangan id., OHG gangan id.
hog’, OE ealt-bor ‘pig’. Probably related Connected with *anaz. May be a back
to Lith acc. núo-galdà ‘dock in a stable’, formation based on *anjanan (P
ù≥-galda id., Latv gafids ‘splinter, board, 147). Cf. also Lith ≥eñgti ‘to stride, to
plank’. S ANT 158; H BB march’, Latv zìet ‘to trespass, to sin’
XXIV 246 (to Skt hu∂a- ‘ram’); T- (S ScSl VIII 162–164). S
F 131; H AEEW 125; KZ I 150; H AEEW 123;
F 131; V ANEW 198–199; Z Gutt. 178, 200; T-F
K-S 311. 124; F 181–182, 288–289; P
*amalaz adj.: ON gamall ‘old’, OE amol, Gliederung 147; J IEW 343–
omel id., MDu gamel id. Probably related 344; P I 438; C
to Lat humilis ‘low’, Gk xyamalÒw ‘near SGGJa I 76; V ANEW 156; S
the ground, low’ (S Word VIII 213–216; M KZ CXI 134–142;
50). K KZ XXVI 70 (from *a- L Language XIX 318–319, GED
mèlaz, to *mèlan I); W IF V 12 137–138.
(ON gamall < *a-xamalaz, to *xamalò- *anaz I sb.m.: Goth neut. gagg ‘street,
janan); T-F 127 (to *òmz); H- road’, ON gangr ‘going, walking’, OE
 AEEW 123; R Wortst. 50 an ‘going, journey, way’, OFris gang,
(to ON gambra ‘to brag, to bluster’); gong id., OS gang id., OHG gang id.
W-H I 664–665; P I See *ananan. T-F 124; H-
414–416; V ANEW 154; F II  AEEW 123; F 181; P
1098–1099; K-S 856. I 438; V ANEW 156; Z II
*amanan sb.n.: ON gaman ‘game, sport, 186; O 388; S 214; L
amusement’, OE amen ‘joy, game, pleas- GED 138; M KZ CIX 76–109;
ure’, OFris game, gome id., OS gaman id., K-S 297.
OHG gaman ‘joke, joy’. Identical with *anaz II adj.: OESc eþ-ganger ‘legiti-
Slav *gomon˙ ‘noise’ (I’ RFV LXIII mate’, OE acc. sg. fela-eone ‘having
341) derived from *gom˙ id. T-F travelled much’, MLG gange ‘passable’, G
127; B I 326–327 (Slav < Gmc); gang und gäbe. See *ananan. H-
P I 490 (to *ampaz); V-  229–230.
T I 436. *anilaz sb.m.: ON gengil-beina ‘woman
*amanòjanan wk.vb.: ON gamna ‘to with crooked legs’, OE æfter-enel ‘suc-
amuse, to divert’, OE amnian ‘to joke, to cessor’, OHG fuoz-gengil ‘pedestrian’.
play’. Derived from *amanan. V Derived from *aniz. H
ANEW 155; O 388. AEEW 127; S 214.
*ammòn sb.m.: ON gammi ‘Finnish *aniz adj.: ON gengr ‘able to walk’, OE
dwelling’, G dial. Gamm ‘heap of drying ene ‘going, current, prevalent’, OFris
bricks’. Related to *òmz. L Arm. St. gendze, ganse ‘current’, MDu genge id.,
14 (to Arm gom ‘barn, pen’); T-F OHG gengi id. Derived from *ananan.
127; C SGGJa I 110. K NB I 106–107; T-F 124;
*ampaz sb.m.: Norw gamp ‘big, fat man, H AEEW 127; V ANEW
fat horse’, MHG gampf ‘shaking’. Of un- 163; S 214; M Festschr.
known origin. T-F 127. Schröder 106; KZ CV 127; H
aniz 126 ar¶az
230; K-S 297; B *ans-xabukaz sb.m.: ON gás-haukr

OFED s.v. ‘goshawk’, OE ós-hafoc id. Compound of
*anjan sb.n.: Goth faura-gaggi ‘steward- *ansz and *xabukaz. C Nom. comp.
ship, management, administration’, ON 48; O 407.
gengi ‘help, support, success’, OE ene *ansz sb.f.: ON gás ‘goose’, OE ós id.,
‘gang, flock, company’ (fem.), OS gi-gengi OFris gòs id., MLG gòs id. (i-stem), OHG
‘row’, OHG ana-gengi ‘beginning’. De- gans id. (i-stem). Span ganso id. is from
rived from *ananan or *aniz. H- Goth *gansus. Related to Skt haµsá- id.,
 AEEW 127; F 182; V Av zà id., Gk xÆn id., Lat ànser id., OIr
ANEW 163; S 214. géiss ‘swan’, Lith ≥àsìs ‘goose’, Slav *g‡s¸
*anjanan wk.vb.: Goth gangjan ‘to go, to id. Z Gutt. 201; S DVN
go on a journey’, OE enan ‘to go, to 410–415; B I 342 (Slav < Gmc);
pass’, MHG gengen ‘to make go’. Derived T-F 125; H AEEW
from *ananan, *anaz. H 135; W-H I 52; M
AEEW 127; F 182; P I 438; III 571; P I 412; F 1292;
S 214. V ANEW 157; Z II 207;
*anjòn sb.m.: Goth faura-gaggja ‘steward, F II 1094–1095; O 406; T-
manager’, ON for-ingi ‘leader’, OE án-  ESSJa VII 88–89; B
ena ‘lone-goer, loner’, OFris bràd-genza Nom. 196; G Wurzelnomina
‘beggar’, OHG nàh-gengo ‘servant’. De- 201–232; K-S 298.
rived from *ananan. H *antaz adj.: OHG ganz ‘healthy, un-
AEEW 127; F 182; P Gliederung harmed, whole’. Identical with Lith n‚-
147; V ANEW 138; S 214. gandas ‘dissatisfaction’, OLith adv. comp.
*anòn sb.f.: ON ganga ‘walking’, OHG gand≥iaus ‘rather’. T-F 125; F
miti-ganga ‘servant, maid’. Derived from IF XXXII 331–332 (to Alb gjithë ‘all’);
*ananan. Cf. in particular structurally F 133, KZ LXXII 185–190
similar Skt já«ghà ‘lower leg’, Lith pra- (Baltic forms to Skt ghaná- ‘compact, firm,
≥angà ‘violation, breach’. Z Gutt. hard, dense’); H 233; K-
197; T BSW 370; F S 298.
1300; S 214. *apòjanan wk.vb.: ON gapa ‘to gape’,
*anulaz adj.: ON g‡ngull ‘strolling’, OE OE ofer-apian ‘to neglect, to disregard’,
wíd-anol ‘rambling, roving’. Derived MLG gapen ‘to gape’, MHG gaffen id. Of
from *ananan. K NB II 286; imitative origin. Z Gutt. 18, 217;
V ANEW 199; S 214; H- T-F 125; H AEEW
 230–231. 124; V ANEW 156 (to *·hè- ‘to
*anxtiz sb.f.: Goth fram-gahts ‘progress’, yawn’); O 389; K-S
ON gátt ‘rabbet of a door-sill’, OE bed-íht 294.
‘evening’, OHG betti-gàht ‘going to bed’. *ar¶az sb.m.: Goth gards ‘house, family,
Derived from *ananan. T-F court’ (< *ar¶iz), ON garär ‘yard’, OE
124; H AEEW 130; F 164; eard ‘enclosure, yard, dwelling, land’, OS
V ANEW 158; S 214; gard ‘land, field’, pl. ‘yard’, OHG boum-
L GED 124–125. gart ‘garden, orchard’. Related to Toch B
*anòjanan wk.vb.: ON gana ‘to rush, to kerccì ‘palace’, Skt gºhá- ‘house’, Av g6r6da-
glare’, OE ánian ‘to yawn, to gape’, ‘dev’s cave’, Alb gardh ‘fence’, Lith gaıdas
MHG jànen ‘to gape, to glare’. Derived ‘pen, hurdle’, Slav *gord˙ ‘fence, town’
from *anaz. Related to Gk xa¤nv id. (L KZ XI 192). M IF
H AEEW 123–124; P I XVI 140; G Got. 90; T-
411, 419; V ANEW 155; F II F 129; H AEEW 125; F
1076–1077. 197–198; P Gliederung 171; M-
ar¶az 127 astiz
 I 344; P I 444; F 167; H 233; K-S

135–136; V ANEW 156; Z II 300.
195; O 1018; B IEL 274; *arwaz adj.: ON g‡rr ‘ready for some-
T ESSJa VII 37–38; L thing’, OE earu ‘ready, prepared’, OS
GED 147–148; K-S 300; garu id., OHG garo id. Related to *eraz.
O AED 110; A TB 196. K PBB XX 530 (from *a-arwaz,
*ar¶jan sb.n.: ON geräi ‘fenced field’. see *arwaz); K NB II 17, 414–416;
Derived from *ar¶az. Derivationally T-F 128; H AEEW
identical with Toch B kerccì ‘palace’, 126; P I 494; V ANEW
Phryg pln. GÒrdion (L Toch. 21–22). 163–164 (to IE *g ⁄her- ‘to burn’), 199;
A TB 196, O 1018; S LuE 458–460
*ar¶òn sb.m.: Goth garda ‘enclosed yard, (against the connection with *g ⁄her- ‘to
stockyard’, OFris garda ‘land property’, burn’); K KZ LXXXVII 26–31;
OS gardo ‘garden’, OHG garto id. A mor- S Festschr. Kolb 558–568 (follows
phological variant of *ar¶az. T- K); B Nom. 244;
F 129; F 197; P I 444; H 233–234; K-S
Z II 195; K-S 300. 298–299.
*arnan sb.n.: ON garn ‘yarn’, OE earn *arwiþò sb.f.: ON gerä ‘gear, harness,
id., MLG garn id., OHG garn id. See armor’, OHG garawida ‘garment, gear’.
*arnò. Z Gutt. 201; T-F Derived from *arwaz. T-F 128;
129; H AEEW 125–126; V ANEW 164; H 234.
P I 443; V ANEW 157; *arwìn ~ *arwjò sb.f.: ON g‡rvi ‘gear,
Z I 140; F II 1291; apparel’, OE earwe ‘clothing, attire,
O 1018; K-S 299– gear’, OHG garawì ‘equipment, attire,
300. jewelry’. Derived from *arwaz. H-
*arn( j)a-wen¶òn sb.f.: ON garn-vinda  AEEW 126; V ANEW 165;
‘skein of yarn’, OE earn-winde ‘reel’ O 392; H 234.
(masc.?), OFris jern-wine id., MLG garn- *arwjanan wk.vb.: ON gørva ‘to get
winde id., OHG garn-winta id. Compound ready, to make ready’, OE ierwan ‘to
of *arnò and *wen¶òn. C Nom. comp. make ready, to prepare’, OS garwian, ger-
 (parallel formations). wian id., OHG garawen id. Derived from
*arnò sb.f.: ON g‡rn ‘gut’. Cf. WGmc *arwaz. T-F 128; H
neut. *arnjan > OE myc-ern ‘fat about AEEW 130; V ANEW 163–164;
the kidneys’, OS mid-garni ‘internal fat’, O 389; H 234; K-
OHG mitti-garni id. Identical with Lith S 315–316.
≥arnà ‘gut’, Latv zarna ‘intestine’. Further *asti-ebòn sb.m.: ON gest-gjafi ‘host’,
cf. Alb zorrë id. < PAlb *d≥àrnà with a MHG gast-gebe id. Compound of *astiz
long *à < *è. T-F 129; T- and *ebòn. C Nom. comp. 83 (paral-
 BSW 367; P I 787; F- lel formations).
 1291; V ANEW 199; S LS *astiz sb.m.: Goth gasts ‘stranger, guest’,
65; K-S 299; O AED ON gestr ‘guest’, OE æst, iest ‘stranger,
525–526. guest, enemy’, OFris jest ‘guest’, OS gast
*arstaz ~ *arstiz adj.: ON gerstr ‘sour, ‘enemy, guest’, OHG gast ‘guest,
dismal’, MLG garst ‘rancid’, MHG garst stranger’. Etymologically identical with
id. Identical with MIr goirt ‘bitter’ < Lat hostis ‘stranger’, Slav *gost¸ ‘guest’.
*ghorsti-. T-F 130; P I B IF I 172–174; Z Gutt.
445 (to Lith grastìs ‘menace, threat’, grasùs 172; M MSL IX 374; T-F
‘causing weariness’ based on gresiù, grEsti 133; H AEEW 130; W-
‘to menace, to threaten’); F 166– H I 662–664; F 202; M
astiz 128 aum( j)ò(n)
Language XXIV 154–155; P Glie- XXX 282 (to *·heu- ‘to call’); T-F
derung 207; P I 453; C 119 (follow B); H AEEW
SGGJa I 65; V ANEW 165; Z 124; F 210–211 (to Gk o‡h ‘village’),
I 149; O 418; L Verschärfung PBB XV 547–548 (from *a-wix-, to IE
11.2; B IEL 75, 78, 294, 301; *wei˚- ‘dwelling’); P I 449; F
T ESSJa VII 67–68; L II 1072–1073; L GED 153;
GED 149; K-S 300. K-S 301; B OFED s.v.
*atan sb.n.: ON gat ‘hole’, OE eat ‘gate, *aujanan str.vb.: ON geyja ‘to bark’. Cf.
door’, OFris gat, jet ‘hole, opening’, OS OE óian ‘to lament’ < *òwjanan.
gat ‘eye of a needle, hole, opening’. Of Related to Skt hávate ‘to call’, Lith ≥av∏ti
uncertain origin. Probably connected ‘to charm’, Slav *zov‡, *z˙vati ‘to call’.
with ancient Balkanic (Phrygian?) z°tna K ANF XI 344–345 (from *a-waujan,
‘door’ for which a conjecture *z°tan is to *waujan ‘to ring out, to resound’);
required. H PBB XI 553 (to W MLN XVI 19 (to IE *·heu- ‘to
Skt hádati ‘cacare’, Gk x°zv id.), AEEW pour’); T-F 121; H
126; Z Gutt. 201; T-F 123; AEEW 134; J IEW 318–320;
P I 423; G Issledov. 139; P I 449 (to *·heu- ‘to yawn’);
V ANEW 157; O 391; K- C SGGJa I 75; V ANEW
S 301. 165 (to Lith gaUsti ‘to rumble, to hum’);
*atwòn sb.f.: Goth gatwo ‘thoroughfare, V-T II 85; S 216.
street’, ON gata ‘thoroughfare’, MDu gate *aukaz sb.m.: ON gaukr ‘cuckoo’, OE
‘passage’, OHG gazza ‘quarter’. Derived eác id., OFris gàk id., MLG gòk id., OHG
from *atan (P Beiträge I 599). gouh id. Of imitative origin. U
B PBB XI 272 (to *·hèi- ‘to go’); ANF XV 151–153 (< *a-aukaz, to
G Got. 94 (to Gk xãskv ‘to *aukanan); G SBAW CXLII/8
yawn, to gape’); W BB XXX 95 (to *aujanan); M MSL XII
214 (to Lith gendù, gèsti ‘to spoil’); T- 213–215 (to Lith geguzE ‘cuckoo’, Slav
F 123; H PBB XI 565 (to *≥eg˙zica id.); T-F 122; H-
Skt hádati ‘to defecate’); P Kelt. Gr.  AEEW 124; V ANEW 158;
I 63 (to W gwddw ‘neck’); F 205–206; O 408; Z I 131; K-
P I 423; V ANEW 158; S 301.
Z II 228; O 391; L *aumiþò sb.f.: ON rare geymd ‘heed,
GED 151; K-S 300. attention’, OHG bi-goumida ‘care, worry’.
*au¶an ~ *au¶ò sb.n./f.: ON gauä Derived from *aumjanan. V ANEW
‘barking’, OE eáä ‘foolishness, luxury, 166.
mockery’. Derived from *aujanan. *aumjanan wk.vb.: Goth gaumjan ‘to pay
T-F 121; H AEEW attention, to see, to observe’, ON geyma
126; V ANEW 158. ‘to keep, to watch’, OE ÿman ‘to care
*aujan sb.n.: Goth gawi ‘region, country, for, to heed, to watch, to observe’, OS
environment’, OE -é ‘land, district’ (in gòmian ‘to guard’, OHG goumen ‘to heed,
cmpn.), OFris gà ‘district’, OS -gò, -gà to watch’. Derived from *aum( j)ò(n).
id. (in cmpn.), OHG gouwi, gewi ‘county, Z Gutt. 172; T-F 121;
land’. Etymologically close to Gk xãow H AEEW 129; F 207;
‘emptiness’ < *xaWow (G Got. P I 453; V ANEW 165–166;
96). L KZ VIII 119 (to Gk L GED 151; K-S 302.
ga›a ‘earth’); B ZdWf II 341–342 *aum( j)ò(n) sb.f.: ON gaum ‘attention,
(from Gmc *a-a(x)wjan ‘land among the heed’, masc. gaumr id., OE ÿme ‘care’,
waters’); S BB XXVIII 310 OFris gàme id., NFris gumi ‘christening
(to Arm gavar ‘area’); U PBB celebration’, OS gòma ‘entertainment’,
aum( j)ò(n) 129 az¶az
OHG gouma ‘meal, banquet’. Derived BB III 81). G Got. 89–90 (to
from *awènan (T SHS 186). T- *antaz, OE in ‘wide, spacious’);
F 121; J Festschr. Noreen 461, J PBB XV 228–229 (to *(a)-
BB XV 228 (from *a-aumò, to Slav *um˙ nesanan); W BB XXVII 204–205
‘mind, intelligence’); P IF V 68 (to *ennanan); T-F 137; E
(from *a-usm-, to *auzòn); S IF KZ LI 258 (to Latv i‚-gansts ‘cause’); F
XLVI 366–372; G Got. 95; 196; L 91; L GED 147.
M MSL VIII 280 (to Slav *govîti ‘to *autaz ~ *autòn sb.m.: Lat-Goth
worship, to fast’); H AEEW prop. Gauts, ON pl. Gautar ‘inhabitants
129; F 207; R GHÅ LVI/3 of Western Sweden’, OE pl. éatas id.,
263–265; P I 453; V ANEW OS -gòt id. (in cmpn.), OHG -gòz id. (in
158; Z II 216; L GED cmpn.). In Latin and Greek sources
151; B OFED s.v. appears as Gauti, Gauto¤. Derived from
*aupaz adj.: OE eap ‘crooked, bent, *eutanan. C JEGP I 222–238
curved’. Identical with Slav *gub˙ ‘fold’. (an ablaut variant of *utaz ~ *utòn);
Further related to Lith gaubiù, gaUbti ‘to W IF V 9 (to Lat audeò ‘to ven-
cover from top to bottom’, Slav *g˙bn‡ti ture, to dare’); S GE 6–7;
‘to bend’. P I 450; T S PVN 103–104; H
ESSJa VII 164–165. AEEW 126; K Festschr. Trier 417–433;
*aupnò sb.f.: ON gaupn ‘both hands held V ANEW 159; L GED 164.
together’, OHG goufana ‘handful, empty *autòjanan wk.vb.: ON gauta ‘to prate,
hand, palm’. Derived from *aupaz. to brag’, G dial. gauzen, gäuzen ‘to bark’.
Z Gutt. 18–19, 202; T-F Related to Lith gaud≥iù, gaUsti ‘to buzz,
137 (to *gheub(h)- ‘to bend’); F to rumble’. Maybe connected with *au-
IF LV 81 (to Lith ≥iùpsnis ‘handful’); janan. Z Gutt. 172; P I
P I 449; C SGGJa I 443, 449; F 140–141;V
73; V ANEW 159; H ANEW 159.
234–235; K-S 302. *awènan wk.vb.: ON gá ‘to heed, to
*aupòn sb.f.: ON gaupa ‘lynx’, OE mark’. Related to Lat faueò ‘to be favor-
earn-eáp ‘a kind of falcon’. Derived able, to be well disposed, to favor, to pro-
from *aupaz (K GGA CLXXVI mote’, Slav *govîti ‘to fast, to respect’
158–160). H AEEW 125; (M MSL VIII 280). D-
P I 449; V ANEW 158. N ANF III 17 (from *a-a(n)xanan,
*auraz adj: Goth gaurs ‘sad, gloomy’, ON to Lat anculus ‘servant’); T-F 121;
sbst. gaurr ‘ruffian, rough’ (masc.). W-H I 464–466; P I
Identical with Skt ghorá- ‘dreadful, horri- 453; T ESSJa VII 72–73.
ble’ (B Glossarium 113; Z Gutt. *az¶az sb.m.: Goth gazds ‘sting, goad’,
172: adds Slav *≥uriti ‘to perturb’). ON gaddr ‘goad’, OS gard id., OHG gart
G Got. 96 (against Slavic par- id. Compared with MIr gat ‘willow rod’ <
allels); T-F 122; U PBB *ghazdhà. There exists a similar word with
XXX 282; F 208; P IF an unvoiced inlaut cluster: Lat hasta
XXIV 253–254; M I 362–363; ‘stick, pole’, MIr gass ‘shoot’ < *ghasto-
P I 453–454; V ANEW 159; (F I 108; Z Gutt. 173; W
L GED 152; V-T KZ XXXIV 488–489). U PBB
II 68 (add Slav *gurati ‘to push’); H- XIX 520 (to Slav *≥¸rd¸ ‘pole, stake’);
 235 (to *aujanan). M Etudes 261 (on Slav *gvozd¸
*ausjanan wk.vb.: Goth gansjan ‘to cause’ ‘nail’); G Got. 97; T-F
(leg. *gausjan), ON geysa ‘to rush, to gush’. 133; S-N II 424 (semantic
Causative of *eusanan (B differences of Gmc and Celt); W-
az¶az 130 el¶anan
H I 636; F 213; S (partly < *ebiz), OE ifu id., OFris jeve
ArL V 1–21 (to Umbr hostatu ‘armed with id., OS geba id., OHG geba id. Derived
a spear’); P I 412–413; V from *ebanan. T-F 126; H-
ANEW 151; Z I 131; O  AEEW 128; F 213; P
384; B IEL 324; L GED Gliederung 172; P I 408; V
154–155; K-S 317. ANEW 171; Z II 193; S
*ebanan str.vb.: Goth giban ‘to give’, ON 218; L GED 155; B
gefa id., OE ifan id., OFris ieva id., OS Nom. 110.
geban id., OHG geban id. Related to Lat *ebòn sb.m.: ON þrif-gjafi ‘bounteous
habeò ‘to hold, to have’, OIr gaibid ‘to giver’, OE beáh-ifa ‘ring-giver’, OFris
take’ continuing IE *ghabh- (B- rèd-jeva ‘judge’, OS bòg-gebo ‘one giving
 BB XXVII 181). In Germanic, a ring’. Derived from *ebanan. T-
*ebanan substitutes IE *dò-. The orig- F 126; S 218.
inal vocalism of *ghabh- was adapted to *ebulaz adj.: ON gj‡full ‘munificent’,
the Gmc strong verb system. L OE ifol ‘generous, bountiful’. Derived
KZ V 398 (to Lith gabénti ‘to carry’); from *ebanan. H AEEW
M IF XXXV 234–235; Z 130; V ANEW 171; S 218;
Gutt. 173; T-F 125–126; K- H 237.
 Glotta XIX 208 (*-e- in *ebanan *eftiz sb.f.: Goth fra-gifts ‘gift, betrothal’,
influenced by *nemanan); F 214; H- ON gipt, gift ‘gift of nature, endowment’,
 AEEW 128; W-H I OE ift ‘gift, marriage gift’, OFris jeft
630–631; J IEW 186–189; ‘gift, privilege’, OS sundar-gift ‘privilege’,
P I 408; V ANEW 160; MDu gift ‘gift’, OHG gift ‘gift, dona-
Z I 150; O 399; S tion’. Derived from *ebanan. S
217–219; L GED 155; K- Kl. Schr. 61; T-F 126; F 214;
S 303. V ANEW 168; Z I 150;
*eba-stòlaz sb.m.: ON gjaf-stóll ‘throne’, O 397; S 218; L
OE if-stól id. Compound of *ebò and GED 121–122; B Nom. 142;
*stòlaz. C Nom. comp. 54. K-S 324; B OFED s.v.
*eb(e)lòn sb.m.: Goth gibla ‘gable’, MLG *eftjanan wk.vb.: ON gipta ‘to give a
gevel id., OHG gibil id. Cf. also OS gibilla woman in marriage’, MLG giften ‘to give’,
‘skull, gable’, OHG gibilla id. and ON gafl OHG fir-giften ‘to sell, to transfer’.
‘gable-end, gable’. Related to Toch A Derived from *eftiz. T-F 126.
≤pàl ‘head’, Gk kefalÆ id., Maced *el¶an sb.n.: Goth gild ‘tribute, tax’,
gabalãn: §gk°falon ∂ kefalÆn, Hes., ON gjald ‘tribute, payment’, OE ild
Thrac theon. Gebel°Ûziw (S Kl. ‘money, tribute, compensation’, OFris jeld
Schr. 261). See *ablaz ~ *ablò. K ‘price’, OS geld ‘payment, recompense’,
KZ I 136 (to Lat gabalus); Z Gutt. OHG gelt ‘payment’. Related to *el¶a-
217; T-F 126; F 214; T nan. T-F 132; F 214–215;
ZDADL LXXVI 13–44, ZdPh LXX P I 436; V ANEW 169;
356–357; S Kl. Schr. 252, 261; Z I 140; S 222; B-
D Thr. 100; P Gliederung  IEL 58–60; L GED 155;
186; P I 423; V RC XL K-S 309.
436; C SGGJa I 110; V *el¶anan str.vb.: Goth fra-gildan ‘to
ANEW 152; F I 835; B restore, to recompense’, ON gjalda ‘to
Word X 255–256; L GED 155; pay, to yield, to repay’, OE ildan id.,
K-S 323–324; A TB OFris jelda ‘to count’, OS geldan id., OHG
642–643. geltan ‘to pay for’. Related to Slav *≥eld‡,
*ebò sb.f.: Goth giba ‘gift’, ON gj‡f id. *≥elsti ‘to redeem’ (T BSW
el¶anan 131 elwaz
82; K ZfslavPh XV 140) despite IEW 382–385; P I 428 (to Gk
the difference in suffixes—Gmc *-¶- < IE x°lidvn ‘swallow’); V ANEW 169–
*-t- as it follows from OSwed gjalla ‘to 170; O 1019; S 222–223;
repay’ < *élþanan. B BB L GED 157; K-S 310.
XVI 253 (to Gk t°lyow: xr°ow); F BB *ellaz adj.: ON gjallr ‘ringing’, MLG gel
XVII 322; O IF IV 269 (against id., MHG gel ‘loud, clear (of sounds)’.
B); T-F 131–132; Derived from *ellanan. K NB I
F 161, 214; H AEEW 128; 24; H 239.
K AASF XXXII/2 190–191; *elpan sb.n.: ON gjalp ‘boasting, brag-
S-P Slav.-germ. 325 (Slav < ging’, OE ielp ‘glory, pride, boasting’
Gmc); M Slavia XXI 252–253; (masc.), OS gelp ‘defiance, fleer’, OHG
J IEW 386–387; P I gelpf ‘chatting’ (masc.). Derived from
436; V ANEW 169; O 1020; *elpanan. T-F 132; H
V II 42; B IEL 57, AEEW 129; V ANEW 170 (to Lith
59–60; S 221–222; V- gufibis ‘swan’ and further to *ellanan);
T II 42; L GED 122, S 223.
155; K-S 310. *elpanan str.vb.: OE ielpan ‘to boast,
*el¶jan ~ *el¶jòn sb.n./f.: ON gildi to glory’, MHG gelpfen ‘to shout, to
‘payment, tribute’, OFris jelde, jolde ‘guild’, sing’. Probably an emphatic form derived
MLG gilde id. Substantivized *el¶jaz. from *ellanan. Z Gutt. 21; M-
V ANEW 166; O 419; L  IF VIII 195 (to Lith gufibis
GED 155. ‘swan’); T-F 132; H
*el¶jaz adj.: ON gildr ‘of full worth, full’, AEEW 129; P I 428 (to Lith
OE un-ilde ‘not entitled to wergild’. gufibinti ‘to praise’); S 223–224.
Derived from *el¶anan. K NB I *elstran sb.n.: Goth gilstr ‘tax’, OHG gel-
92–93; V ANEW 167; S 222 star ‘toll, tribute’. Derivative in *-stro- from
(reconstructs *el¶iz); M Festschr. *el¶an, *el¶anan. O KZ XXIII
Schröder 98, KZ CV 102, 105; H- 315 (from *el¶tra-); F 215; L
 230. GED 156; S 222; B IEL
*el¶òn sb.m.: ON gildi ‘guild member’, 57–59; B Nom. 87.
OE ilda id., OFrank gildo id. Derived *elunò sb.f.: ON pl. gj‡lnar ‘gills (of a
from *el¶an. H AEEW 131; fish)’. Identical with Arm je∑un ‘palate’,
V ANEW 166; K-S 324. Gk xel-nh ‘lip, jaw’ (O IF IV
*elfaz sb.n.: ON gjalfr ‘noise, sea’, MLG 276). Cf. also *eliz > Sw gäl, gel ‘gill’,
gelve ‘wave’. Related to Skt jálpati ‘to Dan gjælle id. S KZ XXIX
murmur, to speak’, Lith ≥elpúoti ‘to 352 (to Gk xe›low ‘lip’); Z Gutt.
chatter, to babble’. K KZ I 140 (to 217; T-F 131; P I 436;
*elpanan); T-F 132; Bù Aist. C SGGJa I 108; V ANEW
191; F 1296; V ANEW 169. 171; F II 1086; O 397.
*eljòjanan wk.vb.: ON gilja ‘to beguile’, *elwaz adj.: OE eolu ‘yellow’, OS gelu
OHG gilòn ‘to howl’. Probably derived id., OHG gelo id. Related to Lat heluus
from *ellanan. P I 489 (to Gk ‘dun-colored’, Lith ≥efivas ‘greenish’. Cf.
y°lv ‘to be willing’); V ANEW 167 also *allan ~ *allòn. K KZ I 516
(to *elan). (to Skt gaurá- ‘whitish, yellowish’, Lat
*ellanan tr.vb.: ON gjalla ‘to yell’, OE giluus ‘pale yellow’); C Gr. Et. 202
iellan id., MLG gellen id., OHG gellan id. (to Lat fuluus ‘bright yellow’); P
Related to *alanan. S KZ XXXVII Beiträge 794; S FB 66–68;
299–300 (to *skellanan); T-F 130; T-F 131; H AEEW
H AEEW 129; J 127; W-H I 639; P
elwaz 132 estraz
Gliederung 207; P IF LIII 38; unexpected *-ì- probably explained by

P I 429–430; F 1297; the influence of *iènan. F 16–17;
V ANEW 194; O 1019; B- L GED 103–104; H
 Nom. 243; H 240; 241.
K-S 309. *ernaz adj.: Goth faihu-gairns ‘covetous,
*ennanan tr.vb.: Goth du-ginnan ‘to avaricious’, ON gjarn ‘eager, willing’, OE
begin’, OE be-innan id., OFris bi-ginna eorn ‘eager, ardent, careful’, OFris adv.
id., OS be-ginnan id., OHG bi-ginnan id. gerne ‘gladly’, OS gern ‘desiring’, OHG
Despite the anlaut with no traces of gern ‘eager’. Derived from *eraz. T-
*w-, to be compared with Skt hánti ‘to F 128; F 186; H AEEW
strike’, Gk ye¤nv ‘to kill’, Slav *g˙nati ‘to 127; K NB II 43; P I 440–
drive’. W BB XXVII 193–196 441; V ANEW 170; O 1019;
(to Alb zë ‘to seize’); B PBB XII 405 B IEL 161; B
(to Lat re-cèns ‘fresh, young, recent’); Nom. 246; H 242; K-
T-F 125 (to Slav *‘\ti ‘to begin’ or S 316.
from *gen-⁄-); H IF XXX 47 *ernìn sb.f.: Goth gairnei ‘desire, wish,
(to Gk xandãnv ‘to seize’), AEEW 131; longing’, ON á-girni ‘ambition, cupidity’,
F 128; P I 437–438, 491–494; OHG gernì ‘zeal, care’. Derived from
O 85–86; S 224–225 (to *ernaz. H PBB XXIII 291; F
MLG ent-ginnen ‘to cut’, OHG an-ginnan 186; V ANEW 168; B IEL
id.); L GED 97; K-S 161; L GED 140; H
91 (to Lat pre-hendò ‘to lay hold of, to 242.
grasp, to snatch’). *ernjanan wk.vb.: Goth gairnjan ‘to lust,
*eraz adj.: Burg *girs ‘greedy’, ON gerr to desire, to wish’, ON girnask id., OE
id., OHG ger, giri id. Related to Toch A iernan ‘to yearn’, OS girnian id. Derived
kar( y)-, B ker( y)- ‘to laugh’, Skt háryati ‘to from *ernaz. Z Gutt. 200; T-
yearn for, to like’, Av zara- ‘striving (?)’, F 128; H AEEW 129; F
Gk xãriw ‘favor’, Lat horior ‘to admonish’. 186; V ANEW 168; O 1019;
K NB I 24; Z Gutt. 200; B IEL 161; H 242.
B 1670; T-F 128; *erstòn sb.f.: OS gersta ‘barley’, OHG
W-H I 657–658; F 186; gersta id. If the full grade in Gmc is sec-
K 68; M III 583; P ondary, it is particularly close to Gk kr›,
I 440–441; V ANEW 164; F II kriyÆ id., Alb drithë id. < *ghºzdhà. Cf.
1062–1064; O 1019; L GED also Lat hordeum id. (probably also with
140; K 710; H 241– *-º-). Further cf. *ròanan. H Wald-
242; A TB 197. bäume 364–371; T-F 130; J
*er¶ò sb.f.: Goth gairda ‘belt, girdle’, Festschr. Kretschmer 89–91 (adds Gk êxer-
ON gj‡rä id. (partly *er¶iz), MDu gherde dow ‘wild pear’); W-H I
‘girdle’. Connected with *ur¶janan. 656–657; P I 446; C
T-F 129; F 185–186; P SGGJa I 88; F II 18–19; H KZ
G 137; J IEW 363– XCVIII 11–12; K-S 316–
364; P I 444; V ANEW 317; O AED 75.
164, 171; Z II 193; O *estraz adj.: Goth gistra-dagis ‘tomorrow’,
399; S 225; L GED 140; OE adj. eostra ‘of yesterday’, OHG gestre
B Nom. 110. id. Related to the Indo-European word
*erìn sb.f.: OESc giri ‘greed’, Norw dial. for ‘yesterday’: Skt hyás, Gk xy°w, Alb dje,
gìr id., OS fehu-giri ‘rapacity’, OHG girì Lat heri. IE *·hƒes is directly attested in
‘rapacity, greed’. Derived from *eraz. ON adv. gær id. < *èz. A direct equiva-
Cf. also Goth faihu-geiro ‘greed’ with an lent of *estraz is W neithiwyr ‘last night’ <
estraz 133 ènan
*nok ⁄ti-·hestro- (F II 195). Cf. also V ANEW 170–171; L 91;
Lat hesternus < *hestrinos, a derivative of S 227–228; B Nom.
heri with the same suffix *-stro-. K- 65; A TB 186.
 KZ XXXI 436–437; T-F *eutanan tr.vb.: Goth giutan ‘to pour’,
133; W-H I 642–643; F ON gjóta ‘to drop, to throw’, OE eótan
215–216; S KZ LXVIII 201–205; ‘to pour’, OFris bi-jàta ‘to water’, OS
M III 614; P I 416; giotan ‘to pour’, OHG giozan id. Close to
C SGGJa I 86; V ANEW Toch AB kutk- ‘to cast in a mould’, Lat
197; F II 1097–1098; C fundò ‘to pour’, perf. fùdì. Probably, an
1258; Oé KZ LXXXIV 85–87; extension of *·heu- id.: Toch AB ku- ‘to
S Sprache XXIII 32–34; L- pour’, Skt juhóti ‘to pour in the fire’, Gk
 GED 156; P Festschr. Hoenigs- x°v ‘to pour’ (A KZ I 119).
wald 315–318 (IE *·hƒes as loc. of a form Z Gutt. 203; T-F 136; H-
continued in *daaz); K-S  AEEW 128; W-H I
320; O AED 68. 563–564; F 216; J IEW
*etalaz ~ *etulaz adj.: ON sann-getall 315–318; P I 447–448; C-
‘guessing true’, OE ofer-itol ‘forgetful’,  SGGJa I 91; V ANEW 170;
MLG vor-getel id., OHG à-gezzal id. O 373; B IEL 476, 482;
Derived from *etanan. K NB II S 228–229; L GED 156–
278; S 226; H 243– 157; K-S 324; A TB
244. 179–180, 183.
*etanan str.vb.: Goth bi-gitan ‘to find, to *eutaz ~ *euþaz sb.m.: ON gjóär
discover’, ON geta ‘to get’, OE bi-itan ‘Falco haliaetus’, OE earn-eát ‘goat-
‘to gain, to obtain, to seize’, OS bi-getan eagle, vulture’, OHG erin-grioz ‘a kind of
id., OHG bi-gezzan id. Related to Gk eagle’ (for *-ioz?). Of uncertain origin.
xandãnv ‘to hold’, Lat pre-hendò ‘to lay J BB XIII 117–118 (*‘fisher’,
hold of ’. Z Gutt. 173 (to Lith goda related to Gk fixyÊw ‘fish’); V ANEW
‘honor’); R Wortst. 63; T-F 170 (to *aujanan).
123; F 90; H AEEW 130; *èbiz adj.: ON gæfr ‘meek, quiet’, OFris
W-H II 359; J jève ‘passable’, MLG gève ‘available’,
IEW 344–345; P I 437–438; MHG gæbe ‘pleasant’. Derived from
V ANEW 165; F II 1071–1072; *ebanan. R Wortst. 22–23; K-
O 85, 396; S 226–227 (to  NB I 98; T-F 126; V
Slav *gadati ‘to guess, to tell fortunes’); ANEW 197; S 217–219; M
L GED 69; K-S 856. Festschr. Schröder 102, KZ CV 112; H-
*etòn ~ *etan sb.f./n.: ON geta ‘guess’,  236–237; K-S 294.
OE and-iet ‘understanding, knowledge’, *èbò(n) sb.f.: Burg *giba ‘gift’, late ON
MLG vorget ‘forgetfulness’, OHG à-gez id. gáfa id., MHG gàbe id. Derived from
Derived from *etanan. H *ebanan. T-F 126; K 710.
AEEW 130; V ANEW 165; S *ènan athem.: Crim Goth geen ‘to go’,
226; B Nom. 59. OSwed gá id., OE án id., OFris gàn id.,
*eusanan tr.vb.: ON gjósa ‘to gush, to OS gàn id., MHG gàn, gèn id. Connected
break out’. A morphological variant of with Skt jáhàti ‘to leave, to abandon’, Av
*eutanan. On the other hand, cf. Toch B zazàiti ‘to return, to give birth (?)’.
kus- ‘to shoot upward, to gush’, MIr gus O Suppl. 57–58; G Got.
‘strength, wildness’, W gwst ‘strength’ < 82–83; H PBB XXXV 285–287;
*ghus-tu- similar to ON gustr ‘gust, blast’ < M MSL XX 104; B
*ghus-ti-. T-F 137; J 1687; T-F 120; F 181–182,
IEW 315–318; P I 447–448; 213; H AEEW 123; M-
ènan 134 ìnanan
 I 426; P I 418–419; Z Gutt. 203; H AEEW

O 403; S 216–217 (to Gk 131; V ANEW 167; S 219;
kixãnv ‘to reach, to hit’, Skt med. jíhìte); B Nom. 73.
L GED 138; K-S *ipòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. gipa ‘to
307. gape’, OE part. ypiend ‘yawning’.
*ètiz adj.: ON á-gætr ‘famous, excellent’, Related to *iènan? Z Gutt. 203;
OE or-íete ‘plausible’. Derived fom *eta- T-F 134; V ANEW 161 (to
nan. K NB I 100; H *·hèi- ‘to yawn’).
AEEW 130; V ANEW 198; S *ì¶az sb.m.: OHG gìt ‘voracity’. Con-
227; M Festschr. Schröder 102, KZ tinues IE *gheidh-: Lith geid≥iù, geÛsti ‘to
CV 112; H 243. desire’, Slav *≥¸dati ‘to wait, to expect’
*ètjanan wk.vb.: ON gæta ‘to watch, (Z Gutt. 173). Derivationally similar
to tend’, OFris gèta, gàta ‘to observe’. to Lith gaÛdas ‘violent desire’. Further
Derived from *ètiz. N ANF III related to *iènan. S Vok. I 73;
16 (from *a-axtjan); K ANF XIII 164 M MSL XIV 349; T-F 134;
(follows N); F-T ND 321 T BSW 82; P KZ
(directly from *etanan); T-F 121 XXXVIII 390; P I 426–428;
(reconstruct *awatjanan, to *awènan); V-T II 39; L
V ANEW 197–198. GED 104.
*iènan wk.vb.: OHG gièn ‘to strive, to *ìfraz adj.: ON hap. leg. gífr ‘greedy’, OE
aspire’. Related to Toch B kày- ‘to open ífre ‘greedy, covetous’. An alternative
wide’, Lat hiò ‘to open, to be open, to reconstruction is *ìbraz. Derived from
gape’, Lith ≥ióju, ≥ióti ‘to open mouth’, *iènan. Cf. *ìraz. Z Gutt. 203;
Slav *zîj‡, *zîjati id. P Beiträge T-F 134; H AEEW
318 (OE iscian ‘to sob’ compared to 130; W NP 41–42; P I
Lat hìscò ‘to open, to gape, to yawn’); 421; V ANEW 166 (to Lat hippitàre
T-F 133; T BSW 368; ‘òscitàre’); H 237–238 (based
W-H I 647–648; P I on *ìfez-).
419–422; F 1312; S 220; *ìènan ~ *inènan wk.vb.: Goth ga-
V-T II 98; L geigan ‘to gain, to acquire’, OHG gingèn,
GED 104; A TB 153. gingòn ‘to yearn’. A reduplicated deriva-
*ilan ~ *ilò sb.n./f.: ON gil ‘deep nar- tive of *iènan (G Got. 82) sim-
row glen with a stream at bottom’, MDu ilar to *ananan < *ènan. U
giel ‘open mouth’, OHG gil ‘hernia’. PBB XXX 283 (reduplication); Z
Derived from *iènan. Z Gutt. Gutt. 173, 203 (same as G);
203; V ANEW 166. T-F 134, 565; W NP 156;
*imiz sb.f.: ON gymbr ‘ewe lamb of a year F 181; P I 424 (to *·hèi- ‘to
old’, OFrank in-gimus ‘one winter old ani- yawn’); L GED 137.
mal’. From the zero grade of the word *ìlan sb.n.: Norw dial. gìl ‘beer in a keg’,
for ‘winter’, cf. Skt himá- ‘winter, cold’, Du gijl id. Of unknown origin. T-
Gk dÊs-ximow ‘stormy, wintery’, Lat bìmus F 120 (to *ailaz); P I 452;
‘two years old’ < *bi-himus. See *òmz. V ANEW 166.
Z apud V (secondary *ìmòn sb.f.: ON gíma ‘vast opening’, G
ON -y-); T-F 127; W- dial. gìm id. Derived from *iènan.
H I 106; P I 425; V Z Gutt. 203; P I 420; V
ANEW 196. ANEW 167.
*inan sb.n.: ON gin ‘mouth (of beasts)’, *ìnanan str.vb.: ON gína ‘to yawn, to
OE in ‘gap, opening, abyss’, OHG witum gape’, OE ínan ‘to yawn’, OS gìnan ‘to
ginun ‘vasto ore’. Derived from *ìnanan. yawn’ (mainly wk.), OHG ginanto ‘hian-
ìnanan 135 laumaz
ter’. Derived from *iènan. Z 710; H 244–245 (to *lòanan);
Gutt. 203; T-F 133; H K-S 326.
AEEW 123–124, 131; J IEW *la¶òjanan wk.vb.: ON glaäa ‘to glad-
300–305; P I 419–420; V den’, OE ladian ‘to be glad, to make
ANEW 167; O 1018; S 219– glad’. Derived from *la¶az. H-
221; K-S 295.  AEEW 132; V ANEW 171;
*ìraz sb.m.: Norw dial. gìr ‘lust, passion’, H 244.
OHG gìr ‘vulture’. Derived from *iènan. *laimiz ~ *laimòn sb.m.: OE l≠m
T-F 133; P I 420. ‘brightness, splendor, radiance’, OHG
*ìslaz sb.m.: Goth prop. Gisla-mundus, gleimo ‘glow-worm’. Derived from *lìma-
ON gísl ‘hostage’, OE ísel ‘pledge, nan. Close to Latv glaima ‘fun, joke’.
hostage’, OFris jèsel, gìsel id., OS gìsal id., T-F 148; H AEEW
OHG gisal id. Continues IE *gheidh-tlo-s 132; O 400.
together with Gaul -geistlus (in prop.), *laipjanan wk.vb.: ON gleipa ‘to mock’,
OIr gell id., W gwystl id., OCorn guistel OHG part. gi-gleifit ‘oblique, crooked’.
id., Bret goestl ‘gage, caution’ or *gheis- Derived from *lìpanan. W MP IV
(o)lo- together with OIr gíall ‘hostage’. 492–493; V ANEW 172.
Z Gutt. 217; T-F 135; *lanaz I sb.m.: Norw glan ‘skylight’,
H AEEW 131; P I 426; MHG glan ‘shine’. Substantivized *lanaz
C SGGJa I 97; V ANEW II. H 246.
168; Z I 131; B *lanaz II adj.: OHG glan ‘soft, sweet’.
Nom. 88; K-S 308. Identical with OIr glan ‘shining, clean’, W
*ìslaz ~ *ìzlaz sb.m.: Icel gill ‘parhe- glan id. P I 429; H
lion, mock-sun’, Langob gìsil ‘arrow’. 246 (reconstructs OHG superl. *glanista;
Related to *aizaz. T-F 121. to *lòanan).
*ìslòjanan wk.vb.: ON gísla ‘to give as *lasan ~ *lazan sb.n.: ON gler ‘glass’,
hostage’, OE íslian id., MDu giselen ‘to OE læs id., lær ‘amber’, OFris gles
take hostage’, MHG ver-gìseln ‘to give as a ‘glass’, OS glas id., MLG glar ‘resin’,
hostage’. Derived from *ìslaz. V OHG glas ‘glass, amber’. Substantivized
ANEW 168. *lasòn. Borrowed to Lat glèsum, glaesum
*la¶a-lìkaz adj.: ON glaä-ligr ‘glad, ‘amber’. Z KZ XXXVII 398
bright, cheerful’, OE læd-líc ‘bright, (to Slav *glaz˙ ‘stone, pebble’); T-
pleasant, kind’. Derived from *la¶az. F 147–148; W-H I
H 244. 604; H AEEW 132; P
*la¶az adj.: Burg *glads ‘glad, shining’, I 432; V ANEW 172; Z
ON glaär ‘glad, bright’, OE læd ‘shining, I 140; O 400; K-S
bright’, OFris gled ‘smooth’, MLG glat 326.
‘shining’, OHG glat ‘clear, light’. Related *lasòn adj.: ON verä-glasi ‘shining from
to Lat glaber ‘smooth’, Lith glodùs ‘tender’, lightnings’, OS glasa ‘grey-blue’. Further
Slav *glad˙k˙ ‘smooth’. D KZ connected with *la¶az and *lastaz.
XVI 222; K NB I 57; Z H 247.
Gutt. 174; W IF XIX 104 (to Lat lae- *lastaz sb.m.: MHG glast ‘shine’.
tus ‘luxuriant’); E MSL XIII 339; Identical with OIr glas ‘light green, light
T-F 147; H AEEW blue’ < *ghl6s-to- (M KZ LXXIX 292–
132; W-H I 603; S 293). Further connected with *lasòn.
Festschr. Trier 445–449; P I 432; Z Gutt. 174; H 247.
F 158; V ANEW 171; M *laumaz sb.m.: ON glaumr ‘merry noise’,
KZ LXXIX 292–293; O 399; OE leám ‘joyous noise, jubilation’. Iden-
T ESSJa VI 115–116; K tical with Slav *glum˙ ‘joke’ (B I
laumaz 136 lìwan
308). Z Gutt. 174; T-F glisten’. Cf. *limmòjanan. T-F

149; H AEEW 132; P I 149; P I 433.
451; V ANEW 171; S LS 22–23; *lit(a)ròjanan wk.vb.: ON glitra ‘to
T ESSJa VI 147–148. glitter’, MHG glitzern id. Derived from
*lawwaz adj.: Goth adv. glaggwaba, glagg- *litiz. T-F 148; V ANEW
wuba ‘meticulously, diligently’, ON gl‡ggr 174.
‘clear-sighted, clear, clever’, OE léaw *lì¶anan str.vb.: OSwed glìda ‘to glide’
‘clear-sighted, wise, prudent’, OS glau (if not from WGmc), OE lídan id., OFris
‘clever, intelligent’, MHG glau ‘attentive, glìda id., OS glìdan ‘to slip’, OHG glìtan
intelligent’. If the original meaning is ‘to glide’. A voiced variant of the root
‘clear’, to be compared with Gk xlÒow attested in *klìþòn. T-F 148;
‘greenish-yellow’. U Got. Wb. H AEEW 133; J
65 (to *lòanan); P Beiträge 794–795 IEW 375–382; P I 433 (to
(close to U); B IF XVI *lìtanan); O 401; S 230–231
500 (to Lith ≥vefigti ‘to look’); T-F (to Latv glaidît ‘to stroke’ or IE *·hlei- ‘to
149; F 216; H AEEW 132; shine’); K-S 327.
P I 433; T Slav. jaz. V *lìmanan str.vb.: Norw glìma ‘to smol-
172 (to Slav *gluzd˙ ‘mind, brain’); V der’, MHG glìmen ‘to shine’. Related to
ANEW 177; H KZ LXXVII 140– *lìòjanan. T-F 148.
145; L Verschärfung 150; S *lìmòn sb.m.: OS glìmo ‘brightness’,
IF LXXVI 328; L GED 157 (fol- OHG glìm, glìmo ‘glow-worm’. Related
lows U); H 247– to *lìmanan. T-F 148; O
248. 400.
*lentènan wk.vb.: Norw dial. gletta ‘to *lìòjanan wk.vb.: ON gljá ‘to glitter’,
look’, ME glenten ‘to appear, to look’. OFris glìa id. Related to Gk xl¤v ‘to lux-
Identical with Latv glendêt ‘to look, to uriate, to revel’ (P Beiträge II 793–
look for’, Slav *gl\dîti, *gl\dati ‘to look’ 794). T-F 148; P I 432;
(S Vok. I 57). Further cf. OIr V ANEW 175; F II 1103–1104.
inglennat ‘investigant’ (P Kelt. Gr. *lìpanan str.vb.: Norw dial. glìpa ‘to
II 539). Z KZ XXXVI 66; stay open’, MHG glìfen ‘to slant’. An
T-F 147; T BSW 92; emphatic derivative of *lìòjanan. T-
P I 431; V-T I F 148–149.
418. *lìtanan str.vb.: OS glìtan ‘to shine’,
*lèsjanan wk.vb.: ON glæsa ‘to make OHG glìzan id. Zero grade is attested in
shining, to embellish’, MLG glàren ‘to ON wk. glita ‘to shine, to glitter’ <
shine’. Derived from *lasòn. V *litòjan. Maybe related to Gk xlidÆ
ANEW 177. ‘voluptuousness, luxury’. On the other
*li¶òn sb.f.: ON gleäa ‘kite, Milvus hand, cf. *lìòjan. T-F 148; F
regalis’, OE lida id., MLG glede id. 216–217; J IEW 375–382;
Derived from *lì¶anan. C P I 433; F II 1103–1104;
KZ XL 434 (to Gk xelid≈n ‘swallow’); O 401; S 231–232 (to MIr
H AEEW 132; V ANEW glé ‘clear’); L GED 157; K-
172; O 400. S 327.
*limmòjanan wk.vb.: Swed glimma ‘to *litiz sb.m.: ON glit ‘glitter’, OHG glìz
shine’, Du glimmen id. Of imitative origin. ‘brightness’. Related to *lìtanan. V
V ANEW 175. ANEW 174; S 231; L GED
*lisòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. glisa ‘to 157.
glimmer’, OE lisian ‘to shine, to glisten’, *lìwan sb.n.: ON glÿ ‘glee, gladness’, OE
OFris glisa id., MLG glisen ‘to shine, to líw ‘glee, joy’. Cf. OIr glé ‘shining,
lìwan 137 naanan
bright’ < *glei⁄o-. Further related to become dark’, ME gloume, gloumbe ‘to look
*lìòjanan. F I 419, III 149 (to Gk sullen’. Derived from *lùmaz. P
xleÊh ‘joke, jest’); T-F 148; I 433; O 401; V ANEW 176.
H AEEW 133; P I 432, *lupnòjanan wk.vb.: ON glúpna ‘to look
451; V ANEW 176; O 400. downcast’, ME lopnen ‘to be surprised’.
*lòanan str.vb.: OE lówan ‘to glow’. Related to *lùpanan. T-F 150.
Continues *·hlò(u)- distantly related to *luppò(n) ~ *luppan sb.f./n.: Icel
*·hel- ‘to shine’, cf. *lawwaz. T- gloppa ‘split’, EFris glopp id., Du glop ‘nar-
F 149; H AEEW 133; row passage’. Maybe related to Slav
J IEW 375–376; P I *glyb¸ ‘depth’ unless the latter is a
430, 433; V ANEW 175; O 402; secondary variant of *gl‡b¸ id. T-
S 233. F 150; V ANEW 175; V-
*lò¶iz sb.f.: ON glóä ‘red-hot embers’ T I 417–418.
(root stem), OE léd ‘burning coal, *lùmaz adj.: ON sbst. glúmr ‘bear’, EFris
ember, fire, flame’, OFris glèd ‘ember, glùm ‘dark look’, LG glùm id. Probably
hot coal’, MLG glòd id., OHG gluot id. from *·hlù-mo- related to Gk xlÒow,
Derived from *lòanan. S Lat. (to xloËw ‘greenish-yellow’, cf. *lawwaz.
Lat flamma ‘flame’ < *fladma); Z P I 433; V ANEW 176.
Gutt. 174; T-F 149; H *lùmjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. glyma
AEEW 133; P I 430, 433; V ‘to stare sullenly’, EFris glùmen ‘to look
ANEW 175; Z II 207; O secretly’. Derived from *lùmaz. P-
400; S 233; K-S 329.  I 433.
*lò¶janan wk.vb.: ON glœäa ‘to sparkle’, *lùpan sb.n.: Norw dial. glùp ‘gullet’,
OE e-lédan ‘to kindle’. Derived from EFris glùpe ‘rift, crevice’. See *luppò(n) ~
*lò¶iz. V ANEW 177. *luppan. T-F 150.
*lòfò(n) sb.m./f.: ON glófi ‘glove’, OE lóf *lùpanan tr.vb.: Norw dial. glùpa ‘to
id. Of unknown origin. W IF V gape’, OFris glùpa ‘to look’ (wk.), MLG
23 (from *a-lòf-, to *lòfòn); T-F glùpen ‘to cast a secret look with half-
119; H AEEW 133; V opened eyes’ (wk.). Originally, a strong
ANEW 175; O 402. verb. Related to Slav *glup˙ ‘late (of
*lòmaz sb.m.: Norw glòm ‘transparent night), stupid, dumb’, despite the irregu-
membrane’, OE lóm ‘twilight, gloom’. lar correspondence of labials. T-
Derived from *lòanan. T-F 149. F 150 (to *lùpan).
*lòòjanan wk.vb.: ON glóa ‘to shine, to *lùrjanan wk.vb.: Norw glyra ‘to cast a
glitter’, OFris part. gliand ‘to glow’, OS pierce side glance’, MHG glùren ‘to lurk’.
glòian id., OHG gluoen ‘to glow, to burn’. Cf. *lùmjanan. T-F 149–150;
Derived from *lòanan. T-F 149; V ANEW 176 (to ON glys ‘finery’).
S 233; K-S 329. *na¶¶an sb.n.: ON gnadd ‘grumbling,
*lòraz adj.: EFris sbst. glor ‘bright muttering’. Of imitative origin. V
embers’. Identical with Gk xlvrÒw ANEW 177.
‘greenish-yellow’. T-F 149; P- *na¶¶ròjanan wk.vb.: Norw gnadra
 I 430; F II 1109–1110; V ‘grumble’, G gnättern id. Derived from
ANEW 175 (adds ON fagr-glór ‘shining’ *na¶¶an. V ANEW 177.
but -glóz < *lò(w)az). *naanan tr.vb.: ON gnaga ‘to gnaw’,
*lòròjanan wk.vb.: Norw glora ‘to stare’, OE naan id., MLG gnagen id., OHG
ME lóren id., OFris glòren ‘to glow’. gnagan id. Related to Toch B nàsk- ‘to
Derived from *lòraz. T-F 149; eat, to gnaw’, Av aiwi-gnixta ‘gnawed’
V ANEW 175. (P Wurzelerw. 136; S KZ
*lumòjanan wk.vb.: Norw gluma ‘to XXXVII 321). B 89; T-
naanan 138 òljanan
F 137; H AEEW 133; XVIII 24–26; M MSL XXII 143;
J IEW 337–341; P I P I 437; F 157–158;
436–437; V ANEW 177–178 (to IE V ANEW 179; F I 912–913;
*ghen- ‘to gnaw’); O 403; S O AED 476.
233–234; K-S 581; A *nì¶anan wk.vb.: Swed gnida ‘to rub’, OE
TB 334. nídan ‘to rub, to break’, MLG gniden ‘to
*naistòn sb.m./f.: ON gneisti ‘spark’, OE rub’, OHG gnìtan id. Continues *ghnei-t-
nást id. (< *naistaz), OHG gneista id. or *ghnei-dh- related to Toch B nitt-
Closely related to OPrus knaistis ‘fire’ ‘to break, to crush’, Gk xn¤ei: cakãzei,
( J PBB XIV 355). F KZ yrÊptei, Slav gniti ‘to rot’. P Bei-
XXI 1 (from *a-xnaista-); Z Gutt. träge II 811; T-F 138; H
120; T-F 96 (follow F); AEEW 133; J IEW 337–341;
J IF XIX 136 (from *an-aista-, P I 436–437; V ANEW 179;
to *ghen- ‘to grate, to rub’ and *aidh- ‘to F II 1106; S 234; T
burn’); H AEEW 133; V ESSJa VI 176–177; A TB 337–338.
ANEW 178. *ò¶a-lìkaz adj.: ON jafn-góä-ligr ‘equally
*najjòjanan ~ *xnajjòjanan wk.vb.: costly’ (uncertain reading), OE ód-líc
ON gneggja ‘to neigh’, OE hn≠an id., OS ‘good’, OS gòd-lìk id., OHG guot-lìh ‘glo-
hnègian id., MHG negen, nyhen id. Of imi- rious’. Derived from *ò¶az. H-
tative origin (W-P I 394).  251.
S KZ XXXVII 321 (to *naanan); *ò¶az adj.: Goth goþs ‘good’, ON góär id.,
H AEEW 165; V ANEW OE ód id., OFris gòd id., OS gòd id.,
178. OHG guot id. Related to Lith guõdas
*narròjanan wk.vb.: Norw gnarra ‘honor’, goda id., Latv gùods id., Slav
‘to blow (of cold wind)’, E dial. gnarr ‘to *goditi ‘to please, to fit’, *god¸n˙ ‘fitting’.
growl’, OFris gnarren ‘to crunch, to L KZ VIII 416 (to Gk égayÒw
gnash’, LG gnarren id. Of imitative origin. ‘good’); G KZ XII 129; S
V ANEW 179 (to ON gnarr ‘sea’). KZ XXV 150 (hesitantly follows L-
*nastjanan wk.vb.: ON gnesta ‘to crack’, ); T-F 124; F 218; H-
G dial. gnasten ‘to pelt down, to patter’.  AEEW 134; B AGIt
Of imitative origin. N Gr. § 91; XXXII 97–114; P I 423–424;
V ANEW 178. F 159–160; V ANEW 181;
*natròjanan wk.vb.: ON gn‡tra ‘to clat- O 405; S LS 23–24; L
ter’, E dial. gnatter ‘to growl’, EFris gnatern GED 158; T ESSJa VI 188–
id., LG gnetern ‘to make a noise’. Of imi- 190; H 250–252; B KZ
tative origin. V ANEW 181. CIX 227–230 (non-IE loan); K-
*nattaz sb.m.: Swed dial. gnatt ‘mote’, S 343.
OE næt ‘gnat’, LG gnatte id., G dial. *ò¶ìn sb.f.: Goth godei ‘virtue, goodness’,
Gnatze id. Connected with *nitò ? T- OS gòdì ‘goodness’, OHG guotì ‘goodness,
F 137; H AEEW 133; virtue’. Derived from *ò¶az. F 217;
P I 436; O 403. H 251.
*nitò sb.f.: ON gnit ‘nit’. Closely related *ò¶janan wk.vb.: ON gœäa ‘to endow, to
to Slav *gnida id., Lith glìnda id. (< enrich’, MDu ver-goeden ‘to reimburse’,
*gnìnda), Latv gnÛda id. (P Beiträge MHG güeten ‘to expiate, to make up for’.
94–96, 202). Can be further connected to Derived from *ò¶az. Structurally close to
such phonetically diverging forms as Gk Slav *gaditi ‘to indulge, to gratify’, *gadjati
kon¤w id., Alb thëri ~ thëni < PAlb *tsanidà. ‘to hit’. V ANEW 198; T
See *xnitz. Z Gutt. 120; W ESSJa VI 80; H 251.
IF V 16 (from *a-xnit-); W IF *òljanan wk.vb.: Goth goljan ‘to greet’,
òljanan 139 ramaz
ON gœla ‘to comfort, to soothe’. Con- *rabjaz ~ *rabjan sb.m./n.: ON grefr

nected with *alanan. Structurally close to ‘hoe’, OE ræfe ‘graving instrument’.
the isolated Slav *galiti ‘to jump, to tri- Derived from *rabanan. Identical with
umph, to laugh’ (B I 293). Slav *grobja ‘heap of stones, pit, mountain
Z Gutt. 172; T-F 130; F ridge’ (from old neut.?). T-F
217; V ANEW 198 (to *ellanan); 141; V ANEW 185; S 236;
S 212; L GED 157; T- T ESSJa VII 132.
 ESSJa VI 92–94 (Slav *galiti to *rabò ~ *raban sb.f./n.: Goth graba
Gk bãllv ‘to throw’). ‘trench, ditch’, ON gr‡f ‘hole, pit’ (partly
*òmaz ~ *òmòn sb.m.: ON gómr < *rabiz), OE ræf ‘grave, trench’, OS
‘palate’, OE óma id., MHG guome id. graf ‘grave’, OHG grab id. Derived from
Related to Lith gomur‹s ‘throat, gullet’ *rabanan. Structurally close to Slav
(S KZ XXVII 29). Z Gutt. *grob˙ ‘grave’. T-F 141; H-
175; T-F 135 (to Gk xÆmh ‘yawn-  AEEW 135; F 218–219;
ing, gaping’); T BSW 77; P I 456; V ANEW 193;
H AEEW 134; P I 449 Z II 196; O 411; S
(to *aujanan); C SGGJa I 73; 235; T ESSJa VII 133–134;
V ANEW 182; Z I 153; L GED 158–159.
O 419; K-S 302. *raftuz ~ *raftiz sb.m./f.: ON gr‡ptr
*òmz sb.f.: Norw dial. gò ‘period of ‘digging, burial’, OE ræft ‘carving’, OFris
February–March’. Cf. also ON fem. gói greft ‘digging’, MLG graft ‘pit, tomb’,
‘month from the middle of February to OHG raft ‘chiseling, anaglyph’. De-
the middle of March’. Continues nom. rived from *rabanan. T-F 141;
*·hƒòm. Related to Skt himá- ‘cold, win- H AEEW 135; P I 456;
ter’, héman- ‘winter’, Gk xi≈n ‘snow’, Arm V ANEW 193; Z II 199;
jiwn id., Lat hiems ‘winter’, OIr gaim id., S 236.
Lith ≥iemà id., Slav *zima id. P *raipiz adj.: ON harä-greipr ‘hard-
Kelt. Gr. I 66; T BSW 367–368; clutched’, OE æt-r≠pe ‘grasping, seizing’.
W-H I 645–646; S KZ Derived from *rìpanan. H
LXII 115; P I 425; F AEEW 135; S 237; M
1306; F II 1079–1081. Festschr. Schröder 94–95, KZ CV 96;
*rabanan tr.vb.: Goth graban ‘to dig’, H 253.
ON grafa id., OE rafan id., OFris grèva, *raipò sb.f.: ON greip ‘space between the
griova id., OS gravan id., OHG graban id. thumb and the other fingers’ (traces of a
Related to Lith gr∏biu, gr∏bti ‘to rake’, Slav root stem in pl.), OE ráp ‘grasp, clutch’,
*greb‡, *grebti ‘to rake, to dig’ (S MDu grepe ‘fist’, OHG greifa ‘fork, tri-
KZ I 142), Alb kreh ~ kref ‘to comb’ < dent’. Derived from *rìpanan. T-
PAlb *grebska. Z Gutt. 175; T- F 144; H AEEW 136;
F 140–141; F 218–219; H- P I 457–458; V ANEW
 AEEW 136; P I 456; 186–187; Z II 208; S
F 165–166; V ANEW 184; 237; L GED 160; B
O 411; S LS 24; S 235– Nom. 106.
237; T ESSJa VII 109–110; *ramaz adj.: ON gramr ‘furious’, OE ram
L GED 158–159; O AED 195. id., OS gram ‘hostile’, OHG gremi ‘grim,
*rabilaz sb.m.: ON grefill ‘little hoe’, wild’ ( ja-stem). Related to Av gen. pl.
OHG grebil ‘peg’. Derived from *raba- gram6ntam ‘angry’, and further to Gk
nan. Structurally similar to Slav *greb(˙)lo xrÒmow ‘noise, neighing’, Slav *grom˙
‘rake, spade, shovel’. V ANEW 185; ‘thunder’, a deverbative formation based
T ESSJa VII 110–111. on IE *ghrem-. T-F 142; W
ramaz 140 raupiz
IF XXII 163; H AEEW 136; ANEW 187 (to Skt hº»ìté ‘to be angry’);
K NB II 452; P I 458–459; O 414; S 240–241.
V ANEW 184; F II 1116–1117; *rannaz adj.: ON grannr ‘thin, slim, slen-
O 414; T ESSJa VII 138; der’, LG grann ‘mean, sharp’. Related to
L GED 159; H 253– *ranò. K NB II 320–321, 335–
254; K-S 333. 336 (reconstructs *ranþaz); T-F
*ramitjanan ~ *rumitjanan wk.vb.: 139; V ANEW 185; H
Norw grymta ‘to grunt’, OE remettan, 254–255.
rymettan ‘to roar, to rage’. Cf. also OHG *ranò sb.f.: Goth-Lat acc. pl. granos ‘pig-
gremizzòn ‘to grumble’ < *ramitòjanan. tail’, ON gr‡n ‘moustache’ (pl. granir
Close to Gk xremet¤zv ‘to neigh, to reflects *raniz), OE ranu id., OHG
whinny’, pres. *xrem¤zv. Further cf. grana, gran id. Related to Slav *grono ~
*ramjanan. T-F 142; P I *grona ‘grape’, *gran¸, *grana ‘branch,
458; F II 1116–1117. edge, tip’. Z Gutt. 203; T-
*ramìn sb.f.: ON gremi ‘anger, wrath’, F 138–139 (to Gk xra¤nv ‘to touch
OS gremi id., OHG gremì id Derived from lightly, to smear, to paint’); H
*ramjanan. T-F 142; V AEEW 136; F 220; P I 440;
ANEW 187; H 254. D VSJa 25 (pretonic shortening in
*ramjanan wk.vb.: Goth gramjan ‘to Gmc); C SGGJa I 99; V
anger, to provoke’, ON gremja ‘to anger’, ANEW 193; Z II 193; T-
OE remian ‘to provoke, to irritate’, OHG  ESSJa VII 104–106, 139–140; L-
gremmen ‘to anger, to irritate’. Derived  GED 159; K-S 334 (to
from *ramaz. Structurally identical with MIr grend ‘beard’).
Slav *gromiti ‘to thunder, to destroy’. *rasa-ròniz adj.: ON gras-grœnn ‘grass-
Z Gutt. 175 (to Gk xrem¤zv ‘to green’, OE ærs-réne id., MDu gras-groene
neigh’, Lat fremò ‘to roar, to resound’, id., MHG grase-grüene id. Compound of
but see *brem(m)anan); T-F 142; *rasan and *ròniz. C Nom. comp. 60.
H AEEW 136; F 219; *rasan sb.n.: Goth gras ‘grass’, ON gras
P I 458; V ANEW 187; id., OE ræs, ærs id., OFris gers, gres id.,
O 414; T ESSJa VII OS gras id., OHG gras id. Related to Lat
137; L GED 159; H gràmen ‘grass, stalk’ < *ghr6s-men (B-
254.  Morph. Unt. I 50–51) and Slav
*ran¶ò(n) sb.m./f.: ON grandi ‘isthmus’, *grozd˙ ‘cluster, bunch (of grapes)’ (B-
LG grand ‘rough sand’. Derived from  I 355) from IE *ghras-dho-.
*ren¶anan. Structurally close to Slav S KZ XXV 133; Z Gutt.
*gr‡d˙ ~ *gr‡da ‘heap, lump’. T- 203; W KZ XLV 63; H IF
F 140 (to Gk xÒndrow ‘granule, lump’ XVII 294–295, AEEW 135; T-F
< ? *xrÒndrow); P I 459; V 143; W-H I 616–617; F
ANEW 184; T ESSJa VII 220; K SuV 75; P I 454;
146–148. C SGGJa I 89; V ANEW
*ranjòjanan wk.vb.: ON grenja ‘to howl, 185; Z I 140; O 410–411;
to bellow’, OE rennian ‘to grin’, OHG T ESSJa VII 142; L
grennan ‘to show the teeth’, OHG grennòn GED 159–160; K-S 335 (to
‘to whimper’. A descriptive stem, cf. OE *ròanan).
ránian ‘to groan, to lament’ < *rainò- *raupiz adj.: ON arin-greypr ‘encompass-
janan, OHG grinnen ‘to show the teeth’ < ing the hearth’. Derived from str. *reu-
*rennanan. T-F 140; H- panan > Swed dial. griopa ‘to cut out’. The
 AEEW 137; S JEGP latter is of uncertain origin. P I
XXXV 216 (from *a-xranjanan); V 462; H 256.
raupjanan 141 reutan
*raupjanan wk.vb.: ON greypa ‘to H AEEW 137; H

groove’, MLG gròpen ‘to hollow up’. 258.
Derived from *raupiz. T-F 146; *ren¶an sb.n.: Goth grinda-fraþjis ‘faint-
V ANEW 188 (to *rèpòjanan); H- hearted, ÙligÒcuxow’, OE e-rind ‘grind-
 256. ing, rubbing together, noise, commotion’,
*rautaz adj.: ON sbst. grautr ‘porridge’, OHG grint ‘impetigo, scab’ (masc.).
OE reát ‘great, large, thick’, OFris gràt Derived from *ren¶anan. F 222; S-
‘large, heavy’, OS gròt ‘large, large-scale’,  240.
OHG gròz ‘great, large’. Derived from *ren¶anan tr.vb.: OE rindan ‘to grind’.
*reutanan. Structurally close to Lith Identical with Lat frendò ‘to rub away,
graudùs ‘sprittle, brittle’, Latv grauds ‘corn, to gnash’ (F KZ XVIII 313),
grain’, Slav *gruda ‘heap’. S Voc. Lith grénd≥iu, grësti ‘to rub, to scrape’
I 170 (to Lat grandis ‘great, large’); B (Z Gutt. 177). P Wurzelerw.
Gutt. 130 (same as S); T-F 72–73 (follows F); T-F
145; H AEEW 136; P I 140; S HL 187; T BSW
461; C SGGJa I 77; F 96–97; H AEEW 137–138;
170; V ANEW 185; O 412 (to W-H I 545–546; P I
*rùtan); S 242 (to OHG gi-grozzan 459; C SGGJa I 71; F
broth ‘panis cretinus’, cf. *reutanan); 167; O 414; S 240; L
B Nom. 237; H GED 160.
256; H WGE 124–131; K- *ren¶iz sb.f.: ON grind ‘lattice-door,
S 340. gate’. Close to Slav *gr\da ‘beam’, cf. also
*rawjan sb.n.: ON grey ‘greyhound’, OE Lith grindà ‘floor board, plank’ (L-
rí-hund id. Of unknown origin. H-  KZ XXXVII 182–184; W IF
 AEEW 137; V ANEW 188 (to XIX 99). Z Gutt. 176; P
*rèwaz). KZ XXXVIII 394; T-F 140;
*remma-lìkaz adj.: ON grimm-ligr T BSW 98; T NGWG NF
‘fierce, fearful’, OE rim-líc ‘grim, fierce’, III/4 93 (to *run¶az); P I 459;
OS adv. grim-lìko ‘grimly’, OHG adv. F 170–171; V ANEW 189;
grim-lìhho id. Derived from *remmaz. T ESSJa VII 120–122.
H 258. *reunan sb.n.: ON grjón ‘groats’, OE ríen
*remmaz adj.: Burg *grimms ‘grim’, ON ‘sand’, MLG grèn ‘grain of sand, sea
grimmr ‘grim, stern’, OE rim ‘sharp, bit- sand’, MHG grien ‘sand’. Probably rela-
ter, fierce, grim’, OFris grim ‘grim, stern’, ted to Gk aor. §n-exraÊe ‘to scrape’, W
OS grim id., OHG grim id. Connected gro ‘sand’. T-F 145; H
with *ramaz. Z Gutt. 175; T- AEEW 137; P I 460; V
F 142; H AEEW 137; ANEW 190; F II 1115–1116.
P I 458–459; V ANEW 189; *reutan sb.n.: ON grjót ‘stone, gravel’,
O 414; L GED 159; K OE reót ‘sand, dust’, OFris grèt ‘sand,
710; H 258–259; K- gravel’, OS griot id. (masc.), OHG grioz id.
S 338. (masc.). Derived from *reutanan. Related
*remmiþò sb.f.: ON grimd ‘grim- to Latv grauds ‘grain’, Lith grúodas ‘frost,
ness, fierceness’, OHG grimmida ‘cruelty’. frozen street dirt’, Slav *gruda ~ *grud˙
Derived from *remmaz. H ‘lump, heap’ reflecting IE *ghroud(h)o-.
258. Cf. also *rautaz. Z Deutsch. 407
*remmjanan wk.vb.: ON grimmask ‘to (derived the tribal name Greotingi from
chafe, to be furious, OE rimman ‘to run here); S GE 7 (follows Z);
with haste, to rage’, OS grimman ‘to rage’, Z Gutt. 176; T-F 145; Bù
OHG grimmen id. Derived from *remmaz. RFV LXXI 468; F 221; H
reutan 142 ripiz
AEEW 137; P I 461; F to explain. See *rabanan. H

173; V ANEW 190; Z II 168; AEEW 135; P I 456; F
O 415; S LS 24–25; S 165–166; V ANEW 185.
242; T ESSJa VII 146–148; *rètanan tr.vb.: Goth gretan ‘to weep’,
L GED 160; K-S 338; ON gráta id., OE r≠tan, rétan ‘to bewail’
D BSA 25. (wk. part.), OS pret. sg. griat ‘to weep’. Of
*reutanan tr.vb.: OHG part. griozan unknown origin. M MSL X 280
‘kr¤yinow’. Related to Lith grùd≥iu, grùsti (to Skt hràdate ‘to sound’); Z Gutt.
‘to grind barley to make groats’. See 204; T-F 139; H KZ
*reutan. P I 461; F 173– XLVIII 239, AEEW 135; F 221;
174; D BSA 25. J IEW 403; P I 439
*reutinaz sb.m.: ON prop. Grÿtingr, OE (to Slav *g˙rkati ‘to coo’); V ANEW
pl. Greotinas ‘Greuting, East Gothic 185; O 413; S 241; L
tribal name’, OHG Griuzing id. Cf. also GED 160–161.
Lat-Goth ethn. Greotingi. Derived from *rètaz sb.m.: Goth grets ‘weeping’, ON
*reutan (Z Deutsch. 407). F 221; grátr id. Derived from *rètanan. F
S NB V 128–132; S Germ. 221–222; V ANEW 185; S
87, 206 (preserved in OPrus *Graudingis > 241.
G Graudenz); V ANEW 192. *rèwaz .: ON grár ‘grey’, OE r≠ id.,
*rè¶uaz ~ *rè¶aaz adj.: Goth OFris grè id., MDu grau id., OHG grào id.
gredags ‘hungry’, ON gráäugr ‘greedy’, OE Identical with Lat ràvus ‘grey’ (V‘
r≠di id., OS gràdag id., OHG gràtag id. 98). U PBB XXVI 298 (to
Derived from *rè¶uz ~ *rè¶az. T- Lith ≥eriù, ≥er∏ti ‘to shine’); S
F 140; H AEEW 135; F FB 76–79; H EngS LIV 74–75; T-
220; V ANEW 184; O 412; F 142–143; H AEEW 135;
L GED 160. K NB II 419–421; P I
*rè¶uz ~ *rè¶az sb.m.: Goth gredus 5441–442; C SGGJa I 91;
‘hunger’, ON gráär ‘gluttony, greed’, OE V ANEW 185; O 413; B-
r≠d ‘greed, rapacity’. Continues *·hrè-tú-  Nom. 244; H 259;
~ *·hrè-tó-, a derivative of *·her-: Skt hár- K-S 336.
yati ‘to yearn for, to like’, Gk xa¤rv ‘to *ri¶iz sb.f.: Goth griþs ‘step, pace, stand-
rejoice’ (B PBB XI 280). Struc- ing’, MHG grit ‘step, stride’. Related to
turally similar to Gk xartÒw ‘causing de- Lith grìsti ‘to carry, to bring’, grìdyti ‘to
light, welcome’. H PBB XXIII 291; go’ (S KZ XXXVII 321). P
G Got. 99; Z Gutt. 176 Beiträge 850; T-F 143–144 (to
(to Skt g®dhyati ‘to desire, to be eager’); *rìnan); Bù KS 219 (same as S);
G KZ XII 130; P Beiträge F 222; P I 456–457; F-
728; T-F 140; H  171 (follows S); V ANEW 503;
AEEW 135; F 220; P I 441 L GED 161.
(reconstructs *·hrè-dh-); V ANEW *ripan sb.n.: ON grip ‘grip, grasp’, OE
183–184 (to Slav *gold˙ ‘hunger’); Z- e-rip ‘gripe, seizing’, OFris grip ‘grip’,
 II 199; F II 1062–1064; MHG grif id. Derived from *rìpanan.
L GED 160. H AEEW 138; V ANEW
*rèpòjanan wk.vb.: ON grápa ‘to pilfer’, 189.
OE rápian ‘to grope, to touch’, MDu *ripiz sb.m.: ON gripr ‘property, value’,
grapen ‘to grope’, MHG gràpen id. Related OE ripe ‘grip, possession’, OFris bi-grip
to Lith gr∏bti ‘to rake, to grasp’, Slav ‘statute, rule’, OHG ubar-grif ‘break-
*greb‡, *grebti ‘to rake, to dig’ (Z ing, violation’. Derived from *rìpanan.
Gutt. 171). The unvoiced *-p- is difficult T-F 144; H AEEW
ripiz 143 rònjanan
138; V ANEW 189; O 414; (? < *‘grey’), OFris grìs ‘grey’, OS grìs
S 238; L GED 160. id., OHG grìs id. Related to *rìsanan.
*rì¶ò sb.f.: ON gríä ‘frantic eagerness’, T-F 144; P I 457; F II
MHG grìt ‘desire’. Cannot be separated 1120–1121.
from *rè¶uz ~ *rè¶az but the vocalism *ròanan tr.vb.: ON gróa ‘to grow’, OE
presents difficulties. F-T 144 (to rówan id. Of unknown origin. T-
*ri¶iz); W IF V 18 (from *a- F 144; H AEEW 139;
xrì¶ò ); W MP I 240 (to Lith greÛtas J IEW 390–391; P I
‘quick, nimble’). 454; V ANEW 190 (to *rasan);
*rìmòn sb.m.: ON gríma ‘hood, poitrail’, O 417; S 242–243 (phonetic
OE ríma ‘mask, visor, helmet’, EFris variant of *krè- > Lat crèscò ‘to grow’).
grìme id. (fem.), OS grìma ‘mask’ (fem.), *ròbò sb.f.: Goth groba ‘dugout, hole’,
OHG grìmo id. Close to Gk xr›ma ON gróf ‘pit’, OHG gruoba id. Derived
‘unguent, oil’, Lith greÛmas ‘cream, slimy from *rabanan. Z Gutt. 175;
sediment in water’, further connected T-F 141; F 222; P I
with Lith griejù, gri‚ti ‘to skim off milk’, 456; V ANEW 190; Z I 146;
Gk xr¤v ‘to smear’. Z Gutt. O 415; S 236; K-
204; T-F 143–144; H S 340.
AEEW 137; P I 457; F *rò¶iz ~ *rò¶uz sb.f./m.: ON gróäi,
168; D VSJa 26; V ANEW 188; gróär ‘growth’, OFris grèd ‘meadow’, MLG
F II 1120; L 89–91. gròde ‘growth’. Derived from *ròanan.
*rìnanan tr.vb.: ON grína ‘to pout, to T-F 144; V ANEW 190.
whine’, MLG grìnen ‘to grin’, OHG grìnan *ròmaz ~ *ròman sb.m./n.: ON grómr
‘to bark’. Of imitative origin. T- ‘grime, dirt’, EFris grum ‘sediment’, MDu
F 143. groom ‘dirt’. Derived from *ròanan.
*rìpanan tr.vb.: Goth greipan ‘to seize, to V ANEW 190 (to Lith grém≥iu, grém≥ti
grasp’, ON grípa id., OE rípan id., OFris ‘to scrape’).
grìpa id., OS grìpan ’to touch, to take hold *ròniz adj.: Burg *gronis ‘green’, ON
of ’, OHG grìfan id. Related to Lith griebiù, grœnn id., OE réne id., OFris grène id.,
gri‚bti ‘to seize’. K KZ I 139 (to Skt OS gròni id., OHG gruoni id. Cf. also
gºbhnàti ‘to seize’), 142 (to Slav *grabiti ‘to *en-ròniz: ON sbst. ígrœn ‘bright green’
rob’); R KZ XXXIX 21; Z (fem.), MDu ingroene id., MHG ingrüene id.
Gutt. 176; T-F 144; F 220– Derived from *ròanan. Structurally close
221; H AEEW 138; J- with Slav *gran¸ ‘branch’ < *ghròni-.
 IEW 392; P I 457–458; S FB 62–66; Z Gutt.
C SGGJa I 72; F 203; T-F 144; S Krit. 61 (to
168; V ANEW 189; O 414; Lat gràmen ‘grass, stalk’, fròns ‘foliage’);
S LS 24; S 237–239; L- J MASO V 41 (directly from a
 GED 160 (follows K); K- corresponding verb); H AEEW
S 336–337. 138; K NB II 182; P I
*rìsanan tr.vb.: OE rísan ‘to shudder, 454; V ANEW 192, 284; O
to be frightened’, MDu grisen ‘to shud- 413; S 242; T ESSJa
der’. Identical with Gk xr,v ‘to rub, to VII 104–106; B OE 18–19;
anoint, to graze’. W MP V 265; H 260–261; K-S
T-F 144; H AEEW 138 341.
(to Skt jihréti ‘to be ashamed’); P I *rònjanan wk.vb.: ON grœna ‘to paint
457; F II 1120; O 415; S green’, OHG gruonen ‘to green’. Derived
239. from *ròniz. Structurally identical with
*rìsaz sb.m.: ON sbst. gríss ‘young pig’ Slav *graniti ‘to grow branches, to demar-
rònjanan 144 u¶(a)-xùsan
cate’. T ESSJa VII 107; H- grundu-waddjus ‘foundation-wall’, ON

 260. grunnr ‘bottom’, gruär (< *runþaz), grund
*ròtjanan wk.vb.: ON grœta ‘to make ‘field’ (< fem. *run¶iz), grunn ‘shallow,
weep’, OE rétan ‘to bewail, to deplore’, shoal’ (< *grunþan), OE rund ‘ground,
OFris grèta ‘to accuse’, OS gròtian ‘to bottom’, OFris grund id., OS grund id.,
excite’, OHG gruozen ‘to excite’. Causa- OHG grunt id. Continues *ghr–-tu- based
tive of *rètanan. T-F 139; H- on *ghren-: Gk xra¤nv ‘to touch slightly,
 AEEW 138; V ANEW 192; to smear’, cf. in particular Lith pã-grindas
O 413; S 241; L ‘lake bottom’. S KZ XXXVII 322
GED 160; K-S 342 (semantic (to Lith grindis ‘floor-board’); H KZ
influence of Lat gràtus ‘beloved, dear, LI 18; U PBB XXVII 121 (to
acceptable, grateful’ in OHG). Gk x°raw ‘gravel’); T-F 146 (to
*rubaz adj.: MHG grob ‘strong, fat, big’. Lith griMsti ‘to sink’); H AEEW
Close to Lith grubùs ‘rough, stiff, rigid’, 139; F 222–223; P I 459;
Slav *gr‡b˙ ~ *grub˙ ‘crude, coarse’ (with V ANEW 191 (to *ren¶iz); Z
nasalization). T-F 146; P II 200; F II 1115; O 416; L-
I 461–462; F 172–173; S LS  GED 161 (to *ren¶anan); B-
24; T ESSJa VII 145–146.  Nom. 158; K-S 341.
*rubilòjanan wk.vb.: ON grufla ‘to *rustaz sb.m.: OE rost ‘gristle’. Close to
grovel on all fours’, OHG grubilòn ‘to dig Lith grauzdùs ‘huge and shapeless’. Cf.
through’. A denominative closely related WGmc derivative *rustilaz ~ *rustilò >
to Lith grùblas ‘unevenness, mound’, Latv OE ristel ‘gristle’, OFris gristel id., MLG
grubulis ‘shard, fragment’. Cf. also Lith gristel id., OHG grustila id. H
grumbù, grùbti ‘to stiffen’, grubin∏ti ‘to stum- AEEW 137, 139; P I 461;
ble’. Further see *rubaz. T-F F 170; O 415.
141 (to *rabanan); F 172; V *rùbènan wk.vb.: ON grúfa ‘to grovel, to
ANEW 191. crouch’, G dial. grùben ‘to crouch of cold’.
*runaz sb.m.: ON grunr ‘suspicion’. Goes Related to *rubaz, *rubilòjanan. V
back to a root stem *g ⁄hr–- close to Gk ANEW 191 (to Gk grupÒw ‘hook-nosed’).
frÆn ‘midriff, heart’ (F BB XVIII *rùtan sb.n.: Norw dial. grùt ‘sediment’,
142). F I 417 (adds Lat rèn ‘kidney’); OE rút ‘fine meal’, EFris grùt ‘sed-
W IF V 28 (from *a-runaz); iment’, MLG grùt ‘a kind of ferment’.
W BB XXVII 239 (to *rèwaz); Related to *rautaz. T-F 145;
Z Gutt. 97; T-F 146; H AEEW 139; V ANEW
P I 496; C SGGJa I 185.
109; V ANEW 191; F II 1041– *u¶(a)-furxtaz adj.: Goth guda-faurhts
1043. ‘God-fearing’, OE god-fyrht id., OS god-
*run¶u-fastaz adj.: ON grunn-fastr ‘fast foroht id. Cf. MHG gote-vorhtec id. Com-
aground (of a ship)’, MLG grunt-vast ‘fixed pound of *u¶z ~ *u¶az and *furxtaz.
in the ground’. Compound of *run¶uz ~ F 223; C Nom. comp. 88 (parallel
*runþuz and *fastaz. C Nom. comp. formations); L GED 111, 165.
90 (parallel formations). *u¶(a)-xùsan sb.n.: Goth gud-hus ‘tem-
*run¶u-lausaz adj.: ON grunn-lauss ple’, ON goäa-hús id. If not a calque of
‘boundless’, OE grund-leás ‘groundless, Lat domus Dei (K KZ XXXIX
bottomless’, MLG grunt-los ‘boundless’. 542), a compound of *u¶z ~ *u¶az and
Compound of *run¶uz ~ *runþuz and *xùsan. M MSN VII 271; S-
*lausaz. C Nom. comp. 89 (parallel  IF XXIX 181, XXVII 156–157;
formations). F 223; C Nom. comp. 69 (parallel
*run¶uz ~ *runþuz sb.m.: Goth formations); L GED 161.
u¶(a)-lausaz 145 ulþan
*u¶(a)-lausaz adj.: Goth guda-laus ‘god- A BB XX 256 (to *eutanan);

less’, ON guä-lauss id. Compound of W MLN XVI 310 (to Slav *govîti ‘to
*u¶z ~ *u¶az and *lausaz. Probably, a worship, to fast’); M IF XVI 158;
calque of Gk êyeow. F 223; C S-K Idg. 126 (follows
Nom. comp. 95 (parallel formations); L- O); S PBB LI 30; T-
 GED 165, 229. F 136; H AEEW 134; F
*u¶(a)-wabjaz ~ *u¶(a)-wabjan 227–228; P I 413; V ANEW
sb.m./n.; Goth *godawabi ‘silk’ (recon- 181, 193; Z II 186; O
structed from Slav *godovabj¸ ‘silk’), ON 404; W Gedenkschr. Güntert 102 (fol-
guä-vefr ‘good weaving’, OE od-web ‘pre- lows P); L GED 165–166;
cious fabric’, OS godo-webbi id., OHG B Nom. 79; K-S
gota-webbi id. Compound of *u¶z ~ 332; A TB 264.
*u¶az and *wabjaz ~ *wabjan. ” *ulban sb.n.: ON gólf ‘floor’, EFris
apud P 88; B I 316; C gulf ‘section in a barn’. May be related
Nom. comp. 48; V-T I 426. to Slav *≥elb˙ ‘gutter, trough’ (Z
*u¶az adj.: Goth af-guþs ‘godless’, Norw Gutt. 175). W IF V 17 (from
dial. av-gud ‘godless person’, OFris sbst. *a-xulfan); H BB XXIV 258 (to
af-god ‘idol’, OS sbst. af-god ‘idol’, OHG Gk delfÊw ‘womb’); T-F 137;
sbst. ab-got ‘idol’. Derivative of *u¶z ~ W-P I 630 (to OIr gulban
*u¶az (L GED 4). U ‘prick’); M 167; P Gliede-
BB XXX 253–254; F 5; L- rung 119; V ANEW 181; V-
S I 24; K-S 5. T II 61.
*u¶( j)òn sb.m.: Goth gudja ‘priest’, ON *ultiz sb.f.: ON gyltr ‘young sow’, OE adj.
goäi id. Derived from *u¶z ~ *u¶az. ylte id. Cf. also MLG gelte ‘castrated pig’,
O BB XXIV 197–200 (semantic OHG galza, gelza id. <*altjòn. Derived
analysis); T-F 136; FEIST 224, from *altaz ~ altuz. T-F 131;
ANF XXXV 264–265; V ANEW 181; H AEEW 129; V ANEW
L GED 161. 196; K-S 310–311.
*u¶(z) ~ *u¶az sb.n./m.: Goth gup *ulþa-ban¶an sb.n.: ON gull-band ‘gold-
‘God’, ON goä, guä id. (traces of s-stem in en head-band’, MDu goud-bant ‘diadem’,
pl.), OE od id., OFris god id., OS god id., OHG gold-bant ‘golden head-band’.
OHG masc. got id. (traces of s-stem in Compound of *ulþan and *ban¶an.
pl.). Masc. forms are secondary. From C Nom. comp. 83 (parallel formations).
*·hu-t(ó)- ‘libated one’ derived from *·heu- *ulþa-berxtaz adj.: ON gull-bjartr ‘bright
‘to pour’ (P Origines 659–661; B as gold’, OE gold-beorht ‘bright with gold’.
BB VII 79). The alternative connection Compound of *ulþan and * berxtaz.
with *·heu- ‘to call, to invoke’ (O C Nom. comp. 61.
Morph. Unt. IV 84–85, BB XXIV 191– *ulþa-xru¶enaz adj.: ON goll-roäinn
194) and derivation from *·hut(ó)- (< ‘ornamented with gold’ (< *goll-hroäinn),
*·hùt(ó)- according to D’s law) might OE gold-hroden id. Compound of *ul-
be supported by the comparison with þan and part. *xru¶enaz (see *xreu¶anan).
Toch A ñkät, B ñakte ‘god’ < *ni-·hùto- C Nom. comp. 61.
‘one called down’ (N KZ XCIV *ulþan sb.n.: Goth gulþ ‘gold’, ON gull,
267–269). Cf. further OIr guth ‘voice’ < goll id., OE old id., OFris gold id., OS gold
*·hutu-. R Einwirk. 338 (to *ò¶az id., OHG gold id. Closely related
or to Gk keÊyv ‘to hide’ or from Pers to Thrac pln. Zãld-apa, ELith ≥efitas
xudày); S KZ I 157; E KZ V ‘golden’, Latv zèlts ‘gold; golden’, Slav
236 (to keÊyv); M KZ VII 12–18 *zolto ‘gold’ with different vowel grades.
(to Skt jyuti- ‘light’); L BB XXI 97; Further connected with Indo-European
ulþan 146 ur¶az
color adjectives belonging to IE *·hel-. F 176; V ANEW 194–195;

Z Gutt. 204; T-F 131; T ESSJa VII 78–80.
T BSW 368; H *un¶an ~ *un¶az sb.n./m.: Goth gund
AEEW 134; F 224–225; D ‘gangrene’, Norw dial. gund ‘scurf ’, OE
Thr. 173; P Gliederung 142; P und ‘matter, corruption’, OS gund ‘pus’,
I 430; C SGGJa I 84; OHG gunt id. Probably connected with
F 1296–1297; V ANEW 194; *unþz. T-F 136; H
Z I 140; O 405; V- KZ XXVIII 282 (to Gk kanyÊlh ‘abscess,
T II 103–104; S LS 64; tumor’), AEEW 140; T ZdWf
L GED 162; B Nom. VII 268 (to Av gunda- ‘small, round
77; K-S 331. bread’); S ZDMG LIX
*ulþa-smiþaz sb.m.: ON gull-smiär ‘gold- 695–696 (to NPers gundeh ‘round object’);
smith’, OE gold-smiä id., OFris gold-smith F 116; P I 438; L
id., MLG golt-smit id., OHG gold-smid. GED 163.
Compound of *ulþan and *smiþaz. *unþ(a)-bur¶an sb.n.: ON gunn-borä
C Nom. comp. 72 (parallel formations). ‘shield’, OE úä-bord id. Compound of
*ulþìnaz adj.: Goth gulþeins ‘golden’, ON *unþz and *bur¶an. C Nom. comp. 54.
gullinn id., OE ylden id., OFris gulden, *unþ(a)-fanòn sb.m.: ON gunn-fani ‘war
golden, gelden id., OS guldìn id., OHG banner’, OE úä-fana id., OS gùd-fano
guldìn id. Derived from *ulþan. H- id., OHG gund-fano id. Compound of
 AEEW 140; F 225; V *unþz and *fanòn. C Nom. comp. 48;
ANEW 194; B OFED s.v. V ANEW 111, 195.
*ulþjanan wk.vb.: ON gylla ‘to guild’, *unþ(a)-xwataz adj.: ON gunn-hvatr
OE yldan id., MDu ver-gouden, ver-gulden ‘fierce in battle’, OE úä-hwæt ‘active, vig-
id., OHG ubar-gulden id. Derived from orous in war’. Compound of *unþz and
*ulþan. H AEEW 140; *xwataz. C Nom. comp. 61.
V ANEW 196. *unþz sb.f.: Burg *gunþs ‘fight’, ON gunnr,
*umòn sb.m.: Goth guma ‘man’, ON gumi guär ‘war, battle’, OE úä id. Cf. also OS
id., OE uma id., OFris breid-gomo gùthea id. Related to Hitt kuen- ‘to smite,
‘groom’, OS gumo ‘man’, OHG gomo to raze, to kill’, Skt hánti ‘to strike, to kill’,
‘hero, a famous man’. Etymologically Av úainti ‘to strike’, Gk ye¤nv ‘to kill’, Lat
related to Toch B ≤aumo id., Lat homò id., dèfendò ‘to defend’, OIr gonim ‘to wound,
Lith ≥muõ, ≥mogùs id. describing ‘man’ as to kill’. Z Gutt. 97; B
‘earthly’, further—to IE *dhe·hom ‘earth’ 490–493; T-F 124; H
(O Etym. 220–221; B AEEW 140; W-H I 332–
Grundriß II/1 135). Z Gutt. 204; 333; M III 575–576; P
T-F 126; H AEEW I 437; V ANEW 195; F I 657–
140; W-H I 654–655; F 658; K 710; P IV 206–212.
225–226; B BSL XXXVIII *uran sb.n.: ON gor ‘cud’, OE or ‘dung,
143; P Gliederung 80, 208; P dirt’, MLG gor ‘filth’, OHG gor ‘dung,
I 414–415; C SGGJa I 60– dirt’. Related to OIr gur ‘matter, pus’.
61; F 1320; V ANEW 194; F BB XXI 327 (to Lat foria ‘flux,
Z I 153; L GED 162; a disease of swine’); T-F 129;
P KZ LXXXIX 8–9; B- P I 494 (to *g ⁄her- ‘to burn’);
 Nom. 184. W JEGP XIII 502 (to Gk xulÒw
*umpaz sb.m.: ON gumpr ‘buttock, ‘juice’); H AEEW 134; V
podex’. Identical with Lith guMbas ANEW 183; Z II 168; O
‘bump, excrescence’, cf. further Slav 406.
*g‡ba ‘lip, sponge’. T-F 137; *ur¶az sb.m.: OHG gurt ‘girdle’. Zero
ur¶az 147 xabiaz
grade of the stem attested in *er¶ò 117, 362; H AEEW 135;
and Goth bi-gairdan ‘to gird’ < *er¶anan. W-H I 656–657; F II
Further connections are not clear. 18–19; O 407; B Nom.
T-F 129; P I 444 (to 77; O AED 75.
*ar¶az); O 399; L GED 68. *utaz ~ *utòn sb.m.: Goth Gut-þiuda
*ur¶ilaz sb.m.: ON gyräill ‘girdle’, OE ‘Gothic people’, ON Goti ‘Goth’, OSwed
yrdel id., OFris gerdel id., MDu gurdel id., pl. Gutar, Gotar ‘people’, OE pl. Gotan
OHG gurtil id. Derived from *ur¶janan or ‘Goths’. Probably, n-stem reflected also in
*ur¶az. T-F 129; H gen. pl. gutani of the Pietroassa inscrip-
AEEW 140; V ANEW 197; O tion. Cf. also Germ-Lat Gutones, Gotones.
399; S 225. Borrowed to Lith gùdas ‘Bielorussian’
*ur¶janan wk.vb.: ON gyräa ‘to begird’, and OPrus *gud- (in pln.) before the
OE yrdan id., OFris un-e-gert ‘unbe- Lautverschiebung (K ZDADL LXVII
girded’, OHG gurten ‘to begird’. Derived 253–255). Further connections are un-
from *ur¶az. T-F 129; H- clear, see *autaz ~ *autòn. G-
 AEEW 140; V ANEW 197;  Got. 101–103 (from Goth *gut
O 399; S 225; L ‘sea, bay’, to *eutanan); L NB II
GED 68; K-S 343. 75–77 (to the name of Gotland); H-
*urstaz sb.m.: OE orst ‘gorse, furze,  AEEW 135; F 226–227;
bramble, Ulex europæus’. Continues K Run. I 227–235 (adduces the ON
*·hºst- close to Alb drithë ‘grain’, Lat parallel), HG 5 (to *eutanan); F
hordeum ‘barley’ < *·hºzd- (L KZ 174 (-d- in Baltic influenced by OPrus
XLI 391). See *erstòn. S Plur. gudde ‘bush’).
x
*xaban I sb.n.: ON haf ‘sea’, OE heaf ‘sea, to OIr cúan ‘curve, bend, recess, bay’ <
water’, OFris hef ‘sea’, MLG haf id., *kopno-. T-F 72; C
MHG hab ‘sea, haven’. Derived from SGGJa I 98; V ANEW 279; O
*xafjanan. Historically identical with 431; K-S 347.
*xaban II. S BB XX 13 (to OIr *xabènan wk.vb.: Goth haban ‘to have’,
cúan ‘haven, sea’ < *kopno-); T-F ON hafa id., OE habban id., OFris hebba,
72; H AEEW 144; P I habba id., OS hebbian id., OHG habèn id.
528; V ANEW 201; Z I 140. Durative of *xafjanan (L KZ XI
*xaban II sb.n.: ON upp-haf ‘beginning’, 192). C Prät. 86–88 (amalgama-
OHG ur-hab ‘cause, reason’. Derived tion of *ghabh- and *kap-); M IF
from *xafjanan. S 244. XXXV 224–237; V MSL XVIII
*xaban III adj.: ON hand-hafi ‘having 310; P MP XXVI 464; Z
in hand’, OHG un-gi-hab ‘poor, insig- Gutt. 206; T-F 72; H
nificant’. Derived from *xabènan. H- AEEW 143; F 229; P Gliederung
 AEEW 147; K 69; 107–108 (on IE *kap-: *ghabh-), 115;
H 263. P I 528; V ANEW 201;
*xabanò sb.f.: ON h‡fn ‘haven’, OE hæfen O 431; S 244; L
id., MLG havene id., MHG habene id. GED 167; K-S 345.
Based on *xaban I. Derivationally close *xabiaz ~ *xabuaz adj.: ON h‡fugr,
xabiaz 148 xa¶(i)nòn
h‡figr ‘heavy’, OE hefi id., OS hebig id., *xabu¶an sb.n.: ON h‡fuä ‘head’, OE
MHG hebec id. Based on *xabiz > OE hefe heáfod id. Identical with Lat caput ‘head’
‘weight’ derived from *xafjanan. T- and, probably, Skt *kaput- in neut. kapúc-
F 72; H AEEW 153–154; chala- ‘tuft of hair on the back of the
V ANEW 280; O 434. head’ < *kaput-≤ala- (K KZ I 136).
*xabiþò sb.f.: ON hefä ‘loss or gain of T-F 73; H AEEW
claim’, MHG hebede ‘property’. Derived 150; W-H I 163–164; M-
from *xabènan. F-T ND 450;  I 156–157; P I 529–530;
V ANEW 215. V ANEW 279; Z I 141;
*xabraz sb.m.: ON hafr ‘he-goat’, OE hæfer M I 156–157; L GED
id. Etymologically related to Gk kãprow 178–179; B KZ CIX 218–220 (from
‘boar’, Lat caper ‘he-goat’. Further may non-IE).
be connected with Skt kápºth- ‘penis’. *xabu¶a-swìmòn sb.m.: ON h‡fuä-svími
S IF XXXIII 142 (oriental ‘dizziness’, OE heáfod-swíma id. Com-
Wanderwort); P PBB XL 105– pound of *xabu¶an and *swimòn. C
107; Z Gutt. 114; T-F Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
73; H AEEW 144; W- *xabu¶a-war¶az sb.m.: ON h‡fuä-v‡rär
H I 157–158; M I 157; ‘body-guard’ (u-stem), OE heáfod-weard
P Gliederung 114; P I 529; ‘chief guardian’. Compound of *xabu¶an
C SGGJa I 90; V ANEW and *war¶az II. C Nom. comp. 54.
201; F I 782–783; Z I 131; *xabukaz sb.m.: ON haukr ‘hawk’, OE
K-S 345. hafoc id., OFris havek id., OS havuk id.,
*xabròn sb.m.: ON pl. hafrar ‘oats’, OS OHG habuh, habech id. Identical with Slav
havoro id., OHG habaro id. Derived from *kob˙z˙ ~ *kobuz˙ ‘hawk, kite’ (Z
*xabraz (F-T ND 387), cf. Slav Gutt. 15, 102), from IE *kobu·o-. Further
*ov¸s˙ ‘oats’ < *a⁄i˚o-, to *a⁄i- ‘ewe’. connections are not clear. P
C KZ XL 436 (to Skt neut. RFV XXXIII 328–329; B I 535;
≤áßpa- ‘young grass’); P LUÅ S DVN 360 (to Lat capys, capus <
1918/31 19 (to Norw hagr ‘tail hair of Etr); T-F 73; P PBB XL
the horse’); W MP XVII 568 (to Slav 96; H AEEW 147; S
*kopr˙ ‘dill’); Z Gutt. 31; T- ANT 360 (from *xafjanan; Slav < Gmc);
F 73; S 27 (to *xòbò); P P I 528; V ANEW 214;
I 529; V ANEW 202; Z I Z I 131; O 431; T-
153; O 619; K-S 347.  ESSJa X 92–93; K-S
*xabu¶a-bainan sb.n.: ON h‡fuä-bein 345.
‘skull, head-bone’, OE heáfod-bán id. *xa¶inaz sb.m.: ON héäinn ‘jacket of fur
Compound of *xabu¶an and *bainan. or skin’, OE heden ‘hood’. A substan-
C Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations). tivized adjective close to Slav *kot¸n˙
*xabu¶a-bauaz sb.m.: ON h‡fuä-baugr ‘pregnant (of animals)’ further derived
‘chief ring in the wergild’, OE heáfod- from *kotiti s\ ‘to give birth (of animals)’,
beá ‘crown’. Compound of *xabu¶an and cf. also Lat catulus ‘cub’ (O Etym. I
*bauaz. C Nom. comp. 81 (parallel 250). Z Gutt. 207; T-F 90
formations). (from Thrac *kitòn, cf. Gk xit≈n ‘tunic,
*xabu¶a-lausaz ~ *xaubu¶a-lausaz garment worn next to skin’, Ion k¤yvn
adj.: ON h‡fuä-lauss ‘headless’, OE heáfod- id.); L PBB XLIX 72; J
leás id., OFris hàved-làs id., MLG hòvet-lòs ANO 1926 190; H AEEW 153;
id., MHG houbet-lòs id. Compound of V ANEW 215.
*xabu¶an, *xaubu¶an and *lausaz. C *xa¶(i)nòn sb.f.: ON haäna ‘young
Nom. comp. 89 (parallel formations). she-goat’. Cf. also MHG hatele ‘she-goat’
xa¶(i)nòn 149 xaaz
close to Lat catulus ‘cub’. See *xa¶inaz. K SuV 80; M ZDADL LXXVI
Z Gutt. 206; T-F 69; 169; H AEEW 144; W-
W-H I 183; P I 534; H I 159; F 230; K
C SGGJa I 58; V ANEW NB II 306; P I 527–528; C-
200; T ESSJa XI 204–205,  SGGJa I 102; V ANEW
219–220. 209; S 245; L GED 168;
*xafilaz sb.m.: ON hefill ‘clew-lines of a B Nom. 251; H
sail’, OHG lefi-hefil ‘yeast’. Derived from 263–264; K-S 347.
*xafjanan. T-F 72; V ANEW *xaftiz sb.f.: Goth anda-hafts ‘answer’,
215; S 244. MHG haft ‘detention’. Structurally simi-
*xafjanan str.vb.: Goth hafjan ‘to hold lar with Lat captiò ‘deceit, harm’. Derived
up, to bear up, to lift’, ON hefja id., OE from *xafjanan. W-H I 159;
hebban id., OFris heva id., OS hebbian F 46; L GED 34; K-
id., OHG heffen id. Related to *xabènan. S 347.
Etymologically close to Lat capiò ‘to *xaftjan sb.n.: ON hepti ‘haft’, OE hæft,
seize’, Gk kãptv ‘to gulp down’, Lat capiò hæfte id., MLG hechte id., OHG hefti
‘to take’, Alb kap ‘to seize, to grasp’, Latv id. Derived from *xaftjanan. T-F
kàmpju, kàmpt ‘to seize’, and other con- 72; H AEEW 144; O
tinuants of IE *kap-. M IF XXXV 423; K-S 363.
224–237; Z Gutt. 103; T-F *xaftjanan wk.vb.: Goth haftjan ‘to hold
71; F 229–230; H AEEW fast to, to adhere’, ON hepta, hefta ‘to
153; W-H I 159–160; P- bind, to fetter’, OE hæftan ‘to seize, to
 Gliederung 127; J IEW bind’, OFris hefta ‘to fortify, to secure’,
186–189; P I 528; V ANEW OS heftian id., OHG heften ‘to fortify, to
215; F I 783; O 433; S bind’. Derived from *xaftaz, *xafjanan.
244–245; L GED 167; O AED T-F 72; H AEEW 144;
169; K-S 362. F 230; V ANEW 222; L
*xafnòjanan wk.vb.: Goth ufar-hafnan ‘to GED 167–168; K-S 363.
be (excessively) exalted’, ON hafna ‘to for- *xaftnòjanan ~ *xaftenòjanan wk.vb.:
sake, to abandon’. Derived from *xaf- Goth ga-haftnan ‘to stick, to adhere’, OE
janan. F 230; V ANEW 201 (to hæftnian ‘to seize, to capture’. Derived
*xamjanan); S 245. from *xaftaz, *xaftjanan. F 183; H-
*xaftan ~ *xaftaz sb.n./m.: ON hapt,  264.
haft ‘bond’, OE hæft id. See *xaftaz II. *xaanan str.vb.: OHG hagan ‘to feed’.
H AEEW 144; V ANEW Related to Skt ≤aknóti ‘to be able’, Av sak-
209; S 245; H 263; ‘to agree on smth.’. See *xaaz, *xaòn.
K-S 347. B 1552–1553; W
*xaftaz I sb.m.: ON haptr, haftr ‘captive’, NP 72; T-F 67–68; H
OE hæft id., MHG haft id. Substantivized AEEW 147; M III 288–289;
*xaftaz II. H AEEW 144; P I 522; V ANEW 202;
P Gliederung 126; H 263; S 245–246.
K-S 347. *xaa-þurnaz sb.m.: ON hag-þorn ‘haw-
*xaftaz II adj.: Goth hafts ‘bound, joined’, thorn’, OE hæ-äorn id., MLG hage-dorn
OS haft id., OHG haft id. Identical with id., OHG hagan-dorn id. Compound of
Lat captus ‘captured’, W caeth ‘slave’, *xaòn and *þurnuz ~ *þurnaz. See
OCorn caid ‘captured’ (L Language *xa(i)naz. T-F 68; H
IX 246). From *kap-to-, a participial form AEEW 146–147; C Nom. comp. 48;
of *kap- (see *xafjanan). T-F 72; O 431; K-S 348.
M RG XXI 40 (from Celtic); *xaaz adj.: ON hagr ‘handy, skilful’,
xaaz 150 xai¶az
MHG be-hac ‘of pleasure’. Related to Skt OHG bi-hagon ‘to make comfortable’. De-
≤aknóti ‘to be able’, Av sak- ‘to agree on rived from *xaanan (W NP 72).
smth.’. See *xaanan. WGmc words for T-F 67; H AEEW 147;
‘witch’ belong here: OE hætesse, hætes, V ANEW 202; S 245; K-
MDu haghetisse. B 1552– S 91–92.
1553; T-F 67–68; K NB *xaòn sb.m.: ON hagi ‘pasture’, OE haa
I 10; H AEEW 144; M- ‘enclosure’, OS hago ‘pasture’, OHG hag,
 III 288–289; P I 522; hac ‘fence, enclosure’ (< *xaaz). Derived
V ANEW 203; O 423; H- from *xaanan. Z Gutt. 111;
 264–265. U PBB XXIX 332–333 (to Slav
*xa(i)naz sb.m.: Norw hegn ‘fencing, *ko“¸ ‘basket’); T-F 68; H
fence’, OS hagin ‘fence’, OHG hagan Philologus LXXIII 452 (to Lat caulae
‘hawthorn’. Derived from *xaòn. V ‘opening, hole, enclosure’, dim. of *cauà
ANEW 216. < *kaghà); H AEEW 147;
*xa(i)njanan wk.vb.: ON hegna ‘to P I 518; C SGGJa I
hedge, to fence’, MLG hegenen id., MHG 101; V ANEW 202; O 432;
heinen ‘to surround with a hedge’. Derived K-S 348.
from *xa(i)naz. V ANEW 216. *xau-stal¶az sb.m.: ON hauk-staldr
*xajaz sb.m.: ON heggr ‘bird-cherry’, OE ‘young man’ (with an irreg. hauk- instead
hee ‘hedge’. Cf. also EFris hegge id., MDu of *h‡g-), OE hao-steald ‘bachelor, young
hegge id., OHG hegga id. Identical with man, young warrior’, OS hagu-stald id.,
W cae ‘enclosure’ < *kagƒos. See *xaòn. OHG hagu-stalt ‘hired worker’. Com-
T-F 68; H AEEW 153; pound of *xauz (see *xaaz) and *stal¶az
O 434; V ANEW 215–216; (see *stal¶an). T-F 489; H-
K-S 362.  AEEW 147; F Festschr. Bugge
*xala-stainaz sb.m.: ON hagl-steinn ‘hail- Kr. 16 (on ON hauk-); C Nom. comp.
stone’, OE haol-stán id., MLG hagel-stèn 48; V ANF LVIII 93–104, ANEW
id., MHG hagel-stein id. Compound of 214; S 462; L GED 37;
*xalan ~ *xalaz and *stainaz. C K-S 348.
Nom. comp. 48. *xaxsòn sb.f.: MHG hahse ‘back of knee’.
*xalan ~ *xalaz sb.m./n.: ON hagl Identical with Skt kákßa- ‘armpit’, OIr coss
‘hail’, OE hæ(e)l, haol id., OFris heil id., ‘foot’, Lat coxa ‘hip’. M WuS III
OS hagal id., OHG hagal id. From IE 47; T-F 67; W-H I
*˚o˚ló-, reduplication of *˚el- ‘cold’ simi- 283; P I 611; A TB 136–137
lar to (but not identical with) Skt ≤í≤ira- (adds Toch B kakse ‘body part’).
‘cool, cold’. Cf. also *xexlòn. U *xaxtuz sb.m.: ON háttr ‘mode, way’.
PBB XXVI 208 (to Gk kãxlhj ‘pebble’); Closely related to OIr cucht ‘colour’
Z Gutt. 207–208 (same as U- (Z Gutt. 207). H BB XXIV
); T-F 68; H 231 (to ON hagr ‘state, condition’); S-
AEEW 147; M III 345–346;  WuS VI 18 (same as H); V
P I 551; F I 805; C ANEW 213.
I 507 (Gk kãxlhj to kaxlãzv ‘to splash, *xai¶az adj.: ON heiär ‘bright, cloudless’.
to bubble’); P I 518, 551; Cf. also sbst. heiä ‘brightness of the sky’.
C SGGJa I 108; V ANEW Identical with Skt keta- ‘mark, sign’, cf.
202–203; Z II 168; O 423; also ketú- ‘brightness, light’. Further re-
L GED 167; K-S 348. lated to *xai¶uz ~ *xai¶iz. T-F
*xaòjanan wk.vb.: ON haga ‘to manage, 64; K NB II 259, 449; M
to arrange’, OE on-haian ‘to be within I 265; P I 916–917; V ANEW
smb.’s powers’, OFris hagia ‘to please’, 217; H 265.
xai¶raz 151 xailaz
*xai¶raz adj.: OE hádor ‘clear, bright, D Thr. 551; M I

serene’, OS hèdar ‘clear, light’, OHG 264; P I 519–520; C
heitar id. Derived from *xai¶az. Struc- SGGJa I 100; V ANEW 210; L-
turally similar with Skt citrá- ‘excellent,  GED 169; H 267.
bright’, Av ‘iyrò ‘visible, clear’. Cf. also *xailaaz adj.: Goth hailags ‘holy’ (on the
Lith skaidrùs ‘light, clear’. Z Gutt. Petroassa ring), ON heilagr id., OE háli
105; B 586–587; T-F id., OFris hèlich id., OS hèlag id., OHG
64; H AEEW 143; K heilag id. Derived from *xailaz II. O
NB II 259, 449; M I 387; PBB XLV 102–112; Z Gutt. 105;
P I 916–917; F 791; T-F 65; H AEEW 148;
V ANEW 217; O 443; B- F 232; P I 520; V ANEW
 Nom. 247; H 265– 218; O 445; S Goten 219–
266; K-S 367. 223; B IEL 452; L GED
*xai¶uz ~ *xai¶iz sb.m.: Goth haidus 169; H 268; K-S
‘way, manner’, ON heiär ‘honor’, OE hád 365.
‘person, degree, rank’, OFris -hèd, OS hèd *xailaòjanan wk.vb.: ON helga ‘to make
id., OHG heit id. Identical with Skt ketú- holy’, OE hálgian id., OFris hèligia id., OS
‘brightness, form’ < *k6i-tu- (G hèlagòn id., OHG heilìgòn id. Derived
Kalypso 49), further related to *(s)kài- ‘to from *xailaaz. H AEEW
be bright, to shine’, see *xai¶az. H 148; V ANEW 221; O 424.
PBB XVII 288; Z Gutt. 105; T- *xaila-wan¶jaz adj.: ON sbst. heil-indi
F 64; H AEEW 143; F ‘health’, OE hál-wende ‘conducive to
231; M I 265; P I health, healing’, OHG sbst. heil-ant
916; Z II 200; L GED ‘savior’. Compound of *xailaz II and
168; B Nom. 159; K- *wan¶jaz (see *wan¶janan). H
S 367. AEEW 148; C Nom. comp. 60; V
*xaifstiz sb.f.: Goth haifsts ‘conflict, com- ANEW 218.
petition’, OE h≠st ‘violence, fury’, OFris *xailaz I sb.n.: Crim.-Goth iel ‘good,
hàst ‘haste’, MLG heist ‘vehemence’. Cf. health’, ON heill ‘good luck, omen’, OE
also WGmc *xaifstaz ‘violent’: OE h≠st(e), h≠l ‘omen, auspice’, OS heil ‘health,
OFris hàst, OHG heisti ‘loud’. Related to luck’, OHG heil id. Substantivized
Lith kaipstù, kaÛpti ‘to be dizzy, to ail, to *xailaz II. Close to W coel ‘sign, omen’.
be sickly’. Z Gutt. 182; G- Z Gutt. 105; H AEEW
 Got. 104 (to Lith “aipaUs, “aipÿtis ‘to 144; F 290; P I 520;
mock, to show one’s teeth’); U Z II 223; V ANEW 218;
PBB XXX 286 (against G); L GED 169; H 267.
T-F 65; H AEEW 146, *xailaz II adj.: Goth hails ‘healthy’, ON
427; F 231; P I 542–543; heill ‘whole, healed’, OE hál ‘whole, well,
Ö ZdWf XVI 166–167; F sound’, OFris hèl ‘unhurt, whole, un-
203; V ANEW 218; L GED harmed’, OS hèl ‘unhurt, unharmed’,
169; K-S 359. OHG heil ‘whole, healthy, unscathed’.
*xaixaz adj.: Goth haihs ‘one-eyed’, ON Related to W coel ‘sign, omen’, OPrus
theon. Hárr ‘one-eyed god (Odin)’. kails ‘healthy’, Slav *cîl˙ ‘whole’. The
Identical with Lat caecus ‘blind’, OIr caech words for ‘health’ derived from here (OE
‘one-eyed’. Further cf. Skt kekara- ‘squint- h≠lu id., OS hèli id., OHG heila, heilì id.)
eyed’ and probably Dac koiko-l¤da probably explain the further derivation of
‘nightshade’. S Festschr. Thomsen the noun for ‘brain’: ON heili ‘brain’,
202; Z Gutt. 206, 209; T-F OFris hèli, hàl, heila id. P KZ V
64; W-H I 129; F 232; 37–38; Z Gutt. 105; K NB II
xailaz 152 xaimjanan
266; G BB XXVII (to Osc kaíla ‘tem- Derived from *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz. V
ple’); T-F 65; W MLN XXIX ANEW 218–219; L GED 170;
71 (ON heili to Skt ≤íkhà ‘tuft of hair’); K-S 365.
S KZ LXIV 21; M NTS *xaiman£ adv.: ON heiman ‘from home’,
XI 288; F 232; H AEEW OHG heimina id. Derived from *xaimaz ~
145, 148; B HG 68–79; P *xaimiz. V ANEW 219.
Gliederung 141–142; P I 520; *xaima-òþljan sb.n.: Goth haimoþli ‘patri-
C SGGJa I 68; V ANEW monial land’. Cf. also OHG heimòdilis
218 (ON heili to MIr coelán ‘intestine’); ‘laribus’. Compound of *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz
Z II 223; O 1005; B and *òþljan. ON heimild, heimold ‘title,
Festschr. Eggers 21–25; S LS 25, 81; right’ does not belong here (despite
B IEL 451–452, 468; T S GNA 266) and is better to be
PJa III 136–143; L GED 169– explained from *xaimiliþò (H
170; T ESSJa III 179–180; apud V). F 233; C Nom.
B Nom. 249; H comp. 44; V ANEW 219; L
267–268. GED 170; K-S 365.
*xailesòjanan wk.vb.: ON heilsa ‘to *xaimatjanan wk.vb.: ON heimta ‘to
greet’, OE h≠lsian ‘to foretell’, OHG hei- get back, to bring home the sheep’,
lisòn id. Cf. also ON heilla ‘to bewitch’ < OE hámettan ‘to provide with a home’.
*xailzòjanan. Derived from *xailesò based Derived from *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz. H-
on *xailaz. Z Gutt. 105; H-  AEEW 148; V ANEW 220;
 AEEW 145; J IEW O 430.
176; P I 520; V ANEW *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz sb.m./f.: Goth haims
218; B IEL 451; L ‘village’ (pl. < *xaimò), ON heimr ‘abode,
GED 170. land, village’, OE hám ‘home, house,
*xailiþò sb.f.: OGutn haildir ‘damages’, dwelling’, OFris hàm, hèm id., OS hèm
OHG heilida ‘health’. Derived from *xail- id., OHG heima id. Related to Gk k≈mh
janan or *xailaz. H 268. ‘village’, Lith káimas ‘village’, “eimà
*xailjanan wk.vb.: Goth hailjan ‘to heal’, ‘family’, Slav *sîm¸ja id. May also be
OSwed hela id., OE h≠lan id., OFris hèla connected with OIr cóim ‘kind, good’.
id., OS hèlian id., OHG heilen id. Derived Z Gutt. 49, 185; T-F 87–88;
from *xailaz. Structurally close to Slav T BSW 300–301; H
*cîliti id. H AEEW 144; AEEW 148; F 233–234; P I
F 232; P Gliederung 141; V 540; C SGGJa I 65; F
ANEW 218; O 432; T 251, 970; T Rod. 165; V
ESSJa III 178; L GED 169– ANEW 219; Z II 196; F II
170; H 268; K-S 61–62; O 445–446; V-
365. T III 600; L GED 170;
*xailnòjanan wk.vb.g: Goth ga-hailnan ‘to B Nom. 72; K-S
be healed, to recover’, OGutn hailna ‘to 365; V Festschr. Watkins 685–702
heal’. Derived from *xailaz. F 183; (rejects comparison with Gk k≈mh
H 268. ‘village’).
*xaima-farò sb.f.: ON heim-f‡r ‘return *xaimiskaz adj.: ON heimskr ‘foolish,
home’, OE hám-faru ‘forcible entry into a silly’, OHG heimisc ‘native’. Derived
house’. Compound of *xaimaz ~ *xaimò from *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz. V ANEW
and *farò. C Nom. comp. 81 (parallel 219.
formations). *xaimjanan wk.vb.: ON heima ‘to take
*xaimai ~ *xaimòt adv.: ON heima ‘at one in’, OE h≠man ‘to have intercourse
home, home’, OS hème id., OHG heim id. with, to marry’, MHG heimen ‘to drive
xaimjanan 153 xaiþina-¶òmaz
home’. Derived from *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz.  AEEW 149; F 46; S
T-F 88; H AEEW 145; 246–247; L GED 172.
V ANEW 218; F I 809 (derived *xaitanan str.vb.: Goth haitan ‘to call (by
from ke›mai ‘to lie’ which is itself related name), to address’, ON heita id., OE hátan
to *xaimaz). ‘to bid, to call, to name’, OFris hèta ‘to
*xainò sb.f.: ON hein ‘hone, whetstone’, call (by name), OS hètan id., OHG heizan
OE hán ‘boundary stone’. Close to Av id. If the original meaning is ‘to name’ <
saèni- ‘top’. Cf. further Gk k«now ‘pine- *‘to identify’ rather than ‘to call, to sum-
cone’ < *˚ò(i)-no- (H BB XXIV 234). mon’, probably based on neut. *xit (see
Z Gutt. 184; T-F 64; *xi ). B IF VI 89–90 (to Gk
H AEEW 149; P I 542; k¤v ‘to go, to drive’); W MLN XVI
V ANEW 220; O 446. 310 (same as B); H
*xairaz sb.m.: ON hárr ‘hoary’, OE hár Festschr. Fick 40–41 (to Gk k—n°v ‘to set in
‘hoary, grey, old’, OFris hèr ‘high, sub- motion’); Z Gutt. 105 (to Slav
lime’, OS hèr ‘high, noble’, OHG hèr *cîditi ‘to strain, to filter’); P
‘great, sublime’. Identical with Slav PBB XLIV 173 (to Osset sìdyn ~ sedun
*sîr˙ ‘grey’, further cf. MIr cíar ‘dark’ < ‘to call’); P Kelt. Gr. II 490–491
*˚eiro-. S FB 80–82; M- (to Ir cisse ‘carried in’); T-F 64;
 Etudes 321–322, 403 (Slav < Gmc); H AEEW 150; F 236–237;
P KZ XXXVIII 392–393, XL P CGG 176–178 (from *kèi-d-);
176–177; T-F 65, 88; H- J IEW 198; P I 538;
 AEEW 149; K NB II V ANEW 220; O 440; S
258–259; P Gliederung 166; P 246–248; A III 105–106 (same as
I 519, 540; C SGGJa I P); L GED 171–172;
68; V ANEW 212–213; O K-S 367.
442–443; V-T III 611– *xaitaz adj.: ON heitr ‘hot’, OE hát
612; B Nom. 248; H- id., OFris hèt id., OS hèt id., OHG heiz
 269–270; K-S id. Related to *xajaz. Z Gutt.
363. 112; Z Gutt. 112; T-F 89;
*xaisaz adj.: OE hás ‘hoarse’, OFris hàs H AEEW 149–150; K
id., MDu hees id., OHG heis id. Of uncer- NB I 18, 59; P I 519; V
tain origin. Cf. *xairaz. T-F 65; ANEW 220; O 449; S LS 25;
H AEEW 149; P I 519 H 271–272; K-S
(to *xajaz); V ANEW 213; O 366–367.
443; H 270; K-S *xaitjanan wk.vb.: ON heita ‘to brew, to
366. heat’, OE h≠tan ‘to heat’, OS hètian id.,
*xaisraz adj.: ON háss ‘hoarse’, ME hoors OHG heizen ‘to light up’. Derived from
id., MLG hèsch id., OHG heisar ‘rough, *xaitaz. H AEEW 146; V
hoarse’. Derivative of *xaisaz or a com- ANEW 220; O 433; H
promise form combining *xaisaz and 271; K-S 367.
*xairaz. Z Gutt. 52; T-F *xaitjòn sb.m.: Goth bi-haitja ‘boaster’,
65; K NB II 205, 381–382; OE scyld-hete ‘enemy, woe’, OS scult-hètio
P I 519; V ANEW 213; ‘bailiff ’. Derived from *xaitanan. F
H 270–271. 90; S 247.
*xaitan sb.n.: Goth anda-hait ‘confession, *xaiþina-¶òmaz sb.m.: ON heiäin-dómr
acknowledgment’, ON heit ‘solemn prom- ‘heathendom’, OE h≠äen-dóm id., MLG
ise, vow’, OE hát ‘vow, promise’, OS heiden-dom id., OHG heidan-tuom id. De-
masc. bi-hèt ‘calling’, OHG masc. bi-heiz rived from *xaiþinaz. C Nom. comp.
‘promise’. Derived from *xaitanan. H- 73 (parallel formations).
xaiþinaz 154 xalbaz
*xaiþinaz adj.: Goth haiþns ‘heathen’ (with hóc ‘hook’, OFris hòk id., MLG hòk
syncope), ON heiäinn id., OE h≠äen id., ‘corner, angle’. Z Gutt. 111;
OFris hèthin id., OS hèthin id., OHG hei- T-F 66; L IF XXXII 160;
dan id. Derived from *xaiþiz with the T BSW 112; H
original meaning ‘living on the heath, AEEW 143, 167; P I 537–538;
wild’. In individual Germanic languages, V ANEW 203 (to Latv kegis ‘crutch’);
the word might have been influenced by O 447; S LS 30; V-
Lat pàgànus (G Got. 106, but T II 275; K-S
see V ANEW 216–217). Attested as 349–350.
Xaideino¤ (Ptol.), people of Western *xakulaz ~ *xakulò(n) sb.m./f.: Goth
Scandinavia. S ZdPh LIII 46–49 hakuls ‘cloak, mantle’, ON h‡kull ‘priest’s
(ON and WGmc from Goth); J cope’, OE hacele ‘cloak, mantle’, hæcla id.,
GGS 165, 190, ZDADL LXVI 134 OFris hezil id., OHG hahhul id. Derived
(against S); T-F 64; H- from *xakòn, lit. a cloak buttoned with
 IF XXX 48 (to *skai¶anan ~ fibulae (D VW II 513). H
*skaiþanan), AEEW 146; W ANF BB XXIV 277 (from *xòkò ‘goat’ related
XLIV 86–91; S Kl. Schr. 519–527 to Slav *koza id.); G Got. 107
(Goth haiþns as an adaptation of Gk (to ON haka ‘chin’); M Etudes 172
¶ynh); F 237–238; V ANEW 216; (agrees with H); U PBB
O 433; L GED 172–173; XXX 287 (follows D); S
K-S 364. WuS VI 20; T ZdWf VII
*xaiþiz sb.f.: Goth haiþi ‘field’, ON heiär 171 (to Slovene kozól ‘woven vessel’);
‘heath’, OE masc., neut. hæä id., OS W PBB XXIX 314 (to Latv
hètha, heitha id. (in pln.), OHG heida id. sag“a ‘cover’); Z Gutt. 106; T-
Related to OW coit ‘woods’, OCorn cuit F 67; H AEEW 143; F
id., Bret coet id. (F KZ I 368– 238–239; P I 517; C
369). F II 76 (to Lat bù-cètum ‘pas- SGGJa I 80; V ANEW 280; Z
ture for cattle’); S KZ XXXIV 14 II 182; L GED 173; G„Á Origins
(follows F); B PBB XLIII 143; K-S 385–386.
430–431; T-F 64; K ZDW *xalba-brunnanaz ~ *xalba-brun-
XI 26; H AEEW 146; F nenaz adj.: ON hálf-brunnin ‘half-burnt’,
237; P I 521; V ANEW 217; OHG halb-brunnan id. Compound of *xal-
Z II 213; S Kl. Schr. 521– baz and participle of *brennanan. C
524; O 433; L GED 172; Nom. comp. 92 (parallel formations).
K-S 363. *xalba-¶au¶az adj.: ON hálf-dauär
*xajaz sb.n.: Goth hais ‘torch’, OHG hei ‘half-dead’, OE healf-deád id., OHG
‘heat’. Probably related to Lith kaistù, halb-tòt id. Compound of *xalbaz and
kaÛsti ‘to become hot’ < *kai-t-. Z *¶au¶az. C Nom. comp. 92 (parallel
Gutt. 112; F 235–236; P I 519; formations).
F 204; L GED 171; *xalbaz adj.: Goth halbs ‘half ’, ON hálfr
H 272. id., OE healf id., OFris half id., OS half
*xakòn sb.m.: ON haki ‘hook’, OE haca id., OHG halb id. A difficult word.
‘bolt’, OS hako ‘bolt, hook’, OHG fem. Probably related to Skt kálpate ‘to suc-
hacka id. Identical with Hitt kaka- ‘tooth’ ceed, to fit, to be partaken by’. G-
(P IV 14–15). From here WGmc  Got. 107–108 (to Lith “alìs ‘side’);
*xaku¶az ~ *xaki¶az ‘pike’ > OE hacod, G WuS XI 137–138 (to Gk kÒlpow
OS hakth, OHG hehhit derivationally sim- ‘pudenda’); U PBB XXX 287
ilar to Slav *kog˙t¸ ‘claw’ (B (< IE *skel-p- ‘to cut’); P KZ
Grundriß II/1 427). Cf. also *xòkaz > OE XXXVIII 373 (to Slav *xolp˙ ‘slave,
xalbaz 155 xalja-rùnò(n)
serf ’); Z Gutt. 106; T-F 85 ‘none, by no means’, ON adv. heldr
(to OE helfe ‘handle’, MLG helve id., ‘rather, more’, OS comp. than hald ni ‘just
OHG halb id.); F 239; H as’, OHG comp. halt ‘sooner’, adv. halto
AEEW 151; K NB I 48; M- ‘quickly, swiftly’. A variant of *xalþaz.
 I 183–184; P I 926; V D VW II 517–518; F III 85;
ANEW 204; L GED 173; H- G Got. 108–109 (directly to
 272–273; K-S 350. *xal¶anan ‘to hold’); K GRM XXXVI
*xalbiþò sb.f.: ON helft ‘half ’, OFris helfte, 345–347; T-F 85; U
halfte id., MLG helfte id. Derived from PBB XXX 287; F 240; P I
*xalbaz. T-F 85; V ANEW 552; V ANEW 221; L GED
221; K-S 350. 174; H 274; K-S
*xalbò sb.f.: Goth halba ‘half ’, OE healf id., 351.
OS halba id., OHG halb id. Related to *xaliþz ~ *xaluþz sb.m.: ON h‡lär ‘a
*xalbaz. T-F 85; H kind of higher yeoman’, halr ‘man’,
AEEW 151; F 239; V ANEW 204; OSwed hälith ‘man, soldier’, OE hæle(ä)
Z II 180; O 424; L ‘man, hero’ (root stem *xalèþs), OS helith
GED 173; H 273; K- ‘soldier, hero’, OHG helid id. Probably
S 350. related to Skt kalya- ‘healthy, prepared
*xalbòn sb.f.: ON hálfa ‘region, quarter’, for, clever’, Gk kalÒw ‘beautiful’, kalli-
OFris halve ‘side’, OS halba id., OHG (in compounds) (S KZ LXII 257–
halba id. Derived from *xalbaz. T- 258). Z Gutt. 107; J
F 85; H 273. WZKM XIX 237 (to Gk k°lhw ‘courser,
*xal¶an sb.n.: ON hald ‘hold, fastening, riding horse’ < *kelèt-); M MSL
support, custody’, OE heald ‘guardian- XVII 114 (same as J); T-
ship, protection’, OHG masc. burg-halto F 84 (follow J); H
‘city advocate’. Derived from *xal¶anan. AEEW 144; S 128, 195 (directly to
H AEEW 150–151; V Gk kalÒw ‘beautiful’); J SF 307
ANEW 204; S 248. (from *‘man from Halland’); M
*xal¶anan str.vb.: Goth haldan ‘to tend, I 184–185; P I 524; V ANEW
to herd, to graze cattle’, ON halda ‘to 206; F I 766–767; Z II 208;
hold’, OE healdan id., OFris halda ‘to F I 766–767 (against S on
capture’, OS haldan ‘to hold’, OHG semantic grounds); B Nom.
haltan id. Related to Toch B käl(t)s- ‘to 215 (to IE *˚el- ‘to raise’); K-
goad, to drive’, Lat prae-cellò ‘to surpass, S 368; A TB 155 (to Toch B
to excel’ < *keld-, celsus ‘soaring, high’. kàly-≤ke ‘boy, youth’).
M IF XVIII 236; Z Gutt. *xaliz adj.: Goth adv. halis-aiw ‘hardly
106 (to Gk bou-kÒlow ‘shepherd’), BB ever’, MHG hel ‘weak’. Probably, histori-
XXV 99 (to Lat aus-cultò ‘to listen’); cally connected with *xaliþz ~ *xaluþz.
B IF XXXII 181 (on the vocal- On the other hand, cf. Latv kàlst ‘to
ism); T-F 84; W-H I dry’ and probably Slav *kolîti ‘to freeze’
197; H AEEW 151; F (Z AfslPh XVI 395). H
239–240; J IEW 246–247; IF XIV 340 (to Gk kÒlow ‘mutilated’),
P I 548; O 444; V XXXIX 70; F 240; L GED
ANEW 204; S 248–249; L 174.
Language XVIII 129 (to *kel- ‘to drive’, cf. *xalja-rùnò(n) sb.f.: Goth-Lat pl. haliurun-
Skt kaláyati ‘to impel, to bear, to carry, to nae ‘witches’ ( Jord.), OE helle-rúne ‘sor-
do’), GED 173–174; K-S ceress, necromancer’, OHG helli-rùna
351–352; A TB 174. ‘magic’. Compound of *xaljò and *rùnò.
*xal¶az adj.: Goth comp. ni þe haldis C Nom. comp. 44.
xalja-wìtjan 156 xalsaz
*xalja-wìtjan sb.n.: ON hel-víti ‘hell’, 544, 925; F 209–210; V

OE helle-wíte ‘hell-torment, hell’, OS helli- ANEW 205; Z II 200; L
wìti ‘hell’, MHG fem. helle-wìze id. 112; W KZ XCVII 281–283 (to
Compound of *xaljò and *wìtjan. V Lat callum ‘callous’, OIr calath ‘hard’);
ANEW 222. H IF LXXXI 36–38; L GED
*xaljò sb.f.: Goth halja ‘hell’, ON hel 174–175.
‘abode of the dead’, theon. Hel, the god- *xalmaz sb.m.: ON hálmr ‘straw’, OE
dess of death, OE hell ‘hell’, OFris helle neut. healm ‘stalk, straw’, MLG halm
id., OS hellia id., OHG hella id. Derived id., OHG halm id. Identical with Hitt
from *xelanan thus probably repeating the kalam(m)a- ‘broom, rake’, Gk kãlamow
semantic motivation of Gk ÜAidhw < *–- ‘reed’, Lat culmus ‘stalk’, OPrus salme
⁄id-. Note MIr luid ar cel ‘went to hell’ ‘straw’, Latv safims id., Slav *solma id.
(G Kalypso 34–35), cel ‘death’. Z Gutt. 182; T-F 85;
S PBB LXXII 221–223 (to T BSW 298; H
*xalluz ~ *xallaz); Z Gutt. 185; AEEW 151, ANW 104; W-H
T-F 80; H AEEW I 303–304; P I 612; C
1454; F 240–241; T Lehm 52– SGGJa I 62–63; F I 760–761; V
61 (‘hell’ < ‘lattice work’); P I ANEW 206; Z II 227; O
554; V ANEW 220–221; F I 430; V-T III 713; P
33–34; Z II 213; O 435; IV 18; K-S 351.
L GED 174, 194; B *xalòjanan wk.vb.: OFris halia ‘to call’,
Nom. 112; K-S 380–381. OS halòn id., OHG halòn id. Identical
*xallaz adj.: ON sbst. hall-æri ‘bad season’, with Lat calò ‘to call’, further related
NFris hall ‘dry’, MHG hel ‘weak’. Cf. also to Hitt kale“- id., Gk kal°v id. T-
MDu hael ‘dried up’ < *xèlaz (M KZ F 83; W-H I 141–142;
CV 110). Related to Lat caleò ‘to be P I 548–549; F I 763–764;
warm’, W clyd ‘warm’ < *˚¬to-, Lith “ylù, O 424; S 253–254; K-
“ìlti ‘to become warm’. T-F 83; S 380.
W-H I 137; P I *xalòn sb.m.: ON hali ‘tail’. Closely re-
551–552; H 275. lated to Skt ≤alá- ‘staff ’, MIr cail ‘spear’.
*xallò sb.f.: ON h‡ll ‘hall’ (partly from Z Gutt. 182; T-F 82;
*xalliz), OE heall id., OS halla id., OHG M III 313–314; P I
halla id. From *xal-n-ò based on *xelanan. 552; V ANEW 204.
T-F 80; H AEEW 151; *xalsa-bainan sb.n.: ON fem. háls-beina
P I 554; V ANEW 280–281; ‘neckbone’, MLG hals-bèn id., OHG hals-
Z II 193; O 424; K- bein id. Compound of *xalsaz and *bainan.
S 350. C Nom. comp. 83 (parallel formations).
*xalluz ~ *xallaz sb.m.: Goth hallus *xalsa-fanan sb.n.: ON háls-fang ‘em-
‘stone slab, rock’, ON hallr ‘big stone, bracing’, OE heals-fan ‘compensation
boulder’, OE heall ‘rock’. Related to paid by one sentenced to the pillory’,
MIr coll ‘head, leader’, Lat collis ‘hill’ < OFris hals-fang ‘rape’. Compound of *xal-
*kolnis (or *k¬nis), Lith kálnas ‘mountain’, saz and *fanan ~ *fanxan. C Nom.
Latv kafins id. Z Gutt. 47, 106; comp. 72 (parallel formations).
T-F 86; B BB XXXII 24 (to *xalsa-manjan sb.n.: ON háls-men ‘neck-
Skt ≤ilà ‘stone, rock, crag’); H BB lace’, OE masc. heals-mene id., OLG
XXIV 278 (to OPrus kalso ‘flat cake’); hals-meni id. Compound of *xalsaz and
B IF XVII 487, XXIX 233; *manjan. C Nom. comp. 48.
H AEEW 151; W- *xalsaz sb.m.: Goth hals ‘neck’, ON háls
H I 245; F 241; P I id., OE heals id., OFris hals id., OS hals
xalsaz 157 xamalòjanan
id., OHG hals id. Together with Lat col- one side’, OE heald ‘bent, inclined’, OFris
lus, collum id. and MIr coll ‘head, chief ’ north-hald ‘directed northwards’, OS hold
continues IE *k⁄olso- (F ANF XLI ‘inclined, merciful’, OHG hald ‘bent
120). No traces of the initial *k⁄- in Gmc down’. Related to *xal¶anan (cf. also *xal-
(N IF IV 320–321). S KZ þanan > OSwed halla ‘to hold’). T-
XXXIV 547 (follows N); S IF F 82–83; H AWN 104 (to
XII 187 (on the Irish form); T- Skt ká†aka- ‘bracelet, ring’, Lith at-kaltE
 Festschr. Noreen 257; Z ‘back’), AEEW 151; P I 552 (to
Gutt. 50, 106; T-F 82; H- Lith “alìs ‘side’); V ANEW 205;
 AEEW 151; W-H I O 434; L GED 403; H-
245; F 241–242; K SuV 75;  276–277; K-S 350;
P Gliederung 113; P I 639– B OFED s.v.
640; C SGGJa I 88; V *xalþìn sb.f.: Goth wilja-halþei ‘partisan-
ANEW 206; Z I 132; L ship, partiality’, OHG uo-haldì ‘steep
GED 175; K-S 351. place’. Derived from *xalþaz. F 563;
*xalsjan sb.n.: ON helsi ‘collar’, MHG V ANEW 205; O 434; H-
helse id. Derived from *xalsaz. V  276.
ANEW 221. *xalþjanan wk.vb.: ON hella ‘to pour out’,
*xalsòjanan wk.vb.: ON hálsa ‘to em- OE hyldan ‘to incline, to bend’, OS af-hel-
brace’, OS helsian id., OHG halsòn, halsèn dian ‘to cease’, OHG gi-helden ‘to incline,
id. Derived from *xalsaz. V ANEW to tilt’. Derived from *xalþaz. Z
206. Gutt. 113; T-F 83; H
*xaltaz adj.: Goth halts ‘crippled, lame’, AEEW 158; V ANEW 221; H-
ON haltr id., OE healt id., OFris halt  277.
id., OS halt id., OHG halz id. Related to *xalþòjanan wk.vb.: ON halla ‘to lean
Arm ka∑ ‘lame’, Gk kellÒn: streblÒn, sideways’, OHG haldòn ‘to be tilted, to
plãgion (Hes.), OIr coll ‘destruction, bend’. Derived from *xalþaz. T-F
ruin’. Z Gutt. 107; T-F 82–83; H 277.
84; F 242–243; H AEEW *xamalaz I sb.m.: ON prop. Hamall,
152; K NB I 41; S IF MLG hamel ‘wether’, MHG hamal id.
XXV 67 (to Lat claudus ‘lame’); W- Substantivized *xamalaz II. T-F
H I 231 (to Skt kho∂a- ‘limping, 73; H AWN 105 (to Skt neut.
lame’, Lat claudus); S 130 (to Russ ≤ámala- ‘stain, spot, fault’), AEEW 152;
koldyka ‘lame person’); T Holz 49 (to P I 929; V ANEW 206–207
*xultan); P I 547; C (to IE *skep- ‘to cut’); H 277;
SGGJa I 85; V ANEW 206; O K-S 353.
425; L GED 175 (from *kel-, *xamalaz II adj.: ON hamal-kyrni ‘a
*klàd- ‘to strike’; original meaning in kind of seed’, OHG hamal ‘mutilated’.
Gmc: *‘broken bones’); H Identical with Slav *komol˙ ‘hornless’
275–276. (S KZ XL 259), further connected
*xaltìn sb.f.: ON helti ‘lameness’, OFris with *kom˙ ‘lump’. K NB II 233;
strump-helte ‘lameness cause by mutila- B I 554 (against S); T-
tion’, OS spuri-helti ‘limping’, OHG sèr- F 73; M MSL XIV 376; W-
halzì ‘disability caused by injury’. Derived  AWNP 97–98 (secondary derivative
from *xaltaz. H 276. of *xamalòjan); P I 929; T-
*xaltjanan wk.vb.: ON heltask ‘to become  ESSJa X 174–175; H
halt’, OHG ir-helzen ‘to lame’. Derived 277; K-S 353.
from *xaltaz. H 276. *xamalòjanan wk.vb.: ON hamla ‘to
*xalþaz adj.: ON hallr ‘sloping, leaning to mutilate’, OE hamelian id., OFris homelia
xamalòjanan 158 xam(u)laz
id., OHG bi-hamalòn ‘to cut, to strike’. clear. F BB II 266 (to Lat cumera
Derived from *xamalaz II. T-F ‘chest, box’ < *komeso-); B I 395
73; H AEEW 148; H- (< Slav); F 896; O 425.
 277; K-S 353. *xamfaz adj.: Goth hamfs ‘mutilated,
*xam(a)lòn sb.f.: ON hamla ‘oar-loop’, maimed’, OS hàf ‘with crippled hands’,
OHG hamila ‘satyrion, orchis’. Related to OHG hamf ‘mutilated’. Related to OIr
Lith kambl‹s ‘leafless stock’, Slav *kom¸l¸ camm ‘crooked, bent’ and further to Gk
‘butt-end (of a tree)’. Further cf. *xamalaz kampÆ ‘bend’, Lat campus ‘field’ < *‘bend-
II. F 213; V ANEW 207 (to ing’, Lith kaMpas ‘corner, edge’, Slav
Gk kãmaj id.). *k‡p˙ ‘hill, island’ (S Recueil 598).
*xamaraz sb.m.: ON hamarr ‘hammer’, D VW II 529–531 (to Gk
OE hamor, hamer id., OFris hamer, homer kÒptv ‘to strike’); S Idg. Anz.
id., OS hamar, hamur id., OHG hamar id. XXVI 59 (to ON hnafa ‘to cut off ’);
With a metathesis of the anlaut similar to A Lehnw. 21–22 (WGmc <
that of slav *kamy, continues a thematic Goth); Z Gutt. 108; T-F 74–
derivative of IE *a˚-men- ‘stone’: *a˚moros 75; W-H I 148–149; F
identical with Skt a≤mará- ‘stony’ (S- 243; P I 525; F 213–214;
 IF II 419). Thus, the original mean- F I 774–775; T ESSJa XII
ing of the Germanic word was ‘stone 56–57; L GED 175–176; P
hammer’. P KZ XXXII 247; IV 61–63 (adds Hitt kappi- ‘small, little’
D ZDADL XLII 57 (to *xamalaz II, <? *kampi-); H 278.
cf. Lat saxum ‘large stone, rock’ ~ secò ‘to *xam(m)inaz sb.m.: ON hemingr ‘skin of
cut’); Z Gutt. 108; T-F 74; the hide shanks’, prop. Hemingr, OE
G WuS XI 140 (to *xamalaz II hemmin ‘a kind of shoe’, OFris hemminge
with a secondary attraction to *a˚-men-), ‘leather wear, shoe’, OHG prop. Haming.
Labyrinth 21 (to pre-Gk kamãra ‘covered Derived from *xam(m)ò. F NVA 1919,
carriage, vaulted chamber’); H 133; H AEEW 155; V
AEEW 149; F KZ LXIII ANEW 222.
183–184; M I 60; P I *xam(m)janan wk.vb.: ON hemja ‘to
19; V ANEW 207; Z I 132; restrain, to hold back’, OE hemman id.,
O 425; S LS 25; S OFris hemma ‘to mutilate’, MDu hemmen
Festschr. Ölberg 23–26; M JIES I ‘to slow down’, OHG gi-hemmen ‘to
441–442; K-S 352–353. humiliate’. Derived from *xam(m)ò.
*xamaz sb.m.: ON hamr ‘skin, shape’, OE Z Gutt. 108; L KZ
ham ‘covering, garment, shirt’, hama ‘cov- XLVII 146 (to Gk kÆmow ‘a kind of
ering’, MLG ham id., OHG hamo ‘fishing- plant’, Slav *kon¸ ‘horse’); T-F 74;
net’. Probably related to Skt ≤am≈ H AEEW 155; P I 555;
‘Prosopis spicigera’ (Z BB XXIV V ANEW 222; K-S 369.
182) and further to *˚em- ‘to cover’. *xam(m)ò sb.f.: ON h‡m ‘ham’, OE ham
Z Gutt. 182; T-F 74; id., MLG ham(m)e id., MHG hamme id.
H AEEW 148; M From *xanmò < *kon6mà, an ablaut vari-
III 299; P I 556; V ANEW ant of *knàmà: Gk knÆmh ‘leg, shank’, OIr
208. cnáim ‘bone’ (F KZ I 368–369).
*xam(e)strò sb.f.: OS hamustra ‘curculio, T-F 74; H AEEW 148;
corn-weevil’, OHG hamustra ‘hamster’. P I 613–614; F I 883; V
Probably borrowed from Lat comestor ANEW 279; Z II 225; O
‘glutton’ (M Etim. 1983 105). 425.
However, the obvious connection with *xam(u)laz sb.m.: Norw dial. humul ‘bar’,
Slav *xomîstor˙ ‘hamster’ remains un- MHG hamel ‘bar, rod’. Related to
xam(u)laz 159 xan¶uz
*xam(a)lòn. T-F 74 (to Gk kãmaj *xan¶u-banòn sb.m.: ON hand-bani

‘vine-pole, pole, shaft’). ‘homicide’, OE hand-bana id., OS hand-
*xan(a)paz sb.m.: ON hampr ‘hemp’, OE bano id. Compound of *xan¶uz and
hænep id., OS hanup id., OHG hanaf, hanif *banòn. C Nom. comp. 48.
id. An early borrowing from Lat cannabis *xan¶u-lamaz adj.: ON hand-lami ‘with
id. < Gk kãnnabiw id. H Wald- a lame hand’ (n-stem), OHG hant-lam
bäume 472–473 (from Scythian or Thra- id. Compound of *xan¶uz and *lamaz.
cian); L IF LIII 122; T-F 70; C Nom. comp. 90 (parallel formations).
H AEEW 145; V ANEW *xan¶u-lausaz adj.: ON hand-lauss ‘with-
208; Z II 187; O 436 out hands’, OFris hand-làs id., MHG
(related to Lat cannabis); K-S hande-lòs id. Compound of *xan¶uz and
354. *lausaz. C Nom. comp. 89 (parallel
*xan¶aaz ~ *xan¶iaz ~ *xan¶uaz formations).
adj.: Goth handugs ‘wise’, Norw hendig *xan¶u-maenan sb.n.: ON hand-megin
‘deft, adroit, quick’, OE list-hendi ‘having ‘strength of hand, strength’, OE hand-
skilful hands’, OHG hantag, hantìg ‘wise’. mæen id., OS hand-magan id. Compound
Derived from *xan¶uz (M MSL IX of *xan¶uz and *maenan. C Nom.
49). K TNTL XX 245–246; G- comp. 48.
 Got. 110 (to Lith kandùs ‘snappy, *xan¶u-saxsan sb.n.: ON hand-sax ‘short
acrimonious’); B IF XXI sword’, OE hand-seax id., OHG *hand-sahs
115; Z Gutt. 206; Z Gutt. id. (> Fr hansart). C Nom. comp. 49.
206; T-F 71; F 244; H- *xan¶u-werkan sb.n.: ON hand-verk
 AEEW 155; K Nom. Stamm ‘handiwork’, OE hand-weorc id., OS hand-
100 (to Gk kent°v ‘to prick’); F werk id., OHG hant-werc id. Compound of
244; P I 567; M Wortbild. 192; *xan¶uz and *werkan. C Nom. comp.
L GED 176 (follows K); 72 (parallel formations).
H 278–279. *xan¶u-wurxtaz adj.: Goth handu-waurhts
*xan¶aìn ~ *xan¶uìn sb.f.: Goth han- ‘handmade’, OE hand-worht id. Com-
dugei ‘wisdom’, OHG hantagì ‘sharpness, pound of *xan¶uz and *wurxtaz. F
agony, pain’. Derived from *xan¶aaz ~ 245; C Nom. comp. 88 (calque of Gk
*xan¶iaz ~ *xan¶uaz. F 244; H- xeiropoihtÒw in Goth and of Lat manufac-
 279. tum in OE); V JEGP XXIX 349
*xan¶janan wk.vb.: ON henda ‘to catch, (calque on Greek); L GED 177.
to pick up’, OE e-hendan ‘to hold’, OFris *xan¶uz sb.f.: Goth handus ‘hand’, ON
henda, handa ‘to catch’. Derived from *xan- h‡nd id. (root stem), OE hand id., OFris
¶uz. H AEEW 155; V hand, hond id., OS hand ‘side’, OHG hant
ANEW 222; S 255. ‘hand’. Derived from *xenþanan (G
*xan¶lan ~ *xan¶lò sb.n./f.: OE handle DG 35), cf. Lith rankà ‘hand’ ~ renkù,
‘handle’, MLG hantel id., OHG hantilla riñkti ‘to gather’. L ANF
‘towel’. Derived from *xan¶uz. H- XXXIII 123–124 (to Slav *‘êti ‘to
 AEEW 149; O 426. begin’); Z Gutt. 183; T-F
*xan¶lòjanan wk.vb.: ON h‡ndla ‘to han- 71; H AEEW 149; F
dle, to manage’, OE handlian ‘to feel, to 244–245; F 736; V ANEW
handle’, OFris handelia, hondelia ‘to han- 281; Z II 208; O 425;
dle’, OS handlon ‘to act, to deal’, OHG W ZfceltPh XXXII 76–77; S
hantalòn ‘to handle, to feel’. Derived from 255; M JIES XII 261–292; H
*xan¶lan ~ *xan¶lò. H AEEW 120 (to Alb thua ~ thue ‘nail’); L
149; V ANEW 208; O 426; GED 176–177; B Nom.
K-S 353. 155–156; K-S 353.
xanjanan 160 xanxuz
*xanjanan wk.vb.: ON hengja ‘to hang F 239; V ANEW 199;
up, to suspend’, OFris hingia id., OHG O 434; S LS 27–28; K-
ir-henken id. Causative of *xanxanan ~ S 346; D BSA 20.
*xananan. V ANEW 222; S *xanxènan ~ *xanènan wk.vb.: Goth
250; L GED 168. hahan ‘to hang’, ON hanga id. (part of
*xanxan sb.n.: Goth faura-hah ‘curtain’, forms), OE hanian id., OFris hangia id.,
OHG bruoh-hàh ‘belt, girdle’. Derived OS hangon id., OHG hangèn id. Derived
from *xanxanan ~ *xananan. F 145; from *xanxanan ~ *xananan. ON há ‘to
S 250. wear (by sickness or work), to make
*xanxanan ~ *xananan str.vb.: Goth depend’ < *xanxènan belongs here rather
hahan ‘to hang, to make hang’, ON hanga than to Lith kankà ‘pain’ (despite Z
id., OE hón id., OFris huà id., OS hàhan Gutt. 111, 132). Z Gutt. 133;
id., OHG hàhan id. Related to Hitt T-F 70; H AEEW 149;
kanka-, kankiya- id. (S Language F 230–231; V ANEW 200;
VII 172). Probably further connected with S 250.
Skt ≤á«kate ‘to doubt, to fear’, Lat cùnctor *xanxilaz ~ *xanxilòn sb.m.: ON hæll
‘to hesitate’, cf. with a similar metaphoric ‘heel’, OE héla id., OFris hèla id., MDu
usage Goth saiwala unsare hahis ( John 10: hiel, hiele id. Derived from *xanxaz II.
24). M MSL XV 351–352 (pho- Cf. similar forms in Skt ka«kàla- ‘scrag,
netics of Goth); T-F 70; F shell’, Lith kenklE ‘knee-cap’. M
230–231; H AEEW 169; IF XVII 121 (ON hæll to OHG huohilì
W-H I 307; J ‘small plow’); Z Gutt. 115; T-
IEW 207–208; M III 290; F 67, 70; H AEEW 167;
P I 566; V ANEW 208 (to M I 137; F 239; V
*xakòn); K KZ LXXVII 63 ANEW 209–210, 276; O 434;
(on Hitt); O 426; S 249–250; L GED 189; K-S 346;
L GED 168; P IV 48–51; D BSA 20.
K-S 354–355. *xanxistaz ~ *xanistaz sb.m.: ON
*xanxa-sin(a)wò sb.f.: ON há-sin hestr ‘stallion’, OE henest ‘horse, steed’,
‘Achilles’ tendon, hamstring’, OE hóh-sinu OFris hanxt, hengst, hingst id., MDu henxt
id., OFris hòxene id., MDu haes-sene id., id., OHG hengist ‘gelding’. Cf. Celt
OHG hàh-sina. Compound of *xanxaz *kankstikà ‘mare’: W caseg, Bret pl. kezeg,
II and *sin(a)wò. T-F 67; H- OCorn cassec (from Gmc?). Superlative
 AEEW 168; C Nom. comp. 49; of *xanxaz I. S WuS VI 21 (to
V ANEW 213; L GED 168; MHG hagen ‘draught animal’); S-
K-S 346. N I 626 (to Lat cant(h)èrius ‘geld-
*xanxaz I sb.m.: Run dat. sg. hahai ing, ass, mule’ < *canctèrius); T-F
‘courser’, OHG hàh-, hang- (in prop.). 70; H AEEW 155; P I
Related to Gk khk¤v ‘to gush, to bub- 522 (to Lith “ankùs ‘quick, fast’); V
ble forth’, Lith “óku, “ókti ‘to spring, to ANEW 226; Z II 227; O
dance’ < *(s)˚ek-. Or same as *xanxaz II? 436; R APILKU IV 140; K-
P I 522; F 1021–1022; S 369.
F I 838. *xanxuz sb.m.: ON hár ‘thole’. Identical
*xanxaz II sb.m.: ON há-mót ‘ankle-joint’, with Skt ≤a«kú- ‘peg, spike’, cf. also Slav
OE hóh ‘heel’. Related to Lith kìnka *s‡k˙ ‘branch’. Z Gutt. 798;
‘leg, thigh, knee-cap’ (Z Gutt. T-F 70; S WuS VI 20 (to
115). T-F 67 (to Lat coxa ‘hip’); ON hagr ‘handy, skilful’); Z Gutt.
P IF XXXV 271–272; H- 133, 184; M III 290; P
 AEEW 168; P I 566; I 523; V ANEW 209 (to *xòxòn);
xanxuz 161 xar¶ìn
V-T III 798; L B Nom. 116 (to *xenþanan);

GED 189. K-S 355.
*xankò sb.f.: ON h‡nk ‘hank, coil’, masc. *xantjanan wk.vb.: ON henta ‘to fit’, OE
hanki ‘hasp, clasp’, MLG hank ‘handle’. hentan ‘to pursue, to follow’. Unclear.
See *xakòn. T-F 67 (to Lith kéngë H AEEW 155; V ANEW
‘hook’); F 255 (Lith kéngë < 222; O 441, 453 (to *xenþanan).
Gmc). *xappan sb.n.: ON happ ‘good luck’. Cf.
*xanòn sb.m.: Goth hana ‘cock, rooster’, a derivative in OE hæp-líc ‘equal’.
ON hani id., OE hana id., OFris hana, hona Compared with OIr cob ‘victory’, Lith
id., OS hano id., OHG hano id. Cf. also kabùs ‘tenacious, prehensile’, Slav *kob¸
WGmc *xan(n)jò > OE hæn, hen ‘hen’, ‘omen, fortune telling’, *koba ‘premoni-
OFris henne id., MLG henne id., OHG tion’ (S AfslPh XXXIII 90).
henna id. Originally, a ‘singer’, cf. Gk P Kelt. Gr. I 116; T-F 74
±i-kanÒw ‘rooster’. Further connected (reconstruct *xampan); P I 610;
with Lat canò ‘to sing’, OIr canim id. F 200–201; V ANEW 542;
U PBB XXXVI 23; M- F 200; O 427; T
 NTS III 247, VII 335– ESSJa X 101.
337; Z Gutt. 108; B IF *xarbistu-mènò þz ~ *xarbustu-
XXXVII 249–253; S DVN 228– mènò þz sb.m.: ON haust-mánuär
242; T-F 69; H AEEW ‘autumn month, September’, OE hærfest-
149, 155; W-H I 154–155; mónaä id., OHG herbist-mànòd id. Com-
F 243–244; P Gliederung 200; pound of *xarbistuz ~ *xarbustuz and
P I 525–526; F I 626; V *mènòþz. C Nom. comp. 72 (parallel
ANEW 208; Z I 153; O formations).
436; L GED 176; B *xarbistuz ~ *xarbustuz sb.m.: ON
Nom. 176–177; K-S 348. haust ‘autumn’ (neut.), haustar-tími ‘au-
*xansò sb.f.: Goth hansa ‘troop, cohort, tumn period’ (reflects old masc.), OE
crowd’, OE hós ‘company, band’, MLG hærfest ‘harvest, autumn’, OFris herfst id.,
hanse ‘company’, OHG hansa ‘cohort, OHG herbist id. Derived from IE *karp- ~
company’. May be compared with Skt *kerp-: Hitt karp-, karap- ‘to pick, to pluck’
≤áásati ‘to praise, to declare, to vow’, Lat (S Language VI 155–156), Lat
cènseò ‘to tax, to assess’ (Z Gutt. carpò id., Gk karpÒw ‘fruit’ (H IF
109). B PBB XII 418–419 (from XXXVII 233–234). Cf. *xarfaz from
IE *˚om-sed- ‘to sit together’); O which *xarbistaz can be formally derived.
PBB XIII 425–426 (from *˚on-d-tà, to B IF XXVIII 373 (to Lat castrò
*dò- ‘to give’); W BB XXVII ‘to emasculate, to prune’ < *carp(i)strò);
212 (to *xenþanan); Z Gutt. 109; Z Gutt. 114; T-F 79; H-
T-F 71; M apud F (to  AEEW 145; W-H I
*xunslan); H PBB XXIX 194–196; 172–173; P I 944; V ANEW
K ZdPh XXXVIII 238–240; 214; F I 792–793; Z II 168;
S apud L GED 177 (to Lat O 429; P IV 91–98; K-
scandula ‘shingle’, from IE *(s)kend- ‘to S 370.
split up, to strew’); R Wortst. 168 *xar¶ìn sb.f.: ON heräi ‘hardihood’, OHG
(follows M); H AEEW hertì ‘rigidity’. Derived from *xar¶uz.
171; W-H I 198–200; F H 281.
245–246; M III 284–285 (sepa- *xar¶ìn ~ *xar¶jò sb.f.: ON pl. heräar
rates Skt from Lat); P I 566; ‘shoulder’, OHG hartì id. Derived from
Z I 147; O 427; B- *xar¶uz (H ANF VII 29) and his-
 IEL 63–65; L GED 177; torically identical with *xar¶ìn. S
xar¶ìn 162 xari-wè¶iz
Vok. II 25 (to Russ pl. *korty“ki ‘shoul- B Nom. 262; H
ders’—but this form does not exist); 280–282; K-S 358.
H PBB XXIII 351 (to Lat cartilagò *xarfaz sb.m.: ON prop. Harfr, Swed harv
‘cartilage’); Z Gutt. 115 (follows ‘harrow’. Related to Gk karpÒw ‘fruit’,
S); T-F 78 (follow kr≈pion ‘sickle’, Lat carpò ‘to pick, to
S); L JEGP XXXII 293 (to IE pluck’, MIr corrán ‘sickle’. T-F
*sker- ‘to cut’); V ANEW 223. 79; W-H I 172–173; T
*xar¶janan wk.vb.: Goth ga-hardjan ‘to Holz 70; P I 944; V ANEW
harden’, ON heräa ‘to temper (of iron), to 211; F I 792–793.
clench, to fasten’, OE hyrdan ‘to make *xari-far¶iz sb.f.: ON her-ferä ‘military
hard’, OFris herda ‘to strengthen’, OS her- expedition’, OFris here-ferd id., OS here-
dian id., OHG herten ‘to harden’. Derived vart id., OHG heri-fart id. Compound of
from *xar¶uz. H AEEW 159; *xariz ~ *xarjaz and *far¶iz. C Nom.
F 246; V ANEW 223; O comp. 73 (parallel formations).
427; L GED 177; H *xari-fulkan sb.n.: ON her-fólk ‘men of
281. war’, OE here-folc ‘people forming an
*xar¶òt adv.: ON haräa ‘very’, OE hearde army’, OFris hiri-folk ‘men of war’. Com-
‘severely, very much’, OFris herde ‘very’, pound of *xariz ~ *xarjaz and *fulkan.
MLG herde id., OHG harto id. Derived C Nom. comp. 49.
from *xar¶uz. L GED 177. *xari-xurnan sb.n.: ON her-horn ‘trum-
*xar¶u-xertaz adj.: Goth deriv. hardu- pet’, OHG heri-horn id. Compound of
hairtei ‘hard-heartedness’, OE heard-heort *xariz ~ *xarjaz and *xurnan. C Nom.
id. Compound of *xar¶uz and *xertòn. comp. 83 (parallel formations).
F 246; L GED 177. *xari-mannz sb.m.: ON her-maär ‘war-
*xar¶u-lìkaz adj.: ON harä-ligr ‘hard, rior’, OE here-mann ‘soldier’, MDu her-
severe’, OE heard-líc id., OHG hart-lìh man id., OHG heri-man id. Compound of
‘tenacious’. Derived from *xar¶uz. H- *xariz ~ *xarjaz and *mannz. C Nom.
 281. comp. 49.
*xar¶u-rè¶az adj.: ON harä-ráär ‘hard in *xari-skel¶uz ~ *xari-skel¶iz sb.m.:
counsel, tyrannical’, OE heard-r≠d ‘stead- ON her-skj‡ldr ‘war-shield’ (if not from
fast, firm’. Compound of *xar¶uz and MLG), MLG her-schilt id., MHG her-
*rè¶az. C Nom. comp. 95 (parallel schilt ‘shield as a sign of a levy’. Com-
formations). pound of *xariz ~ *xarjaz and *skel¶uz ~
*xar¶uz adj.: Goth hardus ‘hard’, ON *skel¶iz. C Nom. comp. 73 (parallel
harär id., OE heard ‘hard, austere, stern, formations).
firm’, OFris adv. herde ‘firmly, very’, OS *xari-skipan sb.n.: ON her-skip ‘warship’,
hard ‘hard’, OHG hart id. Related to OHG heri-skif id. Compound of *xariz ~
Lith kartùs ‘bitter’, Slav *kort-˙k˙ ‘short’. *xarjaz and *skipan. C Nom. comp. 83
K NB II 361–362; Z (parallel formations).
Gutt. 109; M Etudes II 325; T- *xari-weaz sb.m.: ON her-vegr ‘war
F 78; F 246–247; H path’, OE here-we ‘highway’, OFris here-
AEEW 152; W-P I 354; wei ‘war path’, MLG her-wech id., MHG
P I 531; C SGGJa her-wec id. Compound of *xariz ~ *xarjaz
I 109; F 225; F II 9–10; and *weaz. C Nom. comp. 49.
V ANEW 210–211; O 427; *xari-wè¶iz sb.f.: ON pl. her-váäir
B IEL 366–367; S MSS ‘armor’, OE here-w≠d id. Cf. also MLG
XXXIV 169–170 (on the comparison neut. here-wàde id. Compound of *xariz ~
with Gk kratÊw ‘strong’); T *xarjaz and *wè¶iz. C Nom. comp. 73
ESSJa XI 104; L GED 177; (parallel formations).
xari-wèpnan 163 xarpòn
*xari-wèpnan sb.n.: ON her-vápn ‘wea- of this semantic evolution). K NB

pon’, OE here-w≠pen id. Compound of II 245–246; Z Gutt. 183–184;
*xariz ~ *xarjaz and *wèpnan. C M Etudes 428; T-F 79;
Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations). T BSW 303; H
*xari-wòpan ~ *xari-wòpaz sb.n./m.: AEEW 152; P I 615; F
ON her-óp ‘war-cry’, OE here-wóp ‘shout 965; V ANEW 212; Z I 132;
raised by an army’. Compound of *xariz O 428; V-T III
~ *xarjaz and *wòpan ~ *wòpaz. C 724; K Festschr. Alinei 133–147;
Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations). K-S 357.
*xariz ~ *xarjaz sb.m.: Goth harjis *xarmaz II adj.: ODan harm ‘angry’, OE
‘army’, ON herr ‘host, people, army’, OE hearm ‘causing harm, grievous’, OS harm
here ‘army’, OFris here id., OS heri id., ‘grievous’. See *xarmaz I. H
OHG neut. heri id. Related to MIr cuire 282.
‘crowd’, Lith kãrias ‘army, war’, OPrus *xarmiþò sb.f.: ON hermd ‘vexation,
kargis ‘army’. N KZ LX 284 anger’, OHG harmida ‘calamity’. Derived
(*Hari- as a deity in ancient prop. dat. from *xarmaz I. V ANEW 224.
Hari-gasti ); Z Gutt. 109; T-F *xarmòjanan wk.vb.: ON harma ‘to
76; S KZ LX 130–138; H- bewail’, OE hearmian ‘to harm, to hurt, to
 AEEW 157; F 247; P injure’, OHG harmèn ‘to sadden’. Derived
I 615–616; Bù III 950–951; F from *xarmaz I. V ANEW 212.
220; V ANEW 224–225; Z II *xarmòn sb.m.: OE hearma ‘shrewmouse
213; O 429; B IEL 91, 93, (?)’, OS harmo ‘weasel, shrewmouse’,
247; T PJa III 221; L OHG harmo id. Identical with Lith “armuõ,
GED 177–178; K-S 362–363. “ermuõ id. T-F 79; T
*xarjanaz sb.m.: ON Herjann (Odin’s epi- BSW 300; P I 574; F
thet). Identical with Gk ko¤ranow ‘king, 965; K-S 371.
head of the army’ (O IF V *xarpa-slaiz sb.m.: ON h‡rpu-slagr ‘strik-
275–277; B PBB XXI 422), Phryg ing the harp’, OE hearp-slee id. Com-
kuryan-eyon ‘chief, king’ (L Kadmos pound of *xarpòn and *slaiz. A secondary
XXVII/1 23). Further connected with composition vowel in ON. C Nom.
*xariz ~ *xarjaz. T-F 76; S comp. 81 (parallel formations).
KZ LX 130; P I 615; V *xarpa-strenaz sb.m.: ON h‡rpu-strengr
ANEW 223–224; F I 894–895; L- ‘harp string’ (secondary -u-), OE hearpe-
 GED 178; O Phrygian 438. stren id. Compound of *xarpòn and
*xarjòjanan wk.vb.: ON herja ‘to harry, to *strenaz. C Nom. comp. 81 (parallel
despoil, to waste’, OE herian ‘to pillage, formations).
to plunder’, OFris ur-heria ‘to make raids’, *xarpòn sb.f.: ON harpa ‘harp’, OE hearpe
OS heriòn, herròn id., OHG heriòn, herròn ‘to id., OS harpa id., OHG harpfa id. Cf. also
plunder, to raid’. Derived from *xariz ~ ON munn-harpa ‘cramp in the mouth
*xarjaz. T-F 76; H from cold’. Related to Lat corbis ‘basket’,
AEEW 157; V ANEW 223; O Lith kaıbas id., Slav *korb˙ ~ *korba id.
429. S WuS III 68–77 (to *xarfaz);
*xarmaz I sb.m.: ON harmr ‘sorrow, grief ’, Z Gutt. 114, KZ XXXVI 65 (ON
OE hearm ‘harm, injury, grief ’, OFris herm munn-harpa to Gk krãmbow ‘dry’); T-
‘sorrow, grief ’, OS harm id., OHG harm F 78; T BSW 117–
id. Identical with f“ar6ma- ‘shame’, Slav 118; H AEEW 152; W-
*sorm˙ id. (M Etudes 428) and, fur- H I 272–273; P I 948 (to
ther, with Lith “armà ‘frost’ (L Vestnik *(s)kerb- ‘to turn, to bend’); F
LGU XIV 150–153 with other examples 220; V ANEW 212 (ON munn-harpa to
xarpòn 164 xatalaz
G dial. Harpf ‘woman’); Z I W-H I 280; K SuV 80;

155; O 428; T ESSJa P Gliederung 194; P I 616;
XI 52–54; L Expr. 264–265; K- V ANEW 213; Z II 174;
S 356–357. O 432; K-S 359.
*xarskaz adj.: Norw dial. harsk ‘with *xasnaz adj.: OHG hasan ‘polished, fine’.
a hard voice’, MLG harsch ‘harsh, rough’. Identical with Lat cànus ‘grey’ < *˚asno-
Derived from or related to *xar¶uz (H- (W BB II 289). Cf. also Hitt ka“i-
 AWN 107). K NB II 450; ‘shade of white’. S FB 80;
T-F 80; P I 532–533; V ZfslPh II 57–58 (adds Slav *sosna
V ANEW 212–213 (to Lith kar“iù, ‘pine’ < *‘grey tree’); W-H
kaı“ti ‘to comb’); P IV 109 (to Hitt I 156; P I 533; P IV
kar“i- ‘harsh’); H 282–283. 119–120; H 283–284.
*xaruaz sb.m.: ON h‡rgr ‘heathen altar of *xasòn ~ *xazòn sb.m.: ON heri ‘hare’,
stones’, OE hear ‘temple, idol’, OHG OE hara id., OFris hasa id., MLG hase id.,
harug ‘holy grove, holy stone’. Borrowed OHG haso id. Related to W ceinach id. <
from continental Celt *karrikà ‘stone’ *kasi-n-ako-, OPrus sasins, cf. also Skt ≤a≤á-
(OW carrecc, OBret carrec) or, rather, from id. < *≤asá- (F KZ I 498) and
its non-IE source (H Pyren. Hitt gagastiƒa- ‘hare (?)’ (P IV 17). A
31–32, 65–66). N Abriß 87, 829 taboo word based on the color adjective
(to Lat carcer ‘prison’); M WuS X preserved in *xasnaz, *xaswaz. Z
188 (same as N); T-F 77; Gutt. 183; S FB 79–80;
S KZ LXIV 12; E MASO III H IF LVI 27; T-F 76;
41 (to Swed dial. har ‘stony ground’); H AEEW 149; P Glie-
H AEEW 152; P I derung 197; M III 316–317,
532 (to IE *kar- ‘hard’); V ANEW Sprache VII 181; P I 533; C-
281; Z I 132; V C-31;  SSGJa I 58; V ANEW 223;
F Trees 150 (to OPrus karige Z I 153; O 427; K-
‘rowan-tree’); B Nom. 156 S 358–359.
(< *xaruz). *xasp(j)òn sb.f.: ON hespa ‘hasp, fasten-
*xaruþaz sb.m.: ON pl. H‡räar ‘Hords, ing’, OE hæpse ‘hasp, clasp’, MLG haspe
inhabitants of the Hardangerfjord in id. Unclear. L ANF XXXV
Norway’, OE pl. Hæredas id. Also attested 233 (to Slav *kosa); P AfslPh
as Lat Harudes, Gk XaroËdew. Probably XXXVI 137–138; T-F 71 (recon-
further related to WGmc *xaruþaz ‘forest’ struct *xaps-, to Lith kabE ‘small hook’);
(OE haraä, MHG hart). (G H AEEW 156; V ANEW
ZDADL XLVI 166). T-F 76–77; 225–226; O 430; K-S
H AEEW 145; P I 359.
532 (to OIr caur ‘hero’ < *karuts); V *xaswaz adj.: ON h‡ss ‘grey’, OE hasu
ANEW 281. id., MHG heswe ‘pale, dull’. Related to
*xasla-xnuts sb.f.: Swed hassel-nöt ‘hazel- *xasnaz. S FB 80; T-
nut’, OE hæsel-hnutu id., MLG hasel-note F 87; H AEEW 149;
id., OHG hasal-nuz id. Compound of P I 533; V ANEW 282;
*xaslaz and *xnutz. C Nom. comp. 49. Z I 153; B Nom.
*xaslaz sb.m.: ON hasl ‘hazel’, OE hæsel 244; H 284; H Mat.
id., MDu hasel id., OHG hasal id. 156 (to Toch B kàswo ‘eruption, inflam-
Identical with Lat corulus ‘hazel-shrub, mation of the skin’).
filbert-shrub’ < *kosulo-, OIr coll ‘hazel’, *xatalaz ~ *xatulaz adj.: OESc of-hatul
OW coll id. < *koslo-. (Z Gutt. 206). ‘extremely pleasant’, OE hatol, hetol ‘hos-
T-F 76; H AEEW 146; tile, evil’, OS hatulo ‘hate-filled’, OHG
xatalaz 165 xauxa-lìkaz
hazzal ‘guileful, malicious’. Derived from  III 294; T ESSJa XI
*xataz ~ *xatez, *xatjanan. H 200–201; K-S 346 (separates
AEEW 150; H 284–285. OHG from this etymon).
*xataz ~ *xatez sb.m./n.: Goth hatis *xaþuz sb.m./f.: Burg *haþus ‘fight’, ON
‘hatred, anger’, ON hatr id., OE hete id., h‡ä ‘war, slaughter’, theon. H‡är, OE
OFris hat id., OS heti id., OHG haz id. heaäu-deór ‘brave, stout in war’, OFris -had
Related to Toch A kat ‘destruction’, Av (in prop.), OS hathu- id. (in prop.), OHG
sàdra- ‘grief, sorrow’, Osc cadeis ‘enmity’, prop. Hadu-wìg id. Identical with Hitt
Gk k∞dow ‘sorrow’, MIr caiss ‘hatred’. kattu- ‘spiteful’, OIr cath id., Thrac theon.
Z Gutt. 184; B 1570– KÒtuw (F Spracheinh. 422). T-F
1571; T-F 68–69; H 69; H AEEW 153; D
AEEW 157; F 247–248; E- Thr. 258–259; P I 534; V
M 698 (to Lat òdì ‘to hate’ with ANEW 278–279; F I 932; K
a “preformant” *k-); P I 517; 711; P IV 138–140; K-
C SGGJa I 87; F I S 346; B OFED s.v.
836–837; Z II 223; O 430; *xaubu¶an ~ *xaubi¶an sb.n.: Goth
L GED 178; B Nom. haubiþ ‘head’, ON haufuä id., OE heáfod
212; K-S 359. id., OFris hàved, hàd id., OS hòbid id.,
*xatjanan wk.vb.: Goth hatjan ‘to hate’, OHG houbit id. Secondary (taboo?) vari-
OE hettan ‘to hate’, MHG hetzen ‘to ants of *xabu¶an (N ANF VI 310).
pursue’. Derived from *xataz ~ *xatez. M Kl. 25 (the first syllable
T-F 68; H AEEW 158; influenced by the following -u-); Z
F 248; P KZ CI 168; L Gutt. 103; T-F 73; H
GED 178; K-S 372. AEEW 150; F 248; P I 530
*xatènan ~ *xatòjanan wk.vb.: Goth (analogical influence of *xùbòn); Z-
hatan ‘to hate’, ON hata id., OE hatian id.,  I 141; O 432; L GED
OFris hatia id., OS haton id., OHG hazzòn 178–179; B Nom. 215–216;
id. Derived from *xataz ~ *xatez. K K-S 360.
KZ I 95; T-F 68; H *xauaz ~ *xauan sb.m./n.: ON haugr
AEEW 150; F 247; V ANEW 213; ‘mound, cairn’, OHG houg ‘hill’. A vari-
O 430; L GED 178. ant of *xauxaz with a different stress pat-
*xattuz sb.m.: ON h‡ttr ‘hood’, OE hætt tern. Close to Lith kaUkas ‘swelling, ulcer’,
‘hat’, OFries hath ‘hood’. Cf. also WGmc Slav *kuka ‘hook’ (W IF XVIII 35).
*xò¶az > OE hód ‘coat with a hood’, OE Z Gutt. 110; T-F 91;
hód ‘hood’, OFris hòd id., OS hòd id., T BSW 121–122; F
OHG huot id. Of unknown origin. 229–230; V ANEW 213–214; T-
Z Gutt. 207; T-F 69 (to Lat  ESSJa XIII 86–87; H
cassis ‘helmet’); H AEEW 146, 286; K-S 386.
167 (*xò¶az to Lat cassis ‘helm’); P *xauxa-beran ~ *xauxa-beraz
I 516; V ANEW 282; O 430, sb.n.: ON há-bjarg ‘high rock’, OE
447; K-S 389–390. héah-beor ‘high mountain’. Compound
*xaþ(a)ròn sb.m.: OHG hadara ‘lump’, of *xauxaz and *beran ~ *beraz. C
early G Hader ‘quarrel’. Derived from Nom. comp. 86 (parallel formations).
*xaþuz. Identical with Slav *kotera ~ *xauxa-xertaz adj.: Goth hauh-hairts
*kotora ‘quarrel’ (B KZ XXXII 49). ‘haughty, proud’, OE heáh-heort id. Com-
Skt ≤atru- ‘enemy’ is derivationally less pound of *xauxaz and *xertaz (see *xertòn).
close. Z KZ XXXVII 400; F 249; C Nom. comp. 94 (parallel
U PBB XXVI 287 (to Arm kotor formations); L GED 171, 179.
‘scrap, fragment’); T-F 69; M- *xauxa-lìkaz adj.: ON há-ligr ‘high,
xauxa-lìkaz 166 xaupaz
sublime’, OE heá-lic ‘high’, OHG hòh-lìh *xaulaz ~ *xaulòn sb.m./f.: ON haull

id. Derived from *xauxaz. H ‘rupture, hernia’, OE heála ‘rupture’,
286. OHG hòla id. Related to Gk kÆlh ‘hump,
*xauxa-saliz sb.m.: ON pl. há-salir ‘high hernia’ < *kà⁄elà, Lith kùla ‘swelling’,
hall’, OE heáh-sele id. Compound of Slav *kyla ‘hernia’ (S KZ XXXI
*xauxaz and *saliz ~ *salaz. C Nom. 471). Z Gutt. 110; Bù RFV
comp. 58. LXXI 54; T-F 66; K
*xauxa-sta¶iz sb.m.: ON há-staär ‘high KZ XXXI 471–473 (on Gk kÆlh);
place’, OE heáh-stede id. Compound of T BSW 144; H
*xauxaz and *sta¶iz. C Nom. comp. 58. AEEW 150; P I 536–537; C-
*xauxaz adj.: Goth hauhs ‘high’, ON hár  SGGJa I 109; F 306;
id., OE heáh id., OFris hàch id., OS hòh F I 839–840; V ANEW 214; T-
id., OHG hòh id. Closely related to Toch  ESSJa XIII 262–263.
A koc, B kauc ‘high’. Further cf. Skt koca- *xaunaz adj.: Goth hauns ‘low, humble’,
‘desiccation’, kucati ‘to curve’, NPers kò≥ OE heán ‘low, mean, abject’, OFris hàna
‘bent, crooked’, Lith kaUkas ‘bump, swell- ‘low, humble’, OHG hòni ‘shameful’.
ing’, Slav *kuka ‘hook’ (W IF XVIII Close to Gk kaunÒw: kakÒw, sklhrÒw,
35), OIr cúar ‘crooked’ < *kukro-. K kl∞row (Hes.), Latv kàuns ‘ignominy,
KZ I 137; S KZ I 558, 560; shame’. Z Gutt. 110 (to MHG
K NB I 62; Z Gutt. 110, hùren ‘to cower’); T-F 66; F
132; T-F 91; F 249; H- 249–250; H AEEW 152;
 AEEW 150; M I 269; P RIL LXXVI/2 30 (to Toch A çàñi
P I 589; F 229–230; ‘shame’); P I 535; F I 803;
V ANEW 210; O 440; S LS C 506; S LS 27; L
27; T ESSJa XIII 86–87; GED 179; B Nom. 246 (from
L GED 179; B Nom. *xawwanan); H 286–287;
237; H 285–286; K- K-S 380.
S 378; A TB 208; B *xauniþò sb.f.: Goth hauniþa ‘silence,
OFED s.v. humility’, OE hÿnä, hÿnäu ‘abasement,
*xauxiþò sb.f.: Goth hauhiþa ‘height’, ON humiliation’, OFris hènde ‘injury’, OS
hæä id., OE híhäo id., MDu hogede id., hònitha ‘ignominy, shame’, OHG hònida
OHG hòhida id. Derived from *xauxaz. ‘disgrace’. Derived from *xaunaz. H-
P SNF XII/1 68 (ON < *xaxwiþò);  AEEW 159; F 249; H-
T-F 91; H AEEW 158;  287.
F 249; V ANEW 276; O *xaunjanan wk.vb.: Goth haunjan ‘to
435; L GED 179; B abase, to humiliate’, OE hÿnan ‘to abuse,
Nom. 117; H 286. to humiliate’, OFris hèna ‘to get over’, OS
*xauxìn sb.f.: Goth hauhei ‘height’, OS hòhì gi-hònian ‘to abase, to humiliate’, OHG
id., OHG hòhì id. Derived from *xauxaz. hònen id. Derived from *xaunaz. H-
F 249; L GED 179; H-  AEEW 159; F 249; H-
 286.  287.
*xauxjanan wk.vb.: Goth hauhjan ‘to *xaupaz sb.m.: OE héap ‘heap, pile,
make high’, OESc höghia ‘to raise’, OE crowd’, OFris hàp id., OS hòp id., OHG
héan id., OFris hèia id., OLG ir-hòen id., houf id. A phonetically irregular counter-
OHG gi-hòhen id. Derived from *xauxaz. part of IE *koupo- (with Gmc *-p- < IE
Structurally close to Slav *ku‘iti ‘to touch, *-p-?): Av kaofa- ‘hill’, Lith kaUpas id., Slav
to gather’. H AEEW 158; *kupa ~ *kup˙ ‘heap, group (of trees)’.
F 249; T ESSJa XIII 81; Z Gutt. 22, 115; B
L GED 179; H 286. 431; T-F 94–95 (< *koupn-);
xaupaz 167 xazwaz
H AEEW 152; P I MSL XIV 355; T-F 65–66;

590–591 (thinks of a separate IE *keub-), T BSW 123; H
591; F 231; Z I 132; AEEW 153; W-H I 300–301;
O 432; S LS 27 (to Lith kaUbras J IEW 177; P I 535;
‘hill’); T ESSJa XIII 107–108; F 232; V ANEW 280;
K-S 360. O 439; S 251; L
*xausaz sb.m.: ON hauss ‘skull’. Identical Verschärfung 15.7; L GED 181;
with Skt kóßa- ‘cupboard, treasury’, Lith K-S 360; A TB 208
káu“as ‘skull, laddle, scoop’ (H BB *xawwjan sb.n.: Goth hawi ‘hay’, ON hey
XXIV 278). J IF XIX 125– id., OE he id., OFries hà, hai, hè id., OS
133; Z Gutt. 111; M I hòi id., OHG hewi, hou id. Derived from
273; P I 953; F 231–232; *xawwanan (P apud F). The origi-
V ANEW 214. nal meaning was ‘cut grass’. L
*xauzjanan ~ *xausjanan wk.vb.: Festschr. Bugge 94 (reconstructs *xawjan);
Goth hausjan ‘to hear’, ON heyra id., OE U PBB XXII 191 (to Slav
hÿran id., OFris hèra id., OS hòrian id., *kovyl¸ ‘feather-grass, Stipa pennata’);
OHG hòren id. Related to Gk ko°v ‘to Z Gutt. 52, 75, 122; T-F 66;
note’, ékoÊv ‘to hear’ with unclear H AEEW 158; F 252;
é- (D KZ XVI 271), Lat caueò P I 535; V ANEW 226;
‘to take heed’. See *skawwòjanan. G- Z I 145; O 431; S
 Got. 111 (preposition *x- and 251; L Verschärfung 16.10; L-
main stem *ausjanan); Z Gutt. 206;  GED 181; B Nom.
T-F 66; H AEEW 159; 65–66; K-S 372.
W-H I 186–187; F 251– *xaz¶az sb.m.: ON haddr ‘woman’s hair’.
252; P I 587–588; F I 890– Cf. OE heordan ‘hards of flax’, MDu hède
891; V ANEW 226; O 433; ‘flax fiber, oakum’, OFris hède ‘oakum’.
L GED 180–181; K-S Related to OIr cass ‘curl’ < *kastos, Lith
383. kasà ‘plait’, OPrus kexti ‘plaited hair’, Slav
*xawjanan wk.vb.: ON heyja ‘to execute, *kosa id. Z Gutt. 103; T-F
to perform’, OE híean ‘to perform’. 76; T BSW 120; H
Probably connected with *xawwanan. AEEW 156; P I 585; C-
Z Gutt. 122 (to Gk skeËow ‘vessel,  SGGJa I 61–62; F 226;
implement’, Slav *kutiti ); T-F 66; V ANEW 200; T ESSJa XI
H AEEW 158; V ANEW 131–133; K-S 362.
226; V W I 237–238 (to Toch *xazjanan wk.vb.: Goth hazjan ‘to praise’,
A ktsets ‘finished, perfect’, B ktsaitse ‘old’). OE herian id. Unclear. F I 42, 420
*xawwan sb.n.: ON h‡gg ‘stroke, blow’, (to Skt ≤àsti ‘to order, to direct’, Av sàsti
OE e-heáw ‘striking together, gnashing’. ‘to call, to learn’); V‘ Lat. 68 (to Lat
Derived from *xawwanan. H carmen ‘verse, song’); Z Gutt. 184;
AEEW 153; V ANEW 280; S T-F 76; H AEEW
251. 157; F 252–253; P I 530–
*xawwanan str.vb.: ON h‡ggva ‘to strike, 531 (reconstructs *kar- ‘to praise’), 533;
to smite’, OE heáwan ‘to cut, to hew’, V ANEW 224 (to Skt carkarti ‘to make
OFris hàwa id., OS pret. ga-hio id., OHG mention of ’ < *ker-); L GED 181
houwan id. Related to Toch A ko-, B kau- (against comparisons with *˚ens-).
‘to kill’, Lat cùdò ‘to strike’, Lith káuju, *xazwaz sb.m.: ON h‡rr ‘flax’, OFris her,
káuti id., Slav *kuj‡, *kovati ‘to forge’ har id., OHG har, haro id. Substantivized
(B KZ XIX (1870) 414). H BB *xaswaz? Alternatively, a derivative of IE
XXIV 276; Z Gutt. 122; M *kes- ‘to comb’: Hitt ki“ài- ‘to comb’, Slav
xazwaz 168 xelþòn
*‘esati id. (K-S 345). H Lith kélmas ‘tree stump’, OPrus kalmus
BB XXIV 275; T-F 79 (recon- ‘cane’. Z Gutt. 113, 152; P
struct *xarwaz < *xarzwaz); V ANEW Beiträge 147–149; T-F 82; T-
281–282.  BSW 126; H AEEW 154;
*xexlòn sb.f.: ON héla ‘hoar frost’. Close P I 546, 924–925; F 237;
to Skt ≤í≤ira- ‘cool, cold’, Lith “e“∏lis V ANEW 230–231 (from *skel-b-);
‘shade, shadow’ reduplicated from IE *˚el- O 435.
‘cold’. Cf. *xalan ~ *xalaz. Z *xelpa-lausaz adj.: ON hjálp-lauss ‘help-
Gutt. 184; T-F 84; M III less’, ME help-less id., OFris helpe-làs id.,
345–346; P I 551; F MHG helfe-lòs id. Compound of *xelpò
975–976; F 976. and *lausaz. C Nom. comp. 89 (paral-
*xelanan str.vb.: OE helan ‘to conceal, to lel formations).
hide’, OFris hela id., OS helan id., OHG *xelpanan str.vb.: Goth hilpan ‘to help’,
helan id. Related to Lat celò ‘to hide, to ON hjálpa id., OE helpan id., OFris helpa
conceal’, OIr celid ‘to conceal’ (G id., OS helpan id., OHG helfan id. With
Kalypso 34–35). Z Gutt. 185; T- unclear differences in consonantism, con-
F 80–81; H AEEW 154; nected with Lith “elpiù, “efipti id. Cf.
W-H I 198–199; J- also OLith “elbtis (M BSL XXI
 IEW 242–244; P I 553; 126, XXIX 31) which, however, seems
S 252–253; L GED 174, to have a secondary -b- (F 971).
193; K-S 363. Z Gutt. 185; T-F 85;
*xel¶iz ~ *xel¶jò sb.f.: ON hildr ‘battle’ T BSW 302; F 255–256;
(nom. sg. < *xel¶iz), OE hild id., OS hildi H AEEW 154; J
id., hild id., OHG hilt(i)a id. Related to IEW 250; T Lehm 56; P I 554;
OIr coll ‘destruction’, MIr ceallach ‘war’, C SGGJa I 76; V ANEW
W coll ‘destruction’, Bret koll id. (S 231; F 971–972; Z II
BB IX 88). F KZ I 104; 196; O 436; S 254–255;
Z Gutt. 107; T-F 82; H- L GED 183; K-S 368.
 AEEW 160; L Language IX *xelpò sb.f.: ON hj‡lp, hjálp ‘help’, OE
247; T PBB LXVI 241; P I help id., OFris helpe id., OS helpa id.,
547; C SGGJa I 97; V OHG helfa id. Cf. Burg *hilps id. Derived
ANEW 226–227; Z II 213. from *xelpanan. T-F 85; H-
*xelmaz sb.m.: Goth hilms ‘helmet’, ON  AEEW 154; P I 554;
hjálmr id., OE helm id., OFris helm id., OS V ANEW 233; Z II 196;
heliä-helm id., OHG helm id. Close to Skt O 436; S 254; B-
neut. ≤árman- ‘protection, shelter, cover’  Nom. 110; K 711; K-
(B BB III 118), Thrac zalmÒw ‘hide’ S 374.
(T Thr. II/1 10). See *xelanan. *xeltan sb.n.: ON hjalt ‘knob at the end of
M NVA 1925/1 32 (to Lat a sword’s hilt’, OE hilt ‘handle’, OS helta
culmen ‘point, summit, ridge’); T-F id. (fem.), OHG helza id. (fem.). Con-
80; H AEEW 154; F nected with *xultan. T-F 84;
255; D Thr. 175; M III F NVA 1914/6 24; H
310–311; P I 553; V ANEW AEEW 160; P I 547; V
230; Z I 132; O 435; S- ANEW 231; Z II 174; O
 252; L GED 183; K- 441.
S 369. *xelþòn sb.f.: ON hilla ‘shelf ’, MLG hilde
*xelmòn ~ *xalmòn sb.m.: OE helma ‘manger’. Probably derived from *xelanan.
‘helm, rudder’, MLG helm ‘oar shaft’, T-F 81 (to Lith keliù, kélti ‘to lift’);
OHG joh-halmo ‘yoke rudder’. Related to P I 553–554; V ANEW 227.
xemena-kun¶az 169 xer¶jaz
*xemena-kun¶az adj.: Goth himina-kunds original meaning *‘sharp thing’ > ‘axe’ >
‘heavenly’, OE heofon-cund id. Compound ‘thunder’ > ‘sky’); L GED 183–
of *xemenaz and *kun¶az. F 256; 184 (related to *xamaz); K-S
C Nom. comp. 88 (parallel formations); 374–375.
L GED 183. *xemeròn sb.f.: OHG hemera ‘hellebore’.
*xemena-leuxmòn sb.m.: ON himin- Identical with Lith pl. kemeraÛ ‘Eupa-
ljómi ‘heavenly light’, OE heofon-leóma id. torium cannabinum L.’, Slav *‘emer˙
Compound of *xemenaz and *leuxmòn. ‘hellebore’ (Z KZ XXXVII 399).
C Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations). L WuS X 185; T-F 74;
*xemena-tunlan sb.n.: ON himin-tungl P I 558; F 251–252;
‘luminary, heavenly body’, OE heofon- S LS 16; T ESSJa IV
tunol id., OS heban-tungal id. Cf. also 52–53.
OHG himil-zungal id. Compound of *xen¶jò(n) sb.f.: ON hind ‘hind, roe’ (root
*xemenaz and *tunlan. C Nom. comp. stem), OE hind ‘hind’, OS hindi- (in
50; Z I 144; L GED cmpn.), OHG hinta id. From *ken-t- rela-
348. ted to Skt kan≈na- ‘young’, Gk kainÒw
*xemena-wanaz sb.m.: ON himin-vangr ‘new’, Lat re-cèns ‘fresh, young, new’.
‘heaven, heavenly field’, OS heban-wang Z Gutt. 207; T-F 71 (to Gk
id. Compound of *xemenaz and *wanaz. kemãw ‘young deer’); H AEEW
C Nom. comp. 56. 160; W-H I 423–424; M-
*xemenaz sb.m.: Goth himins ‘sky,  I 151; P I 556 (to Skt ≤áma-
heaven’, ON himinn id., OE heofon id., OS ‘hornless’), 563–564; V ANEW 228;
heban id. Cf. also heteroclytic l-forms: F I 754–755; Z II 208;
OFris himel, himul id., OS himil id., OHG O 441; K-S 375.
himil id. With a metathesis of the anlaut *xenkòjanan wk.vb.: ON hinka ‘to limp,
and modifications of vocalism, continues to hobble’, OE hincian id. Cf. a secondary
a thematic derivative of IE *a˚-men- ‘vault strong verb in MLG hinken id., OHG
of stone, sky’: Skt á≤man- ‘stone, rock, hincan id. Related to *xakòn? K-
heaven’, Av asman- ‘stone, heaven’, Gk S 375 (to Gk skãzv id.).
êkmvn ‘(meteoric) stone, anvil’, êkmvn: *xenþanan str.vb.: Goth fra-hinþan ‘to take
oÈranÒw (Hes.), Lith akmuõ ‘stone’, Slav captive, to capture’, OSwed hinna ‘to
*kamy id. (R KZ XLVI 343, IF gain’. Any connection with Gk kent°v ‘to
XXXII 23–57). B 207– prick, to goad’? T-F 70–71;
208; T-F 73; L Language XI H IF XX 326 (to Lat scandò ‘to
193 (to Latv kamiêsis ‘shoulder’); F- climb, to rise’); F 161; S 255–
 KZ LXIII 183–184; H 256; L GED 176.
AEEW 156; F 256; P CGG *xenþò(n) sb.f.: ON hinna ‘film, mem-
87 (dissimilation of sonorants in *xemelaz brane’, OE hion ‘bone of the head (?)’.
< *xemenaz); Z AnZDA LXXI Probably derived from *xenþanan. L
152 (variation of l- and n-suffixes); BB XXI 107 (to OIr ceinn ‘scale’);
B Origines 17 (to Gk kamãra Z Gutt. 116; T-F 71; H-
‘covered carriage, vaulted chamber’);  AEEW 160; P I 929;
P Gliederung 75, 190; M I C SGGJa I 99; V ANEW
60–61; P I 19, 557 (from IE 228.
*˚em- ‘to cover’); F 5; V *xer¶jaz sb.m.: Goth hairdeis ‘herdsman,
ANEW 227 (against R); Z- shepherd’, ON hiräir id., OE hierde id.,
 I 132; F I 54; O 433; OS hirdi id., OHG hirti id. Derived from
S Kratylos XV 152; H JL III *xer¶ò. Structurally close to Lith keıd≥ius
83–90; M JIES I 441–462 (from the ‘shepherd’. T BSW 127–128;
xer¶jaz 170 xerþraz
H AEEW 159; F 234;  III 341; P I 574–576;
P I 579; C SGGJa I V ANEW 231–232; F I 826–827,
72; F 242; V ANEW 229; 923 (kÒrsh from ke¤rv ‘to cut’); B-
Z I 137; O 437; B-  Nom. 67–68; K-S
 48; L GED 170–171; 376–377.
B Nom. 67; K-S *xertòn sb.n.: Goth hairto ‘heart’, ON hjar-
377. ta id., OE heorte id. (fem.), OFris herte, hirte
*xer¶ò sb.f.: Goth hairda ‘herd, flock’, ON id., MLG herte id., OHG herza id. Related
hj‡rä id. (partly *xer¶iz), OE heord id., OS to Hitt kir-, kart- id., Toch A kri ‘will’, B
herda ‘sequence, shift’, OHG herta ‘herd’. pl. käryañ ‘hearts’, Arm sirt ‘heart’, Gk
Connected with Skt ≤árdha- ‘crowd, kard¤a id., Lat cor id., OIr cride id., Lith
might’, Av sar6da- ‘type’, Gk kÒryuw “irdìs id., Slav *s¸rd¸ce id., *serda ‘mid-
‘heap’, MW cordd ‘crowd’, OPrus kèrdan dle’. Z Gutt. 182; T-F 77;
‘time’, Slav *‘erda ‘series, row, herd’ (F T BSW 302; H
KZ XX 167–168). WGmc *xer¶òn > OE AEEW 157; W-H I 271–272;
heoräa ‘deerskin’, OHG herdo ‘fleece’ is F 234–235; P I 579–580;
derived from *xer¶ò. M MSL VIII V ANEW 232; F I 787–788;
297, Etudes II 256–257; Z Gutt. Z II 177; O 433; F
105, 115; B 1566–1567; 986–987; V-T III 605–
T-F 78; T BSW 606; B IEL 143; S
127–128; H AEEW 156–157; Scripta 1290–1292; L GED 171;
F 234; L Language XVIII 130 B Nom. 175; P IV
(to *˚er- ‘to grow’); M III 189–191; K-S 372; A
309–310; P I 579, 941; V TB 165.
ANEW 233 (to *ker- ‘to braid’), 255 (to *xerþaz sb.m.: OE heorä ‘hearth’, OFris
ON hreär ‘scrotum’, Lat cortex ‘bark’); herth, herd id., OS herth id., OHG herd id.
F I 921–922; Z II 193; Related to Skt kartá- ‘cavity, hole’, Slav
O 437; B IEL 48; *‘¸rta ‘line, edge’ and other derivatives
T ESSJa IV 60–63; L of *(s)ker-t- ‘to cut’ denoting a (bound-
GED 170–171; K-S 370. ary) line. The delimiting function of the
*xersjaz sb.m.: ON hirsi ‘millet’, OHG hearth, or of a log in it, is well attested in
hirsi id. Any relation to *xersnòn ~ *xers- other traditions: SCr badnjak and Alb
nan? T-F 80 (to *˚er- ‘to feed, to buzëm (T Etim. 1974 3–15; O
grow’); P I 577. AED 43–44). T-F 75; H-
*xersn( j)a-skèlò sb.f.: ON hjarn-skál  AEEW 157 (to Lat carbò ‘coal’,
‘skull’, OHG hirni-scala id. Compound of cremàre ‘to burn’); M-E
*xersnòn ~ *xersnan and *skèlò. C I 375 (to Latv c\ri ‘hot stones in a sauna’,
Nom. comp. 83 (parallel formations). Slav *‘ern˙ ‘hearth’); M I 173;
*xersnòn ~ *xersnan sb.m./n.: ON P I 941–942; O 433; T-
hjarni ‘brain’, ME herne id., MDu hersene  ESSJa IV 161, XI 58–60 (to Slav
id. Cf. also OHG hirni id. < neut. *xerzn- *korda ~ *krada ‘pile of logs’; phonetically
jan. Based on a poorly attested masc. impossible); L GED 180 (to *xur-
*xersòn ‘crown of the head’: ON hjarsi. jan ~ *xurjaz).
Closely related to the stem of oblique *xerþraz sb.n.: Goth pl. hairþra ‘intestines,
cases in Skt ≤ìrß»- (of ≤íras- ‘head’), cf. also bosom, heart’, OE hreäer ‘breast, bosom’
Gk kÒrsh ‘temple’. Further connected (masc.?), OHG smala-herdar ‘small intes-
with Lat cerebrum ‘brain’, Gk k°raw tine, gut’. May be connected with ON
‘head’. Z Gutt. 185; T-F hreär ‘scrotum’. Derived from *xerþaz.
76; W-H I 203–204; M- S MSL VI 246–248 (to *xertòn,
xerþraz 171 xewjan
with suffix *-tro-); J PBB XV hiufit, hiufit id. Of unknown origin.
229 (same as S); M Etudes W KZ I 251; G Got.
167 (to *kert- ‘to weave’); Z Gutt. 113; Z Gutt. 117; T-F 95;
111; T-F 77, 102; M I B BB XVI 120 (to Lith
257; H AEEW 173; F 235; “aukiù, “aUkti ‘to shout, to call’); T-
L GED 171 (from *(s)ker- ‘to cut’). F 95; F 258 (to *keu- ‘to howl’);
*xerutuz ~ *xerutaz sb.m.: ON hj‡rtr H AEEW 155; J
‘stag, hart’, OE heorot id., OFris hert id., IEW 177–178; P I 535–536; S-
OS hirot id., OHG hiruz id. Derivationally  256 (to Skt káuti ‘to cry’, Gk kvkÊv
identical with Gk korudÒw ‘crested lark’ < id.); L GED 185.
*˚orudos. Further related to *˚er(u)- ‘horn’ *xeufròjanan wk.vb.: ON hjúfra ‘to pant,
(F KZ I 497), see *xurnan. to heave’, G dial. hìvern ‘to lament’.
Z Gutt. 116; T-F 76; H- Derived from *xeufanan. M ZDADL
 AEEW 156; P I 576; LXXV 252 (ON < WGmc); V
C SSGJa I 58; V ANEW ANEW 233.
234; F I 924; Z II 200; *xeupòn sb.m./f.: Norw dial. hjùpa ‘briar’,
O 429; K-S 377. OE héopa ‘briar’, OS hiopo ‘briar’, OHG
*xeruz sb.m.: Goth hairus ‘sword’, ON hiufo id. Related to *xaupaz (T-F
hj‡rr id., OE heoru id., OS heru- (in 95) repeating the semantic ratio between
cmpn.). Related to MIr coire id. L OPrus kàaubri ‘thorn’ and Lith kaubrE ‘hill’
KZ XXXVI 145 (from *(s)ker- ‘to cut’); (S 330). Z Gutt. 185
Z Gutt. 182; T-F 75; H- (to Slav *“ip˙ ‘thorn’); T BSW
 AEEW 157; F 235; P 349 (to OPrus kaàubri ‘thorn’); H-
I 939–940 (to Lith kiıvis ‘axe’); V  AEEW 156; P I 595;
ANEW 234; Z I 152; L O 441; S LS 27.
GED 171; B Nom. 156. *xeurja-lìkaz adj.: ON hÿr-ligr ‘smiling,
*xerznan sb.n.: ON hjarn ‘hard frozen sweet’, OE un-hír-líc ‘fierce, savage, dis-
snow’. Close to Arm safin ‘ice’, Slav *sern˙ mal’, OS sbst. un-hiur-lìk ‘monster’, OHG
‘layer of ice, hard snow’, Lith “eık“nas sbst. un-hiur-lìh id. Derived from *xeurjaz.
‘hoar-frost’, Latv sèrns, sèrksnis, s\¯ rsna id. T-F 88; F 517; H
(S Kl. Schr. 112–114). Z AEEW 159; K 252 (from *xìw-ra-);
Gutt. 185; T-F 78; T P I 539–540; H 291.
BSW 303; K KZ LXIV 133– *xeurjaz adj.: ON hÿrr ‘sweet, smiling,
134; H ANW 116; P I mild’, OE hÿre ‘pleasant, gentle, mild’,
573; F 973–974; V ANEW MDu on-ghehiere ‘terrible’, OS un-hiuri
231; V-T III 608. ‘eery, uncanny’, OHG hiuri ‘simple’.
*xerzòn sb.m.: ON hjarri ‘hinge’, OE heor- Connected with *xìwan. T-F 88;
ra ‘bar, hinge’. Might be related to Lith H AEEW 159; V ANEW
skeısas ‘across’, Slav *‘erz˙ ‘through, 276; L GED 376; H
across’ (secondary development of *‘ers˙) 290–291; K-S 307.
< *(s)kert-s-o. Z Gutt. 113; T- *xewjan sb.n.: Goth hiwi ‘form, appear-
F 80; F MM 1910 12 (to Lat cardò ance’, ON hÿ ‘down (of plants or hair)’,
‘door-hinge’); T BSW 129–130; OE hiw ‘shape, form, appearance’. Prob-
H AEEW 156; T Holz ably derived from *xawwanan. G-
73–74; J IEW 830; V  Got. 114 (to Skt ≤yàvá- ‘brown,
ANEW 232; V-T IV dark-brown’, MIr céo ‘fog’); ZŸ KZ
337–338. XXXI 12 (to Skt skunàti ‘to cover’);
*xeufanan str.vb.: Goth hiufan ‘to lament, Z Gutt. 207; T-F 88–89
to wail’, OS pres. hioban id., OHG pres. (same as G); H
xewjan 172 xin¶an£
AEEW 159; F 259; P Xenia 165; 182; B Nom. 259; K-
V ANEW 274 (to Skt ≤yàvá- ‘brown, S 374.
dark-brown’, Slav *siv˙ ‘grey’); O *xèran sb.n.: ON hár ‘hair’, OE h≠r id.,
451; L Verschärfung 16.11; L- OFris hèr id., OS hàr id., OHG hàr id.
 GED 185; H Mat. 207– Related to Lith “er‹s ‘bristle’, Latv sars
208 (to Toch B kwele ‘black’ < *kiwolo-). id. with a different vowel grade. D
*xèbaz sb.m.: ON háfr ‘pock-net for her- ZDADL XLII 55 (to IE *sker- ‘to cut’);
ring fishing’, Du haaf ‘net’. Derived from T-F 75; H AEEW
*xafjanan. V ANEW 201. 145; P I 583; F 973;
*xèbiz ~ *xòbiz adj.: ON hæfr ‘fit, V ANEW 210; Z I 141;
proper’, OE be-héfe ‘necessary’. Derived O 423; A JIES XVI 69–93;
from *xafjanan. H AEEW B Nom. 96; K-S
167–168; V ANEW 276; S 345.
245; M Festschr. Schröder 104–105, *xèrjòn sb.f.: ON hæra ‘hair, grey hair’,
KZ CV 115–116, 119; H OE h≠re ‘hair-cloth’. Derived from *xèran.
287–288. H AEEW 145; V ANEW
*xèxwòn sb.f.: ON há ‘second hay-crop, 277.
aftermath’. Identical with Skt neut. ≤àka- *xi pron.: Goth dat. himma ‘this’, OE hé
‘pot-herb, vegetable’, Lith “∏kas ‘freshly ‘he’, OS he, hè id., OHG hè id. Note neut.
mown hay’. T-F 68; T forms: Goth acc. hita ‘it’, ON hitt, OE
BSW 301; M III 320–321; hit id., OFris hit, het id., MDu het id.
P I 544; F 970–971; Continues IE demonstrative *˚ei-, cf. Alb
V ANEW 199. si-vjet ‘this year’, Lith “ìs ‘this’, Slav *s¸ id.
*xèlaz I adj.: ON háll ‘slippery’, OE hál- Further cf. Hitt ka- ‘this (one)’. T-
stán ‘crystal’, OHG hàli ‘smooth’. F 63 (< *xe), 87; T BSW
Probably related to Lith “àlù, “álti ‘to 304; H AEEW 150, 161; F
freeze’, Skt ≤í≤ira- ‘cool, cold’. K 255, 258; P I 539–540, 609–610;
NB II 380; Z Gutt. 184; T-F F 990; O 488; V-
83–84; H AEEW 145; M- T III 591–592; L GED
 III 345–346; P I 551; 181–182; P IV 3–12; O AED
F 960–961; V ANEW 205; 397.
L 94; M KC CV 110; *xi¶rèt adv.: Goth hidre ‘hither’, ON héära
H 289. ‘here, hither’, OE hider ‘hither’. Derived
*xèlaz II adj.: ON háll ‘cunning’, MLG hàl from *xi. Structurally similar to Lat
‘hidden, secret’. Derived from *xelanan cìtrà ‘on this side’, (ultro et) cìtrò ‘(here
(unless historically identical with *xèlaz I). and) there’. T-F 87; W-
T-F 81 (to Lat celò ‘to hide, to H I 222 (no historical connection
conceal’); V ANEW 205 (to *xaljò). between Gmc and Lat); H
*xè2r adv.: Goth her ‘here’, ON hér id., OE AEEW 158; F 255; V ANEW 215;
hér id., OFris hìr id., OS hèr id., OHG hiar O 442.
id. Continues *˚èi-r- ( J PBB XV *xixurò ~ *skixurò sb.f.: ON skjór ‘mag-
298–300) further related to *xi. S pie’, OE hiere id. (< *xiurò), OHG hehara
PBB XVI 238–240, XVIII 403; T- ‘jay’. Of imitative origin. T-F 89
F 63, 87; B IF VI 89–90; (to Gk k¤ssa ‘jay, Garrulus glandarius’).
H AEEW 157; K Urgerm. *xin¶an£ adv., prep.: Goth hindana
123–124; F 254; P I 609; ‘beyond’, OE hindan ‘from behind’, OS
V ANEW 222–223; O 437; hindan ‘from beyond’, OHG hintana
R Sprache XXX 138–150 (lowering ‘behind’. A secondary locative. Based on
of *ì to *è); L Phon. 72–73, GED *xin¶- derived from *xi (S GE
xin¶an£ 173 xlaibaz
132; B Dem. 144). K PBB Kl. Schr. 201; O 440; B IEL
XVI 514; W BB XXVII 199 (to 273–275; L GED 181–182; B-
Skt kan≈na- ‘young’); Z Gutt. 116;  Nom. 69; K-S 366.
H AEEW 160; F 256; *xìwisk( j)an sb.n.: ON hÿski ‘family,
T HEG I 539–542 (to Hitt katta(n) household’, OE híwisc id., OS hìwiski
‘down, under’); V ANEW 228; ‘family’, OHG hìwisci id. Derived from
O 441; L GED 184; K- *xìwan. T-F 88; H
S 375. AEEW 161; V ANEW 276.
*xin¶r(òn) adj., adv.: Goth hindar ‘behind, *xla¶an sb.n.: ON hlaä ‘pile, stack, barn’,
beyond, over to, the other side of ’, ON OE hlæd ‘heap, pile’. Derived from *xla-
compar. hindri ‘hinder, hindmost’, OE þanan. T-F 110; H
hinder ‘back, behind, down’, OFris hindera AEEW 161; V ANEW 234; S
‘beyond’, OS hindiro id., OHG hintar 259.
‘behind’, adj. hintaro. An old comparative *xlaxjanan str.vb.: Goth hlahjan ‘to
of *xin-, a derivative of *xi. T-F laugh’, ON hlæja id., OE hlehhan id., OS
87; H AEEW 160; F pret. hlòg id., OHG hloc ‘adrisit’. A de-
256–257 (comparative form of *xin¶-); scriptive stem formally close to Slav
P I 609; V ANEW 228; *klekot˙ ‘laughter, noise’, MIr clocc ‘bell’,
O 441; L GED 184; K- Lat glòciò ‘to cluck’. Cf. in particular Gk
S 375–376. kl≈ssv id. Z Gutt. 117, 191;
*xin¶ròjanan wk.vb.: ON hindra ‘to T-F 110; F 259; H
hinder, to keep behind’, OE hindrian AEEW 163; W-H I 606;
id., OFris hinderia id., MLG hinderen id., J IEW 277–278; P I
OHG hintaròn id. Derived from *xin¶r(òn). 600; V ANEW 241; F I 879;
T-F 87; H AEEW 160; O 518; S 257–258; T-
V ANEW 228; O 441; K-  ESSJa IX 191–192; L
S 375. GED 185 (to IE *kel- ‘to shout, to call’);
*xit(j)ò(n) sb.f.: Goth heito ‘fever’, ON K-S 498.
hita ‘heating’, OE hitt id., OHG hizza *xlaxtraz sb.m.: ON hlátr ‘laughter’, OE
id. Connected with *xaitaz.  H hleahtor id., OHG neut. hlahtar id. Derived
PBB XXX 241 (to Slav *s¸jati ‘to shine’); from *xlaxjanan. T-F 110; H-
Z Gutt. 112; T-F 89; H-  AEEW 162; P I 600;
 AEEW 161; F 253; P V ANEW 235; Z II 200;
I 519; V ANEW 229; Z II S 258.
216; O 433; L GED 181; *xlaibaz sb.m.: Goth hlaifs ‘bread’, ON
K-S 377. hleifr ‘loaf ’, OE hláf id., OFris hlèf id.,
*xìwan sb.n.: Goth heiwa-frauja ‘master of OHG leib, hleib id. Derived from *xlìb-
the family’, ON pl. hjón, hjún ‘man and janan (K TNTL V 55). Z BB
wife’, OE pl. híwan ‘members of a house- XXV 94 (to OIr cliab ‘basket’); S
hold’, OFris pl. hìuna id., OS hìwa Festschr. Sievers 5–11 (to Gk kl¤banow ‘cov-
‘spouse, family member’, OHG pl. hìwun ered earthen vessel’); P IF V 50,
id. Close to Skt ≤éva- ‘dear, intimate’, ≤ivá- KZ XXXVIII 393–394 (related to Slav
‘kind, friendly, dear’, Lat cìuis ‘citizen’, *xlîb˙ ‘bread’ which, however, is from
Latv si‚va ‘wife’. T Notes 37; Gmc); P Beiträge 303 (to Lat lìbò
T-F 88; H AEEW 161; ‘to take out as a sample, to take a little
W-H I 224–225; F 253– of ’, Gk loibÆ ‘pouring, drink-offering’);
254; M III 344, 376; P T-F 109; P JEGP VIII
I 540; C SGGJa I 65; V 18–24 (same as Z); S-
ANEW 233; Z II 177; S N II 245; M MSL VII 403
xlaibaz 174 xlankiz
(from Uralic); K TNTL VIII 254– mound’ (< *xlaiwiz), OS hlèo ‘grave,
257 (from an unknown source); K- burial mound’ (masc.), OHG (h)lèo id.
 AfslPh XI 386 (same as P); (masc.). Closely connected with Lat clìuus
G Got. 114 (same as S- ‘mound’ < *˚lei⁄os, Lith “leÛvas ‘with
); P IF V 50 (to Lat lìbum crooked legs, crooked’ (S KZ
‘flan, cake’); L PBB XV 514–515 XXXVIII 453). Further see *xlinòjanan.
(same as P); S-P S IF XXV 72; Z Gutt.
Slav.-germ. 297–299 (Slav < Gmc); H- 186; T-F 112; H
 AEEW 162; F 260; T AEEW 162; W-H I 237;
Lehm 59 (to IE *˚lei- ‘to lean, to bend’); F 261; M 669 (to Slav *xlîv˙
V ANEW 236; Z I 132; ‘sty, pen’); K SuV 75; T Lehm
O 533; L GED 185–186; 54; P Gliederung 109; P I
B Nom. 52; K-S 601; C SGGJa I 90; F
499–500. 1001–1002; V ANEW 234; Z
*xlaibòn sb.m.: Goth ga-hlaiba ‘compan- II 187; O 519; L GED 186;
ion’, OHG gi-leibo id. Derived from B Nom. 69.
*xlaibaz. Calqued by Rom *com-pàniò id. *xlakkòjanan wk.vb.: ON hlakka ‘to cry,
(B 81). V JEGP XXIX 345 to scream’, OFris hlakkia ‘to laugh’. Of
(calque from Rom); F 183; L imitative origin. Formally close to Gk
GED 139. klãzv ‘to scream, to barek’ < *klaggjv.
*xlai¶rjò sb.f.: OE hlæder ‘ladder’, OFris Cf. also *xlaxjanan. Z Gutt. 118,
hlèdere, hladder id., MLG ledder id., OHG 162; T-F 110 (reconstruct *xlank-,
leitara, leitar id. Derived from IE *˚lei-, cf. cf. Lat clangò ‘to clang, to sound’);
*xlinòjanan. Structurally close to MIr P I 599–600; V ANEW 235;
clithar ‘hedge’ and similar other deriva- F I 863–864; L GED 185.
tives (Z KZ XXXV 259, Gutt. 186), *xlammiz sb.m.: ON hlemmr ‘lid, cover’,
see *xlìþrò. T-F 112; H- OE úht-hlem ‘din made in the early morn-
 AEEW 161; P Gliederung ing’, OFris hlem ‘blow’. Derived from
124; P I 601; O 511; *xlemmanan. T-F 111; K
K-S 514. SuV 78; V ANEW 237; S 264;
*xlainaz ~ *xlainò sb.m./f.: Goth masc. L GED 186.
or neut. hlain(s) ‘hill’, Norw dial. fem. *xlam(m)òjanan wk.vb.: ON hlamma
hlein ‘slope’. Etymologically close to OIr ‘to give a dull, heavy sound’, OS hlamòn
clóen ‘crooked, unjust’, Lith “lainùs ‘to rush’. Derived from *xlammiz. M-
‘crooked’. Further related to *xlinòjanan.  Gém. 142, 144; C
Z Gutt. 186; T-F 111; F SGGJa I 91 (to Lat clàmò ‘to shout’);
260–261; P I 601; F 997; S 264.
L GED 186. *xlan¶an sb.n.: ON hland ‘urine’, OE
*xlainiz adj.: OE hl≠ne ‘lean, meagre’, LG hland id. Unclear. Z Gutt. 118;
leen id., early G lehne ‘gently sloping’. De- T-F 111 (to Lith klãnas ‘puddle’);
rived from *xlinòjanan. Structurally close W-P I 500; H
to Lith “lainùs ‘sloping, oblique’, Latv AEEW 162; C SGGJa I 77;
slains ‘swaying’, OIr clóen ‘crooked, unjust’. V ANEW 235.
H AEEW 161; O 520; *xlankiz ~ *xlankjò(n) sb.m./f.: ON
S LS 29; P I 601; F hlekkr ‘link, chain of links’, OE hlenca
997; H 291–292. ‘link’, hlence id., OS hlanka ‘hip, thigh’,
*xlaiwan ~ *xlaiwaz sb.n./m.: Goth OHG hlanca ‘hip’. Related to *xlankjanan.
hlaiw ‘tomb, grave’, Run hlaiwa id., OE T-F 110; H AEEW
hláw, hl≠w ‘rising ground, a funeral 162; O 530; K-S 310.
xlankjanan 175 xlemmanan
*xlankjanan wk.vb.: ON hlekkjask ‘to leap forth, to leap up’, ON hlaupa ‘to
get impeded, to suffer miscarriage’, OE leap, to jump’, OE hleápan id., OFris hlàpa
e-hlencan ‘to roll, to wrap’, MLG lenken ‘to run, to hasten’, OS pret. uz-hliopun id.,
‘to bend’, MHG lenken id., OHG ir-lenken OHG hloufan id. Related to Lith “lumbù,
‘to dislocate (a limb)’, ùz-lenken ‘to un- “lùbti ‘to become lame’, klumbù, klùbti ‘to
buckle’. Implies an unattested str. vb. stumble’ (with depalatalized *˚-), Latv
*xlenkanan related to Lat clingò ‘to shut’, slubît ‘to limp’ (H Festschr. Fick
Slav *kl\kn‡ti ‘to squat, to kneel’ ( J- 51). Z Gutt. 118119, 145; T-
 PBB XIV 298). H F 109–110; F 532–533, PBB
AEEW 162; W-H I 233–234; XXXII 452–453; H AEEW
P I 603; V ANEW 237; 162; S 130–131; T Lehm 58;
T ESSJa X 33–34; K- J IEW 262–263; P I
S 310 (to Lith lenkiù, leñkti ‘to 630; M KZ LXXVII 137–139;
bend’); A TB 222 (to Toch AB klänk- V ANEW 235; F 276, 1009;
‘to doubt’). O 520; M KZ LXXVII
*xlaþanan str.vb.: Goth af-hlaþan ‘to bur- 129–139; S 259–261 (to Gk
den’, ON hlaäa ‘to load’, OE hladan ‘to k°leuyow ‘way, course’, Lith keliáuti ‘to
heap, to pile up’, OFris part. hleden ‘to travel, to wander’); K WuSBez.
load’, OS pres. hladan id., OHG hladan id. 50–51 (to Lith klùpti ); L GED 382;
Related to Lith klóti ‘to spread out’ and K-S 506.
Slav *klad‡, *klasti ‘to put’ (L KZ *xlautaz sb.m.: Goth hlauts ‘lot, inherit-
XI 179; S GBS 21). T-F ance’, ON hlautr ‘lot’, OS hlòt ‘lot, prop-
110; T BSW 135–136; F 6; erty’, OHG lòz, hlòz id. Cf. *xlutiz.
H AEEW 161; J Derived from *xleutanan. Z Gutt.
IEW 273–274; P I 599; V 119; T-F 113; H
ANEW 234; F 274–275; O AEEW 163; F 262; K 445–446;
511; S LS 29–30; S 258–259; P I 605; V ANEW 235;
T ESSJa IX 187–188; L Z II 200; S 265; L-
GED 5; K-S 499.  GED 187; B Nom. 52;
*xlaþòn sb.f.: ON hlaäa ‘store-house, K-S 525.
barn’, MDu lade ‘footlocker’, MHG lade *xlefanan str.vb.: Goth hlifan ‘to steal’.
id. Derived from *xlaþanan. K- Close to Toch B kälyp- id., Gk kl°ptv id.,
S 498. Lat clepò id., OPrus au-klipts ‘concealed’
*xlauniz sb.f.: ON hlaunn ‘buttock, (S KZ XLIX 252). Z Gutt.
haunch’. Identical with Skt ≤ro»i- ‘hip, 118; T-F 111; W-H I
loin, buttock’, Av sraoni- ‘buttock’, Lith 232; F 263–264; P I 604;
“launìs ‘hip’. Cf. also Lat clùnis ‘buttock’, F I 870–871; S 261; L
W clun id. P IF XXXV 269– GED 187; A TB 175–176.
270; Z Gutt. 186; B *xlemmanan str.vb.: ON pret. hlam ‘to
1633; P Kelt. Gr. I 121; T- clink’, OE hlimman ‘to sound, to roar’,
 BSW 306; T-F 109; W- OHG pres. limmit ‘infremuit’. Related to
H I 239; M III 395; Lat clamò ‘to call’, Lith “lamù, “lam∏ti ‘to
P I 607; F 1000; V chirp’. Z Gutt. 118; T-F
ANEW 235. 111; B I 526 (to Slav *kl¸n‡, *klêti
*xlaupan ~ *xlaupaz sb.n./m.: ON ‘to damn’); H AEEW 162–164;
hlaup ‘leap’, MLG lòp ‘jump’, OHG louf W-H I 227; J
‘run’. Derived from *xlaupanan. T- IEW 247–249; P I 548–550;
F 110; S 260. F 998–999; V ANEW 238;
*xlaupanan str.vb.: Goth us-hlaupan ‘to S 263–264.
xleumòn 176 xli¶an
*xleumòn ~ *xleumaz sb.m.: Goth dar-sàz ‘magic’. Identical with Skt neut.
hliuma ‘hearing’, ON hljómr ‘sound, tune, ≤rotra- ‘ear’, Av sraoyra- ‘hearing’ < *˚leu-
voice’. Identical with Av sraoman ‘hearing’ tro- further related to *˚leu- ‘to hear’. See
< *˚leu-men- further related to IE *˚leu- *xleuþan. B 1633; T-
‘to hear’. F KZ I 8; K- F 112; H AEEW 162;
 KZ I 573; Z Gutt. 186; M III 373; P I 605–
B 1634; T-F 112; 607; V ANEW 238; L GED
P I 605–607; L GED 188; 188; B Nom. 86.
K-S 516. *xleuzan sb.n.: ON hlÿr ‘cheek’, OE hleór
*xleumun¶az sb.m.: OHG hliumunt ‘testi- id., OS hleor id. Close to Av srao“a- ‘hear-
mony, glory’. Structurally close to Toch ing’, OIr clúas ‘ear’, Slav *slux˙ ‘hearing’.
A klyom, B klyomo ‘noble’ < *˚leumònt- and See *xleuþan. T-F 113; H-
Skt ≤romata- ‘good reputation’. Further see  AEEW 162; B ANF II 216;
*xleumòn ~ *xleumaz. M KZ XIX P I 606; C SGGJa I
47 (to Lat crìmen ‘verdict, judgment’); 99; V ANEW 241.
T-F 112; M III 373; *xlewaz sb.n.: Run prop. hlewa-gastiz.
P I 605–607; V ANEW 238; Related to the Indo-European word for
K-S 516; A TB 231. ‘glory’: Toch A klyu, B kälywe ‘glory’, Skt
*xleutanan str.vb.: ON hljóta ‘to get by ≤rávas- ‘glory, praise, renown’, Av sravah-
lot, to get, to undergo, to suffer’, OE hleó- ‘word’, Gk kl°ow ‘glory’, OIr clú id.,
tan ‘to cast lots’, OS hliotan id., OHG Slav *slovo ‘word’. B 1643–
hliozan id. Related to Lith kliudaU, kliudÿti 1644; M III 389; F I
‘to make hang on, to push’, kliaudaU, 869–870; L Verschärfung 16.14;
klaudÿti ‘to prevent, to be in the way’. L GED 188.
Further connected with Lith kliùvù, kliùti *xlewe¶az adj.: ON hléär ‘famous’.
‘to hang on’, Latv Îk lUt ‘to become’, Îk lùtas Identical with Gk kleitÒw id. < *˚le⁄-
‘fate’. S KZ XXX 495 (to Gk eto-. It is possible to compare this word
klãdow ‘branch’); W MP V 274 with Slav sbst. *kleveta ‘calumny’ without
(same as S); Z Gutt. 119; assibilation of *˚-. Further see *xlewaz.
G Got. 115; T-F 113; F Festschr. Bugge Kr. 17; P I
H AEEW 162; F 262; 605–606; V ANEW 236; F I
J IEW 275–276; P I 877–878; T ESSJa X 14–17;
604–605; F 274; V ANEW H 296.
238–239; O 537; S 264– *xlèwanòjanan wk.vb.: ON hlána ‘to
265; S LS 29; L GED 186; thaw’, G dial. läunen id. Derived from
K-S 525. *xlèwaz. T-F 109; V ANEW
*xleuþan sb.n.: Goth hliuþ ‘hearing (?), 235 (to *xliwan).
silence (?)’ (hap. leg.), ON hljóä ‘hearing’. *xlèwaz adj.: ON hlær ‘warm, mild’ (sec-
Continues a derivative in *-to- of IE ondary ja-stem), MDu laeu, lau id., OHG
*˚leu- ‘to hear’. Structurally close to Av lào id. Probably to Gk klÊzv ‘to rinse, to
sraota- ‘hearing’. B 1633; cleanse’. See *xlùtraz. S Vok. II
T-F 112; F 264; P 454; K NB II 421–422; T-
Language XV 89–90 (on Toch A klots, F 109 (to Lat caleò ‘to be warm’);
B klautso ‘ear’); P Gliederung 180; W-H I 239–240; P I
P I 605–606; V ANEW 238; 552, 607; V ANEW 241; F I
L GED 180; B Nom. 876–877; O 538; D Vºddhi
79–80; H 294. 54–60; H 294–295 (to *xli-
*xleuþran sb.n.: Icel hljóäur ‘tone’, OE wan); K-S 505.
hleóäor ‘hearing, noise, sound’, OHG hlio- *xli¶an sb.n.: ON hliä ‘gate, gateway’, OE
xli¶an 177 xlòanan
hlid ‘lid, cover’, OFris hlid id., OS hlid id., protect’. Derived from *xliwan. T-
OHG ubar-lit id. Derived from *xlì¶anan. F 109; H AEEW 163;
Identical with Skt ≤ritá- ‘adhering to V ANEW 240.
smth., situated’, Gk ê-kl¤tow ‘stable’, Lith *xlìbanan str.vb.: OHG lìban ‘to protect,
pã-“litas ‘curved’ continuing derivatives to care’. Continues IE *˚lei- ‘to bend’, cf.
in *-to- based on IE *˚lei- ‘to lean’. *xliwan, *xlìþrò. T-F 112; S-
Z Gutt. 119; T-F 111;  261–262.
H AEEW 163; M III *xlìbjanan wk.vb.: Goth hleibjan ‘to shield,
388–389; P I 601–602; V to protect’, ON hlífa ‘to give cover or
ANEW 237–238; F I 873–875; shelter’, OHG lìben ‘to protect, to care’.
Z I 141; O 526–527; Derived from *xlìbanan. A KZ I
S 262; B Nom. 56; 311 (to Lat clipeus ‘schield’); F BB
K-S 518. XXI 329 (follows A); U
*xlinò sb.f.: OHG hlina ‘back (of a chair), PBB XXX 291 (to Slav *slîp˙ ‘blind’);
lattice’. Close to Gk kl¤nh ‘couch, bier’. T-F 112; F 262; T Lehm
Further related to *xlinòjanan. P 56; J IEW 242–244; V
I 601; F I 876–877; K-S ANEW 238; S 261; L GED
510. 187.
*xlinòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. lina ‘to *xlìbò sb.f.: ON hlíf ‘cover, shelter, pro-
lean’, OE hlinian id., OFris lena id., OS tection’, OHG lìba ‘calming’. Derived
hlinòn id., OHG hlinèn id. See *xlinò. from *xlìbanan. Z BB XXV 94 (to
Derivationally close to Gk klÃinv ‘to MIr cliab ‘basket’); L WuS IX
bend’, Lat clìnò in clìnàtus ‘inclined, bent, 176; T Lehm 56; V ANEW 238;
sunk’, Lith “lienù, “li‚ti ‘to lean’. P S 262.
Beiträge 915; T-F 111; T *xlì¶anan str.vb.: OE tó-hlídan ‘to yawn,
BSW 308; W-H I 234–236; to gape, to open’, OFris hlìda ‘to cover’,
P I 601; F 1004; F I OS bi-hlìdan ‘to lock, to cover’. See
873–875; O 520; L GED *xlìbanan. Z Gutt. 119; H-
186; K-S 510–511; A  AEEW 163; P I 600–602;
TB 223–224 (to Toch AB klin- ‘to be S 262–263; K-S 518.
necessary’). *xlì¶ò(n) sb.f.: ON hlíä ‘slope’, OE neut.
*xliwan sb.n.: Goth masc. hlija ‘booth, hlíä id., MLG lìt, lìte id., OHG lìta id. To
tent’ (leg. *hliwa), ON hlé ‘lee’, OE hléow *xlì¶anan. Structurally close to MIr clíath
‘shelter, protection’, OFris hlì id., OS hleo ‘hurdle’. T-F 111; H
‘shelter from bad weather’ (masc.). Con- AEEW 164; V ANEW 237; L
tinues IE *˚lei-, cf. *xlìþrò. Z Gutt. GED 187; K-S 514.
119; G Got. 117; U *xlìþrò sb.f.: Goth hleiþra ‘tent’. Identical
PBB XXX 291 (to *˚lei- ‘to bend’); T- with Umbr kletram ‘litter’ < *klìtrà, Lat
F 109 (to *xlèwaz); H dim. clìtellae ‘pack-saddle’ based on *clìtra.
AEEW 163; F 263–264; V ANEW Cf. also MIr clithar ‘fence’. M
235–236 (to W clyd ‘warm’); O 522; IF XVI 210 (on semantic development);
L GED 187–188; K-S Z KZ XXXV 259; T-F
509. 112; F 263; P Gliederung 124;
*xliwiþò sb.f.: ON hlÿäa ‘shed, a part of P I 601; C SGGJa I
the ship’, OE hlíwä ‘protection, shelter’. 102; L GED 187; K-S
Derived from *xliwan, *xliwjanan. H- 514.
 AEEW 163; V ANEW 240. *xlòanan str.vb.: ON hlóa ‘to bellow, to
*xliwjanan wk.vb.: ON hlÿja ‘to cover, roar’, OE hlówan id., OLFrank luoian ‘to
to shelter’, OE hlÿwan ‘to make warm, to low, to moo’, OHG hluoen ‘to roar’.
xlòanan 178 xlùtraz
Probably distantly related to Lat clàmò ‘to *xlutan. Derived from *xleutanan. S-
shout’. Z Gutt. 118; T-F  KZ X 475 (to Gk klãdow ‘branch’);
83; H AEEW 164; W- T-F 113; H AEEW
H I 227; O 538. 165; P I 605; V ANEW 240;
*xlòiz adj.: Norw dial. and-løg ‘inclined to Z II 200; O 537; S
laugh’, OHG ant-hluogi ‘merry’. Back for- 265; B Nom. 133.
mation of *xlòjanan ~ *xlòxjanan. Further *xlutòjanan wk.vb.: ON hluta ‘to draw
derived from *xlaxjanan. K NB I lots’, MLG loten, lotten id. Derived from
117; M Kratylos XXXIV 137, KZ *xlutiz. V ANEW 240.
CV 122–123; H 296. *xlutòn ~ *xlutan sb.m./n.: ON hluti
*xlòjanan ~ *xlòxjanan wk.vb.: Goth ‘part, share’, OE hlot ‘lot’, OFris hlot id.,
uf-hlohjan ‘to make laugh’, ON hlœgja id. MLG lot id., OHG hluz id. Derived from
Causative of *xlaxjanan. T-F 110; *xleutanan. H AEEW 164;
F 512; V ANEW 241; S S 265.
258. *xluzan sb.n.: ON hler ‘shutter, door’,
*xlu¶az adj.: OHG prop. Hlud-wìg. From masc. hleri id. The phrase standa á hleri ‘to
IE *˚lutó- ‘famous’: Skt ≤rutá- ‘heard, stand eavesdropping’ may preserve the
famous’, Av sruta- ‘heard’, Gk klutÒw, original meaning of the word rather than
Arm lu ‘known’. Lat in-clutus ‘famous’. be a metaphor. Related to IE *˚leu-s-:
B 1648; W-H I Tokh A klyoß-, B klyauß- ‘to hear’, Av
690–691; M III 372–374; srao“a- ‘hearing’, OIr sluas ‘ear’. B-
P I 605–607; F I 877–878.  1634–1636; P I 606.
*xluniz sb.m.: ON hlynr ‘maple tree’, OE *xlù¶az adj.: OE hlúd ‘loud’, OFris hlùd
hlyn id., LG löne, läne id. Probably con- id., OS hlùd id., OHG lùt id. Stands close
nected with Maced klinÒ-troxon ‘a kind to adj. *˚lutós derived from *˚leu- ‘to
of maple’ (Theothrastes), Slav *klen˙ ~ hear’, cf. Skt ≤rutá- ‘heard, famous’, Gk
*kl¸n˙ ‘maple’, W kelyn id. S IF klutÒw ‘famous’, W clywed ‘heard’, Arm lu
XVII 316; P Kelt. Gr. I 378; ‘known’. See *xlu¶az. T-F 112–
V NB XXI 126 (to Gk LoËna Ïlh 113; H AEEW 164; M-
‘small Carpathian mountains’); T-  III 373; P I 605–606;
F 113; H AEEW 165; D VSJa 33; V ANEW 238; F
S LS 28–29; S 60 (to OHG I 877–878; O 538; H
lìn-boum ‘maple’); P I 603; V 296–297; K-S 507.
ANEW 240–241; T ESSJa IX *xlù¶janan wk.vb.: ON hlÿäa ‘to hearken,
194–195. to listen’, OE hlÿdan ‘to sound, to make
*xlustiz sb.f.: ON hlust ‘ear, the inner part a loud noise’, OFris hlèda ‘to ring’, OS
of the ear’, OE hlyst ‘hearing’ (fem., à-hlùdian ‘to pronounce’, OHG hlùten
masc.), OS hlust ‘hearing, ear’. Struc- ‘to sound’. Related to *xlù¶az. H-
turally similar to Skt ≤rußtí- ‘obedience’,  AEEW 165; V ANEW 240.
OIr cluas ‘ear’ < *˚loustà. Derived from *xlùtraz adj.: Goth hlutrs ‘clean, pure’, OE
*xluzan. Z Gutt. 186; T-F hlutor ‘clear, pure’, OS hluttar ‘clear, pure’,
113; H AEEW 165; M- OHG hlùtar ‘clear, pure, light’. Related
 III 394; P I 606; V to Gk klÊzv ‘to wash off ’ < *kludƒò, and
ANEW 240; Z II 228; O further to Lat cluò ‘to cleanse’, Lith “lúoju,
531; B KZ LXXXII 298– “lúoti ‘to sweep, to clean up’. See *xlèwaz.
303; K-S 526. Z Gutt. 119 (to Slav *kl’uditi ‘to
*xlutiz sb.m.: ON hlutr ‘lot, share’ (partly cleanse’ rather than to Gk klÊzv); T-
< *xlutuz), OE hlyt ‘share’, OFris neut. F 113; B I 527 (against
hlot ‘lot’, OHG hluz id. Cf. also *xlutòn ~ Z); T BSW 307; W-
xlùtraz 179 xneu¶anan
H I 239–240; F 264–265; 166; M Gém. 137, 188; M-
H AEEW 164; P I 607;  III 290–291; P I 558 (to IE
F 1010–1011; F I 876–877; *ken- ‘to press, to squeeze’), 614; V
L GED 188; H 297– ANEW 242; F I 889–890; C-
298; K-S 507.  I 550–551; O 605 (to OIr
*xlùtrìn sb.f.: Goth hlutrei ‘purity’, OHG cnocc ‘hill’ < Celt *knukkos); Z II
hlutarì ‘sincerity, clarity’. Derived from 178; K-S 580.
*xlùtraz. F 264; L GED 188; *xnappaz sb.m.: ON hnappr ‘button’, OE
H 298. hnæpp ‘cup, bowl’, OS hnapp ‘scoop’,
*xnaiwaz adj.: Goth hnaiws ‘low’, OE OHG napf ‘bowl’. Related to Gk knãptv
hnáh ‘bent, low’. Derived from *xnì- ‘to card or to comb wool’, Lith knabóti ‘to
wanan. H AEEW 166; F pluck out’. T-F 97; H
265; S 266; L GED 188; AEEW 165; M Gém. 194; V
H 298. ANEW 242; Z I 132; L
*xnaiwjanan wk.vb.: Goth hnaiwjan ‘to IF CIII 223–224 (to *xneupanan); K-
make low, to humble’, ON hneigja ‘to S 582.
bow, to bend, to incline’, OE hn≠an *xnappjanan wk.vb.: ON hneppa ‘to but-
‘to cause to bow, to bring low’, OHG ton’, OE hnæppan ‘to strike (?)’, G dial.
hneigen ‘to bow’. Derived from *xnaiwaz nepfen ‘to limp’. Derived from *xnappaz.
or *xnìwanan. T-F 98; H- Z Gutt. 120; T-F 97 (from
 AEEW 165; F 265; V *knabh-n,-, to Gk knãptv); H
ANEW 242; L GED 188; S AEEW 165; M Gém. 170, 175;
266–267; H 298. P I 562; F 277; V
*xnaikjanan wk.vb.: Icel hneikja ‘to strike, ANEW 243; F I 881–882; H-
to kick’, OE hn≠can ‘to kill’, OHG neihhen  299.
‘to sacrifice’. Implies unattested str. *xnìk- *xnask(w)uz adj.: Goth hnasqus ‘soft, del-
janan of unknown etymology. Cf. *xnait- icate’, OE hnesce id., WFris nesk id., MDu
janan. H AEEW 165; V nesch, nisch ‘soft’. Of unknown origin.
ANEW 243 (to Gk épo-kna¤v ‘to scrape, K NB II 408; G Got.
to rub off ’). 117–118 (to Gk knãv ‘to scratch’);
*xnaisjanan wk.vb.: ON hneisa ‘to dis- Z Gutt. 99, 120; T-F 97–98;
grace’, MHG nesen ‘to torment’. Related W PBB XXIV 530 (to Skt khàdati
to *xnaisòn > ON hneisa ‘disgrace, shame’. ‘to chew, to bite, to eat’ < *k–6d-); T-
Cf. *xnaitjanan. S Language III F 97; F 265 (to *knes- in Gk kn°-
170 (to *naitjanan); V ANEW 242. vrow ‘nettle’); H AEEW 166;
*xnaitjanan wk.vb.: ON hneita ‘to cut, to P I 561; B Sprache
wound (?)’, MLG neten ‘to strike’, OHG XXI 188; L GED 188–189 (from
neizen ‘to oppress, to exhaust, to destroy’. IE *ken- ‘to rub, to scrape’); H
Causative of *xnìtanan. On the other 299–300.
hand, cf. *naitjanan. V ANEW 242– *xnawwuz adj.: ON hn‡ggr ‘niggardly,
243. stingy’, OE hneáw ‘stingy, near, nig-
*xnakkaz ~ *xnakkòn sb.m.: ON gardly’, WFris nau ‘narrow’, MLG nouwe
hnakki ‘occiput, nape’, MLG nacke, necke ‘narrow’, MHG ge-nou ‘careful, thorough’.
id., OHG nac, nacko id. Related to Toch Derived from *xnewwanan. K NB
A kñuk ‘neck, nape’. Another ablaut grade II 189, 378–380; T-F 99; H-
is probably represented in Skt ≤a«khá  AEEW 166; P I 562;
‘conch’, Gk kÒgxow id., kÒgxh id. < L Verschärfung 143; V ANEW
*˚onkho-. Z Gutt. 207; T-F 246; O 610; K-S 312.
97 (to OIr cnoc ‘hill’); H AEEW *xneu¶anan str.vb.: ON pret. sg. hnauä
xneu¶anan 180 xnìtanan
‘to strike, to punch’, MLG neden ‘to Lat nìdor ‘vapor, steam, smell’ ( J
rivet’, OHG bi-hniutit ‘munit’. Based KZ XXX 416–417). T-F 98;
on *xnewwanan. Probably related to Gk W-H II 166–167; P I
knÊza ‘itch’, Latv knudèt ‘to itch’. T- 561–562.
F 100; J IEW 213–214; *xnitz sb.f.: OE hnitu id. (traces of cons.
P I 559–563; V ANEW 244; stem), MLG nète, nit id., OHG niz id.
F I 886; S 268; K- Related to Gk kÒniw id., Arm anic ‘louse’
S 589. < *˚(o)nid-, Alb thëri ~ thëni id. < *˚onid-
*xneupanan str.vb.: Goth dis-hniupan ‘to and probably MIr sned ‘nit’ < *s(˚)nidà
rend, to break apart, to tear’, OE pret. (F II 316; P KZ XXXIX 343,
sg. a-hneop ‘to pluck, to tear’. Cf. also 387). Cf. *nitò. P SVSU X
OSwed niupa ‘to pinch’. Related to Lith 94–96; M MSL XXII 143; T-
kniáubtis ‘to cover the face with hands and F 98–99; H AEEW 166;
to incline one’s head’, kniumbù, kniùbti ‘to P I 608–609; F I 912–913;
kneel and to touch the ground with one’s O 611; G Wurzelnomina
face’. T-F 100; G 474–476; O AED 476; K-
Got. 56–57 (to Latv k»ubt ‘to turn, to S 589.
bend’); P Beiträge 882 (to Gk knÊv *xnìwanan str.vb.: Goth hneiwan ‘to
‘to scratch’); T-F 100; F 119– decline’, ON hníga ‘to bow dow, to sink’,
120; H AEEW 166; P OE hnían ‘to bend, to bow’, OFris hnìga
I 91 (to IE *ken- ‘to scratch, to rub’); id., OS hnìgan id., OHG nìgan id. Close to
F 278; S 269; L Lat cònìueò ‘to shut the eyes, to overlook’
GED 91. < *˚om-kneig ⁄h- (O PBB VIII 274;
*xneusanan str.⁄wk.vb.: ON hnjósa ‘to W-H I 261). M MSL
sneeze’, MLG nèsen id., OHG niosan id. XV 101–103 (development of *-w-);
Of imitative origin (V IF LXII 136– U PBB XXX 291 (to Slav
150). T-F 100–101; P Glie- *nikn‡ti ‘to lower, to plummet’); Z
derung 212; J IEW 213–214; Gutt. 100; T-F 98; F 265–
P I 953 (to Skt kßáuti ‘to sneeze’); 266; H AEEW 166; W-
V ANEW 244; O 606; S H I 261; K SuV 78; J-
269; K-S 588.  IEW 264; P I 608;
*xnewwanan str.vb.: ON hn‡ggva ‘to C SGGJa I 91; V ANEW
humble, to bring down’, OHG hniuwan 243; S 266–267 (to *xnìpanan);
‘to punch, to crush’. Related to Gk knÊv L GED 189; K-S 585.
‘to scratch’. M WuS I 22–23; *xnìpanan str.vb.: ON part. hnipinn
T-F 99; J IEW 213– ‘drooping, desponding’. Related to Lith
214; P I 559–563; V ANEW kneibiù, kneÛbti ‘to pluck out’. T-F
246; F I 887; S 270. 99; J IEW 264; P I
*xnippjanan wk.vb.: ON hnippa ‘to poke 608; F 277–278; V ANEW
in the side’, ME nippen ‘to pinch’, LG nip- 243; S 267.
pen ‘to sip’, G dial. nipfen id. Cf. Lith knìbti *xnìpòjanan wk.vb.: ON hnípa ‘to be
‘to fall, to bend’. Z Gutt. 120; downcast, to droop’, OE hnipian ‘to
T-F 99 (to Gk kn¤pv ‘to scratch’); bow the head’. Derived from *xnìpanan.
P I 562; C SGGJa I Z Gutt. 120; T-F 99; H-
76; V ANEW 243.  AEEW 166; P I 608;
*xnissòn sb.f.: Icel hnissa ‘strong V ANEW 243; S 267.
smell’. Close to Gk kn›sa, kn¤sh ‘steam *xnìtanan str.vb.: ON hníta ‘to strike,
and odour of fat, smell or savor of a to wound to the death’, OE hnítan ‘to
burnt sacrifice’ < *knid-s-ƒà. Further cf. strike’, OS hnìtan id. Related to Gk kn¤zv
xnìtanan 181 xòfjanan
‘to scratch, to pound’, Latv knidèt ‘to *xnuzòn sb.m.: ON hn‡ri ‘sneeze’, OE
itch’, kniedèt ‘to rivet’ (if not a loanword). hnora id. Derived from *xneusanan. H-
Z Gutt. 120; T-F 98; H-  AEEW 167; V ANEW 246.
 AEEW 166; J IEW *xnùþòn ~ *xnùþaz sb.f./m.: Goth hnupo
213–224; P I 562; V IF LXII ‘pointed stake, spike’, ON hnúär ‘knob,
142–143, ANEW 244; F I 884–885; ball’. Probably derived from *xnewwanan.
S 267–268. Any connection with *knùtaz? P-
*xnòanan wk.vb.: OHG nuoen ‘to plane,  AfslPh XXXVI 150–151 (to Russ
to shave’. Close to Gk knãv ‘to rub, sny‘ ‘catch (of a lock)’, Czech snît
to scratch’, MIr cnáim ‘to consume’. ‘bough’); T NTF XVI 144 (to Latv
P I 560–561; F I 880–881; knute, knutele ‘long stick’, itself from Slav
D BSA 94. *knut˙); T-F 100; T KZ
*xnukkaz ~ *xnukkòn sb.m.: Icel XXXVI 190–192 (to Gk kent°v ‘to
hnokki ‘small iron hook’, OE hnocc ‘hook, prick’); F 266; C SGGJa I
penis’, MDu nocke ‘cut on the arrowhead’. 733; V ANEW 245 (follows T);
Related to *xnutz. Related to Dac sikou- L GED 189 (to *ken- ‘to scrape, to
pnoÊj ‘plant ±rÊggion’ (< *-knouj), scratch’).
MIr cnú ‘nut’, Lat nux id. T-F *xòbiþò sb.f.: ON ó-hœfä ‘indecency’,
99–100 (to Gk knuzÒn: é°ra §pin°felon, MLG he-hòfte ‘need’. Derived from *xèbiz
Hes.); H AEEW 166–167; ~ *xòbiz. H 288.
V ANEW 245 (to *ken- ‘to squeeze, to *xòbò sb.f.: OS hòba ‘plot of land’, OHG
press’). huoba, huob id. Close to Gk k∞pow ‘garden’
*xnuk(k)ilaz sb.m.: ON hnykill ‘clew (of (M KZ VII 28). S KZ X
yarn)’, LG nückel ‘hill’. Derived from 473; Z Gutt. 103; C
*xnukkaz ~ *xnukkòn. V ANEW 245. SGGJa I 107; F I 842; B
*xnukkjanan wk.vb.: ON hnykkja ‘to Nom. 111.
pull violently’, LG nucken ‘to kick, to *xòfan sb.n.: ON hóf ‘measure, modera-
punch’. Related to *xnukkaz ~ *xnukkòn. tion’, OFris bi-hòf id., MLG be-hòf id.,
M Gém. 77; V ANEW 245. MHG be-huof ‘profit, advantage’. Closely
*xnukkjaz sb.m.: ON hnykkr ‘a kind of related to Gk k≈ph ‘handle’, Lith kúopa
wrestler’s movement’, MLG nuck, nucke ‘crowd, flock, band, penalty for damage
‘flip, hitch’. Derived from *xnukkaz ~ caused by cattle’. T-F 73; H-
*xnukkòn. V ANEW 245.  AEEW 168; T ZdPh LXX
*xnutz sb.f.: ON hnot ‘nut’, OE hnutu id., 344; P I 528; V ANEW
MLG not, note id. (i-stem), OHG nuz, hnuz 246–247; F II 63; S 245 (to
id. (i-stem). Related to Dac sikou-pnoÊj *xafjanan); K-S 92.
‘plant ±rÊggion’, MIr cnú ‘nut’, Lat nux id. *xòfaz sb.m.: ON hófr ‘hoof ’, OE hóf id.,
See *xnukkaz ~ *xnukkòn. L OFris hòf id., OS hòf id., OHG huof
ZfceltPh XIX 62–64; Z Gutt. 207; id. Related to Skt ≤aphá- id., Av safa- id.
T-F 100; V MSL XXI 41 Z Gutt. 186; B 1557–
(on the dissimilation in Latin); H- 1558; T-F 90; H
 AEEW 167; W-H AEEW 168; M III 297;
II 191–192; D Thr. 559–560; P I 530; C SGGJa I
P I 558; C SGGJa I 106; V ANEW 247; Z I 132;
101; V ANEW 244–245; Z II O 447; K-S 386.
208; O 618; G Wurzel- *xòfjanan wk.vb.: ON hœfa ‘to hit, to
nomina 471–473; K-S 594; aim’, OE be-hófian ‘to need, to require’,
A TB 202 (adds Toch B kontac(e) OFris bi-hòvia ‘to aim’, MLG be-hòven
‘nut (?)’). id. Derived from *xòfaz. T-F 73;
xòfjanan 182 xrabnaz
H AEEW 168; V ANEW *xòpan sb.n.: ON hóp ‘small landlocked
277. bay’, OE fen-hóp ‘fen-heap’, OFris hòp
*xòxòn sb.m.: Goth hoha ‘plow’. Cf. also ‘circle’, Du hoep id. Of unknown origin.
OHG huohilì ‘small plow’ (G Gesch. T-F 71 (to Gk kÒmbow ‘roll, band,
40). Related to Skt ≤àkhà ‘branch’, Alb girth’); H AEEW 169; V
thekë ‘fringe’, Lith “akà id., Slav *soxa ANEW 248; O 447; T PJa
‘plow’ (B BB X 290; M- III 108 (to *xappan).
 BSL XXXVI/107 111, Etudes 158, *xòra-¶òmaz sb.m.: ON hór-dómr ‘adul-
174). H Kult. 565; H Waldbäume tery’, OFris hòr-dòm ‘whoredom’. Derived
499–501; P KZ XXXVI 332, from *xòròn. O 1005.
XXXVIII 391; Z Gutt. 138; *xòra-kwenòn sb.f.: ON hór-kona ‘adul-
M IF XVII 121; S- teress’, OE hór-cwene id. Compound of
N II 208–209; T BSW *xòran and *kwenòn. C Nom. comp. 81
297; F 266–267; M III (parallel formations).
321–322; P I 523; F *xòran sb.n.: ON hór ‘adultery, fornica-
957–958; V-T III 729– tion’, OE hór ‘adultery’, OFris hòr ‘adul-
730; L GED 189; O AED 473. tery, fornication’, OS hòr-hùs ‘brothel’,
*xòlan sb.n.: ON hól ‘praise, flattery’, OHG huor ‘adultery, fornication’. See
OE hól ‘vain speech, calumny, slander’. *xòraz. Z Gutt. 64; T-F 90;
Derived from *xelanan (G Got. H AEEW 170; V ANEW
6–7). U PBB XXX 291 (to 249; L GED 190.
Lat calumnia ‘trickery, artifice, false accu- *xòraz sb.m.: Goth hors ‘fornicator, adul-
sation’, Slav *xvala ‘praise’); T-F terer’, ON hórr id. Related to Lat càrus
90 (to Lat caluor ‘to deceive, to devise ‘dear’, OIr caraim ‘to love’, Latv kãrs
tricks’, calumnia); U PBB XXX ‘lusty, greedy’. Z Gutt. 122;
291–292 (to Lat calò ‘to call’); H- T-F 90; W-H I 175;
 AEEW 168; V ANEW 247; F 267–268; P I 515; D
L GED 189 (to IE *kèl- ‘to be- VSJa 27; V ANEW 249; O
witch, to deceive’). 1005; V W I 147 (adds Toch
*xòljanan wk.vb.: ON hœla ‘to praise, to B an-kàre ‘immorality (?)’); L GED
flatter’, OE hélan ‘to slander’. Derived 190; B Nom. 75, 97; K-
from *xòlan. H AEEW 168; S 389.
V ANEW 278 (to Gk khl°v ‘to *xòròjanan wk.vb.: ON hóra ‘to commit
charm, to bewitch’); L GED 189. adultery’, MLG hòren id., OHG huoròn id.
*xòlòjanan wk.vb.: Goth holon ‘to slan- Derived from *xòraz. T-F 90;
der’, OE hólian id. Derived from *xòlan. V ANEW 249.
T-F 90; H AEEW 169; *xòròn sb.f.: ON hóra ‘whore, harlot’, OE
FEIST 267; LEHMANN GED 189. hóre id., MLG hòre id., OHG neut. huor
*xònaz sb.n.: ON pl. hœns ‘hens, fowl’, id. Derived from *xòraz. T-F 90;
OS hòn ‘hen’, OHG huon id. (residual s- M Slavia XXI/2 259–261 (from
stem). Long grade variant of *xanòn. Cf. Slav *kur˙va id.); H AEEW
the same ablaut grade in Slav *kan’a 170; P I 515; V ANEW 249;
‘hawk’ < *kònƒà. V‘ Lat. 48 (to M Slav-germ. 297–210 (follows
Lat cicònia ‘stork’); B IF M); Z I 155; O 1005;
XXXVII 249; Z Gutt. 108; K-S 389.
M MSL XII 213; H IF *xrabnaz sb.m.: Burg *hramns ‘raven’, ON
XXXIX 67; T-F 69–70; V hrafn id., OE hræfn id., OS naht-hraban
ANEW 278 (to Lat cònia ‘stork’); L ‘nocticorax’, OHG hraban, raban ‘raven’.
GED 176; K-S 386. Derived from *xrabòn. Z Gutt. 23,
xrabnaz 183 xraiwan
124; S DVN 174–179; T- XXX 339) (to*xurnan); H

F 103; H KZ XXVII 623 AEEW 172; V ANEW 252; O
(to Lat crepò ‘to rattle, to crack’), AEEW 752; K-S 679–680.
171; P I 569; V ANEW 250; *xrainisòjanan wk.vb.: ON hreinsa ‘to
Z II 220; O 741; L cleanse’, OHG reinisòn id. Derived from
GED 192; K 711; K-S *xrainiz. V ANEW 252–253; L-
662.  GED 193.
*xrabòn sb.m.: MLG rave ‘raven’, OHG *xrainiþò sb.f.: Goth un-hrainiþa ‘impu-
rabo id. Of imitative origin. U rity’, OHG hreinida ‘purification, clean-
PBB XXVI 305 (to Lat crepò ‘to rattle, to sing’. Derived from *xrainjanan. F
crack’, Latv krepèt ‘to be dirty’); S 520; L GED 190; H
DVN 174–179; T-F 103; P 303.
I 569; Z II 220; O 741; *xrainiz adj.: Goth hrains ‘clean’, ON
K-S 662. hreinn id., OFris hrène id., OS hrèni id.,
*xra¶janan wk.vb.: OE hreddan ‘to rid, OHG reini id. From *˚roi-ni- probably
to save’, OFris hredda id., OHG ir-retten related to Skt ≤r≈- ‘beauty’, Av srì- id., Gk
id. Identical with Skt ≤ratháyati ‘to loosen’ Hom kre¤vn ‘noble’. K NB II
(further related to ≤rathnàti ‘to become 181–182; Z Gutt. 217; T-F
loose’) and Slav *krotiti ‘to tame’ (M 104; F 268–269; K PBB VIII
Slavia XVI 187). V-T II 525 (adjective in *-ni- from IE *krei- ‘to
383; K-S 683. cut’, further related to *(s)ker-); P
*xraxilaz ~ *xrailan sb.m./n.: ON I 618, 946; V ANEW 252; L
hræll ‘weaver’s rod’, OE hræel ‘garment’, GED 190; H 302–303; K-
OFris hreil id., OHG hregil id. Cf. also S 677.
OE hreól ‘reel’ (T ANF XXIV 95). *xrainìn sb.f.: Goth hrainei ‘cleanliness’,
Of unknown origin. B BB OHG reinì id. Derived from *xrainiz.
XXVII 170 (to Slav *krosno ‘loom’); F 268; L GED 190; H-
T-F 101 (to Gk kerk¤w ‘weaver’s  303.
shuttle’); H AEEW 171; *xrainja-xertaz adj.: Goth hrainja-hairts
P I 618 (to Gk kr°kv ‘to weave, ‘pure in heart’, OHG rein-herzi id. Com-
to strike’); V ANEW 263; O 736. pound of *xrainiz and *xertòn. F 268;
*xraifjanan wk.vb.: ON hreifa ‘to swing’. L GED 190.
Close to Lith kraipaU, kraipÿti ‘to turn’, *xrainjanan wk.vb.: Goth hrainjan ‘to
cf. also kreÛpti id. (Z Gutt. 125; cleanse’, OS hrènian id., OHG reinen id.
P IF V 57). P Beiträge Derived from *xrainiz. F 268; L-
949; T BSW 140; P I  GED 190; H 303.
937; F 292; V ANEW 252. *xraiwan sb.n.: ON hræ ‘corpse, carrion’,
*xrairòn sb.m.: ON hegri ‘heron’ (with OE hráw ‘body, corpse’, hr≠w id., OFris
dissimilation), OE hrára id., OS regera hrè-ràf ‘corpse-robbery’, OS hrèu ‘corpse’,
id. (fem.), MLG reiger id., OHG reigaro, OHG hrèo, rèo id. (s-stem in pl.). Cf. also
reigar id. Probably, results from a dissimi- Goth hraiwa- in hraiwa-dùbo ‘turtle-dove’
lation of *xranròn based on *xrenanan. < *‘dove of death’, *‘dove of corpses’
T-F 104 (to Slav *krik˙ ‘shout’ or (S II 141–142; W BB
Gk kr¤zv ‘to creak’); H AEEW XXVIII 32). Substantivized adjective
172; C SGGJa I 59; V related to Gk kroiÒw ‘sickly, weak’, Lith
ANEW 216 (to Gk aor. kr¤ke ‘to creek, to kreÛvas ‘crooked’, Slav *kriv˙ id. (S
screech’); O 438. IF XXXI 466–467). S Urkelt. 97
*xrainaz sb.m.: ON hreinn ‘reindeer’, OE (to OIr crí ‘body’); B PBB XXIV
hrán id. From *xrainiz. ( J KZ 427–428 (to *xrawaz); Z Gutt. 208;
xraiwan 184 xratòjanan
G Got. 119; U PBB rampf id. Probably related to Gk krãmbow
XXXVI 3 (traces of s-stem); T-F ‘blight in grapes, when they shrivel before
101 (to Latv krija ‘bark’); W BB they are ripe’. T-F 103; F II
XXVIII 30–32 (to Slav *‘ervo ‘womb’); 5–6.
T NNEO 558 (to Lett krijat ‘to flay’); *xramusò(n) sb.f./m.: Norw rams ‘Allium
W MLN XVIII 15 (to *skrei- ‘to ursinum’, OE pl. hramsan ‘broad-leaved
turn’); N ZDADL LXXI 187–188; garlic’, MLG ramese ‘wild garlic’. Prob-
H AEEW 172; F 269; ably related to Gk krÒmuon ‘onion’ <
P I 936; F 203; V *kromuso-, kr°muon id., MIr crim ‘garlic’
ANEW 263; Z II 187; F II and further to Lith kermù“ë ‘wild garlic’,
22; E GL XVI 9–13 (Goth to Slav *‘erm˙“a id., *‘erm˙xa ‘bird cherry’.
Gk kÒraj ‘raven’, Lat corvus id.); L- The IE word was borrowed from NCauc
 GED 190–191. *kärmu≤V ‘kind of fruit tree, quince,
*xrakjanan wk.vb.: ON hrekja ‘to worry, plum’. B KZ XIX 419–420;
to vex’, OFris hreka ‘to tear’. Related to S KZ XXXII 346; P IF V
Lith krangù, kràgti ‘to tower, to overhang’. 33; T-F 103; H AEEW
Z Gutt. 125; T-F 101 (to Skt 172; P I 580–581; F
kárjati ‘to pain, to torment’); S- 243; F II 23–24; O 738;
 ZfInd II 279; C T ESSJa IV 68; S DV
SGGJa I 107; F 286; V 121 (IE and NCauc words genetically
ANEW 254. related); N-S NCED
*xramaz sb.m.: MLG raem ‘frame, 700; K-S 665.
rack’, OHG ram id. Identical with Slav *xrapòjanan wk.vb.: ON hrapa ‘to fall,
*krom˙ ‘loom, edge’ (Z Gutt. 122). to tumble down’, ME rapen ‘to hurry’.
F 270; S LS 31; P I 945; Derived from *xrappaz. T-F 102
T ESSJa XII 185–186. (to *xratòjann); A TB 154 (to Toch
*xrammaz ~ *xrammòn sb.m.: ON AB kàrp- ‘to descend’ < *korb-).
hrammr ‘paw, palm’, OE hramma ‘cramp, *xrappaz adj.: ON prop. Hrappr, MLG
spasm’, MLG ram, ramme id. An emphatic rapp ‘swift’. Related to Slav *krîp˙k˙
form of *xrampaz. T-F 104; ‘firm’. T-F 102 (to *xrapòjanan);
H AEEW 172; M Gém. P I 620; V-T II
190; P I 948–949 (to Gk kãrfow 372.
‘dry stalk, chip’); V ANEW 251. *xrappjanan wk.vb.: ON hreppa ‘to catch,
*xram(m)janan wk.vb.: Goth hramjan ‘to to obtain’, OE hreppan ‘to touch, to treat’,
crucify’, ON hremma ‘to clutch’, OE hrem- OFris reppa ‘to touch’, MLG reppen ‘to
man ‘to obstruct, to hinder’, EFris remmen move slightly’. Derived from *xrappaz.
‘to lace, to tie’, MDu remmen ‘to brake, to Z Gutt. 207; T-F 102–103
check (wheels)’. Denominative of *xram- (to Lith krap“tÿti ‘to scrape, to rub, to
maz ~ *xrammòn (F 270). Cf. a similar scratch’); H AEEW 173; M-
formation in Slav *kromiti ‘to divide, to  Gém. 169; V ANEW 254.
break’. Z Gutt. 114, 122; T- *xratòjanan wk.vb.: ON hrata ‘to fall, to
F 103; H AEEW 173; stagger, to tumble’, OE hratian ‘to hurry’,
C SGGJa I 80; V ANEW MHG razzen ‘to rage’. Related to Skt kùr-
251, 254; L GED 191 (to IE dati ‘to leap, to jump’, Gk kradãv ‘to
*kre-m-, from *(s)ker- ‘to cut’); T swing, to wave’. On the other hand, cf.
ESSJa XIII 5; V W I 234 (to *xrappjanan. Z Gutt. 122; T-
Toch B krämp- ‘to disturb, to check’). F 101; H AEEW 172;
*xrampaz sb.m.: Norw dial. ramp ‘thin M I 254–255; V ANEW
man’, MLG ramp ‘cramp, spasm’, MHG 252; F II 1–2.
xraþaz 185 xrenaz
*xraþaz sb.m.: ON hraär ‘swift’, OE hræä, B Nom. 239; H

hræd id., MLG rat ‘swift, quick’, OHG 306; K-S 690.
hrad id. Structurally close to Lith adv. api- *xraznò sb.f.: ON hr‡nn ‘wave’, OE hærn
kratai ‘quick, fast’. Further related to MIr ‘waves, tide’. Identical with Gk krÆnh
crothaim ‘to shake’, Lith kre‘iù, krEsti id. ‘spring, fountain’ (S MSL 1889
(F II 99; S PBB XLVIII 119), Alb krua ~ krue id. < PAlb *kresnà
79–85). K NB I 57–58, II 294; (C I 50). P IF XXIV
T-F 102; H AEEW 46 (to *xreusanan); K NB XXIX 113;
171; P I 620; F 295; T-F 104; H AEEW
V ANEW 250; O 741; H- 146; V ANEW 264 (to *xròzjanan);
 304–305. F II 16; O AED 198.
*xrau¶ò sb.f.: ON hrauä ‘mail-coat, *xrefaz sb.n.: OE hrif ‘womb, belly’, OFris
cuirass’, OE scild-hreóäa ‘shield, buckler’. hrif, href id., OHG href id. Related to Skt
Derived from *xreu¶anan. H k®p ‘shape, beautiful appearance’, Lat cor-
AEEW 173; V ANEW 252 (to ON pus ‘body’, MIr crí ‘body’ < *kºpes. Cf. an
hrjóäa ‘to strip, to disable’). interesting derivative ON hriflingr ‘a kind
*xraukaz sb.m.: ON hraukr ‘small stack’, of shoe’ < *xrefalinaz with a semantic
OE hreác ‘heap, stack’, MDu rooc id. development similar to Slav *‘ervik˙
Related to MIr crúach ‘heap’ (K PBB ‘shoe’ < *‘ervo ‘belly’ (S RFV
X 444). B KZ XIX (1870) 420– LXXI 444).  W IF XXVIII 123–
421 (to Lith kráuti ‘to put in a heap’); 124 (to Lith kreÛpti ‘to turn’); Z Gutt.
Z Gutt. 123, 215; T-F 107; 53, 125 (ON to Lat carpisculus ‘a kind of
H AEEW 172; C shoe’, OPrus kurpe ‘shoe’); T-F
SGGJa I 98; V ANEW 252; O 103 (ON to Gk krhp¤w ‘high boot, half-
766. boot’); H AEEW 174; W-
*xraumòn ~ *xraumaz sb.m.: ON H I 277–278; M I 260;
hraumi ‘noisy fellow’, OE hreám ‘cry’. P I 620; V ANEW 255 (ON
Probably continues *xraut-mòn ~ *xraut- to Lith kùrpë ‘shoe’); O 575.
maz derived from *xreutanan ~ *xrùtanan I. *xren¶anan str.vb.: ON hrinda ‘to kick,
T-F 573 (to LG schrauen ‘to cry, to to push, to throw’, OE pret. sg. rand id.
shout’). Probably related to Lith krañtas ‘steep
*xraustaz adj.: ON hraustr ‘strong, bank’, krentù, krìsti ‘to fall’, Slav *kr‡t˙
valiant’, G dial. rπst ‘sprightly, active’. ‘steep’ (Z Gutt. 123). T-F
Probably derived from *xreusanan. 102 (to Gk krÒtow ‘clapping’); H-
K NB II 339–340; S  AEEW 174; J IEW
PBB XLVIII 85; Z Gutt. 123; 272; P I 621; V ANEW
T-F 108; V ANEW 252; 256; V-T II 387 (against
P I 623; H 305–306. Z); S 273 (to *xrewwanan);
*xrawaz adj.: ON hrár ‘raw, fresh’, OE T Etim. 1978 6–7.
hreáw ‘raw’, OS hrao id., OHG *rao id. *xrenaz sb.m.: Crim. Goth. rinck ‘ring,
Related to Skt kraví- ‘raw flesh’, Gk kr°aw circle’, ON hringr id., OE hrin id., OFris
‘flesh, meat’, Lat cruor ‘blood’, MIr crú id., hring id., OS hring id., OHG hring id.
Lith kraUjas id., Slav *kry id. Z Related to Slav *kr\g˙ ‘mountain ridge’ <
Gutt. 124; T-F 106; H *krengho-, *kr‡g˙ ‘circle’ < *krongho-, *kr\≥¸
AEEW 172; W-H I 294– ‘stump, mountain ridge’ < *krenghƒo-
295; M I 277; P I 621; (M 142, Z KZ XX 132).
F 290; V ANEW 251; F W IF XVIII 11; Z Gutt.
II 11–12; O 742; T ESSJa 125, 178; T-F 102; H
XIII 67–70; H IF LXXXII 75–76; AEEW 174; F 398; S KZ
xrenaz 186 xrewwanan
XLII 103; T Holz 80; P I OE hreóf ‘rough, scabby, leprous’, OHG
936; V ANEW 256; Z I riob ‘mangy, leprous’. Related to Lith
132; O 768; S LS 30–31; L- kraupùs ‘uneven, rough’. Further cf. Alb
 GEDE 285 (from *(s)ker- ‘to turn, to kripë ~ krypë ‘salt’, Slav *krupa ‘groats’
bend’); T ESSJa XII 142, 148– (M Alb. St. III 4, 31, 71). K
149, XIII 25–27; K-S 687. NB I 23; Z Gutt. 126; T-F
*xrenjanan wk.vb.: ON hringja ‘to ring’, 108; T BSW 143; H
OE hrinan id. (secondary str. forms). AEEW 173; K 279, Nom. Stamm.
Derived from *xrenaz? Z Gutt. 60, 88; P I 623; C
124; T-F 102; B I 612 (to SGGJa I 74; F 290; S LS 30;
Lith krankiù, krañkti ‘to croak’, Slav *krêkati V ANEW 258; H 306–
‘to quack’); H AEEW 174; 307; O AED 197; K-S
V ANEW 256; O 768. 339, 695.
*xrenjòn sb.f.: ON hringja ‘buckle’, OE *xreusanan str.vb.: OE hreósan ‘to fall’,
hrine id., OS hringa id., OHG ringa OHG hriusu ‘reor’ (leg. ruor). Etymologi-
id. Derived from *xrenaz. H cally related to Gk kroÊv ‘to strike’, Lith
AEEW 175; V ANEW 256; K- kru“ù, krù“ti ‘to trample’, OPrus krùt ‘to
S 688. fall’, Slav *kru“iti ‘to destroy’. Z
*xrepaz sb.n.: ON hrip ‘basket (carried on Gutt. 125, 208; T-F 107; H-
the horse-back)’, OHG ref id. Related to  AEEW 173; P I 622;
Lith kr‚p“as ‘basket’. T-F 103 (to F 302–303; V ANEW 258
Lat corbis ‘basket’); Bù RFV LXVII (to Gk krÊow ‘icy cold, frost’); F II
241; P I 937 (to Latv kribas 27–28; S 276–277.
‘woven floor of the sleigh’); C *xreutanan ~ *xrùtanan I str.vb.: ON
SGGJa I 77; V ANEW 257; K- hrjóta ‘to snore’, OE hrútan ‘to make a
S 673–674. noise, to snore’, OFris hrùta ‘to wheeze’,
*xreþanan str.vb.: OHG redan ‘to sieve’. OS pres. hrùtan ‘to snore’, OHG rùzan
Related to Lith kre‘iù, krEsti ‘to shake’, for id. Of imitative origin. T-F 107;
the semantic development cf. especially H AEEW 176; J
Lith kre“‘iuóti ‘to sieve’. P I 620; IEW 230–236; P I 567–571;
F 295; S 274–275. V ANEW 258; S 277–278.
*xreu¶an sb.n.: OE hreód ‘reed’, OFris *xreutanan ~ *xrùtanan II str.vb.: ON
hriàd id., OS hriod id., OHG hriot ‘place hrjóta ‘to rebound, to fall, to fly’, MHG
where reed grows’. Identical with Slav rùzen ‘to move quickly’. Related to *xreu-
*kr’ud˙ ‘whip’ (T ESSJa XII sanan. T-F 107 (to OPrus krùt ‘to
178). T-F 108; H fall’); P I 622.
AEEW 173; P I 623; O 749; *xrewwa-lìkaz adj.: ON hrygg-ligr
K-S 687 (to Toch A kru, B ‘mournful, sad’, OE hréow-líc ‘grievous,
kärwats ‘reed’). miserable’. Derived from *xrewwaz.
*xreu¶anan str.vb.: ON part. hro¶inn H 308.
‘covered with metal’, OE pret. sg. hreád *xrewwanan str.vb.: OE hreówan ‘to make
‘to cover’. Related to Lith kráuju, kráuti ‘to sorry, to grieve’, OFris hriouwa, riouwa ‘to
put on top of each other’, Slav *kryti ‘to regret’, OS hreuwan ‘to hurt, to pain’,
cover’ (W MP V 276). S PBB OHG riuwan id. Cf. also ON hryggja, hryg-
XXXVI 404; T-F 108; H- gva ‘to distress, to grieve’ < *xrewwjanan.
 AEEW 173; J IEW Of unknown origin. T-F 106–
268–269; P I 616–617; F 107 (to *kreu- ‘blood’); H
291; V ANEW 258; S 275. AEEW 173; P I 622 (to *kreu- ‘to
*xreufaz adj.: ON hrjúfr ‘rough, scabby’, strike’); V ANEW 263; S 278–
xrewwanan 187 xrìsan
279 (to Gk kroÊv ‘to strike, to smite’, *xrìbanan str.vb.: ON hrífa ‘to catch, to
Lith kru“ù, krù“ti ‘to pound’); K- grapple’, EFris rìfen ‘to rake’, MDu riven
S 683. id. Of unknown origin. A modification
*xrewwaz adj.: ON hryggr ‘afflicted, of *rìpanan or *xrìnanan? Z Gutt.
grieved, distressed’, OE hréowe ‘sad, 126; T-F 105 (to Latv skrìpàt ‘to
grieved’, OS hriuwi ‘worried’. Derived scratch’); S KZ XLII 101; V
from *xrewwanan. K NB II 444– ANEW 255 (to ON hreifi ‘wrist’).
445; U PBB XXVI 306 (to *xrìbòn sb.f.: ON hrífa ‘rake’, OFris hrìve
*xrawaz); P SVSU X 178 (to id., MDu rive id. Related to *xrìbanan.
Skt karú»a- ‘lamentable, compassionate’); T-F 105; V ANEW 255.
T-F 107; H AEEW *xrì¶ran ~ *xrì¶ròn sb.n./f.: OE hridder
173; J IEW 267; P I ‘sieve’, OS hrìdra ‘sieve’, OHG rìtera id.
622 (to *kreu- ‘to strike’); V ANEW Continues *krei-dhro- (as in Lat crìbrum
263; L Verschäfrung 150–151; S- ‘sieve’) or *krei-tro- (as in OIr crìathar id.).
 278–279; M Festschr. Schröder Z Gutt. 125 (to *xrisjanan ~ *xrissò-
95, KZ CV 98; H 308. janan); T-F 104; H
*xrèkjanan wk.vb.: ON hrækja ‘to spit’, AEEW 174; P I 946; C-
OE hr≠can ‘to clear the throat, to spit’. De-  SGGJa I 88; O 767; L-
rived from *xrèkòn. H AEEW  GED 190; K-S 678.
171; V ANEW 263; O 743. *xrìma-kal¶az adj.: ON hrím-kaldr ‘icy
*xrèkòn sb.m.: ON hráki ‘spittle’, OE hráca cold’, OE hrím-ceald id. Compound of
‘expectoration, spittle’. Related to Gk *xrìman ~ *xrìmaz and *kal¶az. C
kr≈zv ‘to croak’, Lith kreg∏ti ‘to speak Nom. comp. 61.
loudly, to grunt’. Z Gutt. 124, 162; *xrìman ~ *xrìmaz sb.n./m.: ON
T-F 101; H AEEW hrím ‘hoar frost’, OE hrím id., Du rijm
171; P I 569; V ANEW 251; id. Probably from *xrìp-m- in view of
F II 31; O 743. WGmc masc. *xrìpòn id.: OS hrìpo, OHG
*xrètò sb.f.: OFris ràta ‘honeycomb’, hrìfo. Unclear. Z Gutt. 126; T-
MLG ràte id., OHG ràza id. An ablaut F 104 (to Lith krënà ‘foam on the
variant of *xròtan.  W IF XXVIII cooking dish’); H AEEW 174
121–123 (to Slav *krada ‘pile, stack’); (to Latv krèims ‘cream’); P I 618
P I 617. (to *xrìnanan); V ANEW 256; O
*xrisjanan ~ *xrissòjanan wk.vb.: 768; K-S 676.
Goth af-hrisjan ‘to shake off ’, OE hrissian *xrìnanan str.vb.: ON hrína ‘to cleave, to
id., OS hrisian ‘to shake oneself, to trem- stick’, OE hrínan ‘to touch’, OS hrìnan id.,
ble’. Related to *xristjanan. T-F OHG hrìnan id. Of unknown etymolo-
105; H AEEW 175; F 7; gy. Z Gutt. 124, 187; T-F
P I 19; L GED 5. 104 (to Latv krìt ‘to skim’); H
*xrispòn sb.f.: Burg *hrispa ‘thicket’, AEEW 174; J IEW 266;
MHG rispe ‘bush’. Close to Lat crispus P I 618; C SGGJa I
‘curly, twisted’, W crych ‘vibrant, curly’ 75 (to Latv krina ‘pig’); V ANEW
(L GED 5). W-H I 256 (to *krei- ‘to touch’); S 271;
293; P I 938; K 711. B Nom. 56.
*xristjanan wk.vb.: ON hrista ‘to shake’, *xrìs(a)lòn ~ *xrìs(a)laz sb.f./m.: ON
MLG risten ‘to braid’. Related to *xrìsan hrísla ‘twig’, OE hrisel ‘weaving shuttle’
and *xrisjanan ~ *xrissòjanan. Etymologi- (masc.?). Derived from *xrìsan. H-
cally close to MIr cressaim id. (M-  AEEW 175; V ANEW 257.
 ZfceltPh VII 412). T-F *xrìsan sb.n.: ON hrís ‘shrubs, brush-
105; P I 937; V ANEW 257. wood’, OE hrís ‘twig, branch’, OFris hrìs
xrìsan 188 xròþaz
‘switch, rod’, MLG rìs ‘twig, branch’, F 106; F 270; H AEEW
OHG hrìs, rìs id. Etymologically con- 176; T Holz 70 (from IE *ker- ‘to
nected with OPrus craysi, crays ‘straw’, Lat cut’); P I 531; S 279–280;
crìnis ‘hair’ (< *crisnis) and related to L GED 191 (to IE *kar- ‘praise’);
*xristjanan (L GED 5). Z K-S 695.
Gutt. 126; H AEEW 175; *xròpiz sb.m.: Goth hrops ‘clamor, outcry’,
W-H I 292–293; T Holz OHG ruof ‘shout, rumor’. Derived from
58–62; P I 937; V ANEW *xròpanan. F 270; V ANEW 260;
257; Z I 141; K-S S 279; L GED 191; B-
677.  Nom. 136; K-S
*xrìþò sb.f.: ON hríä ‘tempest, storm’, OE 695.
hríä id. Related to OIr crith ‘trembling, *xròpjanan wk.vb.: Goth hropjan ‘to
fever’, W cryd ‘fever’. L PBB XV shout’, ON hrœpa ‘to libel, to defame’,
511 (to Gk kr¤siw ‘separation, decision, OHG ruofen ‘to shout, to call’. Derived
judgement’); T-F 105; H- from *xròpan ~ *xròpaz. Z Gutt.
 AEEW 175; F ANF XLI 119; 23; T-F 106; V ANEW 260;
P I 937; V ANEW 255. S 279; L GED 191.
*xròfan ~ *xròfaz sb.n./m.: ON hróf *xròtan sb.n.: Goth hrot ‘roof, house’, ON
‘boat-shed’, OE hróf ‘roof, top, summit’, hrót ‘roof ’. Related to *xrètò. Close to Slav
OFris hròf ‘roof ’, MLG ròf id. Continues *krada ‘pile of logs’ (B BB
*krò-po-, cf. *xròtan < *krò-do-. On the XXVII 170; U PBB XXX 302)
other hand cf. OIr cró ‘enslosure, barn’ and Alb krodhë ‘beehive’ < PAlb *kràdà.
< *kràpo-. Z Gutt. 11, 208, IF As it follows from the comparison with
XIII 51 (to Slav *strop˙ ‘roof ’ < IE *xròfan ~ *xròfaz, the original structure of
*˚rapo-); P Kelt. Gr. I 92; T- this word is *krò-do-, a derivational vari-
F 106; H AEEW 176; ant of *krò-po-. L Festschr. Noreen 432
P I 616; V ANEW 259; (to Pers sarà( y) ‘palace’ < Iran *sràda-);
Z II 168; O 772. Z Gutt. 127; G Got.
*xròkaz sb.m.: ON hrókr ‘rook’, OE hróc 119–120 (to Gk krãdh ‘tree-top’); W-
id., MLG ròk id., OHG hruoh id. Related  IF I 194 (to Slav *kryti ‘to cover’);
to *xrèkòn. Z Gutt. 23, 124; U PBB XXX 292 (same as
H AEEW 175; S ANT L); T-F 106; H Ablaut 77
183; T-F 105; P I 569; (to Gk k°raw ‘head’); B 605
V ANEW 259; F II 31; O (against B); V W IF
772; L GED 192. XXVIII 121 (compares Slav *krada
*xròpan ~ *xròpaz sb.n./m.: ON hróp with Gmc *xrètò ); T BSW 140
‘crying, screaming’, OE hróp ‘crying, (to Lith kraUtë ‘attic’); H ESt.
clamor’. Derived from *xròpanan ‘to 432–435 (against B; recon-
shout, to call’. T-F 106; H- structs *kròu-d-, eventually, to IE *ker- ‘to
 AEEW 176; J IEW weave’); F 270–271; T Holz 70
192; V ANEW 260; S 279; (to IE *(s)ker- ‘to cut’); P I 617;
K-S 695. V ANEW 261; Z I 141;
*xròpanan str.vb.: OE hrópan ‘to cry L GED 191–192; T
out, to clamor’, OFris hròpa ‘to shout, to ESSJa XI 58–60 (Slav *korda rather than
call’, OS hròpan id., OHG ruofan id. Of *krada); O AED 197–198.
unknown origin. Cf. *xròþaz. N *xròþaz sb.m.: Burg *hroþs ‘glory, victory’,
Abriß 206 (to Lith skrebù, skreb∏ti ‘to rus- ON hróär ‘praise’, OE hréä ‘fame, glory’,
tle’); B PBB XXXVII 251 hróäor ‘joy’, OS hròä ‘glory’, OHG prn.
(rhyming word with *wòpjanan); T- Ruod-beraht. Any connection with *xra¶-
xròþaz 189 xrussan
janan? H PBB XXIII 292 (to *kar- ‘to rowne id., MLG rogen id., OHG masc.
praise’: Gk kÆruj ‘herold’, Skt carkarti ‘to rogan id. Derived from *xruòn. Z
make mention of, to praise’); T-F Gutt. 11, 126; T-F 107; P
105; H AEEW 175; F 271; I 619; V ANEW 259; K-S
P I 530–531; V ANEW 259; 690.
L GED 192 (to IE *kar- ~ *krà- *xruòn sb.m.: ME rowe ‘fish roe’, MDu
‘to praise’); K 711. roge id., OHG hrogo id. Related to
*xròþiaz ~ *xròþuaz adj.: Goth *xrawaz. B BB XXI 315 (to
hroþeigs ‘victorious, triumphant’, ON Lith kurkulaÛ ‘frog-spawn’); Z Gutt.
hróäugr id., OE hréäi id. Derived from 126; T-F 107; P I 619;
*xròþaz. F 271; L GED 192. V ANEW 259; K-S 690.
*xròzaz adj.: Run prop. hroRaR, OE hrór *xruk( j)òn sb.m./f.: ON hroki ‘heap above
‘stirring, active’, OS hròr ‘lively’. Identical the brim of a full vessel’, OE corn-hrycce
with Slav *kras˙ ‘beautiful, colored’, ‘corn-rick’. Related to *xraukaz. V
*krasa ‘beauty’. T-F 106; H- ANEW 259.
 AEEW 176; P I 572; *xrumpaz sb.m.: Norw dial. rump ‘flat hill
V ANEW 264; M KZ CV 123; top, buttocks’, ME rumpe ‘podex’ (fem.),
T ESSJa XII 95–97, 105; MLG rump ‘trunk’. Of unknown origin.
H 309. T-F 103 (to *xrampaz).
*xròzjanan wk.vb.: ON hrœra ‘to move, to *xrunò(n) sb.f.: Goth hrugga ‘staff ’, OE
stir’, OE hréran ‘to shake, to move’, OFris hrun ‘rung, staff, rod’, MLG runge ‘pole,
hrèra ‘to move’, OS hròrian id., OHG stake’, OHG runga id. Related to *xrenaz
hruoren ‘to push, to move’. Derived from (T-F 108). C BB
*xròzaz. Structurally close to Slav *krasiti XXX 159; S PBB XXIX 499
‘to ornate’. Z Gutt. 187; T- (reconstructs the original meaning as
F 106; H AEEW 175; *‘round pole’: to Skt krúñcati ‘to curve,
V ANEW 264; T ESSJa XII to move crookedly’); U TNTL
99–100; H 309; K- XXV 279–280 (against S);
S 696. H AEEW 176; F 271–
*xrufò(n) sb.f.: ON hrufa ‘crust, rough 272; P I 936; Z I 147;
surface (of a stone)’, OFris rofe, rafe ‘crust O 777; L GED 192; K-
(on a wound)’, MLG rove id., OHG ruf S 696.
‘scab’. Cf. also Gep *hrufs ‘scurf ’. Related *xrusòn sb.f.: OE hruse ‘earth, ground’,
to *xreufaz. V ANEW 261; K OHG (h)rosa ‘crust, ice’. Derived from
715. *xreusanan. Identical with Lith kru“à ‘hail,
*xrujaz sb.m.: ON hryggr ‘back, spine’ floe’, Slav *kr˙xa ‘bit’. T-F 108;
(traces of i-stem), OE hryc id., OFris hreg W-H I 295 (to Gk krÊow
id., OS hruggi id., OHG hruggi id. ‘frost, cold’, Lat crusta ‘crust’); F
Connected with Lat crux ‘cross, tree or 302; V-T II 384.
wooden frame for execution’, Ir crúach *xrussan sb.n.: ON hross ‘horse’, OE hors
‘heap’. Z Gutt. 127, 187; T- id., OFris hors, hars id., OS hros id., OHG
 KZ XLII 374 (to Slav *k˙r‘iti ‘to hros, ros id. Borrowed from East Iranian,
bend, to ply’); T-F 107; H- cf. Osset (v)urs ‘stallion’ (B APS III
 AEEW 177; W-H I 1–3; B BSL LVIII 41–43).
296–297; P I 938; V ANEW Derivation from *xreusanan is less proba-
262; Z II 213; O 767; ble. Cf. also *xruzan. K PBB VII
L Verschärfung 15.17; K- 176 (to Gk kradãv ‘to shake’); F
S 694. BB XIV 105 (to Lat currò ‘to run’, OIr
*xrunan sb.n.: ON hrogn ‘fish roe’, ME carr ‘vehicle’); Z Gutt. 123; T-
xrussan 190 xujanan
F 79; H AEEW 170 (to Skt mind’, ON -úä (in cmpn.), OE e-hyd
kùrdati ‘to leap, to jump’); J ‘thought, cogitation’, OS gi-hugd id.,
IEW 239 (to *xurskaz); B APS III OHG gi-hugt ‘memory’. Derivative in IE
1–31 (from East Iranian); P I 583; *-ti- from *xujanan. K PBB IX
V ANEW 260; Z I 141; 152–153; C Prät. 13–14, 74–77 (on
O 448; K-S 692; A *-ti- > *-¶i- assimilated to root final
TB 234 (to Toch A kursär, B kwarsär *--); F 184; L GED 139.
‘league, course’). *xui-rùnò sb.f.: ON pl. hug-rúnar ‘magical
*xruzan sb.n.: ON hr‡r ‘corpse’, OE runes’, OE hye-rún ‘secret of the mind’.
e-hror ‘fall, ruin, death’. Derived from Compound of *xuiz ~ *xuuz and *rùnò.
*xreusanan. H AEEW 176; C Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
J IEW 268; V ANEW *xui-þankaz ~ *xui-þankòn sb.m.:
264; S 276. ON hug-þokki ‘mind, disposition, judg-
*xrùmaz sb.m.: OE hrúm ‘soot’. Identi- ment’, OE hye-äanc ‘thought’. Com-
cal with Av xrùma- ‘terrible, horrible’, pound of *xuiz ~ *xuuz and *þankaz.
Gk kr:umÒw ‘icy cold, frost’. Further cf. C Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
*xrùþaz ~ *xrùþòn. T-F 106; *xuiz ~ *xuuz sb.m.: Goth hugs ‘under-
F II 28. standing, mind’, ON hugr ‘mind, mood’,
*xrùþaz ~ *xrùþòn sb.m.: ON hrúär OE hye ‘mind, heart, soul’, OFris hei
‘crust, scab’, OE fem. hrúäe ‘mange, ‘mind’, OS hugi id., OHG hugu ‘mind,
scabies’, OS hrùtho ‘scab’, OHG rùdo sense, spirit’. See *xujanan. B Glos-
id. Related to *xrawaz (Torp NNEO 550). sarium 380 (to Skt ≤añkate ‘to sway’); F
Cf. Lat crusta ‘crust’ < *˚reu- ‘blood’ BB XVII 320 (to Lat cupiò ‘to desire’);
(Bücheler Kl. Schr. II 270). T-F U PBB XXII 541 (to Gk kukãv
106; W-H I 295 (against ‘to mix, to stir up’), XXX 293 (to *ku·h-
B); H AEEW 177; ‘to hide’); C BB XXX 153–
P I 621; V ANEW 261 (re- 154; T-F 91; M BB XXII
lated to Lat kreve ‘scab’); K-S 239 (to Lith kaUkas ‘pixie, goblin’); H
669. Ablaut 110 (from *˚ukí-, cf., Skt ≤úci-
*xufan ~ *xufaz sb.n./m.: ON hof ‘bright, pure’, further to Skt ≤ócati ‘to
‘pagan temple’, OE hof ‘dwelling, house, shine, to glow, to burn’, Av part. sao‘int-
hall’, OFris hof ‘yard’, OS hof id., OHG ‘burning’); W MP XVII 572 (to
hof id. Related to *xaupaz (with irregu- Czech ‘ihati ‘to lie in wait’); J
lar -p-). T-F 94; H PBB XVIII 37 (follows H); H-
AEEW 168; P I 591; V  AEEW 183; F 273; P
ANEW 246; Z II 168; K- I 596; V ANEW 265; Z II
S 379. 201; L GED 192–193 (to Skt kaví-
*xufa-sta¶iz sb.m.: ON hof-staär ‘sanctu- ‘seer, sage, poet’); B Nom.
ary’, OS hof-stedi ‘court’. Compound of 130.
*xufan ~ *xufaz and *sta¶iz. C Nom. *xujanan wk.vb.: Goth hugjan ‘to think’,
comp. 83 (parallel formations). ON hyggja ‘to think, to mean, to believe’,
*xufraz sb.m.: OE hofer ‘hump, swelling’, OE hycan ‘to think, to be midful’, OFris
MLG hover id., MHG hover id. Close to hugia ‘to think’, OS huggian id., OHG
Lith kuprà id. Cf. also *xufan ~ *xufaz. huggen ‘to remember, to hope’. Related to
T-F 94; H AEEW 168; Hitt kunk- ‘to weigh (?)’, Lith k’“tù, kù“ti
P I 591; C SGGJa I ‘to start to move’ (W IF CIV
73; F 314; V ANEW 274; 211–213). For the semantic develop-
S LS 31. ment cf. Lat pendò ‘to weigh, to consi-
*xu¶iz sb.f.: Goth ga-hugds ‘perception, der’, G wägen ‘to determine the weigh, to
xujanan 191 xulniz
consider’. F BB XVII 320 (to Lat E hull, OHG hulla ‘cover, veil’. Cf. also
cupiò ‘to long, to desire’); T-F 91; ON prop. Huld < *xul¶ò. Derived from
H AEEW 183; F 272–273; *xelanan, cf. *xuljanan. Z Gutt. 185;
F 321–322; V ANEW 274; T-F 81; H AEEW 177;
L GED 192–193; M VJa O 451; V ANEW 266; L
XXXV/5 143 (to *xawwanan); K- GED 193.
S 379. *xulistran sb.n.: Goth hulistr ‘cover, veil’,
*xuòjanan wk.vb.: ON huga ‘to consider, OE heolstor ‘darkness, veil, covering’, Du
to think’, OE hoian ‘to mind, to think’, holster ‘holster’. Derivative in *-str-o- of
OFris hugia ‘to think’, OS huggean id., *xuljanan (K Nom. Stamm. 49–50). Cf.
OHG huggen id. See *xujanan. H- also *xulisò ‘husk, pod’: MLG hulse, OHG
 AEEW 168; V ANEW 265. hulsa. T-F 81; F 274; H-
*xuòn sb.m.: ON hugi ‘mind, mood’, OE  AEEW 156; L GED 193.
hoa ‘care’, hou ‘care, worry’. Related to *xuljanan wk.vb.: Goth huljan ‘to cover’,
*xuiz. H AEEW 168; V ON hylja ‘to hide, to cover’, OFris bi-hella
ANEW 265. ‘to cover’, OS bi-hullean id., OHG hullen
*xulan sb.n.: ON hol ‘cavity, hollow’, OE id. Derived from an unattested aorist
hol ‘covering’, OFris hol ‘den’, OHG hol present based on *xelanan (M BSL
id. Substantivized *xulaz. Z Gutt. XX 25). T-F 81; F 274;
185; H AEEW 168; F P I 553; V ANEW 274;
274–275; V ANEW 247; O 444; S 252; L GED 193.
L GED 194, 383. *xulòn ~ *xulìn sb.f.: ON hola ‘hole’,
*xulaz adj.: ON holr ‘hollow’, OE hol id., OHG holì id. Derived from *xulaz.
OFris hol id., OS hol id., OHG hol id. H AEEW 184; V ANEW
Derived from *xelanan (B IF 247 (to Gk kaliã ‘hut, barn’).
XXXIII 305–307). K NB I 2; *xulkaz ~ *xulkan sb.m./n.: ON hólkr
Z Gutt. 185; M NGWG 1906 ‘metal tube’, OE holc ‘hollow, cavity’. Of
187 (against B; to Skt kulyà unknown origin. To be separated from
‘brook, ditch, channel’, Gk kaulÒw ‘stem, OE hulc ‘light ship’, MLG hulk, holke ‘ship
shaft’, Lat caulis ‘stem, penis’); T- of burden’, OHG holco id. (despite
F 81, 563; H AEEW 168; H PBB XLI 194) borrowed from
P Gliederung 177; P I 537; Lat holcas id. < Gk ˜lkaw id. F WuS
V ANEW 248; O 444; L IV 88; H AEEW 169, 177;
GED 383; H 310–311; K- V ANEW 247 (to *xulaz); O 451.
S 379–380. *xulmaz sb.m.: ON hólmr ‘islet’, OE
*xul¶an sb.n.: ON hold ‘flesh, meat’, OE holm ‘mound, hill’, OS holm ‘hill’. Related
hold ‘carcass, body’. Continues a partici- to *xalluz ~ *xallaz. Reflects *k¬mo-, cf.
ple *(s)k¬to- of *(s)kel- ‘to cut’. On the Lat columen ‘point, top, pillar’ < *kelom–
other hand, probably related to MIr (C Gr. Et. 153). Z Gutt.
colinn ‘meat’. Z Gutt. 107; T- 106; T-F 82; H AEEW
F 96 (to *kel- ‘to strike’); H 169; W-H I 249–250;
AEEW 169; P I 925; D VSJa P I 544; V ANEW 248; L-
33 (to Lith “˚elt ‘to split’); C  112, 117; K-S 381.
SGGJa I 99; V ANEW 247. *xulmjanan wk.vb.: ON hylma ‘to hide,
*xul¶janan wk.vb.: ON hylda ‘to slash’, to conceal’, OE for-hylman ‘to cover over,
OE hyldan ‘to flay, to skin’, holdian ‘to cut to conceal’. Related to *xelmaz, *xelanan.
open’. Derived from *xul¶an. H- H AEEW 184; V ANEW
 AEEW 183; V ANEW 274. 275.
*xul¶òn sb.f.: ON hulda ‘hiding, secrecy’, *xulniz sb.m.: OE hyll ‘hill’, Fris hel id.,
xulniz 192 xumlò(n)
MDu hille id. Close to Lat collis ‘hill’ if the AEEW 183; V ANEW 274–275;
latter continues *k¬nis rather than *kolnis. L GED 193; K 711; H-
See *xalluz ~ *xallaz. Z Gutt. 106;  311; K-S 386–387.
T-F 82; H AEEW 183; *xulþjanan wk.vb.: ON hylla ‘to court
W-H I 245; P I 544; one’s friendship’, OHG hulden ‘to calm, to
C SSGJa I 55; O 441. comfort’. Derived from *xulþaz. T-
*xulòjanan wk.vb.: Goth us-hulon ‘to F 83; H 312.
hollow out’, ON hola ‘to make hollow’, *xulþòn I sb.m.: Goth un-hulþa ‘devil’, OE
OHG holòn id. Derived from *xulaz. un-holda ‘fiend’, OFris holda ‘friend’, OS
F 533; V ANEW 247; L un-holdo ‘devil’, OHG holdo ‘friend’.
GED 383; H 310. Derived from *xulþaz. F 520–521;
*xultan sb.n.: ON holt ‘wood, grove’, OE L GED 193; B Nom.
holt id., OFris holt id., OS holt id., OHG 179; K-S 848; H
holz ‘wood’. Related to Gk klãdow 311.
‘branch’, MIr caill ‘forest’, W celli id., *xulþòn II sb.f.: Goth un-hulþo ‘fiend,
Corn celli ‘nemus’ < Celt *kaldì and Slav she-devil’, OHG un-holda ‘monster’.
*kolda ‘log’ (B BB XVI 240). See *xulþòn I. F 520–521; L
Z Gutt. 121; T-F 84; GED 193; K-S 848; H-
H AEEW 169; T Holz  311.
43–51; B Festschr. Trier 456– *xumaraz sb.m.: ON humarr ‘lobster’,
476; P I 546–547; V ANEW LG hummer id. Structurally close to
248; Z I 141; O 445; Gk kãmarow ‘lobster, aconite’. Z
T ESSJa X 122–123; K- Gutt. 208; T-F 95; P I 558;
S 381. V ANEW 266; F I 773.
*xulþaz adj.: Goth hulþs ‘kind, clement’, *xumalaz ~ *xumalòn sb.m./f.: ON
ON hollr ‘gracious, faithful’, OE hold humall ‘hop-plant’, OE hymele id., MLG
‘kind, friendly, pleasant’, OFris hold ‘fair, homele id. Together or via Slav *x˙mel¸ id.
faithful’, OS hold ‘kind, dear, devoted’, borrowed from the East (K KZ
OHG hold ‘true, devoted’. Probably XXXV 313–314), cf. Chuv x6mla id. <
derived from *xal¶anan (M KZ *qumlag. The latter goes back to Iranian:
LXXXIII 150–152). K NB II Osset xumællæg id. < *xaum-ala-ka- derived
314–315; W AJPh XXIII 195–1956 from *xauma- ‘sacred drink, soma’
(to Skt ≤ràmyati ‘to become weary’); (T ESSJa VIII 143–144). Late
F BB VI 219 (to Skt ká†a- Lat humulus id. is probably from Gmc.
‘twist’); Z Gutt. 107; T-F 83; H PBB XXIII 338; U AfslPh
F 274; G Kalypso 91 (to *xul- XV 485 (Slav < Gmc); H
janan); R Festschr. Schrijnen 713–716; AEEW 184; V ANEW 266; O
H AEEW 169; T Lehm 447 (from Slav *x˙mel¸ id.); V-
55–56; P I 552; V ANEW T IV 249–250.
247–248; S Goten 70–71, 105– *xumlò(n) sb.f.: Norw dial. humla ‘bum-
106; M KZ LXXXIII 150–152 ble-bee’, MLG hummel id., OHG humbala
(to *xalþaz); L GED 193–194; id. Cannot be separated from Slav
H 311–312; K-S *‘¸mel¸ id. but the phonetic details
380. are not clear. Further cf. Lith kamanE
*xulþìn sb.f.: Burg *hulþi ‘favor’, ON hylli id., OPrus camus id. Z Gutt. 127;
‘grace, favor’, OE hyldu ‘kindness, favor’, M MSL XIV 367; T-F
OFris helde ‘goodwill, benevolence, favor’, 95; L IF XXXII 162 (on OHG
OS huldi id., OHG huldì id. Derived from -b-); V ANEW 266; F 212;
*xulþaz. T-F 83; H V-T IV 459; T
xumlò(n) 193 xunrjanan
ESSJa IV 145–146; T PJa III dred’, OE hundred id., OFris hundred id.,
200–202; K-S 387. OS hundrod, hunderod id., MHG hundert id.
*xumpaz sb.m.: ON huppr ‘hip’, E hump, Compound of *xun¶an and otherwise
LG fem. humpe ‘limp’. Related to Skt unattested *ra¶an identical with Lat ratum,
kúmba- ‘thick end of a bone’, Gk kÊmbh part. of reor ‘to reckon, to believe’. See
‘hollow of a vessel’, kumbÒw id., MIr comm *raþjanan ~ *raþòjanan. T-F 93,
‘vessel’. T-F 94; P I 592; 336; W-H II 429; H-
V ANEW 267; F II 48.  AEEW 178; P I 59, 192;
*xunaan sb.n.: ON hunang ‘honey’ (sec- R IF LXVII 129–141; V ANEW
ondary -n-), OE huni id., OFris hunig id., 267; O 452–453; P KZ XCII
OS honig, OHG honag id. A taboo-moti- 27–28; B Diachronica IV 257–262;
vated innovation based on a color adjec- R-B Numerals 620 (difficult -o- in
tive ‘yellow’, cf. Skt neut. kàñcaná- ‘gold, OS); K-S 388.
money, wealth’, Gk knhkÒw ‘pale yellow’, *xun¶arjan sb.n.: OSwed hundari ‘com-
OPrus cucan ‘brown’. T-F 93; pany (of one hundred)’, OHG huntari id.
H AEEW 178; M I Derived from *xun¶an. Derivationally cf.
195; P I 564–565; V ANEW Lat centuria ‘division of troops, company’.
266; F II 882–883; Z I 141; T-F 93; W-H I 201;
O 446; K-S 382; H- L GED 195.
 Mat. 181–182 (adds Toch B *xun¶az sb.m.: Goth hunds ‘dog’, ON
kro(n)k≤e ‘bee’). hundr id., OE hund id., OFris hund id., OS
*xunaa-swòtuz adj.: ON hunang-sœtr hund id., OHG hunt id. Continues *˚⁄–-to-
‘sweet as honey’, OE huni-swéte id., MDu and is derivationally close to Latv deprec.
honich-soet id., MHG honec-süeze id. Com- sùnt-ene ‘big dog’ (O Etym. I
pound of *xunaan and *swòtuz. C 240–241; P Beiträge 585). Further
Nom. comp. 89 (parallel formations). related to the Indo-European word for
*xun¶a-fa¶iz sb.m.: Goth hunda-faþs ‘cen- ‘dog’: Toch AB ku, Skt ≤ván-, Av spà, Gk
turion’. Identical with Skt ≤atá-pati- ‘cap- kÊvn, Lat canis, OIr cú, Lith “uõ (K
tain’. Compound of *xun¶an and *fa¶iz. KZ I 380; F KZ I 493).
F 276; B BSL LVIII 45 H PBB XXII 231–232; O Etym.
(independent late formation); C- 240–241; B KZ XXXII 54 (to Arm
 SGGJa I 107; L GED 195. skund ‘little dog’ < *˚⁄on-tà); Z Gutt.
*xun¶an sb.n.: Goth pl. hunda ‘hundred’, 187; B 1610–1612; T-
OE hund id., OFris hund id., OS hund id., F 93; H AEEW 178;
OHG hunt id. Identical with Lyc sñta, W-H I 152–153; F 276–
Toch A känt, B kante, Skt neut. ≤atá- id., 277; S 422; M III 402;
Av sat6m id., Gk •katÒn id., Lat centum P I 632–633; F 1033–
id., OIr cét, Lith “iMtas id., Slav *s˙to 1035; V ANEW 267; F II 58–59;
id. Z Gutt. 187; B Z I 133; O 449; H FLH
1555; T-F 93; T BSW IV 137–138; L GED 195; M-
305; H AEEW 178; W-  MSS L 97–101; K-S
H I 200–201; F 275–276; 388; A TB 179.
M III 293; P I 192; *xunrjanan ~ *xunròjanan wk.vb.:
F 984; F I 475; O 452– Goth huggrjan ‘to make to hunger’, ON
453; V-T III 761–762; hungra id., OE hynran, hynrian id., OFris
L GED 194–195; M St. hungera id., OS gi-hungrian id., OHG hun-
Cowgill 202–203; R-B Numerals garen id. Derived from *xunruz ~ *xun-
620; K-S 388; A TB 139. xruz. H AEEW 184; F
*xun¶a-ra¶an sb.n.: ON hundraä ‘hun- 272; O 453; L GED 193.
xunruz 194 xurxwaz
*xunruz ~ *xunxruz sb.m.: Goth þanan. T-F 70; H

huhrus ‘hunger’, ON hungr id., OE hunor AEEW 179; F 277; L GED
id. (a-stem), OFris hunger id., OS hungar 196; B Nom. 58.
id. (a-stem), OHG hungar id. (a-stem). *xupiz sb.m.: Goth hups ‘hip’, OE hype id.,
Derivationally close to Hitt tangarant- ‘not MLG hup id., OHG fem. huf id. Close to
having eaten’ (with assimilation) and Lith Gk kÊbow ‘hollow above the hips on cat-
keñkras ‘lean, emaciated’. Further to Skt tle’, W gogof ‘hollow, den’ (< *upo-kubà).
kà«kßati ‘to wish, to desire’, Gk k°gkei: Z Gutt. 208; T-F 93–94;
peinò, Hom polukagkÆw ‘parching, very H AEEW 184; F 277–278;
dry’, kãgkanow ‘dry’, Lith kankà ‘pain, P I 589–590; F II 39–40;
torture’ (B BB IV 357). Z II 176; O 441; L
Z Gutt. 111, 132; T-F 70; GED 196; B Nom. 130 (to
H AEEW 178; F 273; Lat cubàre ‘to lie’); K-S 386.
S Kl. Schr. 329; M *xuppòjanan wk.vb.: ON hoppa ‘to hop,
I 194; P I 565; F 240; to skip’, OE hoppian ‘to hop, to leap’,
V ANEW 267; F I 750–751; MLG huppen id., MHG hupfen, hopfen id.
Z II 201; O 453; L Derived from *xupiz. P IF II
GED 193; B Nom. 161–162; 304; Z Gutt. 121; T-F 94 (to
P IV 48; K-S 388. Gk kubistãv ‘to tumble head foremost’);
*xunslan sb.n.: Goth hunsl ‘sacrifice’, ON H AEEW 170; V ANEW
húsl ‘housel, eucharist’ (from OE?), OE 248–249; O 447; S Festschr.
húsel id. Probably continues *˚⁄–s-lo-, a de Smet 411–417 (*xupò(n) > OE hopa
noun in *-lo- derivationally close to Av ‘hope’, OFris hope id., MLG hope id. is
spanah- ‘holiness’ < *˚⁄enes-. Further con- from *xuppòjanan); K-S 389.
nected with Av sp6nta- ‘holy, saint’, Lith *xur¶iz ~ *xurþiz sb.f.: Goth haurds
“veñtas id., Slav *sv\t˙ id. (F I 767). ‘door’, ON hurä id., OE hyrd id., OS hurth
D ZDADL XLII 55 (to *xun¶an, ‘netting’, OHG hurd, hurt ‘lattice, fence’.
cf. Gk •katÒmbh); Z Gutt. 187; Etymologically identical with Lat cràtis
G Got. 122 (to Lat canò ‘wicker-work’ and related to Skt kº»átti ‘to
‘to sing’); B 1612, 1619– twist, to spin’, OPrus corto ‘fence’ and the
1621; T-F 93; B BB like. Z Gutt. 111; T-F 77;
XXVII 151 (to Lith “ùsti ‘to stew’); S-N II 557; H
O Festschr. Fick 252–253 (to *xen- AEEW 184; F 250; W-H
þanan); M Festschr. Fick 263 (to Gk I 285–286; M I 257; P
ka¤nv ‘to kill’); K ANF XV 326; I 584; V ANEW 267–268; Z
B PBB XLIII 417; R PBB I 151; O 453; L GED 179–
XLIX 114–118 (follows O), Wortst. 180; K-S 389.
108; Z Gutt. 50, 187; T-F *xurxwaz ~ *xurxwan sb.m./n.: ON
93; T BSW 311; H horr ‘mucus’, OE horh, hor ‘phlegm,
AEEW 179; F 277; T PBB LXVI rheum’, OS horu ‘excrements, dirt’, OHG
234 (to *xansò ); P Gliederung 167; horo id. Of imitative origin. M
P I 630; F 1041–1042; ZDADL XLII 169 (to OIr corcach
V ANEW 268 (ON not from OE; fol- ‘swamp’); L SVSU VI/1 50 (to Skt
lows T); Z I 141; V- kalká- ‘paste, dirt, sin’); Z Gutt. 72,
T III 585 (against F); 109; T-F 95; H AEEW
L GED 195–196. 170; S Kl. Schr. 113 (to Lith “iıvas
*xunþiz ~ *xunþò sb.f.: Goth hunþs ‘cap- ‘grey’); K KZ LXIV 130–136
tivity, capture’, OE húäe ‘prey, booty’, (to Gk k°rxnow ‘rough excrescence’
OHG heri-hunda id. Derived from *xen- and its cognates); S KZ LXIV 136–
xurxwaz 195 xusòn
137; P Gliederung 111; P hornungr ‘bastard’, OE hornun-sunu id.,

I 573; V ANEW 249; Z II OFris horning id., MLG horninc id., OHG
168. hornung ‘February’. Derived from *xurnan
*xurxaz sb.m.: ON horr ‘starvation’. (U KZ XL 555). Z Gutt.
Identical with Skt kº≤a- ‘emaciated, lean, 207 (to Gk kÊrnow ‘bastard’, secondarily
weak’, Av k6r6sa- ‘lean, meager’ (in associated with *xurnan); H
cmpn.) (U PBB XXXV 172). AEEW 170; V ANEW 249.
Further to Lith kár“tu, kár“ti ‘to reach old *xurnjanan wk.vb.: Goth haurnjan ‘to
age, to grow decrepit’. Z Gutt. blow a horn’, OHG hurnen ‘to equip with
109; B 469; M I horns’. Derived from *xurnjan. F
262; P I 581; F 223–224, 251; L GED 180.
BS 60; V ANEW 249. *xurnjòn sb.f.: ON hyrna ‘one of the horns
*xurjan ~ *xurjaz sb.n./m.: Goth hauri of an axe-head’, OE hyrne ‘angle’, OFris
‘coal, ember’, ON hyrr ‘embers of fire’ herne id. Derived from *xurnan. For the
(partly *xuriz). Related to Lith kuriù, kùrti semantic development cf. Slav *rog˙
‘to heat’, Slav *kuriti ‘to smoke’ (S- ‘horn, corner’. T-F 76; H-
 BB XXVIII 305; P  AEEW 184; V ANEW 275.
Aufs. 40–41). B KZ XXXII 51 (to *xurska-lìkaz adj.: ON horsk-ligr ‘brave,
Arm krak ‘fire’); U Altind. Wb. wise, noble’, OHG adv. horsc-lìhho ‘lively,
62 (to Gk ka¤v ‘to burn’); Z Gutt. resolutely, quickly’. Derived from *xur-
114; T-F 75; F 250; P skaz. H 313.
I 571–572; F 319; V ANEW *xurskaz adj.: ON horskr ‘wise’, OE horsc
275–276; Z II 213; F ‘quick, ready, active’, OS horsk ‘rapid,
319; L GED 180; T eager’, OHG horsc ‘swift, fast, lively’. Of
ESSJa XIII 123–125; D BSA 16. unknown origin. F BB XIV 105
*xurna-buòn sb.m.: ON horn-bogi ‘horn- (to Lat currò ‘to run’); K NB II
bow’, OE horn-boa id., MHG horn-boge 294–295; Z Gutt. 125 (to Lat
id. Compound of *xurnan and *buòn. scrùtàri ‘to investigate’); T-F 79;
C Nom. comp. 73 (parallel formations). S PBB XLVIII 80–81; F
*xurna-fiskaz sb.m.: ON horn-fiskr 49; H AEEW 170; P I
‘garfish’, OE horn-fisc id. Compound of 579 (to Gk k°rdow ‘gain, advantage’, W
*xurnan and *fiskaz. C Nom. comp. 74 cerdd ‘art’); J Suff. 29 (from
(parallel formations). *xurþ-skaz); V ANEW 249–250; L-
*xurnan sb.n.: Goth haurn ‘horn’, ON horn  GED 37; H 313.
id., OE horn id. (masc.), OFris horn id., *xurstiz sb.m.: Norw dial. rust ‘grove,
OS horn id., OHG horn id. Closely re- wood’, OE hyrst ‘copse, wood’, MLG
lated to Lat cornù id., Skt neut. ≤®«gaid., horst, hurst ‘bush’, OHG hurst id. Related
probably built on the unattested nomina- to W prys ‘grove’ < *k ⁄ºsto-, Slav *xvorst˙
tive in -g of the original *˚ºn-. Belongs to ‘bush, oak, firewood’ (with an unclear
IE *˚er- ‘head, horn’. P SVSL I *x-). T-F 78; P I 633.
5–7; Z Gutt. 186; T-F *xusòn sb.f.: ON hosa ‘hose, gaiter’,
75–76; H AEEW 170; W- OE hose id., OS hosa ‘trousers’, OHG
H I 276; F 251; P I hosa ‘hose, gaiter’. Of unknown origin.
576; M III 369–370; V Z Gutt. 128; T-F 96;
ANEW 249; Z I 141; O H AEEW 171; P I 953
448; L GED 180; B (to Gk kÊstiw ‘bladder’); V ANEW
Nom. 73; N Head passim; K- 250 (to Skt kóßa- ‘cupboard’); Z
S 383. II 177; O 448; K-S
*xurninaz ~ *xurnunaz sb.m.: ON 385.
xuz¶an 196 xùsan
*xuz¶an sb.n.: Goth huzd ‘treasure’, ON Gk keÊyv ‘to cover, to hide’, kekÊyv
fem. hodd id., OE hord id., OS hord, horth ‘to conceal’ (N KZ XCII 187).
id., OHG hort id. Of uncertain origin. T-F 92; H AEEW 183;
B IF VI 103–104 (together P I 952; F I 834; O 440;
with Gk kÊsyow ‘female genitals’, from L GED 310.
*kudh-to-); J IF XIX 129–130; *xùkènan wk.vb.: ON húka ‘to sit on one’s
S KZ XXV 166–167; Z hams’ (but part. hokinn indicates a str.vb.),
Gutt. 96, 128; T-F 96; D MLG hùken id., MHG hùchen id. Probably
IF LII 228; H AEEW 170; based on *xawwanan. T-F 91;
F 278–279; P I 953 (to K-S 378; A TB 180 (to
*xù¶janan); V ANEW 246; Z Toch B kuk- ‘to bow down’).
II 174; O 443; L GED 196; *xùnaz sb.m.: ON pl. Húnar, Hÿnir ‘Huns’,
K-S 384 (to Gk keËyow OE pl. Húnas id., OHG pl. Hùni id.
‘depth, inside’). Attested in Lat Hunnì, Chunnì, Gk Onnoi.
*xuz¶janan ~ *xuz¶òjanan wk.vb.: Adaptation of Chinese Hiung-nu. M
Goth huzdjan ‘to treasure up, to store up, WuS I 45 (secondarily influenced by
to gather’, OE hordian ‘to hoard, to store’, *xùnaz ~ *xùnò ); S-N I
MHG gi-hurten id. Derived from *xuz¶an. 517; V ANEW 266.
F 278; L GED 196. *xùnaz ~ *xùnò sb.m.: ON húnn ‘knob,
*xùbòn sb.f.: ON húfa ‘cap, hood’, OE húfe bear-cub’, MDu hune ‘crow’s nest’.
‘covering for the head’, OFris hùve, houwe Identical with Lith kùnas ‘body, meat’,
‘cap, hood’, OS hùva id., OHG hùba id. Latv kùnis ‘body, chrysalis’. Z
Related to Skt kakúbh- ‘peak, summit’, Gk Gutt. 208; T-F 92–93 (to Skt ≤ùná-
k:ufÒw ‘bent, crooked’, Slav *kub˙ ‘vessel, ‘swollen’); P I 592; F 310;
pot’ or to Skt kùpa- ‘hole, cave, well’, Gk V ANEW 267.
kÊph: tr≈glh (Hes.), Lat cùpa ‘barrel’. *xùsa-laukaz sb.m.: Icel hús-laukr ‘house-
Z Gutt. 104, 128; T-F 94; leek’, late ME house-leek id., MLG hùs-lòk
H AEEW 177, 183; W- id., OHG hùs-louh id. Compound of
H I 310–311; M I 135, *xùsan and *laukaz. C Nom. comp. 74
253; P I 590–591; V ANEW (Icel < OHG).
264–265; O 442; F II 52–53; *xùsa-lausaz adj.: ON hús-lauss ‘without
Z II 180; T ESSJa a house’, OFris hùs-làs id., MHG hùs-lòs
XIII 77–78; K-S 360. id. Compound of *xùsan and *lausaz.
*xù¶iz sb.f.: ON húä ‘hide, skin’, OE hÿd C Nom. comp. 89 (parallel formations).
id., OFris hède, hud id., OS hùd id., OHG *xùsan sb.n.: Goth gud-hus ‘temple’, Crim.
hùt id. Related to Gk kÊtow ‘cover, hide’, Goth hus ‘house’, ON hús id., OE hús id.,
Lat cutis ‘hide’, W cwd ‘bag, testicle’, Lith OFris hùs id., OS hùs id., OHG hùs id.
kut‹s ‘bag’ (S KZ XXXVII 282). Cf. Borrowed from a phonetically advanced
also WGmc *xuþan ‘testicle’: OFris hotha, East Iranian *xuz ~ *xud < Iran *kata-, cf.
MDu hode, OHG hodo. T-F Av kata- ‘room, cellar’ (also borrowed
92; H AEEW 183; W- to ESlav *xata ‘house’, probably via
H I 320; P I 952; OHung). Note a similarity of *xùsan and
F 323; V ANEW 264; F Yns *xús ‘tent of skin and bark’, probably
II 57; Z I 151; O 440; explained by the Iranian origin of the lat-
L GED 196; K-S 361; ter. Iran *kata- may be also in some
D VSJa 12, BSA 35–36 (with shorten- obscure relation with Gmc *xèþjòn >
ing in the oxytonic stem). Goth heþjo ‘chamber’ (B
*xù¶janan wk.vb.: OE hÿdan ‘to hide’, ZdWf VI 355). G DM I 922 (from
OFris hèda id., MLG hùden id. Related to *kùdh-s-o, cf. Gk keËyow ‘hiding-place’);
xùsan 197 xwalbaz
S KZ XXV 166 (same as G); bäume 356). W BB XXVII 213
B BB XXVGII 146 (to Lith (to Slav *cv¸t‡ ‘to blossom’); M Alb.
kùtìs ‘stable’); P IF XIII 163; St. III 51 (to Gk s›tow ‘grain’ borrowed
Z Gutt. 128; G Got. 112 from a sat6m-language); Z Gutt. 54;
(reconstructs Goth heþjo < *heiþjo); T-F 118; H AEEW
B 432; T-F 92 (to 179; F 280–281; P I 629;
*xù¶janan); H AEEW 178 (to V ANEW 270; Z II 168;
Skt kóßa- ‘cupboard’); F 223–224 O 1001; L GED 197; R
(to Hitt kutta“ ‘wall’), 254–255 (Goth heþjo Gedenkschr. Güntert 71; B
to OFris hòde ‘supervision, protection’, Nom. 67; K-S 884.
MLG hòde id., OHG huot id.); P I *xwajan sb.n.: OE hw≠ ‘whey’, WFris
586–587, 953 (related to *xusòn); V waei id., MDu wey id. Identical with Skt
ANEW 268; Z I 141; O káya- ‘body’ further connected with cinóti
450; L GED 161 (to *ke⁄H- ‘to ‘to put in layers, to thread, to string’, Gk
cover, to surround’), 182; S KS po¤ev ‘to make, to produce’. H-
155; T ESSJa VIII 21–22;  AEEW 179 (to Arm “i‘uk id.);
K-S 360; A TB 234 (to P I 637–638; O 1002.
Toch B kwaßo ‘village’). *xwala-fiskaz sb.m.: ON hval-fiskr
*xùsjanan wk.vb.: ON hÿsa ‘to house, to ‘whale’, MLG wal-visch id., OHG wal-fisc
harbor’, OFris hùsia id., MLG husen id. id. Compound of *xwalaz and *fiskaz.
Derived from *xùsan. V ANEW 276. C Nom. comp. 84 (parallel formations).
*xùsòjanan wk.vb.: ON húsa ‘to build *xwalaz sb.m.: ON hvalr ‘whale’ (partly
houses’, OE húsian ‘to house’, MDu husen, *xwaliz), OE hwæl id., OS hwal id., OHG
huysen id., MHG hùsen ‘to build a house’. hwal, wal id. Of unknown origin. L
Derived from *xùsan. V ANEW 268. Festschr. Bugge 91 (to Lat squalus ‘big sea
*xwa¶rèt adv.: Goth adre ‘whereto, fish’), GHÅ XXVI/2 91 (to OPrus kalis
whither’, OE hwæder ‘whither’. Derived ‘sheat-fish’); P SVSL I 80 (from
from the pronominal stem *xwa- (see *˚⁄ob-lo-); Z Gutt. 55; T-F
*xwat). H AEEW 179; F 117; H AEEW 179; P I
279; L GED 197. 958; V ANEW 268–269; Z
*xwainò sb.f.: Swed dial. hven ‘low and II 187; O 1000–1001 (to OPrus
swampy field’. Close to Lat caenum, coenum kalis); S LS 26; S R
‘dirt’ < *k ⁄oino- (Z Gutt. 53). JIES XVII 177–180 (to Av kara-, Gk
T-F 118; W-H I 131– êspalow); K-S 872.
132; P I 628; C SSGJa *xwalban ~ *xwalbòn sb.n./m.: ON
I 55; V ANEW 270. hválf ‘concavity’, OE fem. hwealf ‘arched
*xwaitja-kurnan sb.n.: ON hveiti-korn covering’, OS hwolvo ‘hollow brick’, OHG
‘grain of wheat’, OE hw≠te-corn id. Com- walbo id. Related to Gk kÒlpow ‘bosom,
pound of *xwaitjaz and *kurnan. C hollow’. Derived from *xwelbanan, *xwal-
Nom. comp. 74 (parallel formations). baz. Z Gutt. 54; T-F 117;
*xwaitja-melwan sb.n.: ON hveiti-mj‡l H AEEW 180; P I 630;
‘flour’, OE hw≠te-melu id. Compound of V ANEW 268; F I 904–905;
*xwaitjaz and *melwan. C Nom. comp. O 1001; S 281; L
74 (parallel formations). GED 200; K-S 873.
*xwaitjaz sb.m.: Goth aiteis ‘wheat’, ON *xwalbaz adj.: Icel í-hvolfr ‘something
neut. hveiti id., OE hw≠te id., OFris hwète vaulted’, OE hwealf ‘arched, vaulted’.
id., OS hwèti id., OHG (h)weizi id. Derived from *xwelbanan. K NB I
Connected with *xwìtaz, cf. Bret gwiniz 41–42; W NP 25; H
‘wheat’ ~ gwenn ‘white’ (H Wald- AEEW 180; H 314.
xwalbjanan 198 xwassìn
*xwalbjanan wk.vb.: ON hvelfa ‘to arch, similar structure is reconstructed for Alb
to vault’ (strong part. holfinn), OE be-hwyl- kush ‘who’ < *k ⁄u-so- (M Idg. Jb. I
fan ‘to cover’, OS bi-hwelbian ‘to hide’, 13; O LB XXX/1 57–58). B-
OHG bi-welben ‘to surround, to enclose’.  1199–1227; T-F 114;
Derived from *xwelbanan. T-F H AEEW 179; W-
117; H AEEW 182; V H I 313; F 281–282; M-
ANEW 271; O 1001; S 281;  III 14; P I 644–645;
L GED 200; K-S 896. F 314; V ANEW 269, 272;
*xwalbòjanan wk.vb.: ON hválfa ‘to turn O 1002; L GED 198;
upside down’, OHG zisamane-gi-walbòn ‘to K-S 895; O AED 206–
come together, to gather’. Derived from 207.
*xwelbanan, *xwalbaz. S 281. *xwarban ~ *xwarbaz sb.n./m.: ON
*xwan(n)ai adv.: Goth an ‘when’, OE hvarf ‘disappearance, circle’, OE hwearf
hwænne, hwanne id., OFris hwenne id., OS ‘turn, space, change, corwd’, OFris hwarf
hwan id., OHG hwanne, wanne, wenne id. ‘time’, OS hwarf ‘crowd’, OHG fem.
Derived from *xwa- (see *xwat). Cf. OIr warba ‘turn’. Derived from *xwerbanan.
can, W pan id. and probably OPrus kan T-F 116; H AEEW
‘when’. S KZ XXXII 402 (instr. 180; P I 631; V ANEW 269;
in *-n- ~ Av -nà); P PBB IV 385–388 Z II 169.
(to Av k6m ‘how’, OLat quom ‘when’); D *xwarbjanan wk.vb.: ON hverfa ‘to make
Pr. 39–40 (WGmc loc. in *-n-); T- to turn’, OE hwirfan ‘to turn, to revolve’,
F 114; H AEEW 180; F OS gi-hwervian id., OHG werben id. De-
281; P I 644–645; O 1001; rived from *xwerbanan. T-F 116;
L GED 198; K-S 874. H AEEW 182; V ANEW
*xwapan sb.n.: ON hvap ‘dropsical flesh’. 271; S 283; L GED 197.
Originally, *‘steam, vapor’. Despite the *xwarbòjanan wk.vb.: Goth arbon ‘to
irregular dvelopment of *-p-, related walk about, to wander’, ON hvarfa ‘to
to Gk kãpow: cuxÆ, pneËma (Hes.), Lith turn round, to wander’, OE hwearfian
kvãpas ‘breath’ further connected with ‘to turn, to change’, OS hwarbòn ‘to walk
IE *k⁄ep- ‘to breathe’. C Gr. Et. about’, OHG warbòn id. Derived from
142 (to Lat uappa ‘flat wine’); F 7; *xwarban ~ *xwarbaz. T-F 116;
P I 596; F 325–326; H AEEW 180; F 282;
F I 781–782; L GED 5. V ANEW 269; S 283; L-
*xwapjanan wk.vb.: Goth af-apjan ‘to  GED 197.
choke, to extinguish’, MHG ver-wepfen ‘to *xwassaz adj.: Goth adv. assaba
become fusty (of wine)’. Derived from ‘sharply’, ON hvass ‘pointed, sharp’,
*xwapan. T-F 115; F 7; L- OE hwæs ‘sharp, keen’, OHG hwas
 GED 5. ‘sharp’. Derived from *xwataz, *xwètanan.
*xwar ~ *xwèr adv.: Goth ar ‘where’, A KZ I 472–474 (to Lat catus
ON hvar id., OE hw≠r id., OFris hwèr id., ‘sharp’); K NB II 344; Z
OS hwàr id., OHG hwar, wàr id. Derived Gutt. 56; T-F 115; F 282;
from the pronominal stem *xwa- (see H AEEW 179; P I
*xwat). The suffix *-r- appears in Arm ur 636; V ANEW 269; S 284;
‘where’, Lat cùr, OLat quòr ‘why’, Lith kuı B Nom. 251–252; H-
‘where’, Alb kur ‘when’. Goth arjis  315–316; K-S 888.
‘which’, ON hverr ‘who’ continue *xwar *xwassìn sb.f.: Goth assei ‘sharpness’,
jaz with the second component from *jaz OS hwessi id., OHG wassì id. Derived
< *ƒos ‘who, which’: Skt yá˙, Av yò, Gk ˜w from *xwassaz. F 282; H
(S KZ XXXII 401, Plur. 43). A 315.
xwat 199 xwewlan
*xwat pron.: Goth a ‘what’ (loss of -t in Comparative in *-ter- based on *xwa- (see
an unaccented position?), ON hvat id., *xwat). Identical with Skt katará- id., Av
OE hwæt id., OFris hwet id., OS hwat id., katàrò id., Gk pÒterow id., Osc pútúrúspíd
OHG hwaz id. Identical with IE *k ⁄od ‘utrique’, Lith katràs ‘which of two’, Slav
id.: Skt kad, Lat quod. The loc. of the *kotor˙ ‘which’. B 433–
same stem (identical with Lith kaÛ ‘how’) 434; T-F 114; T BSW
appears in *xwai wè > Goth aiwa ‘how’, 120–121; H AEEW 179–180;
OHG hwio id. where *wè goes back to IE F 283; M I 148; P I
*⁄è ‘or’: Skt và, Av và, cf. also a variant 645–646; F 229; V ANEW
with short *e in Gk ±-W°, Lat -ue. 268; F II 586; O 1002;
M Idg. Anz. XXXIII 58 (derives L GED 199; K-S
Goth a from *k ⁄om); 79; S Lat. 5 878.
(Goth -aiwa to Skt éva- ‘walk’); T- *xwaþe adv.: Goth aþ ‘where to,
F 114; B 1306–1310; whither’. From IE *k ⁄o-te similar to Hitt
H IF XXIV 71 (*xwai wè < *k ⁄o-oi⁄os, kuwatta(n) ‘where’ and, probably, Gk pÒse
to Gk po›ow ‘of what kind’); W- ‘where to’ (S AJPh L 364). See
H II 411, 740; F 279, 281; *xwat. M MSL XIX 93 (on the
M JEGP XLI 508–509 (recon- suffix *-te); F 282–283; C
structs *xwìxwè ); M I 192, III 921–922; T HEG 698–700;
180; P I 75, 644–646; V L GED 199.
ANEW 269; O 1001; H *xwaþòn sb.f.: Goth aþo ‘foam’, Swed
Sprache XXV 55 (reconstructs *xwai wò); dial. hwà id. Connected with Skt kváthati
L GED 197–199; K-S ‘to boil’. Z Gutt. 56 (to Lat quatiò
876, 885, 889. ‘to shake’); F 283; M I 283;
*xwataz adj.: ON hvatr ‘bold, active, vig- P I 627–628; L GED 199.
orous’, OE hwæt ‘quick, active, vigorous’, *xwaz ~ *xwez pron.: Goth as ‘who’,
OS mèn-hwàt ‘nefarious’. Derived from ON hverr id., OSwed hvà, hvàr id., OE
*xwètanan. K NB I 56; J hwá id., OFris hwà id., OS hwè id., OHG
KZ XI 399 (to Lat triquètrus ‘three- hwer id. Continues IE *k ⁄os id.: Skt ká˙, Av
cornered’); Z Gutt. 56; T-F kò, Lith kàs. See *xwat. B
115; H AEEW 179; E 422–427; T-F 114; H
KZ LI 290 (to Latv skadrs ‘sharp’); F AEEW 179; F 282; P Gliederung
184–185; P I 636; V ANEW 198; M I 192; P I 644–
270; O 1002; S 284; L- 645; F 199; V ANEW 271;
 GED 139; H 316; K- O 1004; L GED 198–199;
S 887–888. K-S 885.
*xwatjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-otjan ‘to *xwewlan ~ *xwexwlan sb.n.: ON
whet, to sharpen’ (leg. ga-atjan), ON hjól, hvel ‘wheel’, OE hweól, hweoul, hwe-
hvetja ‘to whet, to sharpen, to encourage’, owol id., OFris fial id., MLG wèl id.
OE hwettan id., MLG wetten ‘to sharpen’, Continues IE *k ⁄ek ⁄loid.: Toch A kukäl,
OHG hwezzen, wezzen id. Derived from B kokale ‘cart, wagon’, Skt cakrá- ‘wheel’,
*xwataz. T-F 115; F 184; Av ‘axrò id., Gk kÊklow ‘circle’ (R
V ANEW 272; O 1002; S- IF XL 58), Phryg k¤klhn: tØn êrkton tÚ
 284; L GED 139; H- êstron. FrÊgew, Hes. (F BB XXIX
 316; K-S 887–888. 239). O ANF XXXI 14; Z
*xwaþaraz ~ *xweþaraz adj., pron.: Gutt. 65; B 576; T-F
Goth aþar ‘which of two’, ON hvaäarr 116–117; H AEEW 181;
id., OE hwæäer, hweäer id., OFris hweder, M I 366; P I 639–640;
hwedder id., OS hwethar id., OHG wedar id. V ANEW 232, 270; F II 44–45;
xwewlan 200 xwernìn
O 1001; A TB 200; B 181; M I 377; P I 642;
IFTJa 241–242. V ANEW 272; Z I 133;
*xwekòjanan wk.vb.: ON hvika ‘to quail, L GED 197; V W I
to shrink, to waver’, MDu wicken ‘to 216; A TB 195.
move back and forth’. Of descriptive *xwerbalaz ~ *xwerbulaz adj.: ON
origin. H BB XXIV 253 (to Slav hverfull ‘shifty, changeable’, OE hwurful
*‘ezn‡ti ‘to disappear’); Z Gutt. 58 ‘changeable, fickle’, OHG sina-werbal
(to Lat conquinìscò ‘to bend, to squat’), ‘rounded’. Derived from *xwerbanan.
197; T-F 114–115; V ANEW K NB II 286; H AEEW
272. 183; B Festschr. Derolez 26–
*xwelbanan str.vb.: ON part. holfinn ‘to 29; H 319–320.
curve’, OFris bi-wolven ‘obrutus’ (hap. *xwerbanan str.vb.: Goth airban ‘to go
leg.), MHG pret. sg. walb ‘to expand’. See around, to walk, to live, peripate›n’, ON
*xwalban ~ *xwalbòn. T-F 117; hverfa ‘to turn round’, OE hweorfan ‘to
J IEW 263; P I 630; turn, to change’, OFris hwerva ‘to turn’,
V ANEW 247; S 281. OS hwerban ‘to go back and forth’, OHG
*xwellanan str.vb.: Icel hvella ‘to ring werban ‘to turn’. Related to Toch B kurp-
out’, OE hwelan ‘to roar, to bellow’. Prob- ‘to be concerned with’ (A TB 184–
ably related to Toch B kul ‘bell’ (A 185). K KZ I 39; S
TB 185). T-F 116; H KZ X 473 (to Gk karpÒw ‘wrist’); Z
AEEW 180; V ANEW 271 (to *xwel- Gutt. 57 (to Skt neut. ≤ùrpa- ‘winnowing
paz); H 318. basket’); H BB XXIV 253 (to Slav
*xwellaz adj.: ON hvellr ‘shrilling, thrill- *sv¸rdlo ‘drill’ < *sv¸rb-dlo); F BB
ing’, OHG hwel ‘importunate’. Derived XXIX 239 (to Phryg KorÊbantew); T-
from *xwellanan. K NB II 219; F 116; F 279–280; H
Z Gutt. 49, 57; T-F 116; AEEW 181; J IEW 261–262;
H 318. P I 631; V ANEW 271;
*xwelpaz sb.m.: ON hvelpr ‘whelp’, OE S 282–284; L GED 197;
hwelp id., OS hwelp id., OHG neut. welf K-S 885.
id. A phonetically irregular development *xwerbaz adj.: Goth eila-airbs ‘tempo-
of IE *g ⁄elbh-: Skt gárbha- ‘womb’, Av rary, transient’, ON hverfr ‘shifty’, OE
gar6va- id., Gk delfÊw id. The Germanic hweorf ‘turning about, shifting’, OHG
form appears to reflect a consonantally sina-werf ‘smooth, polished’. Derived
shifted *k ⁄elb-. S ANT 17–18; from *xwerbanan. K NB I 24–25;
Z Gutt. 57; S ZdPh H AEEW 181; F 284; S-
XXXVII 393–394; T-F 117 (to  282; B Nom. 241;
Gk skÊlaj ‘cub, puppy’); S- H 318–319.
N II 336 (to Lat uolpès ‘fox’ < *xwerbilaz sb.m.: ON hvirfill ‘circle, ring,
*g ⁄olpi-); H AEEW 181; M- crown of the head’, OHG wirbil ‘plec-
 I 329; P I 473; V trum’. Derived from *xwerbanan. T-
ANEW 271 (to *xwellanan); F I 363; F 116; V ANEW 273; O
Z I 133; O 1001; K- 1003; S 282; L GED 197;
S 884. K-S 893.
*xweraz sb.m.: ON hverr ‘cauldron’, OE *xwerbilòjanan wk.vb.: ON hvirfla ‘to
hwer ‘kettle, pot’, OHG hwer, wer ‘caul- whirl’, MDu wervelen, worvelen id. Derived
dron’. Related to Toch B kerù ‘drum’, Skt from *xwerbilaz. V ANEW 273.
carú- ‘vessel, pot’, OIr coire ‘kettle’, W pair *xwernìn ~ xwernòn sb.f.: Goth airnei
id., Corn pêr id. Z Gutt. 57; ‘skull’, ON hverna ‘pan, basin’. Close to
T-F 116; H AEEW MIr cern ‘bowl’ < IE *k ⁄ernà and further
xwernìn 201 xwìtaz
connected with *xweraz. H IF XVII O 1002; F II 903–904; L-
390 (to Gk k°rnow ‘bowl for offerings’);  GED 200; K-S 884
Z Gutt. 58; T-F 116; F (< *xwe-lìkaz).
280; P I 642; C *xwistlòjanan wk.vb.: ON hvísla ‘to whis-
SGGJa I 98; V ANEW 271; L per’, OE hwistlian ‘to hiss, to whistle’. Of
GED 197. imitative nature. H AEEW
*xwè adv.: Goth e ‘to whom, wherewith’, 182; O 1004.
ON hvé ‘how’. Old instrumental *k ⁄è, *xwì pron.: ON hví ‘why’, OE hwÿ id.,
cf. Gk pÆpoka ‘ever yet’ (S KZ OS hwì id. From *k ⁄ei, loc. of *k ⁄o-, see
XXVII 292, XXXII 403). F 284; *xwat. Cf. Lat quì ‘who, which’, Slav *‘i
P GHÅ XI/3 33 (to *xwai wè, see ‘how, whether’. H AEEW
*xwat); L Festschr. A. Kock 359– 181; W-H II 405; V
367 (ON hvé < *xwena); P I 644– ANEW 272; O 1005.
645; V ANEW 270; L GED *xwìlènan wk.vb.: Goth eilan ‘to pause,
199. to cease’, ON hvíla ‘to rest’, OFris hwìla
*xwès( j)anan str.⁄wk.vb.: ON hvæsa ‘to id., MLG wìlen ‘to stay’, OHG wìlèn ‘to
hiss’ (wk.), OE hwésan ‘to wheeze’. Rela- remain in a place’. Derived from *xwìlò.
ted to Skt ≤vásiti ‘to breathe’, Lat queror ‘to Z Gutt. 49; T-F 117; F
complain, to lament’. T-F 117; 284; V ANEW 272; L GED
W-H II 403–404; P I 199; K-S 882.
631. *xwìlò sb.f.: Goth eila ‘while, time,
*xwètanan str.vb.: ON hváta ‘to hasten’, hour’, ON hvíla ‘bed’ (*xwilòn), OE hwíl
OE pret. sg. á-hwét ‘to drive out’, OS ‘while, time’, OFris hwìle id., OS hwìla
pres. far-hwàtan ‘to punch, to kick’, OHG id., OHG hwìla, wìla id. Derivationally
wàzan ‘to drive away’. Related to Latv close to Slav *‘il˙ ‘lively, strong’. Further
kûdît ‘to drive’, Slav *kydati ‘to throw’. Cf. based on IE *k ⁄eƒH- ‘to rest, to be quiet’.
*xwataz, *xwatjanan. Z Gutt. 56; T-F 117; F 284; H
F 286; H AEEW 179; AEEW 182; W NP 72; P I
J IEW 281–282; P I 638; V ANEW 272; Z II 180;
636; V ANEW 270; S 284– O 1002; N IF LXXXIV
285. 132–156; T ESSJa IV 112;
*xwi¶òn sb.f.: ON hviäa ‘fit’, OE hweoäu L GED 199–200; H
‘air, breeze’. Close to Av “yàta- ‘glad, 319; K-S 882.
merry’, Lat quiès ‘rest, lying still’. B- *xwìnanan str.vb.: ON hvína ‘to whizz, to
 1716; T-F 118; H- whistle’, OE pres. hwínan id. Further cf.
 AEEW 172; W-H II *xwìòjan > ON hvía ‘to squeal’, *xwajòjan
406; P I 638; V ANEW 272 > OHG hweiòn id. Of imitative origin.
(to *xwataz). T-F 118; H AEEW
*xwi-lìkaz adj., pron.: Goth i-leiks ‘what 182; J IEW 258–259; P-
sort of, which’, ON hví-líkr id., OE hwelc,  I 628; V ANEW 273; O
hwilc id., OFris hwe-lik, hwelk id., OS hwi- 1003; S 280.
lìk id., OHG hwelìh id. Derived from *xwìtaz adj.: Goth eits ‘white’, ON hvítr
*xwi- < IE pron. *k ⁄i-: Gk t¤w ‘who’, id., OE hwít id., OFris hwìt id., OS hwìt
Lat quis id. Å Festschr. Kock id., OHG hwìz id. Corresponds (with a
414–428 (original short vowel in ON); different suffix or an irregular dental) to
T-F 114; H AEEW IE *˚wei-t- in other languages: Skt ≤vetá-
180–181; W-H II 410; F ‘white, bright’, Av spaèta- id., Lith “vie‘iù,
285; P I 644–648; V ANEW “vi‚sti ‘to gleam’, Slav *svît˙ ‘light’.
272 (secondary length in ON hví-); B 1609; K NB II
xwìtaz 202 xwòtjanan
205–206; Z Gutt. 54; T-F XXXI 14–16 (to Lith kvãpas ‘vapor’);
118; S FB 24–37; T P I 535–536 (from *ka⁄-); S-
BSW 310–311; F 284–285; H-  285 (to *xwètanan); L GED
 AEEW 182; M III 200–201.
406; P I 629; F 1043; *xwòsanan str.vb.: OE hwósan ‘to
V ANEW 273–274; O 1004; wheeze’. Identical with Skt kàsate ‘to
V-T III 575–576; L cough’, Lith kósiu, kósëti id. Further
Expr. 263–264; L GED 200; cf. Toch B kosi ‘cough’, Alb kollë id.
H 316–317; K-S (< *k ⁄àslà), MIr cassacht id., Lith kosul‹s id.,
883. Slav *ka“l¸ id. T-F 118; H-
*xwìtilaz sb.m.: ON hvítill ‘white bed-  AEEW 182; M I 206;
cover’, OE hwítel ‘cloak, mantle’. Derived P I 649; F 283–284; S-
from *xwìtaz. H AEEW 182;  285; O AED 189; A TB 207.
V ANEW 273. *xwòstòjanan wk.vb.: ON hósta ‘to
*xwìtinaz sb.m.: ON hvítingr ‘a kind of cough’, OE hwóstan id., MDu hoesten id.,
whale’, E whiting, MLG wìtink id. Derived OHG huostòn id. Derived from *xwòstòn.
from *xwìtaz. V ANEW 273. T-F 118; V ANEW 250.
*xwìtìn sb.f.: ON hvíti ‘whiteness’, OHG *xwòstòn sb.m.: ON hósti ‘cough’, OE
wìzì ‘white color, white spot’. Derived hwósta id., MLG hòste id., OHG huosto id.
from *xwìtaz. H 317. Structurally close to W pas id. < *k ⁄6s-t-.
*xwìtjaz sb.m.: Swed dial. hwìte ‘wheat’, Derived from *xwòsanan. Z Gutt.
ME whìte id. An ablaut variant of *xwait- 58; T-F 118; H AEEW
jaz. Cf. also G dial. wi6te id. < *xwitjò 182; P I 649; V ANEW 250;
(H IF XXXII 338). L Z I 154; S 285; T-
GED 197.  ESSJa IX 160–161; B-
*xwìtjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-hweitjan ‘to  Nom. 185; K-S 389.
whiten’, OE hwítan ‘to make white, to *xwòtò sb.f.: Goth ota ‘threat, repri-
polish’, OHG wìzen ‘to paint white’. mand’, ON neut. pl. hót id. Derived from
Derived from *xwìtaz. F 284; *xwètanan, *xwatjanan. A KZ I
O 1004; H 317. 471; B PBB XXXVII 250
*xwòpanan str.vb.: Goth opan ‘to boast’, (rhyme word); F 286; M I
OE hwópan ‘to threaten’. Of unknown 400–401 (to Skt códati ‘to incite, to ani-
origin. G Got. 125 (to *xau- mate’); P I 636 (to Lat tri-quetrus
paz); B PBB XXXVII 251 ‘three-cornered’); V ANEW 250;
(formed after *wòpan ~ *wòpaz, *wòp- S 284; L GED 201.
janan); T KZ XVI 193–196 (to Gk *xwòtjanan wk.vb.: Goth otjan ‘to
kobalÒw ‘impudent rogue’); U threaten, to reprimand’, ON hœta ‘to
PBB XXX 294 (to Lat cupiò ‘to desire’); threaten’. Derived from *xwòtò. A-
P PBB XXXVIII 321 (to Skt  KZ I 471; T-F 115; F
kvá»ati ‘to sound’); F 286; H- 286; V ANEW 250, 278; S
 AEEW 182; K Neophilologus 284; L GED 201.
i
*i¶iz sb.f.: ON iä ‘deed, doing’. Deriva- B Festschr. Kretschmer 10–11; T-
tionally close to Skt ití- ‘going, walking’, F 23; T APSpr. 296, BSW 3;
further to *ei- ‘to go’. T-F 27; H AEEW 187; S KZ
P I 293–295. LXVI 56–57 (taboo term); P Gliede-
*i¶ura(n) adv.: ON iäur-mæltr ‘of a meter rung 202; P I 292; Z I
repeating the same syllable’, MDu eder- 133; T PJa I 59; T
kauwen ‘to repeat over and over’. Identical ESSJa VIII 213–214; L GED 204;
with Lat iterum ‘again’ derived from *i-tero-: K-S 394.
Skt ítara- ‘other’. T-F 27; W- *iz pron.: Goth is ‘he’, ON es id., OFris er
H I 723–724; P I 284. id., OS es, is id., OHG er id. Related to
*iilaz ~ iulaz sb.m.: ON ígull ‘hedge- Skt yá- ‘who, which’, Av yò id., OPhryg
hog, ruff ’ (with secondary lengthening), yos id., Lat is ‘this’, Lith jìs ‘he’, Slav *j¸
OE iil ‘hedgehog’, OS igil id., OHG igil ‘this’. Neut. *it (Goth ita ‘it’, OS it id.,
id. The name of a prickly animal or fish OHG iz id.) is identical with Lat neut.
is etymologically identical with the iso- id ‘this’. B 1199–1227;
lated Slav *j¸gla ‘needle’ < *ighulà and, T-F 27; W-P I 96–
probably, OPrus ayculo < *eighulà. On the 98; W-H I 720–721; F
other hand, it could be influenced by the 296; M III 8; P I 283;
continuants of IE *e·hi- ‘hedgehog’. F 194; V ANEW 105; T-
F KZ I 498 (to *ealaz); P  ESSJa VIII 204–205; L
KZ VI 185–186; W Ostg. 144 (adds GED 207–208; O Phrygian 469–470;
Goth PN Igila); F BB XXIX 237; K-S 227 (from IE *eis).
ì
*ì conj.: Goth ei ‘in that case, then, S); H 321 (seg-
thereby’. Identical with Slav *i ‘and’ < *ei ments * ì- as in Lith ypatùs ‘special’, Skt
(F 130). S IF IV 93–95 (to ìd®k ‘such-like, of such a kind’); K-
IE *ƒo-); P I 281–284; L S 214.
GED 99. *ìxwaz sb.m.: ON ÿr ‘yew-tree’, OE eóh
*ì¶alaz adj.: OE ídel ‘vain, empty, void’, id., OS ìh id., OHG fem. ìwa id. Other
OFris ìdel ‘foolish, vain, empty’, OS ìdal WGmc forms have the stress on the suf-
‘vain, empty’, OHG ìtal ‘empty’. Of un- fix: OE íw < *ìwaz, OHG ìgo < *ìwòn.
known origin. K NB II 275–276; Continues IE *eik-⁄o-. Despite formal
W MLN XVII 6, XXV 213; T- difficulties, cannot be separated (as a
F 3 (to IE *aidh- ‘to burn’); V loanword to Celtic?) from OIr éo id., W
W IF XXXV 266; S ywen id., OCorn hiuin id., Bret ivin id. On
Language VI 25 (to Hitt idalu- ‘bad, evil’); the other hand, Celtic forms hardly can
H AEEW 185; P I 12 be isolated from Lith ievà ‘bird cherry’,
(to Gk afiyãlh ‘soot’); O 460; Slav *iva ‘willow; band, edge’. A difficult
B BSL LXIX 69–71 (same as word. H Waldbäume 126–127, 239–
ìxwaz 204 jainaz
240; P Kelt. Gr. I 62; T-F id., OE ísern, ísen id., OFris ìsern, ìrsen id.,
28; H AEEW 92–93; P OS ìsarn id., OHG ìsarn, ìsan id. Bor-
I 297; C SSGJa I 57; rowed from Celtic: Gaul isarno-dori ‘ferrei
F 183; V ANEW 679; Z- ostii’, OIr íarn, W haiarn, OCorn hoern,
 II 182; O 1020; I Etim. Bret houarn (T apud F).
1971 298–302 (adds Hitt eƒa- ‘evergreen J BB XVIII 17 (to *aizan);
tree’); T ESSJa VIII 248–249; N ANF IV 110; T-F 28;
O Etim. 1985 35–37 (‘willow’ as a tree H AEEW 189; F 131;
“walking” along the river-banks, from *ei- P I 300, KZ XLVI 292 (from
‘to go’); K-S 207. Illyrian); V ANEW 287; Z I
*ìsa-kal¶az adj.: ON ís-kaldr ‘ice-cold’, 141; O 485; L GED 99;
OE ís-ceald id., MLG ìs-kolt id., MHG ìs- K-S 213.
kalt id. Compound of * ìsaz ~ *ìsan and *ìsarna-nalòn ~ *ìsarna-nalaz
*kal¶az. C Nom. comp. 89 (parallel sb.m.: ON járn-nagli ‘iron nail’, OHG
formations). ìsarn-nagal id. Compound of *ìsarnan and
*ìsaz ~ *ìsan sb.m./n.: ON íss ‘ice’, OE *nalaz. C Nom. comp. 84 (parallel
ís id., OFris ìs id., OS ìs id., OHG ìs id. formations).
Related to Av aèxa- ‘cold’, isu- ‘icy’, Osset *ìtraz adj.: ON ítr ‘excellent, glorious’, OE
yex ‘ice’ (S 18). B 11; prop. Iter-mann. Derived from IE *ƒet-:
T-F 28; S PBB XXXVIII Toch A yat- ‘to reach, to achieve’, Skt
324–329; H AEEW 189; V yátate ‘to place oneself (in the right posi-
ANEW 287; P I 301; Z II tion)’, W add-iad ‘yearning’. K
169; O 458; K-S 213. NB II 458; H AEEW 423;
*ìsarna-smiþaz sb.m.: ON járn-smiär J ANF XLVI 334–335; P I
‘blacksmith’, OE ísen-smiä id., OS ìsarn- 506–507; V ANEW 288; H-
smith id., OHG ìsarn-smid id. Compound  322 (segments *ì- as in *ì¶alaz).
of *ìsarnan and *smiþaz. C Nom. *ìzarnan sb.n.: ON járn ‘iron’, OE íren id.
comp. 75 (parallel formations). An accentual variant of *ìsarnan. H-
*ìsarnan sb.n.: Goth eisarn ‘iron’, ON ísarn  AEEW 189; P I 300.
j
*ja ptcl.: Goth ja, jai ‘yes’, ON já id. (with if id., OFris jef id., OS ef id., OHG ibu
irregular lengthening), OE eá id., OFris id. Pronominal stem *ƒo- followed by
jè id., OS ja id., OHG jà id. Cf. also Goth particle *bhe ~ *bho. However, the root
jah ‘and, indeed’ (< *jò xwe = Skt yácca vocalism does not match in individual
‘and though’), Run ja(h) id., OE e id., languages. Cf. Slav *i bo ‘for, because’.
OS ja id., OHG jà id. Fem. of the A KZ I 287; B KVG
pronominal stem *ƒo- or *ì- (B 669 (derived from *ja); T-F
Grundriß II/2 328). G DG III 328; H AEEW 142; F
270; T-F 327–328; H 299–300; T ESSJa VIII 167–
AEEW 141; F 299–300; P I 168; L GED 210; B OFED
283; V ANEW 289; O 1018; s.v.
L GED 210; K-S 408. *jainaz ~ *jenaz pron.: Goth jains ‘that
*jaba ~ *jabòi conj.: Goth jabai ‘if ’, OE (one)’, OE eon id., OFris jen id., MLG
jainaz 205 jexwlaz
jene id., OHG jenèr id. Not quite clear. It XIV 609 (to Lat iaciò ‘to throw, to utter’);
is possible that *jainaz and *jenaz go back J IEW 96–98; M
to two different sources. While *jainaz III 14–15; P I 503–504; V
reflects demonstrative particle *j- (cf. Lith ANEW 289; S 286–287; B
jìs ‘he’) followed by *ainaz (B OFED s.v.
Grundriß II/2 335–339) and may be *jextiz sb.f.: OFris jecht ‘confession’, OHG
derivationally close to Slav *j¸n˙ ‘other’ jiht id. Derived from *jexanan. Derivation-
< *ƒ-(o)inos (B I 432, L ’MF ally close to W iaith ‘language’ < *ƒekti-.
I 97–99 but see differently T T-F 328; P I 503; S-
VJa XXIX/1 143: Slav *j¸n˙ = Phryg  286.
iow ni), *jenaz is a combination of the *jextòjanan wk.vb.: ON játta ‘to acknowl-
same *j- and *enaz. The situation is edge, to assent’, OFris iechta ‘to confess’.
further complicated by ON hann ‘he’ Derived from *jextiz. T-F 328;
< *jainaz with a secondary h- by analogy V ANEW 291.
with *xi. Cf. also a similar formation in *jexwla-¶aaz sb.m.: ON jóla-dagr ‘Yule-
Lith víenas ‘one’ < *⁄-èinos. H- day’, OE eóhhel-dæ id. Compound of
K KZ XIV 144–158; G *jexwlan and *¶aaz. C Nom. comp.
Got. 135–136; T-F 328; H- 81 (parallel formations).
 PBB XIII 372, 590 (separates *jexwla-mènòþz sb.m.: ON jól-mánuär
*jai- < loc. *ƒoi ), AEEW 142; K ANF ‘the Yule month’, OE éol-mónaä id. Com-
XXIV 186–189; K HG 145 (fol- pound of *jexwlan and *mènòþz. C
lows B); F 300; P I Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
319–321; F 1239–1240; V *jexwlan sb.n.: ON pl. jól ‘feast of Yule
ANEW 209; T ESSJa VIII (later — Christmas)’, OE eóhhol, eól id.
233–234; L GED 210. Of unknown origin. G DM II 664
*jain¶£ adv.: Goth jaind ‘thither’, OE (to *xwew(u)lan ~ *xwexwlan); B ANF
eond ‘yond, yonder’. Derived from IV 135 (to Lat iocus ‘game’ and *jexanan);
*jainaz ~ *jenaz. T-F 328; H- G SBAW Wien CXLII/8
 AEEW 142; F 300; L 137 (to Lith jenkù, jèkti ‘to become
GED 210. blind’); M WuS V 184 (to Av
*jainjaz sb.m.: ON einir ‘juniper’. Identical yàcñà ‘to ask’); L PBB XLV
with MIr áin ‘bulrush’ < *ƒoini-, Lat iùni- 265 (compound with elements related to
perus ‘juniper-tree’ (F II 223; L IF Skt ìßà ‘pole, shaft of a carriage’ and IE
XVIII 507). T-F 328; W- *k⁄el- ‘wheel’); F JEGP XVII 424–425
H I 731; P I 513. (a taboo modification of *xwew(u)lan
*jaukiz sb.f.: ON eykr ‘beast of draught’, ~ *xwexwlan); K IF XXII 298;
eyk-hestr ‘cart-horse’. Close to Skt yógya- R Wortst. 43 (follows B); K-
id., further to *jukan. K NB I  KZ LX 114 (same as B); T-
105–106; T-F 330; S KZ F 328–329; H AEEW 141;
LXI 189; M III 20; P I F 301–303, KZ LI 143–144 (in-
510; M Festschr. Schröder 96, KZ CV fluenced by *jèran); W-H I
99; V ANEW 107; H 322. 716 (to Gk •c¤a ‘game, amusement’);
*jexanan str.vb.: ON part. já ‘to assent’, V ANEW 292; O 1021; L-
OFris jà ‘to confess’, OS gehan ‘to articu-  GED 211 (against F).
late, to pronounce’, OHG jehan ‘to say, to *jexwljaz sb.m.: Goth jiuleis ‘Yule-month,
speak, to admit’. Related to Skt yàcati December’, ON ÿlir ‘mid-November to
‘to ask, to solicite, to entreat’, MIr ieith mid-December’, OE íuli ‘December and
‘language’, W iaith id. (L ANF III January’. Derived from *jexwlan. T-
328). T-F 328; H PhWschr. F 328–329; H AEEW 142;
jexwlaz 206 jèz
F 301–302; O 1021; L GED 211 (further to *ƒeu-dh- ‘to move, to
GED 211. fight’).
*jekilaz ~ *jekulaz sb.m.: ON j‡kull ‘ici- *jèm(a)raz adj.: OE eómor ‘sad, sorrow-
cle’, OE icel id., OFris itsil ‘spur’, OS ful’, OFris sbst. jàmer ‘ruefulness, crying
ichilla ‘stiria’. Derived from *jekòn. F shame’, OS sbst. jàmar ‘misery, misfor-
KZ I 11 (to Lith y≥ià ‘floe’); T-F tune’, OHG sbst. jàmar id. Identical with
328; H AEEW 142; V Gk ¥merow ‘tame, cultivated’ (S
ANEW 294; O 459. KZ XXXII 147). Further related to Skt
*jekòn sb.m.: ON jaki ‘icicle’, LG ìs-jack yámati ‘to subjugate’. T-F 329;
id., G dial. jäch ‘hoar-frost’. Related to P I 505; D VSJa 26; F I
Hitt eka- ‘cold, frost, ice’, MIr aig ‘ice’ 635–636.
< *ƒagi-. T-F 328; P I *jènò ~ *jènaz sb.f./m.: Swed dial. ån
503, Celtica V 236 (from Uralic, cf. Finn ‘reaper’s progress, a stroke of the scythe’,
jää ‘ice’, Hung jég id.); V ANEW 289; MHG jàn ‘row, line’. Identical with Skt
K KZ LXXVII 67 (follows yàna- ‘going, riding’, derived from *ƒè- :
P); P II 257–259. *ƒà- ‘to go’. T-F 329; P
*jesanan str.vb.: OHG jesan ‘to ferment, I 296.
to brew’. Related to Toch AB yäs- ‘to *jèra-mènòþz sb.m.: ON ár-mánaär ‘month
excite sexually’, Skt yásyati ‘to boil, to of the year’, OHG jàr-mànòd ‘January’.
become hot’, Av yah- ‘to boil’, Gk z°v Compound of *jèran and *mènòþz. C
‘to boil, to seethe’. B 1281; Nom. comp. 83 (parallel formations).
T-F 329; M III 13; *jèran sb.n.: Goth jer ‘year’, ON ár id., OE
P I 506; F I 612; O eár id., OFris jèr id., OS jàr, gèr id., OHG
1019; S 287; K-S 299; jàr id. Related to Av yàr- id., Gk Àr`
A TB 500–501; B IFTJa 253. ‘season’, Slav *jaro ‘heat, spring’ and
*jestuz sb.m.: ON j‡str ‘yeast’, OE ist id., the like. B 1287; T-F
MLG gest ‘dregs, dirt’, MHG gest, jest 329; S Kl. Schr. 831; H
‘yeast’. Derived from *jesanan. T- AEEW 141; F 301; P Gliederung
F 329; H AEEW 142; 115; P I 297; D VSJa 26;
V ANEW 295; O 1019. V ANEW 12; Z I 141; F
*jeuxtan sb.n.: OE eoht ‘yoke’. Derived II 1150–1151; C 1303–1304;
from *jeukan. Structurally identical with O 1019; T ESSJa VIII
Skt neut. yuktá- ‘harnessed, yoked’. 175–176; L GED 210–211; K-
(H IF XLVIII 266). H- S 408–409.
 AEEW 142; M III 20; *jèra-talan sb.n.: ON ár-tal ‘reckoning by
P I 508–509; L GED 212. years’, OFris ier-tel ‘one year’, MDu jaer-
*jeukan sb.n.: MHG jiuch ‘yoke’. Close tal ‘number of years’. Compound of *jèran
to Gk zeËgow ‘yoke of beasts, pair of and *talan. C Nom. comp. 74–75 (par-
mules, oxen or horses’. Further see *jukan. allel formations).
T-F 330; F I 610. *jètjanan wk.vb.: ON játa ‘to say “yes”’,
*jeukènan wk.vb.: Goth jiukan ‘to fight, to OHG gi-jàzen ‘to agree’. Derived from
conquer’, ga-jiukan ‘to overcome’, MHG *ja. But cf. *jextòjanan. T-F 328;
jouchen ‘to chase, to drive’. Cf. also OE V ANEW 291.
eócor ‘strong, fierce, harsh’. Related to *jèz ~ *jìz pron.: ON ér ‘you’, OE é id.,
Toch AB yuk- ‘to conquer’, Av yaozaiti ‘to OFris gì id., OS gì id., OHG ir id.
be agitated, to be excited’ < *ƒeu·-. See Analogical modifications of *jùz. T-
*jeukan. W MP II 471; B- F 330; H AEEW 141;
 1231–1232; H AEEW P I 513–514; V ANEW 103;
141; F 301; P I 512; L O 1018; K-S 395.
ju 207 junaz
*ju adv.: Goth ju ‘just now, already’, OE *jukòn sb.m.: Goth ga-juka ‘companion,
eó ‘formerly, before’, OS ju ‘already’, yoke-fellow’, ON oki ‘cross-beam’. Iden-
OHG jù id. Identical with Lith jaU id., tical with Skt sam-yúj- ‘joined through
Latv jàu id., Slav *ju id. K friendship or relationship’, Lat con-iux
KZ XXXI 466 (to IE *ƒe⁄en- ‘young’); ‘spouse’. Derived from *jukan. W-
M MSL IX 52; T BSW H I 261; F 186–187; V
106; T-F 328; H ANEW 418; L GED 141.
AEEW 141; F 303; P I 285; *jukuzjò sb.n.: Goth jukuzi ‘yoke’ (with an
F 190; S LS 25; T unclear -u-), OE ÿcer ‘acre’. Fem. *(ƒe)-
ESSJa VIII 190–191; L GED ƒug-usì of a perfect participle from IE
212. *ƒeug- (B Language XLI
*juunþiz sb.f.: OE eóuä ‘youth’, OFris 416–419, Nom. 213). N IF IV 325
jogethe id., OS juguth id., OHG jugund id. (Goth -uz- < IE *-⁄es-); S IF
Identical with Skt yuvatí- ‘young woman’ XIV 494; U PBB XXXVI 20 (s-
< *ƒu⁄–ti-, with a taboo change of *-w- > stem, cf. Gk zeËgow ‘team’, Lat iùgera
*--. Related to *junaz. B ‘acre’, Slav *j¸go ‘yoke’); H
Grundriß II/1 439 (*-w- > *-- by anal- AEEW 142; F 304; L GED
ogy with *¶uunþiz > OE duguä, OHG 213.
tugund ); T-F 331; H *jun¶ò sb.f.: Goth junda ‘youth’. Identical
AEEW 141; M III 23; L with Lat iuuenta id. < *ƒu⁄–tà (B
Phon. 48 (* < *H⁄), GED 213; K- Grundriß II/1 418). T-F 331;
S 412–413. W-H I 736; F 304–305;
*jukan sb.n.: Goth juk ‘yoke’, ON ok id., C SGGJa I 91; L GED
OE eoc id., OS juk id., OHG joh, juh id. 213; B Nom. 148.
Etymologically related to Hitt i-ú-ga-an *junalinaz sb.m.: ON ynglingr ‘young
id., Skt yugá- id., Gk zugÒn id., Arm luc person’, OE eonlin id., OFris jungeling
id. < *ƒugƒo-, Lat iugum id., W iau id., Lith id., OS jungling id., MHG jungeling id.
jùngas id. (with *-n- from the nasal infix Derived from *junaz. O 1021;
of the verbal present), Slav *j¸go id. K-S 413.
P Kelt. Gr. I 64, 98; M MSL *juna-lìkaz adj.: ON ung-ligr ‘youthful’,
VII 57; T-F 330; T OHG jung-lìh id. Derived from *junaz.
BSW 109; H AEEW 141; H 326.
W-H I 728–729; F 304; *junaz adj.: Goth juggs ‘young’, ON ungr
P I 508; V ANEW 417; M- id., OE eon id., OFris jung id., OS jung
 III 19; F 196; Z id., OHG jung id. Related to Skt yuva≤á-
I 142; F I 615–616; O 1020; ‘youthful’, Lat iuuencus ‘youth’, OIr óac
P II 495–496; T ESSJa ‘young’, W ieuanc id. from *ƒu⁄–-˚ó- fur-
VIII 206–208; L GED 212; ther connected with *ƒeu- ‘young’. Cf.
K-S 411. also Khwar ’yw’nk ‘young’ < Iran *aiwà-
*jukkjanan wk.vb.: OE iccan ‘to itch’, nak (T Gedenkschr. Güntert 302).
OS jukkian id., OHG jucken id. Related T-F 331; W-H I
to *jeukènan. B 1231–1232; 735; F 303–304; H AEEW
H AEEW 142; P I 512; 142; K 342–343; M III
O 488. 23–24; P Festschr. Debrunner
*jukòjanan wk.vb.: ON oka ‘to yoke’, OE 343–349; H MSS VI 39–40;
eocian ‘to preserve, to save’. Derived P I 510–511; V ANEW 635;
from *jukan. Cf. a structural similarity in E Festschr. Starck 62–81; O
Lat iugò id. W-H I 728; 1021; H KZ LXXXIV 1; L
V ANEW 418. GED 212; B Nom. 253;
junaz 208 kalanan
H 325–326; K-S L JEGP XXX 150; P

413. JEGP XXXIII 66; T-F 329–330;
*junòn sb.m.: ON ungi ‘young of a bird’, F 291; H AEEW 142; P-
OHG jungo ‘animal cub’. Derived from  I 513–514; F 199; V
*junaz. H 325. ANEW 288, 677; L GED 204.
*jutwò ~ *jetwò pron.: ON it ‘you two’, *jùz pron.: Goth jus ‘you’. Related to Av
OE it id., OFris iat id., OS git id. The yù“ id., Lith jùs id. Further to Skt yùyám
vocalism has been influenced by *wetwò. id., Av yù≥6m id., Gk Ïmmew id. See *jèz ~
Identical with Lith jùdu id. Originally, a *jìz. B 1303–1305; T-
compound of *ƒu ‘you’ and *d⁄ò ‘two’ F 330; F 305; M III 26;
(M MSL XIII 208). For the oblique P I 513–514; F 199;
cases cf. gen. *enkwara > Goth igqara, ON O 1018; L GED 213;
ykkar, OE incer. S UGG 265; K-S 395.
k
*kabisjaz ~ *kabisjò sb.m./f.: ON kefsir *kaòn sb.m.: Norw dial. kage ‘low bush’,
‘slave (?)’, OE ciefes ‘concubine’, OS kevis E dial. cag ‘stump’, G dial. Kag id. Of
‘concubine’, OHG kebis, kebisa id. Pro- unknown origin. T-F 33.
bably related to Lith ≥ãbas ‘branch, *kaibaz adj.: ON ákafr ‘vehement, fiery’,
bough’, ≥abóju, ≥abóti ‘to bridle’, ≥ebóju, OE cáf ‘quick, sharp, nimble’. Derived
≥ebóti id. The semantic development in from *kìbòjanan. T-F 43; H-
Gmc may be connected with that of the  AEEW 42; H 327.
Baltic verb or similar to that of Slav *kailòn ~ *kailaz sb.f./m.: Norw keila
*kopyl˙ ‘shoot, branch’ ~ ‘bastard, boy, ‘channel’, MLG kèl ‘narrow bay’. Related
servant’. L SSUF 1894 63–64 (to to *kìlaz. T-F 43; V ANEW
OIr bé ‘woman’); T-F 34; Z 304.
KZ XXXVII 391 (to Lat captìuus ‘captive, *kaipaz ~ *kaipò sb.m./f.: ON keipr
captured’), Gutt. 183; S ZdPh ‘rowlock’, MLG kèp ‘cut, notch’. Related
XXXVIII 523 (to OHG keva ‘shell; to Lat gibbus ‘hunch, hump’, Latv gìbstu,
cavea’); T BSW 364; H- gìbt ‘to bend’ (H PBB LXVI
 AEEW 47; P I 408 (from 272). T-F 44; J IEW
*gabh- eventually related to *ebanan); 298 (to Icel keipa ‘to move the fishing line
F 1282–1283; V ANEW 304; up and down’); V ANEW 305.
P TC XII 71 (to Gk égapãv); *kakòn sb.f.: ON kaka ‘cake’, ME cake id.
M ZfslPh XLIII 400–406 (together Probably related to Lith ≥ãgas ‘conical
with the unclear Pol kobieta ‘woman’ from stack’. P I 349 (to Lith gúogë
Uralic); K-S 435. ‘cabbage-head’); F 1284; K-
*kablòn sb.m.: ON kafli ‘cut off piece’, S 490.
MDu cavele ‘piece of wood used to throw *kalanan str.vb.: ON kala ‘to freeze’, OE
lots’ (fem.). Probably related to Lith ≥ãbas calan ‘to be cold, to become cold’.
‘branch’. See *kabisjaz ~ *kabisjò. Z- Related to Lat gelù ‘cold, frost, ice’, Slav
 Gutt. 183; T-F 34; P *zol¸ ‘bad weather’. Z Gutt. 143;
I 353; F 1282–1283; V T-F 40; H AEEW 42;
ANEW 296–297; K-S 415. W-H I 585–586; J-
kalanan 209 kan(i)paz
 IEW 373–375; P I 365; to Slav *xoldîti ‘to become cold’. V
T Slav. jaz. V 179; V ANEW ANEW 298; T ESSJa VIII 56;
297; S 288–289; L GED H 328.
214. *kalzan sb.n.: ON kall ‘call’. Derivation-
*kalbaz sb.m./n.: ON kálfr ‘calf ’, OE cealf ally close to Slav *gols˙ ‘voice’. Further
id., OFris calf id., OS kalf id., OHG kalb related to W galw ‘to call’ < *gal⁄-, Slav
id. (i-stem). Despite the difference in the *golgol˙ ‘speech’. T-F 42; P-
anlaut (*g- as opposed to *g⁄-), related to  I 350; C SGGJa I 84.
Skt gárbha- ‘womb’, Av gar6wa- id., Gk *kalzòjanan wk.vb.: ON kalla ‘to call, to
delfÊw ‘womb’, d°lfaj ‘piglet’, dolfÒw: cry’, OFris kella ‘to name’, MLG kolsen ‘to
≤mÆtra, Hes. Z Gutt. 77; P- call’, OHG kallòn ‘to talk’. Derived from
 Beiträge 74–75 (to *kalbòn I); T- *kalzan. Z Gutt. 143; T-F
F 42; H AEEW 45; 42; P I 350; V ANEW
M I 329; P I 359 (to 298–299; O 137.
*kalbòn I), 473; V ANEW 298; *kalwaz adj.: OE calu ‘bald’, MDu kalu
Z II 223; F I 363; O id., OHG kalo id. Closely connected with
136; L GED 214 (to Gaul galba Slav *gol˙ ‘bare, naked’. T-F 42;
‘very fat man’, Lat globus ‘globe, heap’); Z Gutt. 144; T-F 42; H-
B Nom. 211 (old s-stem);  AEEW 43; S JEGP XXXII
K-S 418. 521; K 346–347; P I 349–
*kalbòn I sb.m.: ON kálfi ‘calf (anat.)’, E 350; S LS 24; T ESSJa VI
calf id., G dial. Kalb ‘muscle’. Of uncer- 204–205; H 329; K-
tain origin. A descriptive stem? Cf. *kla- S 417.
bòn. P Beiträge 74–75 (to *kalbaz); *kambaz sb.m.: ON kambr ‘comb’, OE
P I 359. camb id., OS kamb id., OHG kamb id.
*kalbòn II sb.f.: Goth kalbo ‘heifer’, OHG Identical with Toch A kam ‘tooth’, B keme
kalba id. Derived from *kalbaz. T- id., Skt jámbha- ‘tooth, tusk’, Gk gÒmfow
F 42; Z Gutt. 77, 143; F ‘peg, nail’, Alb dhëmb ~ dhamb ‘tooth’,
305–306; P I 359; Z II Lith ≥aMbas ‘sharp edge’, Latv zùobs
223; L GED 214. ‘tooth’, Slav *z‡b˙ id. K KZ I 131;
*kal¶az adj.: Goth kalds ‘cold’, ON kaldr Z Gutt. 192; T-F 37–38;
id., OE ceald id., OFris kald id., OS kald T BSW 369; H
id., OHG kalt id. Derivative of *kalanan AEEW 43; S 86; M I
(in *-to-?). Somehow related to Slav sb. 419; P I 369; F 1288–
*xold˙ ‘cold’, despite the phonetic difficul- 1289; F I 319–320; V ANEW
ties (Z KZ XXXVII 390). K- 299; Z I 133; O 193;
 NB II 332; B BB XVI V-T II 106; B-
242 (to Slav *≥eldica ‘black ice’); Z  Nom. 53; K-S 420;
Gutt. 143; T-F 40; H O AED 82.
AEEW 45; F 306; P I 366; *kambjanan wk.vb.: ON kemba ‘to
C SSGJa I 56; V ANEW comb’, OE cemban id., OS kembian id.,
298; O 190; S 288; T- OHG kemben id. Derived from *kambaz.
 ESSJa VIII 57–58; L T-F 38; H AEEW 46;
GED 214; B Nom. 251; V ANEW 306.
H 328; K-S 420; *kan(i)paz sb.m.: ON kampr ‘beard, mous-
B OFED s.v. tache’, OE cenep ‘moustache’, OFris kenep,
*kal¶ènan wk.vb.: ON kalda ‘to become kanep id., MDu canef-been ‘cheek bone’.
cold’, OE cealdian id., OHG kaltèn id. Of unknown origin. H AEEW
Derived from *kal¶az. Structurally close 46; T Holz 86 (to *kenuz); V
kan(i)paz 210 karò
ANEW 299 (to *knabòn, see *knappaz I); from late Lat canna ‘mug, jug’ (F
K-S 455. apud V) which is from Gmc. T-
*kanna pret.-pres.vb.: Goth kann ‘to get to F 35; L BB XXI 109 (to MIr
know’, ON kann ‘to know’, OE can id., gann ‘vessel’ < *gandh-n-); H
OFris kan id., OS can id., OHG kann id. AEEW 43; P I 351; V
Related to IE *·en6- ‘to know’: Toch A ANEW 300; O 139; K-S
knà-, Skt jànàti, Gk Ep perf. g°gvna ‘to 422.
shout, to be made heard’, Alb njoh ~ njof *kanòn sb.m.: ON kani ‘bowl, dish’, MLG
‘to know’, Lat (g)nòscò ‘to know, to kane ‘boat’. Of unknown origin. T-
acknowledge’, Lith ≥inóti ‘to know’, Slav F 35; L BB XXI 109 (to *kannòn);
*znati id. Z Gutt. 193; T-F F WuS IV 89 (to Norw kana ‘to crane
35–36; T BSW 371; F one’s neck’); L WuS X 184 (to
316–317; H AEEW 63; Gk g°nuw ‘chin’); P I 351 (to MIr
W-H II 176–177; K gann ‘vessel’ < *gandh(n)-); V ANEW
319–320; J IEW 331–332; 300; K-S 417.
M I 429; P I 376–378; *karla-fulkan ~ *kerla-fulkan sb.n.:
F 1310; V ANEW 334; F ON karl-fólk ‘male folk’, OE ceorl-folc
I 293; O 139–140; S 289– ‘common people, public’. Compound of
290, KZ LXXX 273–283 (*-nn- < *-nH-); *karlaz ~ *kerlaz and *fulkan. C Nom.
V-T II 100–101; L- comp. 81 (parallel formations).
 GED 141, 222; K-S *karlaz ~ *kerlaz sb.m.: ON karl ‘man’,
471–472; O AED 305; B IFTJa OE carl ‘churl, rustic’, ceorl ‘freeman of
243; B OFED s.v. the lowest class, man, husband’, OFris
*kanninò sb.f.: ON kenning ‘doctrine, zerl ‘adult man’, MLG kerle id., OHG karl
teaching’, MLG kenninge ‘feeling, recogni- ‘man, spouse’. Related to *karskaz and
tion’, MHG kennunge id. Derived from further derived from IE *·er(6)- ‘to ripen,
*kannjanan V ANEW 306. to grow old, to become frail’, cf. Skt
*kannjanan I wk.vb.: Goth kannjan ‘to járant- ‘old’, Arm cer id., Gk g°rvn
make known’, ON kenna ‘to teach’, OE ‘old man’ and the like. T-F 38;
cennan ‘to choose, to prove, to declare’, H AEEW 46–47; P
OFris kenna ‘to know’, OS ant-kennian ‘to Festschr. Debrunner 348 (separates Gmc
perceive’, OHG in-kennen ‘to know’. from this root); P I 391; V
Causative of *kanna. Z Gutt. 193; ANEW 301; Z I 133; F I
T-F 36; H AEEW 46; 301–302; O 146, 175; K-
F 307; V ANEW 306; O S 438.
503; S 289; L GED 215; *karm( j)az sb.m.: OE cirm ‘noise, shout,
K-S 437. clamor’, OS karm ‘shout, cry’. Derivation-
*kannjanan II wk.vb.: ON kenna (barn) ‘to ally identical with OIr gairm ‘cry, call’, W
father a child’, OE cennan ‘to beget, to garm id., Corn garm id., Bret garm id.
conceive’. Related to *kunjan. At a deeper Further related to *karò. Z Gutt.
level of reconstruction identical with 78, 193; H AEEW 45, 47;
*kannjanan I (S PBB XLIII 495; P I 566.
G WuS XI 128–130). T- *karò sb.f.: Goth kara ‘care’, ON k‡r ‘bed
F 34; H AEEW 46; V in which one lies bedridden’, OE caru,
ANEW 306. cearu ‘care, sorrow, grief ’, OFris kar-festere
*kannòn sb.f.: ON kanna ‘can, tankard, ‘fasting penitent’, OS kara ‘care, sorrow,
jug’, OE canne ‘can, cup’, OS kanna id., mourning’, OHG kara ‘mourning’. Re-
OHG kanna ‘vessel’. Related to *kanòn lated to Lat garriò ‘to prattle’, OIr gáir-
(L BB XXI 109). Hardly borrowed ‘clamor’, W gair ‘word’ < *·arƒo- and the
karò 211 kawò
like. Z Gutt. 78, 193; T-F *kaupa-mannz sb.m.: ON kaup-maär

39; H AEEW 44; W- ‘merchant’, OE ceáp-man id., OFris kàp-
H I 583; F 307–308; P- mon id., MLG kòp-man id., OHG kouf-man
 I 352; Z I 147; O id. Compound of *kaupaz and *mannz.
146; L GED 215; B C Nom. comp. 75 (parallel formations).
Nom. 107–108; K-S 427. *kaupa-skipan sb.n.: ON kaup-skip ‘mer-
*karòjanan wk.vb.: Goth karon ‘to care chant ship’, OE ceáp-scip id., MLG kòp-
about’, OE carian ‘to take care, to regard, schip id., OHG kouf-skif id. Compound of
to heed’, OS karòn ‘to mourn’, OHG karòn *kaupaz and *skipan. C Nom. comp. 75
‘to bewail’. Derived from *karò. T- (parallel formations).
F 39; H AEEW 44; F *kaupa-sta¶iz sb.m./f.: ON kaup-staär
307; O 146; L GED 215. ‘market-town’, OS kòp-stedi ‘market-
*karskaz adj.: ON karskr ‘brisk, bold’, place’, OHG fem. kouf-stat id. Compound
MLG karsch ‘lively, fresh’, MHG karsch id. of *kaupaz and *sta¶iz. C Nom. comp.
Derived from IE *·er(6)- ‘to ripen, to 75 (parallel formations).
grow old, to become frail’, cf. Skt járati ‘to *kaupaz sb.m.: ON -kaup ‘purchase’ (in
make old, to grow old, to decay’, Slav cmpn.), OE ceáp ‘cattle, price, sale’, OFris
*z¸rîti ‘to ripen’. K NB II 449; kàp ‘sale’, OS kòp ‘bargain, purchase’,
Z Gutt. 144; T-F 39; OHG kouf id. A modification of Lat caupò
M I 420; P I 390; V ‘small tradesman’ (B ZDADL
ANEW 302 (to Gk §ge¤rv ‘to wake’); LXXXIII 92–103). H AEEW
V-T II 106; W 45; V ANEW 303; O 166;
AWNP 36; H 330. B Nom. 97; B OFED
*katilaz sb.m.: Goth katils ‘kettle’, ON s.v.
ketill id., OE cytel id., MLG ketel id., OHG *kaupjanan ~ *kaupòjanan wk.vb.:
kezzil id. An old borrowing from Lat catil- Goth kaupon ‘to trade, to do business’,
lus ‘small dish, deep vessel for cooking’, ON kaupa ‘to buy’ (irreg.), OE cÿpan ‘to
dem. of catìnus (L ZDADL XLI 242). sell’, OFris kapia ‘to buy, to sell’, OS
S PBB XLIV 498; B kòpian ‘to buy, to trade’, OHG koufen
Festschr. Kretschmer 6–12; J ZDADL id. Derived from *kaupaz, cf. Lat caupònàri
LXVI 129; H AEEW 48; F ‘to haggle’ ( J GGS 185). F
308; V ANEW 307; O 504; 309; H AEEW 48; V
L GED 215–216; K-S ANEW 308; O 166; B IEL
439. 110–112; L GED 216; K-
*katòn sb.m.: ON kati ‘small ship’, LG kat S 434; B OFED s.v.
‘small vehicle’. Of unknown origin. *kauraz sb.m.: Norw kaure ‘frizzy curl’, cf.
F WuS IV 88; B Festschr. also neut. kaur ‘wool’. Close to MIr gúaire
Kretschmer 12–14 (from OPic cat ‘man of ‘hair’, Lith pl. gauraÛ id., Latv gau¢i ‘pubic
war’); V ANEW 303. hair’ (L IF XIX 341). P I
*kaunan ~ *kaunò sb.n./f.: ON kaun 397; F 140; V ANEW 302.
‘sore’, MDu coon ‘jaw’. Derived from *kausjanan ~ *kauzjanan wk.vb.:
*kewwanan. Derivationally close to Lith Goth kausjan ‘to sample, to experience,
≥iáuna ‘gill’, Latv ≥aUnas ‘gills, jaw’, Slav to taste’, OFris kèra ‘to choose’. Structur-
*≥una ‘lip, mouth’ < *·eunà. B KZ ally identical with Skt joßáyate ‘to caress,
XIX (1870) 431–432 (to Skt gavìn≈ to take delight in’. Iterative-causative of
‘groins’); T-F 45; Z Gutt. *keusanan. F 310; M I 445;
78; P I 397; F 1302– P I 399–400; S 294.
1303; V ANEW 303 (to ON ká ‘to *kawò sb.f.: Dan kaa ‘daw, jackdaw’, OE
harass’); L GED 222. ceó ‘a kind of crow, jay’, MLG kà ‘daw,
kawò 212 kenþan
jackdaw’, OHG kà ‘crow’. Of imitative ground’, MLG kimme ‘rim’. Probably

origin, cf. Slav *kav˙ka ‘daw, gull’. T- related to *kambaz. Cf. also Lith gémbë
F 45. ‘wooden hook’. T-F 37–38;
*kazan sb.n.: Goth kas ‘jar, vessel’, ON ker P SVSU X 80; H AEEW
id., MLG kar id., OHG kar id. Cultural 49; P I 368; F 146; V
loanword, probably (indirectly) from Sem ANEW 309 (to Gk g°mv ‘to be full’).
*ka’su- ‘beaker’ > Akk kàsu- (G *kembilaz sb.m.: ON kimbill ‘bundle’,
Festschr. Panzer 12). C Gr. Et. 476 MLG kimmel ‘gag, toggle’, OHG kembil
(to Lat uàs ‘vessel, dish’); O BB ‘fetter, shackle’. Derived from *kembaz ~
XIX 321 (to Lat gerò ‘to carry, to lead’); *kembò. T-F 37; V ANEW 309.
Z Gutt. 82, 193; T-F 42; *ken¶iz sb.f.: ON kind ‘kind, variety’.
S IF XXIX 125 (to Gk gaulÒw Derivationally close to Lat gèns ‘race,
‘bucket’); F 308; V ANEW 306; clan’, OW -gint (in compounds). Further
L GED 215; K-S related to *kenþan. P Beiträge 686
426. (on Av fra-zainti“ ‘progeny’); B
*kebran sb.n.: MHG kiver ‘jaw, jawbone’ Grundriß II/1 434; T-F 35;
(neut. or masc.). Identical with Av zafar- W-H I 592; P I 373–
‘mouth’. B 1657; T- 374.
F 34 (reconstruct *kefru); P I *kennu-bainan sb.n.: ON kinn-bein ‘cheek-
382; K-S 440. bone’, OE cin-bán id., MLG kinne-bèn id.,
*kelkaz ~ *kelkòn sb.m.: ON kjalki OHG kinni-bein id. Compound of *kennuz
‘jowl’, OHG kelh, kelah ‘goitre, swelling’. and *bainan. C Nom. comp. 50.
Related to *kulkaz. T-F 41; *kennu-berò sb.f.: ON kinn-bj‡rg ‘cheek-
V ANEW 310–311. piece (of a helmet)’, OE cin-ber id.
*kelpòn ~ *kelpaz sb.f./m.: ON kelpa Compound of *kennuz and *berò. C
‘otter trap’, MLG kelp ‘low fellow’. Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations).
Probably related to Lat galba ‘fat paunch, *kennuz sb.f.: Goth kinnus ‘cheek’, ON
big belly’ (from Celtic). V ANEW kinn id. (root stem), OE cin ‘chin’, OFris
306 (to ON kilpr ‘handle of a vessel’). kin id. The geminate is believed to reflect
*kelþaz sb.n.: OE cild ‘child’. From here the generalized *-n⁄- of gen. sg. in *·enus,
Goth kilþei ‘womb’ < *kelþìn is derived. *·en⁄os (H Urgerm. II 47). Related to
Of uncertain origin. F BB Toch A dual. ≤anwem ‘jaw’, Skt hánu- id.
VI 217 (to Skt ja†hára- ‘belly, stomach, (with irregular h-), Av dual zanva id., Gk
womb’); L IF XIX 335; Z Gutt. g°nuw ‘chin’, Lat gena ‘cheek’, OIr gin, giun
77, 211; T-F 42; M 5BB ‘mouth’. W IF XVIII 32 (identical
XXI 225 (to Swed kolla, kulla ‘girl’ with *·enu- ‘knee’); B IF XL 162–167
< *kulþ-); H AEEW 48; F (to *·en6- ‘to give birth’); Z Gutt.
311; P I 358; O 169; L- 193; T-F 37; H AEEW
 GED 218 (from IE *gel- ‘rounded’); 49; W-H I 589–590; F
B Nom. 211. 312; M Gém. 69; P Gliederung
*keluz ~ *kelòn sb.m./f.: ON kj‡lr ‘keel’, 126; M III 574–575; P
OE ceole ‘throat’, MLG kele id. Related I 381; V ANEW 309; Z II
to OIr gelid ‘to swallow, to eat’, gaile 208; F I 298; O 170; L
‘stomach’. T-F 41; H GED 218–219; B Nom. 161;
AEEW 46; P I 365; V K-S 442.
ANEW 312–313 (to Skt giráti ‘to swallow, *kenþan sb.n.: Norw dial. kind ‘child’,
to eat’). OS kind id., OHG kind id. Identical with
*kembaz ~ *kembò sb.m./f.: Swed dial. Lat part. genitus, further connected with
kimb ‘ends of a stave protruding over the *·en6- ‘to give birth’. Z Gutt. 193;
kenþan 213 kewwanan
P Beiträge 686; T-F 35; *kerzan sb.n.: ON kjarr ‘copsewood’.

H IF LIII 102; W-H Identical with Gk g°rron ‘wicker-work,
I 592; P I 373–375; V ANEW oblong shield, wattled screens’ < *g°rson
309; H MSS VII 55 (to Lat Genita (L SVSU VI/1 7–9). T-F 40;
(Mana), OSc Genetaí, W geneth ‘girl’); P I 392; V ANEW 312; F
L GED 218; H IF LXXXVII I 300–301.
77; B IF LXXIII 134 (OFris *keulaz sb.m.: ON kjóll ‘keel, barge, ship’,
kind, OS kind < OHG), Nom. 94–95; OE ceól ‘keel, ship’, OS kiol ‘ship’, OHG
K-S 442. kiol ‘big ship’. May be close to Gk gaulÒw
*keppòn sb.m.: ON kjappi ‘he-goat’, G ‘round vessel’, gaËlow ‘kind of ship’
dial. kippe ‘newly born calf ’. Cf. (P KZ XXXIX 459). Both Gmc
Alb c(j)ap, sqap ‘goat’ < PAlb *tsapa, and Gk, however, can go back to the
Slav *cap˙ id., Rum flap id., Ital zappo id. same Semitic source, cf. . . . ka¤ tå
continuing an oriental Wanderwort of Foinikikå plo›a gaËloi kaloËntai, Hes.
Iranian or Altaic origin, cf. NPers ‘api“ (L Fremdw. 151, 210). F WuS IV
‘one year old goat’, Osset cæw ‘goat’, 88–89 (ON < OE); Z Gutt. 145;
OTurk ‘äbi“ ‘six-months old kid’. M- T-F 46, 561; H AEEW
 Gém. 116, 139; V ANEW 311. 46; P I 397 (to Skt gola- ‘globe,
*kerbanan str.vb.: OE ceorfan ‘to carve, to ball’, Gk gÊalon ‘cavity of the cuirass’);
cut, to hew’, OFris kerva id., MDu kerven V ANEW 312; Z I 133; F
id., MHG kerben ‘to notch’. Related to Gk I 291–292; O 502; C
grãfv ‘to scratch, to write’. Z 239–240; K-S 440.
Gutt. 144; T-F 40; H *keusanan str.vb.: Goth kiusan ‘to test’,
AEEW 46; J IEW 362–363; ON kjósa ‘to elect, to choose’, OE ceósan
P I 392; O 149; F I id., OFris kiàsa id., OS kiosan id., OHG
324–326; J KZ LXXX 63–66 (on kiosan id. Identical with Skt jußáte, jóßati ‘to
the connection with OPrus gìrbin ‘num- be fond of, to like, to enjoy’, Av zao“- ‘to
ber’, Slav *≥erb¸j¸ ‘lot’); S 292– be pleased with’, Gk geÊomai ‘to taste’,
293; K-S 438. Alb dua ~ due ‘to love’ < *·èus-n-ò, OIr
*kernò(n) sb.f.: ON kirnu-askr ‘churn-pail’, asa-gú ‘to wish’. Z Gutt. 194; B-
OE ciern ‘butter tub’ (ò-stem), MLG kerne  1656; T-F 48; F
id., early G kerne id. Probably related to 312–313; H AEEW 47; J-
*kernòn. T-F 38; H  IEW 322–323; M I 441;
AEEW 46; V ANEW 310; K- P I 399–400; V ANEW 312;
S 428. F I 302; O 172; S
*kernòn sb.m.: ON kjarni ‘kernel, nucleus’, 293–294; L GED 219; K-
MLG kerne id., OHG kerno, kern id. An S 441; O AED 77–78.
ablaut variant of *kurnan. Z Gutt. *kewwanan str.vb.: OE ceówan ‘to chew’,
193; T-F 38; P Gliederung MLG keuwen id., OHG kiuwan id. Cf. also
195; P I 391; V ANEW 312; ON tyggja, tyggva id. with abnormal t-
Z II 227; L GED 217; (? < *kjujja-). Related to Slav *≥uti id.,
K-S 438. Toch AB ≤uwà- ‘to eat’. Z Gutt.
*kerranan str.vb.: OE pret. pl. curran ‘to 145; T-F 44; H AEEW
creak’, OHG kerran id. An onomatopoeic 47; J IEW 390; P I
form that might be close or similar to Skt 400; V ANEW 602; O 168;
járate ‘to crackle, to roar’. Z Gutt. S 294–295; D BSJaO 16–18
78, 193; H AEEW 47; M- (Gmc gemination in a mobile paradigm);
 I 421; P I 383–385; S- K-S 434; A TB 631–
 293. 632; B IFTJa 259.
kèmaz 214 klainiz
*kèmaz adj.: Norw dial. kaam ‘dark, call’ further related to Skt gàti, gàyati ‘to
clouded’, MLG sbst. kàm ‘mould on liq- sing’, Slav *gajati ‘to shout’. T-F
uids’, MHG sbst. kàm id. Related to or, 44; P I 355.
at least, similar with IE *˚ƒèmo-: Skt *kìlaz sb.m.: Norw kìle ‘wedge’, MLG kìl
≤yàmá- ‘dark gray, black’, Lith “∏mas ‘gray id., OHG kìl id. Related to *kìnanan.
and blue, blue’. T-F 37; P T-F 43; P I 355 (recon-
I 541. structs *kì¶laz).
*ki¶jan ~ *kittjan sb.n.: ON kiä ‘kid’, *kìmòn ~ *kìmaz sb.m.: Norw dial. kìme
OHG kizzi id. Borrowed from an un- ‘strip, piece’, OS kìmo ‘germ’, OHG chìmo
known IE source continuing *ghaido- (see ‘sprout’. Related to *kìnanan. T-
*aitz ~ *aitiz). T-F 44 (to Alb F 43; P I 355.
kedh ‘kid’); P I 409; O 505; *kìnanan str.vb.: Goth keinan ‘to sprout, to
K-S 444. bud’ (wk. pret.), OE cínan ‘to gape, to
*kip(p)az sb.m.: ON keppr ‘cudgel, club’, break into chinks’, OS kìnan ‘to germi-
OE cipp ‘log, coulter, plowshare’, OS kip nate’, OHG kìnan ‘to sprout, to germi-
‘post’. Cf. also OHG kipfa ‘axle, stave’ nate’. Related to Latv z‚iju, ziêt ‘to blos-
(fem.). Related to *kaipaz ~ *kaipò. som’ and, further, to Lith ≥ÿd≥iu, ≥yd∏ti id.
T-F 44 (to Lat scipiò ‘walking (Z Gutt. 79, 193). P KZ
staff ’); H AEEW 49; M XXXIX 402 (to Arm ce∑, ciw∑ ‘stalk’);
Gém. 195; V ANEW 306; O 170. T-F 43; F 310; H
*kippjanan wk.vb.: ON kippa ‘to pull, to AEEW 49; P I 355; O 170;
snatch’, MLG kippen ‘to hatch’, G kippen S 290–291; L GED 217 (to
‘to knock over’. Derived from *kip(p)az. IE *skei- ‘to cut, to separate’); K-
F-T ND 511 (to Oir scibiud ‘to S 437.
move’); T-F 43 (to Slav *cîpiti ‘to *klabòn sb.m.: ON klafi ‘a kind of fork put
clutch’); V ANEW 310. on the neck of cattle’, MLG klave ‘yoke’.
*kippòn ~ *kippan sb.m./n.: ON kippa Related to Lith gl∏biu, gl∏bti ‘to embrace’,
‘bundle’, MLG kip ‘bundle (of furs, fish)’. glóbiu, glóbti id., Slav *globa ‘kind of pole’.
Derived from *kip(p)az. M Gém. Z Gutt. 146; T-F 57;
197; V ANEW 310. P I 359; F 156; V
*kitilòjanan wk.vb.: ON kitla ‘to tickle’, ANEW 313; S LS 22; T
OE citelian id., OS kitilòn id., OHG ESSJa VI 131–132.
kizzilòn id. A descriptive stem. S- *klaimjanan wk.vb.: ON kleima ‘to daub,
 BB XXIX 30 (to Arm kcem ‘to to smear’, OE clæman ‘to smear, to
itch, to tickle’ < *gidƒò); T-F 44; anoint’, MDu klèmen id., OHG part. bi-
H AEEW 50; V ANEW kleimenti. Derived from *klaimòn ~
310; O 507; K-S 444. *klaimaz. H AEEW 50; V
*kìbòjanan wk.vb.: ON kífa ‘to strive, to ANEW 315; O 179.
quarrel’, OFris zìvia id., MLG kiven id., *klaimòn ~ *klaimaz sb.f./m.: ON
MHG kìben id. Retains elements of a kleima ‘blot, dab’, OE clam ‘mud, clay’,
strong paradigm. Probably related to Lith MDu kleem ‘glue’, OHG kleim ‘clay’.
geibstù, geÛbti ‘to weaken’. P Related to Lith gléima ‘slime’, Latv glaÛma
Beiträge 84–85; T-F 43; H- ‘flattery’. T-F 57 (to Lith gl‚mës
 AEEW 42; P I 354; V ‘slime’); H AEEW 50; P
ANEW 308; H 327; K- I 364; F 157; V ANEW
S 436. 315; O 179, 181; K-S
*kìkjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. kìkja ‘to 448.
gasp, to pant’, MHG kìchen id. A redupli- *klainiz adj.: Burg *klaini ‘tender, shining’,
cated form similar to Toch AB kàk- ‘to OE cl≠ne ‘clean’, OFris klène ‘narrow,
klainiz 215 klembanan
thin’, OS klèni ‘narrow, slim, delicate’, *klembanan? T-F 57; P I

OHG kleini, klein ‘delicate, fine, small’. 360.
Identical with Slav *glîn¸ ‘clay, dregs’ *klanjanan wk.vb.: ON klengjask ‘to pick
< *gloini-. Cf. *klajjaz. T-F 57; up a quarrel’, OE clenan ‘to exhilarate’.
H AEEW 50; T Lehm Causative of *klenanan. H
30–33; P I 366–367; O 180; AEEW 51; V ANEW 316; S
T ESSJa VI 120–121; K 300.
711; H 332–333; K- *klappan ~ *klappaz sb.n./m.: ON
S 448. klapp ‘clapping the hands’, MHG klapf
*klaiwaz sb.m.: OS klè ‘clover’, OHG klèo, ‘crash’. Of imitative origin. T-F
klè id. Cf. also OE clæfre id., MLG klàver 56; H AEEW 50; O 179.
id. Identical with Gk gloiÒw ‘glue, tar’, *klappòjanan wk.vb.: ON klappa ‘to
Slav *glîv˙ ‘slime’. Cf. *klenanan. T- pack, to clap’, OE clappan ‘to move, to
F 58; H AEEW 50 (to palpitate’, OFris klappia id., MLG klappen
Slav *gl¸biti ‘to stick fast’); P I id., MHG klaffen ‘to sound’. Of imitative
364; F I 312–313; O 183; T- origin. Cf. *klappan ~ *klappaz. T-
 ESSJa VI 121–122; K- F 56; W NP 175; H
S 447. AEEW 51; M Gém. 168, 170;
*klajjaz sb.m.: OE cl≠ ‘clay’, OFris klày V ANEW 314; O 179.
id., MLG klei id. Related to Gk gloiÒw *klatròjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. klatra ‘to
‘glutinous substance, gum’ and particu- beat, to knock’, LG klateren ‘to rattle, to
larly close semantically to Slav *gl¸j¸ clatter’. Cf. also OE clatrun ‘drum, rat-
‘clay, glue’. See *klaiwaz. T-F 57 tle’. Of imitative origin. T-F 55.
(add ON kleggi ‘cleg, horsefly’ < *klajjòn); *klautaz sb.m.: ME cleat ‘wedge’, MDu
H AEEW 50; P I cloot ‘ball, sphere’, OHG klòz ‘clod, lump,
362–363; F I 312–313; O 180; wedge’ (masc., neut.). Close to Slav *gluda
T ESSJa VI 162; D BSA ‘lump’. B I 307–308; O
40. 180; T Slav. jaz. V 171, ESSJa
*klak(k)az sb.m.: ON klakkr ‘peg’, MDu VI 144–145; K-S 452.
klak ‘stain’, G Kleck ‘stain, fleck’. Related *klawiþan sb.m.: ON kláäi ‘itch’, OE
to Slav *glaz˙ ‘stone, pebble’ (P cleweäa ‘clawing, scratching’, OHG klà-
Beiträge 792). Z Gutt. 211; T- wido ‘scabies’. Derived from *klawjanan.
F 55; H AWN 154 (to Slav H AEEW 51; P I 361;
*glezna ‘ankle’); P SVSU X 70 (to E V ANEW 313.
dial. clink ‘boulder’); J IEW *klawjanan str./wk.vb.: ON klá ‘to
366 (to *klanjanan); P I 357–358; scratch’ (secondary *klaxanan), kleyja id.,
V ANEW 313–314. OE clawan ‘to claw’, OHG klàwen ‘to
*klambrjanan wk.vb.: ON klembra ‘to scratch’. Of unknown origin. T-
jam, to pinch in a smith’s vice’, MHG F 58; H AEEW 51;
klemberen ‘to cotter’. Derived from J IEW 371; P I 361;
*klambrò. V ANEW 316 (to IE V ANEW 313; O 180; S
*glembh-). 295–296.
*klambrò sb.f.: ON kl‡mbr ‘smith’s vice’, *klembanan str.vb.: OE climban ‘to
E clammer ‘clip, bracket’, MHG klammer climb’, MLG klimmen id., OHG klimban
id. Derived from *klembanan. T-F id. Probably related to Lith gl∏biu, gl∏bti
56; V ANEW 318. ‘to grasp’, Slav *globiti ‘to fix together, to
*klampò sb.f.: ON kl‡pp ‘pier-like rock, assemble’. See *klabòn. T-F 56;
stepping stones over a stream’, MLG T BSW 91; H
klampe ‘hook, footbridge’. Related to AEEW 52; P I 360; O 182
klembanan 216 klubjò
(nasalized form of *klìbanan); V- adhere’, OS klibon ‘to adhere’, OHG kle-
T I 413; T ESSJa VI bèn ‘to glue, to stick’. Derived from *klìba-
131–132. nan. H AEEW 52; S
*klempaz ~ *klempò sb.m.: ON kleppr 297; K-S 447.
‘plummet, lump’, LG klimp ‘small cliff ’. *klibròjanan wk.vb.: ON klifra ‘to climb’,
Connected with *klampò. Z Gutt. OE clifrian ‘to scratch, to claw’. Related
146; T-F 57; V ANEW 316 (to to *klìbanan. H AEEW 52;
IE *glembh-). V ANEW 317.
*klenanan str.vb.: OHG klenan ‘to glue, to *klifan sb.n.: ON klif ‘cliff ’, OE clif id., OS
stick, to smear’. Transformation of the klif id., OHG kleb id. Related to *klìbanan.
original *klinanan identical with OIr gle- T-F 58; H AEEW 52;
naid ‘to adhere’ < *gli-nà- (B AHDG V ANEW 316–317; O 182.
307). Cf. *klaiwaz. P I 32–363; *klìbanan str.vb.: ON klífa ‘to climb’, OE
D BSA 39. clífan ‘to cleave, to adhere’, OFris klìva ‘to
*klenanan str.vb.: OE clinan ‘to cling, hang’, OS bi-klìban ‘to take root’, OHG
to stick close’, MDu clingen id., OHG az-klìban ‘to stick fast’. Related to Slav
pres. clinget ‘crispat’. If assimilated from *glibati ‘to stick, to get stuck’. Z
*klemanan, probably related to Lith Gutt. 147; T-F 58; H
gleM≥ti ‘to sweep, to snatch up’. T- AEEW 52; J IEW 365–373;
F 56; H AEEW 52; F- P I 363–364; V ANEW 316–
 156; O 182; S 300; 317; O 181; S LS 22 (to Slav
P I 361; K-S 450. *gl¸bîti ‘to stick fast’); T ESSJa
*klenkwaz adj.: ON kl‡kkr ‘bending, soft’, VI 124; S 296–297.
LG klinker ‘weak’. Further connected with *klì¶òn sb.m.: OE clíäa ‘plaster, salve,
ON kl‡kkva ‘to soften’ < *klenkwanan re- poultice’. Close to Gk gl¤tton: gloiÒn
lated to Lith gl\≥tù, glè≥ti ‘to become (Hes.), Lith glitùs ‘smooth, sticky’, Latv
flabby’ < *glen·-. T-F 56; J- glîst ‘to be slimy’. T-F 58; H-
 IEW 293–294; P I 401 (to  AEEW 51; P I 364; F
Lith gl‚≥nas ‘weak’); C SGGJa I 313; O 183.
I 84; V ANEW 318; F 157; *klòwò ~ *klèwò sb.f.: ON kló ‘claw’,
S 300–301. OE clawu ‘nail, claw, hoof ’, OFris klawe,
*kleubanan str.vb.: ON kljúfa ‘to cleave, klè ‘claw’, MLG kla, klouwe id., OHG
to split’, OE cleófan id., OS pret. sg. klòf klàwa id., klòa id. Connected with *klaw-
id., OHG klioban id. Related to Gk glÊfv janan. May be further related to Toch B
‘to hollow out’ and identical with Lat kolyi ‘clawed paw (?)’ (A TB 205).
glùbò ‘to deprive of the bark, to bark, to K ANF XXXII 198; Z Gutt.
peel’ < *gleubhò (Z Gutt. 211). 146; T-F 58; H AEEW
T-F 59; H AEEW 51; 51; P I 361 (to Skt gláu- ‘round
W-H I 610–611; J- lump’); V ANEW 317; Z II
 IEW 404–405; P I 401–402; 209; O 180; K-S 447.
V ANEW 317; F I 315; O *kluban ~ *klubò sb.n./f.: ON klof
180; S 301–302; K-S ‘cleft between the legs’, OE clufu ‘ear of
449. corn, clove of garlic’. See *klubòn. H-
*klewòn sb.m.: ON klé ‘one of the stones  AEEW 53; V ANEW 317.
to keep the warp straight in the old up- *klubjò ~ *klubjòn sb.f.: ON klyf
right loom’, OE cleowe ‘ball of thread’. ‘trunk on a pack-horse’, OHG klubba
Related to *klaujanan. T-F 58. ‘tongs, a split piece of wood used as
*klibènan ~ *klibòjanan wk.vb.: ON tongs’. Derived from *klubòn. T-
klifa ‘to repeat’, OE clifian ‘to cleave, to F 59.
klubòn 217 knatròjanan
*klubòn sb.m.: ON klofi ‘cleft, rift’, OE e- crash’, ME cnak id., G Knack id. His-
clofa ‘copy of a destroyed document’, torically identical with *knakkaz ~ *knakkò.
OFris klova ‘chasm’, OS fugal-klovo ‘perch K-S 453.
(of the bird-catcher)’, OHG klobo ‘snare, *knakkaz ~ *knakkò sb.m./f.: ON
trap’. Derived from *kleubanan. Z knakkr ‘little chair, high stool’, LG knacke
Gutt. 211; T-F 59; H ‘peg’. Cf. verbal derivatives in MLG
AEEW 53; V ANEW 317; S knacken ‘to crash’, early G knacken id. Of
302; K-S 451. unknown origin. Can be the source of
*klun¶raz sb.m.: Norw klundr ‘ball, lump’, WGmc *knextaz > OE cniht ‘boy, youth,
LG klunder ‘bush’. Of unknown origin. servant, knight’, OFris knecht, kniucht
V ANEW 318 (to ON klettr ‘rock, ‘servant, soldier’, OS knecht ‘lad, youth’,
cliff ’). OHG kneht ‘youth, servant’ (for the
*klunaz ~ *klunò sb.m./f.: ON klungr semantics see *knappaz I). Z Gutt.
‘bramble’, OHG klunga ‘ball’. Derived 194; T-F 35 (*knextaz to *kenþan),
from *klenanan. V ANEW 318 (to 48–49; H KZ XLVII 307
*klanjanan). (*knextaz to *knaaz), AEEW 54;
*klunjanan wk.vb.: ON klunna ‘to cling’, M Gém. 137, 196; P I
OE clynian ‘to wrap’. Related to *klewòn. 370; V ANEW 319, 321; O 508;
H AEEW 53; P I 361; K-S 453.
V ANEW 318 (related to *klòwò ~ *knappaz I sb.m.: ON knappr ‘knob, stud’,
*klèwò). OE cnæpp ‘top, cop, knop’, OFris knapp
*kluppjanan wk.vb.: OE clyppan ‘to ‘knob’, MLG knapp ‘hill’. Of unknown
embrace, to clasp’, OFris kleppa id. origin. WGmc words for ‘boy’ reflecting
Related to Toch B klup- ‘to squeeze’ *knap(p)an and *knabòn probably belong
(A TB 226). Z Gutt. 146; here (OE cnapa, cnafa, ODu cnapo, OHG
H AEEW 53; P I 362 knapo, knappo, knabo). For the semantics cf.
(to Slav *glyba ‘clod, lump’); O 182 Slav *kopyl˙ ‘shoot, branch’ ~ ‘bastard,
(to Lith gl∏bti ‘to embrace’). boy, servant’. T-F 49; H-
*kluttaz sb.m.: OE clott ‘clot’, MHG klotz  AEEW 54; M Gém. 117,
‘lump’. With *-tt- < *-dh- close to Lith 196; V ANEW 320 (to Gk gÒmfow
gludùs ‘smooth, soft’ (related to glaUsti ‘to ‘bolt, dowel’, gnãmptv ‘to bend, to
cling’). H AEEW 53; P curve’); O 507; L Expr. 274–
I 362; F 155–156; O 183. 275; K-S 453.
*klùtaz sb.m.: ON klútr ‘kerchief ’, OE clút *knappaz II adj.: ON knappr ‘scanty’,
‘small piece of cloth, patch’, MLG klùt, MLG knap ‘scanty, scarce, rare, spare’.
klùte ‘patch’. See *kluttaz. T-F Probably connected with *knappaz I.
59; H AEEW 53; O K NB II 228–229, 455; T-
183. F 49; P I 370; V ANEW
*knabilaz sb.m.: ON knefill ‘post, pole’, 320 (to Gk gnãptv, knãptv ‘to bend, to
OS knevil ‘short crossbar’, OHG knebil curve’); H 337.
‘columbar, horse’s collar’. Derived from *knarruz sb.m.: ON kn‡rr ‘merchant ship’,
*knabòn (see *knappaz I). Z Gutt. ME knarre ‘knag, gnarl’, Du knar ‘tree
147; T-F 49; V ANEW 321 (to stump’. Similar to *knaaz and *knappaz
*knappaz I); K-S 455. I. F WuS IV 109; V ANEW 323.
*knaaz sb.m.: Swed knagg ‘knag, gnarl’, *knatròjanan wk.vb.: Norw knatra ‘to
ME knagge id., MLG knagge id. A pho- crackle’, MDu cnateren ‘to growl, to grum-
netic variant of *knakkaz ~ *knakkò. T- ble’, G knattern ‘to crackle’. Somehow
F 49. connected with *knakkaz. V ANEW
*knakkaz sb.m.: Icel knakkr ‘fracture, 321.
knausaz 218 knuppaz
*knausaz sb.m.: ON knauss ‘knoll, crag’, acc. sg. knauen ‘good’, ON knár ‘pithy, vio-
G dial. knaus ‘button-like topping on the gorous’, OE on-cn≠we ‘known, recog-
bread loaf ’. Derived from *knusjanan ~ nized’. Related to MIr gnóe ‘excellent,
*knusòjanan. V IF LXXII 136–150 beautiful’ (M Idg. Anz. IX 198), Lat
(to Norw knust ‘knotty log’), ANEW 320. gnàuus ‘busy, diligent’. See *knèanan.
*kne¶anan str.vb.: OSwed pres. knodha ‘to K NB II 193–194; B
knead’ (< *knu¶a-), OE cnedan id., OS BB III 81; T-F 36; F 313; P-
part. gi-knedan id., OHG knetan id.  I 378; V ANEW 320; S
Compared with Slav *gnet‡, *gnesti ‘to 303; H IF LXXXI 39; H IF
press’ (L KZ XI 193). Z LXXXI 39 (Celto-Germanic parallel);
Gutt. 147; T-F 49; H L GED 219; H 337–
AEEW 54; J IEW 332–337; 338 (reconstructs *knawaz and *knèwiz).
P I 370–373; C *knìbaz sb.m.: ON knífr ‘knife’, OE cníf
SGGJa I 72; V ANEW 322; O id., OFris knìf id., MLG knìf id., G dial.
507; S 303–304; S LS 23; Kneif ‘shoemaker’s knife’. Related to *knì-
T ESSJa VI 165–166; K- panan despite the difference in the inlaut
S 455. consonantism. Z Gutt. 148; T-
*knewan sb.n.: Goth kniu ‘knee’, ON kné F 50; F ANF XLI 118; P I
id., OE cneó id., OFris knì, knè id., OS knio 370–371; V ANEW 321; O
id., OHG knio id. From *·ne⁄o-, a the- 508.
matic derivative of IE *·enu- id.: Hitt *knìpanan str.vb.: Norw dial. knìpa ‘to
genu-, Toch A dual. kanweá, B keni, Skt pinch’, MLG knìpen id. Identical with
jànu, Arm cunr, Gk gÒnu, Lat genù and the Lith gnÿbti id., ≥nÿbti id. T-F 50;
like (K KZ I 129). P SVSL T BSW 93; P I 370–
I 7; Z Gutt. 194; T-F 49; 371; F 159; S LS 23.
L Genus 13; H AEEW *knò¶iz sb.f.: Goth knoþs ‘race, stock’,
54; W-H I 592–593; F OHG knòt, knuot ‘origin, nature’. Conti-
313; M I 429; P I 381; nues *·nòtís close to Skt jñatí- ‘kinsman’,
V ANEW 320; Z I 146; F Gk gnvtÒw ‘related by blood, brother’.
I 321; O 507; L Verschärfung Derived from *·en6- ‘to know’. F-
16.18; L GED 220; P IV  KZ I 238; T-F 35; F
146–151; K-S 456; A 313–314; M I 446; P
TB 193; B IFTJa 240. I 373–375; F I 306; L GED
*knèanan str.vb.: ON kná ‘to be able’, OE 220; B Nom. 146.
cnáwan ‘to know’. An archaic morphono- *knukòjanan wk.vb.: ON knoka ‘to
logical variant of IE *·en6- ‘to know’: Skt knock’, OE cnucian id., MHG knochen id.
pass. jñàyáte ‘to be known’, Toch A knà-, An imitative stem. H GHÅ
Gk gign≈skv ‘to come to know, to per- XIV/2 12; Z Gutt. 148; T-F
ceive’, Lat (g)nòscò ‘to know’, Lith ≥inóti, 50; V ANEW 322; O 508;
Slav *znati. See *kanna. Z Gutt. K-S 453 (to *knakkaz).
193; T-F 36; H AEEW *knukòn sb.m.: MLG knoke ‘bone’, MHG
54; W-H II 176–177; J- knoche id. Probably related to *knewan. No
 IEW 331–332; M I 447; direct connection with Gk gnÊj ‘on the
P I 376–378; F 1310; knees’, where -j is analogical (S
V ANEW 319; F I 308–309; I 620). T-F 50; P I 381;
O 508; V-T II F I 317; L Expr. 219–220;
100–101; S 302–303; B K-S 457.
IFTJa 243. *knuppaz sb.m.: Norw dial. knupp ‘bud’,
*knèwaz ~ *knèwiz adj.: Crim. Goth MLG knuppe id., OHG knopf ‘knot’.
knuppaz 219 kòwz
Identical with OIr gnobh ‘knot, knag’.  AEEW 54; P I 371;
T-F 50; P I 371. F 1321; V ANEW 323; H-
*knusjanan ~ *knusòjanan wk.vb.:  339; A TB 341.
ON knosa ‘to bruise, to beat’, OE cnyssan *kòlaz ~ *kòliz adj.: OE cól ‘cool’, MLG
‘to press, to strike, to punch’, MDu cnosen kòl id., OHG kuoli id. Derived from
‘to pinch’, OHG knussen ‘to strike, to *kalanan. Z Gutt. 143; T-F
strike together’. An onomatopoeic for- 40–41; H AEEW 56; O
mation, cf. *knìpanan. T-F 51; 213; S 288; H 339.
H AEEW 55; P I 372; *kòljanan wk.vb.: ON kœla ‘to cool’, OE
V ANEW 322. célan ‘to be cold, to become cold’, OFris
*knut(t)janan ~ *knut(t)jòjanan kèla ‘to relieve’, OHG kuolen ‘to cool’.
wk.vb.: ON knytja ‘to knit, to truss’, OE Derived from *kòlaz ~ *kòliz. T-
cnyttan ‘to tie, to bind, to knit’, MHG F 40–41; H AEEW 56;
knützen ‘to squeeze’. Derived from *knut- V ANEW 342; O 502; S
tòn. H AEEW 55; V 288; H 339; B OFED
ANEW 323 (to *knùtaz). s.v.
*knuttòn sb.m.: OE cnotta ‘knot, fasten- *kòniz adj.: Burg *konis ‘bold’, ON kœnn
ing’, MLG knotte ‘knot, knob’, MHG ‘wise, skilful’, OE céne ‘keen, fierce, bold’,
knotze id. Cf. *knùtaz and *knuppaz. MLG kòne ‘valiant, brazen’, OHG kuoni
H AEEW 55; P I ‘valiant, brave, strong’. Derived from
372–373 (to Lith gniutù, gniùsti ‘to press, *kanna. K NB I 113; T-F
to push’); O 508. 36; H AEEW 56; P I
*knuzljanan wk.vb.: ON knylla ‘to beat 378; V ANEW 342; O 502;
with a blunt weapon’, OE cnyllan ‘to S 290; P 49–50; M
knell, to sound a bell’, MHG knüllen ‘to Festschr. Schröder 98, 109–110, KZ CV
punch, to kick’. Of imitative origin. 136; L Expr. 537–538 (from *knò-niz);
T-F 51; H AEEW 55; B Nom. 243 (follows L);
P I 372 (from *knusjanan ~ *knusò- K 711; H 339–340;
janan); V ANEW 323. K-S 491.
*knùbilaz sb.m.: ON knÿfill ‘short horn’, *kònìn sb.f.: ON l‡g-kœni ‘skill in the law’,
late OHG knobel ‘small bone’. Of un- OHG kuonì ‘courage, strength’. Derived
known origin. Cf. *knukòn? P I from *kòniz. H 340.
371–372 (to Lith gniáubti ‘to embrace’; *kòpjanan ~ *kòpòjanan wk.vb.: ON
V ANEW 322–323; K-S kópa ‘to stare, to gape’, OE cépan ‘to
457 (OHG < *knuwilaz). observe, to keep, to regard’. Related to
*knùtaz adj.: ON sbst. knútr ‘knot’, MHG Lith ≥ëbiù, ≥Ebti ‘to eat unwillingly’, Slav
knùz ‘bold, pert, overconfident’. Related *zobati ~ *zobiti ‘to peck, to care’. The
to *knùwjanan. Z Gutt. 148; T- original meaning seems to be preserved
F 50; W NP 42–43; P in ON (Z Gutt. 194). T-F
I 371–373; L 152; L Expr. 34; T BSW 364; H
281–282; H 338–339; K- AEEW 56; P I 349; V ANEW
S 458. 326; V-T II 102 (against
*knùwjanan wk.vb.: ON knÿja ‘to knock, Z).
to press’, OE cnuwian ‘to knock, to *kòwz ~ *kùz sb.f.: ON kÿr ‘cow’, OE cú
pound’, EFris knòjen ‘to press’. Distantly id., OFris kù id., OS kò id. (< *kòwiz),
related to Toch B nusk- ‘to squeeze’ OHG kuo id. (i-stem with traces of a root
< *·nu-sk- and Lith ≥niungù, ≥niùgti ‘to stem in pl.). Related to Toch A acc. sg.
fall’, ≥niáugu, ≥niáugti ‘to choke, to gag’ ko, B keu id. Skt gáu- ‘bull, cow’, Av gèu“
< *·neu-g(h)-. T-F 50; H- id., Arm kov ‘cow’, Gk boËw ‘bullock,
kòwz 220 kranòn
bull’, Lat bòs ‘ox, bull, cow’, OIr bó ‘cow’, P I 385 (to Gk gurgayÒw ‘wicker-
Latv gùovs id., Slav *gov-\do ‘cattle’ basket’); V ANEW 328; L
(F KZ I 493). K KZ I 161.
237–240; B 505–509; T- *krammjanan wk.vb.: ON kremja ‘to
F 45; H AEEW 62; squeeze, to bruise’, OE crammian ‘to
W-H I 112; M I cram, to stuff ’, MLG krammen ‘to clutch
351; P I 482–483; V ANEW with claws’. Derived from *kremmanan.
340–341; Z II 209; F I Z Gutt. 149–150; T-F 52;
260–261; O 223; T ESSJa H AEEW 59; O 224.
VII 74–75; P KZ LXXXVIII *krampjanan wk.vb.: ON kreppa ‘to
134–136 (reconstructs *kwòz); B- clench’, OHG part. widar-gi-chrampft ‘to
 Nom. 200; G Wurzel- rise’. Derived from *krempanan. T-
nomina 233–256; K-S 491; F 53; S 308.
A TB 189. *kranaz adj.: ON krangr ‘weak, crank’,
*krablòjanan wk.vb.: ON krafla ‘to paw, MLG krangh ‘weak, worn out, ill’, OHG
to scrabble with the hands’, MLG krabbeln kranc ‘weak’. Derived from *krenanan.
‘to crawl’. Probably derived from *krab- K NB I 69; T-F 52;
bòn. V ANEW 328. S 309; H 341.
*krabbòn sb.m.: ON krabbi ‘crab’, OE *kranxò sb.f.: OM krá ‘angle’, OE cró,
crabba id., MLG krabbe id. Borrowed from cróh ‘corner’, MLG kròch ‘fenced land’.
an unknown Mediterranean source, cf. Connected with *krenaz despite the
Gk kärabow ‘horned beetle, crayfish’ > unvoiced *-x-? H AEEW 61;
Lat càrabus ‘a kind of sea-crab’ of the P I 385; V ANEW 327 (to
same origin. C BSL XXVII 100 *xrenaz).
(Ethio-Sem parallels); T-F 52; *krankaz adj.: OESc kranker ‘bad, wicked’,
W-H I 164; H OFris kronk ‘weak, ill’, MLG krank id.,
AEEW 58–59; M Gém. 87; C OHG kranc ‘weak, invalid’. A phonetic
BSL XXVII 100; V ANEW 328 variant of *kranaz. T-F 52;
(*‘scratching animal’, to Gk grãfv ‘to S 308–309; T PJa II
scratch, to write’); O 223; L 289–290 (to Lith gr.≥ti ‘to drill, to bore’);
Expr. 296; K-S 481. H 341–342; K-S
*krafjanan wk.vb.: ON krefja ‘to demand’, 483.
OE crafian ‘to ask, to implore’. Of uncer- *krankjanan wk.vb.: OESc krænkas ‘to get
tain origin. Z Gutt. 212; H- worse’, OFris krenza ‘to damage’, OHG
 AEEW 59; P I 388; V bi-kranken ‘to make ill’. Derived from
ANEW 329. *krankaz. H 342.
*kraftiz ~ *kraftuz sb.m.: ON kraptr, *kranòn sb.m.: ON trani ‘crane’ (with
kr‡ptr ‘might, strength, power’, OE cræft irregular t-), OE cran id. (< *kranaz), OS
‘power, might, art, skill’, OFris kreft krano id., OHG krano id. Etymologically
‘might, strength, power’, OS kraft id. (also and derivationally close to Gk g°ranow
fem.), OHG kraft id. (fem.). Derived from id., Gaul (tri)garanos id., W garan id., Corn
*krafjanan. Z Gutt. 149; T- garan id., Bret garan id., Lith garn‹s ‘heron,
F 52 (to Slav *krîp˙k˙ ‘strong’); stork’. Probably further related to *ker-
H AEEW 59; P I 388; ranan. Z Gutt. 149; S
V ANEW 329 (to *krappaz); Z DVN 292; T-F 39; H
II 201; O 224. AEEW 59; P I 384; F
*krakòn sb.m.: ON kraki ‘pale, stake’, 137–138; V ANEW 596; Z II
OHG kracko, krahho ‘hook, harpune’. 179; F I 299; O 225; K-
Of unknown origin. T-F 51; S 483.
kranukaz 221 krèsò
*kranukaz sb.m.: OE cranoc, cornuc ‘to turn’. T-F 52; H

‘crane’, MLG kranek id., OHG kranuh, AEEW 60; J IEW 350;
kranih id. Close to Arm kfiunk id. < P I 385–390; F 167–168;
*gerungo- (M BSL XXXVI 121–123). V ANEW 328; S 308–309.
On the other hand, may be a later deri- *krenaz sb.m.: Gep *krings ‘arena’, ON
vative from *kranòn. Z Gutt. 149; adv. kring ‘round’, MLG krink ‘circle,
H AEEW 59; P I 384; ring’, MHG krinc id. Derived from
K-S 483. *krenanan. The relation to *xrenaz is not
*krappaz adj.: ON krappr ‘narrow, clear. K NB I 33, II 272; T-
straight’, MLG krap ‘meagre, moderate’, F 52; P I 385–386; V
G dial. krapf ‘unprepossessing’. Of ANEW 330; K 715; H
unknown origin. K NB I 51; 344; K-S 487.
T-F 52; M Gém. 175; *krenlòn sb.f.: ON kringla ‘circle, disk’,
P I 387–388; V ANEW 328 MLG kringel id. Derived from *krenaz.
(to Slav *grab˙ ‘hornbeam’); L Expr. Z Gutt. 82, 205; V ANEW 330.
269, 288; H 342–343; *kreupanan str.vb.: ON krjúpa ‘to creep,
K-S 482 (reconstructs *kram- to crouch’, OE creópan ‘to creep, to
paz > OHG krampf ‘crooked’, ON krappr). crawl’, OFris krùpa, kriàpa id., MLG krepen
*krattaz ~ *krattòn sb.m.: ON kartr id. Related to Lith grùbti ‘to stiffen’, Slav
‘cart’ (with metathesis), OE cræt ‘cart, *grub˙ ~ *gr‡b˙ ‘rough’ (for the meaning
chariot’, MDu crat ‘hamper’, OHG kratto cf. *kruppaz I). Z Gutt. 212; T-
‘basket’. Of unknown origin. B F 54; H AEEW 60;
Indf. 258; T-F 51; H J IEW 347–355; P I
AEEW 59; P I 386 (to Lith grandìs 389 (from *greu-b-); F 172–173;
‘bracelet’); V ANEW 302–303. V ANEW 331; O 227; S
*kraunjan ~ *kraunòjanan wk.vb.: 310; T ESSJa VII 145–146;
ON krauna ‘to splash, to patter’, MDu cro- T ESSJa VII 145–146.
nen ‘to moan, to groan’, OHG krònen ‘to *kreustanan str.vb.: Goth kriustan ‘to
chat’. Of imitative origin. P I gnash teeth’, OSwed krÿsta id. Close to
384; V ANEW 329 (to Lat grùs). Latv skraustêt ‘to crackle’, Slav *xrustîti
*kremmanan str.vb.: OE crimman ‘to id. < *skrou-st-. M Goth. 3 (to Gk
crumble’, OHG krimman ‘to bite, to de- grÊzv ‘to grunt’); Z Gutt. 82;
vour’. Probably related to Lat gremium T-F 54 (to Gk brÊxv ‘to gnash, to
‘lap, bosom’, Lith grumiúos, grùmtis ‘to devour’); F 315 (to Lith gráu≥ti ‘to
struggle, to wrestle’. T-F 52; gnaw, to bite off ’); P I 405–406
W-H I 621; P I 383. (to Lith gruk“∏ti ‘to crash’); T
*krempanan str.vb.: ON part. kroppinn ‘to ESSJa VIII 104; L GED 221.
cripple’, MLG krimpen ‘to slave away, to *krèlkaz sb.m.: Goth Kreks ‘Greek’, OE pl.
grab’, OHG krimpfan ‘to rub’. Probably Crécas id., OFris Crèc-land ‘Greece’, OHG
related to Toch B krämp- ‘to disturb, to pl. Kriehhi ‘Greek’. Despite phonetic
check’ (H Mat. 174). T- difficulties, an early (indirect?) borrowing
F 53; J IEW 347–355; from Lat Graecus id. (K Festschr.
P I 385–390; V ANEW 331 Much 279–280). T ZdWf VII 264;
(to Lith grùbti ‘to congeal’, Slav *gr‡b˙ J ZDADL LXVI 223–225;
‘rough’); S 308 (to Latv grumbt ‘to H AEEW 60; F 314–315;
get wrinkled’); A TB 216. O 412–413; L GED
*krenanan str.vb.: OE crinan ‘to yield, 220–221.
to fall, to perish’, OFris pret. pl. krungon *krèsò sb.f.: ON krás ‘dainty’, OE créas
‘to receive’. Related to Lith gr\≥iù, gr.≥ti ‘delicacy, food’. Of unknown origin.
krèsò 222 kukjanan
W IF XIX 101 (to Skt grásati ‘to *kruppaz II sb.m.: ON pln. Kroppr, OE
swallow, to consume’); Z Gutt. 150; crop ‘crop, craw’, MLG krop ‘crop’, OHG
T-F 53; P I 474–476 (from kropf id. Identical with *kruppaz I.
*g⁄er- ‘to swallow’); V ANEW 329. H AEEW 61; P I 389;
*krìtanan str.vb.: Crim. Goth criten ‘to O 230; K-S 489 (to IE
cry’, MLG kriten ‘to scream’, MHG krìzen *g⁄er6-).
‘to cry loudly’. Eventually connected with *kruppilaz sb.m.: ON kryppill ‘cripple’,
the group continuing IE *ger-: Skt járate OE crypel id., MLG kroppel id., dial. G
‘to sough, to sound’, Lith gùrti ‘to sound Krüpel id. Derived from *kruppaz I.
loudly’. T-F 53; F 112; T-F 55; K-S 490.
P I 383–384; L GED 85. *krutjanan wk.vb.: ON krytja ‘to mur-
*kròtòjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-kroton ‘to mur’. Identical with Gk grÊzv ‘to say, to
crush, to smash’, OSwed refl. krootas ‘to grumble’. Z Gutt. 212; P I
break into pieces’. Cf. also *krattòjanan > 406; V ANEW 332.
MLG kratsen ‘to scratch’, OHG krazzòn *krùwilaz ~ *krauwilaz sb.m.: Norw
id. Of imitative origin. H IF dial. kryl ‘hump, hunch’, MLG krouwel ‘a
XXXIX 71; F 187; P I 391; kind of gable’, MHG krouwel ‘crooked
O 801; L GED 141 (to *·er- fork’. Of unknown origin. T-F
‘to ripen’). 53; P I 388.
*krubbò(n) sb.f.: ON krubba ‘crib’, OE *kubbòn sb.m.: Icel kubbi ‘block, log’, ME
cryb id., MLG krübbe id. Of unknown ori- cob ‘head, lump’. See *kubòn. P I
gin. See *kruppaz? H AEEW 395–396; V ANEW 333 (to *kuppaz I).
62; V ANEW 332 (to ON krof ‘carcass *kubòn sb.m.: ON kofi ‘hut, shed’, OE cófa
of an animal’). ‘cove, cave, room, chamber’, MLG cove
*kru¶janan wk.vb.: Norw dial. kryda ‘to ‘stable’, MHG kobe id. Related to Gk
swarm, to abound’, MLG kroden, kruden gÊph: ko¤lvma g∞w, yalãmh, gvn¤a
‘to pester, to trouble’, MHG kroten id. ( J IF II 50). Looks like an old
Related to Lith grùd≥iu, grùsti ‘to stomp, loanword, cf. Sem *kùbu- > Akk kùbu
to bruise’. T-F 54; P I ‘building’. Z Gutt. 148; T-
461; F 173. F 46; H AEEW 56;
*krumaz ~ *krumòn sb.m.: Icel krumr P I 395–396; F I 335; O
‘intestines’, OE cruma ‘crumb, fragment’, 222; K-S 459.
MLG krome, kròme id. Related to Gk *ku¶¶òn sb.m.: ON koddi ‘pillow’, OE
grËm°a ‘bag for old clothes’, Lat grùmus codd ‘bag, sack, husk’. Of unknown origin.
‘little heap, hillock’ (O Morph. P SVSU X 943 (to *ku¶ran);
Unt. IV 124; P Wurzelerw. 124). Z Gutt. 81; T-F 46; H-
T-F 54; W-H I 623;  AEEW 56; M Gém. 163;
P I 388–389; F I 329. P I 394; V ANEW 323;
*kruppaz I sb.m.: ON kroppr ‘bump, O 187.
bunch’, OE crop ‘sprout, bunch, cluster’, *ku¶ran sb.n.: MLG koder ‘double chin’,
MLG krop ‘body, shoot’. Based on *kreu- early G Koder id. Identical with Hitt kuttar
panan, with an unaccountable gemination ‘neck, upper arm’, Lat guttur ‘gullet,
of -p- > -pp-. Z Gutt. 77; throat’ (P Beiträge 109). W-
H AEEW 61; M Gém. H I 629; P I 394; K-
187; T-F 55 (to Gk grËpÒw ‘hook- S 460.
nosed, hooked, curved’); P I 389 *kukjanan wk.vb.: Goth kukjan ‘to kiss’,
(reconstructs *greu-b-); V ANEW 331 EFris kükken id., Du dial. kukken id. A
(< *krubnaz); Z I 133; F I descriptive stem, hardly connected with
329–330. *kussjanan. F Festschr. Hildebrand 25–
kukjanan 223 kun¶iz
25 (reduplicated *·eu-); G Got. *kultaz sb.m.: Norw dial. kult ‘plump,
142–143 (to *kewwanan); S- thick figure; hill top’, OE colt ‘foal’. May
N I 670 (to *kussjanan); F be connected with Lith guldÿti ‘to cas-
315–316; P I 626; O 506; trate’. T-F 41–42 (to *kalbaz and
L GED 221; K-S 496. Skt ga∂i- ‘young bull’ < *goldi-); P
*kukkaz sb.m.: ON kokkr ‘cock, rooster’, I 358; F 175.
OE coc id. Of imitative origin. Z *kumbalan sb.n.: ON kumbl ‘mark, sign,
Gutt. 197; H AEEW 55 (from badge’, OE cumbol ‘sign, image, ensign’,
Rom *coccus id.); M Gém. 197; OS kumbal ‘sign’, OHG kumbal-boro ‘stan-
O 186. dard-bearer’. A difficult word. F
*kulan sb.n.: ON kol ‘coal’, OE cól id., apud V (from Lat cumulus ‘heap,
OFris kole id., MLG kol, kole id., OHG kol pile’); M IF XIX 445 (to ON
id. Related to Toch B ≤oliye ‘hearth’, OIr kumbr ‘chopping, cutting’); H
gúal id. T-F 48; H AEEW 63; V ANEW 333–334.
AEEW 56; S KZ LVI 141 (to Skt *kuna-wiþjò(n) sb.f.: Goth kuna-wida
jvalati ‘to burn’); P I 399; V ‘cord, fetter’, OE cynewiääe ‘royal wreath,
ANEW 324; Z II 183; O diadem’, OHG kuna-wid ‘chain’. Com-
185; K-S 461; A TB pound of *kuna- related to *knewan and
635. *wiþjòn (M IF XVI 178). G-
*kulbaz ~ *kulbòn sb.m.: ON kolfr ‘bolt,  Got. 143 (compares with Lith
pole’, MLG kolve ‘club, mace’, OHG kolbo kùnas ‘body’); S-N I 677
id., kolb ‘staff ’. Any connection with (same as M); M Festgabe
*kelpòn ~ *kelpaz? S IF IV 105; Bezold 132–136 (*kuna- to *kunjan); T-
P Beiträge 64–65 (to Lat globus ‘ball, F 406; F 315–316; C Nom.
sphere, globe’); Z Gutt. 211; T- comp. 44; P I 397 (to *kaunan ~
F 57 (to *klembanan); P I 359; *kaunò ); O 1010; L GED
V ANEW 324. 221–222 (supports M).
*kul¶jòn sb.m.: ON kuldi ‘cold’, MLG *kun¶az sb.m.: Goth airþa-kunds ‘of earth-
külde id., G dial. kulde id. Related to *kal- ly origin’, ON ein-kunn ‘sign, mark’, OE
¶az. V ANEW 333; L GED æäel-kund ‘of noble kind’, OS god-kund ‘of
214. divine kind’, OHG gomman-kund ‘male,
*kuljaz sb.m.: ON kylr ‘gust of cold air’, masculine’. Related to *ken¶iz. Structur-
OE cíle ‘cold’. Derived from *kalanan. ally identical with Skt jàtá- ‘born’, Gk
H AEEW 47; V ANEW -gnhtÒw, Lat (g)nàtus. K NB II
340. 316; Z Gutt. 193; T-F 35;
*kulkaz sb.m.: Swed dial. kolk, kulk ‘swal- W-H I 597–599; F 26;
low, mouthful’, OE colc ‘hole, cask’, OFris H AEEW 63; S Kl. Schr.
kolk ‘hole full of water’, MLG kolk, kulk 70; M I 427; P I
id. Related to Slav *gl˙gati ‘to swallow’. 373–374; M Wortbild. 227–228; V
Further cf. *kelkaz ~ *kelkòn. T-F ANEW 334; F I 306–308; H-
41; H AEEW 56; V ANEW  347.
311; T ESSJa VI 157. *kun¶iz sb.f.: Goth uf gakunþai ‘érxÒme-
*kullaz sb.m.: ON kollr ‘summit, top, now’, ON troll-kyndr ‘descented from
head’, MLG kol ‘head’. Related to Skt trolls’, OE cÿääu ‘native country, home’,
gulì ‘globe, pill’. B Gutt. 185 (to Lith MHG kunde ‘knowledge’. Derived from
galvà ‘head’, Lat galea ‘leather helm’); *kanna. F 187; H AEEW
Z Gutt. 148; T-F 46; 68; F 187; V ANEW 334; L-
M I 341; P I 357; V  GED 141; S 290; B-
ANEW 325.  Nom. 141.
kun¶janan 224 kuppaz
*kun¶janan wk.vb.: ON kynda ‘to light, to L GED 222; B Nom.
kindle’, MHG künten, künden ‘to ignite’. 65.
Derived from *kun¶iz. V ANEW *kunnènan wk.vb.: Goth ga-kunnan ‘to get
340. to know’, OE cunnian ‘to prove, to try, to
*kun¶jan sb.n.: ON kyndi ‘kind, kin’, OE inquire’, OS gi-kunnon ‘to recognize’,
cynd ‘nature, kind’. Related to *kunjan. OHG kunnèn ‘to learn, to try’. Derived
H AEEW 67; V ANEW from *kanna. H AEEW 63;
340. F 317; S 289.
*kunina-¶òmaz ~ *kununa-¶òmaz *kunþaz adj.: Goth kunþs ‘known’, ON
sb.m.: ON konung-dómr ‘kingdom’, OE kunnr, kuär id., OE cúä id., OFris kùth id.,
cynin-dóm ‘kingly power, kingdom’, OS OS kùth id., OHG kund id. Continues
kuning-dòm id. Derived from *kuninaz ~ *·–6-tó-, cf. Skt jñàtá- id., Gk gnvtÒw id.,
*kununaz. C Nom. comp. 75 (parallel Lat (g)nòtus id., OIr gnáth id., Lith pa-
formations). ≥ìntas ‘known’. Derived from *kanna.
*kunina-rìkjan ~ *kununa-rìkjan Negative *un-kunþaz > Goth un-kunþs
sb.n.: ON konung-ríki ‘kingdom’, OE ‘unknown’, ON ú-kúär id., OE un-cúä id.,
cynin-ríce id., OS kuning-rìki id., OHG MDu on-cont id., OHG un-kund id. is
kuning-rìhhi id. Compound of *kuninaz ~ structurally close to Toch A àknats, B
*kununaz and *rìkjan. C Nom. comp. aknàtsa id., Skt ájñàta- id., Arm an-canaut'
75 ( parallel formations). id., Gk êgnvtow id., Lat ìgnòtus id., OIr
*kuninaz ~ *kununaz sb.m.: ON ingnad. T-F 36; H
konungr ‘king’, OE cynin id., OFris kining, AEEW 64; W-H I 677; F
koning, kening id., OS kuning id., OHG 317–318; M I 13; P I
kuning id. Derived from *kuniz. T-F 373–374; C SGGJa I 77;
35;  F apud V (to *kwenòn); F 1310; V ANEW 334; F
H AEEW 67; V ANEW I 308–309; O 958; S 290;
326; Z I 133; O 506; L GED 223; B Nom.
K-S 470. 251; K-S 493; B IFTJa
*kuniz sb.m.: ON konr ‘nobleman’, OE 243.
cyne-helm ‘crown, diadem’. See *kunjan. *kunþjan sb.n.: Goth kunþi ‘knowledge’,
T-F 35. ON kynni ‘acquaintance’. Cf. also OHG
*kunja-burenaz adj.: ON kyn-borinn ‘of ana-kundì ‘accusation’ < *-kunþìn. Struc-
noble kin’, OE cyne-boren ‘of royal birth’. turally close to Lith pa-≥intìs ‘acquaintance’.
Compound of *kunjan and *burenaz, par- Derived from *kunþaz. R UUÅ
ticiple of *beranan. C Nom. comp. 61. 1942/7 109; F 317; F 1310;
*kunjan sb.n.: Goth kuni ‘clan, tribe, race, V ANEW 340; L GED 223.
generation’, ON kyn ‘kin, kind’, OE cyn *kunþjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-swi-kunþjan
id., OFris kinn, kenn id., OS kunni id., ‘to make manifest, to make known’, ON
OHG kunni id. Continues IE *·–ƒo- re- kynna id., OE cÿäan id., OFris kètha id.,
lated to Skt jána- ‘race’, Av zana- ‘people’ OS kù¶ian, cùäean id., OHG kunden id.
(in cmpn.), Gk g°now id., Lat genus ‘birth, Derived from *kunþaz. T-F 36;
descent’. Cf. in particular Lat genius ‘tute- H AEEW 68; F 317; V
lar deity’ < *·enƒos. Z Gutt. 193; ANEW 340; O 507; L GED
B 1660; T-F 35; 223.
H AEEW 67; W- *kuppaz sb.m.: ON koppr ‘cup, small ves-
H I 597–599; F 316; sel’, OE cop ‘top, cop, summit’, MLG kop
P I 375; V ANEW 340; ‘cup, bowl’, OHG kopf ‘cup, skull, head’.
Z I 145; F I 306–308; Related to Latv gubt ‘to bend’, Slav
O 505; B IEL 368; *g˙bn‡ti id. There are no reasons to
kuppaz 225 kussuz
reconstruct *gheubh- rather than *geub- for curni ‘einkorn’. Derived from *kurnan.
Balto-Slavic forms insofar as their Gmc L GED 217.
parallels (P I 450) are not reliable. *kurtilaz sb.m.: ON kyrtill ‘tunic, gown’,
T-F 46; H AEEW 57; OE cyrtel ‘vest, garment, frock’. Goes
M Gém. 193; P I 395–396 back to Iranian (Av k6r6ti- ‘a kind of
(to Gk gÊph: ko¤lvma g∞w, yalãmh, clothes’, Sogd qwrty ‘shirt’, Osset k w6ræt
gvn¤a, Hes.); F 140; Z I id.) from where, probably, numerous
133; T ESSJa VII 188–189; North Caucasian and Kartvelian forms.
L Expr. 275–276; K-S Note the resemblance with *ur¶ilaz.
477 (from Lat cùpa ‘tub, cask’). H AEEW 68; A I 609;
*kurbiz sb.m.: ON kurfr ‘chip, a cut-off O 506 (derived from Lat curtus
piece’, OE cyrf ‘cutting off ’ (fem.?), OFris ‘short’); N-S NCED
kerf ‘cut’. Derived from *kerbanan. T- 449.
F 40; H AEEW 68; *kuruz adj.: Goth kaurus ‘heavy, weighty’.
S 292; B Nom. 131. From earlier *kwuruz. Related to Indo-
*kurbjanan ~ *kurbòjanan wk.vb.: European adjectives for ‘heavy’: Skt gurú-,
ON þver-kyrfa ‘to carve, to cut clean Gk barÊw < *g ⁄6ru- (F 310). The
across’, OE corfian ‘to cut up small, to development of the labiovelar in Germa-
mince’. Derived from *kerbanan. H- nic is not clear. Z Gutt. 81; T-
 AEEW 58; S 292. F 48; F 310; M I 340;
*kurna-xùsan sb.n.: ON korn-hús ‘gra- P I 476–477; F I 221–222;
nary, barn’, OE corn-hús id., OS korn-hùs P IF LXXIX 33–34 (< *g ⁄º-u-);
id., OHG korn-hùs id. Compound of *kur- L GED 217; H 355.
nan and *xùsan. C Nom. comp. 75 *kusanaz adj.: Goth un-ga-kusans ‘unqua-
( parallel formations). lified, unsuccessful’, OE un-e-coren ‘un-
*kurnan sb.n.: Goth kaurn ‘grain, wheat’, chosen, evil’. Past participle based on
ON korn ‘corn, grain’, OE corn id., OFris *keusanan. F 519; L GED 219.
korn id., OS korn id., OHG korn id. *kusmòn sb.f.: Norw kusma ‘paroritis’, Du
Identical with Skt jùr»á-, jìr»á- ‘old, kossem ‘paunch, belly’. Of unknown ori-
decayed, withered’, Lat grànum ‘corn’, gin. T-F 60 (from *kwiþsmòn, to
OIr grán id., Lith ≥ìrnis id., Slav *z¸rno id. *kwiþuz ~ *kwiþaz).
H Idg. Gr. II 130–131; M BSL *kussjanan wk.vb.: ON kyssa ‘to kiss’, OE
XXIV/74 109; Z Gutt. 193; cyssan id., OFris kessa id., OS kussian id.,
P Kelt. Gr. I 52; T-F 38; OHG kussen id. Derived from *kussuz.
T BSW 372; H T-F 48 (to Lat bàsium ‘kiss’);
AEEW 58; W-H I 618–619; H AEEW 68; V ANEW
F 309; P Gliederung 195; 341; O 506; K-S 496.
M I 439; P I 390–391; *kussòn I sb.m.: ON kussi ‘calf, bullock’,
D VSJa 14–15, BSA 15; C Du kuis id., G dial. kusse ‘old sheep’.
SGGJa I 62; F 1314; Z An affective derivative of *kòwz ~ *kùz
II 227; V ANEW 326; O 215; (T apud V). V ANEW
V-T II 95–96; L 335.
GED 216–217; K-S 478. *kussòn II sb.f.: ON kussa ‘cow’, MHG
*kurna-westiz sb.f.: ON korn-vist ‘store kuose ‘female calf ’. See *kussòn I. V
of corn’, OHG korn-wist ‘corn meal’. ANEW 335.
Compound of *kurnan and *westiz II. *kussuz sb.m.: ON koss ‘kiss’, OE cos id.,
C Nom. comp. 84 ( parallel formations). OFris koss id., OS kus id., OHG kus id.
*kurnjan sb.n.: ON hamal-kyrni ‘a kind of Derived from *keusanan. Z Gutt.
seed’, OS hrèn-korni ‘wheat’, OHG fol- 81 (to OIr bus ‘mouth’, Lat bàsium ‘kiss’);
kussuz 226 kwainòjanan
T-F 48; H AEEW 58; wort); P I 393 (to *geu- ‘to bend’);
K PBB XLI 180 (to *kweþanan); V ANEW 327; O 219; K-
F 315; P I 399–400, 626 (to S 432.
the descriptive stem *kus-); V ANEW *kutjòn sb.f.: ON hús-kytja ‘cottage’, OE
327; Z I 133; K-S cyte id. Derived from *kutan. H-
496; H Festschr. Shevoroshkin 124.  AEEW 48; V ANEW 341.
*kustiz sb.f.: Goth ga-kusts ‘approvedness, *kuzan sb.n.: ON kør ‘choice’, OE e-cor
test’, ON kostr ‘choice, condition’ (traces ‘making a decision’, OFris kor-birta ‘con-
of u-stem), OE cyst ‘choice, election’, secrated morsel’. Derived from *keusanan.
OFris kest ‘choice’, OS kust ‘choice, deci- V ANEW 341; S 294; K-
sion’, OHG kust id. Structurally identical S 494.
with Skt júß†i- ‘love, favor’. Derived from *kùbaz sb.m.: ON kúfr ‘heap above the
*keusanan. T-F 48; H brim of a vessel’. Close to Gk gÊph:
AEEW 68; F 187; P Gliederung ko¤lvma g∞w, yalãmh, gvn¤a (Hes.).
122; M I 442; P I 400; T-F 46; H AEEW 66
V ANEW 327; Z II 201; (< Rom *cupia); P I 395; V
S 294; L GED 219; B- ANEW 333.
 Nom. 157. *kùlò(n) sb.f.: ON kúla ‘ball, knob’,
*kustòjanan wk.vb.: ON kosta ‘to try, to MLG kùle ‘club’, MHG kùle ‘ball, globe,
tempt’, OE costian ‘to tempt, to try, to club’. Related to Skt gola- ‘globe, ball’.
prove’, OS koston ‘to try, to attempt’, Z Gutt. 145; T-F 46;
OHG kostòn ‘to try’. Derived from *kustiz, M I 349; P I 396–397;
*kustuz. Structurally similar to Lat gustàre V ANEW 333.
‘to taste’. T-F 48; H *kùròjanan wk.vb.: Icel kúra ‘to duck, to
AEEW 58; W-H I 628–629; crouch’, MLG kùren ‘to crouch’, MHG
V ANEW 327; S 294; K- kùren id. Related to Gk g-row ‘round’,
S 480. Lith g~rinti ‘to mince while stooping’, Slav
*kustuz sb.m.: Goth kustus ‘test, trial’, ON *guriti (s\) ‘to tighten’. F Festschr.
kostr ‘choice’ (traces of u-stem in acc. pl. Bugge 18; P I 397–398; F
kostu), MHG fem. kust ‘test’. Identical with 177; V ANEW 335; F I 335–336.
Lat gustus ‘tasting’, OIr guss ‘excellence’ *kwabjanan str.vb.: ON kvefja ‘to quench,
(L RC XLV 193). Derived from *keu- to extinguish’, OHG ir-queban ‘to
sanan. T-F 48; H suffocate’. Related to Gk bãptv ‘to dip’
AEEW 58; W-H I 628– (F BB II 189). T-F 60–61;
629; F 318; P Gliederung 122; J IEW 412; P I
P I 400; V ANEW 327; 465–466; F I 218–219; V ANEW
Z II 201; S 294; L- 336; S 311–312.
 GED 219; B Nom. 140, *kwa¶janan wk.vb.: ON kveäja ‘to call
157. on, to address’, OE cweddian ‘to greet’,
*kutan sb.n.: ON kot ‘cottage, hut’, OE cot OS queddian id., OHG quetten ‘to greet, to
‘cot, cottage, house’, MLG kot id. Bor- call out’. Causative of *kweþanan. H-
rowed from dial. Iran *kuta-, cf. Av kata-  AEEW 64; V ANEW 336;
‘chamber’ (B APS III 1–31). See S 319; L GED 278.
*xùsan. P SVSU X 109 (to Skt *kwainòjanan wk.vb.: Goth qainon ‘to
gudá- ‘intestine, anus’); B mourn, to wail’, late ON kveina ‘to
432; S-P Slav.-germ. 232– lament, to complain’, OE cwánian ‘to be-
234 (from Slav *kot-¸ç ‘hut’); T-F wail, to deplore’. Of unknown origin.
46–47; H AEEW 58; B Cf. *wainòjanan. F BB VIII 331 (to
APhS III 8–9 (to Fr cote ‘hut’ as a Wander- Gk »d¤nv ‘to have birth pains’); T-
kwainòjanan 227 kwemanan
F 63; T KZ XXXVI 196–198 (to tence, saying’. Derived from *kweþanan.
Lith gíestu, giedóti ‘to begin to sing’); M H AEEW 65; V ANEW
ZDADL LXXVI 167 (ON < WGmc); 338; S 319; L GED 278;
Z Gutt. 84; H AEEW 64; B Nom. 136.
F 385–386; P I 467; V *kwe¶wò(n) sb.f.: ON kváäa ‘resin’, OE
ANEW 336; L GED 275 (to cwidu ‘cud’. Cf. also OHG quiti, kuti ‘glue’
*wainòjanan). (masc.). The Scandinavian variant (at-
*kwaisòn sb.f.: ON kveisa ‘whitlow, boil’, tested also in ODan kvade, Norw dial. kwæde
MLG quèse ‘hematocyst’. Of unknown ‘birch sap’) with a long vowel seems to be
origin. F-T ND 604 (to *kaunan secondary. Related to Skt játu ‘varnish,
~ *kaunò ); P I 469 (to Gk de›sa gum’, MIr beithe ‘birch’, W bedw id.
‘slime, filth’); V ANEW 337. Z Gutt. 85; T-F 60; H-
*kwakòjanan wk.vb.: ON kvaka ‘to twit-  AEEW 65; M I 415;
ter’, E quack, MLG quaken ‘to quack, to P I 480; V ANEW 335;
croak’, G quaken id. Of imitative origin. Z II 219; O 233; B-
T-F 59; V ANEW 335.  Nom. 156; K-S 444.
*kwaljanan wk.vb.: ON kvelja ‘to tor- *kwelanan str.vb.: OE cwelan ‘to die’, OS
ment’, OE cwellan ‘to kill’, OS quellian id., quelan ‘to be subject to torture, to die’,
OHG quellen id. Derived from *kwelanan. OHG quelan ‘to suffer’. Related to Arm
T-F 62; H AEEW 64; ke∑em ‘to torture’, OIr at-baill ‘to die’, W
P I 471; V ANEW 337; ballu id., Lith gëlà ‘strong pain’, OPrus
O 731; S 313. gallan ‘death’, Slav *≥al¸ ‘pity’. M
*kwalò ~ *kwèlò sb.f.: Goth masc. or Etudes 265, MSL VIII 165; Z
neut. ana-qal ‘rest, quiet’, ON kv‡l ‘tor- Gutt. 85; P Kelt. Gr. II 460; T-
ment, torture’, OE cwalu ‘quelling with F 62; T BSW 83; H-
weapons, torment, violent death’, OS  AEEW 64; P I 471;
quàla ‘ordeal’, OHG quàla id. Derived F 145–146; O 731; S-
from *kwelanan. Derivationally close to  313–314; V-T II
Lith gëlà ‘fierce pain’, Slav *≥al¸ ‘sorrow’. 34–35; S LS 21.
T-F 62; H AEEW 64; *kwel¶az sb.m.: ON kveld ‘evening’, OE
F 43–44; P I 471; F cwild-tíd ‘dead time’, cwield ‘death’, OHG
145–146; Z I 147; O 731; quilti-werc ‘work till night’. Historic-
S 313–314; L GED 32; ally, participle of *kwelanan identical with
B Nom. 108; K- Latv part. dzelts ‘stung’. T-F 62;
S 659. D VSJa 33; K-S 442.
*kwastuz ~ *kwastaz sb.m.: ON kv‡str *kwellanan str.vb.: OS quellan ‘to gush, to
‘bathing scrub’, MLG quest, quast id., stream’, OHG quellan id. Related to Skt
MHG quast id. Related to Alb gjeth galati ‘to drop, to fall down’. T-F
‘foliage’ < *g⁄ozdo-, W both ‘wheel-nave’, 62; H AEEW 57 (on OE collen-
Slav *gvozd˙ ‘wood, nail’ (B ferhä ‘fierce-minded, bold’); M
AfslavPh XXXIX 10; J IF XXX I 329; P I 471–472; S
199–200). T-F 62–63; P 314–315.
I 485; G ZfBalk III 104–105 (on *kwemanan str.vb.: Goth qiman ‘to
ethn. Costoboci < Gmc *kwasta-bòk-); come’, ON koma id., OE cuman id., OFris
K-S 660; O AED 133– kuma id., OS kuman id., OHG queman id.
134. Related to Toch A kum-, B käm- ‘to
*kwe¶iz sb.m.: ON kviär ‘saying, speech’ come’, Skt gámati ‘to go’, Av jamaiti id.,
(traces of u-stem), OE cwide ‘sentence, Gk ba¤nv id., Lat ueniò ‘to come’.
saying’, OS quidi ‘word’, OHG quiti ‘sen- B Grundriß II/3 89; M
kwemanan 228 kwerranan
BSL XX 25 (originally athematic); XCIV 296; L GED 276–277;

Z Gutt. 81, 86; T-F 61; K TIES II 77–79 (erroneously
F 387–388; H AEEW 63; adds Toch A k uli, B klìye ‘woman’); B-
W-H II 747–749; K  Nom. 177, 203; O AED
389–390; E KZ XLIV 61 (to Lith 125; A TB 621.
giMti ‘to be born’); P Gliederung 209; *kwerkjanan wk.vb.: ON kyrkja, kvirkja ‘to
J IEW 413–414; M strangle’, OFris querka, quertza id., MLG
I 323; P I 463–465; V ANEW querken id. Derived from *kwerkò. V
325; F I 208–210; C ANEW 341; B OFED s.v.
156–158; O 84, 193; S *kwerkò sb.f.: ON kverk ‘throat’, MLG
315–317; L GED 276; K- querke, quarke id., OHG querca id. An
S 465; A TB 160–161. obscure derivative of IE *g ⁄erH- ‘to swal-
*kwena-mannz sb.m.: ON kvenn-maär low’, cf. Gk bãrayron ‘gulf, pit’, Lith
‘woman’, OHG quena-man ‘uxorious per- gurkl‹s ‘throat’, Slav *g˙rdlo id., *≥¸rdlo
son’. Compound of *kwenòn and *mannz. ‘orifice’. The same structure is found in
C Nom. comp. 84 (parallel formations). Lat gurg-itò ‘to engulf ’, gurguliò ‘corn-
*kwenìnan sb.n.: Goth qinein ‘female’. worm, weevil’ (T-F 61). Z
Related to *kwenòn and identical with Gutt. 86; T BSW 89–90;
Slav poss. *≥enin˙ ‘belonging to woman’. J IEW 417; P I 475;
F 388; L GED 277. V ANEW 337; V-T I
*kwenkanan str.vb.: OE cwincan ‘to dis- 441–442.
appear, to vanish’, OFris quinka ‘to be *kwernu-stainaz sb.m.: ON kvern-steinn
extinguished’. Probably, a secondary for- ‘millstone’, OE cweorn-stán id., OS quirn-
mation based on the unattested *kwe(s)- stèn id., OHG quirn-stein id. Compound of
nanan to be compared with Gk ze¤namen: *kwernuz ~ *kwernò and *stainaz. C
sb°nnumen, Hes. < *z-g⁄es-n-. Further cf. Nom. comp. 51.
Skt jásate ‘to be exhausted, to languish’, *kwernuz ~ *kwernò sb.f.: Goth asilu-
Gk sb°nnumi ‘to extinguish’, Lith g\stù, qairnus ‘millstone’, ON kvern ‘handmill’
gèsti id., Slav *gasiti id. H (pl. < *kwerniz), OE cweorn ‘mill, quern’,
AEEW 66; P I 479; O 731. OFris quern ‘millstone’, OS querna id.,
*kwenòn sb.f.: Goth qino ‘woman, female’, OHG quirn, quirna id. Etymologically
ON kona id. (partly from *k(w)unòn), OE close to OPrus girnoywis ‘mill’, Lith gìrna
cwéne ‘woman, wife, queen, prostitute’, ‘millstone’, Slav *≥¸rny id. P
OS quena ‘woman, wife’, OHG quena SVSL I 141; Z Gutt. 84; T-F
‘wife’. Cf. also *kwèniz. Particularly close 61; T BSW 89; H
to Alb grua ~ grue ‘woman’ < *g⁄nòn (with AEEW 65; F 59; P Gliederung
dissimilation) unless the latter continues 140; P I 477; C
Gk graËw ‘old woman’. Related to Toch SGGJa I 82; V ANEW 337; Z
A ≤äµ, B ≤ana id., Skt gnà ‘goddess, divine II 201; O 731; V-T
female’, Av g6nà ‘woman, wife’, Arm kin II 49–50; L GED 44–45.
id., Gk gunÆ ‘woman’, OIr ben id., OPrus *kwerranan str.vb.: OE part. a-cworren
genno id., Slav *≥ena id. (K KZ I 129). ‘drunk’. Related to Skt giráti ‘to swallow,
Z Gutt. 81, 86; P Kelt. Gr. I to eat’, Av úaraiti ‘to swallow’, Gk
47; T-F 60; T BSW 84; bibr≈skv ‘to eat, to swallow’, Lat uorò ‘to
H AEEW 64; S Kl. Schr. swallow’, Lith geriù, gérti ‘to drink’, Slav
850; F 388; M I 351; *≥¸r‡, *≥erti ‘to swallow’. P
P I 473–474; T Rod. Beiträge 534, 755; B 512;
105; V ANEW 325; Z II 196; T-F 61; T BSW 89–
F I 333–335; O 731; P IF 91; H AEEW 65; W-
kwerranan 229 kwèmiz
H II 836; M I 335; W KZ XLV 64 (same as F), MLN

P I 474–476; F 148–149; XVII 9, XXV 74; S WuS VI
F I 235–236; S 318. 31–32 (same as B); S
*kwerruz adj.: Goth qairrus ‘gentle, Language VI 226 (to Hitt ki“tari ‘to be
friendly’, ON kyrr ‘still, quiet’, MLG quere wiped out’); V ANEW 339; V-
‘tame’, MHG kirre, kürre id. Related to T II 50; L GED 277;
Hitt kariƒa- ‘to stop, to pause, to rest’, P IV 121–123 (to Hitt ka“t-, ki“t-
Toch A kur-, B kwär- ‘to become feeble, ‘hunger, starvation’), 168.
to age’, Lith gùrti ‘to collapse, to be weak’, *kweþanan str.vb.: Goth qiþan ‘to say’,
Latv guıt ‘to slacken’. K NB II ON kveäa id., OE cweäan id., OFris quetha
367; G Got. 171–172 (to Gk id., OS quethan id., OHG quedan id.
g∞ruw ‘voice’); J KZ XXXII 479 Probably related to Slav *gatati ‘to speak’,
(to Skt guru- ‘heavy’, Gk barÊw id.); S a variant of *gadati id. W IF I
KZ XXXVII 317 (same as J); 513 (to OIr bél ‘lip, mouth’ < *g ⁄etlo-,
B IF XXXIII 302; Z Gutt. Arm ko‘em ‘to call’ < *g ⁄otƒ-); B-
84; T-F 61–62 (follow S);  BB XII 239, XVI 245 (to Lat
F 386; F KZ LXIX 78 (to arbiter ‘spectator, witness’); T-F
Lith gulùs ‘tired, weak’); P I 59–60; F 389–390; H
476–477; F 179; V ANEW AEEW 65; J ANF LXII 196–
341, MSS XXXV 73–92 (to IE *g ⁄erH- 199 (development of meaning); M-
‘to praise’, with Gmc *-rr- < *-rH- and  NTS VII 116–120 (Iranian paral-
secondary u-stem); L GED 275; lels); J IEW 410–411;
B Nom. 262; K KZ P I 480–481; C
CIII 286–288 (u-stem under the influence SGGJa I 110; V ANEW 336; O
of *xar¶uz; < *g ⁄er-ero- ‘driven by a goad’); 734; S 318–320; L GED
H 350–352; P IV 277–278 (from *g ⁄et- > Skt gádati ‘to say,
82–83; K-S 443; D BSA to speak’); B OFED s.v.
22 (follows S). *kwè¶az adj.: ME cwéd ‘evil, bad’, OFris
*kwessiz sb.f.: Goth ga-qiss ‘agreement, quàd id., MLG quàt id., OHG quàt id.
arrangement’, OE cwis ‘saying, speaking’. Related to Lith sbst. g∏da ‘shame’
Continues *g ⁄ et-ti-, a derivative in *-tiof (B IF V 375–376), Slav *gyd˙k˙
*kweþanan. H AEEW 66; F ‘disgusting’ and Alb zi ‘black’ < *g ⁄edi-.
196; O 89; S 319; L H IF XXXVII 236 (to Skt gùtha-
GED 32; B Nom. 142. ‘excrement’); Z Gutt. 86; T-F
*kwestjanan wk.vb.: Goth qistjan ‘to 60; T BSW 81; H
destroy’, Dan dial. quista ‘to press’, MLG AEEW 64; P I 484; F 142;
quisten ‘to destroy’. Derived from *kwestò. S LS 21; H 348–349;
T-F 63; F 388–389; L O AED 524; K-S 480.
GED 277. *kwè¶iz adj.: Goth un-qeþs ‘unspeakable,
*kwestò sb.f.: MLG quist ‘torment’, MLG unatterable’, ON sam-kvæär ‘concordant’,
quist ‘destruction’, OHG quist ‘torment’. OE sóä-cw≠de ‘veracious’. Derived from
Related to the isolated Slav *≥est˙ ‘hard’. *kweþanan. K NB I 98–99; F
F BB VI 211 (to IE *g ⁄ eƒ6- ‘to press, to 522; S 319; B Nom.
force’); H PBB XXIII 352 (to Skt jásate 261; M Festschr. Schröder 102, KZ
‘to be exhausted’); B IF VI 103 CV 113; H 349.
(to ON kvistr ‘twig, branch’); Z *kwèmiz adj.: ON kvæmr ‘free to come’,
Gutt. 87; G Got. 172 (to Lith OE e-cwéme ‘pleasant, grateful, accept-
gendù, gèsti ‘to become defective’); U- able’, OFris *kème ‘pretty, beautiful’,
 PBB XXX 304 (contra B); MDu be-quame ‘useful’, OHG bi-quàmi
kwèmiz 230 kwum¶iz
‘suitable’. Derived from *kwemanan. K- *kwiþuz ~ *kwiþaz sb.m.: Goth qiþus
 NB I 96; T-F 61; W ‘stomach, belly, womb’, ON kviär
IF LIII 55; V ANEW 339; S ‘womb’, OE cwiä ‘womb’, OHG quiti id.
316; B Nom. 260; M (< masc. *kwiþiz). Identical with OIr bith
Festschr. Schröder 100, 117, KZ CV 108; ‘world’, W byd id., Bret bed id. < Celt
H 350; K-S 98. *bitu- (P Kelt. Gr. I 41). Further
*kwèniz sb.f.: Goth qens ‘wife’, ON kván, connected with *g⁄eƒ6- ‘to live’. For the
kv≠n id., OE cwén ‘woman, wife, queen’, semantic development cf. Russ ≥ivot
OS quàn ‘woman, wife’. Related to Skt ‘belly’ < Slav *≥ivot˙ ‘life’ based on the
jàni- ‘wife’ (in cmpn.), Av úàni- ‘woman’ same root. S IF LXI 234–
(S IF III 330). Further con- 236; Z Gutt. 85; G Got.
nected with *kwenòn. B 173 (to Lat uitulus ‘calf ’); T-F 60;
603–604; T-F 60; F 386; B I 297 (to Slav pl. *gatje ‘pants’);
M I 429; P I 473–474; W KZ XLV 60 (follows G-
V ANEW 339; Z II 196; ), MP XVIII 303 (to Lat guttus
O 731; L GED 275–276. ‘vessel’); H AEEW 66; F
*kwikwa-fexu sb.n.: ON kvik-fé ‘live- 390; P I 467–469, 481 (to OIr bél
stock’, OFris quik-fia id. Compound of ‘lip’); V ANEW 338 (to Lat botulus
*kwikwaz and *fexu. C Nom. comp. 87 ‘sausage’); Z II 201; A
(parallel formations). Schw. 91; M Festschr. Knobloch 253–254
*kwikwaz adj.: ON kvikr ‘alive’, OE cwic (follows P); L GED 278;
id., OFris quik ‘living’, OS quik ‘living, B Nom. 159; M Festschr.
alive’, OHG quec ‘alive’. Secondary pho- Knobloch 253–254; K-S 496;
netic or taboo development of *kwiwaz. A TB 156 (to Toch A kàts, B kàtso
T-F 63; H AEEW 65; ‘belly, stomach’ < *g⁄òt-ƒòn-).
C SGGJa I 77; V ANEW *kwiwaz adj.: Goth qius ‘alive’. Identical
338; O 731; L 174; H with IE *g ⁄i⁄os id.: Skt jìvá-, OPers úìva-,
Festschr. Palmer 89; P 43–44; Gk b¤ow ‘life’, Lat uìuus, OIr béu, béo
L GED 278; B GL (with short *-i- as in Gmc), Lith gÿvas,
XXVI 259–263 (inlaut *-kw- from re- Slav *≥iv˙ derived from *g⁄ei- ‘to live’
duplicated verb forms); K Kratylos (A KZ I 160). K NB II
XXXVII 140; H 352–353; 409–411, 435; Z Gutt. 87;
K-S 435. P Kelt. Gr. I 62; T-F 63;
*kwikwjanan wk.vb.: ON kveykva, keykva T BSW 76; W-H
‘to quicken, to kindle’, MLG quicken ‘to II 808–810; F 390–391; M
enliven, to animate’, OHG quicken id. Cf. I 440; P I 467–469; D VSJa
also Goth ga-qiujan ‘to make alive’. 24 (pretonic shortening in Gmc); C-
Derived from *kwikwaz. F 390;  SGGJa I 77; F 154; F
H 352. I 237–239; O 731; L
*kwikwòn sb.f.: ON kvika ‘flesh under Verschärfung 16.27; L GED 278;
nails or claws’, OE cwice ‘quick-growing S LL 355 (follows D);
grass’, MDu queke ‘flesh under nails or H 352–353.
claws’, OHG quecka ‘intiba’. Derived *kwòmiz adj.: ON hug-kœmr ‘ingenious’,
from *kwikwaz. V ANEW 338. OE cwéme ‘pleasant, grateful, acceptable’.
*kwisòjanan wk.vb.: ON kvisa ‘to whisper, Derived from *kwemanan. K NB I
to gossip’, LG dial. quesen ‘to moan, to 115–116; M Festschr. Schröder 107;
grumble’, G dial. queisen ‘to whimper’. H 353–354.
Of imitative origin. V ANEW *kwum¶iz sb.f.: Goth ga-qumþs ‘gather-
338–339. ing, synagogue, assembly’, ON sam-kund
kwumdiz 231 lawaz
‘feast, banquet’, OHG kumft ‘arrival’. OHG fona-uf-kume ‘arrival’. Derived from
Derived from *kwemanan. Structurally *kwemanan. H AEEW 67;
identical with Skt gáti- ‘going, moving’, F 391; S 316; L GED
Av aiwi-gaiti- ‘entrance’, Gk bãsiw ‘step’ 279; B Nom. 131.
reflecting IE *g⁄µti- (M MSL XIX *k(w)ùmja-lìkaz adj.: ON kÿmi-ligr
65–67). B 88; T-F ‘amusing, funny’, OE cym-líc ‘comely,
61; F 197; M I 319; convenient’. Derived from *k(w)ùmjaz.
P I 463–465; V ANEW 334; H AEEW 67; V ANEW
F I 208–210; L GED 147; 340.
B Nom. 141; K-S *k(w)ùmjaz adj.: OE cyme ‘becoming,
493. suitable, lovely’, OS cùmi ‘weak’, MHG
*kwumiz sb.m.: Goth qums ‘coming, arri- kùme ‘thin, weak’. Derived from *kwe-
val’, OE cyme ‘coming, approach’, OFris manan. T-F 45 (to Gk gÊalon
on-keme ‘penetration’, OS kumi ‘advent’, ‘hollow’); H AEEW 67.
l
*labbaz ~ *labbòn sb.m.: Norw labb P I 659; O 519; S
‘paw’, OHG lappo ‘palmula, oar blade’. 325; L GED 5, 233; K-
An expressive form probably related to S 509–510.
*lòfòn (T-F 370). H *laòjanan wk.vb.: ON laga ‘to shape, to
PBB LXVI 266; L GED 237. put right, to mend’, OFris lagia ‘to estab-
*la¶jò(n) sb.f./m.: Icel leäja ‘clay’, OHG lish’. Derived from *laan or *lejanan.
letto id. Related to MIr laith ‘marsh, S 325; B OFED s.v.
swamp’, W llaid ‘mud’ < *latƒo-. T- *lauz sb.m.: ON l‡gr ‘sea, lake’, OE lau
F 360 (to *sla¶an); M- ‘sea, water’, OS lagu-stròm ‘sea current’.
E II 425 (to Latv rvn. Late); Identical with Lat lacus ‘lake’, OIr loch id.
P I 654–655; L IF CIII Further related to Gk lãkkow ‘pit, tank,
221. pond’ < *lãkWow, Slav *loky ‘pond, pool’
*laan sb.n.: ON lag ‘layer, shape’, OE pl. (K KZ II 553–554). F I 531 (to
e-lau ‘collection of water’, OS pl. aldar- *lejanan); T-F 358; P Kelt.
lagu ‘life-time’, OHG ur-la ‘fate’ (masc.). Gr. I 149; T BSW 149; H-
Derived from *lejanan. T-F 358;  AEEW 194; W-H I
H AEEW 242; P I 748; P I 653; C SSGJa
658–659; V ANEW 683; O 518. I 54; F II 75–76; L GED 224;
*lajanan wk.vb.: Goth lagjan ‘to lay’, ON T ESSJa XVI 10–11; B-
leggja ‘to lay, to put’, OE lecan ‘to lay, to  Nom. 156.
put, to place’, OFris ledza ‘to lay’, OS leg- *lawaz ~ *laxwaz sb.n.: ON lær ‘leg’,
gian ‘to produce’, OHG leggen ‘to lay’. OE leów ‘thigh, ham’, Langob neut. lagi
Derived from *lejanan. Structurally close ‘thigh’. Connected with Lith lEkti ‘to fly’,
to Slav *lo≥iti ‘to put, to lay’ (C Latv lekt id. as a regular deverbative (for
Prät. 77–78; P Kelt. Gr. II 572). the vocalism and semantics cf. Lith lãktë
T-F 358; M MSL IX 144; ‘pole on which birds sit’). M
H AEEW 197; F 319; 171 (to Slav *l\ga ‘thigh’); Z Gutt.
lawaz 232 laikanan
65, 134 (reconstructs *la(w)jaz); L *laibjanan wk.vb.: Goth bi-laibjan ‘to
BB XXI 94; T-F 357 (to Lat lacer- leave behind’, ON leifa ‘to leave a her-
tus ‘lizard’, Lith alkúnë ‘elbow’); P itage, to relinquish’, OE l≠fan ‘to leave, to
I 673; O 522. remain’, OFris lèva ‘to bequeath’, OS
*laxanan str.vb.: Icel lá ‘to rebuke’, OE lèvian ‘to leave’, OHG leiben id. Causative
leán ‘to blame, to reproach’, OS lahan id., of *lìbanan. T-F 369; H-
OHG lahan id. Related to OIr locht ‘guilt,  AEEW 191; F 319; P
mistake’ < *lok-tu-. Z Gutt. 209; I 670; O 521; S 326; L-
T-F 357; H AEEW  GED 69.
197; P I 673; S 321. *laibò sb.f.: Goth laiba ‘remains, remain-
*laxò ~ *laxaz sb.f./m.: ON poet. lá der’, ON pl. leifar ‘leavings, remnants’,
‘sea’, OHG lah ‘pool, swamp’. Related to OE láf ‘remnant, remains’, OFris làva id.,
*lauz. T-F 358; P I 653; OS lèba id., OHG leiba id. Derived from
C SSGJa I 54. *lìbanan. T-F 369; H
*laxsaz sb.m.: ON lax ‘salmon’, OE leax AEEW 194; F 319; P I 670;
id., OS lahs id., OHG lahs id. Related to Z I 147; S 326; L
Toch B laks ‘fish’ (from Toch A?), OPrus GED 225–226; B Nom. 106.
lasasso ‘salmon’, Lith lã“is id., Latv lasis *lai¶janan wk.vb.: ON leiäa ‘to lead, to
id., Slav losos¸ id. < IE *la˚so-. L- conduct’, OE l≠dan id., OFris lèda id., OS
 KZ LII 98 (to Lith lã“as ‘drop’), WuS lèdian ‘to bring’, OHG leiten ‘to lead’.
X 140; Z Gutt. 191; T- Causative of *lìþanan. T-F 368;
F 357; S-N II 2; H AEEW 191; P I 672;
T BSW 150; M O 520 (from *lai¶ò ); S 329;
NTS VII 120 (adds Osset læsæg ‘salmon’); K-S 514.
H AEEW 197; S 31; *lai¶ò sb.f.: ON leiä ‘way, road, course’
T KZ LXIX 209–216 (to Skt làkßà (partly < *lai¶iz), OE lád ‘course, way,
‘red varnish’); K KZ LXXVI watercourse’, OFris lède ‘way, direction’,
161–178; P Gliederung 184; M- OHG leita id. Derived from *lìþanan.
 ZDMG CV 175–177; P I T-F 368; H AEEW
653; C SGGJa I 111; F- 190; P I 672; Z II 193;
 341–342; Z I 134; O O 533; S 329; B-
519; V W ZDMG CXX  Nom. 107.
305–307 (on Toch B laks); A II 32 *laixwnaz sb.n.: ON lán, lén ‘fief ’, OE l≠n
(Osset læsæg from a European IE dialect); ‘loan, grant, fief ’ (fem.), OFris lèn id., OS
A IF XC 918–919; D Evol. lèhan id., OHG lèhan ‘loan’. Derived from
passim; T PJa IV 101–110; *lìxwanan. Structurally similar with Skt
T ESSJa XVI 88–90; K- rék»as- ‘inherited possession, property’, Av
S 498; A TB 544. raèx6nah- ‘inheritance’. M MSL
*laxstran sb.n.: OFris laster ‘slander, dam- XV 254–256; B 1480;
age’, OS lastar ‘disgrace’, OHG lastar id. T-F 367; H AEEW
Derived from *laxstuz. T-F 357; 191; M III 72; P I 669;
P I 673; Z II 226; O 533; B 150–157; S-
B OFED s.v.  327; L GED 230; B-
*laxstuz sb.m.: ON l‡str ‘fault, flaw, blun-  Nom. 72, 147; H 356;
der’. Cf. also OE leahter ‘moral defect, K-S 510.
crime’ < *laxtraz. Derived from *laxanan. *laikanan str.vb.: Goth laikan ‘to jump, to
T-F 357; H AEEW hop’, ON leika ‘to play, to sport’, OE
196; P I 673; Z II 226; lácan ‘to swing, to play’, MHG part. ge-
B Nom. 86. leichen ‘cheated’. Related to Skt réjate ‘to
laikanan 233 laiþaz
tremble’, Gk ligÊw ‘clear, shrill (of 671; S 323; L GED 225;
sound)’, liga¤nv ‘to shout, to sing, to K-S 511.
dance’, Lith láigyti ‘to run about wildly’ *laisòn sb.f.: OS wagan-lèsa ‘wagon track’,
(D VW II 768). S OHG wagan-leisa id., MHG leise, leis
KZ I 559; B KZ XX (1872) 11–12 ‘track’. If the connection with *laisa is
(to Lat lùdere ‘to play’); Z Gutt. 90; accepted, cf. also WGmc *laizò > OE lár
T-F 354–355; F 319–320; ‘teaching, learning’, OFris làre id., OS lèra
H IF XXV 148, AEEW 190; id., OHG lèra id. Etymologically identical
M BB XXV 75; J with Slav *lîxa ‘land strip, track, furrow’
IEW 734–735; M III 72; < *loisà (P IF V 40). Cf. also Lat
P I 667–668; F 330–331; lìra ‘furrow’ < *leisà, Lith lÿsë ‘garden-
F II 121–122; O 515; S bed’. T-F 369–370; H-
321–322; L GED 225.  AEEW 195; W-H I
*laikaz ~ *laikiz sb.m.: Goth laiks ‘frolic, 812–813; P I 671; C
dance’, ON leikr ‘game, play, sport’, OE SGGJa I 67–68; F 376; O
lác ‘battle, struggle, sacrifice’ (neut., fem.), 537; T ESSJa XVI 184–186;
OHG leih ‘melody, tune’. Derived from B Nom. 116 (from IE *loit-
*laikanan. Z Gutt. 163; T-F t-à); K-S 310, 511.
355; H AEEW 190; F 319; *laistiz ~ *laistaz sb.m.: Goth laists
P I 667; Z II 187; B ‘track, trace’, ON leistr ‘foot below the
Festschr. Höfler I 1–16; S 322; L- ankle, short sock’, OE l≠st ‘step, footstep,
 GED 225; K-S 511. sole’, lást id., MLG lèste ‘last’, OHG leist
*laimòn sb.m.: OE neut. lám ‘clay, mud, ‘foot trace’. Derived from *laisòn. T-
earth’, OS lèmo ‘clay’, OHG leim id., leimo F 369; H AEEW 192; F
id. Connected with Gk leim≈n ‘moist 321; P I 671; Z II 187;
place, meadow’, Lat lìmus ‘silt’ < *loimos O 516; L GED 226; K-
(S KZ XXXVIII 453). Further see S 514.
*lìman ~ *lìmaz. S KZ XLV 55; *laistjanan wk.vb.: Goth laistjan ‘to fol-
T-F 365; H AEEW low’, OE l≠stan ‘to follow, to accompany,
194; W-H I 804–805; T to do, to perform’, OFris làsta, lèsta ‘to
Lehm 10–16; P I 662; C- fulfill’, OS lèstian ‘to pursue, to carry out’,
 SSGJa I 55; K-S OHG leisten ‘to follow, to carry out’.
510. Derived from *laistiz ~ *laistaz. T-
*laisa str.vb.: Goth lais ‘to know’. Of F 369; H AEEW 192; F
uncertain origin. Presumably connected 321; P I 671; O 516;
with *laisòn (P IF V 40; F KZ L GED 226; K-S 514;
XVIII 412–413). M IF XXVI B OFED s.v.
200–203 (innovation based on *waita); *laiþa-wan¶jaz adj.: ON leiä-indr ‘loath-
M NTS II 99–103 (to OIr some, tiresome’, OE láä-wende ‘evil, hos-
lenaid ‘to follow’); T-F 370; F tile’. Compound of *laiþaz and *wan¶jaz
320; B EGS I 1–5 (against the (see *wan¶janan). C Nom. comp. 62.
reconstruction of *leis-); P I 671; *laiþaz adj.: Burg *laiþs ‘tired, hated’,
S 322–323; L GED 225 ON leiär ‘loathed, disliked’, OE láä
(Gothic innovation). ‘causing hate, evil, hated’, OFris lèth id.,
*laisjanan ~ *laizjanan wk.vb.: Goth OS lèth ‘hostile’, OHG leid ‘hated,
laisjan ‘to teach’, OE l≠ran id., OFris lèra spoiled’. Related to Gk élita¤nv ‘to
id., OS lèrian id., OHG lèren id. Causative transgress’, éle¤thw ‘sinner’ (S
of *laisa. T-F 369–370; F Mémoire 75), OIr liuss ‘loathing’ < *lit-tu-.
320; H AEEW 192; P I G Got. 192–193 (to *slìþijaz);
laiþaz 234 lamjanan
T-F 355 (derived from ON læ lãzomai ‘to seize, to grasp’ < *lag⁄-ƒ-,
‘harm, damage’ < *laiwan); H Hom aor. ¶llabe. T-F 356;
AEEW 195–196; M passim; P- W Postcons. 117 (to Lat laciò ‘to entice,
 I 672; F I 66; O 533; to allure’); H AEEW 190;
L GED 315; B Nom. P I 958; F II 71; O 516.
237 (to *lìþanan); K 712; H- *lamaz ~ *lamòn adj.: ON lami ‘lame’,
 357–358; K-S 512. OFris lom id., OS lam ‘withered’, OHG
*laiþjanan wk.vb.: ON leiäa ‘to make smb. lam ‘lame, paralyzed’. Related to IE *lem-
loathe’, OS a-lèthian ‘to spoil, to make ‘to break’. Structurally close to Lith ãp-
hated’, OHG leiden ‘to feel distasted, to lamas ‘awkward, clumsy’, Slav *lom˙
hate’. Derived from *laiþaz. T-F ‘breaking, something broken’. K
355; O 533; H 357. NB II 452–453; S KZ XXXVII 258
*laiwazikòn sb.f.: Sweb *lawerka ‘lark’, (to OIr laime, láime ‘axe’); T-F 363;
OSwed lœrikia id., ON lævirki id., OE H AEEW 194, 423; P I
láwerce id., NFris làsk (< *laiwas(i)kòn), 674; F 13; V ANEW 345;
OS lèwerka id., OHG lèrihha id. A diffi- O 513; S LS 33; T
cult word, probably an old compound. ESSJa XVI 25–27; H 359–
T-F 355; K Nom. Stamm 360; K-S 499.
32–33; V ZfslavPh XII 103 (recon- *lambaz sb.n.: Goth lamb ‘lamb’, ON
structs Gmc *laiwò ‘lark’ > Slvn léva id.); lamb id., OE lamb id., Northumb. lemb
H KZ L 141–142 (*laiw- to Gk id. (< *lambez), OFris lamb id., OS lamb
la¤ein: fy°gesyai), AEEW 193; O id., OHG lamb (pl. lembir). Of unknown
515; K 715; K-S 515. origin. The derivationally unusual NCauc
*laizan sb.n.: ON leir ‘clay, earth, mud’. *∑VmbagV ‘sheep’ may be somehow con-
Identical with OPrus layso ‘earth, clay’. nected. F I 188 (to Skt rámbhate ‘to
See *laimòn. T-F 365; P roar’); O Etym. I 308; B PBB
Gliederung 146; P I 662–663; XIII 315–116 (to *el-en- ‘deer’); M
C SSGJa I 55; S LS 31; BB XXI 219–220 (to Alb lopë ‘cow’, Latv
M IF LXXXIII 58–59; T- luõps ‘cattle’); H Idg. Gr. II 155;
 PJa IV 41. P Heter. 22–23 (secondary nasal-
*lakanan sb.n.: ON lakan ‘bed-sheet’, ization); T-F 363–364 (to Gk
OFris leken ‘piece of fabric, linen’, OS ¶lafow ‘deer’ < *elµbho-); H
lakan ‘cloth’, OHG lahhan id. Identical AEEW 194; F 321; S Kl. Schr.
with Gk lãganon ‘thin broad cake’ 254; P I 304; Z II 223;
further related to laga¤v ‘to release’. O 512; B IEL 48; L-
Derived from *lakaz. T-F 356;  GED 226; K-S 500–
P I 959–960; F II 68; K- 501; N-S NCED 757.
S 500. *lamiþò sb.f.: ON lemd ‘lameness (from a
*lakaz adj.: ON lakr ‘lacking, defective, blow)’, OFris lemethe ‘paralysis’, MLG
lacking in quality’, MLG lak ‘slack, loose’. lemede id., MHG lemede, lemde id. Derived
Cf. *slakaz. Probably related to Gk lÆgv from *lamaz ~ *lamòn. H
‘to stop, to end’, Lat langueò ‘to be slack’. 360.
T-F 356; W-H I *lamjanan wk.vb.: ON lemja ‘to thrash, to
758–759; P I 959–960; V flog, to lame’, OE lemian ‘to lame, to crip-
ANEW 344; F II 113–114; O ple’, OFris lema, lemma ‘to paralize’, OS
511; H 359; K-S part. bi-lemid ‘paralyzed’, OHG lemmen ‘to
498. paralyze, to lame’. Derived from *lamaz
*lakwjanan wk.vb.: OE læccan ‘to take, ~ *lamòn. Structurally close to Lith lãmyti
to seize, to grasp’. Identical with Gk ‘to engulf ’, Slav *lomiti ‘to break’. T-
lamjanan 235 lanaz
F 363; Bù RFV LXVII 242; *skul¶iz. C Nom. comp. 84 (parallel
T BSW 162; H formations).
AEEW 198; P I 674; F *lan¶ìn ~ *lan¶jò sb.f.: ON lend
338; S LS 33; T ESSJa ‘loin’, OE pl. lendenu ‘loins, reins’, OFris
XVI 16–19; H 360. lenden id., OS pl. lendin id., OHG lentì
*lamsaz sb.m.: ON láss ‘lock, latch’, MLG id. Related to Lat lumbus ‘thigh’
lòs id. Probably related to *lamaz ~ < *londh⁄os (K KZ XVII 233; O-
*lamòn. P KZ XXXII 252;  Perf. 534), Slav *l\dv¸je id.
T-F 363. (S Plur. 6). T-F 362; T-
*lan¶a-bùwòn sb.m.: ON land-búi ‘inhab-  BSW 158; H AEEW
itant’, OHG lant-bùwo id. Compound of 198; W-H I 832; P I
*lan¶an and *bùwòn. C Nom. comp. 674; C SGGJa I 61; Z-
84 (parallel formations).  II 220; T ESSJa XV
*lan¶a-kaupan ~ *lan¶a-kaupaz 48–50; K-S 515.
sb.n./m.: ON land-kaup ‘purchase of *lan¶janan wk.vb.: ON lenda ‘to land’,
land’, OFris lond-kàp id., MLG lant-kòp id. OHG lenten id. Derived from *lan¶an.
Compound of *lan¶an and *kaupan ~ K-S 501.
*kaupaz. C Nom. comp. 76 (parallel *lan¶òn sb.m.: ON landi ‘countryman’,
formations). OE e-londa id., MDu ge-lande id., OHG
*lan¶an sb.n.: Goth land ‘land’, ON land gi-lanto id. Derived from *lan¶an. V
id., OE land id., OFris land, lond id., OS ANEW 345.
land id., OHG lant id. Related to OIr land *lana-aiwaz adj.: ON lang-ær ‘long-last-
‘open place’, OPrus lindan ‘valley’, Slav ing’. Compound of *lanaz I and *aiwiz.
*l\do ‘waste ground’. S KZ I Might be identical with Lat longaevus
559; M ZDADL XLII 170 (on ON ‘long-lived’ (B BB III 104) if the lat-
lundr ‘grove’); L PBB XXXII 138; ter is not a translation of Gk makra¤vn
T-F 362; T BSW 157; id. (W-H I 820). P I
H AEEW 194; F 321–322; 17; V ANEW 681; L GED 22.
P I 675; C SSGJa I *lana-lìb( j)az adj.: ON lang-lífr ‘long-
54–55; Z I 142; O 513; lived’, OE lan-lífe id., OHG lang-lìb id.
S Goten 47 (non-IE origin follow- Compound of *lanaz I and *lìb( j)az (see
ing from comparison with Basque landa *lìbanan). C Nom. comp. 66.
‘field’); S LS 33; M≥ PKP II *lana-lìkaz adj.: OESc lang-liker ‘stop-
138 n. 221 (to Balt *lind- ‘to fall down’); ping for a long time’, OHG lang-lìh
T ESSJa XV 44–48; T ‘long’. Derived from *lanaz I. H-
PJa IV 263–269; L GED 226–  361.
227; K-S 501. *lana-mò¶ìn sb.f.: Goth lagga-modei
*lan¶a-se¶uz sb.m.: ON land-siär ‘cus- ‘patience’, OHG lang-muotì id. Com-
tom of the land’, OE land-sidu id., OS land- pound of *lanaz I and *mò¶az. Probably,
sidu id., MHG lant-site id. Compound of a calque of Gk makroyum¤a id. F
*lan¶an and *se¶uz. C Nom. comp. 76 318; L GED 224.
(parallel formations). *lana-wrèkiz adj.: ON lang-rækr ‘having
*lan¶a-skapaz sb.m.: ON land-skapr a long memory, brooding long over past
‘region’, OHG lant-scaf ‘land’. Derived wrongs’, MHG lanc-ræche ‘vindictive’.
from *lan¶an. C Nom. comp. 76 (par- Compound of *lanaz I and *wrèkiz.
allel formations). T-F 361.
*lan¶a-skul¶iz sb.f.: ON land-skyld ‘rent *lanaz I adj.: Goth laggs ‘long’, ON langr
of land’, OS land-skuld id., MHG lant- id., OE lan id., OFris long id., OS lang
schult id. Compound of *lan¶an and id., OHG lang id. Identical with Lat longus
lanaz 236 lasaz
id. further related to other similar ad- for, to yearn’, OE lanian ‘to cause long-
jectives with irregular phonetic corre- ing’, OS langòn ‘to long for, to yearn’,
spondences: Skt dìrgha-, Av dar6ga-, Gk OHG gi-langòn ‘to gain, to attain’. De-
dolixÒw, Hitt dalugai-. S KZ I rived from *lanaz II. Structurally iden-
558; B 693–694; K tical with Slav *l‡kati ‘to separate, to
NB I 44; Z Gutt. 218; T-F peel’. T-F 361; H
360–361; W-H I 820–821; AEEW 195; O 536; T
F 318–319; H AEEW 195; ESSJa XVI 142–143; H 362;
P Gliederung 123; M II K-S 858.
47; P I 196–197; C *lanxaz sb.m.: OE lóh ‘strap’. Related to
SGGJa I 103; F I 406–407; O *lanaz II. Identical with Slav *l‡k˙
536; S Glotta XLVII 3–4; L ‘curve, arc’. T-F 360; H-
GED 224; L Expr. 161; H  AEEW 206; G„Á Origins 132;
360–361; K-S 502. T ESSJa XVI 148–149.
*lanaz II adj.: ON end-langr ‘from one *lanò(n) sb.f.: ON l‡n ‘small oblong hay-
end to another’, OE and-lan ‘continuous, rick, row of houses’, OE lane ‘lane, street’,
all-along, throughout’, OFris adv. ond- OFris lan, lone ‘way’, Du laan ‘alley’. Could
lenghe ‘stretching’, OS ant-lang ‘continu- be compared with the etymologically ob-
ous’, OHG gi-lang ‘related’. Related to scure Slav *lono ‘lap’. T-F 354
Lith lenkiù, leñkti ‘to incline, to tilt’ and (to Gk §laÊnv ‘to drive’); H
identical with Lith lañkas ‘curve, circle’, AEEW 194; O 514; V-
Slav *l‡k˙ ‘curve, arc’. The meanings of T II 517 (Slav *lono < *logh-sno-
*lanaz II must have been influenced by in parallel to *lo≥esno id. < *logh-esno-).
*lanaz I. P Beiträge 340, 345; *lapanan str.vb.: OHG laffan ‘to slurp’.
T BSW 159–161; H Related to Lat lambò ‘to lick’. T-
AEEW 195; W NP 24; P F 362; W-H I 754;
I 676–677; F 356–357; V P I 651; S 323–324.
ANEW 9; T ESSJa XVI 148– *lapjanan wk.vb.: Icel lepja ‘to lick’, OHG
149; H 361–362. gi-lepphen ‘to ladle, to scoop’. Derived
*laniþò sb.f.: ON lengd ‘length’, OE lenä from *lapanan. T-F 362; O
id., MLG lengde id. Derived from *lanaz 514; S 323; K-S 523
I. T-F 361; H AEEW (to Slav *lob˙zati ‘to kiss’).
199; O 523. *lappòn sb.m.: OE læppa ‘skirt, ear-lobe’,
*lanìn sb.f.: Goth laggei ‘length’, OE lenu OFris lappa ‘cloth, rag’, OS lappo id.,
id., OFris lentze id., OHG lengì id. OHG *lapfo id. Cf. also ON leppr ‘rag,
Derived from *lanaz I. H tatter’ < *lappjaz. Related to Gk lobÒw
AEEW 199; F 318; H ‘lobe’, Alb labë ‘bark’. N Abriß 121
361. (to Lat labò ‘to totter, to be ready to fall’);
*lanjanan wk.vb.: ON lengja ‘to length- T-F 363; H AEEW
en’, OE lenan id., OHG lengen id. 192; P I 655–656; F II 131–
Derived from *lanaz I. Derivationally 132; O 514; K-S 503.
similar to Slav *l‡‘iti ‘to join, to connect’. *lasaz adj.: ON las-meyrr ‘mellow,
T-F 361; H AEEW decrepit’, MLG sbst. las ‘rag’. Cf. also
198; O 530; H 361. WGmc *lèziz > E dial. leer ‘empty’, OS
*lanjòn sb.f.: ON lengja ‘oblong piece’, làri id., MHG lære id. Related to Lith
MLG lenge ‘long rope’. Related to *lanaz lúosas ‘lame’, Slav *lo“¸ ‘bad’ (S
I. T-F 360 (to *lanxaz); C- Verw. 39). U PBB XXX 298;
 SGGJa I 82; G„Á Origins 132. T-F 364; T BSW 150;
*lanòjanan wk.vb.: ON langa ‘to long P I 680; O 522; F
lasaz 237 laubaz
359–360; S LS 34 (against S); L GED 227; H 364;

V-T II 526; T K-S 858.
ESSJa XVI 92–94. *latòjanan wk.vb.: ON lata ‘to slow, to
*lasiwaz adj.: Goth lasiws ‘weak’, OE lysu slacken, to abate’, OHG lazòn ‘to be slow,
‘depraved, corrupt, evil’. Cf. also MHG sluggish’. Derived from *lataz. T-
er-leswen ‘to become weak’. Derived from F 359; H 364.
*lasaz. Identical with Toch B laswi *latòn sb.m.: ON lati ‘late one’, OE hild-
‘attacks of weakness’ < *losi⁄o- (V W- lata ‘coward’. Derived from *lataz.
 Etim. 1972 145). P EF II/1 H 364.
839 (to Lat sublestus ‘feeble, faint’); *laþò sb.f.: ON l‡ä ‘bidding, invitation’,
F BB I 192 (same as P); T- OE freónd-laäu ‘friendly invitation’.
F 364; F KZ LXIX 77–78. Probably connected with Slav *lotiti ‘to
*laskwaz adj.: ON l‡skr ‘weak, idle’, drive, to grasp’. O IF V 311–
WFris lask ‘light, thin’, MLG lasch ‘tired, 312; M IF XVI 114–117 (as
weak’. Related to Lat lascìuus ‘wanton, *‘invitation sent on a special tablet’
petulant’, cf. further Slav *laska ‘caress’ connected with MHG lade ‘lath, stake,
(with *-ò-). Cf. also *lataz. K NB piece of wood’); N IF XVII 175–
II 295–296; T-F 364; W- 176 (follows M); T-F 359;
H I 766–767; F 322–323; P 268 (to OIr air-le ‘zeal, regu-
K 428–429; P I 666; C- lation’); H AEEW 196; F
 SGGJa I 100; V ANEW 323; P Laryngeals 88 (to Hitt ¢alzai-
374; M Wortbild. 195; H ‘to call out, to cry’); L GED 227;
363; K-S 503–504. T ESSJa XVI 96.
*lataz adj.: Goth lats ‘sluggish, lazy’, ON *laþòjanan wk.vb.: Goth laþon ‘to invite,
latr ‘slow, lazy’, OE læt ‘late, slow, slug- to call’, ON laäa ‘to bid, to invite’, OE
gish’, OFris comp. lettera ‘later’, OS lat laäian id., OFris lathia, ladia ‘to invite, to
‘sluggish, casual’, OHG laz ‘sluggish, summon’, OS lathian, ladoian ‘to call, to
lazy’. Derived from *lètanan (S summon’, OHG ladòn id. Derived from
IF IV 99; P Beiträge 710). *laþò. T-F 359; H
S KZ I 561; K NB I 57; AEEW 196; F 323; L GED
T-F 359; F 323; H 227; K-S 499.
AEEW 192; P Gliederung 104; *lauban sb.n.: Goth masc. laufs ‘leaf,
P I 666; O 516 (to Lat lassus foliage’, ON lauf ‘leaf, foliage’, OE leáf
‘weary’ < *ladtos); S 334; L id., OFris làf id., OS lòf id., OHG loub id.
GED 227; B Nom. 239; H- Identical with Slav *lub˙ ‘bast’ < *loubho-.
 363–364; K-S 504. Further related to Lat liber ‘bast’, OIr
*latìn sb.f.: Goth latei ‘sluggishness’, ON luib ‘grass’, Lith lúoba ‘bark’, Latv luõbs
leti ‘laziness, sloth’, OHG lazzì ‘slowness’. ‘shell’. T-F 377; H
Derived from *lataz. F 322; L- AEEW 196; W-H I 790–
 GED 227; H 364. 791; F 323–324; P I 690;
*latjanan wk.vb.: Goth latjan ‘to retard, to F 343; Z II 169; O
delay’, ON letja ‘to hold back, to dis- 520; B Orbis XX 132–137 (from
suade’, OE lettan ‘to let, to hinder, to substratum); L GED 227–228;
impede’, OFris letta ‘to hinder, to stop, to T ESSJa XVI 156–158 (com-
check’, OS lettian ‘to slow, to become pares Slav *lub˙ with Gmc *laupaz);
tired’, OHG lezzen ‘to hinder’. Derived K-S 505; B OFED s.v.
from *lataz. O Perf. 546; T- *laubaz adj.: Goth ga-laufs ‘valuable,
F 359; H AEEW 200; F expensive’, OE un-e-leáf ‘unbeliev-
322–323; O 524; S 334; ing, incredulous’, OHG gi-loub ‘instilling
laubaz 238 lauxaz
trust, agreeable’. Derived from *leubaz. ‘flame’, ON leygr ‘flame, fire’, OE lí
F 188; H AEEW 196; ‘flame, lightning’ (also neut.), OFris loga
K 186, 268; W Postv. 39–40 ‘flame, fire’, OHG loug id. Related to
(exocentric denominative of *lauba-); Skt rocíß- ‘light’, Lat lùx id., Slav *lu‘¸
J VPV 4 (derived from *laub- ‘ray’ further connected with *leuk- ‘light,
janan I); L GED 142; H- white’. Z Gutt. 134; T-F
 365; K-S 326. 373; H AEEW 201; W-
*laubjanan I wk.vb.: Goth ga-laubjan ‘to H I 823–824; M III
believe’, OE e-lífan id., OFris ge-lèva id., 75; P I 687–689; Z II
OS gi-lòbian id., OHG gi-louben id. 221; L GED 228, 236; K
Derivative of *laubaz. F 187–188; 712; T ESSJa XVI 163–164;
O 87; L GED 141–142; K-S 524.
K-S 326. *launiz ~ *launjaz adj.: Goth ana-
*laubjanan II wk.vb.: Goth us-laubjan ‘to laugns ‘concealed, secret, hidden’, OE un-
allow’, ON leyfa ‘to permit, to allow’, OE líne ‘incontrovertible’. Derived from
lífan ‘to give leave, to allow, to permit’, *leuanan. K NB II 180–181;
OS gi-lòbian ‘to believe’, OHG ir-louben T-F 374; F 42; H
‘to allow’. Derived from *laubò. T- AEEW 201; L GED 31; H-
F 376; H AEEW 201;  365–366.
P I 684; O 521; L *launjanan wk.vb.: Goth laugnjan ‘to de-
GED 141–142; K-S 230 (to clare untrue, to deny’, OE línan ‘to lie’,
Lith liáuti ‘to cease, to stop’). OFris leina ‘to refuse to take an oath’,
*laubò sb.f.: OE leáf ‘leave, permission’, OS lògnian ‘to lie’, OHG lougnen ‘to deny’.
MHG loube id. Derivationally close to Skt Derived from *launò ~ *launaz. T-
lobha- ‘wish’ and further connected with F 374; H AEEW 201; F
*leubh- ‘to like, to wish’: Skt lúbhyati ‘to 324; S 337; L GED 228;
desire ardently’, Lat lubet, libet ‘please’, K-S 516.
Slav *l’ubiti ‘to love’. Cf. *laubaz, *leubaz. *launò ~ *launaz sb.f./m.: ON laun
K ZdWf VII 169 (semantic dev- ‘secrecy’, OHG lougan ‘lie’. Derived from
elopment of derivatives); H *leuanan. T-F 374; P I
AEEW 196; W-H I 793–794; 687; B 134–136; S 336.
M III 107–108; P I *lauò sb.f.: ON laug ‘hot spring, bath’,
684; O 521. OE léa ‘lye’, MLG lòge id., OHG louga
*lau¶an sb.n.: OE leád ‘lead’, OFris làd id. A suffixal formation (< *loukà) related
‘lead (as a measure of weight)’, MLG lòd to IE *lou(H)- ‘to wash’: Gk loÊv, Lat
‘lead’, MHG lòt ‘plummet, solder’. May lauò and the like (P WW 1307).
be related to Lith liùdë ‘plumb, plummet’ B KZ XX (1872) 12–13; T-F
and MIr lúaide ‘lead’ < *loudƒà (if not 371; H AEEW 196; W-
from *ploudƒà) or borrowed from Celtic. H I 773–775; P I 692;
On the other hand, may simply repre- F II 138–139; Z I 147;
sent a deverbative of *leu¶anan (cf. also O 542; T KZ XCVI
*lau¶az). T-F 355; H 144–145; P KZ CI 168; K-
AEEW 196; F 378 (Lith < MLG); S 506.
O 520; K-S 526; B- *lauxaz sb.m.: ON ló ‘clearing (in the
 OFED s.v. woods), meadow’, OE léah ‘meadow,
*lau¶az adj.: Goth swa-lauþs ‘so large, so open space’, MLG lo ‘bush’, OHG lòh
great’, MHG lòte ‘qualified, conditioned’. ‘grove, bush’. Identical with Skt loká-
Derived from *leu¶anan. T-F 375. ‘open space, place, world’, Lat lùcus ‘holy
*lauaz ~ *lauiz sb.m.: Burg *laugs grove’, Lith laUkas ‘field’. Connected with
lauxaz 239 lauþran
*leuk- ‘light, white’. T-F 372; Nom. comp. 94 (parallel formations); L-
H AEEW 196; W-  GED 229.
H I 828; M III 113; *lausaz adj.: Goth laus ‘empty, void’, ON
P I 687–689; F 343–344; lauss ‘loose, free’, OE leás id., OFris làs
O 520; B Nom. 51; ‘free, deprived’, OS lòs ‘free’, OHG lòs
K-S 524. ‘lightminded, wicked, evil’. Derived from
*laukaz sb.m.: ON laukr ‘leek’, OE neut. *leusanan. K NB I 63; 
leác id., OS lòk id., OHG louh id. The ety- H ZdWf XI 56 (from *leu¶anan);
mology remains unknown. Any relation T-F 377–378;  W IF
to Dac lãj ‘purslain, Portulaca oleracea’ XXXV 265–268; H AEEW
< *lauk- with *au > *a as in other Dacian 197; F 325; O 521, 536;
words? Z Gutt. 164; T-F P I 681–682; S 339;
355 (to Gk lÊgow ‘willow-like tree’); L GED 124, 229; B
H AEEW 196; D Nom. 237–238; H 366–
Thr. 553–554 (Dac < Lat lax = fraus 367; K-S 525; B
‘deceit, fraud’); P I 681; OFED s.v.
Z I 134; O 522; B- *lausìn sb.f.: ON hug-leysi ‘timidity’, OHG
 Nom. 53 (to *lùkanan); K- lòsì ‘carelessness’. Derived from *lausaz.
S 505. H 366.
*launan sb.n.: Goth laun ‘reward’, ON *lausìniz sb.f.: Goth us-lauseins ‘release,
pl. laun id., OE léan id., OFris làn id., OS salvation’, ON ór-lausn ‘solution of a
lòn id., OHG lòn ‘reward, price’ (neut., difficulty’. Derived from *lausaz. F
masc.). Continues *l6u-no- related to Skt 533; L GED 229.
lótam ‘booty’, Gk Ion lh˝h id. < *là⁄ƒà, *lausjanan wk.vb.: Goth lausjan ‘to make
Lith lãvyti ‘to exercise’, Slav *lov˙ ‘hunt- loose, to free’, ON leysa ‘to loosen, to
ing’. P BB XXV 141; T-F free’, OE lísan id., OFris lèsa id., OS à-
371; T BSW 153; H lòsian id., OHG ir-lòsen id. Derived from
AEEW 196–197; F 325; M *lausaz. T-F 378; F 326;
III 114; P I 655; Z II H AEEW 202; S 339;
169; F II 96; B IEL L GED 229; H 367.
134–136; V-Tv II 508; *lausòn sb.f.: ON staä-lausa ‘absurdity’,
L GED 228–229; B OFris hùs-làse ‘homelessness’. Derived
Nom. 73 (to *leusanan); K-S from *lausaz. H 366.
524. *lausunò sb.f.: ON lausung ‘lying, false-
*laupaz sb.m.: ON laupr ‘basket, box’, hood’, OE leásun ‘leasing, lying, fiction’.
OE leápp ‘basket’, MLG lòp ‘wooden Derived from *lausaz. H 366–
vessel’. Somehow connected with *leubh- 367.
reflected in *lauan. T-F 377; *lautò(n) sb.f.: ON laut ‘hollow place’,
H AEEW 197; P I 690; ESwed löyto ‘little hole’. Identical with
O 520; L GED 228. Toch A lot ‘hole’, Toch B laute ‘moment,
*lausa-wur¶(j)an sb.n.: ON laus-yräi opportunity’ (H apud A
‘breech of one’s word’, OS lòs-waurd TB 563) and Hitt luttai ‘window’.
‘slander’. Cf. also Goth lausa-waurdei T HEG II 79–80.
‘empty talk’. Compound of *lausaz and *lauþran sb.n.: ON lauär ‘froth, foam,
*wur¶an. F 326; L GED 229. soap’, OE leáäor ‘nitre used for soap,
*lausa-wur¶az adj.: Goth lausa-waurds lather’. Identical with Gk loutrÒn ‘bath’,
‘talking idly’, ON laus-orär ‘unreal in Gaul lautro ‘balneo’, OIr lóathar ‘bowl’,
one’s words’. Compound of *lausaz and lóthur ‘bath tub’ (B KZ XX 12–13)
*wur¶az (see *wur¶an). F 326; C derived from *lou(H)-: Gk loÊv ‘to wash’,
lauþran 240 lenxwtaz
Lat lauò id. T-F 371; W- *lempanan str.vb.: OE limpan ‘to befall,
H I 773–774; H to happen’, OHG gi-limpfan ‘to fit’.
AEEW 197; P I 692; F II Related to Toch AB läm- ‘to sit, to
138–139; O 517. remain’, Skt rámbate ‘to hang down’.
*lejanan str.vb.: Goth ligan ‘to lie’ (no j- T-F 363; H AEEW
forms in pres.), ON liggja id., OE lican 203; M III 44; P I
id., OFris lidza id., OS liggian id., OHG 656–657; O 529; S 330–331
liggen id. Related to *legh- ‘to lie’: Toch B (to Lith lémti ‘to join’); A TB
lyäk-, Gk l°jomai, MIr laigim, Slav *l\g‡, 654–655.
*legti (A apud S KZ I 562). *len¶( j)ò sb.f.: ON lind ‘lime-tree’, OE
Z Gutt. 178; M MSL XIV lind(e) id., OS lindia id., OHG linta id.
339; T-F 357–358; T Identical with Lith lentà ‘board’, Alb lëndë
BSW 158; F 330–331; H ~ landë ‘wood, timber, material’ < *lentà
AEEW 201; K 440–441; J- (B-F BB VI 240;
 IEW 750–751; P I 658–659; U PBB XVII 435–440). Cf. also
V ANEW 355; F II 94–96; Slav *l‡t˙ ‘bast’ (B 740–741).
O 527; S 324–326; L F III 631; T-F 361; B IF
GED 233; T ESSJa XIV 99– LIV 119–121; S KZ LVII 16 (on
100; K-S 519; A TB Alb); H AEEW 203; P
566; B IFTJa 255. I 677; F 357–358; Z II
*leran sb.n.: Goth ligrs ‘bed’ (masc.), ON 217; O 529; S LS 34–35;
legr ‘bed, grave’, OE leer ‘lying, couch, T ESSJa XVI 150–151; H-
lair’, OFris legor ‘camp’, OS legar ‘ill-  375 (to adj. *lenþaz); K-
ness’, OHG legar ‘lair, camp’. Derived S 520; O AED 223.
from *lejanan. M BSL XXIV 110 *len¶òn sb.f.: Swed dial. linda ‘fallow’.
(dissimilated from *lelan); S related to *lan¶an. Derivationally close to
ZDADL LXXIV 48; T-F 358; Slav *l\da ‘hearth, field’. T-F
H AEEW 198; F 331; 362; T ESSJa XV 44–47.
P I 658–659; Z II 169; *len¶òn ~ *len¶an sb.m./n.: ON lindi
O 512; S 325; L ‘belt, girdle’, MLG lint ‘band’. Related to
GED 233; B Nom. 74; *len¶( j)ò. T-F 361.
K-S 499. *len(w)anan str.vb.: OHG lingan ‘to
*lekanan str.vb.: ON leka ‘to drip, to hither with, to flourish’. Identical with Skt
leak’, OFris bi-leka ‘to dry out’, OHG ráµhate ‘to hurry, to spring’, Lith léngstu,
lecken ‘to moisten’. Related to OIr legaim léngti ‘to check, to inhibit’. T-F
‘to be dissolved, to melt’. Z Gutt. 360; P I 660; F 356.
215; T-F 356; H *lenxwta-lìkaz adj.: ON létt-ligr ‘lightly,
AEEW 197; J IEW 749–750; light’, OS lìht-lìk ‘light, bad’, OHG lìht-lìh
P I 657; V ANEW 352; ‘insignificant, vain’. Derived from *lenxw-
S 330; K-S 508– taz. H 374.
509. *lenxwtaz adj.: Goth leihts ‘light’, ON léttr
*lekaz adj.: ON lekr ‘leaky’, OE hlec id., OE leóht id., OFris lìchte id., OS
‘having cracks’ (with irregular anlaut), comp. lìhto id., OHG lìhti id. Continues
MDu lec ‘leaky’, G dial. lech id. Derived *leng⁄h-to- attested also in Alb lehtë id.
from *lekanan. K NB I 27–28; (unless this is a later derivation of leh id.,
T-F 356; H AEEW O AED 217) and further connected
197; O 520; S 330 (on OE with Toch B lankutse ‘light’, Skt raghú-
anlaut); H 372–373; K- ‘hastening, fleet, rapid’, Av ragu- ‘nimble’,
S 508–509. Gk §laxÊw ‘small’, Lat leuis ‘light’,
lenxwtaz 241 leubaz
OIr comp. laigiu ‘smaller’, Lith leñgvas O 530; W KZ CX 161–165;
‘light’, Slav *l¸g˙k˙ id. See *len(w)anan. K-S 521.
S KZ I 559; K NB II *lesanan str.vb.: Goth lisan ‘to collect’,
445; Z Gutt. 134; B ON lesa ‘to glean, to gather, to grasp’,
1497; P Kelt. Gr. I 97, 339; T- OE lesan ‘to gather, to collect’, OFris lesa
F 360; F 326–327; H ‘to gather, to read’, OS lesan ‘to pick, to
AEEW 203; W-H I 788– collect, to gather’, OHG lesan ‘to gather,
789; M III 31–32; P I to read’. Related to Hitt le““ài- ‘to collect,
660–661; F 355–356; V to pick up’, Lith lesù, lèsti ‘to pick up’.
ANEW 353; F I 484–485; O P IF V 47 (adds Slav *las˙
527; L GED 229–230; B- ‘greedy’); T-F 364; F 331;
 Nom. 256–257; T ESSJa H AEEW 200; P Glie-
XVII 75–79; H 373–374; derung 191; J IEW 758–759;
K-S 512; A TB 544. P I 680; C SGGJa I
*lenxwtjanan wk.vb.: ON létta ‘to lighten, 71; F 359; V ANEW 353;
to lift’, OE líhtan ‘to make light, to make O 520; S LS 31; S 332–
easy’, OHG lìhten ‘to make lighter’. Derived 333; L GED 233; T HEG
from *lenxwtaz. T-F 360; H- II 64; K-S 515–516.
 AEEW 201; H 374. *leþra-xusòn sb.f.: ON leär-hosa ‘leather
*lenþa-wurmaz sb.m.: ON linn-ormr ‘dra- hose, gaiters’, OE leäer-hose id., OHG
gon, serpent’, MLG linde-worm ‘snake’, ledar-hosa id. Compound of *leþran and
OHG lind-wurm id. Compound of *lenþaz *xusòn. C Nom. comp. 50.
I and *wurmaz ~ *wurmiz. C Nom. *leþran sb.n.: ON leär ‘leather’, OE leäer
comp. 84 (parallel formations); K- ‘hide, skin, leather’, OFris leither, leder id.,
S 520–521. MLG leder id., OHG ledar id. Borrowed
*lenþaz I sb.m.: ON linnr ‘serpent’, MHG from Celtic: OIr lethar id., W lledr id.,
lint id. Substantivized *lenþaz II (N Bret lezr id. T-F 360; H-
Abriß 138). V ANEW 358; H-  AEEW 200; P I 685;
 375; K-S 520–521. C SGGJa I 98; Z I
*lenþaz II adj.: OE líä ‘lithe, soft, gen- 142; O 521; K-S 509.
tle’, OS lìthi ‘mild, merciful’, OHG lindi *leuba-lìkaz adj.: Goth liuba-leiks ‘lovely,
‘gentle, mild’. Identical with Lat lentus charming’, OE leóf-líc ‘lovely, beautiful’,
‘flexible, tough’, Lith leñtas ‘still, quiet’ OS liof-lìk ‘charming’, OHG liub-lìh
(B-F BB VI 240; T- ‘beautiful, charming’. Derived from *leu-
 Festschr. Bezzenberger 167). T- baz. F 332; L GED 235; H-
F 361; Bù KS 83 (Lith < Pol lenty  377.
‘tardy, slow’ < Lat lentus); H *leubaz adj.: Goth liufs ‘beloved’, ON ljúfr
AEEW 204; W-H I 784–785; ‘dear, beloved’, OE leóf ‘desirable, pleas-
P I 677; F 358; H- ant, beloved’, OFris liàf ‘dear, beloved’,
 375; K-S 520 (recon- OS liof id., OHG liob ‘beloved’. Identical
structs *lenþjaz). with Slav *l’ub˙ id. For further parallels
*lep( j)òn sb.m.: OSwed læpi, lippe, lippa see *laubò. S KZ I 141; K-
‘lip’, OE lippa id., OFris lippa id., MDu  NB I 23; T-F 376; F 333;
lippe id. Cf. also OHG leffur, lefs id. H AEEW 199; P I
Related to Lat labium id. (H- 684; V ANEW 361; O 527;
 KZ L 143). T-F 362; L GED 235; B Nom.
H AEEW 204; W-H- 240; T ESSJa XV 181–182;
 I 738–739; P I 656; C- H 376–377; K-S
 SGGJa I 89; Z II 224; 518.
leu¶anan 242 leuxtan
*leu¶anan str.vb.: Goth liudan ‘to grow’, 333–334; H AEEW 199;
ON part. loäinn ‘shaggy, thick’, OE leódan J IEW 744–745; P I
‘to grow’, OS liodan id., OHG liotan ‘to 686–687 (Goth liuga from Celt *lugjom >
spear, to pierce’. Related to Skt ródhati OIr luige ‘oath’); C SGGJa I
id., Av raodaiti id., Alb lej ‘to give birth’ 68, 96; F 389; V ANEW 361
< PAlb *laudnja. B 1492– (to OIr fol-lugaim ‘to conceal’); O
1493; T-F 375; F 332–333; 527; S LS 35; P IF XCIV
H AEEW 199; J 296; S 336–337; L GED
IEW 746; M III 77–78; P- 235–236; T ESSJa XVI 233–
 I 684–685; B 263–264; 237; K-S 527.
V ANEW 363; S 335–336; *leuxmòn sb.m.: ON ljómi ‘beam, ray,
L GED 234–235; K-S radiance’, OE leóma ‘light, radiance’, OS
523; O AED 217. liomo id. Continues *leuk-men- (O
*leu¶iz sb.m.: Burg *leuds ‘man’, ON lÿär, PBB VIII 277), cf. Lat lùmen ‘light’
ljóär ‘people’ (pl. lÿäir, rarely lÿäar), OE < *leuk-s-men. Related to *leuxtan.
leód ‘man’, OFris liude, liode ‘people’, OS Z Gutt. 74; T-F 373; H-
liud, liudi id., OHG liut id. Close to Lith  AEEW 199; W-H I
liáudis ‘(simple) people’, Slav *l’ud¸ id. 832–833; P I 689; L 185;
Derived from *leu¶anan. H PBB L GED 228, 236; B
XXIII 355 (Slav < Gmc); B Nom. 183.
PBB XLIII 316 (doubts the semantic *leuxsaz adj.: ON ljóss ‘light, bright, shin-
connection); T-F 375; T ing’. For further connections see *leuxtan.
BSW 160–162; D St. Balt. III K NB I 30–31; T-F 373;
75–76; H AEEW 199; T M III 75; P I 687–689;
Holz 113–114; P I 684–685; C- M Wortbild. 135; L GED 236;
 SGGJa I 81; F 360– H 378.
361; V ANEW 361–362; Z *leuxsjanan wk.vb.: ON lÿsa ‘to shed
II 193; B 262–265; S LS light, to light up’, OE líxan ‘to shine, to
32; S 335; S Kinship glitter’. Derived from *leuxsaz. Z
116; L GED 234; B- Gutt. 134; T-F 373; H
 Nom. 136; K 712; T AEEW 202; L GED 236; H-
ESSJa XV 194–200; K-S  378.
517. *leuxsnaz adj.: OHG liohsan ‘brilliant’.
*leuanan str.vb.: Goth liugan ‘to lie’, ON Close to or identical with Av raox“na-
ljúga id., OE leóan id., OFris liàga id., OS ‘light, brilliant’. Cf. also Lat lùna ‘moon’,
liogan id., OHG liogan id. Related to Lith OPruss lauxnos ‘stars’, Slav *luna ‘moon’
lùgóti ‘to request’, Slav *l˙gati ‘to lie’ < *louk-sn-. Further see *leuxtan, *leuxsaz.
(S KZ I 141; E KZ LII F KZ XVIII 416; B 1488;
114–116). Goth liuga ‘wedding, marriage’ B KZ XX 13–14; T-F 373;
< *leuò is derived from *leuanan in its T BSW 152; P I
original meaning *‘to request’ (G DG 687–689; M IF LXIX 244 (secondary
88: identifies Goth liugan ‘to marry’ and *-s-); H 379.
‘to lie’). L KZ XI 179; G *leuxtan sb.n.: OE leóht ‘light’, OFris liacht
Weltkönig 69 (Goth liuga to OFris or-loch id., OS adj. lioht id., OHG lioht id. Cf.
‘war’, OHG ur-liugi id.); Z Gutt. also Goth liuhaþ id. < *leuxa¶an. Cf. a
179, 218; B BB XVI 244; possible structural parallel in Hitt lukkat-
T-F 373–374; T BSW ‘morning’ (L RHA XXVIII 34–
163; S JAOS LII 8 (to Hitt 35). Derived from IE *leuk-: Skt rócate ‘to
¢aluka- ‘message, announcement’); F shine, to be bright’, Gk leukÒw ‘light,
leuxtan 243 lè2baz
white’, Lat lùx ‘light’ and the like. 63–70; F 335–336; S Kl. Schr.
G apud K KZ I 380 (to *leuxsaz 573; K IF LIII 44–48; P
with an alteration t : s); Z Gutt. I 684; V ANEW 361; S 341;
134; T-F 372–373; F 334– S LS 34; L GED 236;
335; H AEEW 199; W- H 380–381.
H I 823–824; M III *leutìn sb.f.: Goth liutei ‘deceit, hypocrisy’,
75–76; P I 688; Z I 142; ON lÿti ‘fault, flaw, deformity’. Derived
F II 108–109; O 527; H- from *leutaz. F 335; H
 KZ LXXXII 215; L GED 380.
236; T HEG II 65–69; H- *leuþan sb.n.: Goth awi-liuþ ‘prayer of
 379–380; K-S 518. gratitude’ (-þ- < *-¶-), ON ljóä ‘song,
*leuxtjanan wk.vb.: Goth liuhtjan ‘to ditty, lay’, OE leóä ‘song, poem’, OS wini-
light’, OE líhtan ‘to shine, to lighten’, OS lioth ‘folk song’, OHG liod ‘song’.
liohtian ‘to light’, OHG liuhten id. Derived Perhaps, distantly related to Lat laus
from *leuxtan. T-F 373; H- ‘praise’, laudàre ‘to praise’. W AJPh
 AEEW 201; F 335; H- XXIII 200 (to Gk lÊssa ‘frenzy, rage’,
 379; K-S 516. Slav *l’ut˙ ‘wild’); U PBB XXX
*leusanan str.vb.: Goth fra-liusan ‘to lose’, 299; T-F 355; H
OE for-leósan id., OFris ur-liàsa id., OS AEEW 200; W-H I 776;
far-liosan id., OHG fir-liosan ‘to lose, to F 336; P I 683; Z I
destroy’. Related to *leu-: Skt lunàti ‘to 142; B 160; L GED 53;
cut’, Gk lÊv ‘to lose’, Last luò ‘to pay’. K-S 519.
T-F 377–378; H PBB XXIII *leuþa-sanwaz sb.m.: ON ljóä-s‡ngr
316 (*-s- of aoristic origin); F 163; ‘song’, OE leóä-san ‘song, poem’. Com-
H AEEW 199–200; J- pound of *leuþan and *sanwaz. C
 IEW 739–741; M III 106– Nom. comp. 82 (parallel formations).
107; P I 681–682; V ANEW *leuþòjanan wk.vb.: Goth liuþon ‘to sing
348; F II 149–150; S 339– praise’, ON ljóäa ‘to sing, to make verses’,
340; L GED 124; K-S OE leóäian ‘to sing, to sound’, OHG liudòn
858. id. Derived from *leuþan. S KZ
*leuskòn sb.m.: OSwed liuske ‘softness’, I 563; T-F 355; H
ME léske id., MLG lèsche id. Related to AEEW 200; F 336; L GED
Lith pl. lùskos ‘rags’, Latv làuska ‘frag- 237.
ment, shred’, Slav *luska ~ *luzga ‘shell, *lewòn sb.m.: ON lé ‘scythe’, MLG lè id.
skin’. On the other hand, cf. *leusanan. Related to Skt laví- ‘sickle’, lava- ‘cutting’,
T-F 355–356; I AfslPh Gk acc. la›on ‘plowshare (?)’. Based on
XXIX 492 (reconstructs Slav *l’uska ‘fish *leu-: Skt lunóti ‘to cut’, Gk lÊv ‘to loosen,
scales’ that would be identical with Gmc); to unbind’. See *leusanan. T-F
Bù RFV LXV 318, LXXI 470– 370; P I 681; F II 73, 149–
471; T BSW 152; V- 150.
T II 530, 535; T *lè2baz adj.: OE léf ‘weak, injured, infirm’,
ESSJa XVI 188–190, 213–214. OFris lèf ‘weak, ill’, OS lèf ‘weak, fragile’.
*leutaz adj.: Goth liuts ‘deceitful, fraudu- Identical with Lith líebas ‘with thin legs’,
lent’, ON ljótr ‘ugly, hideous, misshapen’, cf. also láibas ‘slim, thin’ (H IF
OFris liàt ‘mendacious’. Derived from XX 323–324), Slav *lib˙ ‘thin, weak’.
*lùtanan. S KZ I 564; G- T-F 363, 571; T BSW
 Got. 150–151 (to Lat lùdus ‘play’); 154; H AEEW 197; P I
K NB II 453; T-F 374 (to 661–662; F 329–330; V-
Slav *lud˙ ‘stupid’); W IF XLI T II 492; K Btrg. Gesch.
lè2baz 244 lètanan
XCVI 209–213 (to *lìbanan); B- Derived from *lèkinan. T-F 356–
 Nom. 258 (same as K); 357; H AEEW 190; F 329;
H 367–368; T L GED 232.
ESSJa XV 74–75. *lèkjaz sb.m.: Goth lekeis ‘physician’,
*lè¶an sb.n.: ON láä ‘land’, OE l≠ä id. OSwed läkir id., OE l≠ce id., OFris letza
Continues *lè-tó- distantly related to id., OS làki id., OHG làhhi id. Borrowed
*lètanan (G Got. 227). T- from Celt *lègi- < *lèpagi- as in OIr liaig
F 354; H AEEW 193; ‘doctor’ (A  J Prem.
V ANEW 343; F II 89–90 (to Gk II 366–367). S KZ XXXV 595;
lãtron ‘payment’); C 622–623 L ZDADL XLI 237 (to Gk l°gv ‘to
(against F); O 517; L pick up, to tell’, Lat legò ‘to gather, to col-
GED 377. lect’); T-F 356; H IF
*lè¶az adj.: Goth un-leþs ‘poor’, OE un-l≠d XXXIX 71 (same as L), AEEW 190;
‘poor, miserable, unhappy’. Derived from F 329; P I 658; O 522;
*lè¶an? T-F 354; F 521; L GED 232.
O 517; L GED 377. *lèstaz ~ *lèstòn superl. adj.: Crim.
*lèaz adj.: ON lágr ‘low’, OFris lèch id., Goth. lista ‘too little’, OE læst ‘smallest,
MLG lèch, lège id., MHG læge id. Derived least’, OFris lèst id. Based on *lèziz (see
from *lejanan. K NB II 380, *lasaz). B BB III 81 (Goth
435; T-F 358; C AfslPh lista — to Slav *li“iti ‘to devoid’); T-
XXIX 5 (to Slav *laz˙ ‘path’); H-  Taurien (Goth lista from Osset listæg
 AEEW 191; P I 660; ‘narrow’); L Schw. Meer 136 (follows
C SGGJa I 84; V ANEW T); H Einz. ZDADL
344; H 368–369 (to Lith XXIV 34, AEEW 192; G
lEk“nas ‘flat’); K-S 510. ZdPh XXX 128–129 (Goth lista < *lei-
*lèiþò sb.f.: ON lægä ‘hollow, low place’, tista-, cf. WFris lijts ‘small’); L IF
MLG lègede ‘low place’. Derived from XIII 11; F 331; L GED
*lèaz. H 368. 233–234; B Nom. 235 (re-
*lèiz adj.: ON lægr in eiga leigt ‘to have a constructs *laiz-ista-).
right to be buried’, OHG aba-làgi ‘unmil- *lèswò sb.f.: OE l≠s, gen. l≠swe ‘pasture’.
itant, powerless’. Derived from *lejanan. Close to Slav *lîs˙ ‘wood, forest’ (L
V ANEW 371; O 538; M GHÅ (1904) apud B I 713) and,
Festschr. Schröder 103, KZ CV 113; L- in particular, to pre-Greek pln. L°sbow <
S I 9; H 369–370. *l£s⁄o- otherwise called ÖIssa < *⁄idh⁄à
*lèò sb.f.: ON lág ‘felled tree, log’, OFris (T VJa XXXIII/2 26). On the
lège ‘lying, position, site’, OS wider-làga other hand, cf. *lè¶an. T-F 364;
‘repayment, retribution’, OHG làga H AEEW 192; V RES
‘ambush’. Substantivized fem. of *lèaz. XIV 224; S LS 32; T
T-F 358. ESSJa XIV 249–252.
*lèjanan str.vb.: Goth laian ‘to berate, to *lètan sb.n.: Goth af-let ‘indulgence, for-
revile’. Related to Gk la¤en: fy°ggesyai, giveness’, ON lát ‘loss’, OE wæter-e-l≠t
Hes., OIr líim ‘to accuse’. T-F ‘water-course, aqueduct’. Derived from
354. *lètanan. T-F 359; F 330;
*lèkinan sb.n.: OHG làhhin ‘cure, remedy’. S 334.
Derived from *lèkjaz. T-F 357; *lètanan str.vb.: Goth letan ‘to let’, ON
L GED 232. láta id., OE l≠tan id., OFris lèta id., OS
*lèkinòjanan wk.vb.: Goth lekinon ‘to làtan id., OHG làzan id. Related to Gk
heal, to cure’, ON lækna id., OE lácnian lhde›n: kopiçn Hes.), Alb lodh ‘to tire,
id., OS làknòn id., OHG làhhinòn id. to weary’ < PAlb *làda, Lat lassus ‘weak’
lètanan 245 likkòjanan
< *l6d-to- (P Beiträge 710). B- id. For the semantic reconstruction note
 IF VI 89–100 (to Lith léid≥iu, léisti Blr lipets’ ‘to live with difficulty’ < Slav
‘to let’ and further to IE *lè(i)- ‘to leave’); *l¸pîti ‘to stick’ (T ESSJa XVII
T-F 359; M UG III 24 92). S KZ I 562; B I
(to Slav *lad˙ ‘order’); F 329–330; 754–755; C Prät. 80–84 (from
H AEEW 193; W- *leibh- as in Lat cae-lebs ‘celibate’);
H I 767–768; J IEW S Language VI/1 27; T-
732; P I 666; V ANEW 346; F 368; T BSW 161–162;
F II 114 (the status of Gk is dubious H AEEW 200; F 330;
in view of éhd∞sai: kopiãsai, kame›n M III 60–61; P I 670;
suggesting l- might be a mistaken read- F 375–376; O 532;
ing of é-); O 524; B 152; S 326; V W I 263;
P IF LXXXI 32–33; S L GED 232; T HEG II
333–335; L GED 232; K- 62–63; T ESSJa XVII 91–93;
S 504; O AED 230; D BSA K-S 508.
96 (on preterital forms in their connec- *lib(a)ra-wurtiz sb.f.: Swed lefver-ört
tion to Lith léisti ). ‘hepatica, blue anemone’, OE neut. lifer-
*lètaz sb.m.: Goth fra-lets ‘freed man’, wyrt ‘liverwort’, MLG lever-wort id. Com-
OFris lèt id., OHG ab-làz ‘indulgence’. pound of *lib(a)rò and *wurtiz. C
Derived from *lètanan. T-F 359; Nom. comp. 50.
F 330; S 334. *lib(a)rò sb.f.: ON lifr ‘liver’, OE lifer id.,
*lèwan sb.n.: Goth lew ‘opportunity, OFris livere id., MLG lever id., OHG lebara
cause’. See *lèwjanan. P BB XIII id. Etymologically identical with Gk
279–280 (to Lith liáuju, liáuti ‘to cease’); liparÒw ‘fat, greasy’ further derived from
B IF X 159 (to Gk lÊv ‘to *leip- ‘to smear’ (Z Gutt. 12–14).
remove’); T-F 364; F 330; Hardly connected with but probably
P I 682–683; L GED 232. influenced by the Indo-European word
*lèwjanan wk.vb.: Goth lewjan ‘to betray’, for ‘liver’—*ƒek⁄º-. M RS IX 72
OE l≠wan id., OHG gi-làwen id. Derived (to *libènan); S KZ XXV 23 (to
from *lèwan. Structurally close to and ety- *ƒek⁄º-); T-F 368; H
mologically connected with Slav *lîviti AEEW 202; P I 504, 670;
‘to give way, to yield, to lose time’, fur- Z I 147; F II 126–127;
ther to Litv liáutis ‘to stop’, OPrus au- O 532; I-S Opyt II 17
làut ‘to die’ (P BB XIX 279– (continues Nostr *lep'A ‘spleen’); K-
280). T-F 364; T BSW S 508.
161; H AEEW 193; F 330; *li¶an sb.n.: ON liä ‘folk, people, army’,
F I 362–363; S LS 32; OE lid ‘vessel, ship’ (< *‘crew’), OFris
L GED 232; T PJa I lid ‘band, troop, retinue’. Derived from
154–156; T ESSJa XV 28. *lìþanan. H AEEW 201; S-
*libènan wk.vb.: Goth liban ‘to live’, ON  329; B Nom. 56, 173;
lifa id., OE lifian id., OFris libba, liva id., P IF CII 79–80 (to *liþuz, cf.
OS libbian id., OHG lebèn id. Connected OIr glún ‘knee, generation’).
with *lìbanan (cf. in particular such con- *lifnòjanan wk.vb.: Goth af-lifnan ‘to be
texts as ON þá er þriäjungr lifir dags “when left, to remain’, ON lifna ‘to be left’.
a third of the day ‘lives’ = is left”). Derived from *lìbanan. Structurally close
Related to Hitt lip- ‘to lick’, Toch AB lip- to Slav *l¸pn‡, *l¸pn‡ti ‘to stick’. F 8;
‘to remain’, Skt limpáti ‘to smear’ S 326; T ESSJa XVII
(M JA XVIII 633), Lith limpù, lìpti 91–93.
‘to stick, to adhere’, Slav *l¸pn‡, *l¸pn‡ti *likkòjanan wk.vb.: OE liccian ‘to lick’,
likkòjanan 246 liþuz
OS likkòn id., OHG leckòn id. Related to *listiaz ~ *listuaz adj.: Goth listeigs
Skt ré∂hi id., Arm lizanem id., Gk le¤xv ‘crafty, cunning’, ON listugr ‘skilled,
id., Lat lingò id., OIr ligim id., Lith lie≥iù, polite’, G listig ‘crafty, cunning’. Derived
li‚≥ti id., Slav *li≥‡, *lizati id. reflecting from *listiz. T-F 369.
a root with aspirate *-·h- (M MSL *listiz sb.f.: Goth lists ‘wile, cunning’, ON
XVI 239–241). S BB list ‘art, craft, artifice’ (if not from
XXVIII 300; T-F 367; T- WGmc), OE list ‘art, skill, craft, artifice’
 BSW 155; W NP 160, (also masc.), OFris list id., OS list id.,
183–184; H AEEW 200; OHG list id. Derived from *laisa. On
W-H I 806; M III the other hand, cf. *litò ~ *litaz implying
72–73; P I 668; F 369; *listiz < *lit-ti-? S KZ I 564;
F II 102; O 526; T T-F 369; H AEEW
ESSJa XV 162–163; K-S 204; F 331–332; P I 671;
509. Z II 177; S 323; L-
*lima-xailaz adj.: ON lim-heill ‘sound-  GED 234; B Nom. 139;
limbed’, OE lim-hál id. Compound of T ESSJa XVII 97–99 (Slav
*liman and *xailaz. C Nom. comp. 61. *l¸st¸ ‘flattery’ < Gmc); K-S
*liman sb.n.: ON lim ‘foliage, branch’, OE 522.
lim ‘member, limb, branch’. Eventually *litò ~ *litaz sb.f./m.: Goth lita
related to *linaz ( J PBB XIV ‘hypocrisy, insincerity’, OHG liz ‘pre-
301–304). W MP IV 495 (agrees text’. Related to Gk l¤zei: pa¤zei (Hes.),
with J); T-F 366; H- Lat lùdò ‘to play’ < *loidò. S
 AEEW 202; T Lehm 12 (to KZ I 564; G Got. 149 (to Lith
*lìman ~ *lìmaz); V ANEW 354–357; lendù, l⁄sti ‘to creep, to sneak into’); F
L GED 234. 332; P I 666; L GED
*linaz adj.: ON linr ‘gentle, soft’, OHG len 234.
‘pretty, gentle’. Related to *linnanan. *liþaaz ~ *liþuaz adj.: ON liäugr
Corresponds to Skt lìná-, participle of ‘ready, willing, free’, OFris lethich ‘single,
linàti ‘to bend down, to duck’. T- free’, MLG ledich, leddich ‘free, unoccu-
F 365; K IF LIII 46; pied’, MHG lidec, ledic ‘single, free’.
P I 661; D VSJa 21 (pretonic Derived from *liþuz. T-F 366;
shortening in Gmc); V ANEW 358; T-F 366; B Festschr.
O 531; S LL 354; L Collitz 91–94; P I 309; V
GED 6; H 383. ANEW 355; H 384–385;
*linnanan str.vb.: Goth af-linnan ‘to leave K-S 509.
(off )’, OE linnan ‘to cease, to desist, OHG *liþu-lausaz adj.: ON liä-lauss ‘helpless’,
bi-linnan ‘to stop, to end’. Related to Skt OHG lide-lòs ‘limbless’ (hap. leg.).
linàti ‘to bend down, to duck, to hide’, Compound of *liþuz and *lausaz. C
Gk l¤namai: tr°pomai (Hes.), él¤nein: Nom. comp. 90 (parallel formations).
éle¤fein (Hes.) (O Morph. Unt. IV *liþuz sb.m.: Goth liþus ‘limb, joint’, ON
46: *linnanan < *lin⁄ò ), Slav *lin’ati ‘to liär id., OE liä id. (also neut.), OFris lith
shed hair, to moult’. See *linaz. T- id., MLG ge-lit id., OHG lid id. (masc.,
F 365; F 8; H AEEW fem., neut.). Connected with *liman.
203; T Lehm 10–16 (to IE *lei- ‘slimy, S KZ I 563; P Wurzelerw.
to glide’); M III 102; P 187 (to Lat lituus ‘crooked staff ’); L
I 661–662; F I 73; O 531; BB XXI 106); J IF XIX 120
S 331–332; L MSS XXXV 79 (same as P); T-F 365–366;
(*-nn- < *-nH-); L GED 6; T- H AEEW 204; F 332;
 ESSJa XV 109–110. P I 309, 672; Z II 202;
liþuz 247 lìkaz
L GED 234; B Nom. remain’. T-F 367; P Kelt.
159; K-S 327. Gr. II 562; F 327; H
*liznòjanan ~ *liznènan wk.vb.: OE AEEW 203; W-H I 808–809;
leornian ‘to learn’, OFris lerna, lirna id., OS P Gliederung 121; J IEW
lìnòn id., OHG lirnèn, lernèn id. Derived 733; M III 59; P I
from *laisa. T-F 369; H- 669–670; V ANEW 359; F
 AEEW 203; O 521. 372–373; F II 99–100; O 533;
*lìba-¶aaz sb.m.: ON pl. líf-dagar ‘life, B IEL 150, 157–158; S
days of life’, OE líf-dæ ‘day of life’. 327–328; L GED 230; K-
Compound of *lìban and *¶aaz. C S 513.
Nom. comp. 81 (parallel formations). *lìxwòjanan wk.vb.: ON léa ‘to lend’,
*lìba-lausaz adj.: ON líf-lauss ‘lifeless’, OFris lìa id. Derived from *lìxwanan.
OE líf-leás id., OFris lìf-làs id., OS lìf-lòs S 327.
id., MHG lìbe-lòs id. Compound of *lìban *lìka-xamòn sb.m.: ON líkami ‘body’,
and *lausaz. C Nom. comp. 89 ( paral- OE líc-hama id., OFris lìkoma id., OS lìk-
lel formations). hamo id., OHG lìh-hamo id. Compound
*lìba-lìaz adj.: ON líf-ligr ‘alive, living’, of *lìkan I and *xamòn, originally ‘body-
OE líf-líc id., OHG lìb-lìh id. Derived covering’, see *xamaz (G Kalypso
from *lìban. O 532. 64). T-F 366; H AEEW
*lìban sb.n.: Burg *lif ‘life’, ON líf ‘life, 148, 200; C Nom. comp. 50; L
body, man’, OE líf ‘life’, OFris lìf id., GED 4–5, 230.
OS lìf id., OHG lìb id. Connected with *lìka-mannz sb.m.: ON lík-maär ‘grave-
*libènan. T-F 368; H digger’, OE líc-mann ‘person having to do
AEEW 202; P I 670; Z II with the corpse’. Compound of *lìkan I
169; O 527; L GED 232; and *mannz. C Nom. comp. 82 (paral-
K 712; K-S 511. lel formations).
*lìbanan str.vb.: Goth pret. sg. bi-laif ‘to *lìkan I sb.n.: Goth leik ‘body’, ON lík id.,
remain’, OE be-lífan id., OFris bi-lìva id., OE líc id., OFris lìk id., OS lìk id., OHG
OS bi-lìban id., OHG bi-lìban id. Related lìh id. (also fem. *lìkiz). Related to Toch
to Toch B lip-, lip- ‘to remain’, Skt limpáti AB lek ‘appearance, body’, Lith lÿgus
‘to smear’, Lith limpù, lìpti ‘to stick’ and ‘like’, lÿgti ‘to equal, to match’, Latv lÛgt
other continuants of IE *leip-. Germanic ‘to agree’ (V W I 260).
forms were semantically influenced by IE S KZ I 562; E PBB
*leik⁄-, see *lìxwanan. O Morph. XX 53; U PBB XXX 279 (to
Unt. IV 4–7; T-F 368; F Skt li«gam ‘mark, sign’); Z Gutt. 163;
91–92; H AEEW 202; J- T-F 366; H AEEW 200;
 IEW 737–738; M III F 327; P I 667; F
60–61, 104; P I 670–671; F- 370–371; Z II 187; O 526;
 375; I-S Opyt II 18 (on L GED 142, 230–231; K-
the semantic parallelism between Gmc S 512 (to Slav *lice ‘face’).
and Toch); S 326–327; L *lìkan II sb.n.: ON lík ‘leech-line, the bor-
GED 70; K-S 118; A TB ders of a sail’, EFris lìk id., MLG lìk id.
555. Related to Alb lidh ‘to bind’, Lat ligò id.,
*lìxwanan str.vb.: Goth leian ‘to lend’, Slav *ligati id. (Z Gutt. 197). T-
ON 1 sg. pres. lé id., OE león id., OFris F 366; W-H I 800;
lià id., OS lìhan id., OHG lìhan id. P I 668; V ANEW 401; T-
Related to Skt ri»ákti ‘to leave, to give up,  ESSJa XV 87; O AED 226–
to release’, Gk le¤pv ‘to leave’, Lat linquò 227.
id., OIr leigim ‘to let’, Lith liekù, lìkti ‘to *lìkaz adj.: Goth ga-leiks ‘similar’, ON líkr
lìkaz 248 lìþanan
‘alike’, OE e-líc ‘like, alike, similar’, ON lína ‘line, rope’, OE líne id., OFris
OFris ge-lìk ‘same’, OS gi-lìk id., OHG gi- lìne id., MLG line id., OHG lìna id., they
lìh ‘same, similar’. Related to *lìkan I go back to Lat lìnea ‘linen thread, string,
(W MLN XXI 39–40). T-F line’ and are secondarily associated with
119, 366; F 189; H AEEW *lìnan. W KZ I 250 (to Slav
200; P I 671; S PBB *l¸n˙ id.); R RC VII 241 (related to
LXXXIII 151–194; V ANEW 172; Lat lìnum, Gk l¤non); H Kult. 164–
O 25; S LS 32–33; L 190 (same as R); S-N
GED 143; S Festschr. Meid 343– I 323; T-F 368; H
351; H 381–383; K- AEEW 203; F 328; P I 691;
S 326–327. Z I 155, II 169; O 529;
*lìkènan wk.vb.: Goth leikan ‘to please’, L GED 231; K-S
ON líka ‘to like’, OE lícian ‘to please’, 513.
OFris lìkia ‘to like’, OS lìkon id., OHG *listòn sb.f.: ON lista ‘edge’, OE líste ‘list,
lìhhèn id. Derived from *lìkaz. T- hem, border’, MLG liste ‘edge’, OHG
F 366; H AEEW 201; F lìsta id. Related to *laistiz ~ *laistaz.
328; H 382. F BB XVII 312–314 (to Lat lìtus
*lìkenòjanan wk.vb.: ON líkna ‘to show ‘sea-shore’); P BB XIX 272; T-
mercy to’, OFris a-lìknia ‘to compare’, F 370 (to Lat lìtus ‘sea-shore, strand’);
OHG gi-lìhhinòn ‘to compete’. Derived J IF XXX 206 (to Alb ledh ‘mud, allu-
from *lìkaz. H 382. vium, river-bank’); H AEEW
*lìkjan sb.n.: Goth ga-leiki ‘likeness’, ON 204; P I 672–673; Z I
líki ‘body, form, shape’. Derived from 156; O 531; K-S 514.
*lìkaz. F 188; H 382. *lìtilaz ~ *lùtilaz ~ *luttilaz adj.:
*lìkjanan wk.vb.: ON líkja ‘to be similar’, Goth leitils ‘small, little’, ON lítill id., OE
OHG lìhhen ‘to make similar’. Derived lytel id., MDu littel, luttel id., OS luttil id.,
from *lìkaz. H 382. OHG luzzil ‘little, tiny’. Derived from
*lìkòjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-leikon ‘to liken, *luttiz ~ *luttjaz. G Got. 146;
to compare’, ON líka ‘to make equal’, K NB II 270–271; T-F
OFris lìkia ‘to compare’, OHG lìhhòn 367, 374; S KZ LVII 35 (to Lith
‘to smooth’. Derived from *lìkaz. F pa-láidas ‘loose’); F 328–329; H-
328; P I 671; C  AEEW 209; K IF LIII
SGGJa I 76; L GED 142, 231; 44–48; S 125; P I 661–662;
H 382. V ANEW 358; M ZdWf XIX
*lìkòn sb.m.: Goth ga-leika ‘sÊssvmow, 153–158; O 532; L 80;
partner in the same body’, ON líki ‘equal, L GED 231; L Expr. 496–501;
match’, OE e-líca ‘equal’, MLG ge-like H 371–372, 390–391; K-
‘comrade’. Derived from *lìkaz. F S 529.
188; V ANEW 356. *lìþanan str.vb.: Goth ga-leiþan ‘to come,
*lìman ~ *lìmaz sb.n./m.: ON lím to go’, ON líäa ‘to go’, OE líäan id.,
‘lime’, OE lím ‘cement, mortar, glue, OFris lìtha ‘to suffer’, OS lìthan ‘to go’,
lime’, MLG lìm ‘glue’, OHG lìm ‘glue’. OHG lìdan ‘to leave’. Connected with
Related to *laimòn. T-F 365; Toch A lit- ‘to go away, to fall down’, Av
H AEEW 202; P Gliede- raèy- ‘to die’ (S 328–330). B-
rung 110; P I 662; Z II  1480–1482; T-F 367;
169; O 528; K-S 513. F 8 (to *liþuz); H AEEW
*lìnan sb.n.: Goth lein ‘linen, flax’, ON lín 204; T Lehm 15 (to Gk litÆ ‘prayer’);
id., OE lín id., OS lìn id., MHG masc. lìn J IEW 736–737; P I
id. Borrowed from Lat lìnum id. As to 672; V ANEW 354; S 328–
lìþanan 249 luftuz
330; L GED 6; K-S worthy’, OE lof-eorn ‘desirous of praise’.

512. Cf. also a nominal derivative in OHG
*lìþu ~ *lìþan sb.n.: Goth leiþu ‘cider, loba-gernì. Compound of *luban and
strong drink’, ON líä ‘cider, ale’, OE líä *ernaz. C Nom. comp. 60.
‘strong drink’, OFris lìth id., OS lìth *luban sb.n.: ON lof ‘praise’, OE lof id.
‘wine, drink’, OHG lìd id. (also masc.). (masc., neut.), OFris lof id., OS lof
Close to Lith lytùs ‘rain’, Slav *litva id., OHG lob id. Derived from *leubaz.
‘shower’ (based on *litu-). Derived from T-F 376; H AEEW
*lei-: MW di-llyd ‘to pour out’, Lith líeju, 206; P I 684; Z I 142;
líeti ‘to pour’, Slav *liti id. Z B Nom. 57; K-S
ZDADL XXXII 284 (to OIr líth ‘festival’); 522.
T-F 364–365 (to Gk êleison ‘ves- *lubjan sb.n.: Goth lubja-leis ‘magician,
sel for wine, beaker’ < *êleitWon); H- alchemist’, ON lyf ‘healing herb’, OE lybb
 AEEW 204; F 329; P ‘medicine, drug, poison’, OS lubbi ‘sap,
I 664–665; C SGGJa I 99; poison’, OHG lubbi ‘poison’. Related to
F 368; Z II 202; OIr luib ‘plant, herb’, Lat liber ‘bast’.
S Kl. Schr. 258–259; L S-N I 61 (to *leubaz like
GED 231 (against comparison with *lei-); Lat uenènum ‘poison’ < uenus ‘love’); G-
T ESSJa XV 157–160; K-  Kalypso 203 (from Celtic); M-
S 513.  Corr. 20 (same as G);
*lòfòn sb.m.: Goth lofa ‘palm of hand’, T-F 377; H AEEW
ON lófi id., ME love id. Related to Lith 208; W-H I 790; P I
lópa ‘paw’, Slav *lapa id. (S KZ 690; C SGGJa I 96; V
XIX 272). S Urkelt. 252 (to OIr lue ANEW 346–347, 369; Z I 145;
‘rudder’, W llyw id.); M IF XVII L GED 237.
162 (to Gk l≈ph ‘robe, attire’); T- *lubò sb.f.: Goth broþru-lubo ‘brotherly
F 370; Bù RFV LXVI 243–244; love’, OS luva ‘love’, OHG luba id. Re-
F 336; P I 679; F lated to *laubò, *leubaz. F 107;
339–340; O 402; S LS 23; P I 683–684; O 538; L-
L GED 237; T ESSJa  GED 81, 237; H 377.
XIV 26–27; K-S 529. *lubòjanan wk.vb.: ON lofa ‘to praise’,
*lòan sb.n.: ON lóg ‘place’ (in idioms), OE lofian ‘to praise, to value’, OFris lovia
OE ló id., OFris lòch id., OHG luog ‘den, ‘to praise’, OS lobon id., OHG lobòn, lobèn
pit’. Derived from *lejanan. Structurally id. Derived from *luban. The variant
close to Slav *lag˙ ‘ravine’. T-F *lubènan attested in Goth lubains ‘hope’ is
358; H AEEW 206; P I close to Lat lubet, libet ‘to please’. T-
659; Z II 174; T ESSJa F 376; W-H I 793–794;
XIV 15. H AEEW 206–207; F
*lòkòjanan wk.vb.: OE lócian ‘to look’, 336–337; L GED 237; K-
WFris loaitsje id., OS lòkon id. Cf. also a S 522.
differently stressed OHG luogèn < *lòè- *luftjanan wk.vb.: ON lypta ‘to lift, to
nan. Probably identical with Dor lvgãv raise’, MLG luchten id., MHG lüften id.
= l°gv ‘to pick up, to tell’ and related to Derived from *luftuz ~ *luftiz. O
Toch AB läk- ‘to see’ (A TB 550). 527; K-S 527.
The connection with Bret lagad ‘eye’ is *luftuz ~ *luftiz sb.f.: Goth luftus ‘air’
dubious. Z Gutt. 215; H- (masc. or fem.), ON lopt ‘air, sky, loft,
 AEEW 205; C SGGJa upper room’ (< *luftan), OE lyft ‘air’
I 100; O 536. (fem., masc., neut.), OS luft id. (fem. and
*luba-ernaz adj.: ON lof-gjarn ‘praise- masc.), OHG luft id. (fem. and masc.).
luftuz 250 lukòn
Related to Skt lumpáti ‘to break, to ~ *lauiz. T-F 372; F 324;
injure’, Lith lupù, lùpti ‘to peel’. The P I 688; F II 108–109;
original meaning might be ‘porch’ or L GED 228.
‘upper floor’. However, the reverse *luxaz ~ *luxsuz sb.m.: OSwed lò ‘lynx’,
direction of development is as possible, OE lox id., OS lohs id., OHG luhs id.
with ‘air’ defined as ‘section, sector’. Related to Arm pl. lusnanunk' id., Gk lÊgj
G Got. 152–153 (to Lith luóbas id., MIr lug id. (with irregular -g- < *-k-),
‘bark’); T-F 377 (to *lauban); Lith lù“is id., Slav *rys¸ id. (with irregu-
M Mitt. Pal. 57–60 (‘porch’ lar *r-), see F KZ I 498.
> ‘airy room’ > ‘air’); L RC XLIII B KZ XX 10; Z Gutt. 191;
135–137 (to W llwch ‘whirling dust’ P Kelt. Gr. I 186, 188; T-F
< *lup-s-); T-F 377; H 373; H AEEW 207; P I
AEEW 208; F 337; M- 690; F 392–393; F II
 III 108–109; P I 690–691; 141–142; Z II 224; K-
F 391–392; Z II 202; S 527.
P JDE XIV 32–33 (< *luk-tu- ‘upper *lukan sb.n.: Goth us-luk ‘opening’, ON
layer’); L GED 237; B- lok ‘lock’, OE loc ‘lock, bolt, bar’, OFris
 Nom. 157; K-S 527. lok ‘lock’, OHG loh ‘hole, cavity’. Related
*luinò sb.f.: Norw lygn ‘lie’, OE lyen id., to *lùkanan. T-F 372; H-
OFris leine id., OS lugina id., OHG lugina  AEEW 205; F 533; P
id. Derived from *leuanan. Similar to I 686; Z II 227; O 534;
Slav adj. *l˙≥¸n˙, fem. *l˙≥¸na ‘false’. S 338; L GED 143;
T-F 373; H AEEW B Nom. 57; K-S
208; P I 687; Z I 221; 522–523.
S 337; L GED 236; *lukkaz sb.m.: ON lokkr ‘hairlock’, OE locc
T ESSJa XVII 10–11. ‘hair, hairlock’, OFris lokk ‘hairlock’, OS
*luìn sb.f.: ON lygi ‘lie’, OHG lugì id. lokk id., OHG loc id. Related to IE *leug-
Derived from *leuanan. T-F ‘to bend’, cf. Gk lÊgow ‘withy; screw-
373; P I 686–687; Z I press’, Lith lùgnas ‘supple, flexible’.
221; S 337. Z Gutt. 164; T-F 372;
*luòn sb.m.: ON þing-logi ‘engagement- H AEEW 205; M Gém.
breaker’, OE treów-loga ‘one who fails to 85, 92, 188; P I 685; F
keep faith’, OS treu-logo ‘traitor’. Derived 388–389; F II 141; Z I 134;
from *leuanan. H AEEW 206; O 534; K-S 523.
S 337; B Nom. 174. *lukkòjanan wk.vb.: ON lokka ‘to entice’,
*luòn ~ *luxòn sb.m.: ON logi ‘flame’, OE e-loccian ‘to stroke gently’, OHG
OFris loga id., MHG lohe id. Cf. ON log lockòn ‘to entice’. Probably connected
id. (neut.). Related to *leuk- ‘to shine’, see with Lith lùgóti ‘to ask, to request’, Slav
*leuxtan. T-F 372; O 538; *l˙gati ‘to lie’ (E KZ LII 114–
P I 688–689; Z II 220; 116). Cf. *leuanan. N Abriß 156;
L GED 228, 236; B Z Gutt. 164; T-F 374;
Nom. 175. H AEEW 205; M
*luxatjanan wk.vb.: Goth lauhatjan ‘to Gém. 174; P I 687; C
flash (of lightning)’, OHG lohezzen id., ùz- SGGJa I 76; F 389; S LS 34;
lougezzen ‘to spit with fire’ (< *lauatjan). L GED 236; K-S 523
Structurally similar to Gk leukãzv ‘to (to *lukkaz).
be white’ which, however, seems to be *lukòn sb.f.: ON loka ‘cover, lid’, OHG
a Greek innovation (S Mélanges lucka ‘hatch, opening’. Derived from
Pedersen 63, 72). Connected with *lauaz *lùkanan. S 338.
lunaz 251 luttiz
*lunaz sb.m.: Goth luns ‘ransom’. Finn lun- to soar’); P I 690–691; F
nas id. (T Einfl. 151) attests the 391–392.
original form (masc. a-stem). Adjective in *lusan sb.n.: ON los ‘looseness, breaking
*-no- of IE *leu-: Skt lùná-, participle of up’, OE los ‘loss’, OHG far-los id. Derived
Skt lunàti ‘to cut’, Gk lÊv ‘to release’, Lat from *leusanan. H AEEW
luò ‘to free, to pay off’. Cf. in particular 206; S 339; O 537.
Gk lÊtron ‘ransom’. T-F 370; *lusnòjanan wk.vb.: Goth fra-lusnan ‘to be
F 338; W-H I 834; lost’, ON losna ‘to get loose, to get free’.
M III 106–107; P I Derived from *leusanan. T-F 377;
681–682; D VSJa 24 (pretonic short- F 163; S 339.
ening in Gmc); F II 149–150; *lusòjanan wk.vb.: ON losa ‘to loosen’,
L GED 238. OE losian ‘to perish, to be lost’, OS lòsian
*lun¶ò sb.f.: ON pl. lundir ‘flesh along the ‘to become free’. Derived from *lusan.
back’, OE lund-laa ‘rein, kidney’, OHG H AEEW 206; O 537.
lunda ‘suet’. Related to *lan¶ìn ~ *lan¶jò. *lustjanan ~ *lustòjanan wk.vb.: Goth
T-F 362; P I 675. luston ‘to desire’, OE lystan ‘to cause pleas-
*lunwan ~ *lunwòn sb.n./f.: ON pl. ure’, OS lustian, lustean ‘to desire’, OHG
lungu ‘lungs’, OHG lunga ‘lung’. Cf. also lustòn id. Derived from *lustuz ~ *lustaz.
*lunun( j)ò > OE lunen id., OFris lungen, H AEEW 209; F 338;
lungene id., OS lungannia id., OHG lungun O 531; L GED 238.
id. Related to *lunwraz. T-F *lustu-saman ~ *lusta-samaz adj.:
360; H AEEW 207; P Goth lustu-sama ‘longed for, desirable’,
I 661; Z I 221; O 540; OS lust-sam ‘desirable, pleasant, charm-
L GED 230; K-S ing’, OHG lust-sam id. Derived from *lus-
528. tuz ~ *lustaz. Cf. also OE lust-sum-líc
*lunwraz adj.: OE adv. lungre ‘quickly, ‘pleasant, delectable’. F 338; C
soon’, OS lungar ‘strong, powerful’, OHG Nom. comp. 59; L GED 238.
lungar ‘efficient, eager, fast’. Identical with *lustiz sb.f.: Goth fra-lusts ‘destruction,
Gk §lafrÒw ‘light, quick’. For further loss’, OS far-lust id., MHG ver-lust ‘waste’.
connections see *lenxtaz. Z Gutt. Derived from *leusanan. F 163; S-
179; T-F 360; H  339; B Nom. 140.
AEEW 207; P I 661; F I 484; *lustuz ~ *lustaz sb.m.: Goth lustus
L GED 230; B Nom. ‘desire, lust’, late ON lyst id. (fem. *lustiz),
247; H 388–389. OE lust id., OFris lust id., OS lust id.,
*lunjanan wk.vb.: Goth *lunjan ‘to save’ OHG lust id. Probably, from *lub-stu-
(suggested by us-luneins ‘salvation, re- derived from *lubò. S Voc. II 148
demption’), OE a-lynnan ‘to deliver, to (< *¬s-tu-, from *las- ‘to desire’ as in Skt
release’. Derived from *lunaz. H- láßati id. < *-lals-, Gk lãv ‘to look’);
 AEEW 209; F 338, 534; S WuS VI 54–55 (to *lùtanan);
L GED 238. T-F 378; H AEEW
*luppòn sb.f.: Swed loppa ‘flea’, OE loppe 207–208; F 338; P I 654 (to
‘flea, spider(?)’. Derivationally close to *las- ‘to be greedy, lascivous’), 683–684;
Latv lupa ‘fragment, bit, small piece’ fur- T Venus 160–176 (from *leusanan);
ther related to Skt lumpáti ‘to break into Z II 202; O 541; L
pieces’, Lith lùpti ‘to peel’, Slav *lupiti id. GED 238; B Nom. 157–158;
For the semantic development cf. Slav K-S 528–529.
*mol¸ ‘moth’ from *melti ‘to grind, to *luttiz ~ *luttjaz adj.: OE lyt ‘little, few’,
break’ (see *maluz ~ *malò). T-F LG lütt ‘small, little’, OHG luzzi id.
375–376 (to MHG lupfen ‘to move quickly, Probably derived from *lùtanan. J
luttiz 252 maa
 PBB XV 231–232 (to *lètanan and Arm lucanem ‘to break open’, Lith láu≥iu,
*leutaz); K IF LIII 307–309 láu≥ti ‘to break’. S KZ I 565;
(to IE *el- ‘to bend’); T-F 374; B GGA 1898 556 (to Lat
H AEEW 209; F 328–329; luctò ‘to wrestle, to struggle’, luxor ‘to
P I 684; O 532; L riot’); T-F 371–372; H
GED 231; H 390–391 (alter- AEEW 207; M III 64; P
native reconstruction *lutiz). I 686; F 347; S 337;
*luþòn sb.m.: ON loäi ‘fur cloak’, OE loäa L GED 143; K-S 7.
‘cloak, upper garment’, OFris lotha id., *lùsz sb.f.: ON lús ‘louse’, OE lús id.,
OS lotho id., OHG lodo, ludo ‘coarse MLG lùs id. (i-stem), OHG lùs id. (i-
woolen cloth’. Unclear. T-F 374– stem). Related to W pl. llau ‘lice’, Corn
375; K-S 523 (to *leu¶anan). pl. low id., Bret pl. laou id. < *lu⁄à.
*lùkanan str.vb.: Goth ga-lùkan ‘to lock L ZfceltPh. XIX 62–64; T-
up, to shut up’, ON lúka ‘to shut’, OE F 571; S Kl. Schr. 59 (to Slav
lúcan ‘to close, to conclude, to lock’, *v˙“¸ id.); H AEEW 207;
OFris lùka ‘to shut’, OS bi-lùkan id., P I 692; C SGGJa I
OHG bi-lùhhan id. Connected with Gk 99; Z II 209; O 538;
lÊgow ‘withy; screw-press’, Lith lùgnas B Nom. 195; G
‘flexible’. Cf. *lukkaz. T-F 371; Wurzelnomina 257–271; K-S
F 189–190; H AEEW 207; 506.
J IEW 743–744; P I *lùtanan str.vb.: ON lúta ‘to bow down’,
685–686; F 388–389; V OE lútan ‘to lout, to bow, to bend for-
ANEW 368; F II 141; S ward’. Of unknown origin. T-F
338–339; L GED 143; K- 374 (to Lith liùstù, li~sti ‘to become sad’,
S 522–523. Slav *luditi ‘to deceive’); H
*lùkanan ~ *leukanan str.vb.: OE lúcan AEEW 208; J IEW 745–746;
‘to pull up, to weed’, OFris lùka ‘to pull’, P I 684; V ANEW 369;
MLG lùken ‘to tear’, OHG liohhan ‘to F 378–379; O 538; S-
pluck’ (with a secondary diphthong).  340–341; L GED 236 (to
Related to Skt rujáti ‘to break, to shatter’, *leutaz).
m
*ma¶ròn sb.f.: ON maära ‘madder’, OE ESSJa XIX 101–104; H 392.
mædere id., MLG madre id., OHG matra *maa irreg. str.vb.: Goth mag ‘can, to be
id. Related to Slav *modr˙ ‘purple, blue’ able’, ON má id., OE mæ id., OFris mei
(B II 66; H apud V). id., OS mag id., OHG mag id. Most of the
L ANF XXXII 272 (to Russ forms belong to the Vth class (O
mate≥ ‘white spot’); T-F 306; PBB XV 217–218). Related to Toch AB
H AEEW 210; M ArOr mokats ‘mighty’, Skt maghá- ‘gift, reward,
XVII 131 (connects Slav *modr˙ with wealth’, Gk m∞xow ‘means, contrivance’,
Hitt antara- ‘blue’); P I 747; V OIr do-for-maig ‘to extend, to increase’,
ANEW 375 (to WFris miede id., MLG mède Lith mag∏ti ‘to please’, Slav *mog‡, *mogti
id.); O 544; S Lar. 510 (to ‘to be able’ (S KZ I 141).
Hitt antara- ‘blue’ < *µdhro-); T C Gr. Et. 328 (to IE *me·h- ‘great,
maa 253 mauz
big’); H PBB XXIII 35 (Slav *mog‡, id. Derived from *maenan. H-
*mogti from Germanic); W BB  AEEW 210; V ANEW 375,
XXVIII 62–66; M MSL XIV 335, 381.
XIX 183; Z Gutt. 178; S KZ *maiþò sb.f.: ON megä ‘doing’, MLG
XXV 18 (same as C); T-F mechte ‘power’. Derived from *maa.
303; T KZ XLVI 180–182; V ANEW 381.
F 338–339; H AEEW 213; *maòn sb.m.: ON magi ‘stomach’, OE
K PBB IX 156 (to Av masyò ‘larger’, maa id., OFris maga id., MLG mage id.,
Gk makrÒw ‘long’); J IEW OHG mago id. Connected with W megin
650–651; M II 545–546; ‘bellows’, Lith mãkas ‘purse’. Z
P I 695; F 395; F II Gutt. 134; T-F 304 (to OIr mén
235; V ANEW 374; Z II ‘open mouth’ < *makno-); H
202; O 563; S 342–343; AEEW 213; P I 698; F
S LS 37; L GED 239–240; 399; V ANEW 375; Z I 154;
T ESSJa XIX 107–111; K- O 563; K-S 531;
S 565. B OFED s.v.
*maaþiz sb.f.: Goth magaþs ‘maiden’, OE *maraz adj.: ON magr ‘meager, lean’,
mæä ‘maid, virgin, girl, maiden’, OFris OE mæer id., MLG mager id., OHG magar
megith ‘maiden’, OS magath id. (root stem), id. Identical with Lat macer id. and prob-
OHG magad id. Identical with the first ably Gk makrÒw ‘long’. K NB II
component of Celt *magot-aktà in MIr 251–252; T-F 304; H
ingen maccdacht ‘young growing girl’, MW AEEW 210; W-H II 2;
machteith ‘virgo’, OCorn mahtheid id. Fur- P Gliederung 111; P I 699;
ther connected with *mauz. Z K KZ LXXVII 64 (on Hitt
Gutt. 66; T-F 304; H makl-ant- ‘thin’); C SGGJa I
AEEW 210; F 339; P I 696; 91; V ANEW 375; F II 164–
Z II 209; V M-3; 165; H 393; K-S
O 546; L GED 240; B- 531.
 Nom. 215; K-S *marìn sb.f.: ON megri ‘meagerness’,
531. OHG magarì id. Derived from *maraz.
*maenan sb.n.: Burg *magin ‘power’, ON T-F 304; V ANEW 381; H-
megin ‘might, strength’, OE mæen ‘might,  393.
strength’, OS megin id., OHG megin, magan *marjanan wk.vb.: ON megra ‘to make
id. Derived from *maa. T-F meager’, OHG magaren id. Derived from
304 (to Gk mhxanÆ ‘contrivance, ma- *maraz. V ANEW 381; H-
chine’); H AEEW 210; V  393.
ANEW 375, 381; O 546; S *mauz sb.m.: Goth magus ‘child, boy’,
342; B Nom. 82; K ON m‡gr ‘boy, youth, son, man’, OE
712; H 392–393. mau ‘child, son, servant’, OS magu ‘ser-
*maena-werkan sb.n.: ON megin-verk vant’, OHG magu-zogo ‘educator, mentor’.
‘mighty deed’, OE mæen-weorc ‘mighty Identical with OIr maug, mug ‘slave’, Corn
work’. Compound of *maenan and *wer- maw ‘youth’, Bret mao id. (A 
kan. C Nom. comp. 50. J MSL VII 292: Gmc from
*maenaz adj.: ON meginn ‘strong’, OHG Celtic) and further related to Av magava-
megin id. See *maenan. H ‘unmarried’ (F II 198; B IF
392–393. XXXVIII 140–141: further to *maa, cf.
*maenòjanan wk.vb.: ON magna ‘to Lat uir ‘man’ ~ uìs ‘power’). S
strengthen’, OE mæenian ‘to gain KZ I 559 (to Gk m°gaw); W BB
strength’, OHG ubar-maganòn, ubar-meginòn XXVIII 62–66 (to OIr macc ‘son’);
mauz 254 maina-aiþaz
B 1111; B IF IX GED 240; B Nom. 145;

361 (to Lat homò ‘man’); Z KZ T ESSJa XIX 111–112; K-
XXVI 237, Gutt. 65; J IF XLIII S 530.
57–59 (to Alb makth ‘young hare’); *mai¶az I sb.m.: ON meiär ‘pole, beam’.
P Festschr. Jespersen 62–63 (on OIr Related to Skt methí- ‘pillar, post’, Lith
macc ‘son’); M MSL XXI 46 (from mi‚tas ‘pole’. T-F 301–302; M-
children’s vocabulary); T-F 304;  II 683; P I 709; F
H AEEW 214; F 339; 451; V ANEW 381.
P I 696; C SGGJa I *mai¶az II adj.: Goth ga-maiþs ‘crippled’,
96; V M-70–71; V ANEW OE e-m≠d ‘crazy, mad’, OS gi-mèd ‘fool-
400; Z I 152; O 546; ish, stupid’, OHG gi-meit ‘silly, foolish,
L ZfMund XXXV 15–19 (non- stupid’. Derived from *mai¶janan (U-
IE), GED 240; B Nom.  PBB XXX 280). T-F 321;
156–157. B PBB XXIV 456–457 (to Gk
*mawilò(n) sb.f.: Goth mawilo ‘little girl’, mãthn ‘in vain’); F 191; S-
ON meyla id., OE meówle ‘maid, damsel,  ZDADL LVI 125–127; H
virgin’. Derived from *mawjò. T- AEEW 209; P I 715; V
F 304; H Etym. 110 (to Skt mahilà ANEW 144; O 544; L GED
‘woman, wife’); H AEEW 219; 144; H 394–395.
F 352; C SGGJa I 106; *mai¶janan wk.vb.: Goth maidjan ‘to
V ANEW 386. alter, to falsify’, ON meiäa ‘to hurt, to in-
*mawjò sb.f.: Goth mawi ‘girl’, ON m≠r jure, to maim’, OE part. e-m≠ded ‘fool-
id. Derived from *mauz. Z Gutt. ish, maddened’. Causative of *mìþanan
65; T-F 304; F 352; V (Z BB XXV 98). T-F 321;
ANEW 399; B Nom. 114. H AEEW 210; F 340;
*maxtiaz adj.: Goth mahteigs ‘powerful, P I 715; V ANEW 381;
able, possible’, ON máttigr ‘powerful, O 544; B IEL 82; S-
mighty’, OE meahti id., OFris elle-machtich  349; P KZ XCIV 207–208;
‘almighty’, OS mahtig ‘powerful, mighty’, L GED 144, 240–241; H-
OHG mahtig id. Derived from *maxtiz.  394–395.
T-F 304; F 340; P *maiaz adj.: OE máh ‘wicked, wanton’.
I 695; L GED 240; B Identical with Gk moixÒw ‘adulterer’.
OFED s.v. Further see *mìanan. H AEEW
*maxti-lausaz adj.: ON mátt-lauss ‘power- 213; F II 249–250; B
less, exhausted’, OE meaht-leás ‘power- Nom. 237; H 395.
less’, Du machte-loos id., MHG macht-lòs *mailan sb.n.: Goth mail ‘wrinkle’, OE
id. Compound of *maxtiz and *lausaz. mál ‘mole, spot, mark’, MLG mèl ‘mole,
C Nom. comp. 90 (parallel formations). spot’, OHG meil id. Identical with OIr
*maxtiz sb.f.: Goth mahts ‘power, might’, mael ‘bald’ < *mailo- (S Recueil
ON máttr id. (< *maxtuz), OE meaht 595–596; W MLN XXI 40).
‘might’, OFris macht id., OS maht id., P Beiträge 221 (to Lith pl. mi‚lës
OHG maht id. Derived from *maa. ‘yeast’); H Ablaut 151; G
Structurally identical with Slav *mogt’¸ Got. 154 (to Gk miarÒw ‘stained’, mia¤nv
‘might, power’. W BB XXVI- ‘to dye’); B PBB XXIV 433 (to Skt
II 63 (Slav < Gmc); T-F 304; mála- ‘dirt, filth’, Gk m°law ‘black’);
H AEEW 216; F 340; T-F 302; H AEEW
B Nom. 108–111; P I 214; F 340–341; P I 697;
695; Z II 202; O 575; O 585; L GED 241.
S LS 37; S 342; L *maina-aiþaz sb.m.: ON mein-eiär ‘false
maina-aiþaz 255 maisaz
oath, perjury’, OE mán-áä id., OFris 254–256; P I 710; O 565;
mèn-èth id., OS mèn-èth id., OHG mein- P KZ XLI 166; H
eid id. Compound of *mainaz and 396–397; K-S 311.
*aiþaz. T-F 319; C Nom. *mainìn sb.f.: Goth ga-mainei ‘community,
comp. 50. koinvn¤a’, OFris mène id., OHG gi-meinì
*maina-fullaz adj.: ON mein-fullr ‘nox- id. Derived from *mainiz. F 190;
ious’, OE mán-full ‘evil, wicked’, OS mèn- H 397.
ful ‘noxious’, OHG mein-fol ‘nefarious, *mainjanan I wk.vb.: Goth ga-mainjan ‘to
shameful’. Compound of *mainan and demean’, ON meina ‘to harm, to hinder’,
*fullaz. C Nom. comp. 60. MDu ver-menen ‘to damage by a criminal
*maina-lìkaz adj.: ON mein-ligr ‘painful, act’, OHG fir-meinen ‘to perjure’. Derived
troublesome’, OHG mein-lìh ‘nefarious, from *mainaz. Structurally identical with
dastardly’. Derived from *mainaz. H- Slav *mîniti ‘to change’. F 190;
 396. V ANEW 382; T ESSJa
*mainan sb.n.: ON mein ‘hurt, harm’, OE XVIII 173–174.
mán ‘shameful action, crime, wickedness’, *mainjanan II wk.vb.: OE m≠nan ‘to
OS mèn id., OHG mein id. Substanti- mean’, OFris mèna ‘to signify’, OS mènian
vized form of *mainaz. T-F 319; ‘to intend, to make known’, OHG meinen
H AEEW 214; P I 710; ‘to mean’. Related to Slav *m¸nîti ~
V ANEW 382; Z II 170; m¸niti ‘to think’, *mîniti ‘to mean, to
O 553; H 396. think’. T-F 302 (from WGm
*maina-swaròn sb.m.: ON mein-svari *mainò ‘meaning, sense’: OFris mène,
‘perjurer’, OE mán-swara id. Compound OHG meina compared with OIr mían
of *mainan or *mainaz and *swaròn. ‘wish’ < *meino-); H AEEW
C Nom. comp. 76 (parallel formations). 211; P I 714; O 565;
*mainaz adj.: ON meinn ‘mean, base’, OE M Sprache XII 109; S LS 36;
mán ‘wicked, false’, OFris mèn ‘wrong’, T ESSJa XVIII 174–175,
MLG mèn id., OHG mein id. Related to XXI 113–115; K-S 551.
Lat mùnus ‘service, office’, OIr móin, máin *mainjanan III wk.vb.: Goth ga-mainjan
‘preciousness’, Lith maÛnas ‘change, ‘to share, to make common’, OE m≠nan
exchange’, Slav *mîna id. and other ‘to tell, to relate’, MDu ge-meinen ‘to im-
derivatives of *mei- ‘to change, to part’, OHG gi-meinen ‘to destine, to allot’.
exchange’. K NB II 225–226, Derived from *mainiz. H
313; P Kelt. Gr. I 57, 174; T- AEEW 211; F 190; H
F 319; F 190–191; H 397.
AEEW 214; W-H I 255; *mainjòn sb.m.: Goth ga-mainja ‘partaker,
P I 710; C SGGJa I participant’, OHG gi-meino ‘comrade,
86–87; F 395–397; V ANEW partner’. Derived from *mainiz. F
382; B 79; L GED 190; H 397.
143–144; H 395–396; T- *mairjan sb.n.: ON landa-mæri ‘border-
 ESSJa XVIII 171–172; K- land’, OE m≠re ‘boundary, limit’, MDu
S 550. mère ‘boundary mark, pole’. Related to
*mainiz adj.: Goth ga-mains ‘common’, Lat mùrus ‘wall’. T-F 302; H-
OE e-m≠ne id., OFris mène id., OS gi-mèni  AEEW 212; W-H II
‘usual’, OHG gi-meini ‘common’. The 131–132; P I 709; O 570.
form with prefix *a-mainiz is identical *maisaz sb.m.: ON meiss ‘basket, wooden
with Lat commùnis id. See *mainaz. box’. Cf. also *maisjò > MLG mèse ‘ton,
T-F 319; F 190–191; H- dry measure’, OHG meisa ‘basket’.
 AEEW 211; W-H I Identical with Slav *mîx˙ ‘water-skin,
maisaz 256 maiwaz
fur’, OPrus moasis ‘bellows’, Lith maÛ“as T-F 320; N Abriß 31, 192
‘bag’ (B KZ XX 1–2; S- (to Goth mes ‘table’, OE mése id.);
N I 629). U AfslPH H AEEW 11; F 341–342;
XVI 370; L PBB XV 512 (to *mai- P I 697; V ANEW 382–383;
tanan); T-F 302; T BSW O 39, 582; S 343–344;
165; P I 747; F 397; L GED 144, 241–242; L-
V ANEW 382; T ESSJa S I 203–205; K-S 33,
XVIII 156–159. 551.
*maiskaz sb.m.: Norw dial. meisk ‘mix’, *maitilaz sb.m.: ON meitill ‘chisel’, OHG
OE máx-wyrt ‘mash-wort, the wort in the meizil id. Derived from *maitanan. T-
mash-tub’, MLG mesche ‘crushed grapes’, F 320; V ANEW 382; S
MHG meisch ‘crushed grapes’. Identical 344; L GED 242.
with Slav *mîzga ‘juice, tar’. T-F *maitjanan wk.vb.: ON meita ‘to cut, to
322 (to *miskjanan ~ *miskòjanan); H- trim’, OHG aba-fir-meizan ‘to cut off ’ (str.).
 AEEW 216; O 559; Derived from *maitanan. J
T ESSJa XVIII 223–225; IEW 648; V ANEW 382; S
K-S 533. 344.
*maisòn sb.f.: Swed mes ‘tit, titmouse’, *maitòn sb.m.: ON prop. Meiti, OHG
OE máse id., OS mèsa id., OHG meisa id. stein-meizo ‘stone mason’. Derived from
Cf. also ON meisingr id. Derived from *maitanan. V ANEW 382.
*maisaz. F II 205 (to W mwyalch *maiþmaz sb.m.: Goth maiþms ‘gift’, ON
‘blackbird’ < *meisalkà, cf. *amslòn); pl. meiämar ‘gifts, presents’ (fem.), OE
W KZ XLV 70 (to Norw meis ‘weak, máäum ‘treasure, jewel, ornament’, OS
frail’); T-F 302 (to Lar merula mèdom id., MHG meidem ‘stallion’. Con-
‘blackbird’, W mwyalch id.); H nected with *mai¶janan, *mìþanan. T-
AEEW 215; V ANEW 382; O F 320; F 342; H AEEW
927; K-S 551. 216; P I 715; V ANEW
*maistaz adj.: Goth maists ‘most’, ON 381 (to Lat mùtò ‘to move’); Z-
mestr id., OE mást id., OFris màst id.,  II 175; B IEL 82; S-
OS mèst id., OHG meist id. Superlative  349; L Festschr. Einarsson 165
related to *maiz. F 341; H- (metric particularities of the Beowulf
 AEEW 216; P I 704; form); GED 242; K Gedenkschr.
V ANEW 385; O 592; L- Güntert 57–67; B Nom. 70.
 Verschärfung 9.3; L GED *maiwaz I sb.m.: ON már, mór ‘mew,
241; B Nom. 236; K- gull’, OE m≠w id. (< *maiwiz), Fris meau,
S 551. mieu id., MLG mève id. (fem.). Derived
*maitanan str.vb.: Goth maitan ‘to cut, to from *maiwjanan (S ANT 397).
hew’, OHG meizan ‘to cut off ’. Probably U PBB XX 328 (from *maixwaz,
related to *mìþanan, *mai¶janan (S to Skt mécaka- ‘dark blue, black’); Z
KZ XXXVII 584). Derived from here Gutt. 66; P SNF VIII/1 5 (to ON
(with a prefix *è-) is the WGmc word for mær ‘narrow’); T-F 301 (follow
‘ant’ *maitjòn > OE ≠-met(t)e ‘ant’, MLG U); H AEEW 213;
à-mete, è-mete id., OHG a-meiza id. For P I 751; V ANEW 378–379;
the semantic development cf. Slav *mol¸ Z II 188; O 574; L
‘moth’ from *melti ‘to grind, to break’. 198; K-S 572.
U PBB XXX 280; G- *maiwaz II adj.: ON mjór ‘slim, narrow’.
 Got. 154 (same as H); Identical with Toch B maiwe ‘young’.
H Festschr. Fick 45 (to *smìtanan); K NB II 445; T-F 319;
W MLN XXI 40 (same as S); P I 711; V ANEW 399;
maiwaz 257 malxaz
H 397–398; A TB 472– H 399–400; K-S

473. 311.
*maiwjanan wk.vb.: ME mawen ‘to shout, *makòjanan wk.vb.: Icel maka ‘to smear’,
to mew’, MDu mauwen id., MHG màwen OE macian ‘to make, to do’, OFris makia
id. Of imitative origin. P I 751 id., OS makòn id., OHG mahhòn id.
(to Latv maût ‘to roar’, Slav *myjati ‘to Identical with Slav *ma≥‡, *mazati ‘to
mew’). smear’. Further connected with Gk
*maiz adv.: Goth mais ‘more’, ON meir mãssv ‘to knead’ (M IF XVII
id., OE má id., OFris màr, mà id., OS 146–148). T-F 303; M
mè, mèr id., OHG mèr id. Comparative MSL XIX 122; E KZ XLIV 66
based on *mè- ‘large’ similar to Osc mais (on Baltic parallels: Latv muôzêt ‘to tor-
‘more’ (S IF XI 84–90), W mwy ment’ < *‘to smear’); H AEEW
id. < *mèis (O Morph. Unt. VI 209; P I 696–697; F II
219–221). T-F 300; M 180–181; O 547; V-T-
BSL XXVII 232–233; F 341; H-  II 557–558; H 400;
 AEEW 209; P I 704; K-S 530; B OFED s.v.
V ANEW 382; P Glotta L 28–29 *makòn sb.m.: ON maki ‘match, mate’,
(to archaic Aeol *maiw ‘more’); O OE e-maca ‘mate, equal, companion’,
583; L GED 241; B OS gi-mako ‘match’. Derived from
OFED s.v. *makaz. T-F 303; H
*maizòn adj.: Goth maiza ‘larger’, ON AWN 190 (ON < OS); T Lehm
meiri ‘bigger, higher’, OE mára ‘larger, 87–88; V ANEW 376.
more’, OFris màra ‘bigger’, OS mèro ‘big- *malanan str.vb.: Goth malan ‘to grind’,
ger, higher’, OHG mèro ‘larger, more’. ON mala id., OS part. gi-malan id., OHG
See *maiz. T-F 300–301; F malan id. Related to Hitt malla- id., Toch
341–342; H AEEW 209; A malyw-, B mely- ‘to crush, to grind’, Skt
K 470–471; P I 704; V mº»àti id., Arm malem id., Lat molò ‘to
ANEW 382; O 589; L grind’, OIr melim id., Lith malù, málti id.,
Verschärfung 105; L GED 242; Slav *melj‡, *melti id. (L KZ VII
B Nom. 236; H 22). T-F 314–315; T
398–399; K-S 550. BSW 168; W-H II 104–106;
*maka-lìkaz adj.: ON mak-ligr ‘proper, F 342; H AEEW 218–219;
becoming’, OHG gi-mah-lìh ‘comfortable’. J IEW 672–675; T Lehm
Derived from *makaz. H 67–75; M II 672–673; P-
399.  I 716–717; F 403–404;
*makan sb.n.: OESc mak ‘condition, V ANEW 377; S 344–345;
state’, OS un-gimak ‘precipitousness’, L GED 242; T HEG II
OHG mah ‘thing’. See *makaz. H- 102–103; T ESSJa XVIII
 399. 90–91; K-S 532–533; A
*makaz adj.: ON makr ‘more unsuitable’, TB 456–457; B IFTJa 251.
OE mæc ‘well-matched, equal, agreeable’, *mal¶riz ~ *mal¶ran sb.m./n.: ON
OS un-gimak ‘hostile’, OHG gi-mah meldr ‘flour, corn in the mill’, OS maldar
‘appropriate’. Derived from *makòjanan ‘milling, grinding’, OHG maltar ‘flour’.
(S WuS VI 37). K NB II Derived from *malanan. T-F
453; T-F 303; H 314; V ANEW 383.
AEEW 209–210, ANW 190 (ON < *malxaz ~ *malxò(n) sb.m./f.: ON malr
MLG); L SSUF 1898 67 (to OIr ‘knapsack’, ME male id., MLG male id.,
mám ‘yoke’ < *magmu); P I 696– OHG malaha id. A Wanderwort similar to
697; V ANEW 376; O 561; Gk mãlgow ‘leather sack’. T-F
malxaz 258 malwjanan
316; F 524 (to *malskaz); H as in Gmc), further connected with Skt
ANW 191 (ON < MLG); V ANEW mºdnàti ‘to press, to squeeze, to rub’, Gk
377; V W I 286 (to Toch AB m°ldv ‘to soften by boiling’. K
mälk- ‘to interweave’). NB I 42; T-F 317; W-
*mallaz adj.: WFris màl ‘foolish, mad’, H II 13–104; M II 676;
MLG mall ‘stupid, foolish’. Probably, P I 718; F II 199–200;
identical with Skt malvá- ‘thoughtless, O 549, 568; H 401;
foolish, unwise’ (H 400). Rela- T ESSJa XIX 174–179;
ted to *malanan. H AEEW K-S 536.
216, 221; M II 602; P I *maltjanan I wk.vb.: ON melta ‘to malt
716. for brewing’, MLG melten id., MHG
*malmaz ~ *malmòn sb.m.: Goth malzen id. Derived from *maltan. V
malma ‘sand’, ON malmr ‘metal’, OE ANEW 383.
mealm-stán ‘malmstone’. Cf. a more archaic *maltjanan II wk.vb.: ON melta ‘to melt’,
ablaut grade in *melmaz. T-F OE miltan id. Goth ga-malteins ‘melting
314; H AEEW 217; F 343; away, dissolution’ is derived from here.
P I 717; V ANEW 377 (even- Causative of *meltanan. Structurally iden-
tually, to *malanan); Z II 179; tical with Slav *molditi ‘to become young,
O 549; S 344; L to make young’. T-F 317; H-
GED 242; B Nom. 71;  AEEW 221; F 191–192; V
K-S 535. ANEW 383; S 351; T
*malskaz adj.: Goth un-tila-malsks ‘rash, ESSJa XIX 164–166.
reckless’, OS malsk ‘proud, high-spirited’. *malþjò sb.f.: OE meld ‘declaration,
From *mal¶skaz related to Lat mollis ‘soft’ proclamation’, OS maldia ‘testimony,
< *molduis, Slav *mold˙ ‘young’ and their accusation’, OHG melda id. Despite the
cognates (G Got. 229). Further phonetic differences, close to Lith maldà
see *maltaz. T-F 316; W- ‘plea’. Further related to Hitt mald- ‘to
H II 103–104; F 524; H- vow’, Arm malt'em ‘to ask, to request’,
 AEEW 214; P I 719 Lith mefisti ‘to ask, to bid’, Slav *modliti ‘to
(to Gk malakÒw ‘weak’, MIr malcad ‘rot, pray’. M MSL X 227; T-F
decay’); E GL XVII 20 (to Gk 317; P I 722; F 431–434;
mãla, mãllon ‘much, more’); L T HEG II 109–110; K-
GED 378–379 (“may be non-IE”); H- S 551–552.
 400–401; T ESSJa *malòn ~ *maluz sb.m./f.: Goth malo
XIX 174–179. ‘moth’, ON m‡lr id., OE mæl-sceafa
*maltan sb.n.: ON malt ‘malt’, OE mealt ‘canker’. Close to Slav *mol¸ ‘moth’
id., OS malt id., OHG malz id. Sub- (M MSL XIV 373). For further
stantivized *maltaz. T-F 317; connections see *malanan. T-F
H AEEW 217; P I 718; 314; H AEEW 211; F
V ANEW 377–378; Z I 142; 343; P I 717; S LS 37;
O 549; M Jazyk 20–21 V ANEW 401; Z II 203; L-
(from Slav *molto); H 401;  GED 243; B Nom.
K-S 536. 177; T ESSJa XIX 203–205;
*maltaz adj.: Icel maltr ‘sharp, bitter (of K-S 558.
taste)’, OE mealt ‘cooked, boiled (?)’, *malwjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-malwjan ‘to
OFris malt ‘bad, spoiled’, OHG malz crush, to grind’, ON m‡lva to shiver, to
‘gentle, soft, mild’. Related to Skt mºdú- break’. Related to *melwan. Identical with
‘soft, tender, mild’, Lat mollis id., W blydd Toch A malyw-, B mely- ‘to crush, to
id., Slav *mold˙ ‘young’ (with an o-grade grind’ < *mol⁄ƒ- (M JA XVIII 461).
malwjanan 259 manòjanan
T-F 314; L Language XIV 31; crowd’, ON mengi ‘multitude’ (neut. <
F 192; V ANEW 383; L *manajan), OE meniu id., OFris menie id.,
GED 144; A TB 470; B IFTJa OS menigi id., OHG managì, menigì
251. id. Derived from *manaaz. H
*mana str.vb.: Goth man ‘to reckon, to AEEW 219; F 343; V ANEW 384;
think’, ON man ‘to remember’, mun L GED 243; K-S 553.
‘to become, shall, will’ (aux.), OE man ‘to *manan sb.n.: Goth ga-man ‘fellow, fellow-
remember, to be mindful of ’, OS far-man ship, koinvn¤a’, ON man ‘bondman’.
‘to despise’. Continues IE *men-: Skt Derived from *mannz with the original
mányate ‘to think’, Av mainyete id., Gk meaning preserved in Gothic. W-
m°mona ‘to think intensively’, Lat meminì  IF V 8 (< *a-amanan, to Lat amò ‘to
‘to think of, to remember’, Lith menù, love’); W BB XXVII 202 (to Gk
miñti ‘to remember’, Slav *m¸nj‡, *m¸nîti yumÒw ‘soul, spirit’, Lat fùmus ‘smoke’);
‘to mean, to think’. B 1121– R Wortst. 42 (to *amalaz); T-
1124; T-F 307; M MSL F 119; H AEEW 123;
XIII 364–366; W-H II S Kl. Schr. 851–853; F 192;
65–66; F 366–367; H F JEGP XLIV 208–228; P
AEEW 227; J IEW 664–665; I 490 (to IE *g⁄hemb-); V ANEW 154;
M II 583–584; P I Z I 140; O 388.
726–728; F 455–456; V *man¶jò sb.f.: MHG menz ‘infertile cow’.
ANEW 395; F II 206–207; O Close to Alb mëz ~ mâz ‘foal’ < PAlb
577; S 345–347; L GED *mandja, MIr menn ‘young of animals’
260; K-S 533. < *mendo-, Lat-Celt mannus ‘small Gaulish
*manaa-fal¶az adj.: Goth manag-falþs horse’. Cf. also Messap Iuppiter Menzana
‘manifold’, OE mani-feald id., OFris (S KZ XI 148) < *mendhƒ-. T-
manich-fald id., OS manag-fald id., OHG F 570; K Glotta XIX 149;
manag-falt ‘frequent, multiple’. Compound W-H II 29–30; P I
of *manaaz and *fal¶az. F 343; 729; O AED 265.
S Goten 223 (WGmc forms *man¶ulaz sb.m.: ON m‡ndull ‘handle (of
influenced by Gothic); C Nom. comp. a hand-mill)’, G dial. mandel ‘roller,
66; L GED 243. rolling-pin’. Probably derived from
*manaaz pron.: Goth manags ‘sufficient, *man¶jò. T-F 309 (to Slav *m\t‡
large, many’, late ON mangr ‘many, ‘to mix, to sway’, Lith mentùrë ‘twirling
much’, OE mani id., OFris manich, monich stick’); P I 732; V ANEW 401;
id., OS manag id., OHG manag id. L 197.
Related to OIr menic(c) ‘frequent, abun- *manènan wk.vb.: OE manian ‘to remind,
dant’, Slav *m˙nog˙ ‘many; abundant’ to admonish, to exhort’, OFris monia ‘to
(B KZ XIX 444) with variations warn, to advise, to remember’, OS manòn
in phonetic details. F I 104, 508 id., OHG fir-manèn, fir-manòn ‘to neglect’.
(to *me·h- ‘large’ with a nasal infix); Related to *mana. Structurally close to
B Grundriß II 971 (follows F); Lat moneò ‘to remind, to advise’. T-
P Kelt. Gr. I 159; T-F 309; F 308; H AEEW 214;
T BSW 189; S Kl. Schr. W-H II 107; L GED
74–75; H AEEW 214; F 261.
343–344; P I 712; V ANEW *manòjanan wk.vb.: ON manga ‘to
378; O 554; S LS 39; L barter, to chaffer’, OE manian ‘to traffic,
GED 243; T ESSJa XX to trade’, OS mangòn id. Based on Lat
229–231; K-S 536. mangò ‘dealer, trader’. H
*manaìn sb.f.: Goth managei ‘people, AEEW 214; O 586.
manjan 260 manwuz
*manjan sb.n.: ON men ‘necklace’, OE AEEW 219; F 345; P Gliederung
mene id. (masc.), OS meni id., OHG menni 201; P I 700; S IBK
id. Identical with Skt mányà ‘nape of the XV 193 (close to Lat masculus ‘male,
neck’, and further related to Lat monìle masculine’ < *manu-sk-elos); V ANEW
‘necklace, collar’, OIr muin-torc ‘necklace’. 384; L GED 244; K-S
T-F 308–309; H AEEW 553.
219; W-H II 108; M- *mannòjanan wk.vb.: ON manna ‘to man
 II 584–585, Gedenkschr. Güntert (a boat)’, OE mannian ‘to supply with
289–291; P Gliederung 113; P men’, MHG mannen ‘to make smb. a
I 747–748; V ANEW 384; Z man’. Derived from *mannz. V
II 213; K-S 533. ANEW 378.
*mankòn sb.m.: ON makki ‘upper part of *mannz sb.m.: Goth manna ‘man’ (some
horse’s neck’. Related to OIr mong ‘hair, forms continue *mannòn), ON maär, mannr
mane’. See *manjan. T-F 309; id., OE mann id., OFris mann, monn id.,
V ANEW 376 (further to *manò ); OS man id., OHG man id. Cf. also
O 551. Mannus, ancestor of Germans (Tacit.).
*mann-auljan sb.n.: Goth man-auli Related to Skt mánu-, mánuß- id., Av
‘human image, human figure’, ON mann- manu“- (in prop.), Slav *m‡≥¸ id.
œli ‘mannekin, human shape’. Compound (< *mongƒo-). B Glossarium 286 (to
of *mannz and *auljan (see *aulaz). C *men- ‘to think’); S KZ I 158;
Nom. comp. 67. B IF IX 360–361 (to Lat homò
*mann-farò sb.f.: ON mann-f‡r ‘travelling’, ‘man’); B IF XXXVII 250;
OE mann-faru ‘expedition, a moving band N Idg. Anz. XXIX 35 (to Lat
of men’. Compound of *mannz and *farò. manus ‘hand’); U PBB XXX
C Nom. comp. 82 (parallel formations). 301 (against N); B IF
*mann-kunjan sb.n.: ON mann-kyn IX 360–361 (to Lat homò ‘man’); B-
‘mankind’, OE mann-cynn id., OS man-  1135; T-F 307–308;
kunni id., OHG man-kunni id. Compound H AEEW 215; F 344–345;
of *mannz and *kunjan. R JEGP V RES XVIII 75 (pre-Slav *-ng-
VIII 357–359 (calque of Lat genus < *-n⁄-); S Kl. Schr. 851–853;
humanum); C Nom. comp. 50. M Gém. 64, 69; M II
*mann-lausaz adj.: ON mann-lauss ‘with- 575–576; P I 700; V ANEW
out men, without a husband’, OE mann- 374–375; Z I 157; O
leás ‘uninhabited’, MLG man-lòs ‘without 549–550; L GED 244; B-
men’. Compound of *mannz and *lausaz.  Nom. 201; T ESSJa XX
C Nom. comp. 90 (parallel formations). 158–161; K-S 538.
*mann-lìkòn sb.m.: Goth man-leika *manò sb.f.: ON m‡n ‘mane’, OE monu id.,
‘image, likeness’, ON mann-líkan ‘human OFris mana, mona id., MLG man id.,
image, idol’ (neut.), OE mann-líca ‘human OHG man, mana id. Connected with
form, image of a man, statue’, OHG *manjan. T-F 308; H
mana-lìhho ‘statue, image’. Compound of AEEW 215; P I 748; V
*mannz and *lìkòn. C Nom. comp. 43 ANEW 401; Z I 147; O
(secondary formation in ON); F 344; 551; K-S 533.
L GED 230, 244. *manwuz adj.: Goth manwus ‘ready, at
*manniskaz adj.: Goth mannisks ‘human’, hand’. Derived from *manu- ‘hand’ re-
ON mennskr id., OE mennisc id., OFris flected in Lat manus (U PBB
sbst. manniska ‘man’, OS mannisc, mennisc XXX 301). G Got. 155–156
‘human’, OHG mennisc id. Derived from (to *munènan); W MP XI 32 (to Gk
*mannz. T-F 308; H mãnu: mikrÒn, Hes.); T-F 310;
manwuz 261 marìn
S IF XLVIII 72 (from *manxwuz, *marxjòn sb.f.: ON merr ‘mare’ (partly

to Lith mìnkyti ‘to knead’); W- from *marxiz), OE mere, myre id., OFris
H II 34–35; F 345–346; merrie id., OS meria id., OHG meriha, merha
P I 740; L GED 244–245; id. Derived from *marxaz. T-F
H 403–404 (reconstructs 313; V ANEW 385; Z II 180;
*manwes-, to IE *men- ‘to think’). O 555; K-S 533.
*mar¶uz ~ *marþuz sb.m.: Goth *mar- *marxuz sb.m.: ON m‡rr ‘suet’. Cf. NFris
þus ‘marten’ (as attested in Span marta), marig ‘tallow’. Close to Lith markà ‘steep-
Crim. Goth. marzus ‘marriage, wedding’, ing (of flax)’, Latv m?rks ‘moisture’, Slav
ON m‡rär ‘marten’, OE mearä id., OFris *morky ‘morass’. Further related to Lat
merth id., MHG mart id. Related to Lith marceò ‘to wither, to droop’, Lith merkiù,
martì ‘bride’ (S KZ XXXV meıkti ‘to soak (flax)’, mirkstù, miıkti ‘to
481–482). For the semantic development lie in water’. T-F 313 (to Gk
‘bride’ > ‘marten’ cf. Ital donnola ‘marten’ m¤markuw ‘hare-soup, jugged hare’, Skt
~ donna ‘woman’, NGk numf¤ta ‘marder’. marcáyati ‘to injure, to hurt’); W-
T Taurien 62 (Goth marzus < H II 36–37; P I 739–740;
*marþ-kus, with *marþ- to Lith martì V ANEW 402.
‘bride, young woman’ and *-kus to Gmc *mariskaz sb.m.: OE mersc ‘marsh’, OS
*keusan); G ZdPh XXX 125 mersc id., MLG mersch id. Archaic deriva-
(Goth marzus < *marwiþos, to MHG mer- tive connected with *mariz and identical
wen ‘to hold’); M Idg. Anz. IX 198 with Slav adj. *mor¸sk˙ ‘related to sea’
(Goth marzus < *marþhus ‘bride house’, to (T ESSJa Prob. 62). H-
Lith martì ‘bride, young woman’); T-  AEEW 220; P I 748;
F 313; H AEEW 217; F O 557.
348; P I 739; F 412; *mari-swìnan sb.n.: ON mar-svín ‘a kind
V ANEW 401 (to *murþan I); of whale’, OE mere-swín ‘porpoise, dol-
S Goten 260 (Goth marzus < Lat phin’, OS meri-swìn ‘dolphin’, OHG meri-
Martius ‘March’, month of weddings); swìn id. Compound of *mariz and *swìnan.
S CG 146; L GED C Nom. comp. 51.
246–247; K-S 540. *mariz sb.m.: Goth mari-saiws ‘lake, sea’,
*marxa-skalkaz sb.m.: Goth *marh-skalks ON marr id., OE mere ‘sea, lake, pool’
‘horse-groom’ (reconstructed from OItal (masc., fem.?), OFris mar ‘pool, ditch’,
mariscalco), MLG mar-schalk id., OHG OHG meri ‘sea, lake’ (neut., masc.).
marah-scalc id. Compound of *marxaz and Identical with Lat mare id., OIr muir id.,
*skalkaz. G RG 12, 66; C and also related to Lith pl. mãrës ‘sea,
Nom. comp. 44. bay’, OPrus mary ‘bay’, Slav *mor’e ‘sea’
*marxaz sb.m.: Burg *marh ‘horse’, ON (C KZ I 33–34). S Plur.
marr ‘steed’, OE mearh id., OHG marah- 45–47; M BSL XXVI/3 131;
stal ‘stable’. Borrowed from Celtic, cf. H PBB XXIII 568–569; T-F
Gaul acc. sg. mãrkan (Paus.), OIr marc, 312; T BSW 169; H
W march (M Rev. Instr. Belg. LVI AEEW 220; W-H II 38–39;
196). Z Gutt. 209; I IF XLIV F 347; S Kl. Schr. 117–119;
347 (an old Wanderwort); T-F 313; P I 748; C SSGJa I
H AEEW 217; P I 700; 54; T KZ LXXVIII 240–241;
C SGGJa I 97; V ANEW F 409–410; V ANEW 379–
380; Z I 134; O 555; 380; Z II 197; O 570;
K 712; T Etim. 1988– L GED 245; T ESSJa
1990 18 (Gmc and Celt cognates to Skt XIX 227–230; K-S 549.
márya- ‘stallion’); K-S 533. *marìn sb.f.: Goth marei ‘sea, lake’, OS
marìn 262 maskwò(n)
merì id., OHG marì, merì id. Mor- pound of silver’. See *markan. Z
phological variant of *mariz (S PBB Gutt. 197; U PBB XXX 301 (on
V 107). T-F 312; F 346; semantic development); T-F 312;
P I 748; Z II 197; H AEEW 217; F 347;
L GED 245; K-S 549. P I 738; V ANEW 401;
*marka-lan¶an sb.n.: ON mark-land Z II 209; O 556; L
‘forest land’, OE mearc-land ‘borderland’. GED 246; K-S 540–541.
Compound of *markan and *lan¶an. *markòjanan wk.vb.: ON marka ‘to mark,
C Nom. comp. 55. to sign, to fix’, OE mearcian ‘to mark, to
*markan sb.n.: ON mark ‘mark, land- make a mark’, OFris merkia ‘to mark’, OS
mark’, OFris merke id., MLG mark id., gi-markòn id., OHG marcòn ‘to define, to
OHG marc id. (fem.). Related to Av delimit’. Derived from *markan. T-
mar6za- ‘boundary’, Lat margò ‘edge, bor- F 313; H AEEW 217;
der’, OIr mruig ‘district’ < *mrogi-. V ANEW 379; O 556.
Z Gutt. 164; U PBB *maròn sb.f.: ON mara ‘nightmare,
XXX 301; B 1153; T- ogress’, OE mære ‘nightmare’, MLG mare
F 312–313; H AEEW 217; id., OHG mara id. Related to Slav *mora
W-H II 39–40; F 347; id. (B II 76–77). T-F
P I 738; V ANEW 379; 310–311; H AEEW 215;
Z II 175; O 556; V P I 736; C SGGJa
W I 290 (adds Toch A märkam- I 67; V ANEW 379; O 610;
in märkam-pal = Skt dharma-); L T ESSJa XIX 211–214; K-
GED 246; G Wurzelnomina S 533.
443; K-S 540–541. *marwaz ~ *merwaz adj.: ODan miør
*markjan sb.n.: ON merki ‘mark, land- ‘mellow’, OE mearu ‘tender, soft, delicate’,
mark, banner’, OE e-mierce ‘sign, mark’, OHG maro ‘ripe, tender, mellow’. Rela-
OS gi-merki id., OHG gi-marki ‘boundary’. ted to OIr meirb ‘soft’ < *mer⁄i-. T-
Derived from *markan. Z Gutt. F 311; P I 736.
164; H AEEW 221; V *marzjanan wk.vb.: Goth marzjan ‘to
ANEW 385. anger, to offend’, ON merja ‘to bruise, to
*markjan ~ *markjaz sb.n./m.: ON crush’, OE mierran ‘to hinder, to obstruct,
merki ‘celery’, OE merece ‘marche (plant)’, to waste’, OS merrian ‘to hinder’, OHG
OS merca ‘celery’, OHG merc id. A bor- merren ‘to hinder’. Causative of unattested
rowing from NCauc m¤rqw> ‘root’, cf. *merzanan related to Toch AB märs- ‘to
*murxòn. H AEEW 220; forget’, Skt m®ßyati ‘to forget’, Lith miı“ti
P I 748 (to *mariz); V ANEW id. (W MLN XXI 40). G
385 (to *marxaz); N-S Got. 156 (to Lat mora ‘delay’); T-F
NCED 827. 310, 313; H AEEW 222; F
*markjanan wk.vb.: ON merkja ‘to mark, 347–348 (to Slav *m¸rz˙k˙ ‘disgusting’);
to draw’, OHG merken ‘to define, to des- P I 737–738 (to IE *mer-s- ‘to
ignate’. Derived from *markan. T- disturb, to irritate’); V ANEW 385;
F 313; H AEEW 217; F 456–457; O 554; L-
V ANEW 385; K-S 554.  GED 246; A TB 455–456.
*markò sb.f.: Goth marka ‘region, border’, *maskwò(n) sb.m./f.: ON m‡skvi ‘mesh’,
ON m‡rk ‘forest’ (i-stem and root stem), OE neut. masc, max ‘mesh, net’, OS maska
OE mearc ‘limit, term, boundary, sign’, ‘loop, noose’, OHG masca id. Identical
OFris merke ‘boundary’, OS marka with Lith mãzgas ‘knot’, mezgù, mègzti ‘to
‘boundary, district’, OHG marca ‘bound- knit, to tie’ (Z AfslPh XV 479). Cf.
ary’. From here – *markò ‘mark, half- also Slav *mozg-ar¸ ‘spider’ (T
maskwò(n) 263 maþljanan
Slav. jaz. V 173). T-F 318; F 305; H AEEW 220;
W KZ XXXIV 514; T W-H II 6–8; F 348–349;
BSW 172; H AEEW 215; M II 568; P I 695;
P I 746; C SGGJa I Z II 188; V ANEW 380;
71; V ANEW 402; Z II 219; F II 157–158; O 565; B
S LS 35; K-S 543. BSOAS XLIV 85–104 (reconstructs IE
*mastaz I sb.m.: OE mæst ‘mast, a pole to *mad- ‘common meal’); L GED
support a sail’, MLG mast id., OHG mast 247; B Nom. 135; K-
id. Identical with Lat màlus id. < *mazdo-, S 554.
further cf. OIr matan ‘club’. T-F *matjanan wk.vb.: Goth matjan ‘to eat, to
318; H AEEW 212; S feed’, ON metja ‘to lap (of dogs)’, OE met-
KZ XLVI 377 (Lat < Sabin); W- ian ‘to supply with food’. Derived from
H II 19; P I 701; O *matiz. T-F 305; H
560. AEEW 220; F 348; P I 695;
*mastaz II sb.m.: OE mæst ‘mast, fruit of V ANEW 386; L GED 247.
forest-trees’, OHG mast ‘mast, feed, fod- *maþlan sb.n.: Goth maþl ‘assembly,
der’. Identical with Gk mazÒw, mastÒw market-place’, ON mál ‘speech, suit,
‘breast’, Skt médas- ‘fat’ (S KZ X case’, OE mæäel ‘assembly, council, speech’,
476). Further see *matjanan. B KZ OS mahal ‘law-court, assembly’, mathal
XXVIII 295; T-F 318; H- id., OHG mahal ‘law-court’. Derivative in
 AEEW 212; P I 694; *-þla- < *-tlo- of *metanan (W IF
F II 183; O 560 (to *matiz); I 512: to *mòtjanan). Cf. Toch B moliye
K-S 544. ‘dispute’ (H apud A TB
*masuraz sb.m.: ON m‡surr ‘maple-tree’, 476). M IF XVIII 211–215;
OS masur ‘knobbed outgrowth on trees’, M Goth. 203 (to Skt mántra- ‘speech,
OHG masar id. Of unknown origin. sacred text, song of praise’); B-
T-F 318; K-S 543.  BB IX 134 (to Gk metallçn ‘to
*mati-baliz sb.m.: Goth mati-balgs ‘food- investigate, to ask’); L PBB XV 513
bag, pÆra’, OE mete-bæl ‘bag for food, (to Lat macula ‘stain, fleck’); P
wallet’ (hap. leg.). Compound of *matiz KZ XXXIX 411 (to Arm mat‘im ‘to
and *baliz. C Nom. comp. 45. approach’); T-F 306; H
*mati-lausaz adj.: ON mat-lauss ‘without AEEW 213; F 349–350; P I
food’, OE mete-leás id. Cf. also a nominal 705, 746; Z II 227; V ANEW
derivative in OS metilòsi. Compound of 376; O 546; S IBK XV
*matiz and *lausaz. C Nom. comp. 60. 207–211 (close to Lith maldà ‘prayer’,
*matiz sb.m.: Goth mats ‘food’, ON matr maldÿti ‘to pray’, Slav *modliti id.); S-
‘meat, food’ (traces of a-stem in pl.), OE  Goten 32; K Verbum
mete ‘food’, OFris mete id., OS mat, meti 71 (follows W); L GED
id., OHG maz id. (neut.). Related to Skt 247–248; B Nom. 89 (recon-
mádati ‘to boil, to bubble’, Av madaite ‘to structs *m6-tlo- or *mod-tlo-); H
get drunk’, Gk madãv ‘to be moist’, Lat Festschr. Rix 213; K-S 311.
madeò ‘to be wet’, OIr maidim ‘to break’ *maþljanan wk.vb.: Goth maþljan ‘to
(G Got. 156–157). Originally, speak’, ON mæla id., OE mæälan id.,
*matiz stood for ‘soft food’ as opposed to OFris mèlia id., OS mahalian id., OHG
‘hard food’ like in Hamito-Semitic lan- mahalen ‘to reach an agreement’. Derived
guages. T IF XIV 132 (same from *maþlan. T-F 306; H-
as G); M IF XI 211  AEEW 216; F 350; P
(to *metan); K Festschr. Behaghel I 746–747; V ANEW 399; S-
289–295; B 1113; T-  IBK XV 207–211 (close to Lith
maþljanan 264 me¶(a)lan
maldÿti ‘to pray’, Slav *modliti id.); musgeno ‘marrow’, Slav *mozg˙ ‘brain,
M Jazyk 21–22 (from Slav *mod- marrow’ (W KZ XXXIV 511–512).
liti ‘to pray’). Z Gutt. 179; B 1159;
*maþlò(n) sb.f.: ON mála ‘female acquain- T-F Wortschatz 318; T
tance’, OHG gi-mahala ‘wife’. Derived BSW 172; H AEEW 217;
from *maþlan. V ANEW 377. P 211; M II 549–550;
*maþòn sb.m.: Goth maþa ‘worm’, OE P I 750; F 837; V
maäa ‘maggot, worm’, OS matho id., ANEW 385; Z II 188; O
OHG mado id. A diminutive in ON maäkr 557; B Nom. 50; T
‘maggot, worm’. Of unknown origin. ESSJa XX 94–97; K-S 541.
P Ger. 14, Wurzelerw. 34 (to Lat *me¶jana-ar¶az sb.m.: Goth midjun-
mandò ‘to chew’); C KZ XLVI gards ‘inhabited world’ (influenced by
43–44 (to Skt matku»a- ‘bug’); T-F miduma, see *me¶um( j)az), OE middan-eard
306; H AEEW 216; F 349; ‘earth, world’, OS middil-gard id. (with
P I 700 (to Arm mat'il ‘louse’); a dissimilation). Cf. also ON miä-garär
C SGGJa I 110; Z I ‘earth’. Compound of *me¶jòn (wk. form
154; O 545; I-S Opyt II of *me¶jaz) and *ar¶az. G Got.
77 (against P: Arm mat 'il is from 160 (reconstructs the first part as
Kartvelian, cf. Georgian mat'il ‘worm’; *me¶jònaz); T-F 307; H
compares *maþòn with Slav *motyl¸ AEEW 221; F 357; C Nom. comp.
‘butterfly’); L GED 247; K- 57; L GED 253.
S 531 (to Slav *motyl¸ ‘butterfly’). *me¶jaz adj.: Goth midjis ‘middle’, ON
*mau¶janan wk.vb.: Goth maudjan ‘to miär id., OE midd id., OFris midde id., OS
remind’. Close to Lith maud≥iù, maUsti ‘to middi id., OHG mitti id. Identical with Skt
desire, to long for’ and structurally iden- mádhya- id., Av maidya- id., Gk m°sow,
tical with Slav *muditi ‘to procrastinate’. m°ssow id., Arm mèú ‘middle’ (noun), Lat
Further to Gk mËyow ‘speech’, Slav *mysl¸ medius ‘what is in the middle, intermedi-
‘thought’. S Voc. I 178 (to OIr ary’, Gaul medio- (in prop.), OIr mide
smuainim ‘to think’); P Kelt. Gr. I ‘middle’, Lith m‚dis ‘wood, tree’, Slav
113 (adds Lat muttiò ‘to mutter, to mum- *medja ‘boundary’. B 1115–
ble’); T BSW 171–172; F 1116; T-F 307; B PBB XXI
350; P I 743; F 420; 428; T BSW 173; H
F II 264–265. AEEW 221; W-H II 57–58;
*mauraz sb.m.: ON maurr ‘ant’. With a F 356; M II 572; P
metathesis, from an earlier *marwaz re- I 706–707; F 423–425; V
lated to Av maoirì- id., OIr moirb id., Slav ANEW 386; F II 214–215; O
*morv¸ ~ *morv˙ id. F KZ III 575; L GED 253; T
50;  W IF XXXIII 367; T- ESSJa XVIII 45–46; K-S
F 302–303; P I 749; V 563.
ANEW 380; L 202; L *me¶jòn sb.f.: ON miäja ‘middle’, OE
GED 253–254; T ESSJa XIX midde id., OS middia id., MHG mitte id.
246–247. Derived from *me¶jaz. Structurally close
*maziz sb.m.: ON mergr ‘marrow’, OE to Slav *medja ‘boundary’. H
mearh id. (masc., neut.), OFris merg, merch AEEW 221; V ANEW 386; T-
id. (masc., neut.), OS marg id. (neut.),  ESSJa XVIII 45–46; K-
OHG marg id. (neut.). Related to Toch A S 563.
mä≤≤unt id., Skt majján- id., Av mazga- *me¶(a)lan ~ *me¶ilan adj.: ON adv.
‘marrow, brain’, Lith smãgenës ‘brain, meäal, miäil ‘among, between’, OE middel
marrow’, Latv smadzenes id., OPrus ‘middle’, OFris middel id., OS middil id.,
me¶(a)lan 265 mekuz
OHG mittil-tag ‘noon’. Related to *me¶jaz. 306; S-N I 139; T-

May be structurally close to Lat medulla  BSW 173; H AEEW 218;
‘marrow, pith’. T-F 307; H- M II 570–571; P I 707;
 AEEW 221; W-H F 425; V ANEW 390;
II 58–59; V ANEW 381; K- Z I 152; F II 191–192;
S 563. O 564; B Nom. 157;
*me¶lòjanan wk.vb.: ON miäla ‘to T ESSJa XVIII 68–72; K-
share’, OE midlian ‘to mediate’, MLG S 555; A TB 461; B
middelen ‘to distribute’, MHG mitteln id. IFTJa 252.
Derived from *me¶(a)lan ~ *me¶ilan. *mekila-lìkaz adj.: ON mikil-ligr ‘grand’,
H AEEW 221; V ANEW OE micel-líc ‘great, grand’, OHG mihhil-
386. lìh id. Derived from *mekilaz. H-
*me¶um( j)az adj.: OE medume ‘middling,  405.
moderate, common’, OFris superl. adj. *mekilaz adj.: Goth mikils ‘large, many’,
medemest ‘middle’, OHG metamo ‘me- ON mikill, mykill ‘large, big’, OE micel
diocre’. Superlative identical wih Skt ‘great’, OS mikil id., OHG mihhil id. See
madhyamá- ‘middle’, Av mad6ma- id. *mekuz. Structurally close to Gk megãlo-
B 1114–1115; T-F ‘great’, with an augmentative (S
307; H AEEW 218; F 357; Kl. Schr. 75–77) or a diminutive suffix
S PBB LXXXII 1–30 (-uma as (S Sprache II 113–114). F-
elative or intensive); T Adj.  KZ I 16; S KZ I 559;
44–45; M II 572; P I Z Gutt. 198; T-F 303;
706–707; V ANEW 390; L T KZ XLVIII 61 (suffix under
GED 253; B Nom. 233. the influence of *lìtilaz ~ *lùtilaz ~ *lutti-
*me¶umò sb.f.: Goth miduma ‘middle’, laz); S Kl. Schr. 75–79; F
ON mj‡äm ‘hip’, OE medema ‘step (of a 358–359; H AEEW 221;
loom)’ (masc.). Derived from *me¶um( j)az. P I 708; V ANEW 386–387;
T-F 307; H AEEW F II 189–191; O 574, 594;
218; F 357; P I 706–707; B ANF XCIII 48–62; L-
V ANEW 390; L GED 253;  GED 254–255; H 405–
B Nom. 233. 406.
*me¶u-rannan sb.n.: ON mj‡ärann *mekilìn sb.f.: Goth mikilei ‘immensity,
‘drinking-hall’, OE medu-ærn ‘banqueting- largeness’, OS mikilì id., OHG mihhilì
house’. Compound of *me¶uz and *rannan ‘largeness, greatness’. Derived from
(derived from *rennanan). C Nom. *mekilaz. F 358; L GED 254;
comp. 55. H 405.
*me¶u-wurtiz sb.f.: Icel mjaä-urt ‘meadow- *mekiljanan wk.vb.: Goth mikiljan ‘to
sweet’, OE medu-wyrt id., MLG mede- make great, to praise’, OS mikilan id.
wurt id., OHG metu-wurz id. Compound Derived from *mekilaz. F 358;
of *mè¶uz and *wurtiz. C Nom. comp. P Gliederung 157; H 405.
50. *mekilòjanan wk.vb.: ON mikla ‘to make
*me¶uz sb.m.: ON mj‡är ‘mead’, OE great, to magnify’, OE miclian ‘to become
meodu, medu id. (masc., neut.), OFris mede great, to increase’, OLG ge-mikilon ‘to
id., MLG mede id., OHG metu id. Related praise’, OHG mihhilòn id. Derived from
to Toch B mit ‘honey’, Skt mádhu- ‘honey, *mekilaz. L GED 254; H-
mead’, Av madu- ‘berry wine’, Gk m°yu  405.
‘wine’, OIr mid ‘mead’, Lith medùs *mekuz adj.: ON mj‡k ‘much’. Related to
‘honey’, Slav *med˙ id. B Hitt mekki- ‘much, many’, Toch A màk, B
1114; P Kelt. Gr. I 37; T-F màka ‘many, much’, Skt mahànt- ‘great,
mekuz 266 melkanan
°
large’, Av mazànt- id., Gk m°gaw ‘great, < *mul¶n-j- is identical with Slav *m˙ldni.
large’, Phryg meka-, Arm mec ‘big’, Lat S Voc. II 131 (to Lat malleus ‘ham-
magnus ‘great’, OIr maige ‘great, large’, mer’); L ANF XXXVIII 281
Alb madh ‘big’ (B Alb. 489, 491). (ON myln to W melyn ‘yellow’); M
B 1157; T-F 303; ANF XIX 331; P Gliederung 195;
W-H II 10–12; S Kl. P I 722; C SSGJa I
Schr. 75 (u-stem under the influence of 57; V ANEW 390, 397; G
*felu); P I 708–709; V ANEW Etim. 1981 66–67; T ESSJa XX
390; F II 189–190; O 594; 220–222.
M II 609–610; L GED *meli-¶awwan sb.n.: Sw mjöl-dagg
254; T HEG II 181–185; B- ‘mildew’, OE mil-déaw, mele-déaw ‘honey-
 Nom. 263; O AED 240, dew, nectar’, OS mili-dou ‘mildew’, OHG
Phrygian 444; A TB 446–447. mili-tou id. Compound of *meli- (see
*mel¶iþò sb.f.: Goth mildiþa ‘compassion, *meliþ) and *¶awwan ~ *¶awwò. H-
sympathy’, OHG miltida ‘mercy, compas-  AEEW 218; O 576;
sion’. Derived from *mel¶jaz. F 359; L GED 255.
H 406. *meliskaz adj.: OE milisc ‘sweet, hon-
*mel¶jaz adj.: Goth friaþwa-milds ‘loving eyed’. Derived from IE *meli- ‘honey’, see
tenderly, affectionate’, ON mildr ‘mild, *meliþ. T-F 315; H
gentle, graceful’, OE milde ‘mild, gentle, AEEW 222; V ANEW 387.
benign’, OFris milde ‘benevolent’, OS *meliskòn sb.f.: ON milska ‘mead, hon-
mildi ‘munificent, friendly, merciful’, eyed beverage’, OHG milsca ‘wine mixed
OHG milti ‘merciful, compassionate, with honey’. Derived from *meliskaz.
mild’. Originally, an oxytonic derivative T-F 315; V ANEW 387;
in -ti-/*tƒo- of *malanan. L L GED 255.
Festschr. Pipping 361; K NB II 445; *meliþ sb.n.: Goth miliþ ‘honey’. Based on
W IF XLI 352–365; T- IE *meli-t id.: Hitt milit, Arm me∑r, Gk
F 317; F 359; H AEEW m°li, Alb mjaltë, Lat mel, OIr mil. T-
222; P I 719; V ANEW 387; F 315; W-H II 61–62;
O 576; R passim; L- F 359–360; P Gliederung 203;
 GED 255; H 406–407; P I 723–724; F II 200–201;
K-S 559. L GED 255–256; T HEG
*mel¶ìn sb.f.: ON mildi ‘grace, mercy’, II 207–210; B Nom. 215;
MDu un-mildi ‘mercilessness’, OHG miltì O AED 268.
‘grace, mildness’ Derived from *mel¶jaz. *melkanan str.vb.: OE melcan ‘to milk’,
V ANEW 387; L GED 255; OFris pres. melka id., MDu melken id.,
H 406. OHG melcan id. Related to Toch AB
*mel¶òn sb.f.: Norw melde ‘small seed’, màlk- ‘to milk’, Gk ém°lgv ‘to draw, to
OE melde ‘orach (plant)’, MLG melde pull’, Lat mulgeò ‘to milk’, MIr bligim id.,
‘notch-weed’, OHG melda id. Related to Alb mjel id., Lith mél≥iu, mél≥ti id., Slav
*malanan. T-F 317; V ANEW *m¸lz‡, *melzti id. M BB VIII 190;
383; K-S 551. Z Gutt. 198; P Kelt. Gr.
*mel¶unjaz sb.m.: ON Mj‡llnir ‘Thor’s I 43; T-F 315–316; M
hammer’. Despite the differences in vo- MSL XVII/1 60–64; T BSW
calism, close to Slav *m˙ldni ‘lightning’ 178; H AEEW 219; W-
< *m¬dh-nì (W BB XXVIII 11). H II 121; S KZ LXXV
Further related to OPrus mealde id., Latv 170 (adds Skt mºjáti ‘to rub, to wipe’);
milna ‘the hammer of Perkuns’ < *m¬dhnà, P I 722–723; F 434–435;
W mellen ‘lightning’. ON myln ‘fire’ O 576; F I 91–92; S
melkanan 267 memzan
350–351; L GED 256; G- 317; H AEEW 222; P I
 Wurzelnomina 282–304; T 718; V ANEW 387; Z II 213;
ESSJa XVIII 95–96; K-S O 577; K-S 560.
552; O AED 270; B IFTJa *melukòjanan wk.vb.: ON mjólka ‘to
251. milk’, OE meolcian id., OFris melka id.,
*melkaz adj.: ON fem. mjólk ‘milch, giv- MLG melken id. Derived from *melukz.
ing milk’, OE meolc, melc id., MLG melk T-F 315; H AEEW
‘having a calf, giving milk’, OHG melc 219; V ANEW 389; P I 723.
‘giving milk’. Derived from *melkanan. *melukz sb.f.: Goth miluks ‘milk’, ON
K NB II 329; T-F 315– mjólk id., OE meolc, meoluc, milc id., OFris
316; H AEEW 219; J- melok id., OS miluk id. (i-stem), OHG
 IEW 676–677; V ANEW 389; miluh id. (i-stem), milih id. (< *melikiz). The
O 575; S 350; B- origin of the second vowel is not clear
 Nom. 241; H 408; (H Idg. Gr. II 118; P Beiträge
K-S 552. 685). The connection with *melkanan (sup-
*melktaz adj.: ON mjaltr ‘milch, giving posed in M MSL XVII 60–61) is
milk’. An archaic formation similar to dubious. M MSL XII 219 (to Gk
MIr mlicht ‘milk’ < *m¬·-tu- and W blith gãla ‘milk’), XVII 60; Z Gutt. 198;
id. < *m¬·-ti. Further cf. Slav *melztva T-F 315; H IF XXI 173
‘milking, milk pot’ based on *mel·tu-. (< *del6k-); H AEEW 223;
P I 723; T ESSJa F 360–361; P Gliederung 132;
XVIII 96. M KZ LXXIII 235–237; P I
*melmaz sb.m.: OS melm ‘sand, dust’, 722–723; V ANEW 389; Z
OHG melm ‘dust’. An ablaut variant of II 209; O 576; S Scripta
*malmaz ~ *malmòn. Closely related to 1125 (crossing of *melk- and *mluk-);
Lith melmuõ ‘kidney stone’ < *mel-men- H KZ XCII 30; L GED 256;
(S Kritik 104) further connected B Nom. 196–197; K-
with IE *mel(H)- ‘to grind’, cf. *malanan. S 558–559.
T-F 314; P I 717; F- *melwan sb.n.: ON mj‡l ‘flour, meal’, OE
 431; Z II 178; S melu id., OFris dat. mele id., OS melo id.,
345; L GED 243; K-S OHG melo id. Identical with Alb miell id.
535. and Slav *melvo ‘grain to be ground’.
*meltanan str.vb.: Icel part. moltinn Further connected with IE *mel- ‘to
‘weak’, OE meltan ‘to melt’. Related to grind’, cf. *malanan. W MLN XV
Skt mºdnàti ‘to press, to squeeze, to rub’, 326 (to Skt malvá- ‘thoughtless, foolish,
Gk m°ldomai ‘to melt’ (S KZ LXIV unwise’, Gk m«luw ‘weak’); T-F
66). See *maltaz. Cf. also *smeltanan id. 314; T BSW 168; H
T-F 316–317; H AEEW AEEW 218–219; P Gliederung 211;
218; J IEW 672–675; M- P I 716–717; V ANEW 390;
 II 676–677; P I 718; Z I 146; O 564; S
V ANEW 383; F II 199–200; 345; L GED 144; T
O 568, 838; S 351; L ESSJa XVIII 92–93; B Nom.
GED 144. 69; T ESSJa XVIII 92–93;
*meltjan sb.n.: ON milti ‘spleen’, OE K-S 550; O AED 265–
masc., fem. milte id., OFris fem. milte id., 266.
MLG fem. milte id., OHG milzi id. *memzan sb.n.: Goth mimz ‘meat’.
Related to *maltaz (P IF XXIII Related to IE *mèmso- id. with a long
158). For the semantics cf. W lleithen vowel: Toch B pl. mìsa ‘meat, flesh’, Skt
‘spleen’ ~ lleitho ‘to make wet’. T-F màµsám, Arm mis, Alb mish, OPrus mensa,
memzan 268 meurjò(n)
menso, Slav *m\so (S KZ XXVI 16). Derived from *metanan. T-F 305;
T-F 310; F 361; M H AEEW 220; P I
II 615; P I 725; S Goten 705; V ANEW 385; Z I 142;
24, 257; L GED 256; E B 399–406; S 353;
AFLLS XIX 171–173 (from Slav *m\so L GED 250, 258.
id.); T ESSJa XIX 7–11; *metanan str.vb.: Goth mitan ‘to mea-
B Nom. 95 (Vºddhi with a sure’, ON meta ‘to tax, to value’, OE
long *-è-); O AED 267; A TB metan ‘to measure’, OFris meta id., OS
464; B IFTJa 252. pres. metan ‘to take for’, OHG mezzan ‘to
*men¶iz sb.f.: Goth ana-minds ‘suspicion, measure, to compare, to evaluate’. Re-
supposition’, ON pl. minjar ‘memorials’. lated to Gk m°domai ‘to take care of ’, Lat
Related to *mana. Cf. *mun¶iz. T- meditor ‘to think about’, OIr midiur ‘to
F 308; F 42–43; V ANEW think’. T-F 304; H
388; S 346. AEEW 220; W-H II 55–
*menþ(i)lan sb.n.: ON mél ‘mouth-piece, 56; F 363–364; J IEW
bit’, OE midl id., OS mindil id., OHG 662–663; P I 705; V ANEW
mindil id. Closely related to OIr médal, 385; F II 191; B IEL
métal ‘paunch, belly’ < *mentlà. Further 101–102; S 352–354; L
related to *munþaz (L Festschr. Bugge GED 257–258; K-S 554.
78). W MLN XXI 40 (to Gk m¤tow *metò¶uz sb.m.: ON mj‡tuär ‘God (as a
‘thread of the warp’); T-F 310; dispenser), weird, bane’, OE metod, meotod
H AEEW 224; P I ‘fate, destiny’, OS metod id. Derived from
732–733; V ANEW 383; B- *metòjanan. T-F 305; H-
 Nom. 88.  AEEW 220; K Nom. Stamm.
*menþjan sb.n.: Goth ga-minþi ‘memory’, 17; S 353; L GED 258.
ON minni id., OHG fem. minne id. De- *metòjanan wk.vb.: Goth miton ‘to plan,
rived from *mana. Cf. *mun¶iz. T- to think about, to weigh’, OE eäanc-met-
F 308; F 193; V ANEW 388; ian ‘to deliberate, to consider’, OHG
O 577; S 346; B- eban-mezzòn ‘to measure’. Derived from
 Nom. 95. *metanan. T-F 305; F 364;
*menþjanan wk.vb.: ON minna ‘to re- P I 706; S 353; B-
mind’, OFris minnia ‘to remember’, OS  IEL 101; L GED 258.
minnian id. See *menþjan. V ANEW *meþa prep.: Goth miþ ‘with, among’, ON
388. meä ‘with’, OE mid, miä id., OFris mith,
*merkwaz adj.: ON myrkr ‘dark, murky’, mithi id., OS mid, midi id., OHG mit, miti
OE mirce id., OS mirki ‘eery, evil’. Related id.. Identical with Gk metã ‘with, among’
to Lith márgas ‘colorful’, mirg∏ti ‘to sparkle, (K KZ I 515). T-F 306;
to flicker’ (W BB XIII 300) and H AEEW 221; F 364;
especially close to Slav *merg˙ ‘brown, P I 702; V ANEW 380; F
with dark stripes’. K NB II II 216–217; L GED 258–259;
424–426; Z Gutt. 91; T-F K-S 563.
313; F 350–351; H AEEW *meurjò(n) sb.f.: Crim. Goth. miera ‘ant’,
222; P I 734; F 410; Swed myra id., MLG mìre id. Connected
V ANEW 398; O 597; S LS with *mauraz. Probably goes back to
36–37; L GED 248 (to *murinaz); *mer⁄ì, cf. Av maoirì- < *mor⁄ì. Further cf.
T ESSJa XVIII 98; H- OIr moirb id., Slav *morvja id. < *mor⁄ƒà.
 409–410. M Idg. Anz. IX 197–198; T-F
*metan sb.n.: ON pl. mj‡t ‘measure’, OE 302–303; F 357; P I 253–254;
e-met id., OS gi-met id., OHG mez id. L GED 253–254; T
meurjò(n) 269 mèlan
ESSJa XIX 244; K-S 557– G Etim. 69–70 (together with Gk
558. mÆkvn id. from Thrac *mäkh-); T
*meusan ~ *meusaz sb.n./m.: OE meós ESSJa XVII 149–151; K-S
‘moss’, OHG mios id. Cf. also ON fem. 565.
mÿrr ‘moor, bog, swamp’ < *meuziz. An *mèkjaz ~ *mèkjòn sb.m.: Goth meki
ablaut variant of *musòn ~ *musan. ‘sword’, ON mækir id., OE méce id., OS
T-F 327; H AEEW màki id. Borrowed from NCauc *m¤q cV
219; P I 742; C ‘chisel, hoe, knife’: Avar-And *maq cala,
SSGJa I 55; V ANEW 398; Z Tsez *miq c, Lezghi *mVq c(uj). F
II 217; O 591; K-S KZ XIV 454 (to Lat mactò ‘to sacrifice, to
568. kill’); T-F 303 (to OIr machtaim ‘to
*mèanan str.vb.: OE máwan ‘to mow’, slaughter’); L ANF XXXIII
OFris pres. mìa id. Related to Gk 113 (to Lith smaÛgas ‘cane, pole’); H-
émãv ‘to cut, to mow’. T-F 301;  AEEW 210; F 352–353;
H AEEW 216; P I 703; S Prehist. 169 (from Georgian
F I 88; O 594; S 347; máxva ‘sharp; knife’, cf. also Avar max:
K-S 532. ‘iron’); S KZ XCIII 110–118
*mèaz sb.m.: Goth megs ‘son-in-law’, ON (from Iran *madyaka ‘attached to the
mágr ‘male in-law’, OE m≠ ‘relative’, waist’); V Saeculum II 368
OFris mèch, mèg id., OS màg id., OHG (Sarmathian loanword); L GED
màg id. Despite phonetic difficulties, to 250; M Slovo 199 (from North
*mauz (U PBB XXX 302). Caucasian: Arch, Did ma‘a ‘sword’); F-
P BB XXIV 215–216 (to Gk  ASGM XXI 123–124 (< *mègƒo-,
peri-hmekt°v ‘to be angry, disgusted’, Lith to IE *mè-); O Etim. 1982 110
m∏gstu, m∏gti ‘to like’); W BB (to Bret mecet ‘to shine’); N-
XXVIII 65 (same as P, cf. for S NCED 827.
the semantic development Fr beau-fils ‘son- *mèlan I sb.n.: Goth mel ‘hour, time’, ON
in-law’); W MP XI 316 (to *maþlan); mál ‘time, term, mealtime’, OE m≠l
Z Gutt. 65; T-F 304; H- ‘measure, fixed time’ (neut., masc.?),
 AEEW 210; F 352; P OFris mèl, màl ‘time, mealtime’, MLG
I 707 (to Skt maháyati ‘to animate, to màl ‘period of time’, MHG màl ‘time,
strengthen, to gladden’); V ANEW moment’. Equivalent of ELith tuo-mEl
375; Z I 134; F 425– (F KZ XLI 417). Derived from
426, Lexis II 168–170; S Kinship IE *mè- ‘to measure’: Toch A me-, B
190–192; L ZfMund XXXV 15– mai-, Skt mímàti, Alb mas id.
17, GED 249–250; K-S 531. < PAlb *matja, Lat mètior and the like
*mèiþò sb.f.: ON mægä ‘affinity by mar- (B PBB XXIV 434). G
riage’, OE m≠gä ‘family, race’. Derived Got. 158 (identical with *mèlan II); T-
from *mèaz. H AEEW 210; F 301; H AEEW 211;
V ANEW 398. W-H II 81–82; F 353;
*mèxòn ~ *maòn sb.m.: OSwed val- T Lehm 72; M II 638;
moghe ‘poppy’ (< *walxa-maòn), OS màho P I 703–704; F 430;
id., màho-sàmo id., OHG mago id. Some- V ANEW 376; Z I 142;
how related with (or borrowed from the O 565; S LS 35–36; B-
same source as) Gk mÆkvn id., Slav *mak˙  Nom. 76; K-S 534–
id. F I 707 (to Gk mãssv ‘to knead’); 535; O AED 246–247.
Z Gutt. 135; P Kelt. Gr. I *mèlan II sb.n.: Goth mel ‘scripture, writ-
159 (adds OIr meccun ‘carrot’); T-F ing’, ON mál ‘ornament (on a sword)’,
303; T BSW 166; F II 225; OE m≠l ‘mark, sign’ (neut., masc.?), OFris
mèlan 270 mèrjaz
mèl ‘sign’, OS hòbid-màl ‘head portrait’, 154; O 588; L GED 251;
OHG màl ‘spot, point’. Historically iden- B Nom. 186.
tical with *mèlan I (L KZ XLVII *mènòþz sb.m.: Goth menoþs ‘month’, ON
132; G Got. 158). F I 507 mánaär, mánuär id., OE mónaä ‘month’,
(to Lat macula ‘spot’); D ZDADL OFris mònath ‘moon’, OS mànuth id.,
XLII 57 (to *maþlan); T-F 315; OHG mànòd id. Related to Toch A mañ
H Idg. Gr. V 101 (follows F and id., B meñe id., Skt màs- id., Av màh- id.,
reconstructs *mètló-); H AEEW Arm amis id., Gk Dor mÆw id., Alb muaj ~
211; F 353 (to Skt málam ‘dirt’, Gk muej id. < PAlb *màsnja, Lat mènsis id.,
m°law ‘black’, Lith m∏las ‘blue’); T OIr mí, Lith m∏nuo, Slav *mîs=ç id.
Lehm 71; P I 703–704, 720–721; S KZ XXVI 340–346, Plur. 193;
V ANEW 376–377; Z I 142; B 1170–1171; T-F
L GED 250–251; K-S 309; T BSW 179–181; H-
535; A TB 469–470 (to Toch A  AEEW 225; W-H
malañ, B meli ‘nose’ < *mèlo-). II 71–72; F 354; M II
*mèlan III sb.n.: OFrank gloss màla ‘cow’, 631–632; P I 731–732; F
Du maal ‘young cow’. Identical with Gk 438–439; V ANEW 378; Z II
m∞lon ‘small animals, sheep’, further cf. 209; F II 227–228; O 587;
OIr míl ‘animal’, Arm mal ‘sheep, ram’ B JIES X 55; L GED 251;
(S BB XXIX 46), Slav O AED 276; A TB 468; B
*mîl˙ ‘small’. See *smalaz. F I 519 IFTJa 251.
(to *mè- ‘to bleat’); P I 724; *mèriþò sb.f.: Goth meriþa ‘repute, news’,
D VSJa 26; V M-51; F ON mærä ‘praise, song of praise’, OE
II 226–227; C 694–695; m≠räu, m≠rä ‘greatness, honor, glory’, OS
L GED 316; T ESSJa màritha ‘glory, fame’, OHG màrida id.
XVIII 168; H 517. Derived from *mèrjaz. T-F 300;
*mèljanan ~ *mèlènan wk.vb.: Goth H AEEW 212; F 355;
meljan ‘to write’, late ON mæla ‘to paint, V ANEW 399; L GED 252;
to portray’, mála id., OE e-m≠lan ‘to spot, B Nom. 117; H
to blemish’, OFris mèlia ‘to paint’, OS 408–409.
màlòn ‘to paint, to draw’, OHG màlòn, *mèrìn sb.f.: Goth waila-merei ‘good repu-
màlèn id. Derived from *mèlan II. T- tation’, OHG màrì ‘fame’. Derived from
F 315; H AEEW 211; F *mèrjaz. F 543–544; H
353–354; V ANEW 399; L 408.
GED 251; K-S 535. *mèrjanan wk.vb.: Goth merjan ‘to pro-
*mèljaz sb.m.: ON mælir ‘measure’, OE claim’, ON mæra ‘to praise’, OE m≠ran ‘to
m≠le, méle ‘cup, bowl’. Derived from make known, to celebrate’, OS màrian ‘to
*mèlan I. T-F 301; H announce, to praise’, OHG mèren id.
AEEW 211; V ANEW 399; L Derived from *mèrjaz. T-F 300;
GED 250. H AEEW 211; F 355;
*mènòn sb.m.: Goth mena ‘moon’, ON V ANEW 399; L GED 252;
máni id., OE móna id., OFris mòna id., OS H 409; K-S 539.
màno id., OHG màno id. Derivationally *mèrjaz adj.: Goth waila-mereis ‘well-
similar to OPrus menins id. A secondary reputed, laudable’, ON mærr ‘famous,
form based on *mènòþz. S KZ glorious, great’, OE m≠re ‘great, excel-
XXVI 340, 345–346; T-F 309; lent, distinguished’, OS màri ‘brilliant,
S KZ LXVI 53; H famous’, OHG màri ‘famous’. Related to
AEEW 225; F 354; P I OIr már ‘large’, Gk §gxes¤-mvrow ‘mighty
731–732; V ANEW 378; Z I with the spear’ < *mòros. F KZ II
mèrjaz 271 minniz
382–383 (to Lat merus ‘pure, unmixed’); P I 712; F 451–452;
K NB II 365–367; T-F V ANEW 389; F II 387; O
300; F 355; H AEEW 212; 581; O AED 269; T ESSJa
M Wurd 139–141 (contamination XXI 93–94.
of *mè- ‘large’ and *mer- ‘to shine’); *mixstila-tainaz sb.m.: ON mistil-teinn
L CIH 129–130 (follows M); ‘mistletoe’, OE mistel-tán id. Compound
P I 704; V ANEW 399–400; of *mixstilaz and *tainaz. T-F 320;
F I 440; L GED 252; H AEEW 223; C Nom.
H 408–409; K-S comp. 55; V ANEW 389; O
539–540. 582.
*mètan sb.n.: Goth us-met ‘manner of life, *mixstilaz sb.m.: ON mistil-teinn ‘mistle-
behavior, conduct’, ON mát ‘moderation’, toe’, OE mistel ‘basil, mistletoe’, Du mistel
OHG màz ‘measure’. Derived from *me- ‘mistletoe’, OHG mistil id. Derived from
tanan. S JEGP XXXVI 180– *mixstuz. The mistletoe is the source of
181 (on the meaning in Gothic); T- the bird glue. T-F 320; H-
F 305; F 534; P I 706;  AEEW 223; Oé St. IE 203
S 353; L GED 383. (from IE *em-istlo- ‘taking, seizing’);
*mètiz adj.: ON mætr ‘valuable, excellent’, P I 713; V ANEW 389;
OE m≠te ‘moderate, mean, small, poor’, Z I 134; O 582; T-
OHG un-màzi ‘enormous’. Derived from  ESSJa VI 27 (same as Oé);
*metanan. K NB I 100; T- B KZ CXII 137–142 (from IE *mi-
F 305; H AEEW 212; S- zdo- similar to *ni-zdo-); K-S
 353; B Nom. 261; 562–563.
M Festschr. Schröder 102, KZ CV *mixstuz sb.m.: Goth maihstus ‘dung’, OS
113; H 410–411; K- mist id., OHG mist id. Derived from
S 544. *mìanan. T-F 320; K Nom.
*mèþan sb.n.: OE m≠ä ‘mowing’, OFris Stamm. 70; F 340; P I 713;
de-meth ‘day’s worth of mowing’, MHG S 348; L GED 241;
màt ‘mowing’. Close to Gk êmhtow ‘reap- K-S 562.
ing, harvesting’. Derived from *mèanan. *mimaraz adj.: OE e-mimor ‘existing in
K Glotta III 280 (against comparison the memory, known’. Identical with Av
with Gk); T-F 301; B mimara- ‘mindful’, Lat memor id. Believed
Origines 157; F I 88; K-S to be a reduplication of *(s)mer- ‘to keep
532. in mind’ (F KZ XXXVII 128–130;
*mèþiz sb.f.: OE m≠ä ‘measure’. Identical U PBB XVIII 75). B-
with Skt màti- id., Gk m∞tiw id., Alb mot  1186; W-H II 67–68;
‘time’. Derived from *mè- ‘to measure’. P I 969; V ANEW 387;
T-F 301; B Nom. 77; B MSS XXVIII 5–8.
P I 703–704; F II 232–233; *minniz ~ *minaz adv., adj.: Goth mins
O AED 274–275. ‘less’, ON minnr, miär ‘less’, OE min
*mixstaz sb.m.: ON mistr ‘mist’, OE mist ‘small’, OFris min ‘less’, LG min id., OHG
‘mist, dimness’, MLG mist id. Related to min id. Probably with *-nn- < *-nw-
Skt meghá- ‘cloud’, Av maèga- id., Arm mèg (O Morph. Unt. VI 231). Related to
‘fog’, Gk Ùm¤xlh ‘cloud’, Alb mjegull Skt minàti ‘to depreciate’, Gk minÊyv ‘to
‘cloud’, Lith miglà ‘fog’, Slav *m¸gla ‘fog, diminish, to destroy’, Lat minuò ‘to dimin-
darkness’ (S IF XXXV 154). ish, to become smaller’, minor ‘smaller’,
B 1104–1105; T-F OIr menb ‘small, little’, Slav *m¸n¸j¸
320; H AEEW 223; B- ‘smaller’. Further connected with m≈yate
 Nom. 107; M II 680; ‘to grow smaller’, Gk me¤vn ‘smaller’ <
minniz 272 mìanan
IE *mei-. T-F 310, 319; W- M II 682–683; P I

H II 92–93; F 362; P 715; V ANEW 388; S 349;
I 711; V ANEW 388; F II 242; L GED 257; H 413;
V M-37; L GED 256– K-S 562.
257; T ESSJa XXI 119–122. *missjanan wk.vb.: ON missa ‘to miss, to
*miskjanan ~ *miskòjanan wk.vb.: lose’, OE missan ‘to miss’, OFris missa id.,
OE miscian ‘to mix’, MLG mischen id., MLG missen id., OHG missen id. Based on
OHG misken id. From *mix-sk-. Deri- *missaz. T-F 321; H
vationally close to Lat misceò id., OIr AEEW 223; O 581; L GED
mescaim id. Cf. also Toch B mäsk- ‘to 257; H 413; K-S
exchange’ usually etymologized from 562.
*mei- ‘to exchange’ (M KZ XCI *missò(n) sb.f.: ON missa ‘loss’, OE neut.
107). Further related to Skt mimikßati ‘to miss id., MLG misse id., MHG misse id.
mix’, Gk me¤gnumi, m¤gnumi id., Lith mi‚“ti Related to *missaz. T-F 321;
id., Slav *mîsiti ‘to mix, to knead’. H AEEW 223; V ANEW
P IF V 58–59, Kelt. Gr. I 76; 388; O 581.
T-F 321; W-H II *miz¶ò(n) ~ *mè2¶ò sb.f.: Goth mizdo
95–96; P I 714; F 450– ‘reward, pay’, OE meord id., méd ‘meed,
451; F II 192–193; A TB reward’, OFris mède ‘rent’, OS mèda ‘pay-
459. ment’, OHG mieta ‘price’. In WGmc a
*missa-¶è¶iz sb.f.: Goth missa-deþs ‘mis- secondary variant is attested. Related to
deed, transgression’, OE mis-d≠d id., OS Skt neut. mì∂há- ‘strife, contest, prize,
mis-dàd id., OHG missi-tàt id. Compound reward’, Av mi≥da- ‘reward, gift’, Gk
of *missaz and *¶è¶iz. F 362; L- misyÒw ‘recompense’, Slav *m¸zda
 GED 257. ‘reward’. W KZ XXXIV 496;
*missa-jèrjan sb.n.: ON miss-ari, miss-eri B 1187–1188; H Urgerm. I
‘season, half-year’, OE miss-ere id. Com- 33 (-è2- compensates the loss of *-z-);
pound of *missaz and *jèran. C Nom. M Etudes 248, MSL XXI/3 111;
comp. 58. T-F 322; T BSW 188;
*missa-lìkaz adj.: Goth missa-leiks H AEEW 219; F 364–365;
‘diverse, various’, ON mis-líkr id., OE mis- P I 746; Z II 226;
líc ‘wanting in likeness, unlike, various’, M II 642–643; F II 244;
OFris mis-lìk ‘various’, OS mis-lìk id., O 567; S Goten 129;
OHG mis-lìh, missi-lìh id. Compound of B IEL 131–138; C
*missaz and lìkaz. T-F 321; PBB CI 1–29; L GED 259; B-
L GED 142, 257; K-S  Nom. 179; T ESSJa
562. XXI 176–178; K-S 558.
*missaz adj.: Goth adv. misso ‘each other, *mìanan str.vb.: ON míga ‘to urinate’,
mutually’, ON ÿ-miss ‘different, various’, OE mían id., MLG mìgen id. Tokh mi≤o
OE mis-byrd ‘abortion’, OFris mis-dède id., ‘urine’, Skt méhati ‘to urinate’, Av maèzaiti
OS adv. mis-lìko ‘otherwise, in a different id., Arm mizem id., Lat meiò id. < *me·hƒò,
way’, OHG missi ‘different, various’ (hap. Lith mê≥ù, m‹≥ti id., Slav *mi≥ati id.
leg.). Adjective in *-to- based on IE *meit-: Z Gutt. 205; B 1108;
Skt méthati ‘to be angry, to be hostile’, T-F 319–320; H AEEW
Lat mùtò ‘to change’. See *mìþanan. 222; W-H II 60–61; J-
K PBB VII 173–175 (to Lat mittere  IEW 658; M II 690;
‘to let go, to send’); K NB II P I 713; F 461–462;
310–312; T-F 321; W- V ANEW 386; O 582; S
H II 137–138; F 362–363; 347–348; L GED 241; T-
mìanan 273 mò¶ò(n)
 ESSJa XIX 63; K-S *mò¶az sb.m.: Goth moþs ‘anger’ (gen.
562; A TB 463–464. modis), ON móär ‘wrath’, OE mód ‘mind,
*mìnaz pron.: Goth meins ‘my’, ON mínn spirit, courage’ (neut.), OFris mòd id., OS
id., OE mín id., OFris mìn id., OS mìn id., mòd id. (masc., neut.), OHG muot ‘soul,
OHG mìn id. Adjective in *-no- derived spirit, courage’ (masc., neut.). Probably
from *mei, a secondary stem or locative of continues *mò-tó-, cf. Lat mòtus ‘moved’
IE *me, 1 sg. personal pronoun (B- < *mo⁄itos and further related to Lat
 Grundriß II/1 274, II/2 405). moueò ‘to move’, Lith máuju, máuti ‘to
T-F 300; H AEEW turn down, to touch, to graze’. F KZ
223; F 352; P I 702; V XXII 377 (to Slav *s˙mîti ‘to dare’, Gk
ANEW 388; O 577; S Pron. ma¤omai ‘to seek’); P BB XXVI
88–92; L GED 250; K- 310; T-F 322 (to *mòjanan);
S 550. S KZ XXXVII 45 (from IE *mè-
*mìtaz ~ *mìtòn sb.m./f.: Norw dial. mìt ‘to be spiritually aroused’); M Bed.
‘mite’, OE mite id., MLG mìte id., OHG Passim; H AEEW 224;
mìza ‘gnat’. Related to Skt minàti ‘to W-H II 116–117; F
depreciate’, Gk minÊyv id., Lat minor 365–366; P I 705 (to Gk
‘small’. See *minniz ~ *minnaz. T- ma¤omai); F 421; V ANEW
F 320 (to *maitanan); H 391; Z II 170; O 588;
AEEW 224; W-H II 92–93; E-M 416 (to Lat mòs ‘will,
F II 242; O 582. custom’); C 659, 697 (to Gk
*mìþanan str.vb.: OE míäan ‘to conceal’, mÆniw ‘anger’); L GED 259;
OFris pres. for-mìtha ‘to avoid’, OS mìthan K- S 577.
id., OHG mìdan id. Related to Hitt mutài- *mò¶èr sb.f.: ON móäir ‘mother’, OE
‘to remove’, Skt méthati ‘to be angry, to be módor id., OFris mòdar id., OS mòdar id.,
hostile’, Lat mùtò ‘to change’, Latv mitêt OHG muoter id. Related to Toch A màcar,
‘to change’, Slav *mitî ‘alternately’. B màcer id., Skt màtár- id., Av màtar-
K PBB VII 173 (to Lat mittò ‘to id., Gk mÆthr id., Alb motër ‘sister’, Lat
cause to go, to send’); N Abriß màter ‘mother’, OIr máthir id., Lith mótë
190 (same as K); T-F 320; id., Slav *mati id. B 1167;
H AEEW 224; L Language T-F 323; H AEEW
XIV 24 (adds Toch A met-, B mit- ‘to go, 224; W-H II 49–50;
to set out’); W-H II 137–138; P I 700–701; M II 619;
M II 682–683; P I F 465–466; V ANEW 391;
710, 715; S 348–350; L Z I 157; F II 232; O
GED 241; T HEG II 235–236; 592; B 171; B
T ESSJa XIX 59–60; K- Nom. 208; T ESSJa XVII
S 550. 254–259; K-S 577; O
*mò¶aaz ~ *mò¶iaz ~ *mò¶uaz AED 275; A TB 447.
adj.: Goth modags ‘angry’, ON móäugr *mò¶ernjan sb.n.: ON móäerni ‘mother’s
‘moody, gloomy, fierce’, OE módi ‘high- side of lineage, mother’. Derived from
spirited, noble-minded’, OS mòdag, mòdig *mò¶èr and structurally close to Lat màter-
‘excited’. Cf. OHG muotigì ‘animosity’. nus ‘of mother’. W-H II 49;
Derived from *mò¶az. F 365; L- V ANEW 391.
 GED 259. *mò¶ò(n) sb.f.: ON móäa ‘large river’, E
*mò¶a-safjòn sb.m.: ON móä-sefi ‘mind’, dial. mood ‘slime, mucus’, LG mòt, mòd
OE mód-sefa ‘mind, spirit, soul’, OS mòd- ‘beer foam’. Semantically distant from
sebo ‘mind’. Compound of *mò¶az and but historically and formally identical
*safjòn. C Nom. comp. 51. with *mò¶az. V ANEW 391.
mòjanan 274 mòþran
*mòjanan wk.vb.: Goth past part. af- 321). M IF XVIII 212–213;
mauidai ‘weary’, MLG mòien ‘to toil, to U TNTL XXV 269–270; T-
endeavor’, OHG muoen ‘to become tired, F 322–323; P KZ XXXIX
to labor’. Identical with Slav *majati ‘to 411; P I 705–706, 746 (to Arm
wear out, to labor, to be slow’ (S mat‘im ‘to approach’); V ANEW
KZ XXVI 5). P apud F (to 393–394; O 588.
Gk maËrow ‘black’); B PBB XIII *mòtan II sb.n.: ON mót ‘stamp, mark’,
316–317 (to Gk kãmnv ‘to tire’); G- EFris mòt ‘spot’, Du moet ‘trace, spot’.
 Got. 8 (to Lat moueò ‘to move’); Derived from *metanan. T-F 323;
B II 7; T-F 322; T- V ANEW 393.
 BSW 188; F 9; P I 746; *mòtjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-motjan ‘to
S LS 35; L GED 6; T- meet’, ON mœta id., OE métan id., OFris
 ESSJa XVII 132–134; K- mèta id., OS mòtian id. Derived from
S 573. *mòtan I. M IF XVIII 212–213
*mònòn sb.f.: ON móna ‘mammy (of a (derived from *mòtò); H AEEW
baby)’, ME móne ‘mother’, MLG mòne id. 225; F 193; P I 746; V
A word of child language. V ANEW ANEW 400; O 567; L GED
392. 145.
*mòriz ~ *mòraz sb.f./m.: ON mœrr *mòtò sb.f.: Goth mota ‘tax’, OSwed mòt
‘land, border-land, sea’, OE mór ‘moor’, ‘measure’, OE mót ‘toll, tax’, MHG muoze
OFris mòr id., OS mòr id., OHG muor ‘miller’s pay’. Derived from *mòtan II
‘marsh, lake’. Secondary form based on (M IF XVIII 211–215). J-
*mariz. H AEEW 226; P-  ZDADL LXVI 129 (from MLat mùta
 I 748; V ANEW 400; C- ‘toll’); M DLZeit. XLI 554 (Lat mùta
 SSGJa I 54; Z II 170; from Gmc.); H AEEW 226;
O 588; D Vºddhi 158–166; F 365; S-P 322–325
L GED 245; K-S 568. (same as M); F 365; C
*mòsan sb.n.: ODan mòs ‘porridge’, OE Lat. 64–66; L GED 259; K-
mós ‘food, nourishment’, OFris mòs S 548.
‘meal’, OHG muos id. Probably, from *mòþaz adj.: ON móär ‘moody, weary’,
*mò¶-s-an related to *mastaz II, *matiz OE méäe ‘weary, troubled, sad’, OS mòthi
(U PBB XXX 302). T- ‘moody, weary’, OHG muodi id. Derived
F 305; H AEEW 226; from *mòjanan. See *mò¶az. K
D Vºddhi 219–231; L GED NB II 392–394; T-F 322; F 9;
247; K-S 576. H AEEW 225; P I
*mòta str.vb.: Goth ga-mot ‘to find room’, 746; V ANEW 391; M Praet.
OE mót ‘must’, OFris mòt id., OS mòt id., 87; L GED 6; M KZ CV
OHG muoz ‘can, must’. Derived from 132; H 414; K-S
*metanan. D Synt. III 331 (to IE 572.
*mè- ‘to measure’); T-F 323; F *mòþìn sb.f.: ON mœäi ‘weariness, ex-
193; H AEEW 226; P I haustion’, OHG muodì id. Derived from
705–706; O 598; S 354; *mòþaz. H 414.
B KZ LXXXVII 86–98 (on *mèd-: *mòþjanan ~ *mòþènan wk.vb.: ON
*med-); L GED 145; K- mœäa ‘to plague, to exhaust’, OHG
S 576–577. muodèn ‘to tire’. Derived from *mòþaz.
*mòtan I sb.n.: ON mót ‘meeting’, ME T-F 322; V ANEW 400.
mót, emòt id., OS mòt id. (fem.), MHG *mòþran sb.n.: OFris mòther ‘breast-band-
muoz ‘single combat (of knights)’ (fem.). age’, OS mòder id., OHG muodar ‘belly’.
Derived from *metanan (W MP XI Identical with Gk mÆtra ‘womb’. Derived
mòþran 275 mun¶òjanan
from *mò¶èr. T-F 323; P T-F 315; V ANEW 397;
I 701; F II 232. S 345; L GED 260.
*mu¶(i)lòjanan wk.vb.: ON muäla ‘to *munaz adj.: ON á-munr ‘eager’, OE
maunder, to munch’, OHG mutilòn ‘to e-mun ‘mindful’. Derived from *mana.
murmur’. Of imitative origin. T-F H AEEW 227; V ANEW 9;
326 (to Lat muttiò ‘to mutter, to mumble’); M Festschr. Schröder 99, KZ CV 106;
V ANEW 394; L GED 112. H 415.
*mujò sb.f.: OSwed mugga ‘mosquito’, *mun¶az sb.m.: ON mundr ‘bridal
OE myce ‘midge’, OS muggia id., OHG present’, OFris mund ‘guardianship’. Mor-
mugga id. Distantly related to *mùsò ~ phological variant of *mun¶ò. H-
*mùsìn. T-F 327 (reconstruct  AEEW 227; V ANEW 395;
*muwjò ); H AEEW 228; P- K-S 574.
 I 752; Z II 226; O *mun¶ilaz ~ *mun¶ilò sb.m.: Goth
575; K-S 572. prop. Mundila, ON prop. Mundill, OFris
*mul¶a-weaz sb.m.: ON mold-vegr mundele ‘minor, ward’ (fem.), MHG mündel
‘earthly path’, OE mold-we ‘way upon ‘minor, ward’ (neut.). Derived from *mun¶ò.
earth, earth’. Compound of *mul¶ò(n) and V ANEW 395; K-S 574.
*weaz. C Nom. comp. 55. *mun¶iz sb.f.: Goth ga-munds ‘remem-
*mul¶janan wk.vb.: ON mylda ‘to cover brance’, ON mynd ‘shape, form, image’,
with mould’ , OE be-myldan id., OHG OE e-mynd ‘mind, memory, remem-
multen ‘to dig land’. Derived from brance’, OHG gi-munt ‘remembrance’.
*mul¶ò(n). H AEEW 228; Continues IE *m–tis: Skt matí- ‘thought,
V ANEW 397. design, devotion’, Av anu-maiti- ‘ponder-
*mul¶ò(n) sb.f.: Goth mulda ‘dust’, ON ing’, Lith mintìs id., Slav *pa-mêt¸ ‘mem-
mold ‘mould, earth’ (pl. reflects *mul¶iz), ory’, based on *men- ‘to think’. See *mana.
OE molde id., OFris molde id., OHG molta B 128; T-F 308;
‘earth, dust’. Close to OPrus piva-maltan T BSW 180–182; H
‘malt’, Lith mìltai ‘flour’. Participle *m¬tó- AEEW 228; F 194; M II
of *mel- ‘to grind’, see *malanan (S 563–564; P I 726–728; F
KZ XXXVII 587–589). F KZ 455–456; V ANEW 398; O 577;
I 4; T-F 314; T BSW 168; S 346; L GED 145;
H AEEW 225; F 366; P- B Nom. 141.
 I 717; F 403–404; V *mun¶ò sb.f.: ON mund ‘hand’, OE mund
ANEW 392; Z II 197; O id., OFris masc. mund ‘protection, guard-
593; S 345; L GED 260. ing’, OS mund ‘hand’, OHG munt ‘hand,
*mul¶òn I sb.m.: OE molda, molde ‘top of palm as a length measure’. Continues
the head’ (masc., fem.), MDu moude id. *m–-tà (D AISt. III 189–190)
Derivationally close to Skt mùrdhán- ‘top, probably connected with Gk mãrh
summit, head’, Av ka-m6r6da- ‘head (of a ‘hand’, Lat manus id., a heteroclytic stem,
dev)’, with a pejorative ka-. B- cf. *manwuz. T-F 326; H-
 440; H AEEW 225;  AEEW 227; W-H II
M II 666; P I 725; 34–35; K SuV 75; P I
O 593. 740–741; C SGGJa I 89;
*mul¶òn II sb.f.: OSwed molda ‘Cheno- V ANEW 395; Z II 194;
podium’, MHG multe ‘notch-weed’. See F II 175; L GED 244–245;
*mel¶òn. T-F 317. K-S 574.
*muljanan wk.vb.: ON mylja ‘to shiver, to *mun¶òjanan wk.vb.: Goth mundon ‘to
crush’, MLG mullen to crush’, OHG pay attention, to observe’, ON munda ‘to
mullen ‘to rub’. Related to *malanan. point, to aim’. Related to Gk manyãnv,
mun¶òjanan 276 murxòn
aor. maye›n ‘to learn’. T-F 308; Nom. 77–78; K-S 574; O
F 367; S MP XXVI 472 AED 247.
(from *mana); P I 730; V *munþòn sb.m.: ON munni ‘mouth, open-
ANEW 395; F II 170–171; L ing’, OE múäa ‘mouth (of the river),
GED 261. opening, door’, OFris mùtha id., MLG
*mun¶raz adj.: OHG muntar ‘lively, mùde id. Derived from *munþaz. H-
fresh’. Connected with *mun¶òjanan.  AEEW 228; V ANEW 396.
Structurally close to Lith mandrùs ‘lively’, *murina-ebò sb.f.: ON morgin-gj‡f ‘bri-
Slav *m‡dr˙ ‘wise’. T-F 308; dal gift’, OE moren-ifu id., MLG morgen-
F 367–368; W NP 78; gave id., OHG morgan-geba id. Compound
F 405–406; L Language of *murinaz and *ebò. C Nom. comp.
XVIII 128, GED 261; T ESSJa 51; K-S 570.
XX 130–133; H 416; K- *murinaz sb.m.: Goth maurgins ‘morn-
S 575. ing’, ON morginn, myrginn id., OE moren
*mun¶rìn sb.f.: Goth mundrei ‘aim, goal’, id., OFris morn id., OS morgan id., OHG
OHG muntrì ‘eagerness, diligence’. De- morgan id. Cf. also OE merien id.,
rived from *mun¶raz. F 367–368; L- MDutch margen, mergen id. < *marinaz.
 GED 261; H 416. Identical with Slav *m¸r‘¸n˙ ‘dark’.
*munènan wk.vb.: Goth munan ‘to intend, Further related to OIr mrecht ‘multi-
to be about to’, OHG fir-monen ‘to value colored’, Lith mérkiu, mérkti ‘to blink’, Slav
little’. Derived from *muniz. F 367; *m¸rkn‡ti ‘to become dark’. T-F
S 346. 326; T BSW 182–184; H-
*muniz sb.m.: Goth muns ‘thought, inten-  AEEW 226; F 350–351;
tion’, ON munr ‘mind, longing, delight’, P I 733–734; V ANEW 393;
OE myne ‘mind, purpose, desire’. Related F 441; Z I 134; O
to *mana. T-F 308; H 590; S LS 36–37; L GED
AEEW 228; F 368; V ANEW 396; 248; T ESSJa XXI 130,
O 577; S 346; B- 133–135; K-S 569–570.
 Nom. 132–133. *murjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-maurgjan ‘to
*munþaz sb.m.: Goth munþs ‘mouth’, ON shorten’, OE miran ‘to be happy, to
munnr, muär id., OE múä id., OFris mund, rejoice’. Derived from *muruz. T-
mond id., OS mùth id., OHG mund id. F 311; H AEEW 229; F
Etymologically close to Lat mentum ‘chin’, 193; L GED 145; H
W mant ‘jaw, mouth’ < *m–to-, Alb mat 416; A TB 454–455 (adds Toch B
‘bank, shore’ < *m–to- ( V AW märkwace ‘upper leg, thigh’).
39–40). H PBB XXII 228 (to Gk *muruz adj.: OE myr(i)e ‘pleasant,
stÒma ‘mouth’, from *st(o)ment-); D delightful, sweet’, OHG murg-fàri ‘transi-
ZDADL XLII 56 (to Skt múkha- ‘mouth’); tory’, murg ‘short’. Closely related to Av
K Glotta XV 195–196 (from m6r6zu- ‘short (?)’, Gk braxÊw id., Lat
*mu-nt- ‘making a mu-sound’ and identi- brevis id. (S Recueil 406–407).
cal with Lat mundus ‘underground pit’ B 1174; T-F 311;
< *‘mouth of the underworld’); T- G MSL XVIII 343–347; F
F 310; H AEEW 227–228; 193; H AEEW 229; W-
W-H II 72–73; F 368; H I 115; P I 750–751;
P Gliederung 126, 133; P I F I 264; O 571; L GED
726, 732–733; C SGGJa I 145; B Nom. 262; H-
102; V ANEW 396; Z I 134;  416–417.
O 594; L GED 261 (to Gk *murxòn sb.f.: OE more, moru ‘edible root,
masãomai ‘to chew’); B carrot, parsnip’, OS morha ‘carrot’, OHG
murxòn 277 musòn
moraha id. Connection with Gk brãkana: 311; W-H II 112; P I

tå êgria lãxana (Hes.) cannot be sup- 736; V ANEW 392–393.
ported. Together with Slav *m˙rky id., *murþa-werkan sb.n.: ON morä-verk
*murxòn was borrowed from a North ‘murder’, OE morä-weorc ‘act which
Caucasian source: NCauc m¤róqw> ‘root’ causes death’, OS mord-werk ‘murder’.
(in WCauc—‘carrot’). Z Gutt. Compound of *murþan I and *werkan.
135 T-F 570; M LP II 158 C Nom. comp. 51.
(of non-IE origin); N-S *murþjanan wk.vb.: ON myräa ‘to mur-
NCED 827; T ESSJa XX 247– der’, OFris morthia id., MLG morden id.,
249; K-S 565. OHG murden id. Derived from *murþan I.
*murnanan str.vb.: OE murnan ‘to mourn, T-F 313; V ANEW 398.
to be sad’. See *mimaraz. W MP V *murþran sb.n.: Goth maurþr ‘murder’,
282–283; T-F 312; H OE moräor id. (masc., neut.). Derived
AEEW 227; W-H II 67–68; from *murþan I. T-F 311–312;
S 351–352. H AEEW 226; F 351;
*murnènan wk.vb.: Goth maurnan ‘to P I 735; Z I 223; O
worry, to concern oneself ’, OS mornian 597; L GED 249; B
id., OHG mornèn ‘to mourn’. Derived Nom. 85–86; K-S 569.
from *murnanan. W MP V 282–283 *murþrjanan ~ *murþròjanan wk.vb.:
(to Gk mara¤nv ‘to rub off ’); T-F Goth maurþrjan ‘to murder’, OE for-
313; F 351; O 593 (to Skt myrärian id., OFris morthra id., OHG
smárati ‘to remember, to think of, to long murdiren id. Derived from *murþran. T-
for’, Gk m°rimna); L GED 248– F 313; H AEEW 229; F
249. 351; V ANEW 398.
*murròjanan wk.vb.: ON murra ‘to mur- *murþrjòn sb.m.: Goth mana-maurþrja
mur’, MLG murren ‘to drone’, G murren ‘murderer’, OE myrära id., OHG murdreo
‘to grumble’. Of imitative origin. T- id. Derived from *murþran. H
F 326; V ANEW 396. AEEW 229; F 344; B
*murþan I sb.n.: ON morä ‘murder’, OE Nom. 182.
morä ‘death, murder’ (neut., masc.), OFris *murwaz adj.: MLG more, morwe ‘surly,
morth ‘murder’, OS morth id., OHG mord grouchy’, OHG muruwi ‘delicate, fine’.
id. (neut., masc.). Identical with Skt mºtá- Close to OIr meirb ‘lifeless’, W merw
‘dead’, Av m6r6ta- id., Gk brotÒw ‘(mortal) ‘weak’, Slav *m¸rva ‘piece of meat, bit,
man’, mortÒw: ênyrvpow ynhtÒw (Hes.), straw’. T-F 311; P I 735–
Arm mard ‘man’, Lat mortuus ‘dead’, Slav 736; T ESSJa XXI 151–154;
*m¸rtv˙ id. Derived from *mer- ‘to die’. H 418; K-S 575.
M MSL XIV/4 378; B *musòn ~ *musan sb.m./n.: ON mosi
1172; T-F 311; H ‘moss’, OE mos ‘moss, marshy place’,
AEEW 226; W-H II 112– MLG mos ‘moss’, OHG mos ‘moss,
113; M II 674; P I 735; marsh’. Related to Lith pl. mùsos ‘mould’,
C SGGJa I 106; V ANEW Slav *m˙x˙ ‘moss’. Further cf. Lat muscus
392; Z I 223; F I 270–271; id. B KZ XXXII 17; B
L GED 249; B Nom. II/1 166; T-F 327; T
78; T ESSJa XXI 146–148; BSW 190–191; H AEEW 226;
K-S 569. W-H II 134; P I 742;
*murþan II sb.n.: OSwed morþ ‘sand’, C SSGJa I 55; F
EFris murt ‘sand’. Goes back to a partici- 473–474; V ANEW 393; Z II
ple of *mer- ‘to rub’, *mºto- also attested 217; O 591; T ESSJa XX
in Lat mortàrium ‘mortar’. T-F 216–218; K-S 568.
mutaz 278 mùsz
*mutaz ~ *mu¶¶az sb.m.: Swed modd Probably related to OIr mocht ‘soft, ten-
‘dirty wet snow’, E mud, Du mot ‘light der’, W mwyth ‘weak’ < *mug-to-. T-
rain’, G dial. mott ‘peat area, morass’. F 325; F 366; P I 744;
Identical with Gk mÊdow ‘wetness, rot’, D Vºddhi 402; H 415.
MIr muad ‘noble (?)’ < *moudo-. T-F *mùljanan wk.vb.: Goth faur-muljan ‘to
326; P I 741–742; F II 263. muzzle’, ON mÿla id., LG mùlen ‘to grouse,
*mutròjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. mutra ‘to to moan’. Derived from *mùlòn. T-
mutter’, ME muteren id. Of imitative ori- F 324; F 147; V ANEW
gin. See *mu¶(i)lòjan. T-F 326. 397.
*muþraz sb.m.: E mother ‘sediment, yeast’, *mùlòn sb.m.: ON múli ‘snout, muzzle’,
Du modder ‘mud’, late MHG moder ‘mold, OFris mùla id., MLG mùl id. (neut.), mùle
swamp’. Derivationally close to Skt neut. id. (fem.), OHG mùla id. (fem.). Related
mùtra- ‘urine’, Av mùyra ‘dirt’. T- to Gk mÊllon ‘lip’ (G Got.
F 324; P I 741. 66; W SBAB 1918 410–411)
*muþþòn sb.m./f.: ON motti ‘moth’, OE but eventually of imitative origin. Cf. also
moääe id., MLG motte id. An expressive Norw smaul ‘muzzle’ close to Latv smaule
formation based on *mùsò ~ *mùsìn. id. K Glotta XV 195–196 (to
T-F 326; P I 752; L *munþaz); T-F 324; F 147;
Expr. 252 (from *muþx-, further related to P I 751–752, 968; V ANEW
*maþan); K-S 572. 394; F II 270; C 721–
*mùòn sb.m.: ON múgi ‘mob, crowd’, 722; L GED 111–112; K-
OE múa ‘mow, heap, stack of hay’. See S 546–547.
*mùxaz. T-F 325; Z Gutt. *mùsò ~ *mùsìn sb.f.: Gotland mausa
75, 209; H AEEW 226–227; ‘mosquito’, Flem meuzie id. (ìn-stem).
V ANEW 394 (to Gk mÊkvn ‘stack’); Related to Gk mu›a ‘fly’, Alb mizë ‘fly’
O 594. (derivative of PAlb *mùjà), Lat musca ‘fly’,
*mùxaz sb.m.: ON mór ‘moor, heath’, Lith musE id., Slav *muxa id. Bù RFV
OHG mù-werfo ‘mole’. Identical with Lat LXXII 192–193; T BSW
mùcus ‘slime’. T NNEO 429 (to OIr 191; W-H II 133; P
móin ‘bog, swamp’); L ANF Language XXV 186; P I 752;
XXXIII 106 (from *smògho- ‘smoke’); F 474; E-M 424;
T-F 325; W-H II F II 265–266; T ESSJa XX
133; P I 744; V ANEW 392. 170–172; O AED 268.
*mùxjanan wk.vb.: MHG mùhen, muojan *mùsz sb.f.: ON mús ‘mouse’, OE mús id.,
‘to roar, to bellow’. Identical with Gk OFris mùs id., OS mùs id., OHG mùs id.
m!kãomai id., Lith mùkiù, m~kti id., Slav Connected with Skt mùß- id., Arm mukn
*my‘ati id. T-F 324; P I id., Gk mËw id., Alb mi ~ mî id., Lat mùs
751; F II 266. id., Slav *my“¸ id. (F KZ I
*mùjan sb.n.: ON mÿ ‘midge, gnat’. An 493). M BB VIII 190; T-F
isolated form distantly connected with 327; H AEEW 227; W-
*mujò and *mùsò ~ *mùsìn. T-F H II 132–133; M II
327; P I 752; Z II 226; 668; P I 752–753; V ANEW
K-S 572 (reconstructs *mux- 396; Z II 209; F II 275–
jan). 276; O 593; B Nom.
*mùkaz adj.: Goth muka-modei ‘meekness, 195; T ESSJa XXI 64–67;
gentleness’, Du muik ‘soft, overripe’, G G Wurzelnomina 305–321;
dial. mauch ‘dry and decayed, rotten’. K-S 547; O AED 265.
n
*naba-aizaz sb.m.: ON nafarr ‘auger’, *nalaz sb.m.: ON nagl ‘nail’ (root stem in
OE nafu-gár id., OS nabu-gèr id. Com- pl.), OE næl id., OFris neil id., OS nagal
pound consisting of *nabò and *aizaz. id., OHG nagal, negil id. (a- and i-stem).
T-F 293; H AEEW Related to Skt á«ghri- ‘foot’ < *onghli-, Gk
231; C Nom. comp. 51; V ANEW ˆnuj ‘nail’, Lat unguis id., OIr ingen id.,
403; O 62. Lith nãgas id., Slav *noga ‘foot’, *nog˙t¸
*nabjan sb.n.: ON nef ‘beak, bill, nose’, ‘nail’ (H IF X 49). Z Gutt.
OE nebb ‘nib, beak, nose’, MLG nebbe 179; T-F 290; T BSW
‘beak, bill’. Derived from *nabò. T- 192; H AEEW 230; W-
F 292 (to Lith snãpas ‘bill, beak’); H II 818–819; P Paideia VIII
H AEEW 233; V ANEW 112 (to Slav *j¸gla ‘needle’); M
406; O 605. I 22; P I 780; C
*nabò sb.f.: ON n‡f ‘nave, clasp’ (partly SGGJa I 61; V ANEW 403–404;
< fem. *nabiz), OE nafu id., OS naba id., F 478–479; Z II 209;
OHG naba id. Related to Skt neut. ná- F II 398–399; O 601; K-
bhya- ‘nave (of a wheel)’, nàbhi- ‘navel, S 580–581; T ESSJa
nave’, OPrus nabis id., Latv naba ‘navel’. XXV 161–164, 170–173.
T-F 293; H AEEW *naljanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-nagljan ‘to
231; M II 135; P I 315; nail’, ON negla id., OS neglian id., OHG
V ANEW 414; Z II 197; negilen, nagalen id. Derived from *nalaz.
O 604; D Vºddhi 152–153; T-F 291; F 194; V ANEW
K- S 579. 407; L GED 145–146; K-
*nab(u)lòn sb.m.: ON nafli ‘navel’, OE S 580.
nafela id., OFris navla id., MLG navel id., *naxa str.vb.: Goth ga-nah ‘to suffice’, OE
OHG nabalo, nabulo id. Derived from e-neah id., OHG gi-nah id. Related to
*nabò. Further etymologically connected Hitt ¢enk- ‘to bestow, to consign’, Skt
with and structurally similar to Gk ná≤ati ‘to attain’, Gk §negke›n ‘to carry’,
ÙmfalÒw id., Lat umbilìcus id., OIr imbliu Lith ne“ù, nè“ti ‘to carry’, Slav *nesti id.
id. < *imbilon-. T-F 293; H- Z Gutt. 191; T-F 289;
 AEEW 231; W-H II T BSW 198; F 92–93;
814; P I 314–315; V ANEW H AEEW 239; J
403; Z I 154; F II 391–392; IEW 58–59; M II 145;
O 604; A Schw. 91; K- P I 316–318; F 497–498,
S 579. Lexis II 186; F I 512–513; O
*na¶raz sb.m.: Goth nadrs ‘adder, viper, 315; S 355–356; L GED
snake’, ON naär ‘viper, adder, snake’. 70–71; P III 380–382.
Related to Lat natrix ‘water snake’, OIr *naxt-fulaz sb.m.: ON nátt-fugl ‘night-
nathir id., W neidr ‘snake’, Corn nader id., bird’, OHG naht-fogal id. Compound of
MBret azr id. See also *nè¶ròn ~ *na¶ròn. *naxtz and *fulaz. C Nom. comp. 84
T-F 291–292; W-H (calque of Lat noctua or nocticorax in
II 147; F 368; P 110; P OHG).
I 767; C SGGJa I 101; V *naxtz sb.f.: Goth nahts ‘night’, ON nátt,
ANEW 403; Z II 183; O nótt id., OE niht, neaht id., OFris nacht id.,
11–12; L GED 262; B- OS naht id., OHG naht id. Related to Hitt
 Nom. 86. nekuz ‘evening’, Skt nák ‘night’, Gk nÊj
naxtz 280 namòn
id., Alb natë id., Lat nox id., W nos id., ESSJa XXII 70–72; H 419–
Lith naktìs id., Slav *nokt’¸ id. B- 420; K-S 580; D BSA 130
 Grundriß II/1 435; M BSL (length in Balto-Slavic due to Winter’s
XXV 144, XXVII/1 128; Z Gutt. law).
136; P Kelt. Gr. I 123; T- *nakwòn sb.m.: ON n‡kkvi ‘small boat’,
F 290; S Language VI/3 OE naca ‘boat, bark’, OS nako id., OHG
220; H AEEW 236; S nahho id. Somehow related to IE *nàu-
Kl. Schr. 803, 847; W-H II ‘ship’, see *nòwaz (B PBB XIII 515).
181–182; F 368–369; B Maybe borrowed from another Indo-
Origines 10; P I 762–763; European dialect, with substitution of
M II 121–122; F *-⁄- > *-g ⁄-? L SVS VI/1 34 (to Skt
481–482; V ANEW 405; F II nága- ‘mountain, tree’); P IF
327–328; Z I 157; O 610; XXIII 392 (to Slav *no≥¸ ‘knife’); T-
P IF LXXIX 31–32 (no traces of F 289; H AEEW 229;
labiovelar in Germanic and Greek); P I 770 (follows L); C-
L GED 262; B Nom.  SGGJa I 106; V ANEW 414;
201–202; G Wurzelnomina Z II 228; K- S 579 .
476–479; T ESSJa XXV *naman-lìkòt adv.: ON nafn-liga ‘by
175–177; K-S 580; O name’, OFris name-lik id., MDu name-lìke
AED 282–283; B OFED s.v. id., OHG nama-lìhho, nemen-lìhho id. De-
*naitjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-naitjan ‘to rived from *namòn ~ *nam(n)an. O
treat shamefully, to revile’, OE n≠tan ‘to 602.
trample upon, to crush’, MLG nèten id., *namniþò sb.f.: ON nefnd ‘nomination,
OHG neizen id. Related to Skt níndati ‘to levy’, MLG nemede ‘jury trial’, OHG nem-
blame, to revile, to despise’, Av naèd- ‘to nida ‘calling, naming’. Derived from
blame, to revile’, Gk ˆneidow ‘shame’, *namnjanan. V ANEW 406.
Lith níedëti ‘to despise’. B *namnjanan wk.vb.: Goth namnjan ‘to
1034; T-F 297; K Nasal- name’, ON nefna id., OE nemnan id.,
präsentia 130; F 194–195; M- OFris namna, nemna id., OS nemnian id.,
 II 163–164; P I 760; F OHG nemnen ‘to call, to name’. Derived
II 394; F 501; L GED from *namnòn. Cf. Gk Ùnoma¤nv ‘to
146. name’. T-F 294; H
*nakwa¶az ~ *nakwe¶az adj.: Goth AEEW 233–234; F 369; V ANEW
naqaþs ‘naked’, ON n‡kkviär id., OE nacod 406; F II 396; L GED 262;
id., OFris naked id., MLG naket id., OHG K-S 585.
nackot id. Identical with Lat nùdus id. < *namnòn sb.m.: ON nafni ‘namesake’,
*nog⁄edho-. Further connected with Hitt MLG ge-nanne id., OHG gi-nanno id.
neku-mant- id., Skt nagná- id., OIr nocht id. Derived from *namòn ~ *nam(n)an.
< *nog ⁄to-, Lith nuógas id., Slav *nag˙ id. V ANEW 403.
P IF XXIV 259; Z Gutt. *namòn ~ *nam(n)an sb.n.: Goth namo
92; T-F 289; T BSW ‘name’ (pl. namna), ON nafn id., OE nama
201; H AEEW 229; W- id., OFris nama, noma id., OS namo id.,
H II 185; F 370; S 251; OHG namo id. Related to Hitt la-a-man
M II 126–127; P I 769; id., Toch A ñem, B ñom id., Skt neut. nàma
E-M II 798; V ANEW id., Av nàman- id., Arm anun id., Gk
404, 414; F 511–512; O ˆnoma id., Phryg onoman-, Alb emër ~ emën
601; H Festschr. Seiler 272 (reconstructs id. < PAlb *enmen-, Lat nòmen id., OIr
*-d- in Lat); L GED 263; H ainmm n- id., OPrus emnes, emmens id., Slav
Festschr. Puhvel I 88–89; T *j¸m\ id. (K KZ I 374). B
namòn 281 natjan
Grundriß II/1 237 (secondary masc.); *nasjanan ~ *nazjanan wk.vb.: Goth

B 1062–1063; T-F nasjan ‘to save’, OE nerian id., OFris nera
294; H AEEW 231; W- ‘to nourish’, OS nerian ‘to heal, to save’,
H II 173–174; F 369–370; OHG nerien ‘to nourish, to heal’.
M II 153; P I 321; Causative of *nesanan. T-F 296;
V ANEW 403; Z II 221; H AEEW 234; F 370;
F II 396–397; L BSL LXI 38; P I 766–767; C 733–
L GED 262–263; B 734; S 360; L GED 146,
Nom. 184; T ESSJa VIII 263; K-S 581.
227–228; T PJa I 28–30; K- *nasjan¶z ~ *nazjan¶z sb.m.: Goth
S 581; O AED 87, Phrygian nasjands ‘savior’, OE neriend id., OS neriand
450; A TB 270–271; D BSA 14 id. Lexicalized pres. part. of *nasjanan ~
(identical in vocalism with Skt, with the *nazjanan. K ZdPh XLIX 21–
shortening of the root vowel in an oxy- 22 (calque of Gk svtÆr); F 371;
tonic stem). T Adj. 20, 41–42; L GED
*nanþjanan wk.vb.: Goth ana-nanþjan ‘to 263.
take courage, to dare’, ON nenna ‘to *nasò sb.f.: ON n‡s ‘nose’ (ò- and i-stem),
strive, to have a heart for’, OE néäan ‘to OE nasu id., OFris nose id., MDu nose id.,
have courage, to dare, to venture’, OS OHG nasa id. (ò- and n-stem). An old
nàthian id., OHG nenden id. Factitive/ dual. Related to Skt nas-, nàsà ‘nose’, Av
causative of *nenþanan. F ANF nàh- id., OLat nàsum ‘nose’, OPrus nozy
117–118 (prefixal derivative of *an¶jaz); id., Lith nósis id., Slav *nos˙ id.
S Abl. 9 (similar to F); T- B 1067; T-F 295;
F 292; F 43; V ANEW 407; T BSW 193; H
S Erw. 69 (denominative); L- AEEW 232; P Glotta XXVI 276;
 GED 31. W-H II 145–146; M-
*narwaz adj.: ON sbst. prop. N‡rr, OE  II 146; P I 755; F
nearu ‘narrow’, OS naru id. Structurally 508; V ANEW 415; Z II 203;
identical with Lith naıvas, narvà ‘honey- O 615; B Nom. 195;
comb cell’, Slav *po-norv˙ ‘worm’. T ESSJa XXV 212–216;
Further related to Lith nar‹s ‘gnarl, loop, K-S 582–583; F KZ CIX
sling’, neriù, nérti ‘to thread, to set’. 14–15.
T-F 294; T BSW *nataz adj.: OE nata- (in cmpn.), MLG nat
196–197; H AEEW 232–233; ‘wet’, OHG naz id. Connected with Skt
P I 976; F 495–496; nad≈ ‘river’ representing fem. of *nadá-.
V ANEW 405; O 603; V- T-F 291; W apud H-
T III 325; H 421;  (from *wnataz, to Skt unátti ‘to
K-S 582. spring, to wet, to bathe’); K IF
*narwòn sb.f.: ON island name N‡rva, LVIII 209–211; M AIPh VI
MLG narwe ‘scar’, OHG narwa, narawa 133–142; M II 130; P I
‘loop, sling, scar’. Derived from *narwaz. 759; L GED 264; H
T-F 294; H 421. 422; K-S 583.
*nasjan ~ *nasjaz sb.n./m.: ON nes *natilòn sb.f.: Norw dial. netla ‘nettle’, OE
‘cape, promontory’, OE næss id., MLG netele, netel id., MLG nettele id., OHG
nes id. Derived from *nasò. T-F nezzila id. Derived from *natòn. T-
296; H AEEW 230; P I F 291; H AEEW 235;
755; O 607; V ANEW 408 (to O 608.
Slav *nos˙ ‘promontory’ which, however, *natjan sb.n.: Goth nati ‘net’, ON net id.,
is identical with *nos˙ ‘nose’). OE nett id., OFris net, nette id., OS netti id.,
natjan 282 nauþjanan
OHG nezzi id. Related to Lat nòdus ‘knot’ ing need’, OE níd-äearf ‘necessity’. Com-
(P Beiträge 139, 814), see *nòtò. pound of *nau¶iz and *þarbò. T-
Other parallels are problematic. T- F 299.
F 291 (to Lat nassa ‘wickerbasket with *nau¶i-þurftiz sb.f.: Goth adj. naudi-þau-
a narrow neck’ < *nadtà); K KZ rfts ‘necessary’, OFris nèd-threft ‘pressing
XXV 313 (Lat nòdus < *nozdo-); H- need’, OS nòd-thurft ‘necessity’, OHG nòt-
 AEEW 235; W-H II durft id. Compound of *nau¶iz and *þurf-
172–173; F 371; P I 758–759; tiz. T-F 299; F 371; C
V ANEW 408; Z I 145; Nom. comp. 43; L GED 264–265;
O 608; L GED 263–264 K-S 592.
(pre-Gmc); K-S 586. *nau¶iz sb.f.: Goth nauþs ‘need’, ON nauä
*natjanan wk.vb.: Goth natjan ‘to make ‘need, difficulty, distress’, OE níd ‘need,
wet, to moisten’, MLG netten id., OHG necessity’, OFris nèd, nàth id., OS nòd id.,
nezzen id. Derived from *nataz. F OHG nòt id. Might be related to OPrus
371; L GED 264; H acc. sg. nautin id. (T APSpr.
422; K-S 586. 382). Cf. also Lith naudà ‘need, advan-
*natjòn sb.f.: ON netja ‘net-like caul of fat’, tage’, Slav *nuditi ‘to make, to cause’,
OE nette ‘net-like caul’, OFris nette ‘re- *nudja ‘need’ reflecting *-d(h)- (O
tina’. Derived from *natjan. H- Etym. I 355). F KZ I 238;
 AEEW 235; V ANEW 408 P Festschr. Bugge 192 (to ON naumr
(calque of Lat reticulum ‘net, fishing net’). ‘narrow, close’); M IF XVII 152
*natòn sb.f.: Norw dial. nata ‘nettle’, OHG (to ON gnúa ‘to rub’); A NTU
nazza id. Close to Skt náda- ‘reed’. VIII 103 (same as P); T-F
S IF IV 92 (to Gk éd¤kh ‘nettle’ 298–299; H AEEW 235; F
< *–dikà); T-F 291; P I 372; P I 756; V ANEW 405;
759; V ANEW 405; O 608. F 513; Z I 151; O
*nau¶i-ban¶jò sb.f.: Goth naudi-bandi 606; S LS 39; L GED
‘shackle, manacle, fetter’, OFris nèd-bende 264–265; K-S 592; T-
‘violent, forced fettering’, MLG nòd-bende.  ESSJa XXVI 34–39.
Compound of *nau¶iz and *ban¶jò. *nautan sb.n.: ON naut ‘cattle, ox’, OE
F 371; C Nom. comp. 45; L neát id., OHG nòz ‘cattle’. Close to Lith
GED 264–265. naudà ‘use, property’, Latv nàûda ‘money’.
*nau¶iaz adj.: ON nauäigr ‘forced, Related to *neutanan. Cf., on the other
unwilling’, MLG nòdech id., MHG nòtec, hand, *nau¶iz. T-F 300; H-
nœtec id. Cf. OE neádiness ‘obligation’.  AEEW 233; P I 768;
Derived from *nau¶iz. V ANEW F 487; V ANEW 406; Z-
405.  I 142; O 605; S LS 39;
*nau¶iòjanan wk.vb.: ON nauäga ‘to S 361; L GED 269; K-
force, to compel’, MDu nodigen id., MHG S 314.
nòtegen id. Derived from *nau¶iaz. *nautaz sb.m.: ON nautr ‘mate, fellow’,
V ANEW 405. OE e-neát ‘companion, associate, vassal’,
*nau¶i-sun¶jò sb.f.: ON nauä-syn ‘need, OFris nàt ‘companion, fellow’, OS ge-nòt
necessity, lawful impediment’, OFris nèd- id., OHG gi-nòz. Derived from *neutanan.
skìne ‘lawful, impediment’, MLG noet-schyn T-F 300; V ANEW 406.
id. Compound of *nau¶iz and *sun¶jò. *nautjanan wk.vb.: ON neyta ‘to use, to
WGmc *-sk- is explained by secondary enjoy, to consume’, OFris nèta ‘to utilize’,
analogies. C Nom. comp. 77 (calque MDu noten ‘to use’. Causative of *neu-
of Lat sontica causa). tanan. V ANEW 408; S 361.
*nau¶i-þarbò sb.f.: Swed nöd-tharf ‘press- *nauþjanan ~ *nau¶janan wk.vb.:
nauþjanan 283 neftiz
Goth nauþjan ‘to compel, to force’, ON T ESSJa XXIV 91–93; K-
neyäa id., OE níedan id., OFris nèda id., S 585.
OS nòdian ‘to need’, OHG nòten id. *nebulò ~ *nebulaz sb.f./m.: ON njól
Derived from *nau¶iz. T-F 299; ‘night’, OE adj. neowol, nifol ‘prone, pros-
H AEEW 235; F 372; trate, deep down, profound’, OFris nevil
V ANEW 408; K-S 592. ‘fog, mist’, OS nebal id., OHG nebul id.
*nawiz sb.m.: Goth naus ‘dead man, Together with Gk nef°lh ‘cloud’, Lat
corpse’, ON nár id., OE né, neó id. nebula id. derived from IE *nebh-, *nebh-es:
Related to Lith nõvë ‘oppression, death’, Hitt nepi“ ‘sky’, Skt nábhas- ‘vapor, cloud,
Latv nâve ‘death’, OPrus nowis ‘body, mist’, Av nabah- ‘air, sky’, Gk n°fow
stump’, Slav *nav¸ ‘corpse’ (G ‘cloud, fog’, OIr nem ‘sky’, Lith debesìs
Got. 164). K KZ I 137 (to Gk n°kuw ‘cloud’, Slav *nebo ‘sky’. P MSL IV
‘corpse’); P KZ I 395; Z Gutt. 415, 421; B 1040; P
76; T-F 295; T BSW Kelt. Gr. I 255; T-F 293; H-
201; H AEEW 232; F 372;  AEEW 236, PBB LXVI 273;
P I 756; D VSJa 25–26 (pre- W-H II 151–152; P
tonic shortening of *à in Gmc); C- Gliederung 190; M II 134;
 SGGJa I 67; F 509; P I 315; F 85; V
V ANEW 405; S LS 39; ANEW 409–410; Z II 175; F
L Verschärfung 16.20; L II 309–310; C II 748; T-
GED 264; S LL 352–353 (fol-  ESSJa XXIV 101–104; H-
lows D); G-I II 825  423–424; K-S 584.
(to *nòwaz); T ESSJa XXIV *nefò¶(z) sb.m.: ON nefi ‘cognate kins-
49–52. man’, OE nefa ‘grandson, nephew’, OFris
*ne ptcl.: Goth ni ‘not’, ON né id., OE ne neva id., OS nebo id., OHG nevo ‘nephew,
id., OFris ni, ne id., OS ni, ne id., OHG relative’. Etymologically close to Skt nápàt
ni, ne id. Identical with Skt ná id., Av na- ‘offspring, son, grandson’, Av napàt-
(with enclitics), Lat ne- (in cmpn.), OIr ‘grandson’, Lat nepòs id., OLith nepuotis id.
ni, Lith nè id., Slav *ne id. (B B 1039; T-F 292;
Grundriß II/3 977). Short variant of *nè. T BSW 196; H AEEW
The univerbated *ne ainaz (ON neinn 233; W-H II 161–162; M-
‘any’, OE nán ‘no one, none’, OFris nèn,  II 132–133; P I 764; F-
nàn id., OS nèn ‘not’, OHG nein id.) is  494; V ANEW 406; Z
structurally close to Lat nòn ‘not’< *ne- I 154; O 607; B Nom.
oino-. Another univerbation (Goth niba, 186–187; K-S 584.
nibai ‘if not, but not, unless’, ON nefa ‘if *neftiz sb.f.: ON nipt ‘female relative, sis-
not’, OS neba id., nebo, OHG nibu id.) ter’ (contamination with ò-stem), OE nift
reminds Slav *ne bo ‘for, because, or’. As ‘granddaughter, niece’, OFris nift ‘niece’,
to *ne ke (OS nec ‘and not’), it can be MLG nichte id., OHG nift, nifta ‘niece,
identical with Lith nègi id. (H step-daughter’. Close to Skt napt≈- ‘daugh-
KZ XLVII 309). P Kelt. Gr. I ter, granddaughter’, Av naptì- ‘grand-
156; T-F 288; T BSW daughter’, Lat neptis id., OIr necht ‘niece’,
194–195; H AEEW 231–232; OLith neptE ‘granddaughter’ (G KZ I
W-H II 150–151, 157 (Lat 434). Further connected with *nefò¶(z).
*neg(i) reconstructed from negò); F B 1039; P Kelt. Gr. I
374–375; M II 120; P I 93; T-F 292; Bù RFV LXV
756; C SGGJa I 86; F 329; T BSW 196; H
488–489; V ANEW 406–407; O AEEW 236; W-H II 161;
605, 613; L GED 265–266; M II 133; P I 764;
neftiz 284 neujaz
F 494; V ANEW 410; Z- gi-nist ‘release, salvation’, OHG gi-nist ‘cure,
 II 214; O 609; S healing’. Derived from *nesanan. Cf. also
Kinship 53; K-S 587. *nestan. F 195–196; S 359;
*nemanan str.vb.: Goth niman ‘to take’, L GED 146; B Nom.
ON nema id., OE niman id., OFris nema 143.
id., OS niman id., OHG neman id. Related *nestjan sb.n.: ON nisti ‘brooch, pin’.
to Gk n°mv ‘to deal out, to distribute’. Probably, to *natjan. W-H
H Idg. Gr. I 328 (to Lat emò ‘to buy’, II 172–173; V ANEW 408.
Lith imù, iMti ‘to take’); T-F 293; *nestjanan wk.vb.: ON nesta, nista ‘to pin,
M BSL XXXIV/103 69–70 (from to nail fast’, OE nestan ‘to spin’, MHG
*ni- and *em- as in Lat emò ‘to take’); nesten ‘to tie, to lace up’. Derived from
M IF XVIII 238–240; F *nestjan. T-F 296; H
375–376; H AEEW 236; AEEW 234; V ANEW 408.
J IEW 692; P I 763; *neuxsjanan wk.vb.: Goth bi-niuhsjan ‘to
V ANEW 407; O 611; F II spy out’, ON nÿsa ‘to pry, to enquire’,
302–304; B IEL 67–69; S- OE neós(i)an ‘to search out, to find out’,
 357–359; L GED 266–267; OS niusian ‘to investigate’, OHG niusen ‘to
K-S 585. work on smth.’. Close to Slav *n’uxati ‘to
*neme¶az sb.m.: OFrank nimid ‘holy smell’ < *neuks- (D VW II 116).
grove’. Related to or borrowed from Cel- U PBB XXX 267 (same as
tic: Gaul nemhton ‘sacellum’, OIr nemed D); G Got. 48 (to
‘holiness’. T-F 294; P I *neujaz); B IF XIII 153–155 (to
764. Skt návate ‘to go, to move’); T-F
*nenþanan str.vb.: OHG pret. gi-nand ‘to 299; H KZ LXIX 116–117,
strive’. Related to Toch A nati ‘might, AEEW 234; F 93–94; P I
strength’, OIr néit ‘battle’ < *nanti-. T- 768–769; C SGGJa I 81;
F 292; P I 755; V V ANEW 413; S LS 40;
N-7; S 359; L GED 31. L GED 71.
*nesanan str.vb.: Goth ga-nisan ‘to re- *neujanan wk.vb.: Goth ana-niujan ‘to
cover, to be saved’, OE nesan ‘to escape’, renew’, OESc ater-nya id., OS niwian id.,
OS gi-nesan id., OHG gi-nesan ‘to become OHG niuwen id. Derived from *neujaz.
healthy’. Related to Toch A nas-, B nes- Structurally close to Slav *noviti ‘to renew,
‘to be’, Skt násate ‘to approach, to join’, to make new’. F 377; V ANEW
Gk n°omai ‘to return’ (M JA XVII 412; H 426; T
456). T-F 296; F 195–196; ESSJa XXV 232–233.
H AEEW 234; J *neujaz adj.: Goth niujis ‘new’, ON nÿr id.,
IEW 693–694; M II 146; OE níwe id., OFris nì, nìe id., OS niuwi
P I 766–767; V ANEW 405; id., OHG niuwi id. Identical with Skt
F II 304–306; S 359–360; návya- ‘new, young’, Gk ne›ow ‘new’, OIr
L GED 146; K-S 313; núe id., Lith naUjas id. Further related to
A TB 344–346. IE *ne⁄o-: Hitt ne⁄a- id., Toch A ñu, B
*nestan sb.n.: ON nest ‘provisions, viands’, ñuwe id., Skt náva- ‘new, fresh, young’, Gk
OE nest ‘provisions, victuals’, OHG wega- n°ow id., Lat nouus id., OLith navas id.,
nest ‘provisions for journey’. Derived from Slav *nov˙ id. (G KZ I 433).
*nesanan. T-F 296; H K NB II 370; T-F 298;
AEEW 234; V ANEW 408; S T BSW 194; F 377–378;
359; L GED 146; B H AEEW 236; W-
Nom. 78. H II 181; P Festschr. De-
*nestiz sb.f.: Goth ga-nists ‘salvation’, OS brunner 343–349, Gliederung 203; M-
neujaz 285 nè
 II 144–145; P I 769; (to *nòwaz); K Glotta II 353;

Bù II 502; F 487–488; V F 101–102 (to IE *nàu- ‘to torment’);
ANEW 412; F II 297–298, 306–307; P I 767; V ANEW 46;
O 608; L Verschärfung 16.21; L GED 77.
L GED 267–268; B *neuwòjanan wk.vb.: OHG niuwòn ‘to
Nom. 255; H 425–426; K- make new, to renew’. Derived from *neu-
S 587; T ESSJa XXVI jaz. Structurally identical with Hitt
9–13; A TB 269; B IFTJa ne⁄a¢¢- id., Gk neãv id., Lat (re)nouàre id.
244. W-H II 181; F II 297–
*neujunò sb.f.: ON nÿjung ‘novelty, 298; L GED 268.
news’, OHG niuwunga ‘renewal’. Derived *newun num.: Goth niun ‘nine’, ON níu
from *neujaz. H 426. id., OE nion id., OFris nigun id., OS nigun
*neur( j)òn sb.n.: ON nÿra ‘kidney’, ME id., OHG niun id. Continues IE *(e)ne⁄–
nére id., MLG nère id., OHG nioro id. id.: Toch AB ñu, Skt náva, Arm inn, Gk
Continues *neg ⁄hro-. Related to Gk pl. §nn°a, Lat novem, OIr noí n-, Lith devynì,
nefro¤ id., Lat Praenestine pl. nefrònès Slav *dev\t¸. T-F 295; H-
‘kidneys, testicles’ (B BB III 105;  AEEW 236; S Kl. Schr.
W IF XIX 102). F Festschr. 496; W-H II 179–180; F
Bloomfield 140 (to IE *(s)neu- ‘to drip’); 378–379; P Gliederung 155; M-
Z Gutt. 100; T-F 289;  II 141–142; P I 318–319;
W-H II 156–157; P I N Sprache VIII 130; F 92;
319; V ANEW 413; Z II 217; V ANEW 410; F I 519–520;
F II 310; O 505; S O 611; L Verschärfung 16.21;
IBK XV 193–194 (related to Lat rèn ‘kid- L GED 268–269; T
ney’ < *regno- metathesized from *negro-); ESSJa IV 222–223; R-B Numerals
K-S 588. 589–590; K-S 587; A
*neutanan str.vb.: Goth niutan ‘to attain, TB 268; B IFTJa 244.
to enjoy’, ON njóta ‘to use, to enjoy’, OE *newun¶iz num.: ON níund ‘body of
neótan id., OFris niàta id., OS pres. niotan nine’. Derived from *newun. Deriva-
id., OHG niozan ‘to make use of’. See tionally close to Skt navatí- ‘nine tens’,
*nautan. T KZ XXX 562 (to Slav *dev\t¸ ‘nine’. T-F 295;
Lat nùtriò ‘to suckle, to feed’); T-F P I 318–319.
299–300; M IF XVIII 235 (to *newun¶òn ~ *newunþòn ord. num.:
Skt nudáti ‘to push, to impel, to remove’); Goth niunda ‘ninth’, ON níundi id., OE
F 379; H AEEW 234; nioäa id., OFris nigunda id., OS nigundo,
J IEW 688–689; P I niguäo id., OHG niunto id. Derived from
768; C SGGJa I 77; V *newun. Structurally similar to Toch B
ANEW 410; O 605; S 361; ñunte id., Gk ¶natow id., Alb nëntë ~ nand
L GED 269; K-S id., OPrus newìnts id., Lith deviñtas id.,
313–314. Slav *dev\t˙ id. and the like, from *ne⁄–to.
*neuwanan ~ *nùwanan str.vb.: Goth T-F 295; H AEEW
b-nauan ‘to rub’ (secondary -au- < *-ò-), 236; S MLN XL 25–27; F
ON núa id., OHG (h)niuwan ‘to pulverize, 378–379; P I 318–319; F
to grind’. Related to Skt návate ‘to turn’, 92; V ANEW 410; F I 519–520;
Gk neÊv ‘to nod, to wave’, Lat nuò id. L GED 268; T ESSJa
G Got. 52 (reconstructs Goth IV 222; R-B Numerals 630–631;
*hnauan = Gk knÊv ‘to scratch’); T- O AED 291–292; A TB 269.
F 298 (to Skt kß»áuti ‘to whet, to *nè ptcl.: Goth ne ‘no, nay’. Related to Skt
sharpen’); M IF XVII 150–151 nà ‘not’, Lat nè ‘not, lest’, OIr ní ‘not’,
nè 286 nèmiz
Slav *nî ‘not’. W-H II *nèxwa-mèaz sb.m.: ON ná-mágr ‘near

150–151; F 373; M II 120 relative by marriage’, OE neáh-m≠ ‘near
(on “Ved nà ‘not’”); P I 757; kinsman’, MLG nàmàge id. Compound of
O 605; T ESSJa XXIV *nèxw(a) and *mèaz. C Nom. comp.
91–93. 86 (parallel formations).
*nèbrò ~ *nèbriz sb.f.: ON næfr ‘birch *nèxwa-westiz sb.f.: ON ná-vist ‘pres-
bark’, MLG dèver id. (with assimilation in ence’, OE neáh-west ‘nearness, neighbor-
the anlaut). Probably related to Lith hood’. Compound of *nèxw(a) and *westiz
n‚besis ‘weakling’. T-F 293 (to I. T-F 290; C Nom. comp. 58.
Skt nábhate ‘to burst, to tear’); F *nèxwènan ~ *nèxwjanan wk.vb.: ON
489–490 (Lith n‚besis built on nebe ‘now ná ‘to reach, to get’, OE e-n≠an ‘to
more’); A TB 441 (to Toch B mape approach’, OHG nàhen id. Derived from
‘ripe’). *nèxw(a). Z Gutt. 191; T-F
*nè¶ròn ~ *na¶ròn sb.f.: ON naära 290; H AEEW 232; F 373;
‘adder, viper, snake’, OE nædre id., OS V ANEW 402–403; L GED
nàdra id., OHG nàtara, nàtra id. An ablaut 265.
variant of *na¶raz (F I 504). T- *nèxwun¶ò sb.f.: ON nánd ‘neighbor-
F 291–292; H AEEW 230; hood, proximity’, OHG adv. nàhunt
Z II 183; O 11–12; K- ‘recently’. Cf. Goth neundja ‘neighbor’.
S 583. Derived from *nèxw(a). F 373;
*nèxw(a) adv.: Goth ne ‘near’, ON ná- V ANEW 405.
ligr id., OE neáh id., OFris nèi id., OS nàh *nèjanan wk.vb.: MLG neien ‘to sew’,
id., OHG nàh id. An old compound of OHG nàien, nà(w)en id. Etymologically
*ne- ~ *nò (cf. Lith nuõ ‘from’, Slav *na related to Gk n°v ‘to spin’, Lat neò id. <
‘on’) and *ok ⁄- ~ *6k ⁄- ‘eye, sight’ *neƒò. T-F 288; W-H
(B Grundriß II/2 799). Cf. in par- II 159–160; M III 534 (on
ticular Lith pranókti ‘to ferry across’, Latv Dhàtup. Skt snàyati ‘to wrap’); P I
nàkt ‘to get there’ (Z Gutt. 66–67). 973; F II 311–312; O 606.
W PBB XXIV 530 (to *nòaz ~ *nèman sb.n.: Goth anda-nem ‘receiving,
*nòxaz); E Laty“. predl. I 127–129, acceptance’, ON nám ‘learning, study’,
KZ LXII 23–28; T-F 289–290; OE fem. nám ‘seizure of property’. Long
F IF XXXIII 352 (from *ene˚- grade derivative of *nemanan. Cf. with the
‘nectere’); T BSW 200; same ablaut grade Toch B ñemek ‘harvest’
S JEGP XXX 157 (on in < *nèm-oko- (A TB 271). T-
Goth); H AEEW 232; F F 293; H AEEW 231; F
373; O ANF XXXI 10–12; P 47; V ANEW 404; S 358;
I 40; F 511; V ANEW L GED 34–35; B
402–403; O 610; L GED Nom. 63.
265 (to Skt ná≤ati ‘to draw near, to *nèmiz adj.: Goth anda-nems ‘acceptable,
arrive’); B Nom. 257–258; pleasant’, ON næmr ‘keen, sharp, quick at
K- S 579, 581. learning’, MLG an-nàme ‘acceptable’,
*nèxwa-frijòn¶z sb.m.: ON ná-frændi OHG nàmi id. Derived from *nemanan.
‘near kinsman’, OE neáh-freónd ‘near K NB I 96–97; T-F
friend, near relation’. Compound of 293–294; W NP 113; F 47;
*nèxw(a) and *frijòn¶z. C Nom. comp. P I 763–764; V ANEW 413;
87 (parallel formations). S 358; B Nom. 260–
*nèxwa-lìaz ~ *nèxwa-lìòn adj.: ON 261; M Festschr. Schröder 99–100,
ná-ligr ‘near’, OHG nàh-lìhho ‘almost’. De- 117, KZ CV 108; H 424–425;
rived from *nèxw(a). V ANEW 404. K-S 39, 312.
nèmjanan 287 niþjaz
*nèmjanan wk.vb.: ON næma ‘to bereave, I 761; Z II 171; F II

to deprive’, OE e-n≠man ‘to take away’. 319–320; O 609; B
Derived from *nèman. H Nom. 213; K-S 590.
AEEW 230; V ANEW 413. *nistan sb.n.: OE nest ‘nest’, MLG nest id.,
*nèþanan str.vb.: Goth niþan ‘to help, to OHG nest id. Identical with Toch B lesto
support’. Identical with Skt nàthate ‘to ask ‘nest’, Skt nì∂á- ‘resting-place, abode,
for help’ (F I 96). F Language nest’, Arm nist ‘place, location, residence’,
XXIII 420–421 (to OIr snád- ‘to pro- Lat nìdus ‘nest’, MIr net id., Lith lìzdas id.
tect’); T-F 291; F 376; (with irregular l-), Slav *gnîzdo id., with
M II 151–152; P I 754; irregular anlaut and *-î- < *-oi- (S
S 360 (Goth -i- for -e-); L KZ XL 415). P Kelt. Gr. I 88,
GED 267. 419; T-F 297; H
*nèþlò sb.f.: Goth neþla ‘needle’, ON nál AEEW 234; W-H II 167–
id., OE n≠dl id., OFris nèdle id., OS nàdla 168; M II 171–172; P I
id., OHG nàdala id. Derived from 887; F 383; O 607; V
*nèjanan. T-F 288; K Nom. W 261, LP XXV 13–15 (con-
Stamm. 52; H AEEW 229–230; nects Toch B lesto with OPruss lasto ‘bed’
F 374; P I 973; V ANEW < *les- ‘weak’); B Nom. 55;
404; Z I 147; O 606; K-S 586.
T Etim. 34–36, Rem. 114–115 *niþan£ adv.: ON neäan ‘from beneath,
(close to Slav *snovadlo ‘wooden plank in from below’, OE neoäan, neoäane ‘down,
weaving’, a thematized variant of *(s)neu- beneath, below’, OS nithana id., OHG
tlo-); L GED 265; K-S nidana id. Derived from *niþaz. T-
580. F 297; H AEEW 237;
*nèþò sb.f.: ON náä ‘rest, quietness, peace’, V ANEW 406; O 88; K-
OFris nàthe ‘mercy, grace’, OS nàtha S 588.
‘mercy, grace’, OHG gi-nàda id. Related *niþaz adj.: OE superl. niäemest ‘lowest’,
to Skt nàtha- ‘refuge, relief, help’. Derived OFris bi-nitha ‘beneath’, OS nithe id.,
from *nèþanan. T-F 291; P OHG nida ‘underneath’. Derived from IE
I 754. *ni- ‘down’. T-F 297; P I
*ni¶wò sb.f.: Goth nidwa ‘rust, decay’. 312–313.
From *ni-t⁄à, a derivative of IE *ni- *niþjaz sb.m.: Goth niþjis ‘relative, kins-
‘down’ (G Got. 166: ‘rust’ as man’, ON niär ‘son, kinsman’, OE pl.
‘sediment’, ‘deposit on iron’). O niääas ‘men’. Identical with Skt nítya-
IF V 299–301 (to Skt n≈la- ‘dark blue, ‘continual, perpetual, one’s own’ (S
black, of a dark color’, Lat niteò ‘to glit- KZ XL 412–413). W KZ XXXIV
ter, to shine’); L Studien 60 (same as 495–496 (from *neptƒo-); M BSL
O); F ANF V 111; T-F XXX 51, Etudes 393 (same as W);
298; F 375; P I 312–313; T-F 292; B IF XXXIII
V ANEW 409; L GED 266. 304 (close to S); H
*nikwiz ~ *nikwuz sb.m.: ON nykr AEEW 237; F 376–377 F
‘water goblin, grey water-horse’, OE nicor ZfslavPh XX 62–63, KZ XLII 260;
‘water monster, hippopotamus’, MLG M II 162–163; P I 311;
necker ‘water spirit, water animal’, OHG B Hitt. 104 (follows S);
nihhus ‘crocodile’ (masc., neut.). Related V ANEW 409; Z I 138 (from
to Skt nénekti ‘to wash, to cleanse’, Gk Slav *netij¸ ‘nephew’); M KZ LXXI
n¤zv ‘to wash’, OIr nigid id. Z 118; M Jazyk 23–24 (same as
Gutt. 92; T-F 297; H Z); L GED 267; B-
AEEW 235; M II 179; P  Nom. 84.
niþò 288 nòmjanan
*niþò ~ *niþan sb.f./n.: ON niä ‘the *nìþjanan wk.vb.: ON níäa ‘to libel, to
wane of the moon’, OE niä ‘abyss’. Sub- revile’, OHG nìden ‘to revile’. Derived
stantivized *niþaz. H AEEW from *nìþan ~ *nìþaz. T-F 298;
237; V ANEW 408. H AEEW 237; V ANEW
*niþr(a) adv.: ON niär ‘down’, OE niäer 409.
‘down, beneath, below’, OFris nither, neder *nòbriz adj.: ON nœfr ‘clever, skilled’, G
id., OS nithar id., OHG nidar id. See *niþròn. dial. nüeber ‘lively, spright’ ( B
T-F 297; H AEEW 237; IF XIV 260). Identical with Arm nurb
V ANEW 409; K-S 588. ‘narrow, thin, sharp’ (L Arm. St. 64–
*niþrai adv.: ON niäri ‘down, beneath’, 65).  B IF XIV 260; T-
OE niäere id., OHG nidaro id. Derived F 292, 569; P I 973–974;
from *niþr(a). T-F 297. S Arm. 440; V ANEW 414;
*niþròn adj.: ON neäri ‘lower’, OE neoäera H 427–428.
id., OFris nithera id., OS nithiri id., OHG *nòa-lìkaz adj.: ON g-nóg-ligr ‘abundant’,
nidari id. Comparative form based on IE OFris nòge-lik ‘befitting, adequate’.
*ni- ‘down’, cf. Skt nitaràm ‘downwards’. Derived from *nòaz ~ *nòxaz. H-
Further see *niþan£. H AEEW  428.
237; M II 162; P I 312; *nòaz ~ *nòxaz adj.: Goth ga-nohs
O 608. ‘enough, sufficient’, ON g-nógr id., OE e-
*niþròjanan wk.vb.: ON niära ‘to put nó id., OFris e-nòch id., OS gi-nòg id.,
down’, OE niäerian ‘to bring low’, OFris OHG gi-nuog id. Related to *naxa.
nithria, netheria ‘to abase’, OS nitharòn id. T-F 289; F 196; V ANEW
Derived from *niþr(a). H 180; O 315; S 355; L-
AEEW 237; V ANEW 409.  GED 70; M KZ CV 118–119;
*nì(t) ptcl.: Goth nei ‘not’, ON ní id. H 428–429; K-S
Continues an earlier *ne it related to Skt 314; K-S 314.
net, ned ‘absolutely not’, Av nòit id. *nòiþò sb.f.: ON nœgä ‘plenty, abun-
(O PBB VIII 312) or to Lat nì dance’, OHG gi-nuogida ‘sufficiency’.
‘not’, OIr ní id., Lith neÛ ‘nor, than’, Slav Derived from *nòaz ~ *nòxaz. V
*ni ‘nor’. B 1072–1079; ANEW 414; H 428.
T-F 288; Z IF IV 471; *nòjanan ~ *nòxjanan wk.vb.: Goth
W-H II 166; F 373–374; ga-nohjan ‘to satisfy, to satiate’, ON g-nœgja
M II 120; P I 757; ‘to be enough, to suffice’, OHG gi-nuogen
V ANEW 408; F 491; ‘to be present in abundance’. Derived
T ESSJa XXV 106–107. from *nòaz ~ *nòxaz. T-F 289;
*nìþan ~ *nìþaz sb.n./m.: Goth neiþ F 196; V ANEW 181; H-
‘envy, spite’, ON níä ‘libel’, OE níä ‘envy,  428.
hatred, enmity’, OFris nìth ‘envy, hatred’, *nòjaz adj.: ON sbst. nœgi ‘contentment’,
OS nìth ‘enmity, hatred’, OHG nìd OHG gi-nuogi ‘sufficient, rich’. Derived
‘wrath, hatred’. Close to W nwyd ‘passion from *nòaz ~ *nòxaz. H
< *nei-to-, OIr níth ‘combat’ < *nì-tu- and 428.
Toch B ñyàtse ‘danger, plague, distress’ *nòmjanan wk.vb.: OFris nòmia ‘to
< *nìtƒo- (H TIES V 137–139). name’, MLG nòmen id., MHG be-nuomen
Further related to *naitjanan. T-F id. Derived from *namòn ~ *nam(n)an with
297–298; H AEEW 237; F the long grade attested outside Germanic
374; P I 760; C in Lat nòmen and Skt nàman- ‘name’, Av
SGGJa I 97; V ANEW 409; Z nàman- id. B 1062–1063;
II 171; O 611; L GED 265; W-H II 173–174; M-
K-S 585; A TB 273.  II 153; P I 321; O
nòmjanan 289 nurþrò(n)
602; D BSA 14 (traces of the bary- 50–51; A TB 347; B IFTJa
tonic variant without shortening). 247.
*nòsò sb.f.: Norw nòs ‘muzzle, snout’, OE *nuxtiz sb.f.: ON g-nótt ‘abundance,
nose, nosu ‘ness, promontory’. Connected plenty’, OE e-nyht id. (fem., neut.), OHG
with *nasò. Retains the original long gi-nuht id. Derived from *naxa (with a sec-
vocalism of nom. sg. *nàs-. T-F ondary analogical vowel). T-F
295; H AEEW 238; P I 289; V ANEW 180; S 355;
755. B Nom. 142.
*nòtò sb.f.: ON nót ‘net’. Etymologically *numjòn sb.m.: Goth arbi-numja ‘heir,
close to Lat nòdus ‘knot’ (B inheritor’, OHG nòt-numeo ‘robber’. De-
Tot. 60). See *natjan. T-F 291; rived from *nemanan. F 56; S
W-H II 172–173; K 358; B Nom. 182.
SuV 76; P I 535; C *numòn sb.m.: ON her-numi ‘captive’, full-
SGGJa I 88; V ANEW 412; O numi ‘practised, experienced’, OE irfe-numa
608; D Vºddhi 308–310; L ‘heir’, OFris erf-noma id., OHG sigi-nòmo
GED 263; G Wurzelnomina ‘winner’. Derived from *nemanan. H-
454–457.  AEEW 239; V ANEW 412;
*nòwaz sb.m.: ON nór ‘ship’. Related to S 358; B Nom. 177.
Skt náu- id., Gk naËw, Hom nhËw id., Lat *numtiz ~ *numtò sb.f.: Goth anda-
nàuis id., OIr nau id. P UUÅ numts ‘acceptance’, OHG numft ‘robbery’.
1891 142 (to IE *sneu- ‘to flow’); Goes back to *nemanan. B Verba-
M IF XVII 149 (to *neuwanan ~ labstr. 72 (Goth -mt- < *-mft-); S
*nùwanan); T-F 288–289; H- KZ XLII 92; B Grundriß I 386
 AEEW 238; W-H II (new formation); F 47; S 358;
148–149; M II 181; P I L GED 35 (agrees with B).
755–756; S KZ LXXIII 185– *nurþan£ adv.: ON noräan ‘from the
187; V ANEW 411; Z II 228; North’, OE noräan id., MLG norden
F II 292–293. ‘northwards’, OHG nordana id. Derived
*nu adv.: Goth nu ‘now’, ON nú id., OE nú from *nurþaz. H AEEW 238;
id., OFris nù id., OS nu id., OHG nu, no V ANEW 411.
id. Related to Hitt nu ‘now’, Toch A nu, *nurþa-weaz sb.m.: ON Nor-egr
B no ‘however, but’, Skt nú, nù ‘now, now ‘Norway’, OE norä-we ‘way to the
then, certainly’, Av nù ‘now’, Gk nu, nËn North’. Cf. also MLat Northwegia.
‘now’, OIr nu, nú ‘now’, Lith n~ id., Slav Compound of *nurþaz and *weaz.
*n˙ ‘and, but’. Cf. also the univerbation V ANEW 411.
of *nu xwe > Goth nauh ‘still, yet’, OFris *nurþaz sb.m.: ON norär ‘North’, OE adv.
noch id., OS noh id., OHG noh id. norä ‘northwards’, OFris adv. north id.,
S Plur. 219 (on the alternation *u: OS adv. north id., OHG nord ‘North’
*ù); O Morph. Unt. IV 272–274, (masc., neut.). Related to Gk n°r-ye(n)
351; K KZ XXXI 337; B- ‘from beneath’, n°rterow ‘underground’,
 1088–1089; B IF Umbr nertru ‘sinistro’ (B BB III 105:
XXXIII 175; T-F 298; T- together with Skt naraka- ‘hell’, Gk ¶neroi
 BSW 201; H AEEW 239; ‘those below, those beneath the earth’).
F 371, 380; M II 175–176; T-F 295; H AEEW
P I 770; F 509–510; 238; H KZ LXXI 100; P I
V ANEW 412; F II 325; O 765–766; C SGGJa I 108;
616; L MSS XXXIV 80–81; L- V ANEW 411; F I 514–515;
 GED 264, 269; K-S O 614; K-S 591.
590, 593–594; T ESSJa XXVI *nurþrò(n) adv.: ON norär ‘northwards’.
nurþrò(n) 290 òþalan
Derived from *nurþaz. Cf. a similar deri- W NP 59–60; H

vational pattern in Gk n°rterow ‘under- AEEW 239; F 522; V ANEW 413;
ground’. T-F 295; F I 514– O 605; S 361; B-
515.  Nom. 242, 260; M Festschr.
*nutan sb.n.: ON not ‘use, utility’, E to note Schröder 96, KZ CV 101; H
‘useful’. Derived from *neutanan. S- 429–430; K-S 594.
 361. *nutjò sb.f.: ON nyt ‘profit, use’, OE nytt
*nuti-samaz adj.: ON nyt-samr ‘useful’, ‘use, advantage, profit’, OHG nuz ‘use’
MLG nut-sam id., OHG nuzzi-sam id. (masc.). Related to *neutanan. T-F
Compound of *nutiz and *samaz. C 299–300; H AEEW 239; V
Nom. comp. 91 (parallel formations). ANEW 413; S 361; L GED
*nutiz ~ *nutjaz adj.: Goth un-nuts ‘use- 269; B Nom. 112.
less, foolish’, ON mál-nytr ‘yielding milk’, *nutjòjanan wk.vb.: ON nytja ‘to milk’,
OE nytt ‘useful’, OFris nette id., OS nutti OE nyttian ‘to make use, to enjoy’, OHG
id., OHG nuzzi id. Cf. also ON nÿtr ‘fit, nuzzòn ‘to utilize’. Derived from *nutjò.
usable’ < *neutjaz. Related to *neutanan. T-F 299; H AEEW
K NB I 91; T-F 299; 239; V ANEW 413; H 430.
ò
*òberaz ~ *òberan sb.m./n.: OE ófer fear’. Causative of *òa, *aanan. T-
‘edge, border, margin’, MLG òver ‘bank, F 9; H AEEW 244; F
shore’, MHG uover id. Close to Gk 380; J IEW 17–18; P
≥peirow id. < *àperƒos (L KZ VII I 7; V ANEW 684; S 362;
180). T-F 28; H L GED 270.
AEEW 240; P I 53; F I 640; *òxstaz ~ *òxstòn sb.m.: ON (h)óstr
K-S 845. ‘throat’, OE óhsta ‘armpit’. Derived from
*òbjanan wk.vb.: ON œfa ‘to exercise’, OS *axsò. S IF XXXV 155; H-
òbian ‘to celebrate solemnly’, OHG uoben  AEEW 243; P Gliederung
‘to practice’. Related to Skt àpas- ‘work, 110; P I 6; V ANEW 421.
religious action’, ápas- ‘work, action’, Av *òsaz ~ *òzòn sb.m.: ON óss ‘river
àpah- ‘working’, Lat opus ‘work’. T- mouth’, OE ór ‘beginning, origin’ (neut.),
F 16; W-H II 217–218; óra ‘bank’ (masc. n-stem). Related to Skt
M I 38, 75; P I 780; às- ‘mouth’, Av àh- id., Lat òs id., OIr
V ANEW 684; H 431. á id. B 345; T-F 29;
*òbriz adj.: ON œfr ‘vehement, angry’, H AEEW 241; W-
MHG uober ‘active’. Related to *òbjanan. H II 224–225; M I 84;
T-F 16; P I 780; V P I 784; V ANEW 421.
ANEW 684; H 431. *òþalan ~ *òþilan sb.n.: Burg *oþil
*òa pret.-pres.: Goth og ‘to fear’. Created ‘estate’, ON óäal ‘nature, property,
on the basis of vestigial *aan. T- hereditary property, inheritance’, OE
F 9; F 380–381; P I 7; masc. óäel ‘home, native country’, éäel ‘resi-
S 362; L GED 270. dence, property, inheritance’ (also masc.),
*òjanan wk.vb.: Goth ogjan ‘to frighten, OFris èthel id., OS òthil id. (also masc.),
to scare’, ON œgja id., OE on-éan ‘to OHG uodil ‘property’. Cf. also Goth utal
òþalan 291 pèlaz
‘name of the o-rune’. Vºddhi of *aþalan. ON óäal-torfa ‘patrimonial land’, OE éäel-

T-F 10; N PBB XLI turf ‘native soil’. Compound of *òþalan ~
385–436; H AEEW 244; F *òþilan and *turban ~ *turbò(n). C
233, 537; P I 71; V ANEW Nom. comp. 55.
415; Z II 171; O 619; *òþljan sb.n.: Goth haim-oþli ‘patrimonial
P Denkschr. Günter 15; L land’, ON œäli ‘family estate’. Derived
GED 170, 384; K 712. from *òþalan ~ *òþilan. F 233; V
*òþala-turbòn ~ *òþila-turbò sb.f.: ANEW 684.
p
*pa¶¶òn sb.f.: OSwed padda ‘toad’, ME > OFris pand ‘pledge’, OS pant id., OHG
padde id., MLG padde, pedde id. Probably pfant id. (S ZDADL XXXVII
related to Lat badius ‘brown, chestnut- 124–127), *pan¶inaz could be recon-
colored’, OIr buide ‘yellow’. U structed. However, this etymology is
PBB XXII 199 (to Gk bãtraxow ‘frog’); problematic since forms in -n¶- are not
W-H I 92; M Gém. the earliest. Connected with *pannòn >
186; P I 92; V ANEW 422; OE panne ‘pan’, OFris panna id., OS
O 640; L Expr. 299; K- panna id., OHG pfanna id.? H
S 607. AEEW 244; O 659 (*pan¶an < OFr
*pai¶ò sb.f.: Goth paida ‘tunic, shirt’, OE pan < Lat pannus ‘piece of cloth’), 665;
pád ‘coat, cloak’, OS pèda ‘garment’, K Lingua XXVI 311; K-
OHG pfeit ‘shirt’. Borrowed from *baità, S 624–625 (based on Lat pondus
an Oriental word attested in Gk ba¤th ‘weight’); B OFED s.v.
‘coat made of leather’ (T ZdWf VII *paþaz sb.m.: OE pæä ‘path’, OFris path
261–263). B BSL XXXVI 151– id. (neut.), MLG pat id., OHG pfad id.
152 (from Illyrian, cf. Alb petk ‘clothes, Borrowed from Iran dial. *paþa- id., cf.
garment’); Z Gutt. 24; K OPers acc. sg. payim (B APS III
Germanen 195; T-F 217; H- 1–3; B BSL LVIII 41–43).
 AEEW 244; F 381–382; T-F 217 (to Lat baetò ‘to go’);
K KZ LXXI 121–123; P H AEEW 244; P I 809;
Sprache I 138; P I 92–93 (related O 657; M KZ LXXXIV
to Gk ba¤th); Z I 147; F I 224–230; G KZ XCIV 208–217;
210–211; L GED 271; O AED M Germ. Rek. 110 (from Celt *batos <
317 (Alb petk derived from petë ‘layer’); *g ⁄6tos); L Festschr. Knobloch
K-S 624. 223–230 (to Lith gãtvë ‘path’); K-
*pampaz sb.m.: Swed pamp ‘fat person’, G S 623.
dial. pfampf id. Of imitative origin. Cf. *pennò(n) sb.m./f.: ON pinni ‘pin’, OE
Lith bámba ‘navel’, Latv baMba ‘ball’. pinn id., OS pinn id., OHG pfin ‘nail’. Cf.
P I 94; V ANEW 422 (from MIr benn ‘horn, point, tip’ < *b–d-no-.
IE *bemb-). T-F 218; H AEEW
*panninaz sb.m.: ON penningr ‘penny’, 246; P I 96–97; O 681
OE penin, pendin id., OFris penning, pan- (from Lat pinna, penna ‘wing, feather’);
ning id., OS penning id., OHG pfenning, K-S 633.
pfending id. If derived from neut. *pan¶an *pèlaz sb.m.: ON páll ’hoe, spade, pale’,
pèlaz 292 pòlaz
OE pál ‘pale, pole, stake’, OFris pàl id., 178 (contra S); Z Gutt.
OS pàl id., OHG pfàl id. Believed to be 25; T-F 221–222; H
a borrowing from Lat pàlus id. Unclear. AEEW 247; O 689.
H AEEW 244; O 693; *plextòn ~ *plextiz sb.f.: Norw dial. plitt
K-S 623. ‘quarter-deck (of a ship)’, MLG plicht
*pìkaz sb.m.: Goth peika-bagms ‘palm tree’, ‘small deck (of a ship)’, OHG pflihta
OE píc ‘point, pike’. Usually believed to ‘prow’. Probably from *pleanan ~
be a loan from Rom *pìcus (cf. *picàre ‘to *plexanan. T-F 222.
prick’). Unclear. J KZ XXXVI *plòaz sb.m.: ON plógr ‘produce, gain’,
383; M PBB XVII 33–34 (Goth form MLG plòg ‘acquisition’, MHG pfluoc ‘trade,
from Lat fìcus ‘fig’ via Celtic); T-F sustenance’. If not a metaphoric usage of
218 (to Skt neut. bìja- ‘seed’); H- *plòuz ~ *plòaz, may be derived from
 AEEW 246; F 383; O *pleanan ~ *plexanan. T-F 222.
680; L GED 272. *plòuz ~ *plòaz sb.m.: ON plógr
*pìpanan str.vb.: Swed pipa ‘to whistle’, ‘plow’, OE pló ‘land that can be plowed
MLG pipen id., MHG phifen id. Of imita- by one yoke of oxen in a day’, OFris plòch
tive origin. S 363. ‘plough’, MLG plòg id., OHG pfluog id.
*pìpòn sb.f.: ON pípa ‘pipe’, OE pípe id., Of uncertain origin. If continues *blòkó-
OFris pìpe id., MLG pìpe id., OHG pfìfa could be compared, rather shakily, to
id. Derived from *pìpanan and influenced Arm pelem ‘to dig’, W bwlch ‘crack’ < Celt
by Rom *pìpa id. H AEEW *bolko-. M IF XVII 109–110 (to
246; O 683. Lat plaumorati ‘Rhetian plough’); Z
*plaan sb.n.: ON plagg ‘luggage’, MLG Gutt. 25; U PBB XXXV
plagge ‘shred, rag’. Borrowed from an 176–177; T-F 222; H
unknown source, probably continuing AEEW 248; T PBB LXVII 131–136
*plo˚o-, to IE *ple˚- ‘to tear’, see *flaxanan. (to *pleanan ~ *plexanan); P I 96;
T-F 222; P I 835. V ANEW 426; Z II 203;
*platan sb.n.: Goth neut. or masc. plat M Jazyk 24–25 (from Slav *plug˙
‘patch’. Cf. MLG plet ‘rag, piece’ < *platja-. ‘plough’); O 689; K Slavica
Borrowed from an unknown (Balto- VIII 117–120 (from IE substratum);
Slavic?) source connected with Skt pºthú- P IuE 48–50; K-S 626–
‘wide’, Av p6r6yu- id., Gk platÊw id., Lith 627 (to Gk eÈlãka ‘plough’).
platùs id. S Urkelt. 255 (connected *pluaz sb.m.: Norw plug ‘peg, small
with Ir lonta ‘linen’); B wedge’, MLG plugge ‘wooden nail’, MHG
892–893; T-F 222; J KZ pflock ‘peg’. Despite the anlaut, related to
XXXVI 372–373; F 383–384 (from Lith plùkiu, plùkti ‘to strike, to hew’.
Slavic); P I 833; F 606; T-F 222; F 632.
F II 553–554; M Jazyk *pòlaz sb.m.: OE pól ‘pool’, OFris pòl id.,
23–24 (from Slav *polta ‘patch’); L MLG pòl id., OHG pfuol id. Cf. Norw
GED 273 (same as M). dial. pøla id. < *pòljòn. Related to Lith
*pleanan ~ *plexanan str.vb.: OE balà ‘swamp, marsh’, Latv bala ‘woodless
pleón ‘to risk, to expose to danger’, OS valley’, Slav *bal˙ka ‘ravine’ (Z KZ
plegan ‘to be responsible for’, OHG pflegan XXXVII 390), hardly connected with IE
id. Of unknown origin. Cf. also *plextiz > *bhel- ‘white’. U PBB XVII
OE pliht ‘danger, damage’, OFris plicht 439–440 (to Lith báltas ‘white’, Slav *bolto
‘care, protection’, MLG plicht ‘duty, ‘marsh’); T-F 218; H
obligation’, OHG pfliht ‘duty, pledge’. AEEW 248; P I 119; O 696;
S BB XVII 166 (to Lat bu-bulcus V-T I 115–116; K-
‘herdsman’); L KZ XXXVII S 627.
pran( j)anan 293 puttjaz
*pran( j)anan str.⁄wk.vb.: Goth ana- ‘head, tree top’. Despite the anlaut,
praggan ‘to press upon, to oppress’, Du might be derived from *p¬Hno- ‘full’ or
prangen ‘to pinch’, MHG phrengen ‘to hem borrowed from an unknown source con-
in, to drive into a corner’. Related to tinuing this IE form. T-F 220
*pranò. F GGA 1894 32 (to Lat breuis (from *pulna-, to Lat bulla ‘bubble,
‘short’); T-F 221; F 43; P- boss, knob’); P I 799–800;
 I 103; O 646, 715; S C SGGJa I 83 (to Lith balà
364; S LS 15–16; L GED 32. ‘swamp’).
*pranò sb.f.: OSw prang ‘narrow street’, *punaz sb.m.: Goth puggs ‘purse, small
ME prange ‘narrowing’, MLG prange bag’, ON pungr id., OE pun id., MLG
‘pinching instrument, pole’, OHG *pfranga punge id., OHG scaz-pfung ‘money-bag’.
‘pole’. Probably to be compared with Probably connected with *pukòn. U-
Toch AB prä«k- ‘to stay away’ (K  PBB XX 44 (from Slav *p‡gy
Toch. 13). J KZ XXXVI 346 ‘tassle’); G Got. 170–171
(to Gk brÒgxow ‘throat’); Z Gutt. (probably from Rom *punga ‘bag’ <
25–26; P Beiträge 870; G- MGk); J KZ XXXVI 367 (to
 Got. 23 (to Lith brañktas ‘part of Skt baka- ‘a kind of heron (?)’); T-
harness for a horse’, brangà ‘knee (in a F 219; M-L REW 567;
boat)’); T-F 221 (to Slav *pr\gti ); H AEEW 250; F 385 (from
F 43; P I 103; F 54; an unknown source); P I 100;
S LS 15–16 (to Lith brangùs ‘dear, Z I 134; C Lat. 66, 77
costly’); L GED 32. (from MLat punga ‘purse’); G
*preunaz sb.m.: ON prjónn ‘knitting nee- RG 28–29 (MLat punga < Gmc);
dle’, OE preón ‘pin, brooch, fastening’, L GED 274.
MLG prèn ‘puncher, awl’. Related to Lith *pursaz ~ *pursan sb.m./n.: ON pors
briaunà ‘edge, keel’ < *breunà. B ‘a kind of onion, Myrica gale’, MLG
ANF XXII 128–129; T-F 220; pors id. Borrowed from an unidentified
H AEEW 249; P I 170 IE source related to Lat porrum ‘onion’,
(reconstructs *bh-); F 57 (Lith Gk prãson id. < *pºsom. T-F 220
briaunà to *brùwò); V ANEW 428; (to Gk beirÒn, berrÒn: dasÊ, Hes., Lat
H KZ XCVI 95–100 (dubious Gmc burra ‘shaddy garment’); W-H
parallels); L GED 275. II 343.
*prikan ~ *prikò sb.n./f.: Icel prik *pusòn sb.m.: ON posi ‘little bag’, OE
‘point’, OE pricu id., masc. pricu id. Of posa, pusa ‘bag’, OHG pfoso id. Of un-
unknown origin. T-F 221 (to Lith certain origin. Probably connected with
brë≥ìs ‘scratch, crack’). *pukòn, *punaz, *pùsaz or borrowed from
*prikòjanan wk.vb.: Icel prika ‘to prick’, Celtic, cf. MIr búas id. T-F 220;
OE prician id. Derived from *prikan ~ J KZ XXXVI 357; H
*prikòn. T-F 221. AEEW 248; P I 101; V
*pukòn sb.m.: ON poki ‘bag, pouch’, ANEW 427; Z I 154.
ME pocce id., MDu poke id. Of uncertain *putòjanan wk.vb.: Icel pota ‘to stick’, OE
origin. T-F 219; H potian ‘to push, to thrust’. Any connection
AEEW 248; P I 100 (to IE *beu- with *bautanan? T-F 219.
‘to swell’); V ANEW 427 (to Lat bucca *puttaz sb.m.: ON pottr ‘pot’, OE pott id.,
‘cheek, mouthful’); O 691, 692 (the OFris pot id., MLG pot, put id. Cognate
ME form is from Northern OFr poque, of or, rather, early borrowing from Lat
poke). buttis ‘barrel’. T-F 219; K-
*pullaz adj.: ON sbst. pollr ‘pool, pond’, S 643.
EFris pol ‘round, full’, MLG sbst. pol *puttjaz ~ *puttjò sb.m./f.: ON pyttr
puttjaz 294 raxò(n)
‘pool’, OE pytt ‘pit, hole’, OFris pett (< Lat puteus); P I 99; V
‘puddle’, MLG putte id., OHG pfuzza ANEW 430; K-S 628.
‘well, fountain’. Can be formally identical *pùsaz sb.m.: ON púss ‘small bag, purse’,
with Gk bÊzon: puknÒn, sunetÒn, gaËron LG pùse id. Probably related to Gk bun°v
d¢ ka‹ m°ga (Hes.). J KZ < *bus-n-°v ‘to fill up’, Alb mbush ‘to fill’
XXXVI 353 (semantically influenced by < PAlb *en-busa. See *pusòn. T-F
Lat puteus ‘well’); H AEEW 251 220 (to Skt busa- ‘chaff ’); P I 101.
r
*rabaz sb.n.: ON rafr ‘amber’, NFris reaf Lith r∏piu, r∏pti ‘to grasp’. (U PBB
id. Derived from *rebanan. Semantically XXXVI 31). See *rafaz. F III 338;
based on the magnetic power of amber, B BB III 73; T-F
cf. T PJa II 215 (on Balt *gintar- 338; H AEEW 256; W-
to Lith gìnti ‘to defend’, giñti ‘to drive H II 417–418; P I 865;
(away)’). M ZdWf II 285 (related to F 721–722; V ANEW 436;
*erpaz); P I 334; V ANEW F I 553.
431. *raftraz sb.m.: ON raptr ‘rafter’, OE ræfter
*ra¶ò sb.f.: ON r‡ä ‘row’, MLG rat id. id., MLG rafter ‘small beam’. Related to
Connected with *raþan ‘wheel’. F III *rèfan ~ *rèfòn. T-F 338; H-
337 (to *raþjanan ~ *raþòjanan); T-  AEEW 253; V ANEW 434.
F 337 (to Lith r∏das ‘order’); H- *rainan sb.n.: Goth ragin ‘advice, deci-
 AWN 235 (to Lat ratis ‘raft, float’); sion’, ON pl. regin ‘gods’ (= *‘advisors’),
P I 59; V ANEW 457. OE ren-weard ‘mighty guard’, OS raginò
*rafaz sb.m.: ON rafr ‘fat and fins of a giskapu ‘divine destiny’, OHG prop. Regin-
flounder’. Unless a metaphoric usage of frid. Connected with Toch A rake, B reki
*rabaz, related to IE *rep-: Gk §r°p- ‘word’, Slav *rekti ‘to speak’. Z
tomai ‘to feed on’, Alb rjep ‘to strip off, to Gutt. 136; T-F 335; S
tear off ’, Lat rapiò ‘to seize and carry off, JEGP XV 251; H AEEW
to snatch’, Lith r∏piu, r∏pti ‘to grasp’ 256; F 392; P I 863; V
(B GGA 1898 555). T- ANEW 436–437; V-T III
F 337; W-H II 417; 478; L GED 280; B IFTJa
P I 865; F I 553; O AED 254.
372. *rainòjanan wk.vb.: Goth raginon ‘to
*rafilaz sb.m.: ON refill ‘tapestry, hang- govern, to counsel’, ON regna ‘to swear’,
ings’, EFris rafel ‘fibre’, Du rafel id. OE renian ‘to set in order, to arrange’.
Derived from *rafaz. T-F 337. Derived from *rainan. H
*rafisjanan ~ *rafisjòjanan wk.vb.: AEEW 256; F 392; V ANEW 437;
ON refsa ‘to punish’, OE ræpsan ‘to prove L GED 280.
(?)’, OS respian ‘to punish, to chasten’, *raxò(n) sb.f.: ON rá ‘sail-yard, pole’,
OHG refsen ‘to punish, to rebuke’. Based MLG rà ‘sail-yard’, OHG raha ‘shuttle’.
on an s-stem (cf. Skt rápas- ‘defect, Derived from *reanan. Can be further
injury’) related to Gk §r°ptomai ‘to feed compared with Lith rãkas ‘term’, Latv raks
on’, Lat rapiò ‘to seize, to grasp’, Alb rjep ‘aim, boundary’ (F 121). T-
‘to strip off (skin or bark), to tear off ’, F 335; P I 863; C
raxò(n) 295 raikjanan
SGGJa I 73; V ANEW 430 (to ON horse’, OS brande-rèda ‘andiron, fire-dog’,
regg ‘a kind of ship’); K-S 664. OHG reita ‘wagon’. Derived from
*raibò sb.f.: ON pl. reifar ‘swaddling *rì¶anan. Cf. Gaul rèda ‘wagon’, OIr
clothes’. Related to *rifan (T-F ríad ‘driving, riding’. T-F 344;
345). P I 858. H AEEW 252; P
*raibòjanan wk.vb.: ON reifa ‘to swad- Gliederung 120; P I 861; C-
dle, to enrich, to rip up, to disclose’, OE  SGGJa I 97; V ANEW 437;
á-ráfian ‘to unrove, to unwind’. Derived Z II 194; O 770; S
from *raibò. T-F 345; H- 367; B Nom. 107.
 AEEW 254; V ANEW 437 (to *raiò ~ *raixò sb.f.: ON rá-merki ‘land-
*rìfan); L GED 310 (to *raipan ~ mark’, OE r≠w, ráw ‘row, line’. Cf. also
*raipaz). MLG rige ‘row, order’, OHG riga ‘line’ <
*rai¶az ~ *rai¶jaz adj.: Goth ga-raiþs *riò. Identical with Skt rekhà ‘stroke,
‘arranged, determined’, ON greiär ‘ready, line’. Further to Skt rikháti ‘to scratch’,
free, straight’, OE r≠de ‘ready’, OFris rèd, Gk §re¤kv ‘to rend, to bruise’, Lith ri‚kti
rède id., MLG rède id., OHG gi-reiti id. ‘to cut bread’. T-F 343; M-
Derived from *rì¶anan (S Erw.  III 58; P I 862; F
60: from *rai¶ò ). Close to OIr réid ‘level, 729; V ANEW 430; F I 551–552;
easy’, W rhwydd ‘easy’ (V R- O 775.
16–17), Lith raidùs ‘upright’, Latv raids *raixa-bukkaz sb.m.: ON rá-bukkr ‘roe-
‘ready’ (P Beiträge 856–857; buck’, MLG rè-bok id., OHG rèh-boc id.
Z KZ XXXVI 66). K NB Compound of *raixòn and *bukkaz.
I 107; T-F 344; F 197, 393; C Nom. comp. 84 (parallel formations).
H AEEW 252–253; P I *raixòn sb.m.: ON rá ‘roe’ (fem., from
60; F 687–688; V ANEW *raixò ), OE rá, ráha id., OS rèho id., OHG
186, 437; L GED 280–281; rèho id. Of unknown origin. S
L-S I 283–285; H- ANT 109–112; P PBB XL 101
 433–434; K-S 98; (to Skt ®≤ya- ‘deer’); T-F 332 (to Ir
A TB 531 (adds Toch AB rätk- ‘to ríach ‘grey’); H AEEW 254;
heal’). P I 859; V ANEW 430 (to Ir
*rai¶ìniz sb.f.: Goth ga-raideins ‘regulation, ríach ‘grey’, Lith raÛbas ‘multicolored’);
rule’, OE r≠den ‘condition, stipulation, Z II 183; O 771; W
rule’. Derived from *rai¶janan. H- KZ CVII 141–142 (to Gk zÒrj ‘roebuck’,
 AEEW 253; F 197; B- W iwrch id.); K-S 675.
 Nom. 148. *raikjanan wk.vb.: OE r≠can ‘to reach’,
*rai¶janan wk.vb.: Goth raidjan ‘to di- OFris rèka id., MLG reiken, rèken id., OHG
rect, to mandate’, ON reiäa ‘to bring, to gi-reihhen id. Identical with Lith rái≥ytis ‘to
serve, to make ready, to make to ride, to keep stretching’ further related to OIr
carry’, OE e-r≠dan ‘to arrange, to dispose, rigim ‘to stretch’, Lith réi≥u, réi≥ti ‘to
to direct’, OHG bi-reiten ‘to prepare’. stretch, to tighten’ (Z Gutt. 198–
Derived from *rai¶az, *rì¶anan. T- 200). W BB XXVIII 58 (to
F 344; H AEEW 252; Lith r∏≥ti ‘to cut’); W MLN XXVI
F 393; P I 60; C 166 (same as W); P
SGGJa I 76; V ANEW 437 (to Latv Beiträge 150, 941; T-F 342; V-
riest ‘to arrange’); L GED 280–281  MSL XV 363–365 (also to Lat
H 434. rigeò ‘to be stiff ’); T BSW
*rai¶ò sb.f.: ON reiä ‘riding, raid, vehicle’ 242; H AEEW 252; P I
(pl. -ar, -ir reflecting *rai¶iz), OE rád ‘rid- 862; F 715; V ANEW 438;
ing, road’, OFris ràf-rèd ‘ride on a stolen O 742.
rainò 296 rakjanan
*rainò ~ *rainaz sb.f./m.: ON rein ‘strip V ANEW 439; O 744; S
of land’, MLG rèn, rein ‘balk, ridge as a 372.
boundary’, OHG rein ‘demarcation line *raisò sb.f.: late ON reisa ‘journey’, OFris
on the ground’. Identical with OIr roen reise id., OHG reisa id. Derived from
‘way, mountain chain’, Bret rùn ‘hill’ < *rìsanan. T-F 346; S 372.
*roino- (F II 234) and further related *raitjanan wk.vb.: ON reita ‘to stir’, OHG
or borrowed to Slav *rîn¸ ‘sandbank’. reizen ‘to stir, to irritate’. Causative of
P Beiträge 769; P Kelt. Gr. I *rìtanan. T-F 343.
58; P Beiträge 773; T-F 332; *rakan ~ *rakò I sb.n./f.: ON pl. r‡k
P I 857–858; V ANEW 438– ‘reason, ground, origin, sign’, OE racu
439 (to *raixò ); V-T III 470. ‘explanation, account, narrative’, OS raka
*raipan ~ *raipaz sb.n./m.: Goth skauda- ‘situation, talk’, OHG rahha ‘thing, talk’.
raip ‘thong, strap’, ON reip ‘rope’, OE Substantivized *rakaz. T-F 333;
ráp id., OFris ràp id., MLG rèp ‘sling, H AEEW 251; P I 856;
rope’, OHG reif ‘rope, cord’. Of un- V ANEW 458; Z II 175;
known origin. Z Gutt. 27; T- L GED 280.
F 345; H AEEW 255; F *rakan ~ *rakò II sb.n./f.: ON rak ‘rak-
430; P I 858; V ANEW 439 ings of hay in a field, wick’, OE racu ‘hol-
(to *rainò ~ rainaz); Z II 172; low path, bed of a stream’. Derived from
O 773; L GED 310 (to Gk *rakaz. Or identical with *rakan ~ *rakò I?
§r¤pnh ‘cliff ’, Lat rìpa ‘bank’); K- T-F 333; H AEEW
S 676. 251; V ANEW 432.
*raipjanan ~ *raipòjanan wk.vb.: ON *rakaz adj.: ON rakr ‘straight’, MLG adv.
reipa ‘to fasten with a rope’, OE r≠pan rak id. Derived from *rekanan. Cf. *rankaz.
‘to bind with a rope’ MLG rèpen ‘to Formally can be equated with Lat rogus
measure’. Derived from *raipan ~ *raipaz. ‘funeral pile, grave’ < *ro·os (F GHÅ
H AEEW 253; V ANEW XLIV/1 24). K NB I 71; Z
439. Gutt. 198; T-F 333; P I
*rairjanan ~ *rairòjanan ~ *rìrènan 856; V ANEW 432; H 436.
wk.vb.: Goth reiran ‘to tremble’, OE rárian *rakentjan ~ *rakentjò(n) sb.n./f.: ON
‘to wail, to roar’, MLG ràren, rèren ‘to pl. rekendr ‘chain’, OE racente id., OHG
roar’, OHG rèren id. Based on an old per- rahhinza id. Derived from *rakaz. T-
fect reduplication *rai-rèi- as in Skt lelàyati F 333 (to *rakkòn II); H
‘to move to and fro, to quiver, to trem- AEEW 251; V ANEW 440.
ble’ (F Anglia LIX 139, 182; *rakò sb.f.: Swed raka ‘rake’, OE raca
J Stative 71–72). B IF V id. (masc.), racu id., OS raka id. Related to
176 (Goth from Arm ererem ‘to tremble’); *rekòn II. T-F 334; K-
T-F 341 (separate Goth from S 671.
WGmc); H AEEW 255; F *rakjanan wk.vb.: Goth uf-rakjan ‘to
397; M III 112; P I stretch’, ON rekja ‘to spread out, to
862; C SGGJa I 75; N unfold’, OE reccan ‘to stretch’, OFris rètza
Sprache XXVII 10–12 (reconstructs *reir-); ‘to reach, to give’, OS rekkian ‘to explain’,
L GED 285–285; K-S OHG recken ‘to reach, to guide, to ex-
690. plain’. Derived from *rekanan (G KZ
*raisjanan ~ *raizjanan str.vb.: Goth LXXIII 162–163). S KZ XXXVII
ur-raisjan ‘to raise, to rouse’, ON reisa ‘to 278–279 (to *strakkjanan); T-F 333;
raise’, OE r≠ran ‘to rear, to raise’. H AEEW 256; F 513;
Causative of *rìsanan. T-F 345– V ANEW 440 (to Lat regò ‘to keep
346; H AEEW 253; F 527; straight, to guide, to draw the bound-
rakjanan 297 raskuz
aries’); O 735; S 373; L- *ran¶iz sb.f./m.: Burg *rands ‘edge of a
 GED 284; K-S 672. shield’, ON r‡nd ‘border, rim, shield’, OE
*rakkjòn sb.f.: ON rekkja ‘bed’, MLG recke rand ‘brink, edge, margin, shore, shield’,
‘rack’. Derived from *rakjanan. V OFris ràd-rond ‘edge, rim, shield’, OS rand
ANEW 441. id., OHG rant ‘shield buckle, edge’. See
*rakòjanan wk.vb.: ON raka ‘to rake, to *ren¶ò. T-F 339 (from *ram-¶-,
sweep away’, MLG raken id. Derived to *ramò ); H AEEW 254;
from *rekanan. T-F 334; V P I 864; Z II 210;
ANEW 432; L GED 284. V ANEW 458; O 738; L
*rakkòn I sb.m.: ON rakki ‘dog’, OE ræcc GED 286; K 712; K-S
‘dog that hunts by scent’. Related to 665–666.
*rakjanan. U PBB XXVI 570; *ran¶ò sb.f.: Norw rand ‘cross-beam’, G
H AEEW 252; M Gém. dial. rante ‘bar’. Identical with *ran¶iz.
180; V ANEW 432. T-F 339 (to Lith raMtis ‘prop,
*rakkòn II sb.m.: ON rakki ‘ring by banister’).
which the sail-yard moves round the *rankaz adj.: ON rakkr ‘straight, slender’,
mast’, OE racca ‘cord which forms part OE ranc ‘proud, haughty’, MLG rank
of the rigging of a ship’. Derived from ‘long and thin’. Related to Skt ºñjati, ®jyati
*rakaz. H ANF LXIX 195–209 (to ‘to stretch’, Lith rë≥ti, rå≥yti ‘to tighten, to
*rakkòn I); T-F 332; H elongate’ (H IF XXXII 337).
AEEW 251; M Gém. 193; K NB I 53–54; Z Gutt. 198;
P I 863 (to Skt ra≤anà ‘rope, cord, T-F 334; S PF XIV 601–
bridle’); C SGGJa I 106; 602 (to WSlav *r‡‘¸ ‘fast’); T
V ANEW 432. BSW 244; H AEEW 254;
*rammaz adj.: Burg *rams ‘strong; ram’, M I 121; P I 857;
ON rammr ‘strong, mighty’, OE sbst. F 711, 726; V ANEW 432;
ramm ‘ram’, MLG sbst. ram id., OHG O 738–739; H 437;
sbst. ram id. Related to *remiz. K K-S 666.
NB I 67, II 230; T-F 339 (to OIr *rankjanan wk.vb.: ON rekkja ‘to strain,
remor ‘thick, fat’), 340 (*rammaz ‘ram’ to to stretch out’, OE á-rencan ‘to make
Lith ∏ras ‘lamb’, Lat ariès ‘ram’); H- proud’. Derived from *rankaz. H-
 AEEW 254; M Gém.  AEEW 257; V ANEW 441.
175; V ANEW 432; O 737; *rannjanan wk.vb.: Goth ur-rannjan
K 712; H 436; K- ‘to make emerge, to make rise’, ON renna
S 665. ‘to run’, OE ærnan ‘to run’, OS rennian ‘to
*ramò sb.f.: MLG rame ‘stand, frame’, gather’, OHG gi-rennen ‘to coagulate’.
OHG rama, hrama ‘pillar’. Derivationally Causative of *rennanan. Similar to Slav
close to Lith pã-rama ‘prop’. Based on IE *roniti ‘to pour, to drop’. T-F 17;
*rem-: OIr fo-rim- ‘to put’, Lith remiù, reµti T BSW 236–237; H
‘to support’. See *rammaz. T-F AEEW 12; F 527; V ANEW 442;
339; H SVSL VII 108–119 (to S 376; V-T III
*xram(m)janan); P I 864; F 501; L GED 285; K-S
718; V ANEW 432–433; Z II 680.
210; L GED 285. *raskuz ~ *raskaz adj.: ON r‡skr
*ranaz adj.: ON sbst. rani ‘snout’, MHG ‘brave, vigorous’, ME rash id., MLG rasch
adj. ran ‘slender, slim’. Derived from ‘quick, fast’, OHG adv. rasco id. May be
*rennanan (P SVSU 1912/10 769). directly related to Thrac prop. ÑRãskow
P I 329 (to OIr rind ‘top’); V (D Trakite 65). T-F 341
ANEW 433. (to *raz¶ò and further to Skt rasati ‘to
raskuz 298 rau¶a-brunaz
roar’); K-S 667 (to *raþaz or Identical with Lat ratiò ‘reckoning,
*xraþaz). account’ (F 394) based on rèor ‘to
*rastò sb.f.: Goth rasta ‘mile’, ON r‡st reckon, to calculate, to believe’. B
‘measure of length between two rest- MSL VII 137–138 (from Lat ratiò ); T-
places’ (pl. i-stem), OE rest ‘rest, quiet’, F 336 (derived from *raþjanan ~
OS rasta ‘rest, place of rest’, OHG rasta *raþòjanan); P I 59 (against
‘rest, league’. Of uncertain origin. B); W-H II 419–420;
A KZ I 360; F KZ XXII 375 S Kl. Schr. 511; C
(to *ròwò ); M IF XVIII 237 (to SGGJa I 90; L GED 281–282 (to
*raznan II); W MLN XXV 74 (to Gk *ra¶an in *xun¶a-ra¶an); K-S
§rastÒw ‘charming’); T-F 340 (to 673.
OIr árus ‘dwelling’); H AEEW *raubjanan wk.vb.: ON reyfa ‘to rob’, OE
254; F 394; P I 338–339; be-rÿfan ‘to bereave’, OHG roufen ‘to pull,
V A-90 (to OIr áros ‘residence’); to pluck’. Derived from the unattested
V ANEW 458; Z II 217; str. *reubanan, cf. *raubò ~ *raubaz.
O 760; L GED 281 (fol- T-F 352; H AEEW
lows F); B Nom. 116–117 259; V ANEW 442; S 379.
(from *raþjanan ~ *raþòjanan). *raubò ~ *raubaz sb.m./f.: ON rauf
*raþan sb.n.: OFris reth ‘wheel’, OS rath ‘hole, rift’, OE neut. réaf ‘spoil, booty’,
id., OHG rad, hrad id. Related to Skt OFris ràf ‘loot, booty’, OS ròf ‘booty’,
rátha- ‘chariot, car’, Av raya- ‘chariot’, OHG roub id. Related to Skt rúpyati ‘to
Lat rota ‘wheel’, OIr roth id., Lith rãtas suffer racking pain’, Lith raupiù, raUpti ‘to
id. B 1506; T-F dig’, rupùs ‘rough’. Particularly close
336; W-H II 443–444; M- to Skt neut. ropa- ‘hole, cave’, Slav *rupa
 III 38–39; P I 866; ‘pit’. W IF XIV 402–406;
F 703; K-S 663. T-F 352; T BSW 240;
*raþaz adj.: Goth comp. raþizo ‘simpler, H AEEW 255; Bù RFV
easier’, MLG ge-rade ‘immediate, quick’, LXXV 141–142; S KZ LXVIII
MHG ge-rat, ge-rade ‘growing straight 125; M III 68–69; P
upwards’. Historically identical with I 870; F 707–708, 750; V
*raþan (T-F 336). S ANEW 435; O 744; S 379;
PBB XLVIII 83–84; F 394 (against L GED 72; B Nom.
T-F); H AEEW 252; 53; V-T III 518; K-
M-E III 514 (to Skt S 669; B OFED s.v.
ºtí- ‘row, quarrel’, Gk ¶riw ‘strife, quar- *raubòjanan wk.vb.: Goth bi-raubon ‘to
rel’); P I 866; V ANEW 457; rob’, ON raufa ‘to rob, to spoil’, OE
L GED 282; B Nom. réafian ‘to plunder, to spoil, rob’, OFris
238; H 437–438. ràvia id., OS ròbon id., OHG roubòn id.
*raþjanan ~ *raþòjanan str.⁄wk.vb.: Based on *raubò ~ *raubaz. T-F
Goth ga-raþjan ‘to count’, OFris rethia ‘to 353; H AEEW 255; F 94;
talk’, OS reäiòn id., OHG redòn id. Back V ANEW 435; O 89–90, 744;
formation based on *raþjò(n) (K- S 379; L GED 71–72;
S 673). T-F 336 (to Lat K-S 669; B OFED
rèor ‘to reckon, to believe’); F 197; s.v.
L GED 282. *rau¶a-brunaz adj.: ON rauä-brúnn
*raþjò(n) sb.f.: Goth raþjo ‘number, ‘red-brown’, OHG ròt-brùn-pfellìn ‘of red-
counting, account, explanation’, OFris brown fabric’. Compound of *rau¶az and
rethe ‘speech, word, account’, OS rethia *brùnaz. C Nom. comp. 92 (parallel
‘account’, OHG reda ‘speech, account’. formations).
rau¶az 299 raz¶ò
*rau¶az adj.: Goth rauþs ‘red’, ON rauär P I 337; C SGGJa I
id., OE reád id., OFris ràd id., OS ròd id., 110; V ANEW 435.
OHG ròt id. Derived from *reu¶anan. *raupjanan wk.vb.: Goth raupjan ‘to
Related to OIr rúad id., Lat rùfus id. pluck’, OE rípan ‘to spoil, to plunder’,
(< *roudhos, with dialectal features), Lith MLG ròpen ‘to reap, to pluck’. Despite
raUdas id., Slav *rud˙ id. B KZ the irregular *-p-, seems to be connected
XX (1872) 6–7; K NB I 46; with *reufanan. W MLN XVI 310
S FB 44–54; T-F 351; (to Lat rubus ‘blackberry’); L PBB
Bù RFV LXXV 141; T BSW XXXII 141 (to Lith ruMbas ‘scar on the
238; F 395–396; H AEEW tree bark’); Z Gutt. 35; T-F
257; W-H II 448; J- 352; H AEEW 259; F 395;
 IEW 714–715; P 194; S KZ LXVIII 125; L GED
P I 872–873; F 704–705; 282.
V ANEW 435; O 748; S *rausan ~ *rauzan sb.n.: Goth raus
378; V-T III 513; R ‘reed’, ON reyrr id. (masc.), MLG ròr id.,
Festschr. Szemerényi 708–709; L OHG ròr id. Derived from *rùjanan.
GED 282–283; B Nom. 238; U ANF XV 157 (to Skt roßa-
H 438–439; K-S ‘anger’); H BB XXV 106–108 (to
693; B OFED s.v. Gk ˆrofow ‘pipe’); H PBB XX 234
*rau¶òn sb.m.: ON rauäi ‘red metal’, (to Slav *rogoz˙ ‘rush’); T-F 332
OHG ròto ‘red trout’. Derived from (same as H); B PBB XIII 334;
*rau¶az. Cf. Slav *ruda ‘ore, blood’ of the F 395; P I 332; M 420
same origin. No connection with Sumer (together with Slav *rogoz˙ from pre-IE);
urudu ‘copper’ (see *arutaz). S Urh. V ANEW 443; P IuE 47–48;
Idg. 296; B GuK 141; K L GED 282 (from non-IE source);
Urspr. 34; T VJa XXXIV/5 K-S 690 (to MLG rùschen ‘to
3–5; H 439. sough’, MHG rùschen id.).
*raukiz sb.m.: ON reykr ‘smoke, steam’, *rautaz sb.m.: OHG ròz, hròz ‘weeping,
OE réc ‘smoke’, OFris rèk id., OS ròk id. wailing’. Identical with Skt róda- id., cf.
(<*raukaz), OHG rouh id. (<*raukaz). also Lith raudà ‘lamentation’. Derived
Derived from *reukanan. Z Gutt. from *reutanan I. Cf. also ON fem. raust
164; T-F 349 (to Alb re ‘cloud’ ‘voice’ < *raustò. T-F 351; M-
< *rougi-); R KZ LV 138–149;  III 77; P I 332, 867;
H AEEW 259; P F 704.
Gliederung 177; P I 872 (to *reu-g- *rautjanan wk.vb.: ON reyta ‘to pluck, to
‘to vomit’); V ANEW 443; Z pick’, MLG rétin ‘to make rot (of flax)’,
II 188; O 749; S 380; B- MLG ròten id., MHG rœzen ‘to make rot-
 Nom. 133; K-S ten’. Causative of *reutanan II. T-
669. F 350.
*raukjanan wk.vb.: ON reykja ‘to smoke’, *raz¶ò sb.f.: Goth razda ‘language,
OE récan id., OFris rèka, rèza id., MLG speech’, ON r‡dd ‘voice’ (partly <
roken id., OHG rouhhen id. Derived from *raz¶iz), OHG fogal-rarta ‘bird’s song as
*raukiz. H AEEW 259; V an omen’. Cf. also OE fem., neut. reord
ANEW 443. ‘speech, tongue, language, voice’ < *rez¶ò
*raunò sb.f.: ON raun ‘trial, experiment, ~ *rez¶an. Probably, goes back to *redh-
experience’, OFris ràn ‘attempt, trial’. An dhè- similar to *˚er dhè- ‘to believe’. See
archaic ablaut grade related to *rùnò. *rè¶anan. S KZ I 154; G-
B KZ XX (1872) 9–10; T-F  Got. 175 (to Gk =Òyow ‘sound,
349 (to Gk ¶reuna ‘inquiry, search’); noise’); T-F 340; H
raz¶ò 300 rextaz
AEEW 257–258; F 396 (to *rè¶anan or id., MLG regen-boge id., OHG regan-bogo
to Skt rásati ‘to roar, to yell, to sound’); id. Compound of *renan ~ *renaz and
P I 852; V ANEW 457; *buòn. T-F 273; C Nom.
Z II 194; L GED 283. comp. 51; K-S 674.
*raznan sb.n.: Goth razn ‘house’, ON rann *renan ~ *renaz sb.n.: Goth rign
id., OE ærn ‘place, habitation, house’, ‘rain’, ON regn id., OE ren id. (masc.),
OFris fìa-ern ‘cattle shed’. Continues OFris rein id. (masc.), OS regan-, regin id.
*rodh-sno- related to Slav *rod˙ ‘kin’, Latv (masc.), OHG regan id. (masc.). Similarity
rads id. A KZ I 360; M with Lat rigò ‘to moisten, to irrigate’ and
IF XVI 142 (to *rastaz); T-F 340; Alb rrjedh ‘to flow’ deserves attention
T BSW 234; H (H BB XXVI 136: also a wrong
AEEW 12; F 396; P I 339 (to comparison with Gk br°xv ‘to wet, to
*erH- ‘to rest’); T VJa VI/2 88 rain’; W-H II 435). Gmc
(against traditional comparisons of the *renan ~ *renaz could be then a deriva-
Balto-Slavic word with Skt várdhati ‘to tive in *-no-. Z Gutt. 136; T-
increase’); V ANEW 433; Z F 335–336; T apud F
I 143; O 75, 760; V- (from *re˚-no-, to ON raki ‘dampness,
T III 490–491; L moisture’); H GRM VIII 368
GED 283. (to Gk =Òxyow ‘roar, thunder’), AEEW
*raznòn sb.m.: Goth ga-razna ‘neighbor’, 256; W-H II 435; F
ON g-ranni id. Derived from *raznan. 397; P I 857; E-M
F 197; V ANEW 184. 573–574 (isolated character of Lat rigò );
*rebanan str.vb.: MHG reben ‘to move, to C SSGJa I 55; Z II
stir’. Probably related to Lat rèpò ‘to 172; V ANEW 432, 437 (follows
crawl’, OPrus rìpaiti ‘to follow’. T- T); O 737; S Kl.
 BSW 246; P I 865, 853 (to Schr. 476; L GED 284; K-
MIr reb ‘game, perfidy’ < *rebhà). S 674; O AED 387.
*rebjan sb.n.: ON rif ‘rib’, OE ribb id., *rena-skùrò sb.f.: ON regn-skúr ‘shower’,
OFris rib id., OS ribbi id., OHG ribbi id. OE ren-scúr id. Compound of *renan ~
Closely connected with Slav *rebro id. and *renaz and *skùrò. C Nom. comp. 78
identical with *(ko-)reb¸je ‘rib, skeleton’. (parallel formations).
T-F 338; H AEEW *rena-wurmaz ~ *rena-wurmiz
258, AWN 228; S KZ XLII 233, sb.m.: Swed regn-orm ‘earthworm’, OE
Kl. Schr. 372; P I 30, 853; ren-wyrm id., OS regan-wurm id., OHG
C SGGJa I 80; V ANEW regan-wurm id. Compound of *renan ~
444; Z I 145; O 766; *renaz and *wurmaz ~ *wurmiz. C
S LS 44; V-T Nom. comp. 51.
III 453; T ESSJa XI 49–50 *renjanan wk.vb.: Goth rignjan ‘to rain’,
(reconstructs *ko-rebr¸je); K-S ON regna, rigna ‘to rain’. Derived from
688. *renan ~ *renaz. T-F 336; H-
*reanan str.vb.: MHG regen ‘to rise’.  AEEW 260; V ANEW 437,
Related to *er(e)·h- in Gk ¶rxomai ‘to 445; L GED 284.
come’, Alb aor. erdha ‘to come’, and *rexta-lìkaz adj.: ON rétt-ligr ‘just, due’,
probably also OIr imper. eirg ‘to go’. OFris riuchte-lik ‘just, fair, legal’, MDu
S KZ XXXVIII 160 (on Celtic); reht-lìk ‘just, fair’, OHG rehtlìh ‘just, right
T-F 334; P I 327–328, (of faith)’. Derived from *rextaz. H-
863; F I 572; O AED 508.  442.
*rena-buòn sb.m.: ON regn-bogi ‘rain- *rextaz adj.: Goth raihts ‘straight’, ON réttr
bow’, OE ren-boa id., OFris rein-boga ‘upright, straight’, OE riht ‘straight, right’,
rextaz 301 rekwez
OFris riucht ‘right, correct’, OS reht ‘good, *rekanan str.vb.: Goth rikan ‘to heap up,
true, right’, OHG reht ‘straight’. Close to to rake up’, ME reken ‘to stoke a fire’,
Av ra“ta- ‘straight (way)’, Gk ÙrektÒw OFris reka ‘to gather’, MLG reken ‘to stoke
‘stretched out’, Lat rèctus ‘straight, up- a fire’, MHG rechen id. Connected with
right’, OIr recht ‘law, authority’ (V‘ Toch AB räk- ‘to extend, to cover’, Skt
228–229). Derived from *rekanan. B- ®jyati ‘to stretch’, ®ñjati id., Lat regò ‘to
 1516; K NB II 327; direct in a straight way’, Gk Ùr°gv ‘to
T-F 333–334; F 393; H- stretch’, OIr rigim ‘to stretch out’, Lith
 AEEW 260; W-H II rë≥iu, rë≥ti ‘to tighten, to elongate’
424; H EG V 84–86; G KZ (M IF XVII 145). Z Gutt.
LXXIII 161; P Gliederung 122; 198; T-F 334; F 397–398;
P I 854–857; V ANEW 442; H AEEW 255; W-
F II 413; O 767; B H II 426–427; M I
IEL 309, 311; S 373; L 121; P I 854–856; F 711,
GED 281; B Nom. 252; H- 726; F II 412–413; O 737; S-
 441–442; K-S 672.  373–374; L GED 284–285;
*rextinò ~ *rextunò sb.f.: ON rétting K-S 671; A TB 529–530.
‘correction’, OE rihtun ‘direction, guid- *rekenaz adj.: OE recen ‘ready, prompt’,
ance, correction’, OHG rehtunga ‘direc- OFris rekon ‘clear, open’. Derived from
tion, justification’. Derived from *rextaz. *rekanan. Derivationally close to MIr rigin
T-F 334. ‘stiff, rigid’ (H IF XX 329).
*rextìn sb.f.: Goth ga-raihtei ‘justice, right- H AEEW 256; P I 856;
eousness’, ON rétti ‘straight direction’, OS O 746.
rihti ‘canon, rule’, OHG rehtì ‘order, jus- *rekòn I sb.m.: ON naut-reki ‘herdsman’,
tice’. Derived from *rextaz. F 197; OHG anut-rehho ‘drake’. Probably derived
V ANEW 442; H 441. from *rekanan. T-F 333 (directly
*rextjan sb.n.: ON van-rétti ‘inflicted to Lat rex ‘king’, OIr rí id.); B-
wrong’, OHG in rihti ‘straight ahead,  Nom. 178.
directly’. Derived from *rextaz. H- *rekòn II sb.f.: ON reka ‘shovel, spade’,
 441. OS reka ‘rake’, OHG masc. rehho id.
*rextjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-raihtjan ‘to Derived from *rekanan. Cf. *rakò. Z
direct, to make straight’, ON rétta ‘to Gutt. 198; T-F 334; H
make straight, to make straight’, OE rih- AEEW 251; V ANEW 440; O
tan ‘to right’, OFris riuchta ‘to direct, to 737; L GED 284; K-S
speak the truth’, OS rihtian ‘to uplift’, 671.
OHG rihten ‘to direct’. Derived from *rekwez ~ *rekwaz sb.n.: Goth riqis
*rextaz. T-F 334; H ‘darkness’, ON r‡kkr ‘twilight’. Continues
AEEW 260; F 197; V ANEW 442; IE *reg ⁄os: Skt rájas ‘dust, mist, darkness’,
L GED 281; H 442; Gk ¶rebow ‘darkness of the underworld’,
K-S 685. Arm erek ‘evening’ (B apud A
*rextuz ~ *rextan sb.m./n.: ON réttr KZ I 355). Cf. also Toch A orkäm, B orkmo
‘right, law’, OE riht ‘straight object, per- ‘darkness’ < *H(o)rg ⁄-mon-. K KZ I
pendicular, right, law’, OFris riucht id., 380; G PBB XIX 527–530;
MLG richt id., OHG reht id. Substanti- Z Gutt. 18, 93; T-F 334;
vized adjective *rextaz. Derivationally cf. F 399–400; M III 34–35;
OIr recht ‘law’ < *rektu-. T-F P I 857; F II 431–432; V
334; H AEEW 260; P ANEW 456; S 374; L GED
122; V ANEW 442; O 767; 286; B Nom. 212; A TB
L GED 281. 123.
remez 302 reu¶az
*remez sb.n.: Goth rimis ‘rest, calmness’. *rennanan str.vb.: Goth rinnan ‘to run’,
Close to Gk -remow in ≥remow ‘peaceful’, ON rinna, renna id., OE irnan id., OFris
comp. ±-rem°s-terow (an es-stem as in rinna id., OS rinnan id., OHG rinnan id.
Gmc), cf. further cognates in Skt rámate Continues *ren-w- < *re-nu- related to
‘to calm, to stop, to rest’, Lith reMti to Hitt arnu- ‘to set in motion, to bring’, Skt
support’, rìmti ‘to be quiet’ (N º»óti ‘to arise, to move’, Av 6r6naoiti ‘to
apud A KZ I 358). Z KZ move’, Gk ˆrnumai ‘to begin’, Lat orior
XXIV 212; T-F 339 (to *ramò ); ‘to rise, to come forth’ (K KZ II 460).
B IF XV 103 (against isolating P Wurzelerw. 25, Beiträge 768–772
±- in Gk); T BSW 243–244; (to Slav *rin‡ti ‘to thrust’, *roniti ‘to drop’);
F 398; ’ KZ LXXIV 228; B 183–184; T-F 17;
M III 44–45; P I F 398–399; H AEEW 261;
864–865; F 695, 718; F I W-H II 222–223; M
643; C 416; L GED Gém. 69, 105; K Nasalpräsentia 94 (on
285. similarity with Skt ra»vati, pres. subj. of
*remiz sb.f.: ON rim ‘rail’, EFris rim º»óti ); P CGG 85 (to Skt rí»vati ‘to
‘rafter’. See *ramò. T-F 339; cause to flow’); J IEW 63–67;
V ANEW 446. M I 122; P I 326–332;
*remòn sb.m.: ON rimi ‘strip of land’, OE V ANEW 441–442; R IF LXX
rima, reoma ‘edge’. Related to *ramò. 25–49; O 777; F II 422–424;
T-F 339; H AEEW C 824; S 375–376
260; O 768. (from *º-n⁄- and in connection with *rei-
*ren¶ò(n) sb.f.: Norw rind ‘stripe’, OE rind, ‘to flow’); L MSS XXXV 73–92
rinde ‘bark’, OS rinda id., OHG rinta id. (*-nn- < *-nH-); L GED 285–286;
See *ran¶ò ~ *ran¶iz. T-F 339; K-S 688.
H AEEW 261; V ANEW *rennòn sb.f.: Goth rinno ‘torrent, water-
458; O 768. course’, OHG rinna ‘cataract’. Derived
*renwaz adj.: Goth un-mana-riggws ‘un- from *rennanan. F 399; S
tamed, wild (of a person)’, OFris adv. 375.
ring ‘quick, fast’, MLG ringe ‘small, easy’, *reu¶anan str.vb.: ON rjóäa ‘to redden, to
OHG ringi ‘small’. Identical with Gk adv. besmear with blood’, OE reódan id.,
=¤mfa ‘easy, light, deft, adroit, swift’ OHG riuten ‘to exterminate, to destroy’.
unless it continues *Wr°mfa ~ Lith rangùs See *rau¶az. T-F 351–352 (sepa-
‘agile, nimble’ (S GG 275). rate OHG); H AEEW 257;
Z Gutt. 100; G Got. 228 P I 869, 872–873; V ANEW
(to OE reów ‘fierce, cruel’); H 448; S 377–378; Adams TB 538
IF XX 328 (to Lat ruò ‘to hurry’); F (to Toch AB rutk- ‘to move, to remove’).
522; P I 332, 1155 (from *reu¶az adj.: Goth ga-riuþs ‘respectable’,
*⁄ren·hu-); F II 656–657; H- ON rjóär ‘ruddy, red’, OE reód ‘red, red-
 445–446; K-S 316 (to dening’. Connected with *rau¶az, *reu¶a-
Lith ”rangùs ‘rapid, actively working’). nan. K NB I 31; G
*renkaz sb.m.: Burg *rinks ‘warrior’, ON Got. 91–92 (for the semantic development
rekkr ‘straight, upright man’, OE rinc cf. Slav *krasa ‘beauty’ ~ *kras¸n˙ ‘red’);
‘man’, OS rink ‘man, hero, warrior’, T-F 351; H AEEW
OHG rinc, hrinc id. Related to *rankaz 257; F 199; P I 872–873;
(H IF XXXII 337). H- V ANEW 449; O 748; S
 AEEW 261; V ANEW 441; 378; L GED 148, 282; B-
K 713; L 225; H-  Nom. 240; H
 437. 448.
reu¶ran 303 rè¶an
*reu¶ran sb.n.: ON rjóär ‘clearing’, OE (Z ZDADL XIX 450). T-F

e-rieäre id. Derived from *reu¶anan. 348; F 400; V ANEW 455;
T-F 352; H AEEW L GED 286 (to *rùxwaz); H-
259; P I 869; V ANEW 449;  449.
K-S 683. *reurjanan wk.vb.: Goth riurjan ‘to spoil,
*reufanan str.vb.: ON rjúfa ‘to break, to corrupt’, ON rÿra ‘to make small, to
to rip up’, OE part. rofen ‘to break, to depreciate’. Derived from *reuriz. K-
rend’. Related to IE *reup-: Skt rúpyati ‘to  NB II 447; T-F 348; F
suffer racking pain’, Lat rumpò ‘to break’, 400; P I 868; V ANEW 455;
Lith rumpù, rùpti ‘to become rough, un- L GED 286; H 449
even’. Z Gutt. 35; T-F (from *rei⁄-ro-, to Lat rìuus ‘stream’).
352–353; H AEEW 257; *reutanan I str.vb.: ON rjóta ‘to roar, to
W-H II 451; J rattle’, OE reótan ‘to make a noise, to
IEW 707–711; M III 68–69; lament, to wail’, MLG rèten ‘to make a
P I 868–871; F 750; noise’, OHG riozan ‘to weep, to howl’.
V ANEW 449; O 744; S Related to Skt róditi ‘to weep, to roar’, Av
378–379; L GED 72; H- raod- ‘to lament, to wail’, Lat rudò ‘to
 447–448. roar, to bellow’, Lith raudà ‘lamentation’,
*reukanan str.vb.: ON rjúka ‘to smoke’, raudóti ‘to weep’, Slav *rydati ‘to cry’
OE reócan ‘to reek, to smoke’, OFris riàka (B II/1 458). B
‘to smoke’, MDu rieken, ruken id., OHG 1492–1493; T-F 351; T
riohhan id. Despite the phonetic differ- BSW 239–240; H AEEW 258;
ences, related to Lith r~kti id., r~kas W-H II 447; J
‘smoke, fog’. See *raukiz. Z Gutt. IEW 705–707; M III 77;
164; T-F 349; H AEEW P I 867; F 704; V
257; J IEW 713; P ANEW 449; S 380–381; V-
I 871–872 (to Lith ráugti ‘to sour’); T III 526–527.
F 747; V ANEW 449; *reutanan II str.vb.: ON part. rotinn ‘rot-
O 749; S 379–380; L ten’. Of unknown origin. T-F
GED 206; K-S 686. 350 (to Lat rùdus ‘rude mass, piece of
*reumòn sb.m.: ON rjómi ‘cream’, OE brass’); P I 869.
reóma ‘membrane, ligament’, OS riomo *rè¶a-banòn sb.m.: ON ráä-bani ‘acces-
‘thong, leather strap’, OHG riomo, riumo sory to a murder’, OE r≠d-bana id.
id. Cf. also MLG ròm, ròme ‘cream’, OHG Compound of *rè¶an ~ *rè¶az and *banòn.
roum id. (< *raumaz). Close to Lith raumuõ C Nom. comp. 55.
‘muscle, lean meat’. S IF XXI *rè¶a-ebòn sb.m.: ON ráä-gjafi ‘counsel-
180 (from *reumòn, to Av raogna- ‘but- lor’, OE r≠d-ifa id., OFris rèd-ieva ‘judge’,
ter’); S PBB XLVII 164 (from OS ràd-gebo ‘ruler’, OHG ràt-gebo ‘coun-
*sreu- ‘to flow’); T-F 348 (from sellor’. Compound of *rè¶an ~ *rè¶az and
*rùjanan); V RC XLV 351 (to Lat *ebòn. C Nom. comp. 77 (parallel
rudèns ‘rope, line, cord’); K Nom. formations).
Stamm. 46–47; H AEEW 255; *rè¶a-lausaz adj.: ON ráä-lauss ‘shiftless’,
F 707 (Lith raumuõ < *raud-m-, to OE r≠d-leás ‘ill-advised, unwise, incon-
raUdas ‘red-brown’); V ANEW 449; siderate’, OFris rèd-làs ‘without legal
O 743, 767; K-S 664, advice’, MDu ræd-loos ‘perplexed’, MHG
686–687. ràt-lòs ‘ill-advised’. Compound of *rè¶an ~
*reuriz adj.: Goth riurs ‘transient, mortal, *rè¶az and *lausaz. C Nom. comp. 90
perishable’, ON rÿrr ‘thin, poor’, OFris (parallel formations).
*riure ‘transient’. Derived from *rùjanan *rè¶an ~ *rè¶az sb.n./m.: Burg *reþs
rè¶an 304 ristjanan
‘advice’, ON ráä ‘counsel, advice’, OE r≠d T-F 338; H AWN 222;
id., OFris rèd id., OS ràd id., OHG ràt id. P I 866; V ANEW 431;
Derived from *rè¶anan. T-F 337; V-T III 471; A III
H AEEW 252; P I 60; 364 (to Osset æ ræf ‘girder’); T
V ANEW 430–431; Z II 171; VJa XXIV/1 133 (to Slav *strop˙ ‘beam,
O 748; S 366; L girder’ < * srop˙ < *˚râpo-); L
GED 148; K 713; K-S 221.
668. *rèmaz sb.m.: OHG ràm ‘dirt, soot’. Cf.
*rè¶anan str.vb.: Goth ga-redan ‘to intend, also OE rómi ‘blackened, sooty’. Identi-
to have a plan for’, ON ráäa ‘to advise’, cal with Skt ràmá- ‘black’. P I
OE r≠dan ‘to counsel, to ask advice’, 853; D VSJa 27; K-S
OFris rèda ‘to advise, to help’, OS ràdan 664.
‘to take care of’, OHG ràtan ‘to advise, to *rèsò ~ *rèsan sb.f./n.: ON rás ‘race,
consider’. Related to Skt ràdhnóti ‘to running’, OE masc. r≠s id., MLG ràs
achieve, to prepare’, Av ràdaiti ‘to pre- ‘strong current’. Related to Gk §rvÆ
pare’, OIr imm-rádaim ‘to think over, to ‘quick motion, rush, force’. T-F
consider’, Lith ródyti ‘to show’, Slav *raditi 340; H AEEW 254; P I
‘to think over, to care for’. B- 336; V ANEW 434; O 735.
 1520–1521; T-F 336–337; *rèsòjanan wk.vb.: ON rása ‘to race, to
P Kelt. Gr. I 591; T run’, OE r≠san ‘to rush, to move vio-
BSW 235; F 199; H lently’, MLG ràsen ‘to race, to rage’,
AEEW 252; J IEW 31–34; OHG ràsen id. Derived from *rèsò ~
M III 54; P I 59–60; *rèsan. T-F 340; H
F 741–742; V ANEW 431; AEEW 254; V ANEW 434, 456;
O 743; S 365–367; V- K-S 668.
T III 430; L GED 148; *ri¶òn sb.m.: ON -riäi ‘rider’ (in com-
K-S 668. pounds), OE tot-rida ‘swing (?)’. Derived
*rè¶a-snutraz adj.: ON ráä-snotr ‘clever from *rì¶anan. H AEEW 259;
with advice’, OE r≠d-snotor ‘wise in coun- S 368.
sel’. Compound of *rè¶an ~ *rè¶iz and *rifan sb.n.: ON rif ‘reef (a part of sail)’,
*snutraz. C Nom. comp. 61. MLG reff id. Related to Lith ripà ‘disk
*rè¶az adj.: Goth adv. ga-redaba ‘respect- used by children to play with’, Latv ripa
ably, commendably’, ON harä-ráär ‘hard ‘ring, round disk’. On the other hand, cf.
in counsel, tyrannical’, OE e-rád ‘consid- *rìfanan. T-F 345; P I
ered, instructed, learned’, OHG ein-ràti 858; F 737; K-S 674.
‘secret, isolated’. Derived from *rè¶an ~ *riftiz sb.f.: ON ript ‘a kind of cloth’, OE
*rè¶az. H AEEW 252; F rift, rifte ‘veil, curtain, cloak’ (neut.), OHG
198–199; S Erw. 62; S bein-reft ‘trousers’ (masc.). Derived from
366; M KZ CV 129; H *rìfanan. T-F 345; H
439–440. AEEW 260; V ANEW 447.
*rè¶jan sb.n.: ON ræäi ‘rule, manage- *ristiz sb.f.: Goth ur-rists ‘rising up, resur-
ment’, OE r≠de ‘reading, lesson’ (fem.), rection’, OE ≠rist id., OHG ur-rist id.
OFris rède ‘advice’, OS gi-ràdi id., OHG Derived from *rìsanan. H
gi-ràti ‘advice, secret’. Derived from AEEW 262; F 527; B
*rè¶an ~ *rè¶az. H AEEW Nom. 139.
253; V ANEW 456. *ristjanan wk.vb.: ON rista ‘to slice’,
*rèfan ~ *rèfòn sb.n./m.: ON ráf ‘roof ’, MLG risten id. Derived from *rìstanan.
OHG ràvo, ràfo ‘beam, girder’. Related to T-F 346; V ANEW 448 (to Skt
Slav *rîp¸j¸ ‘burdock’ (F BB VI 240). ríßyati ‘to be hurt, to be injured’).
rì¶anan 305 rìpanan
*rì¶anan str.vb.: ON ríäa ‘to ride’, OE 1943 535–537 (directly to *re·- ‘to fence’);
rídan id., OFris rìda id., OS pret. pl. umbi- J IEW 1136; P I 856;
ridun ‘to ride around’, OHG rìtan ‘to V ANEW 446; Z I 145;
ride’. Related to OIr rédid ‘to ride’, MIr V R-25; S 369; L
ríadaim id., W rhwydd-hau ‘to hurry’, Lith GED 283; B Nom. 67;
riedù, ried∏ti ‘to roll (also of a wagon)’, H 451; K-S 675–
Slav *ridati ‘to move’. T-F 343; 676.
H AEEW 259; K *rìkjanan wk.vb.: ON ríkja ‘to reign, to
594–595; J IEW 702–704; rule’, OHG gi-rìhhen id. Derived from
P 120; P I 861; F *rìkjaz. T-F 342; H
729; V ANEW 444; O 767; 450.
S 367–368; L GED 281; *rìkjaz adj.: Goth reikeis ‘noble, distin-
G Etim. 1986–1987 156–157 guished, princely’, ON ríkr ‘mighty, pow-
(Slavic reconstruction); K-S erful’, OE ríce id., OFris rìk id., OS rìki
678. id., OHG rìhhi ‘rich, mighty’. Derived
*rìfanan str.vb.: ON rífa ‘to tear’, OFris from *rìkz. T-F 342; F
rìva id. Related to Gk §re¤pv ‘to throw, 396–397; H AEEW 258;
to dash down’ (F KZ XIX 263–264). P I 856; V ANEW 446;
T-F 344; J IEW O 766; R-T IF LXXXI
698–701; P I 858; V ANEW 176–179; N KZ XCI 187;
445; F II 552; S 368; K- L GED 293; S 369;
S 676, 686. H 450–451; K-S
*rìfaz adj.: ON rífr ‘munificent, abun- 676.
dant’, OE rífe ‘rife, abundant’, MLG rìve *rìkz sb.m.: Goth reiks ‘ruler, lord, prince’.
‘wasteful, easily available’. An alternative Borrowed from Celtic, cf. OIr ríg (A
reconstruction is *rìbaz. Derived from  J MSL VII 288–290).
*rìfanan. T-F 345; H S KZ I 559 (related to Skt ràjan-
AEEW 260; P  858;  ANEW ‘king’); T-F 342; F 396–397;
445; O 767; M KZ CV 95; V ANEW 446; P I 856; E
H 442–443. BBCS XXIX 230–255; O 766;
*rìxanan str.vb.: WFris riuwe ‘to string’, R-T IF LXXXI 176–179;
MLG rigen id., MHG rìhan ‘to plait, to L GED 283; B Nom.
turn’. Related to Skt rikháti ‘to scratch’, 199; S ZfceltPh XLI 382–384;
Gk §re¤kv ‘to bruise, to pound’. M- G Wurzelnomina 350–366.
 III 58; P I 858; F II *rìman sb.n.: ON rím ‘computation’, OE
551–552; K-S 676. rím ‘number’, OS un-rìm ‘uncountable
*rìkja-¶òmaz sb.m.: ON rík-dómr ‘power, number’, OHG masc. rìm ‘row, number’.
might’, OE ríce-dóm ‘power, rule, domin- Identical with (or, more plausibly, bor-
ion’, OFris rìke-dòm ‘power, might’, OS rowed from) OIr rím ‘number’, W rhif id.
rìki-dòm ‘richness, fortune’, OHG rìh-tuom If *rìman continues an IE source, it is
id. Derived from *rìkjaz. H further connected with Toch B yärm
450. ‘measure’, Gk érar¤skv ‘to join together,
*rìkjan sb.n.: Goth reiki ‘realm, authority’, to fasten’, ériymÒw ‘number’ (P
ON ríki ‘power, might, empire’, OE ríce Beiträge 741–742). T-F 342; H-
id., OFris rìke id., OS rìki id., OHG rìhhi  AEEW 260; P I 60; F
id. Substantivized *rìkjaz or direct bor- I 139; V ANEW 446; Z II
rowing from Celtic, cf. MIr ríge ‘kingdom’ 171; S 370 (on OHG str. pret. gi-
< *rè·ƒom. T-F 342; F 396; reim); K-S 677.
H AEEW 258; T NGWG *rìpanan str.vb.: OE repan ‘to reap’. A
rìpanan 306 ròfan
variant of *rìfanan? Cf. also WGmc adj. *ròanan str.vb.: ON róa ‘to row’, OE
*rìpaz ~ *rìpiz: OE rípe ‘ripe, mature’, OS rówan id. Identical with OIr raid id., fur-
rìpi id., OHG rìf, rìfi id. T-F ther related to Lith iriù, ìrti id. T-
344; H AEEW 261; P I F 346; H AEEW 264;
858 (to *rei- ‘to tear’); O 769; J IEW 67–68; P I
S 371; M KZ CV 95; 338; F 187; V ANEW 450;
H 443–444; K-S O 775; S 381–382; K-
676. S 691.
*rìpaz ~ *rìpò sb.m./f.: Burg *ripa ‘slope, *ròb( j)òn sb.f.: MLG ròve ‘beet’, OHG
bank’, ON rípr ‘crag’, EFris rip, ripe ‘bor- ruoba id. Close to Lith rópë id., Lat ràpum
der, edge, bank, shore’, MHG rìf ‘bank, id., Gk =ãpuw id., =ãfuw id. An old cul-
shore’. Connected with *rìfanan, *rìpanan. tural loanword (H Waldbäume 350).
Despite the phonetic difficulties, it is Slav *rîpa id. goes back to the same
tempting to compare it with Lat rìpa source but, in view of its vocalism (hardly
‘bank’, W rhiw ‘slope, hill’ (in pln.). resulting from ablaut), must have been
L RC XLIII 140; T-F 344– borrowed separately. T-F 347;
345; V ANEW 447; K 713. P GL 32; T BSW 237;
*rìsanan str.vb.: Goth ur-reisan ‘to rise’, W-H II 418; P I 852;
ON rísa id., OE rísan id., OFris rìsa id., F 743; F II 645; G Etim.
OS rìsan id., OHG rìsan ‘to toss, to fall’. 55–63 (from Thrac *rãph- ‘beet’).
From *rì¶-s- related to *rì¶anan. T- *rò¶janan wk.vb.: Goth rodjan ‘to talk, to
F 345; W BB XXVIII 72 (to speak’, ON rœäa ‘to speak’, OFris rèda id.
Lith rÿtas ‘morning’); U PBB Identical with OIr no-ráidiu ‘to say’, Lith
XXX 319 (to Lat rìuus ‘small stream of ródyti ‘to show, to point to’, Slav *raditi
water, brook’); I’ IORJaS XXIII/ ‘to care for’. Connected with *rè¶anan.
2 240–241 (to Slav *rîxati ‘to roam’); T-F 347; F 400; T
F 527–528; H AEEW 261; BSW 235 P 122 (from Celtic);
J IEW 63–67; P I P I 59; C SGGJa I 68,
326–332 (to *er- ~ *or-); V ANEW 100; F 741–742; V ANEW
447 (to Skt ri»àti ‘to stream, to release’, 457; S Kl. Schr. 476; S
Gk Ùr¤nv ‘to stir, to raise’); O 769; Goten 227 (on G reden < *raþjanan semantic-
S 371–372; K-S 677. ally influenced by *rò¶janan); V-
*rìstanan str.vb.: ON rísta ‘to cut, to T III 430; L GED
slash’. Related to *rìtanan, *rìpanan. 286–287.
T-F 346 (to Skt ríßyati ‘to be hurt, *rò¶ò(n) sb.f.: Gep *roda ‘rod’, ON róäa
to be injured’); P I 859; V ‘rood, holyrood, crucifixion’, OE ród
ANEW 448. ‘pole, rod, cross’, OFris ròd, ròde ‘gallows’,
*rìtanan str.vb.: OSwed rita ‘to scratch’, OS ròda ‘pole, cross, crucifixion’, OHG
MLG rìten ‘to rend, to tear’, OHG rìzan ruota ‘branch, pole’. Of unknown origin.
id. Related to *rìpanan. P C Gr. Et. 352 (to Lat rudis ‘stirring
Wurzelerw. 12, 102–103 (to Lat irrìtò ‘to spoon’); L KZ XL 422 (to Lat
stir, to provoke’), Beiträge 773 (to Lat rìma ratis ‘raft, float’); T-F 347 (to
‘cleft, crack’ < *reid-mà); T-F 343. OCS rati“te ‘lance shaft’); H
*rìþaz sb.m.: OE ríä ‘small stream’, OS rìth AEEW 262; P I 866; V
‘torrens’. Structurally close to Skt rìtí- ANEW 450; Z II 180; O
‘stream’, W rhid ‘semen’, OIr riathor ‘tor- 772; K 715; K-S
rens’, further to *(e)rei- ‘to move, to flow’ 697 (to Lat rètae ‘trees standing on the
(P Kelt. Gr. I 67–68). T-F bank’).
341; P I 330. *ròfan sb.n.: ON staf-róf ‘alphabet’, OE
ròfan 307 ru¶ròn
sec-róf ‘host of men (?)’, OHG ruoba e-réäru ‘rudder, helm’. Derived from
‘number, sum’ (fem.). Related to IE *rep-: *ròþraz ~ *ròþran. V ANEW 457.
Gk §r°ptomai ‘to feed on’, Alb rjep ‘to *ròwaz adj.: ON rór ‘calm, composed’,
strip off, to tear off ’, Lat rapiò ‘to seize OE rów ‘quiet, calm, mild’. See *ròwò.
and carry off, to snatch’, Lith r∏piu, r∏pti K NB I 197–198; T-F 346;
‘to grasp’. For the semantic development H AEEW 264; P I 338;
cf. Lat numerus ‘number’ ~ IE *nem- ‘to V ANEW 451; H 454.
take’. H AEEW 263; P *ròwò sb.f.: ON ró ‘rest, calm, quietness’’,
I 865; V ANEW 450, 541 (to *rainò ); OE rów ‘quiet, rest’, MLG ròwe id., OHG
O 749. ruowa id. Another ablaut grade is attested
*ròkaz sb.m.: MLG ròke ‘care’, OHG ruoh in MLG ràwe id., OHG ràwa id. < *rèwò.
id. Derivationally close to Gk érvgÆ Etymologically identical with Lith rovà
‘help’. Related to *rekanan. M ‘boulder left behind on a meadow after
IF XVII 144–145 (semantic develop- the flood’ and Gk §rvÆ (pol°moio) ‘calm
ment); T-F 346–347; P I of the battle’ (F KZ XXII 375;
857; S 374 (to Gmc *rèkanan > S KZ II 375–376). T-F
OHG part. fer-ràchen ‘to indulge in vice’); 346; H AEEW 264; P I
L GED 280. 338; F 708 (Lith rovà—to ráuju,
*ròkjanan wk.vb.: ON rœkja ‘to take care ráuti ‘to scuffle’); V ANEW 449;
of, to heed’, OE récan id., OS ròkian id., Z I 149; F I 573; L
OHG bi-ruohhen id. Derived from *ròkaz. GED 281; H 454; K-
Z Gutt. 198; T-F 347; S 695.
H AEEW 262; V ANEW *ru¶an sb.n.: ON ruä ‘clearing’, OFris
457; O 746; S 374; L rothe id., OHG rod id. Derived from
GED 280, 284, 287; H 452; *reu¶anan. T-F 352; V ANEW
K-S 317. 452; K-S 690.
*ròkjaz adj.: ON rœkr ‘legitimate’, OHG *ru¶( j)an sb.n.: ON ryä ‘rust’, masc. ryär
un-bi-ruoh ‘unheeded’. Derived from *ròk- id., MHG rot id. Close to Slav *r˙dja id.
janan. H 452. See *rau¶az. T-F 351; V
*ròtaz adj.: OE rót ‘glad, cheerful’. ANEW 454.
Identical with Slav *rad˙ id. (U *ru¶ènan wk.vb.: ON roäa ‘to gleam red’,
PBB XXII 536) T-F 347; T- OHG rotèn ‘to turn red’. Derived from
 BSW 235; H AEEW *ru¶ò(n). Cf. structural parallels in Lat
263; P I 853; C rubère ‘to be red’ and Slav *rudîti ‘to
SGGJa I 85; V-T III 429; become red’ (< *roudh-). T-F
H 453. 351; H AEEW 264; W-
*ròþraz ~ *ròþran sb.m./n.: ON róär H II 444–445; V ANEW 450.
‘rowing’, OE róäer ‘rudder, oar’, OFris *ru¶janan wk.vb.: ON ryäja ‘to clear’, OE
ròder id., MLG ròder id., OHG ruodar id. ryddan ‘to strip’. Derived from *reu¶anan.
Derived from *ròanan. Cf. a similar T-F 352; H AEEW
derivational structure with a different 265; V ANEW 454.
ablaut grade in Skt arítra- ‘oar’. T- *ru¶ò(n) sb.m./f.: ON roäi ‘redness’, OE
F 346; K Nom. Stamm. 695; rudu id., MLG rode id. Related to *rau¶az.
H AEEW 264; P I H AEEW 264; V ANEW
338; V ANEW 450; Z II 450; L GED 282; B
203; O 775; S 382; Nom. 110.
B Nom. 87; K-S *ru¶ròn sb.f.: ON roära ‘blood’. Based on
695. the unattested *ru¶raz ‘red’ identical with
*ròþrjan sb.n.: ON rœäri ‘rudder’, OE pl. Toch A rtär, B ratre, Gk §ruyrÒw id., Lat
ru¶ròn 308 rupatjanan
ruber id., Slav *r˙dr˙ id. T-F 351; id. Related to Skt luñcati ‘to tear, to
H AEEW 265; S pluck’, Gk ÙrÊssv ‘to dig up’, Lat runcò
KZ LXXIII 110–111; W-H ‘to weed out, to root up’. Z Gutt.
II 444–445; P I 872–873; V 216 (to OIr rucht ‘tunica’); H
ANEW 450; F I 567–568; V- AWN 231 (to *raxò(n)); T-F
T III 453; S KZ 349–350 (to OE rene ‘spider (?)’ and fur-
LXXXI 71; R Festschr. Szemerényi ther to Gk érãxnh id., Lat arànea id.);
708–709; H 454; A TB T NNEO 541 (to *wranaz); W-
526. H II 453; M Gém. 196;
*ruiz ~ *ruòn sb.m.: ON rugr ‘rye’, M III 105; P I 869;
OE rye id., OFris rogga id., OS roggo id., V ANEW 451; F II 430–431;
OHG roggo id. Identical with Lith rug‹s O 770; K-S 690 (from
id., Slav *r˙≥¸ id. (M BB XX 121; Rom *rotica derived from Lat rotò ‘to
F BB XXIX 241; H BB XXII 235). turn’).
It is not clear if this group of words is *rukkiz sb.m.: ON rykkr ‘hasty pull’, MDu
related to Thrac br¤za id. < *⁄rughƒà ruc ‘start, jolt’, OHG ruc ‘movement’.
(indicative of the initial *⁄-). H Related to *rukkjanan. T-F 335;
Waldbäume 447–461; Z Gutt. 179; K-S 694.
T-F 350; C ANF *rukkjanan wk.vb.: ON rykkja ‘to pull
XLVI 63–73 (from Balt); T roughly and hastily’, MLG rucken ‘to
BSW 246; H AEEW 265, rock’, OHG fram-rucken ‘to go away’.
AWN 233; P Gliederung 143; S Related to *rukkaz ~ *rukkòn. T-
KZ LXXI 186; D Thr. 87–88; F 335; H AEEW 262;
P I 1183; C SGGJa I M Gém. 77; V ANEW 455;
82–83; G Etim. 65 (from Thrac); O 770; K-S 694.
F 745–746; V ANEW 453; *rumpaz sb.m.: ON rumpr ‘rump, but-
Z II 225; O 778–779; tocks’, MHG rump ‘body, beehive’.
S LS 46; V-T III Identical with Lith ruMbas ‘edge, border’,
493–494; L Expr. 291; K- further related to Lith rambùs ‘lazy, dull’,
S 690. Slav *r‡b˙ ‘cut, edge’. T-F 336;
*rulòjanan wk.vb.: ON rugla ‘to con- T BSW 236; P I
found’, MHG rugelen ‘to stir’. Related to 864–865; F 696.
*rukkaz ~ *rukkòn. T-F 335; *run(n)iz sb.m.: Goth runs ‘race, running,
P I 869. course’, ON runnr ‘bush, grove’, runi ‘flux’
*rukan ~ *rukiz sb.n./m.: Norw dial. rok (n-stem), OE ryne ‘course, run’, OFris rene
‘current’, MLG roke ‘smell’, MHG ruch id. ‘blood trickling’, OHG run ‘walk, run-
Derived from *reukanan. T-F ning’. Derived from *rennanan. K
349. KZ I 380; T-F 17; H
*rukkaz sb.m.: ON rokkr ‘jerkin’, OE rocc AEEW 265; F 401; S 376;
‘upper garment’, OFris rokk ‘skirt’, OS rok L GED 285, 288.
‘overcoat’, OHG (h)roc id. Related to OIr *runsiz sb.f.: Goth ga-runs ‘street, market-
rucht ‘tunica’ < *ruktu-, MW rhuch(en) place’, OHG runs ‘river-bed, stream’
‘coat’. T-F 350; H (masc., fem.). Derived from *run(n)iz.
AEEW 262; M Gém. 192; Based on an s-stem reflected in Skt neut.
P I 874; C SGGJa I ár»as- ‘undulating, surging’. F 200;
99; Z I 134; K-S M I 51; S 376.
689–690. *rupatjanan wk.vb.: ON rypta ‘to belch’,
*rukkaz ~ *rukkòn sb.m.: ON rokkr OHG roffezzen id. Cf. also ON repta id. <
‘distaff’, MLG rocken id., OHG roc, rocko *rapatjan. Related to *raupjanan. T-
rupatjanan 309 rùmò
F 337 (to Norw dial. rapa ‘to belch’); *rùjanan wk.vb.: ON rÿja ‘to pluck the
P I 871. wool off sheep’. Related to Toch AB
*ruppòjanan wk.vb.: ON ruppa ‘to pluck’, ruwà- ‘to pull out’, Skt rávati ‘to shatter,
ME ryppen id., MLG roppen id., OHG to batter’, Lat ruò ‘to fall down, to
ropfòn id. Intensive of *raupjanan. rush down’, Lith ráuju, ráuti ‘to scuffle, to
M Gém. 169; V ANEW 454; tear out’, Slav *r˙v‡, *ruti ‘to tear’
L GED 282. (O Morph. Unt. IV 28–29).
*ruskjò sb.f.: Norw dial. ryskje ‘hair-grass’ P Beiträge 287–289; T-F
(neut.), rusk id. (< *ruskò ), OE rysc, rysce 348; T BSW 247; W-
‘rush, bulrush’, MLG rusch ‘reed, bul- H II 453–454; P I 868;
rush’. Related to Lith rùzginti ‘to gnarl, F 708–709; A TB 537;
to murmur, to move, to touch’, ruzgùs D BSA 33–34.
‘surly, sulky’. T-F 341 (to IE *rezg-: *rùman ~ *rùmaz sb.n./m.: Goth rum
Lith règzti ‘to knit’, Skt rájju- ‘rope’); ‘room, space’, ON rúm id., OE rúm id.,
P I 868; F 753. OFris rùm id., OS rùm ‘distance’, OHG
*rustò ~ *rustaz sb.m./f.: Norw dial. rùm ‘room, space’. Based on *rùmaz.
rust ‘rust’, OE rust ‘rust’, OS rost id., T-F 353; H AEEW
OHG rost id. Etymologically connected 264; F 400; P I 874; V
with *rau¶az. Close to Skt neut. loß†a- ANEW 453; Z II 171; O
‘rust of iron’, Lith rùstas ‘brown-red’ 773; L GED 287; H
( J IF VIII 162–163). T- 455; K-S 670.
F 351; H AEEW 264; *rùmaz adj.: Goth rums ‘roomy, spacious’,
M III 118; P I 872; ON rúmr ‘roomy, ample, spacious’, OE
F 752; V ANEW 452; O rúm ‘roomy, spacious, ample’, OFris rùm
778; S 378; B Nom. ‘spacious’, MDu ruum ‘wide, broad’,
77; K-S 692. OHG rùmi id. A form in *-mo- related to
*rutaz adj.: ON sbst. rot ‘concussion of the Av ravah- ‘open space’, Lat rùs ‘country-
brain from a blow’, E rot, MDu rot ‘rot- side’, OIr róe ‘field, open land’ (F I
ten’. Derived from *reutanan II. V 118, 529; O Morph. Unt. IV 126).
ANEW 452. Further cf. Toch AB ru- ‘to open’.
*ruþòjanan wk.vb.: ON roäa ‘to huddle S IF XLV 308 (from *rùmaz,
together’, OFris rothia ‘to grub up, to to Skt loká- ‘open space, place, world’);
clear’, MLG roden id., OHG rodòn ‘to B 1513; K NB II
stub, to root out’. Derived from *reu¶anan. 237–238, 456; T-F 353; H-
V ANEW 450.  AEEW 264; W-H II
*rùxwaz adj.: OE rúh ‘rough’, MLG rùch 454; F 401; P I 874; V
id., OHG rùh id. Related to Skt luñcati ‘to ANEW 453; L GED 287; B-
tear, to pluck’, Lat runcò ‘to weed out, to  Nom. 244–245; H
root up’, Lith runkù, rùkti ‘to be wrinkled’. 455–456; K-S 670.
Z Gutt. 137; T-F 350; H- *rùmjanan wk.vb.: ON rÿma ‘to make
 AEEW 264; W-H room’, OE rÿman ‘to make roomy, to
II 452; M III 105; P extend’, OFris rèma ‘to clear’, OS rùmian
I 869–870; F 747–748; V id., OHG rùmen ‘to give away, to
ANEW 454; O 774. weaken’. Derived from *rùman ~ *rùmaz.
*rùxwjòn ~ *rùxwìn sb.f.: ON rÿja H AEEW 265; V ANEW
‘rag’, OE rÿhe ‘rug, rough covering’, OS 455; L GED 287; H
rùwi ‘rough skin’, OHG rùhì id. Derived 456.
from *rùxwaz. T-F 350; H- *rùmò sb.f.: Goth Ruma ‘Rome’, ON
 AEEW 265; L GED 286. Rúma-borg id., OHG Rùm-liuti ‘Romans’.
rùmò 310 sa¶az
An old borrowing from Lat Ròma 348 (to *rùjanan > OE rÿan ‘to roar, to
( J GGS 182–185). F 400– rage’); H AEEW 264; D
401; S-P 484–485; C Mythes 24 (follows T); A
Lat. 39–40; L GED 287. RK 294–296; P I 337, 867 (to
*rùna-stabaz sb.m.: ON rúna-stafr ‘Runic *reu- ‘to roar’); C SGGJa I 96;
letter’, OE rún-stæf id., OHG rùn-stab ‘let- V ANEW 453–454; Z I 147;
ter, character’. Compound of *rùnò and F I 467–468; O 777; P
*stabaz. C Nom. comp. 51–52. GPG 65 (to Hitt ¢urtaliƒa- ‘to chant a mag-
*rùnjan sb.n.: Goth ga-runi ‘counsel, coun- ical formula’); L GED 287–288;
cil’, ON rÿni ‘scrutiny, contemplation’,  W MSS XLIX 152–153 (to
OE rÿne ‘mystery’, OS gi-rùni id., OHG Hitt ¢arwa“i- ‘hidden, secret’); M
ga-rùni id. Derived from *rùnò. T- PBB CVII 344–358 (separates *rùnò
F 348–349; F 199–200; L ‘mystery’ from *rùnò ‘rune’); B-
GED 287.  Nom. 115; K-S 670,
*rùnò sb.f.: Goth runa ‘mystery, secret’, 696.
ON rún ‘secret, mystery, rune’, OE rún *rùnòn sb.m.: ON rúni ‘counsellor, friend’,
‘whisper, mystery, secret, rune’, OS rùna OE e-rúna ‘counsellor’, OHG gi-rùno id.
‘confidential talk, advice’, OHG rùna Derived from *rùnò. T-F 348;
‘mystery’. Directly related to (V V ANEW 454.
R-53–54) or borrowed from Celtic (M- *rùsòn sb.f.: Norw dial. rùsa ‘weel, bow-
 NTS I 175–177): OIr rún net, weir-basket’, MLG rùse id., OHG
‘secret, mystery’, W rhin ‘secret, mystery, rùsa ‘fish-trap’. Related to *rausan ~
charm’, Bret rin ‘secret, wisdom’. Further *rauzan. T-F 332; P I
might be connected with Gk §r°v, 332.
e‡romai ‘to ask, to seek’, §reunãv ‘to *rùtjanan wk.vb.: ON rÿta ‘to squeal (of
find out’ (F 401). Cf. also *raunò. boars and pigs)’, MDu ruten, ruyten ‘to
T Festschr. Noreen 255–257 (to grunt’, OHG rùzen id. Derived from
Gk OÎranow ~ Skt Váru»a-); T-F *reutanan I. V ANEW 456.
s
*sa pron.: Goth sa ‘this, that’, ON sá id., 459; F II 342–343; O 914;
OE se, sió id. Identical with IE *so id.: Skt L GED 289.
sá ‘that, he’, Av hà, hò, Gk ı, OLat acc. *sa¶az adj.: Goth saþs ‘satisfied, sated,
sum ‘eum’. Corresponding feminine and full’, ON saär, saddr ‘sated’, OE sæd ‘sated,
neuter forms are *sò and *þat (the latter weary, filled’, OS sad ‘full’, OHG sat
could be generalized): Goth so, þata, ON ‘full, sated’. Continues IE *s6tós, a partici-
sú, þat, OE þæt, OFris thet, OS that, OHG ple in *-to- identical with Gk ê-atow
daz. B Dem. 20–32, Grundriß ‘insatiable’ < *–-s6to- based on *sà- ‘to
II/2 313–321; B 1718–1727; satisfy’: Lat satis ‘enough, sufficient’, OIr
T-F 420; H AEEW sáith ‘satisfaction’, Lith sotùs ‘satisfied,
286; F 402; W-H II replete’. K NB II 306; T-
628–629; M III 410; P F 421; T BSW 250; H-
I 978–979, 1086–1087; V ANEW  AEEW 267; W-H II
sa¶az 311 saulaz
481–482; F 411–412; W Postv. H AEEW 288; V ANEW
67–68; P I 876; F 857; 467; S 383.
V ANEW 459; F I 2; O 781; *sajanan ~ *saènan wk.vb.: ON segja
S KZ XCIII 103–107 (sepa- ‘to say, to tell’, OE secan id., OFris sedza,
rates Goth saþs < *sa¶iz similar to Lat sega id., OS seggian id., OHG sagèn id.
satis ‘repleteness’); L GED 296; Related to *saò(n). T-F 425;
B Nom. 252; H H AEEW 288; P I 898;
458–459; K-S 705. V ANEW 467; O 792; K-
*sa¶janan wk.vb.: ON seäja ‘to satiate’, S 699; B OFED s.v.
OE seddan ‘to satisfy’, MHG seten id. *sajòn sb.m.: ON segi, sigi ‘slice, bit, clot’.
Derived from *sa¶az. T-F 421; Close to OIr seche ‘hide, skin’ (L BB
H AEEW 288; V ANEW XXI 95). Connected with *saò. V
466; L GED 296. ANEW 467.
*sa¶ula-buòn sb.m.: ON s‡äul-bogi *sanò sb.f.: ON s‡gn ‘tale, report’,
‘saddle-bow’, OE sadol-boga id., MLG OE sæen ‘saying, statement’. Derived
sadel-boge id., OHG satul-bogo id. Com- from *sajanan ~ *saènan. H
pound of *sa¶ulaz and *buòn. C AEEW 267; V ANEW 578.
Nom. comp. 79 (parallel formations). *saò sb.f.: ON s‡g ‘saw’, OE sau id.,
*sa¶ulaz sb.m.: ON s‡äull ‘saddle’, OE MLG sage id., OHG saga id. (cf. also sega
sadol id., OFris sadel id., MLG sadel id., id.). Related to Lat secò ‘to cut’, MIr
OHG satul, satil id. Derivation from *set- tescaid id., Lith Âis∏kti ‘to incise, to cut’,
janan is phonetically difficult. Probably an Slav *sîkti ‘to cut’. M MSL XVII
old loanword from Slav *sed˙lo ‘saddle’. 195; P Kelt. Gr. II 612; T-
L PBB XV 515 (continues *sodlo- < F 424; T BSW 255;
*sod-tlo-); S MSL VI 247 (against H AEEW 269; W-
reconstructing *sod-tlo); T-F 427; H II 504–505; P I
H AEEW 266; P I 886 895; F 773; V ANEW 578;
(from “East IE”); V ANEW 578; Z I 147; O 791–792;
Z I 135; M Jazyk 25–26 V-T III 593; K-
(Gmc < Slav); O 781; S S 699.
397 (reconstructs *satulaz); V- *saòjanan wk.vb.: ON saga ‘to saw’, E
T III 589–590; L GED saw id., MLG sagen id., MHG sagen id.
306; K-S 705. Derived from *saò. V ANEW 459.
*safjanan str.vb.: OS af-seffian ‘to per- *saò(n) sb.f.: ON saga ‘tale, story, saga’,
ceive’, OHG in-sebben id. Related to Lat OE sau ‘saying, story, tale’, OFris sege
sapiò ‘to taste’, OIr saer ‘artful; artist, id., MLG sage id., OHG saga ‘tale, mes-
artisan’. M Got. 962 (to Gk •c¤a sage’. Derivationally close to Lith pã-saka
‘amusement, plaything’); W JEGP ‘story’. An abstract noun related to IE
II 218 (to Skt sápati ‘to foster, to *sek ⁄-: Gk §n°pv ‘to tell’, Lat ìnseque
seek’); T-F 431; H ‘announced’, MW hebu ‘to speak’, Lith
AEEW 288; W-H II 477; sekù, sèkti ‘to tell’. T-F 426;
J IEW 763–764; P I T BSW 254; H
880; C SGGJa I 103; V- AEEW 269; W-H I 702;
 S-6; S 383; L GED P I 898; C SGGJa I
302. 75; F 773; Z II 180;
*safjòn sb.m.: ON sefi ‘mind, affection’, V ANEW 459; F I 464; O
OE sefa ‘understanding, mind’, OS sebo 792; K-S 699.
‘sense, feeling’. Derived from *safjanan. *saulaz adj.: ON sann-s‡gull ‘truthful’,
T-F 431 (reconstruct *sebòn); OE leás-saol ‘mendacious’. Derived from
saulaz 312 sailjanan
*sajanan ~ *saènan. K NB II S 384; L GED 206;

285; H AEEW 268; V B Nom. 145.
ANEW 578; H 459. *sai interj.: Goth sai ‘here, see’, OHG
*sawjaz sb.m.: ON seggr ‘man’, OE sec sè id. Form of *sa. T-F 421;
id. Identical with Lat socius ‘fellow, com- P I 978–979.
panion’ (C Gr. Et. 460). Related to *sai¶az ~ *saiþaz sb.m.: ON seiär
Skt sákhà ‘friend, companion’, Av haxay- ‘band’, OE sáda ‘cord, halter, snare’,
id. U IF XIII 218, KZ XX OHG seid ‘band, string’ (neut.), seito id.
559; Z Gutt. 72; B Related to Skt sétu- ‘binding, fetter, bond,
1744; H Urgerm. II 40; T-F bridge’, Av haètu- ‘dam’, Lat saeta ‘mane,
424; H AEEW 288; W- (horse) hair’, Lith saÛtas ‘string, band’,
H II 551–552; M III si‚tas ‘cord’, Slav *sît¸ ‘net’. M
413; P I 896–897; V ANEW MSL XIV 348; B 1728;
467; B Nom. 67. T-F 438; T BSW 252–
*saxsan sb.n.: ON sax ‘a kind of sword’, 253; H AEEW 266; M-
OE seax ‘knife, a short sword’, OFris sax  III 501; P I 892; F
‘sword’, OS sahs id., OHG sahs ‘small 756; V ANEW 468; V-
sword, knife’. Derivationally close to Lat T III 614; L GED 207;
saxum ‘rock’. Further related to *saò. H IF LXXXVII 72–75; K-
U IF XVII 99 (to Slav *soxa S 700.
‘wooden plough’); Z Gutt. 137 *sai(w)az adj.: ON seigr ‘tough’, OE on-
(same as U); P Beiträge s≠e ‘falling upon, assailing, attacking’,
304; T-F 424; H MLG sège ‘with watery eyes’, OHG ana-
AEEW 288; W-H II 484; seigi ‘hostile’. Derived from *sì(w)anan.
P I 895 (from *se˚- ‘to cut’); V K NB II 445; T-F 440;
ANEW 465–466; Z I 143; H AEEW 267; V ANEW
O 791–792; K-S 698; 468; S 389 (reconstructs *saiiz);
B OFED s.v. M Festschr. Schröder 94, KZ CV 96;
*saxsaz ~ *saxsòn sb.m.: ON pl. Saxar H 460–461.
‘Saxons’, OE pl. Seaxe id., OS Sahso *saixaz sb.m.: ON sár ‘large cask’, OE sá
‘Saxon’, OHG Sahso id. Derived from ‘tub, pail, vessel’. Identical with Lith
*saxsan. H AEEW 288; V saÛkas ‘measure of capacity’. Further
ANEW 466. related to Toch B sik- ‘to set foot’, Gk
*saxtaz adj.: Goth adv. un-sahþaba (leg. un- ·kv ‘to come, to attain’, Lith síekiu, síekti
sahtaba) ‘indisputably, accordingly’, ON ‘to reach, to measure capacity’ (F GGA
sáttr ‘reconciled, agreeing’. Derived from 1891 207). Z Gutt. 137; T-
*sakanan, cf. *saxtiz. K NB II F 422; P I 893 (to IE *seik- ‘to
331; Z Gutt. 209; T-F 423; be enough’); F 755, 781; V
F 407, 523; P I 876–877; ANEW 463; F I 719–720; A TB
C SGGJa I 87; V ANEW 691.
463–464; L GED 292–293; *sailjanan wk.vb.: Goth in-sailjan ‘to let
H 459–460. down’, ON refl. seilask ‘to stretch out
*saxtiz sb.f.: Goth ga-sahts ‘reproach, refu- one’s hands’, OE s≠lan ‘to fasten with a
tation’, OE seht ‘settlement, agreement’ cord’, OFris sèla ‘to make ropes, to bind
(fem., masc.). Derived from *sakanan. with a rope’, MLG sèlen id., MHG seilen
T-F 424; W MLN XXIV id. Derived from *sailò ~ *sailan. T-
49 (Goth in-sahts ‘account, report’, OE F 438; H AEEW 267; F
in-siht ‘account, narrative’, to *saò); 294; L GED 206; K-S
H AEEW 288; F 200, 294; 755.
sailò 313 saiþaz
*sailò ~ *sailan sb.f./n.: ON seil ‘string’, Norw sìpa ‘to cry, to blubber’, OE sypian
OE sál ‘rope, cord, line’, OFris sèl ‘to take in moisture’); O 842;
‘string’, OS sèl id., OHG seil id. Deri- K-S 754–755.
vative in *-l- related to Hitt i“¢iƒa- ‘to *saira-bòtiz sb.f.: ON pl. sár-bœtr ‘com-
bind’, Skt syáti ‘to bind, to tie, to fetter’, pensation for a wound’, OE sár-bót id.
Latv sìet id. Structurally close to Slav *silo Compound of *sairan and *bòtiz. C
‘noose, snare’ with a different ablaut Nom. comp. 82 (parallel formations).
grade. Lith àt-sailë ‘connecting rod *saira-lìkaz adj.: ON sár-ligr ‘sore’, OE
attached to the axle’ is an independent sár-líc ‘sad, mournful, lamentable’, OFris
formation. T-F 438; T sèr-lik ‘painful’, OHG sèr-lìh id. Derived
BSW 253; M MSL XIV 348; from *sairaz. H 464.
H AEEW 269; M III *sairan sb.n.: Goth sair ‘pain’, ON sár
549–550; P I 891–892; F ‘sore, wound’, OE sár ‘pain, suffering,
755; V ANEW 468; Z II soreness’, OFris sèr ‘pain, wound’, OS
175; V-T III 621–622; sèr ‘pain, sorrow’, OHG sèr ‘pain,
L GED 206; H RRL XXXII suffering’ (also masc.). Substantivized
107; K-S 755. *sairaz. G Got. 578–579 (to
*saimaz sb.m.: Burg *saims ‘liquid, clot’, ON seiär ‘spell, charm’); H PBB XXIII
ON seimr ‘honey-comb’, OS sèm ‘nectar, 354 (to Gk jhrÒw ‘dry’); T-F 422;
honey’, OHG seim id. Probably related to H AEEW 270; F 405;
Gk a‰ma ‘blood’ (F apud L P I 877; V ANEW 463;
PBB XLIX 416). T-F 422; Z II 171; O 847; L
V ANEW 468–469; F I 39; GED 292; H 464.
C I 34; K 713; H- *sairaz adj.: ON sárr ‘sore, wounded’, OE
 462; K-S 755 (to sár ‘sore, painful, grievous’, OFris adv.
*sì(w)anan). sère ‘very’, OS sèr ‘grievous’, OHG sèr
*sainiz adj.: ON seinn ‘slow, slack’, OE ‘sad, gloomy’. May be related to OIr saeth
s≠ne ‘slow, dull, sluggish’, MHG seine ‘illness’, W hoed id. < *sai-tu-, Lat saeuus
‘slow, slack’. Related to Lith at-sainùs ‘fierce’ < *sai-⁄o-, Latv sievs ‘sharp,
‘careless’ (with a secondary u-stem?). Cf. biting’. B II/1 498 (to Lat
*sinènan. K NB II 365; T- saucius ‘wounded, hurt’ < *saƒ-ùcios);
F 439; F 405; H AEEW G Got. 178–179 (to ON seiär
267–268; P I 891; F 771; ‘spell, charm’); K NB II 259–
V ANEW 469; S Erw. 70; 260; T-F 422; F 405–406;
L GED 291–292; M KZ CV H AEEW 270; W-
97; H 462–463. H II 462–463; P I
*sainjanan ~ *sainòjanan wk.vb.: 877; V ANEW 463; O 847;
Goth sainjan ‘to delay’, ON seina id., OE V S-6–7; L GED 292;
á-sánian ‘to languish, to grow weak’. H 463–464; K-S
Derived from *sainiz. T-F 439; 754.
H AEEW 270; F 405; *sairjanan wk.vb.: ON særa ‘to wound’,
V ANEW 469; L GED OFris sèra id., OS sèrian ‘to injure’, OHG
291–292. sèren ‘to cause worry, to sadden’. Derived
*saip( j)ò(n) sb.f.: OE sápe ‘soap’, sáp from *sairan. T-F 422; V
‘amber, resin’, MLG sèpe id., OHG seifa ANEW 576; H 464.
id. Derived from *sìpanan. T-F *saiþaz sb.m.: ON seiär ‘spell, charm’.
440; S-N II 284 (to Lat Close to MW hut ‘praestigiae, illusio’.
sèbum ‘tallow, suet, grease’); H Based on ON síäa ‘to practise sorcery’ <
AEEW 270; V ANEW 462–463 (to *sì¶anan. Derivationally close to W hud
saiþaz 314 sakanan
‘magician’ < *soito-. Perhaps further con- *lan¶an. C Nom. comp. 78 (parallel
nected with *sai¶az ~ *saiþaz. T- formations).
F 440; P I 892; C *saiwi-mannz sb.m.: ON sjó-maär ‘sea-
SGGJa I 67; F 756 (Lith saÛtas man’, OE s≠-mann id., MLG sè-man id.,
‘emblem, divination, talisman’ represents G Seemann id. Compound of *saiwiz ~
a metaphoric usage of saÛtas ‘bucket *saiwaz and *mannz. C Nom. comp.
rope’). 78 (parallel formations).
*saiwalò sb.f.: Goth saiwala ‘soul’, OE *saiwi-weaz sb.m.: ON sjó-vegr ‘way on
sáwel id., OFris sèle id., OS sèola, sèla the sea’, OE s≠-we ‘sea-way’. Compound
id., OHG sèola, sèla id. Derived from of *saiwiz ~ *saiwaz and *weaz. C
*saiwiz ~ *saiwaz (G DG 99), prob- Nom. comp. 55.
ably because of a Germanic belief in *saiwiz ~ *saiwaz sb.m.: Goth saiws
souls born out of and returning to sacred ‘sea, lake, marshland’, ON s≠r, sjár, sjór
lakes (W IF LVII 25–55). ‘sea, lake’ (gen. sg. s≠var ~ s≠s), OE s≠
S KZ I 152; H PBB XX id. (masc., fem.), OFris sè id., OS sèo
508–510; K GGA 1897 655 (to Gk id., OHG sè, sèo id. Probably, connected
afiÒlow ‘rapid’ < *saiWolow); Z with Lat saeuus ‘fierce’ and Latv sievs,
Gutt. 76; G Got. 179 (to Lat sìvs ‘sharp’ (K KZ LXXI 149).
saeuus ‘fierce’); P BB XIX 276–278 S KZ I 152; F II 260 (to Lat
(to Slav *sila ‘strength’); B MSL saeuus ‘fierce’); P UUÅ 1891 6–7 (to
XVI 131–132 (original adj. related to Lith sÿvas ‘juice’, Gk éionãv ‘to moisten,
*sèljanan); T-F 422–423; W to foment’); G Got. 179
IF XII 382 (reconstructs Gmc *saiwlò, to (< *saiwiz, to *sì(w)anan); Z
Lat saeuus); N Walhall 49 (recon- Gutt. 68–69; C Festschr. Pipping
structs the original meaning as ‘breath’ ~ 85 (from Uralic); L ANF
‘life’); H AEEW 270; F XXXII 292–293 (to *skìnanan); T-
406; P Gliederung 125; P I F 440; H AEEW 266;
877; Z II 180; K NM W-H II 462–463; F Idg.
LXVIII 113–118; M KZ LXXXII 26–27 (a pre-Germanic loanword), 406–
285–287 (from *swai-walò ‘one’s own 407; S-K Idg. 37 (same as
will’); O 848; L GED 292 F); W IF LVII 25–55 (same
(against F); K-S 753. as F); P I 877; V ANEW
*saiwi-burz sb.f.: ON sjó-borg ‘sea-town’, 575; Z II 188; O 804;
OE s≠-bur id., OFris sè-burch ‘sea- E GL XI 15–16 (follows
dyke’. Compound of *saiwiz ~ *saiwaz G); K NM LXVIII
and *burz. C Nom. comp. 78 (par- 113–118; M Festschr. Kronasser 91–93;
allel formations). L GED 292; K-S 753;
*saiwi-¶euzan sb.n.: ON sjó-dÿr ‘sea ani- B OFED s.v.
mal’, OE s≠-déor ‘sea-beast’. Compound *sakanan str.vb.: Goth sakan ‘to dispute,
of *saiwiz ~ *saiwaz and *¶euzan. C to argue’, OE sacan ‘to fight, to strive, to
Nom. comp. 55. disagree’, OFris seka ‘to argue’, OS sakan
*saiwi-fiskaz sb.m.: ON sjó-fiskr ‘sea-fish’, ‘to rebuke’, OHG sahhan ‘to argue, to lit-
OE s≠-fisc id., MLG sè-visch id. Com- igate’. Related to Hitt “ak- ‘to know’, Gk
pound of *saiwiz ~ *saiwaz and *fiskaz. ≤g°omai ‘to go before, to lead the way’,
C Nom. comp. 78 (parallel formations). Lat sàgiò ‘to feel, to notice’, OIr saigid ‘to
*saiwi-lan¶an sb.n.: ON toponym Sjó- seek, to aspire’. See *sòkjanan (S
land, OE s≠-land ‘maritime district’, OFris KZ I 566). Z Gutt. 164; T-
sè-land id., Du zee-land id., OHG sèo-lant F 423; M KZ LXI 259–262
id. Compound of *saiwiz ~ *saiwaz and (same as S); W IF XIII 119
sakanan 315 saliz
(to OIr saigim ‘to say’); B Related to Toch A ßälyp, B ßalype ‘fat,
BB XVI 255 (same as W); F butter, oil’, Skt sarpí- ‘melted butter’, Gk
407; H AEEW 266; W- ¶lpow: ¶laion, st°ar, eÈyhn¤a; ¶lfow:
H II 464–465; P I boÊturon (Hes.), Alb gjalpë ‘butter’
877–878; F I 621–622; S (S KZ II 316). T-F 437;
383–385; M Jazyk 26–27 (from H AEEW 286; M III
Slav *so‘iti ‘to accuse’); L GED 446; P I 901; Z I 148;
292–293; S IEur. 39–44; K- F I 503; O 785; C
S 698. 342–343; L GED 293; K-
*sakjò(n) sb.f.: Goth sakjo ‘dispute, quar- S 701; O AED 129; A TB
rel’, OE sæcc ‘strife, contest, conflict’, 652–653.
OHG secka ‘strife’. Derived from *sakò. *salbòjanan wk.vb.: Goth salbon ‘to
Z Gutt. 164; H AEEW anoint’, OE sealfian id., OS salbòn id.,
267; F 407; V ANEW 469; OHG salbòn id. Derived from *salbò.
O 782; S 384; L T-F 437; H AEEW
GED 293; B Nom. 113; 286; F 407–408; P I 901;
K-S 698. L GED 293; K-S 701.
*sakkuz ~ *sakkiz sb.m.: Goth sakkus *sali-astiz sb.m.: Run Swed prop. sali-
‘sack’, ON sekkr id., OE sæcc ‘sack-cloth’ gastiR, OE sele-ist ‘guest in a hall’,
(a-stem), OS sakk ‘sack’, OHG sac id. (a- OLFrank prop. Sali-gast. Compound of
stem). An old borrowing from Lat saccus *saliz ~ *salaz and *astiz. F UUÅ
id. (G ZdPh XLIII 3). T- 1924/4 98 (ON < WGmc); V ANEW
F 423; H AEEW 268; F 461.
407; M Gém. 64, 106, 193; *salix( j)ò(n) sb.f.: ON selja ‘sallow’, OE
C Lat. 21–22, 43; Z II masc. sealh, salh id., OHG salaha id.
203; O 780; L GED 293; Related to Lat salix id., MIr sail id.
K-S 698–699. Z Gutt. 210; H AEEW
*sakò sb.f.: ON s‡k ‘charge, guilt, crime, 286; W-H II 469; P
suit’, OE sacu ‘strife, contention, distress’, Gliederung 101–102; P I 879;
OFris seke ‘thing’, OS saka ‘charge, accu- C SGGJa I 101; V ANEW
sation, case’, OHG sahha ‘case’. Derived 469; Z II 218; O 784;
from *sakanan. Z Gutt. 72, 164; B IEL 108; K-S 702.
T-F 423; H AEEW *saliþwò sb.f.: Goth saliþwa ‘inn,
266; P I 878; V ANEW 578; dwelling’, OE sælä ‘dwelling, abode’, OS
Z II 218; O 782; S selitha id., OHG selida id. Derived from
384; L GED 293; B *saliz ~ *salaz. Close to Slav *selitva
Nom. 109; K-S 698. ‘dwelling’. B Grundriß II/1
*sakòjanan wk.vb.: ON saka ‘to blame, to 449–450; T-F 436; H
hurt’, OE sacian ‘to strive, to brawl’. AEEW 267; F 408; P I 898;
Derived from *sakanan. H L GED 293–294.
AEEW 266; V ANEW 460. *sali-war¶az ~ *sali-war¶uz sb.m.:
*sakòn sb.m.: ON saki ‘loss’ (unless a mis- ON sal-v‡rär ‘porter, janitor’, OE sele-
take for sakni id.), OE and-saca ‘denire, weard ‘hall-warder’. Compound of *saliz
opposer, enemy’, OFris wither-saka ‘adver- ~ *salaz and *war¶az. C Nom. comp.
sary’, OS and-saco id., OHG widar-sahho 82 (parallel formations).
id. Derived from *sakanan. H *saliz ~ *salaz sb.m./n.: ON salr ‘hall’,
AEEW 266; V ANEW 460. OE sele ‘hall, house, dwelling’, sæl ‘hall’,
*salbò sb.f.: OE sealf, sealfe ‘salve, oint- NFris seal id., OS seli id., OHG sal
ment’, OS salba id., OHG salba id. ‘house, hall’. Related to Lith salà ‘island’,
saliz 316 salwaz
Slav *selo ‘field’. G Got. 180 U PBB XX 564 (to *salwaz);
(to Lat soleò ‘to look after, to care for’); T-F 436; T BSW 249,
T-F 435–436; M IF XVI 298; H AEEW 286; W-
182, XVIII 241–242 (follows G- H II 465–466; F 409;
 and adds Lat solum ‘floor’); F 759–760, KZ XLII 234;
T BSW 248; H J IEW 765; P I 879;
AEEW 267, 289; F 408; P I V ANEW 461; Z I 143;
898; C SGGJa I 82; F F I 78–79; O 784; S
758 (Lith salà is derived from sálti ‘to 385; V-T III 713, 715;
flow’); V ANEW 461; Z II L GED 294; K-S 702;
224; F 758; V-T B OFED s.v.
III 596; L GED 294; K- *saltanan str.vb.: Goth saltan ‘to salt’, OE
S 698. sealtan id., MLG solten id. (wk., with str.
*saljanan wk.vb.: Goth saljan ‘to sacrifice’, part.), OHG salzan id. Related to *saltan.
ON selja ‘to hand over, to sell’ (irreg.), Identical with Lat sallò ‘to salt’, OIr sail-
OE sellan ‘to give, to furnish, to deliver’, lim id. P Kelt. Gr. I 114; T-
OFris sella ‘to hand over, to sell’, OS gi- F 436; F 409; H AEEW
sellian id., OHG sellen id. Causative of 286; W-H II 465; P I
unattested str. *selanan further related to 879; V ANEW 461; O 784;
Gk •le›n ‘to take’, OIr selaim ‘to take’ S 385–386; L GED 294;
(O PBB XIII 457–458). M K-S 702.
Etudes 419 (to Slav *s˙lati ‘to send’); *salta-stainaz sb.m.: ON salt-steinn ‘salt-
C Prät. 69–70 (to Gk ëllomai ‘to stone’, OE sealt-stán ‘pillar of salt, rock
spring, to leap’); T-F 435; H- salt’, OHG salz-stein ‘pillar of salt’. Com-
 AEEW 289; F 408–409; pound of *saltan and *stainaz. C
P I 899; V ANEW 461, 469 Nom. comp. 78 (parallel formations).
(to Goth saljan ‘to stay’, see *saliz ~ *saltòjanan wk.vb.: ON salta ‘to salt’,
*salaz); F I 487–488; O 808; OHG salzòn id. Derived from *saltan.
S LS 56; B IEL 108–109; T-F 436; H 466.
M KZ LXXXIII 124–149; L- *saltaz adj.: ON saltr ‘salty’, OE sealt
 GED 294. id., OFris salt id., MLG solt ‘salty (of
*salò(n) sb.f.: ON sala ‘sale’, OE masc. water)’. Derived from *saltan. Originally
sala id., OHG sale ‘transfer of property’. identical with the u-stem: Lith saldùs
See *saljanan. T-F 435; H- ‘sweet’, Slav *sold˙-k˙ id. K NB
 AEEW 269; V ANEW 460; I 48–49; T-F 436; F 409;
O 783; L GED 294; K- H AEEW 286; P I
S 701. 878–879; F 759; V ANEW
*salta-fatan sb.n.: ON salt-fat ‘salt-vat’, 461; O 784; S 385; V-
OE sealt-fæt ‘vessel for salt, salt-cellar’, OS T III 713; L GED
salt-fat ‘salt-vat’, OHG salz-faz id. Com- 294; H 466; B OFED
pound of *saltan and *fatan. C Nom. s.v.
comp. 78 (parallel formations). *salwaz adj.: ON s‡lr ‘yellow’, OE salu
*saltan sb.n.: Goth salt ‘salt’, ON salt id., ‘dusky, dark’, MDu salu ‘dirty, pale
OE sealt id., OS salt id., OHG salz id. yellow’, OHG salo ‘dark, black’. Related
Closely related to Lith saldùs ‘sweet’, Slav to Slav *solv˙ ‘cream-colored, sallow’.
*sold˙k˙ id. Further connected to other K NB II 196–197; L
continuants of IE *sal- ‘salt’: Toch A sàle, KZ LII 222 (to Lat salmò ‘salmon’);
B sàlyiye, Gk ëlw, Arm a∑, Lat sàl, S FB 21–24, KZ LXXIII 117;
Slav *sol¸. S Plur. 182–183; U PBB XX 264, XXII 536;
salwaz 317 samòn
K ANF X 306; T-F 437; *samaþ(e) adv.: Goth samaþ ‘together’,
N ANNS 104; H OE samod id., OS samad id., OHG samant,
AEEW 269, AWN 298; S Kl. Schr. samit id. Etymologically close to Gk ımÒse
118–119 (to *sal-u- ‘salt’); P I ‘together’ < *ımote (B KVG 455).
879; V ANEW 578; S LS 52; Cf. also Skt smát, sumát id. (M
O 784; V-T III 712; III 548) and OIr samud ‘assembly’ <
L GED 294; H 466– *sama-t-u- (S Urkelt. 293). Further
467. connected with *samòn. T-F 433;
*sama-kunjaz adj.: Goth sama-kuns ‘of H AEEW 270; F 410;
the same kin’, ON sam-kynja ‘of the same P I 902–905; F II 390;
kind’. Compound of *samòn and *kunjan L GED 295; K-S 703.
(see *kunjaz). Structurally similar to Gk *sama-westiz sb.f.: ON sam-vist ‘living
ımÒ-gniow ‘of the same origin’. T- together’, OE sam-wist ‘living together,
F 433; F 410; F I 307; cohabitation, matrimony’, OHG sama-
L GED 294–295. wist ‘consortium’. Compound of *samòn
*sama-lìkaz adj.: Goth sama-leiks ‘equal, and *westiz I. T-F 433.
identical’, ON sam-líkr ‘like, similar’, *samaz adj.: Goth lustu-sama ‘longed for’,
OHG sama-lìh id. Compound of *samòn ON samr ‘agreeing, willing’, OS frithu-sam
and *lìkaz. H AEEW 269; ‘peaceful’, OHG lioht-sam ‘obvious’. See
F 410; L GED 142, 295. *samòn. K NB II 453; T-F
*saman£ adv: Goth samana ‘together’, ON 433; F 409; H AEEW
saman id., OE samen id., OFris samin, semin 269–270; P I 902–904; V
id., OS saman id., OHG saman id. ANEW 461–462; D IESt IV
Identical with Skt samanà id. (W- 436, 439–440; H 467–468.
 Festschr. Geiger 229) and OIr samain *samìn sb.f.: ON mann-semi ‘valour’, OHG
‘festival of Tara’, bech-samain ‘bee- arbeit-samì ‘hardship, difficulty’. Derived
swarm’ (S KZ XL 245, Urkelt. 293). from *samaz. H 467.
Further connected with *samòn. T- *samjanan wk.vb.: Goth samjan ‘to seek
F 433; H AEEW 270; F to please’, ON semja ‘to arrange, to shape,
410; W-D II/2 to compose’. Derived from *samaz.
205; P I 905; V ANEW W MP II 475 (to Gk ¥merow ‘gentle’);
461–462; M III 435 (doubts T-F 433; F 410; V ANEW
the direct comparison with Germanic); 470; L GED 295 (to *samòn);
L GED 295; K-S 703, H 467.
917. *samòjanan wk.vb.: ON veg-sama ‘to
*samaninò ~ *samanunò sb.f.: ON honor, to glorify’, OHG gireht-samòn ‘to
samning ‘agreement, treaty’, OS samanunga be said justly’. Derived from *samaz.
‘congregation, community’, OHG sama- V ANEW 461–462; H
nunga id. Derived from *saman£. V 468.
ANEW 462. *samòn adj.: Goth sama ‘same’, ON sami,
*samanòjanan wk.vb.: ON samna, safna samr id., OE adv. swá same ‘in the same
‘to gather, to collect’, OE samnian id., way’, OS sama, samo ‘same’, OHG samo
OFris samenia, somnia id., OS samnòn id., id. Identical with Skt samá- ‘equal, like,
OHG samanòn id. Derived from *saman£. the same, even’, Av hama- ‘equal, the
T-F 433; H AEEW 270; same’, Gk ımÒw ‘one and the same’, OIr
V ANEW 462; K-S 703. -som ‘that one’ (B KZ XX (1872) 31).
*samanaþaz sb.m.: ON samnaär ‘gather- Cf. also *samaz. B 1773;
ing, host’, OFris samnath id. Derived from K NB II 453; S KZ XXXII
*saman£. V ANEW 462. 372; T-F 432–433; F 409;
samòn 318 sanþòjanan
H AEEW 269–270, AWN 237; attested. On the other hand, if *sanjanan
P Gliederung 128, 199; M was originally connected with sacrificial
III 437 (separates Gk from Indo-Iranian); practices, it might be connected with
P I 902–904; V ANEW 461– *senwanan – cf. similar cases in Skt hávate
462; F II 390; O 785; L ‘to invoke, to address’ ~ juhóti ‘to pour’
GED 294–295; D IESt IV 436, (H Idg. Gr. II 189), Slav *pîti ‘to sing’
439–440; B Nom. 238; H- ~ *piti ‘to drink’ (T VSJa-P
 468; K-S 917. 135–138). Z Gutt. 205; T-
*samþjaz adj.: OE séfte ‘gentle, mild’, OS F 429; H AEEW 289;
adv. sàftor ‘simply, easily’, OHG samfti P I 907; O 829; V-
‘simple, easy’. Identical with Skt voc. T III 814; K-S
santya (address to Agni) (H MSS 758.
XXIII 29–38). T-F 433; H- *sanwaz sb.m.: Goth saggws ‘song’
 AEEW 306; M III 429; (i-stem), ON s‡ngr id., OE san ‘sound,
P I 904; O 843 (to *samaz); singing’, OFris song ‘song’, OS sang id.,
R 22–29; H 468– OHG sang id. (masc., neut.). Structurally
469. close to Gk ÙmfÆ ‘voice’. Derived from
*san¶a-kurnan sb.n.: ON sand-korn *senwanan. B BSL XXXI 62 (adds
‘grain of sand’, OE sand-corn id., G Sand- Pkt saághai ‘to say, to teach’); L RC
korn id. Compound of *san¶az ~ *san¶an XLI 377; T-F 429; H
and *kurnan. C Nom. comp. 78 (paral- AEEW 270; F 403; P I 907;
lel formations). V ANEW 578; Z II 188;
*san¶az ~ *san¶an sb.m./n.: ON sandr F II 392–393; C 801;
‘sand’, OE sand id., OFris sand, sond id., O 846; S 393; L
OS sand id., OHG sant id. From an ear- GED 302; B Nom. 53.
lier *sam¶az. Close to Gk êmayow ‘sand’. *sankwan sb.n.: Goth saggqs ‘setting (of
Probably derived from *sem- ‘to pour’: the sun), Occident’, ON s‡kk ‘sinking’.
Gk émãomai ‘to gather’, OIr to-ess ‘to Derived from *senkwanan. Close to Slav
pour out’, Lith semiù, sémti ‘to scoop’. *ob-s‡ga ‘frost, sweat’ (A Etim. 1983
P Kelt. Gr. II 624; T-F 48–49). F 403; V ANEW 576;
430–431; H AEEW 270; S 394.
K Festschr. Kretschmer 218; P I *sankwjanan wk.vb.: Goth saggqjan ‘to
146 (to Gk cãmmow ‘sand’), 901–902; plunge, to immerse’, ON s‡kkva ‘to sink’,
F 774–775; V ANEW 462; OE sencan id., OFris sanza, senza id., OS
Z II 171; F I 84; O bi-senkian id., OHG senken id. Causative of
786; K-S 703. *senkwanan. T-F 429; H-
*san¶janan wk.vb.: Goth sandjan ‘to  AEEW 289; F 403; V
send’, ON senda id., OE sendan id., OFris ANEW 576–577; S 394; K-
senda id., OS sendian id., OHG senten id. S 758.
Causative of *senþanan ‘to go’. T- *sanþaz ~ *sanþan sb.m./n.: ON sannr
F 430; H AEEW 289; F ‘truth, justice’, OE sóä id., OS sòth id.
410–411; V ANEW 470; O 809; Derived from *sanþz. T-F 430.
S 395; L GED 295–296; *sanþjanan wk.vb.: ON senna ‘to chatter,
K-S 758. to tell’, OE séäan ‘to declare true, to
*sanjanan wk.vb.: OE senan ‘to singe’, affirm’, OFris sannia id. Derived from
OFris sanga, senga id., MLG sengen id., *sanþz. T-F 430; H
OHG bi-sengen id. Cf. also Icel sangr AEEW 306; V ANEW 470; L
‘singed’. Identical with Slav *s‡‘iti ‘to dry, GED 329; H 469.
to boil’. The underlying str. vb. is not *sanþòjanan wk.vb.: ON sanna ‘to prove,
sanþòjanan 319 sau¶iz
to affirm’, OE e-sóäian ‘to prove the H AEEW 292; D Thr.
truth, to bear witness’, OHG sandòn ‘to 179–180 (to Thrac zeirã ‘article of cloth-
prove, to affirm’. Derived from *sanþz. ing’); V ANEW 471 (ON < OE);
T-F 430; V ANEW 462; O 789.
H 470. *sarwan sb.n.: Goth pl. tant. sarwa ‘arms,
*sanþ-lìkaz adj.: ON sann-ligr ‘just, fair, armament’, OE searo ‘device, craft, art,
fit’, OE sóä-líc ‘true, genuine, unfeigned’, skill, machine’ (neut., fem.), OS saro
OS sòth-lìk ‘true’. Derived from *sanþz. ‘arms, armament’, OHG saro id. Related
H 469. to Av -haurvò ‘defending, protecting’, Lat
*sanþ-wur¶an sb.n.: ON pl. sann-yräi seruò ‘to save, to preserve’ (M Goth.
‘true words’, OE sóä-word ‘true word’, OS 154) and, probably, Gk ÜHra as a *‘pro-
sòth-word id. Compound of *sanþz and tecting deity’. B KZ XX 32 (to Gk
*wur¶an. C Nom. comp. 87 (parallel e‡rv ‘to join’, Lat serò ‘to connect, to set
formations). in order’); S Qu. 325; G-
*sanþz adj.: Burg *sanþs ‘true, truthful’,  Got. 180–181; S IF XVII
ON sannr, saär ‘true’, OE sóä id., OS sòth 464–465 (follows B); U
id. An old active participle similar to PBB XXX 306; T-F 435; H-
OLith sant”, Slav *sy-j¸. Further cf. Lat  AEEW 287; W-H II
sòns ‘guilty, criminal’. See *esti. T- 525–526; F 411; P I 910, 911;
F 430; W KZ LX 285; Z I 146; F I 642; L
H AEEW 307; W- GED 296.
H II 560; P Gliederung 112, *sarwjan sb.n.: ON s‡rvi ‘stone necklace,
194; P I 341; C armor’, OHG gi-sarawi ‘arms, armament’.
SGGJa I 87; F 124; V ANEW Derived from *sarwan. T-F 435.
462; O 846; M Wortbild. 150, *satìnaz ~ *satìnò sb.m./f.: Goth ga-
172; W Festschr. Lane 186–194; sateins ‘foundation’, OE seten ‘set, shoot,
S 177, Sprache XV 14–45; plantation’, OFris seten ‘negotiation, as-
V-T III 817; L sertion’. Derived from *satjanan.
GED 329; B Nom. 202; H AEEW 291; F 200;
K 713; H 469–470. L GED 296.
*sapòn ~ *sapan sb.m./n.: ON safi ‘sap’, *satjanan wk.vb.: Goth satjan ‘to set’, ON
OE sæp id., MLG sap id., OHG saf, sapf setja id., OE settan id., OFris setta id., OS
id. Despite phonetic difficulties, related to settian id., OHG sezzen id. Causative of
Lat sapa ‘must, new wine boiled thick’ *setjanan, cf. Skt sàdáyati ‘to seat’, OIr
(C Gr. Et. 512). T-F 431; sáidim ‘to sit’, Slav *saditi ‘to set, to plant’.
S KZ XXXIV 62 (Gmc < Lat); M MSL IX 144; P Kelt. Gr.
H AEEW 268; W- I 71; T-F 426; H
H II 476–477; P I 880; AEEW 291; F 411; M III
O 787; K-S 699. 472; P I 884–887; V ANEW
*sarkiz sb.m.: ON serkr ‘shirt’, OE serc, syrc 471; O 90, 813; S 397;
id. Borrowed from Lat sarica ‘silk’. V-T III 544; L
M 316 (from Slav *sorka ‘shirt’); GED 296; K-S 760.
F KZ XIX 355 (to Lith “aıkas *sau¶iz sb.m.: Goth saups ‘sacrifice’, ON
‘piece of clothing, fisherman’s coat’); sauär ‘sheep’. Derived from *seuþanan.
S KZ XXXII 275 (borrowed S-N II 136–137; T-
from Slav *sorka ‘shirt’); P KZ F 443; F 413; V ANEW
XXXIX 370 (ON < Russ sorok ‘shirt’); 464; O 807; S 400–401;
S ZDADL LXVI 252 (to Skt L GED 297–298; B
sráj- ‘wreath, garland’); T-F 435; N. 133.
saujanan 320 sebjò
*saujanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. søygja ‘to T BSW 250–251; H-
suckle’, OS sògian id., OHG sougen id.  AEEW 287; P I 880–
Causative of *sùanan. T-F . 881; F 766; F I 188–189;
*sauljanan wk.vb.: Goth bi-sauljan ‘to O 811; V-T III 813;
spot’, Sw dial. saula ‘to soil’. Derived from B Nom. 238; H
*saulò. F 94–95; L GED 72. 471; K-S 769; L
*saulò sb.f.: Norw dial. saula ‘dirt’. KZ XCVIII 1–10 (reconstructs *Hsousó-,
Identical with Slav rvn. Sula < *soulà (or based on *Hsus-, part. perf. of *Hes- ‘to
< Balt *saulà). Further related to Skt súrà burn, to glow’).
‘spirituous liquor’, Av hurà ‘intoxicating *sauzjanan ~ *sauzòjanan wk.vb.:
drink, kumys’, Lith sulà ‘birch sap’, Latv ON seyrask ‘to starve’, Norw søyra ‘to
sula id., OPrus sulo ‘curdled milk’. make dry’, OE seárian ‘to wither, to pine
B 1837; T BSW away’, MLG sœren ‘to make dry’, OHG
291–292; M III 487; P ir-sòrèn ‘to become thin, meagre’. Derived
I 912–913; F 940; V- from *sauzaz. Structurally close to Slav
T III 799–800; L GED *su“iti ‘to dry’. H AEEW 287;
72. V ANEW 471.
*saumaz sb.m.: ON saumr ‘seam’, OE *sawan sb.n.: OE seáw ‘juice, moisture’,
seám id., OFris sàm id., MLG sòm id., OS sou id., OHG sou id. Identical with
OHG soum id. Derivationally close to Skt Skt neut. sava- ‘juice of flowers’. Further
syùman- ‘band’, Gk ÍmÆn ‘thin skin, related to Skt sunóti ‘to squeeze’. T-
membrane’, OPrus schumeno ‘twine, F 441; P I 912.
waxed end’ although the inlaut vocalism *sebjaz adj.: Goth un-sibjis ‘unlawful’, OE
was changed in Germanic. Further sibb ‘related’, OFris sib id., MLG sibbe id.,
related to *siwjanan. T-F 442; OHG sibbi id. Cf. *sebjò. T-F
H AEEW 287; M III 432; F 417, 523; H AEEW
477–478; P I 915–916; V 291; P I 882–883; L GED
ANEW 464; Z I 135; F II 300; H 472–473.
964; O 804; B Nom. *sebjò sb.f.: Goth sibja ‘kinship’, ON sif,
71; K-S 70–707. usually pl. sifjar ‘sib, affinity’, OE sibb
*saumjanan wk.vb.: ON seyma ‘to stud’, ‘relationship, peace’, OFris sibbe ‘kin-
MLG sœmen id. Derived from *saumaz. ship’, OS sibbia id., OHG sibba ‘peace,
V ANEW 471. alliance’. Etymologically close to Skt
*saupan ~ *saupaz sb.n.: ON saup sabhà ‘assembly, social gathering, meet-
‘sup’, MDu soop, sope ‘broth’ (fem.), OHG ing’, Slav *sob¸ ‘peculiarity’, OPrus subs
souf id. (masc.). Derived from *sùpanan. ‘self ’ (S UGLV 200–201). K
V ANEW 464. KZ IV 370–372; L SVSU VI 54;
*sauþaz sb.m.: OGutn sauþr ‘spring’, OE E KZ XLVI 178–180 (separates
seáä ‘pit, hole, well, lake’, OFris sàth Skt sabhà as sa(m)- ‘together’ and bhà- ‘to
‘spring’, MLG sòd ‘spring, seething’, speak’); T-F 432; F 417;
MHG sòt id. Derived from *seuþanan. H AEEW 432; S KZ
T-F 443; H AEEW LXVIII 46; M III 433–434
287; O 807; L GED (same as E); P I 883;
297–298. C SGGJa I 105; V ANEW
*sauzaz adj.: Norw dial. søyr ‘withered, 473; Z I 148; O 825;
rotten (of wood)’, OE seár ‘dry, barren’, V-T III 162; L
MLG sòr id. From IE *sausós id., cf. Gk GED 300; B Nom. 113–114
aÔow id., Lith saUsas id., Slav *sux˙ id. (to IE *sep- ‘to respect’); H
K NB II 454; T-F 447; 472 (substantivized *sebjaz); K-
sebjò 321 se¶uz
S 765; O JSL V/1 144–149 sjaundi ‘seventh’, OE seofoäa id., OFris
(separates Slav *svoboda ‘freedom’ from sigunda id., OS sibondo, sivoäo id., OHG
this root). sibunto id. Related to Toch A ßäptänt, B
*sebjòjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-sibjon ‘to ßuktante id., Skt saptátha- id., Lith septiñtas
become reconciled’, ON af-sifja ‘to cut off id. Derived from *sebun. T-F
from one’s sib, to alienate from one’s 431; H AEEW 295; F 417;
family’, OE sibbian ‘to reconcile’, OHG P I 909; V ANEW 478;
sibbòn ‘to form an alliance’. Derived from S Numerals 35 (with dissimila-
*sebjò. T-F 432; H tion, from *septµtos, cf. Skt saptátha- ‘sev-
AEEW 291; F 200; L GED enth’); O 813; R-B Numerals
300; H 472. 629; A TB 658.
*sebjòn sb.m.: ON guä-sefi ‘godfather’, OS *se¶ìaz ~ *se¶uaz adj.: ON siäugr
sibbio ‘blood relative’, OHG *sibbo ‘rela- ‘well-bred, well-behaved’, OHG sitìg
tive’. See *sebjaz, *sebjò. T-F 432; ‘being in the habit, modest’. Derived
V ANEW 467; H 472. from *se¶uz. T-F 428.
*sebulaz adj.: ON sbst. sjóli ‘king, prince’, *se¶òjanan wk.vb.: Goth sidon sis ‘to
MHG un-sivel ‘unfriendly’. Derived from practice’ (in þo sido þus ‘taËta mel°ta’),
*sebjò. V ANEW 479. ON siäa ‘to mend, to improve one’s life
*sebun num.: Goth sibun ‘seven’, ON sjau and manners’, OE sidian ‘to arrange, to
id., OE seofon id., OFris sigun, soven id., set right’, OS gi-sidòn ‘to add, to prepare’,
OS sibun id., OHG sibun id. Continues OHG sitòn ‘to plan, to carry out’. De-
*sepµ < IE *septµ id.: Toch A ßpät, B ßukt, rived from *se¶uz. H AEEW
Skt saptá-, Av hapta, Gk •ptã, Alb shtatë < 292; F 418; V ANEW 472;
PAlb *septati-, Lat septem, OIr secht n-, Lith L GED 301.
septynì, Slav *sedm¸. K PBB XV *se¶u-lausaz adj.: ON siä-lauss ‘ill-man-
252 (on the history of ON sjau); K nered’, OHG situ-lòs id. Compound of
ZdWf I 363–365; B 1765; *se¶uz and *lausaz. C Nom. comp. 91
P Kelt. Gr. I 72; T-F 431; (parallel formations).
T BSW 257; H *se¶u-samaz adj.: ON siä-samr ‘well-
AEEW 295; W-H II 517– conducted’, OHG situ-sam ‘clever’. Com-
518; F 417; P GHÅ XI/3 26 pound of *se¶uz and *samaz. C Nom.
(analogy with *ahtau in ON); S comp. 91 (parallel formations).
MLN XL 26; H Word VIII 136– *se¶uz sb.m.: Goth sidus ‘custom, habit’,
139 (*sebun results from restructuring of ON siär id., OE sidu id., OFris side id.,
*sebun¶òn ~ *sebunþòn); M III OS sidu id., OHG situ id. Related to Skt
431; P I 909; F 776; svadhà ‘particularity, custom’, Gk ¶yow id.
S Numerals 104–105; V < *s⁄e-dh- (C Gr. Et. 251) with
ANEW 478; F I 545; O 813; unclear anlaut *s⁄- ~ *s-. F PBB
V-T III 599–600; L- XV 548–550 (on the anlaut); J
 GED 300–301; R-B Nume- IF II 8; T-F 428; W MLN
rals 586–588; K-S 762; O XVIII 13–14 (to *sìþiz); H
AED 436; A TB 657; B IFTJa AEEW 292; F 418; T Lehm 41;
260. W MSS VI 129 (*-i- in the stem
*sebun¶iz sb.f.: ON sjaund ‘period of contradicts F’s etymology); M-
seven (nights)’. Identical with Skt saptatí-  III 559; P I 883; V
‘seven decades’, Alb shtatë ‘seven’ < PAlb ANEW 472; Z I 152; F I
*septati- < *septµti-. T-F 431; 449; S MSS XX 49; L
P I 909; O AED 436. GED 301 (analogical modification of the
*sebun¶òn ~ *sebunþòn num.: ON vowel); B Nom. 159 (recon-
se¶uz 322 sexstòn
structs *si¶uz from IE *sì- ‘to bind’); OE sín ‘sight, vision’, OFris siune ‘face,
K-S 765. sight, appearance’, OS siun ‘sight’. De-
*seez ~ *seaz sb.n./m.: Goth sigis ‘vic- rived from *sexwanan. T-F 425;
tory’, ON sigr id., sig id., OE sie, sior id., H AEEW 292; F 426;
OFris sì id., OS sigi- (in cmpn.), OHG P I 898; V ANEW 479, 573;
sigu id. Structurally identical with Skt Z II 228; S Erw. 58;
sáhas- ‘force, victory’, Av hazah- ‘force, S 388, Festschr. Meid 351–355;
power’ (A KZ I 355). Related to L GED 33, 307; B
Skt sáhate ‘to overcome, to conquer, Nom. 147; H 474.
to win’, sáhas ‘force, victory’, Gk ¶xv ‘to *sewniz II adj.: Goth ana-siuns ‘visible’,
have’, MIr seg ‘strength’. Z Gutt. ON sÿnn id. Identical with *sewniz I.
205; B 1799; T-F K NB II 3–4; T-F 425;
426; H AEEW 293; F 419; H AEEW 292; F 426;
M III 450–451; P I P I 898; V ANEW 573;
888–889; Z II 224; V ANEW S 388; L GED 307; H-
474; F I 602–604; B IEL  473–474.
135; L GED 302; B *sewnjan sb.n.: ON sÿni ‘sight’, OS gi-
Nom. 136, 212; K-S 762. siuni ‘face’, OHG gi-siuni ‘face, sight’.
*seezòjanan wk.vb.: ON sigra ‘to van- Derived from *sewniz I. V ANEW
quish, to overcome’, OE siorian id. De- 573.
rived from *seez ~ *seaz. T-F *sexs num.: Goth saihs ‘six’, ON sex id.,
426; H AEEW 293; V OE six, syx id., OFris sex id., OS sehs id.,
ANEW 474; L GED 302. OHG sehs id. Continues IE *s(⁄)e˚s
*seiþaz ~ *seiþòn sb.m.: ON sigär id.: Toch A ßäk, B ßkas, Skt ßá†, Av x“va“,
‘sickle’, OE sigäe id., MLG segede Arm vec', Gk ßj, Lat sex, OIr sé, Lith “e“ì,
id. Related to *saò. T-F 424; Slav *“est¸. S MSL VII 73–74;
H AEEW 293; C Z Gutt. 191; B 561;
SGGJa I 88; V ANEW 473; O P Kelt. Gr. I 78; T-F 425;
804. T BSW 144; H
*selan sb.n.: ON segl ‘sail’, OE sel id. AEEW 293; W-H II 528–
(also masc.), OFris seil id., OS segal 529; F 404; M III 407;
id., OHG segal id. (masc.). The original P I 1044; F 976; V
meaning must have been *‘piece of ANEW 471; F I 527–528; O
cloth’, cf. OIr séol ‘kerchief, sail’ bor- 830; V-T IV 433–434;
rowed from Germanic. Probably, from L GED 290–291; R-B
IE *sek-lo-, to *sek- ‘to cut, to cut off ’. Numerals 585; K-S 753;
M ZDADL XXXVI 50 (to Gk ˜plon A TB 664; B IFTJa 259.
‘tackle, tool’); Z Gutt. 76, 138; *sexstiz sb.f.: ON sétt ‘body of six’.
T-F 426; H AEEW Identical with Skt ßaßtí- ‘sixty’, Av x“va“ti-
288; P I 895; V ANEW 467; id., Alb gjashtë ‘six’, Slav *“est¸ id.
Z II 171; O 782; K- ( J Muséon LXXVIII 440). See
S 753. *sexs. B 561; T-F
*seljanan ~ *selòjanan wk.vb.: ON 425; M III 408; P I
sigla ‘to sail’, OE selian, selan id., MLG 1044; V ANEW 471; V-
segelen id., MHG sigelen id. Derived from T IV 433–434; O AED 130.
*selan. T-F 426; H *sexstòn adj.: Goth saihsta ‘sixth’, ON sétti
AEEW 288; V ANEW 474. id. (< *sextòn), ODan sæxte id., OE sixta
*sewniz I sb.f.: Goth siuns ‘sight, form, id., OFris sexta id., OS sehsto id., OHG
face, image’, ON sjón, sÿn ‘sight, vision’, sehsto, sehto id. Derived from *sexs. Cf.
sexstòn 323 selxaz
Toch A ßkäß†, B ßkaste, Skt ßaß†há- id., Gk quently posited connection with *s(⁄)e- is
ßktow id., Lat sextus id., OIr sessed id., Lith not so obvious. IE *sel-bho- could be
“‚“tas id., Slav *“est˙. T-F 425; derived from *sol(⁄)o- ‘whole, all’ and
T BSW 143; M BSL probably influenced by *se-bh- (see *sebjò).
XXIX 33–34; H AEEW 293; F I 795 (suffixal derivative of the
W-H II 528; F 404; pronominal *se-, see *seke); G
M III 408–409; P I Got. 185–186 (to OIr selb ‘property’);
1044; F 976; V ANEW 471; T-F 437; K IF XLVII
F I 527; V-T IV 433; 325; H AEEW 289; F
R-B Numerals 628–629; A TB 421; P Gliederung 128; P I
664. 884; V ANEW 478; P-
*sexwanan str.vb.: Goth saian ‘to see’, P I 451–452, II 167–168;
ON sjá id., OE seón id., OFris sia id., OS O 807–808; L GED 303;
sehan id., OHG sehan id. Related to Hitt K-S 756.
“akuwài- ‘to observe’, Skt sácate ‘to *sel¶a-lìkaz adj.: Goth silda-leiks ‘wonder-
accompany, to stand by, to follow’, Gk ful’, OE seld-líc ‘strange, wonderful’, OS
ßpomai ‘to follow’, Alb shoh ‘to see’ < seld-lìk ‘remarkable’. Derived from unat-
PAlb *sàk-ska, Lat sequor ‘to follow’, tested *sel¶az, see *sel¶an£. T-F
Lith sekù, sèkti id. (G Gesch. 409). 437; F 421; O 807; L
A KZ I 352; L KZ XXXIX GED 303; K-S 757.
312 (Alb shoh < Gmc); U PBB *sel¶an£ adv.: ON sjaldan ‘seldom’, OE
XXIX 336 (to *saò(n)); H IF seldan id., OFris sielden id., MLG selden id.,
XXXVII 231–233 (to *skawwòjanan); OHG seltan id. Derived from unattested
Z Gutt. 68; T-F 425, 572; *sel¶an ~ *sel¶az. Derivative of *sel- ‘to
W-H II 519–520; F jump’: Gk ëllomai, Lat saliò, Lith sálti ‘to
404–405; H AEEW 290; flow’. For the formation cf. Lat salitus.
J IEW 779–780; M L Studien 55 (from *se- ‘separate’);
III 417–418; P I 896–899; T-F 437; W-H II
F 773; V ANEW 477–478; 557 (to Lat sòlus ‘alone’); H
K KZ LXXVII 62 (on the AEEW 289; V ANEW 478; O
Hittite parallel); F I 544–545; O 807; L GED 303; K-S
806; S 387–388; L GED 757.
291 (doubts the identity of *sek ⁄- ‘to see’ *sel¶a-sewniz adj.: ON sjald-sénn ‘sel-
and *sek ⁄- ‘to follow’); K-S dom seen’, OE seld-síne id., MDu selt-siene
754; O AED 425–426. ‘rare’, OHG selt-sàni ‘seldom seen’.
*seke refl. pron.: Goth sik ‘self ’, ON sik Compound of *sel¶az (see *sel¶ana) and
id., MLG sik id., OHG sih id. Con- *sewniz II. H AEEW 289;
tinues *se ·e. For the structure cf. *meke. C Nom. comp. 62; L GED 303;
Based on the reflexive pronoun *s(⁄)e-. K-S 757.
B Grundriß II/2 390, 395–402; *selxaz sb.m.: ON selr ‘seal’, OE seolh id.,
T-F 421; F 420; P I MLG sel id., OHG selah id. A Wander-
882–884; V ANEW 474; S wort of unknown origin. H IF
73–79; L GED 303; K- XXV 147 (to Gk ßlkv ‘to draw, to
S 761. drag’), AEEW 290; F III 328 (to Gk
*selbaz ~ *selbòn pron., adj.: Goth silba s°laxow ‘cartilaginous fish’); T-F
‘self ’, ON sjálfr id., OE self, selfa id., OFris 436 (to OIr selige ‘tortoise’ < *selekƒo-);
self id., OS self id., OHG selb id. Venet P I 901 (from *selk- ‘to pull’);
sselboi sselboi is identical with OHG selbsel- V ANEW 469–470; Z I 135;
bo (S IF XLII 128–129). The fre- O 804; S Sprache XII
selxaz 324 seniaz
65–66 (from Finno-Ugric *“ülke, cf. Finn *senaz adj.: Goth superl. sinista ‘oldest’,
dial. hylki); K-S 753. Gmc-Lat sbst. sinistus ‘sacerdos apud
*selkanan str.vb.: MHG selken ‘to trickle, Burgundios omnium maximus’ (Amm.
to drip’. Identical with Skt sºjáti ‘to Marcell. 28, 5.14). Identical with Skt
send off, to discharge’, Av har6zaiti sána-, Av hana-, Gk ßnow, Arm hin, Lat
id. B 1792–1793; T- senex, senis, OIr sen, Lith s‚nas. B-
F 436; M III 497–498;  PBB XVIII 313–314; B-
P I 900–901.  1769; P Kelt. Gr. I 36;
*selmòn sb.m.: OE sealma ‘couch’, OFris T-F 428; F 422; T
bed-selma ‘bedstead’, OS selmo ‘bed’. BSW 256; F 423; W-H II
Despite the difference of the anlaut, 513–514; M III 426; P
related to Gk s°lma ‘upper planking of a I 907–908; V ANEW 476; F
ship’ < *s⁄elm–, Lith “elmuõ ‘eaves, beam’, 774–775; S Goten 25; F I
Slav *selm≤ ‘beam’ (K KZ 522–523; P Festschr. Debrunner 343–
XXXI 422: reconstructs an improbable 349; L GED 304–305; H-
*˚s-). Further see *swelljò (S Voc. II  478–479.
78). P IF V 59; T-F 437; *sen¶ran sb.n.: ON sindr ‘dross, slag’, OE
H AEEW 286; P I sinder id. (neut., masc.), OS sinder ‘scale,
898–899 (also adduces Lith súolas ‘bench’, slag’, OHG sintar id. (masc.). Identical with
sìlë ‘trough’); F II 691–692; V- Slav *s≤dra ‘thickened liquid’ (L SVSU
T III 668–669. VI/1 39). Further related to *san¶az ~
*semlèn ~ *semlai adv.: Goth simle *san¶an. T-F 431; H
‘once, formerly’, OE simble ‘always’, OS AEEW 294, AWN 244; P I 906;
simla, simbla id., OHG adj. simbal ‘contin- V ANEW 476; Z I 143;
uous’. Cf. ON simul ‘ever’. An old instr. S LS 46; V-T III 825;
sg. (S Gesch. 595) or gen. pl. K-S 764–765.
Related to Gk ımalÒw ‘like, smooth’, Lat *senwanan str.vb.: Goth siggwan ‘to
similis ‘once’, OIr samlith ‘once’, further to sing’, ON syngva, syngja id., OE sinan ‘to
*sem- ‘one’. H PBB XXVIII 564 sing, to recite, to narrate’, OFris siunga
(from gen. pl. *semlòn ¶aòn); B ‘to sing’, OS singan id., OHG singan id.
Grundriß II/2 695 (follows H); See *sanwaz. Z Gutt. 100; T-
W KZ XXX 316 (to *mèlan I); F 429; F 419; H AEEW
T-F 432; K Urgerm. 250 (on 294; K 709–710; B BSL
semantic development in Gothic; from XXXIII 136 (attributes IE *seng ⁄h- to the
*sem-blè related to Gk è-plÒw ‘simple, religious lexicon); J IEW 786;
easy’); H AEEW 294; R P I 906–907; V ANEW 573;
ANF CXIX 180 (from *sem- and *mel-, to O 829; S 392–393; L
*mèlan I), CXXII 99; W-H II GED 302; K-S 764.
538–539; F 422; H Spr. 115 (same *seniaz adj.: Goth sineigs ‘old’, OFranc
as R); P I 903; V ANEW prop. Sinigus. Derived from *senaz. Simi-
476; F II 384; L GED 304; lar to Skt sanaká- ‘old’, Lat senex id.
B Nom. 248. if the latter is from *sene-k(o)-s (S-
*sena-ròniz adj.: ON sí-grœnn ‘ever-  AION-L III 10; the reconstruction
green’, OE sbst. sin-réne ‘house-leek’, *seneH-s proposed by M BSL LI
MDu sbst. sinde-grœn id., OHG sin-gruoni 42–56 has to be dropped in any case).
‘evergreen’. Probably, compound of S KZ I 478 (to Lat sinister ‘left’);
*senaz and *ròniz. B ZdWf II F AND I 1337; F 422–423;
229–230; K-S 764 (the first M III 426; L GED
component from IE *sem- ‘one’). 304–305; B Nom. 255.
senkwan 325 setjanan
*senkwan sb.n.: ON s‡kk ‘sinking, hollow, with *senþanan. T-F 430; H-
pit’, OE sinc ‘treasure, gold, silver’, OS  AEEW 296; F 423–424;
sinc ‘gold, treasure’. Derived from *senk- P I 908; V ANEW 477;
wanan. H AEEW 294; V Z II 172; S 394; L-
ANEW 576.  GED 305.
*senkwanan str.vb.: Goth sigqan ‘to sink’, *senþòjanan wk.vb.: ON sinna ‘to jour-
ON s‡kkva id., OE sincan id., OFris sinka ney, to travel’, OE síäian id., OS sìäòn id.,
id., OS sincan id., OHG sinkan id. Iden- OHG sindòn id. Derived from *senþanan.
tical with Slav *s\gti ‘to reach, to grab’ T-F 430; H AEEW
(A Etim. 1983 48–57: for the seman- 296; V ANEW 477; L GED
tic development cf. Slav *ob-s\gati ‘to sink, 305.
to settle’). S Kritik 63–64 (to Lith *senþòn ~ *senþaz sb.m.: Goth ga-sinþa
senkù, sèkti ‘to sink, to dry up’, Slav *s\kn‡ti ‘companion’, ON sinni id., OS gi-sìd id.,
‘to dry up’); M MSL VIII 288 (to OHG gi-sind id. Derived from *senþanan.
Arm ankanim ‘to fall’); Z Gutt. 93; F 200;V ANEW 477; L
T-F 428; T BSW 256– GED 305; K-S 319.
257; F 420; H AEEW 294; *ser¶anan str.vb.: ON seräa ‘to fornicate’,
J IEW 785–786; P OE seoräan ‘to violate’, OHG sertan ‘to
I 906; C SGGJa I 111; have sexual intercourse’. Of unknown
F 772–773; V ANEW 576; origin. B IF XXXII 323 (to
O 829; S 393–394 (to Gk e‡rv ‘to fasten together in rows’);
*sìxwanan); V-T III 826; W MP V 283 (to Skt sísarti ‘to stretch,
L GED 303 (against S); to extend’); T-F 435 (to W serth
K-S 764. ‘obscene’); J IEW 787–788;
*senþanan str.vb.: OE sinnan ‘to care for, P I 911, 1023; V ANEW 470;
to mind, to heed’, OFris sinna ‘to think’, S 395–396.
OHG fir-sinnan ‘to recover, to come back *sessaz sb.m.: ON sess ‘seat’, OE sess
to one’s senses’. Related to Av hant- ‘to ‘seat, bench’. Derived from *setjanan. Cf.
arrive’, Lat sentiò ‘to perceive’ (V‘ Lat part. sessus < *sed-to-. T-F
296; F I 562). P IF II 427; H AEEW 291; W-
316; B 1771; T-F H II 507–508; V ANEW 471;
430; H AEEW 295; W- S 397; B Nom. 78.
H II 515–516; P I *setan sb.n.: ON set ‘aisle, wing (along the
908; S 394–395; E KZ hall)’, sj‡t ‘residence, seat’ (u-stem), OE set
LXXXVII 269–271 (reconstructs *sen- ‘seat, stall’, MDu set ‘podex’, OHG sez
nanan < *senH-, cf. Hitt san¢- ‘to seek’); ‘seat’. Derived from *setjanan. Cf. W sedd
L GED 296, 305. ‘seat’. T-F 426–427; H-
*senþjan sb.n.: ON sinni ‘walk, fellowship’,  AEEW 291; P I 886;
OE e-síä ‘company, fellowship’, OS gi- V ANEW 471, 479; Z I 143;
sìthi id., OHG gi-sindi id. Cf. also Goth S 396; L GED 306;
ga-sinþja ‘fellow traveller’. Derived from B Nom. 59.
*senþanan. F 200; V ANEW 477; *setjanan str.vb.: Goth sitan ‘to sit’ (no
L GED 305; K-S 319. *-j- in pres.), ON sitja id., OE sittan id.,
*senþaz sb.m.: Goth sinþs ‘time, instance’ OFris sitta id., OS sittian id., OHG sizzen
(in iterative numerals), ON neut. sinn id. Related to Skt s≈dati ‘to sit down, to be
‘time’, OE síä ‘going, journey, travel’, seated’, Av had- ‘to sit’, Gk ßzomai
OS sìä ‘way’, OHG sind ‘direction, id., Lat sedeò id., OIr saidid ‘to sit’, Lith
way’. Identical with OIr sét ‘way’, W hynt s∏du, s∏sti, Slav *s≤d‡, *sîsti. B
id., MBret hent id. Further connected Grundriß II/3 190–192 (analogical loss of
setjanan 326 sez
*-j- in Goth); B 1753–1754; *seuka-¶òmaz sb.m.: ON sjúk-dómr ‘ill-

T-F 426; T BSW 258; ness’, MLG sèke-dòm id., OHG sioh-tuom
F 424–425; H AEEW 296; id. Derived from *seukaz. C Nom.
K KZ LXV 145–153; W- comp. 87 (parallel formations); H-
H II 507–508; J IEW  480.
781–782; M III 472–474; *seukaz adj.: Goth siuks ‘ill, sick’, ON sjúkr
P I 884–886; F 769, 777; id., OE séoc id., OFris siàk id., OS siok id.,
V ANEW 477; F I 445–446; OHG sioh id. Cf. also str. *seukanan >
O 830; S 396–397; V- Goth siukan ‘to be sick’. Two possibilities
T III 613; L GED 306; have to be further explored: connection
K-S 765–766. with *sùkanan (L NTS VII 170–173)
*setlaz sb.m.: Goth sitls ‘seat’, OE setl, seld and comparison with Lith sáugoti ‘to
id. (neut., masc.), MLG setel id., OHG watch over’ (F III 442) revealing a
sezzal ‘chair, seat’. Identical with Arm et∑ semantic relation similar to that of Lith
‘place’, loc. •llä: kay°dra, Hes., Lat siıgti ‘to be sick’ and sérgëti ‘to guard, to
sella ‘seat of the chair’, Gaul sedlon ‘seat’, watch over’. K NB I 31; Z
Slav *sedlo ‘village’. Derived from *set- Gutt. 165 (same as F), KZ XXXVI 66
janan. On the other hand cf. OS sethal (to Lith sùkti ‘to turn’); S
‘seat, throne’, OHG sedal id. < *seþlaz. BB XXVIII 707 (to Arm k'akem ‘to dis-
T-F 427; K Nom. Stamm. solve’); T-F 442; F 426;
47–48; H AEEW 291; W- H KZ XLVII 311–312 (to
H II 511; F 425; P I Lat sùgillò ‘to thrash’), AEEW 290;
886; V ANEW 479; Z II 172; J IEW 776–777; P I
T Etim. 46 (*seþlaz directly to 915 (to MIr socht ‘silence, depression’);
Slav *sedlo); O 813; S 397; V ANEW 479; O 825; S
V-T III 596; L 398–399, IF LXXVI 327; L GED
GED 306 (from *sed-tlo-); H 307; B Nom. 240; H-
Festschr. Rix 213 (analogically restored *d  480–481; K-S 762;
of the original *setlo- < *sed-tlo-; *seþlaz < B OFED s.v.
*sed-tlo-); B Nom. 75; K- *seukìn sb.f.: Goth siukei ‘illness, sickness’,
S 760. ON hug-sÿki ‘anxiety’, MLG suke ‘pesti-
*setòn sb.m.: ON seti ‘sitter’, OE an-seta lence, epidemic’, OHG siuhhì ‘illness’.
‘carbuncle, pimple’, MLG -sete ‘sitter’, Derived from *seukaz. F 426; L-
OHG stuol-sezzo ‘architriclinus’. Derived  GED 307; H 480;
from *setjanan. H AEEW 291; K-S 760.
V ANEW 471. *seuþanan str.vb.: Burg *seudan‚ to boil, to
*setran sb.n.: ON setr ‘seat, residence’. sacrifice’, ON sjóäa ‘to cook’, OE séoäan
Close to Gk ßdra id. Further see *setjanan. ‘to seethe’, OFris siàtha id., MLG seden
T-F 427; M III 423; id., OHG siodan id. Close to Lith siau‘iù,
P I 884–886; F I 443; V siaUsti ‘to winnow’ (B IF X 160).
ANEW 471. J PBB XV 237 (to Goth suþjan
*seu¶az sb.m.: ON sjóär ‘money-bag’, OE ‘to tickle’); C KZ XL 427 (to
seód ‘money-bag, purse’. Derived from Av hàvayeiti ‘to stew’); T-F 443;
*siwjanan ( J Festschr. Kuhn 272– H AEEW 290; J
279). T-F 442; H IEW 776; P I 914; V ANEW
AEEW 290; V ANEW 479. 478; O 807; S 400–401;
*seuxslò ~ *sùxslò sb.n.: ON sÿsl P IF XCIV 294–295; L
‘business’, OE súsl ‘torment’. Related to GED 297–298; K 713;.
*seukaz. T-F 443. *sez pron. refl.: Goth sis ‘oneself ’, ON sér
sez 327 sèmaz
id. A form of dative derived from IE *se- < *di⁄es-sèm–. Cf. also W hidl ‘sieve’.
id. See *seke. F 420; P I 882; Derived from *sèanan. Z Gutt.
V ANEW 470. 137; T-F 421; D Thr.
*sèanan str.vb.: Goth saian ‘to sow’, ON 546–547 (Dac -sathel ~ Lith sótis ‘satiety,
sá id., OE sáwan id., OFris part. esèn id., satiation’); P I 889; F
OS pret. obar-seu ‘darübersäen’, OHG 772; V ANEW 460.
part. in-sàniu ‘incultu’. Related to Lat serò *sèli-lìkaz adj.: ON sæl-ligr ‘healthy,
id. < *sisò, perf. sèvì, Lith s∏ju, s∏ti id., Slav wealthy, blissful’, OE e-s≠l-líc ‘happy’.
*sîj‡, *sîti id. M PBB XI 51–54; Derived from *sèliz. H 476.
J KZ XLVII 92–94 (treats *sèliþò sb.f.: ON sæld ‘bliss’, OE s≠lä ‘hap-
Goth -ai- as an original diphthong); piness, joy’, OS sàläa id., OHG sàlida id.
S GE 75–76; T-F 421; Derived from *sèliz. T-F 436;
T BSW 253–254; F 403– H AEEW 267; V ANEW
404; H AEEW 270; W- 575; H 476.
H II 522; K 618–619; *sèliz adj.: Goth sels ‘good, kind’, ON sæll
J IEW 768–770; P I ‘happy, blessed’, OE un-s≠le ‘evil, wicked’.
889–890; C SGGJa I 62; Probably related to *saljanan. F I 564
F 778–779; V ANEW 459; (to Skt sárva- ‘entire, whole, intact’ <
O 849; S 386–387; V- *sol⁄o-); F BB IX 119 (to Lat sòlor
T III 615; G- ‘comfort’, Gk ·lhmi ‘to be gracious’);
I 688–689 (add Hitt “ai- ‘to press K NB II 445–446; W PBB
down, to sow’); L GED 290; XXIV 531 (to *sèanan); S
K-S 699. ZDADL XLII 63 (from *sèdlo-); M
*sè¶an sb.n.: ON sáä ‘seed, crop, corn’, IF XVI 151 (same as S); T-
MLG sàt id. A morphological variant of F 436; F 416; H AEEW
*sè¶iz. T-F 421; H 267, AWN 297 (to Osc sivom ‘omnino’);
AEEW 267; P I 890; V W AJPhil XXIV 40–41 (to *sèanan);
ANEW 459; Z II 188; K- P I 979–980 (to *sol⁄o- ‘whole,
S 698. hale’); V ANEW 575; M
*sè¶i-tìmòn sb.m.: ON sáä-tími ‘sowing KZ LXXXIII 124–149; O 827;
season’, OE s≠d-tíma id. Compound of K MSS XXVIII 75–88 (to
*sè¶iz and *tìmòn. C Nom. comp. 82 Gk fllãskomai ‘to appease’, Arm a∑ac'em
(parallel formations). ‘to ask’); D Vºddhi 85–86, 466–467;
*sè¶iz sb.f.: Goth mana-seþs ‘mankind’, L GED 299–230; M Festschr.
OE s≠d ‘seed, fruit, growth, sowing’ Schröder 101, KZ CV 111; H
(neut.), OFris sèd ‘crop, sowing’, OS sàd 476–477; K-S 756–757.
id., OHG smala-sàt ‘small vegetables’. *sèlìn sb.f.: Goth selei ‘usefulness, good-
Similar to W had ‘seed’, Bret had id., ness, kindness’, ON ár-sæli ‘blessing on
Corn has. Continues *sè-ti-. Related to the year, plenty’. Cf. also OE un-s≠l ‘un-
*sèanan. T-F 421; H happiness, improper season’ (masc.).
AEEW 267; F 344; P I 890; Derived from *sèliz. F 416; V
Z II 188; O 806; S ANEW 636; L GED 299; H-
386; B Nom. 146; R  476.
Gedenkschr. Güntert 75; K-S *sèljanan wk.vb.: ON sæla ‘to bless’, OE
698. s≠lan ‘to happen, to betide’. Derived from
*sè¶lan sb.n.: ON sáld ‘sieve’. Identical *sèliz. H AEEW 267; V
with Lith s∏kla ‘seed’ and Dac dies-sathel ANEW 575; H 476.
‘Verbascum sinuatum’ (= Gk flÒmow) < *sèmaz adj.: ON sámr ‘swarthy, blackish’.
*di⁄es-sètlo-. Cf. a synonymic Dac di°sema Identical with Skt kßàmá- ‘singed, dried
sèmaz 328 silubran
up’. T-F 434; M I ambush’, OE s≠t ‘ambush’. Derived from

288 (against the comparison with Skt); *setjanan. T-F 427; H
P I 624; V ANEW 462; AEEW 268; V ANEW 463; S
D MSS XXXV 28; H 397; L GED 306; B
477. Nom. 111.
*sèmiz adj.: OE sám-wyrcan ‘to do a thing *sètò(n) sb.f.: ON sáta ‘truss of hay’, OE
incompletely’, OS sàm-quik ‘half-dead’, s≠te ‘house’, OFris sète ‘bail’, OHG hùs-
OHG sàmi-heil ‘spoiled, weakened’. sàza ‘home’. Derived from *setjanan.
Identical with Skt sàmí ‘half ’, Gk ≤mi- id., H AEEW 268; V ANEW
Lat sèmi- id. (C Gr. Et. 325). 463.
T-F 434; H AEEW *sibaz sb.n.: ON sef ‘sedge’, OE sife ‘sieve’,
267, 269; W-H II 512–513; MLG seve id., OHG sib id. An isolated
F 405 (to *saimaz); M III derivative *si-bho- related to *sèanan.
459; P I 905–906; F I 636; Z Gutt. 16; T-F 440; H-
N ANF LXXII 30–34; D MSS  AEEW 293; P I 889–890,
XXXV 10–11, Vºddhi 108–108; H- 894 (from *seip- ~ *seib-); Z II
 477–478. 189; O 826.
*sèmòn sb.m.: OS sàmo ‘seed’, OHG sàmo *si(w)an sb.n.: ON sig ‘rope which is let
id. Close to Lat sèmen id., OPrus semen id., down’, OE sie ‘fall, setting of the sun’
Lith s∏menys ‘flax seed’, Slav *sîm\ ‘seed’ (masc.). Derived from *sì(w)anan. H-
and also Dac di°sema ‘Verbascum sinua-  AEEW 293; V ANEW 473.
tum’ < *di⁄e(s)-sèm– as opposed to dies- *silènan wk.vb.: Goth ana-silan to cease,
sathel id. < *di⁄es-sètlo- (see *sè¶lan). Further to grow calm’. Identical with Lat sileò ‘to
related to *sèanan (K KZ LXXI 141– be silent’. G Goten 23; T-
142). T-F 422; T BSW F 440–441; W-H II
253–254; W-H II 512; P- 535–536; F 44; P I 891;
 I 890; D VSJa 26; F L GED 33.
774; S 386; V-T *silòn sb.m.: ON sili, seli ‘strap belonging
III 600–601; B Nom. 184; to the harness’, OFris sil-ràp ‘rope’, MLG
K-S 703. sele id., OHG silo id. A zero-grade variant
*sètaz sb.n.: ON pl. sætr ‘mountain of *sailan ~ *sailò. T-F 438;
pastures’, G dial. Säß id. Derived from V ANEW 469; L GED 206;
*setjanan. K-S 533. K-S 763.
*sètiz adj.: Goth anda-sets ‘detestable, hor- *silubran sb.n.: Goth silubr ‘silver’, ON
rible’, ON neut. sætt ‘endurable’, OE and- silfr id., OE seolfor, siolufr id., OFris selover
s≠te ‘odious, hateful’, MDu ont-set id., id., OS siluvar id., OHG silabar id. (with
MHG ant-sæze ‘brave’. Derived from *-a-). The HG vocalism may well be
*setjanan. K NB I 101; T- more archaic. A North European Wan-
F 427–428; H AEEW 268; derwort of uncertain origin, cf. OPrus
F 47; P I 886; S 397; sirablan id., Lith sidãbras id., Latv sidrabs
L GED 35; B Nom. id., Slav *s¸rebro id. (S Kl. Schr.
261; M Festschr. Schröder 103, 117, 115). Further explanations are more
KZ CV 114; H 479–480. than dubious (I Met. 104: to Lyc
*sètjan sb.n.: ON sæti ‘seat’, OE e-s≠te rvn. S¤brow: érgÊreow potamÒw, Kartv
‘back of the head’, OHG gi-sàzi ‘seat, *werc1xl- ‘silver’, Basque zillar id.).
district’. Derived from *setjanan. H- M BSL XXIV 138 (to Lyc S¤brow
 AEEW 268; V ANEW 576; érgÊreow potamÒw); U PBB XX
O 804; S 397. 43 (originally, to Akk ßarpu ‘silver’); I
*sètò sb.f.: ON sát ‘ambush, sitting in Festschr. Streitberg 229–230; L
silubran 329 sìxwanan
PBB XLIX 71 (via Thracian); M siuwen id. Related to Skt s≈vyati ‘to sew, to
BuS 41 (to Gk s¤dhrow ‘iron’); T-F join’, Osset xuyun ~ xuin ‘to sew’, Lat suò
441; H AEEW 295; F 421– id., Lith siuvù, siùti id., Slav *“iti id.
422; P Gliederung 143; F P Beiträge 854; T-F 441;
780–781; V ANEW 475; Z I T BSW 261–263; H
143; O 827; B IEL 48, AEEW 296; W-H II 631–
154–155; S LS 47; T IEur. 632; F 425; M III 477–478;
271–272 (to Basque zillar, zidar, zirar P I 915–916; F 789–790;
‘silver’); V-T III 606; V ANEW 572; O 814; V-
T VJa 1985/5 5–6 (from resid- T IV 443–444; L GED
ual Indo-Aryan in Eastern Europe); 306–307; K-S 706–707.
G-I 713 (from Kartve- *sì pron.: Goth si ‘she’, OFris se id., OS siu
lian); L GED 303–304; K- id., OHG siu, sì id. Related to Skt encl.
S 763. part. sìm, Av acc. hìm ‘him’ (W-
*silubra-smiþaz sb.m.: ON silfr-smiär  KZ XXIV 605–606), Gk ‡ id., OIr
‘silver-smith’, OE seolfor-smiä id., MDu sil- sí id., Lith -si id. (S KZ XXXVI
ver-smit id., OHG silabar-smid id. Com- 395–396). A KZ VIII 344 (on Gk
pound of *silubran and *smiþaz. C ‡ ); B Grundriß II/2 321; B-
Nom. comp. 78 (parallel formations).  1814; F 416; M III
*silubrìnaz adj.: Goth silubreins ‘of silver’, 475, 551; P I 978–9979; F I
OE seolfren id., OFris selvirn id., OS silu- 702; L GED 300; K-S
brin id., OHG silberìn id. Derived from 761–762; B OFED s.v.
*silubran. H AEEW 292; *sì¶az adj.: ON síär ‘long, hanging’, OE
F 421; L GED 303–304. síd ‘wide, broad, ample’, OFris adv. sìde
*sin(a)wò sb.f.: ON sin ‘sinew’, OE seonu ‘deep’, MLG sìt, sìde ‘low, quiet’, OHG
id., OFris sine, sini, sin id., OS sinewa id., adv. sìto ‘slack, loose’. Related to Lat
OHG senawa id. Related to Av hinu- sètius ‘late’, sèrus id., OIr sír ‘long (of
‘band, chain, manacle’, OIr sin, sín time)’. T-F 439; H
‘chain’, Latv pa-sainis ‘string’. B- AEEW 292; W-H II 526–
 1814; T-F 428 (to Skt 527; P I 891; V ANEW 473;
snàvan- ‘sinew’); H AEEW 295; O 825; H 475–476;
P I 892; V ANEW 476; K-S 756.
Z II 180; O 828; B- *sì¶òn sb.f.: ON síäa ‘side’, OE síde id.,
 Nom. 118; K-S OFris sìde id., OHG sìta id. Derived from
754. *sì¶az. T-F 439; H
*sinènan ~ *sinòjanan wk.vb.: Swed- AEEW 292; P I 891; V ANEW
Norw dial. sina ‘to cease, to be ex- 472; Z I 156; O 825;
hausted’, MHG senen ‘to yearn’. Related H 475; K-S 756.
to *sainiz. Particularly close to Lat sinò ‘to *sì(w)anan str.vb.: ON síga ‘to sink
leave’. K MSN III 412; W- down, to slide’, OE sían ‘to sink, to
H II 545–546; P I decline, to fall’, OFris pres. sìga id., OS
890–891; L GED 291. pret. sg. sèg id., OHG sìgan id. A variant
*siwilò(n) sb.f.: Norw syl ‘awl’, MLG of *sìxwanan. W MLN XVIII 14 (Gk
sùwele id., MHG siule id. Derived from ·kv ‘to come’); T-F 439; H-
*siwjanan. T-F 442.  AEEW 293; J IEW
*siwjanan wk.vb.: Goth siujan ‘to sew’, 772–773; P I 893; V ANEW
ON sÿja ‘to sew, to tie the planks of 473; S 388–389 (against T-
a ship together’, OE seówan, seowian ‘to F); K-S 755.
sew’, OFris sìa id., OS siuwian id., OHG *sìxwanan str.vb.: ON sía ‘to filter’ (orig-
sìxwanan 330 skabanan
inally str.vb.), OE seón id., OFris sìa id., *sìnaz poss. pron.: Goth seins ‘his, her’,
MDu sien ‘to drip’, OHG sìhan ‘to strain’. ON sinn id., OE sín id., OFris sìn id., OS
Related to Skt siñcáti ‘to pour out, to sìn id., OHG sìn id. Derived with *-no-
sprinkle’, Av hin‘aiti id., Gk Âjai: from IE loc. *sei, to IE refl. *s(⁄)e-. Cf. in
dihy∞sai (Hes.), Slav *s¸c‡, *s¸cati ‘to uri- particular Venet veina- ‘one’s own’ <
nate’. Z Gutt. 68; T-F *s⁄ei-no- (K ZONF XI 86, Festschr.
439; H AEEW 295; M- Hirt II 565–566). B KZ XX (1872)
 III 464–465; P I 893; 41–42; T-F 421; H
V ANEW 472; S 389–391; AEEW 294; M Word IV 100; F
V-T III 815–816; K- 415; P Gliederung 129; P I
S 755. 882–884; V ANEW 477; L
*sìxwò(n) sb.f.: ON sía ‘sieve, strainer’, GED 299; K-S 755.
OHG sìha id. Derived from *sìxwanan. *sìpanan str.vb.: OFris part. bi-seppen
T-F 439; S 390; V ‘bloodshot (of an eye)’, MDu sìpen ‘to
ANEW 472. drip’, MHG sìfen ‘to flow (of blood)’.
*sìkan sb.n.: ON sík ‘ditch, trench’, OE síc Related to Gk e‡bv ‘to drop, to let fall in
‘brook, water-course’, MLG sìk ‘marshy drops’. T-F 440; H
wold’ (masc.), OHG seih ‘urine’ (masc.). AEEW 296 (OE sípian ‘to fall’ < *sìpò-
Related to Lat siat ‘urinates’. Z janan); P I 894; F I 450–451
Gutt. 68; T-F 439; H (e‡bv as “Reimwort zu le¤bv”); S
AEEW 291; W-H II 531; 391.
P I 893 (to *seik ⁄- ‘to flow out’); *sìþiz adv: Goth þana-seiþs ‘further, there-
V ANEW 474–475; Z II 218. after’, ON síär ‘less’, OE síä ‘later, since’,
*sìkaz sb.m.: ON síkr ‘a kind of salmon, OS sìä ‘later’, OHG sìd ‘later, since’.
Coregonus lavaretus’. Of unknown ori- Compared with Lat sètius ‘inferior, lower,
gin. Borrowed from the same source as worse’ (B BB III 106–107) and MIr
Russ sig id., Lith sykis id., Latv sÛga, sÛka sith- ‘long, lasting’ continuing IE *sèi-t-.
id. (Finn siika is from Gmc). T-F May be related to *sì¶az. F
439; Bù II 561 (from a non-IE lan- ZDADL XLVI 168–175; K NB II
guage of the Eastern Baltic). 303–304; T-F 438; H
*sìmòn sb.m.: ON síma ‘cord’ (neut.), OE AEEW 296; W-H II 526–
síma id., OFris sìm, sìma id., OS sìmo id. 527; F 489; P I 889–891;
Close to Toch B ßim ‘roof ’, Skt sìmán- V ANEW 472; O 828; L
‘parting of the hair’, Gk ímãw ‘leather GED 299; L MSS XXXVII 121–130;
strap’ (suggesting *ímvn) and further H 475; K-S 755–
derived from *sèi- ‘to bind’ (Skt syáti, Lith 756.
si‚ti). T-F 437; T BSW *skabanan str.vb.: Goth skaban ‘to shear,
253; H AEEW 294; M- to shave’, ON skafa ‘to scrape, to shave’,
 III 475 (against this etymology); OE sceafan id., OS pres. scaban id., OHG
P I 891–892; V ANEW 476; skaban id. Related to Gk skãptv ‘to dig,
F 783; F I 724–725; L- to hack’, Lith skapiù, skõpti ‘to cut’, Slav
 GED 206; B Nom. 184; *skopiti ‘to castrate’. B KZ XIV
A TB 656–657. 433 (to Lat scabò ‘to shave, to scratch’);
*sìna-ernaz adj.: Goth nom. pl. seinai- Z Gutt. 150; M MSL XIV
gairnai (leg. seina-gairnai) ‘selfish’, ON sín- 339; S KZ XXXVII 584; T-
gjarn ‘covetous, avaricious’. Compound of F 451–452; F 426; H
*sìnaz and *ernaz. S GE 163; AEEW 272; J IEW 824–
F 415; C Nom. comp. 67; L 826; P I 931; F 812;
GED 299. V ANEW 480; F II 718–720;
skabanan 331 skainjanan
O 817; S 401–402; V- from *skapjanan. T-F 450; H-
T III 650; L GED 307;  AEEW 272; F 200; S
K-S 707–708. 407; L GED 148; B
*skablaz sb.m.: ON skafl ‘snow-drift’, G Nom. 145; K-S 317.
dial. Schabel ‘scraper’. Derived from *ska- *skaftjan sb.n.: ON skepti ‘shaft’, OHG
banan. V ANEW 480. scefti ‘spear’. Derived from *skaftan ~
*skabòn sb.f./m.: ON skafa ‘scraper’, OE *skaftaz. V ANEW 490.
scéafa ‘plane’, OHG scaba id. Derived *skaftjanan wk.vb.: ON skepta ‘to make
from *skabanan. H AEEW shafts (to arrow-heads)’, LG scheften id.,
272; V ANEW 480; S 401. OHG scaften ‘provide with a shaft’.
*ska¶¶az sb.m.: Norw skadd ‘snap’, OE Derived from *skaftaz ~ *skaftan. V
sceadd ‘shad’, G dial. schad, schade id. Of ANEW 490.
unknown origin. T-F 449 (to Lat *ska( j)an sb.n.: ON skegg ‘beard’, OE
scateò ‘to bubble, to gush’); H sceaca ‘hair of the head’ (masc.). Derived
AEEW 272; P I 950; V from *skaòn. L ANF XX 367;
ANEW 479. Z Gutt. 154; T-F 448;
*ska¶uz ~ *ska¶waz sb.m.: Goth skadus H AEEW 272; V ANEW
‘shadow’, OE sceadu id. (fem.), MLG 487.
schade id., OHG scato id. Related to Gk *skaòn sb.m.: ON skagi ‘low cape, ness’,
skÒtow ‘darkness’, OIr scáth ‘shadow, mir- OE sceaa ‘small wood, copse, thicket’.
ror’. Z Gutt. 150; T-F Probably derived from *skexanan. T-
449; H AEEW 272; F 427; F 448; H AEEW 272;
P I 957; Z II 219; F V ANEW 480 (to OIr der-scaigim ‘to
II 739–740; O 815; L GED distinguish oneself ’); O 815.
307–308; B Nom. 85; *skaibaz adj.: ON skeifr ‘askew, oblique’,
K-S 713. OE sceáf-fót ‘splay-footed’, OS skèf
*ska¶wjanan wk.vb.: Goth ufar-skadwjan ‘crooked’, G dial. scheib id. Probably
‘to overshadow’, OE sceadwian ‘to cover related to Lith skybas ‘wedge-like piece of
with shadow’. Derived from *ska¶uz ~ land’, Latv “˚ìbs ‘crooked’. K NB
*ska¶waz. T-F 449; F 510; I 60; Z Gutt. 43, 154; P
L GED 307–308. Beiträge 85; T-F 464; H
*skaftan ~ *skaftaz sb.n./m.: Burg AEEW 271, ANW 249 (ON < MLG);
*skafts ‘shaft’, ON skapt ‘shaft, missile’, P I 922; F 804; V
OE sceaft «stick, pole, shaft’, OFris skaft ANEW 488; K PBB XCVI 210–
‘shaft’, OS skaft ‘spear’, OHG scaft ‘shaft, 211; L-M KZ XLIX 257–258;
spear’. Related to Gk sk∞ptron ‘staff ’, H 481–482; K-S
Dor skçpton id., skçpow: klãdow, ka‹ 720.
ênemow poiÒw (Hes.), Lat scàpus ‘shaft, *skai¶anan ~ *skaiþanan str.vb.: Goth
stem’, Latv “kEps ‘spear’. Probably, skaidan ‘to separate, to divide’, OE sceádan
to *skabanan. Z Gutt. 152, 213; id., OFris skètha id., OS skèdan id., OHG
T-F 452; H AEEW sceidan id. Continues zero grade of IE
272; W-H II 490; P I *skèi-t- (B IF XXXII 179–181).
932–933; V ANEW 483; Z II Related to *skì¶anan. Z Gutt. 150;
189; F II 728–729; O 815; T-F 463; F 427; H
L GED 298; K 713; K- AEEW 272; P CGG 176–180;
S 710. P I 921; O 818; S
*skaftiz sb.f.: Goth ga-skafts ‘creation, 402–404; L GED 308; K-
creature’, OE (e-)sceaft id. (fem., masc.), S 715.
OS gi-scaft id., OHG gi-scaft id. Derived *skainjanan wk.vb.: ON skeina ‘to
skainjanan 332 skalkaz
scratch, to wound slightly’, OE sc≠nan ‘to AEEW 284; J IEW 850;
break’, OFris skènia id., OHG ir-skeinen id. P I 927; C SGGJa I
Related to *skinò. H AEEW 76; F 799–800; V ANEW
270; V ANEW 488. 507; O 815; B IEL
*skaiþan sb.n.: ON skeiä ‘race, course’, 153–155; S 405–406; L
OS skèth ‘difference’. Derived from GED 313–314; K-S 770.
*skai¶anan ~ *skaiþanan. T-F *skalbjanan wk.vb.: ON skelfa ‘to make
463. shake, to make tremble’, OE á-scielfan
*skaiþiz ~ *skaiþò sb.f.: Burg *skaiþi ‘to destroy’. Derived from *skelbanan.
‘sheath’, ON skeiä ‘slay, weaver’s rod’, pl. H AEEW 277; V ANEW
skeiäar ‘scabbard’ (in pl. also root stem 488–489; S 412.
and i-stem), OE sceáä ‘sheath’, OFris *skalòn sb.m.: ON skálgi ‘a kind of fish’,
skèthe id., OHG skeida id. Derived from OE sceala id. Derived from *skelaz ~
*skai¶anan ~ *skaiþanan. T-F *skelxaz. H AEEW 273;
464; H AEEW 2774; P V ANEW 481 (to *skaljò ).
I 921; V ANEW 487; Z II *skalja-fiskaz sb.m.: ON skel-fiskr ‘shell-
210; O 818; S 403; K fish’, OE scil-fisc id., MLG schell-visch
713; K-S 715. ‘haddock’, early G Schell-fisch id. Com-
*skaiþòjanan wk.vb.: ON skeiäa ‘to pound of *skaljò and *fiskaz. C Nom.
sheath (a sword)’, ME scéthen id. Derived comp. 78 (parallel formations).
from *skaiþò. Structurally close to Lith *skaljanan wk.vb.: ON skella ‘to make
skaitÿti ‘to count’. F 792; V slam’, OE á-scilian ‘to shell’, MLG schellen
ANEW 488. ‘to divide, to separate’. Derived from
*skakanan str.vb.: ON skaka ‘to shake’, *skaljò. H AEEW 277; (to
OE sceacan ‘to shake, to quiver’, OFris MHG schel ‘springing’, OHG scelo
pres. skeka ‘to run away’, OS pret. sg. skòk ‘draught horse’); V ANEW 489.
‘to leave’. Related to Skt khájati ‘to stir, to *skaljò sb.f.: Goth skalja ‘tile’, ON skel
churn’, W ysgogi ‘to stir’. Z Gutt. ‘shell’, OE scill id., MLG schelle ‘shell,
154; T-F 447; H scale’. Derived from *skalò. Close to Alb
AEEW 271; J IEW 822–824; halë ‘fish bone, splinter; pine’ (P KZ
M I 296; P I 923 (from XXXIII 285) < PAlb *skalà. Z
*skeg-); V ANEW 480–481; O Gutt. 151; T-F 458; H
815; L 227; S 404–405. AEEW 277; F 427–428; P I
*skakulaz sb.m.: ON sk‡kull ‘pole of a 924; V ANEW 488 (directly to IE
cart’, OE sceacel ‘shackle’, EFris schakel *skel- ‘to split’); Z II 218; O
‘wooden semi-circle’ (fem.), LG schakel 819; L GED 308; K-S
‘chain link’ (fem.). Derived from 710; O AED 141.
*skakanan. T-F 447; H *skalkaz I sb.m.: Goth skalks ‘servant’,
AEEW 271; V ANEW 511; O ON skálkr ‘rogue, slave’, OE scealc ‘ser-
814. vant, man’, OFris skalk ‘slave’, OS skalk
*skala str.vb.: Goth skal ‘to owe, to have ‘servant’, OHG scalc id. Etymologically
to’, ON skal ‘must, to be obliged’, OE identical with Slav *xolk˙ ‘bachelor’ (with
sceal id., OFris skel id., OS scal id., OHG a difference of voiced/unvoiced inlaut
scal id. Related to Lith skeliù, skel∏ti ‘to consonants). The latter is clearly con-
owe’, OPrus skellànts ‘indebted’ (S KZ nected with Slav *xolp˙ ‘servant’ and
XXXVII 320). Z Gutt. 159 (to *xolst˙ ‘unmarried’, thus implying the
Lat scelus ‘crime’); M IF XVIII reconstruction of IE *skel-/*skol- (B-
229–230 (to Lith skélti ‘to split’); T-  KZ LI 235: from *skel- ‘to cut’, treat-
F 459; F 435–436; H ing the servant as originally *‘maimed’).
skalkaz 333 skamò
A  J MSL VII 291–292 *skalò sb.f.: OE scealu ‘shell, husk’, MLG
(from Celtic, cf. OIr scoloc ‘vassal, schale ‘bark’, OHG scala ‘shell, hull’.
novice’); F Gemin. (to Norw skalk Derived from *skeljanan ~ *skelòjanan. Cf.
‘bread stump’ < IE *skel- ‘to cut’ which *skèlò with another ablaut grade. Iden-
might strengthen B’ etymology); tical with Alb halë ‘fish bone’, Lith skalà
G Got. 187 (to *skala); S ‘splinter’, further cf. Slav *skala ‘rock’
KZ XXXVII 313 (to Goth kalkjo ‘whore’); with *-ò-. Z Gutt. 151, 154;
B IF XIX 381 (from *s˚el- ‘to G Labyrinth 40–41; T-F
jump’); M WuS I 47 (same as 458; H AEEW 273; P I
F); M NTS I 142 (from 924–925; F 792–793; Z
non-IE Caucasian xkalax, xkalak ‘servant’); II 218; O 793; L GED 308;
G Labyrinth 40–42 (to *skel- ‘to O AED 141.
cut’, treating the ‘servant’ as *‘stone *skama-lausaz adj.: ON skamm-laus
mason’); T-F 460 (to *skalkaz II); ‘shameless’, OE sceam-leás id., MLG
H AEEW 273; F 428; schame-lòs id., OHG scama-lòs id. Com-
V ANEW 482; Z I 135; pound of *skamò and *lausaz. C
K Muttersprache LXXXIX 45– Nom. comp. 60.
46; L GED 308–309 (“from the *skamènan ~ *skamòjanan wk.vb.:
designation of a subjugated people”); Goth skaman sik ‘to be ashamed’, ON
T ESSJa VIII 64–65; K- skamma ‘to shame, to disgrace’, OE
S 710. sceamian ‘to be ashamed’, OFris skamia id.,
*skalkaz II sb.m.: ON skálkr ‘sword’, MLG schamen id., OHG scamèn, scamòn
EFris schalk ‘small plank preventing the id. Derived from *skamò. Z Gutt.
surface from being penetrated by a nail’, 195; T-F 452; H
MLG schalc ‘support on which the rafter AEEW 271; F 428; V ANEW 482;
is resting’. Any connection with *skalmò ? O 816; L GED 309.
T-F 460; V ANEW 482 (to *skamiþò sb.f.: ON skemmd ‘shame, dis-
*skaljò ). grace’, MLG schemede id. Derived from
*skalkjanan wk.vb.: ON skelkja ‘to mock’, *skamènan ~ *skamòjanan. V ANEW
MHG be-schelken id. Related to *skalkaz I. 489.
V ANEW 489. *skam(m)az adj.: ON skammr ‘short’, OE
*skalliz sb.m.: ON sbst. skellr ‘loud splash’, sceam, scamm id., OHG scam id. Of
OE sbst. scelle ‘concisium’, MLG schal(l) unknown origin. Probably related to Av
‘sound’, OHG scal id. Derived from kamna- ‘little’ < *kombh-no-. B-
*skellanan. H AEEW 277;  440; K NB II 232–233,
S 413; M KZ CV 102–103. 456; Z Gutt. 152; T-F 453;
*skalljanan wk.vb.: ON skella ‘to clash, H AEEW 271; M Gém.
to knock’, OE scellan ‘to make a noise, to 175; P I 929; V ANEW 482;
sound’, OHG gi-skellen ‘to make sound, to O 794; H 484.
ring’. Causative of *skellanan. H- *skammjanan wk.vb.: ON skemma ‘to
 AEEW 277; S 413. shorten’, OHG skemmen id. Derived from
*skalmò sb.f.: ON skálm ‘short sword’, *skam(m)az. T-F 453; H-
EFris schalm ‘thin stripe of wood’, Du  484.
schalm id. Identical with Thrac skãlmh: *skamò sb.f.: ON sk‡m, sk‡mm ‘shame’,
mãxaira Yr&k¤a (Hes.), Gk skalmÒw ‘pin OE sceamu id., OFris skome id., OS skama
to which the oar is fastened’ (F id., OHG scama id. Substantivization of
Spracheinh. 419). T-F 458; D- *skam(m)az without gemination. J-
 Thr. 454; P I 923–924;  KZ XXX 428–430 (from *˚em- ‘to
V ANEW 511; F II 716. cover’); T-F 452 (< *skem- ‘to
skamò 334 skarbaz
cover’); H AEEW 271; F Lat scabò ‘to scrape’, Lith skambù, skàbti ‘to
428–429; P I 557; V ANEW pick’. For the semantic development cf.
512; Z II 225; O 816; various reflexes of IE *te˚þ-. Z
P Gedenkschr. Güntert 285–286 (to Gutt. 150; P Beiträge 142, 784;
Umbr eskamitu ‘male pudenda’); L T-F 450; T BSW 262;
GED 309 (to Gk skambÒw ‘crooked’); H AEEW 272; W-
K-S 711. H II 484–485; F 200–201;
*skan¶ò sb.f.: Goth skanda ‘shame’, OE P I 930–933; F 791;
skeand id., OFris skande id., MLG schande V ANEW 483; O 816; S
id., OHG scanta id. Could continue sbst. 407; L GED 148–149.
*skan¶az ‘ashamed’ (OHG scant). Probably *skap( j)an ~ *skapòn sb.n./m.: OFris
connected with Gk skinyÒw ‘diver’, Lith schep ‘cupboard’, OS skapo ‘vessel for
sk\stù, sk.sti ‘to sink, to drown’, OPrus liquids’, OHG scaffo id. Cf. also ON
auskièndlai ‘to set, to go down’. F KZ skeppa ‘bushel’ < *skappjòn. Despite the
XXII 111; P Beiträge 155; Z differences in consonantism, close to Gk
Gutt. 195; T-F 452–453 (to *˚em- skãfh ‘tub’, skãfow ‘ship’. Further see
‘to cover’); T BSW 265; F *skabanan. T-F 451; P I
429 (to *skamò ); H AEEW 271; 932; F II 718.
P I 930; F 803; Z *skapjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-skapjan ‘to
II 227; O 816; L GED 309; create’, ON skepja ‘to shape, to form’, OE
B Nom. 116; H scippan ‘to shape, to form, to create’,
483; K-S 711. OFris skeppa id., OS skeppian id., OHG
*skankaz adj.: ON skakkr ‘slew, wry, dis- skepfen id. Derived from *skap( j)an ~
torted’. Related to Gk skãzv ‘to limp’ < *skapòn (in its original meaning *‘shape’?).
*sk–gƒò, MIr scingim ‘to spring’. K K KZ I 139 (related to Skr skabh-,
NB I 45; Z Gutt. 23, 151; T- skambh- ‘to support’); G KZ I 81;
F 450; H AEEW 271; T-F 450–451; F 200–201;
H EG V 94; S Festschr. H AEEW 277–278; K
Debrunner 425–427; P I 930; V 631–632; J IEW 824–826;
ANEW 481; F II 714; O 816; P I 930–933; V ANEW 483,
H 485; K-S 717. 489; O 816; S 406–408 (to
*skankaz ~ *skankòn sb.m.: Norw Lith skõpti ‘to hollow, to chisel’, Slav *sko-
skank ‘shank’, OE sceanca id., LG schanke piti ‘to castrate’); L GED 148;
id., OHG scanc ‘rack, cupboard’. Derived K-S 709.
from *skankaz. T-F 450; H- *skapòjanan wk.vb.: ON skapa ‘to shape,
 AEEW 271; V ANEW 481; to form, to make’, OHG gi-skaffòn ‘to
O 816; H 485. form, to build’. Derived from *skap( j)an ~
*skankjanan wk.vb.: ON skekkja ‘to set *skapòn. Cf. *skapjanan. T-F 451;
askew, to displace’, OE scencan ‘to pour S 407; K-S 709.
out’, OFris skenka id., OS skenkian id., *skarbaz I sb.m.: ON skarfr ‘cormorant’,
OHG skenken ‘to give to drink, to pour, OE scræf id., OHG scarbo id. (n-stem).
to mix’. Derived from *skankaz. T- Identical with *skarbaz II? S
F 450; H AEEW 275; DVN 393–397; T-F 457 (to
P I 930; V ANEW 488; *skrafòjanan); H AEEW 282;
H 485; K-S 717. V ANEW 484; K-S 712.
*skapan sb.n.: ON skap ‘shape, form’, OE *skarbaz II sb.m.: ON skarfr ‘plank,
e-sceap ‘creation, decree’, OS skap ‘ves- board’, MLG scharf ‘broken fragment’.
sel’, MHG ge-schaf ‘creature’. With irreg- Derived from *skerfanan. T-F
ular *-p- < IE *-b-, to be compared with 457; V ANEW 484; S 415.
skar¶an 335 skartan
*skar¶an sb.n.: ON skarä ‘notch, chink’, ‘dirt’, Gk sk«r id. Further to *skeranan.
OE sceard ‘tile, sherd’, OFris skerd P SVSL I 95 (*-rn- reflects hete-
‘cut, notch’, MLG schart ‘crack, chink’, roclysis similar to Gk and Hitt); Z
MHG schart, scharte ‘notch, gap’ (fem.). Gutt. 155; T-F 456; H
Substantivized *skar¶az. T-F AEEW 274; P I 947–948; V
454; H AEEW 273–274; V ANEW 484; F II 746; L 228;
ANEW 484; O 816–817; K- K-S 720.
S 713. *skarò I sb.f.: ON sk‡r ‘crowd, multitude,
*skar¶az adj.: ON skarär ‘diminished’, army’, MLG schare ‘crowd, share’, OHG
OE sceard ‘notched, hacked, gashed’, scara ‘crowd, army’. Derived from *sker-
OFris skerd ‘nicked’, OS skard ‘chopped anan. Z Gutt. 154; T-F
up, wounded’, OHG lidu-scart ‘mutilated’. 453; H AEEW 274; P
Probably related to OIr scert ‘part’, Lat I 939; Z II 183; S
scortum ‘hide, skin’. Further see *skeranan. 414; B Nom. 108; K-
K NB II 333; T-F 454 S 712.
(substantivized participle of *sker-); H- *skarò II sb.f.: ON sk‡r ‘hair, rim, edge’,
 AEEW 273; W-H II OE scearu ‘shearing, cutting’. Derived
497–498; P I 940; V ANEW from *skeranan. T-F 453.
484; O 817; B Nom. *skarpaz adj.: ON skarpr ‘sharp’, OE
251; H 485–486; K- scearp id., OFris skerp id., OS skarp id.,
S 713. OHG skarpf ‘sharp, rough’. Identical with
*skar¶janan wk.vb.: ON skeräa ‘to dimin- Latv skarbs ‘sharp, strict, rough’. For the
ish’, OE part. e-scyrded ‘destroyed’, labial extension of *sker- ‘to cut’ cf. also
OHG skerten ‘to damage, to cut’. Derived MIr cerb ‘sharp’, Toch B kärpye ‘rough’,
from *skar¶az. V ANEW 490–491; Slav *“‘¸rb˙ ‘incomplete, deficient’. Note
H 486. ON part. skorpinn ‘shrivelled’ reflecting
*skarjan sb.n.: ON sker ‘isolated rock str. *skerpanan. S IF XVII
in the sea’, MLG scher ‘rock, cliff ’, 459–465; K NB I 67, II 228;
MHG scher id. Derived from *skeranan. Z Gutt. 155; T-F 456;
Z Gutt. 154; V ANEW 490. H AEEW 274; P I 943;
*skarjanan wk.vb.: Goth us-skarjan ‘to K Festschr. Wagner 107–113; V
tear out, to sober’, OE scirian ‘to separate, ANEW 485; O 817; V-
to divide, to allot’, OS skerian ‘to separate, T IV 503–504; S 416;
to distribute, to allot’, OHG skerien id. L Expr. 266; H 487;
Causative of *skeranan. G K-S 712.
Got. 233; T-F 453–454; H- *skarpjanan wk.vb.: OESc skærpa ‘to
 AEEW 278; F 534; P press, to tuck’, OS gi-skerpian ‘to sharpen’,
I 939; L GED 383. MHG scherpfen id. Derived from *skarpaz.
*skar( j)òn sb.m.: Norw skere ‘plowshare’, H 487.
OE scear id. (< *skaraz), OFris skere id. *skartan ~ *skartaz sb.n./m.: ON skart
(fem.), MLG schar, schare id. (neut., fem.), ‘show, finery’, MHG scharz ‘jump,
OHG scaro id. Derived from *skeranan. spring’. Derived from a poorly attested
Derivationally close to Lith skarà ‘rag’, str. *skertanan > MHG scherzen ‘to spring,
Slav *skora ‘hide, skin’ (F III 453). to jump’. The latter is related to Skt
P Beiträge I 176; T-F 454; kùrdati ‘to spring’, Gk kradãv ‘to swing’
Bù III 950–951. (a secondary denominative based on
*skarnan sb.n.: ON skarn ‘dung, dirt’, OE *k°rdv). T-F 455; P I
scearn ‘dung, filth’, OFris skern ‘dung’, 934; V ANEW 485–486; F II
MLG scharn id. Related to Hitt “akkar 1–2.
skarzòjanan 336 skauniz
*skarzòjanan wk.vb.: Norw skarra ‘to OHG scadòn id. Derived from *skaþòn.
make a scratching sound’, MLG scharren T-F 449; H AEEW
‘to scratch’, MHG scharren id. Derived 274; P I 950; V ANEW 479;
from *skerzanan. T-F 457. O 795; L GED 310.
*skattaz sb.m.: Goth skatts ‘money, coin’, *skaþòn sb.m.: ON skaäi ‘harm, damage’,
ON skattr ‘tribute’, OE sceatt ‘property, OE sceaäa ‘scathe, harm, injury’, OFris
goods, wealth’, OFris sket ‘money, cattle’, skatha ‘harm, loss’, OS skatho ‘harm’,
OS skatt ‘piece of money, wealth’, OHG OHG scado id. Cf. also Goth neut. skaþis
scaz ‘denarius, money, wealth’. A very ‘harm, injustice’. Despite the phonetic
difficult word. G Got. 188 discrepancies, related to Gk *sk∞yow in
(with the original meaning ‘coin, piece of é-skhyÆw ‘unharmed’, OIr scathaim ‘to
money’, from Gmc *ska(b)- ‘to cut’); scathe, to harm’ (O PBB XIII
S KZ XLVIII 266–272 (recon- 459). T-F 449; H
structs *skwattaz); W MP XVIII 86 AEEW 274–275 (the first element of
(from *s∞h6t⁄o- ‘covered with pelt’); Sca(n)dinavia identified with *skaþòn); F
M apud K ZfslavPh 429–430; J IEW 824;
XV 129 (from a Celtic ethn. SkÒttoi); P I 950; V ANEW 480;
V JEGP XXIX 497 (semantic Z II 224; F I 164; O
influence of Lat pecùnia); T-F 795; L GED 309–310; B-
448–449; L KZ LXII 263–264 (from  Nom. 179; K-S 709.
Osset sk’ætt ‘cattle-shed’); S- *skaþulaz adj.: Goth skaþuls ‘harmful’,
P 313–315 (Gmc > Slav *skot˙ OHG skadal ‘wicked, spoiled’. Derived
‘cattle, property, money’); F 429; from *skaþòn, *skaþjanan. F 429;
M 585 (related to Slav *skot˙ S 408; L GED 310;
‘cattle’); H PBB LXVI 267 (to H 488.
Lat scateò ‘to bubble, to gush’), AEEW *skau¶ò sb.f.: Goth skauda-raip ‘thong,
274; M Gém. 64, 150, 200; strap’, ON pl. skauäir ‘horse’s sheath’,
J IJSLP 1/2 271 (from Slav MLG schode ‘horse’s sheath’ (neut.),
*skot˙), SR IV 605–606 (Slav *skot˙ < MHG schòte ‘pod’. Related to Gk skËtow
*skopt˙, to *skopiti ‘to castrate’); V ‘skin, leather’, Lat scùtum ‘shield’. T-
ANEW 486 (Oriental Wanderwort); F 468; W-H II 503; F
Z I 135; M Jazyk 28– 430; P I 951–953; V ANEW
29 (same as J); O 795; 486 (to ON skjóäa ‘small skin-bag’); F
B IEL 48, 154–155; A III II 744–745; L GED 310; K-
123–124 (Gmc < Slav < Osset < Iran S 741.
*f“u-kata-); L GED 309; K- *skaufan ~ *skaufaz sb.n./m.: ON
S 713. skauf ‘sheaf ’, OE sceáf ‘sheaf, bundle’,
*skaþjanan str.vb.: Goth skaþjan ‘to OFris scàf ‘bundle, sheaf ’, OS skòf id.,
injure, to harm’, ON skeäja ‘to scathe, to OHG scoub ‘bundle of straw’. Connected
hurt’, OE sceääan id. Derived from with Slav *‘ub˙ ‘hairlock, bundle’ <
*skaþòn. B IF I 447 (adds Arm *(s)keubho-. Z Gutt. 156; T-
xat'arem ‘to destroy’); T-F 449; F 470; H AEEW 272;
F 429–430; H AEEW P I 956; Z II 172; V
274; P I 950; V ANEW ANEW 486–487; O 817; S LS
487; V S-46–47; S 408; 17; T ESSJa IV 126; K-
L GED 309–310. S 713–714.
*skaþòjanan wk.vb.: ON skaäa ‘to scathe, *skauniz adj.: Goth skauns ‘graceful, good-
to hurt’, OE sceaäian ‘to hurt, to harm’, looking’, OE scíne ‘beautiful’, OFris
OFris skathia, skethia id., OS scathòn id., skène id., OS scòni ‘brilliant, beautiful’,
skauniz 337 skel¶uz
OHG scòni ‘beautiful’. Further related to Slav *‘uj‡, *‘uti ‘to feel, to perceive’ with-
*skawaz. Cf. probably NPhryg prop. out initial *s-. Cf. OE háwian ‘to view, to
Jeunh unless it continues *jenW` = Gk look’ < *xè(u)w- < IE *kèu-. T-
fem. j°nh ‘host, stranger’ (O Phrygian  KZ XXVIII 155; S
438). K NB II 178; T-F KZ XXXVII 1–3; T-F 465;
465; F 431; H AEEW 277; B 183 (to Slav *xovati ‘to hide, to
W NP 40; P I 588; keep’); W-H 186–187; V
O 818; L GED 310–311; ANEW 486–487; P I 587–588;
H 488–489 (reconstructs F I 890–891; O 823; T-
*skaunaz); K-S 740.  ESSJa IV 134–136; L
*skaunìn sb.f.: Goth guda-skaunei ‘godly GED 310, 378; K-S 714.
form, yeoË morfÆ’, OS skònì ‘splendor, *skexanan str.vb.: MLG skèn ‘to happen
beauty’, OHG scònì id. Derived from (to smb.)’, OHG gi-skehan id. Related to
*skauniz. F 431; L GED 310. OIr scuchid ‘to leave, to go away’ <
*skautan ~ *skautaz sb.n./m.: Goth *skoketi, Slav *sko‘iti ‘to spring, to hop’.
neut. or masc. skaut(s) ‘hem, edge, fringe’, T-F 448; P I 922–923;
ON skaut ‘corner of a square cloth, sheet’, K-S 318.
OE sceát ‘corner, angle, nook’, OFris skàt *skelbanan str.vb.: ON skjálfa ‘to shake,
‘coattail, skirt’, MLG schòt id., MHG to shiver, to quiver’, OE scelfan id. Of
schòz ‘fold, apron’. Derived from *skeu- unknown origin. Z Gutt. 154 (to
tanan. M Goth. 1036 (to Lat cauda Slav *kolîbati ‘to shake’); T-F 461;
‘tail’); T-F 468; W-H J IEW 850–851; P I
I 185; H AEEW 274; F 928; V ANEW 495; S 411–
431; P I 956; V ANEW 487; 412.
Z II 183; O 818–819; *skelbò(n) sb.f.: ON skjálf ‘shelf, seat’, OE
L GED 311; K-S 741. scilfe ‘shelf, ledge’. Related to *skelbanan.
*skautjanan wk.vb.: ON skeyta ‘to convey T-F 461 (to *skel-p- ‘to split’);
a piece of land to another, to join to- P I 926.
gether’, MLG schœten ‘to splice, to piece *skel¶janan wk.vb.: ON skilda ‘to shield’,
together’. Derived from *skautan ~ *skau- OE scildan ‘to shield, to protect’, MHG
taz. V ANEW 491. schilten ‘to shield’. Derived from *skel¶uz ~
*skautòn sb.m.: ON skauti ‘kerchief, a *skel¶iz. H AEEW 278; V
square piece of wood’, OE sceáta ‘corner, ANEW 492.
angle, cloth’, MLG schote ‘pot’, MHG *skel¶u-burz ~ *skel¶i-burz sb.f.:
fem. scòze ‘fold, apron’. See *skautan ON skjald-borg ‘wall of shields, testudo’,
~ *skautaz. H AEEW 274; OE scild-bur id., OHG scilt-burg id.
V ANEW 487. Compound of *skel¶uz ~ *skel¶iz and
*skawaz adj.: Goth us-skaus ‘sober’ (leg. *burz. C Nom. comp. 52.
un-skaus), ON opin-skár ‘made public’. *skel¶uz ~ *skel¶iz sb.m.: Goth skildus
Identical with Gk (yuo-)skÒow ‘sacrificing ‘shield’, ON skj‡ldr id., OE scild id. (<
priest’. P Festschr. Lidén 229; *skel¶az), OFris skeld id., MLG schilt id.,
T-F 465; F 534–535; S- OHG skilt id. Derivative of *skeljanan ~
 PhQ VII 78; P I 588; *skelòjanan (K IF IV 319: to Lith
V ANEW 107; F I 695. skìltis ‘slice’, skìlti ‘to split off ’).
*skawòjanan wk.vb.: OE sceáwian ‘to A KZ I 360–361; H BB
look, to observe’, OFris skawia id., OS XVIII 286–287 (to Skt khe†a- ‘shield’);
skawòn id., OHG scouwòn id. Derived C IF XXVIII 185 (against
from *skawaz. Related to Gk ko°v ‘to H); U KZ XX 560;
notice’, Lat caueò ‘to beware’ (< *coueò ), Z Gutt. 151; T-F 458;
skel¶uz 338 skeranan
F 432; P I 924; V T III 662; K-S

ANEW 486–487; Z II 203; 711, 716.
O 820; L GED 311; K- *skellaz adj.: ON skjallr ‘loud, clashing,
S 721. shrill’, OE scill ‘sonorous, sounding’,
*skelaz ~ *skelxaz adj.: ON skjálgr OHG ab-skelli ‘absurd, discordant’. De-
‘wry, oblique’, OE sceolh ‘oblique, wary’, rived from *skellanan. K NB I
MLG schèle ‘squinting’, OHG skelah 35–36; T-F 459; H
‘squinting, oblique’. An Erweiterung related AEEW 277; V ANEW 495; S
to Gk skoliÒw ‘curved, bent’, Lat scelus 413 (reconstructs *skalliz); M
‘evil deed, sin, crime’, Arm “el ‘crooked’, Festschr. Schröder 98, Kratylos XXXIV 135,
Alb çalë ‘lame’ ( J PBB XIV KZ CV 102–103; H 494.
296–298). K NB II 291–292; *skellingaz sb.m.: Goth skilliggs ‘shilling,
Z Gutt. 75; T-F 460; H- golden solidus’, ON skillingr ‘gold coin,
 AEEW 275; W-H II aureus’, OE scillin ‘shilling’, OFris scilling
492; K 627 (identical with MDu id., OS skilling id., OHG skilling id.
schelu ‘crooked’, MHG schelb id. < Derived from *skellanan (D VW
*skelxwaz); P I 550, 928; V II 249). P KZ XXXIII 286 (to
ANEW 495; F II 723–724; H- *skaljò); S KZ XLVIII 254–256,
 493–494; K-S 714– ZDADL XLVIII 254 (to *skel¶uz ~
715; O AED 49. *skel¶iz similar to or influenced by the
*skeljanan ~ *skelxjanan wk.vb.: Romance usage of Lat scùtum ‘shield’ as
ON skelgjask ‘to come askew’, MLG sche- a name of a coin); T-F 459;
len id., OHG skilihen id. Derived from B Substrat. 147–149 (from Rom
*skelaz ~ *skelxaz. H AEEW *scella < *silicula ‘little coin’); M-
276; V ANEW 489.  Corr. 25 (originally, shield-like
*skeljanan ~ *skelòjanan wk.vb.: ON clipeoli on the Roman gravestones);
skilja ‘to part, to divide’, OE scilian ‘to H AEEW 278–279; F 433;
separate’, OFris skilla ‘to battle’, MLG V ANEW 492; O 820; L
schelen, schillen ‘to split, to separate’. GED 312 (from *skel- ‘to split, to cut’);
Related to Hitt i“kalla- ‘to tear apart, to K-S 721.
slit open’, Gk skãllv ‘to hoe, to harrow’ *skenþan ~ *skenþò sb.n./f.: ON skinn
< *sk¬ƒò, Lith skeliù, skélti ‘to split’. ‘skin (of a little animal)’, MHG scint ‘fruit
Z Gutt. 151; T-F 458; shell’. Probably related to Bret skant
H AEEW 277; P I 924; ‘dandruff ’ < *sk–to-. Z Gutt. 156;
F 801; V ANEW 492; F T-F 449–450; P I 929;
II 715–716; T HEG I 397–398; C SGGJa I 99; V ANEW
L GED 311–312. 493.
*skelkaz sb.m.: ON skelkr ‘fear’, MHG *skeranan str.vb.: ON skera ‘to cut, to
schelch ‘male deer’. Distantly related to slaughter’, OE sceran ‘to cut, to shear’,
*skelbanan. P I 929 (to MHG OFris skera id., MLG skeren id., OHG ske-
schel ‘springing’, OHG scelo ‘draught ran id. Connected with Gk ske¤rv ‘to cut
horse’); V ANEW 489. off ’, ke¤rv ‘to cut, to shear’, Alb shqerr ‘to
*skellanan str.vb.: ON skjalla ‘to clatter, tear (cloth)’, OIr scaraim ‘to separate’,
to slam’, OE scillan ‘to cause to sound’, Lith skiriù, skìrti id. (Z Gutt.
OHG skellan ‘to sound’. Related to Slav 154–155). G KZ I 83; T-F
*skoliti ‘to howl, to whine’. T-F 453–455; T BSW 266–267;
459; H AEEW 277; J- H AEEW 278; T PBB
 IEW 247; P I 550; V LXIX 425–432; J IEW
ANEW 495; S 412–413; V- 835–842; P I 938–940; F
skeranan 339 skèlò
808; V ANEW 490; F I 810– ‘shy, timid’); F SVSU VII/2 40 (to
811; O 818; V S-33–34; *skèwjanan); H AWN 254 (to
S 413–414; L GED 383; *skauniz); P I 598; V ANEW
O AED 433; K-S 717– 496.
718. *skeutanan str.vb.: Crim. Goth schieten ‘to
*skerfanan str.vb.: OE sceorfan ‘to gnaw, shoot’, ON skjóta id., OE sceótan id., OFris
to bite’. Related to Latv “èrpêt ‘to cut the skiata id., OS skiotan ‘telo sequi’, OHG
turf with a plough’. Z Gutt. 155; skiozan ‘to shoot, to throw’. Connected
T-F 456; H AEEW with Alb h( j)edh ‘to throw, to shoot’ <
276; P I 938–947; S PAlb *skeuda. Z Gutt. 156; T-
414–415. F 467–468; H AEEW 276;
*skerzanan str.vb.: OS of-skerran ‘to F 414; P I 955–956 (to Skt
scratch’, OHG scerran id. Related to Skt códati ‘to incite, to animate’); V
káßati id., Lat carrò id., Lith kar“iù, kaı“ti ANEW 496; O 822; S
‘to card, to comb (of wool)’ < *(s)ker-s-. 417–418 (to Lith “áuju, “áuti ‘to shoot’);
T-F 457; W-H II I L GED 298; K-S 720;
173–174; P I 532; F 224. O AED 143–144.
*skeubanan ~ *skùbanan str.vb.: Goth *skeutaz adj.: ON skjótr ‘swift’, OE sceót
af-skiuban ‘to reject’, OSwed skiuva ‘to ‘ready, quick’. Derived from *skeutanan.
shove’, OE sceófan, scúfan id., OFris pres. K NB II 453–454; T-F
skùva id., MLG schuven id., OHG skioban 468; H AEEW 276; W
id. Related to Lith skumbù, skùbti ‘to hurry NP 56; V ANEW 496; B
up’, Slav *skubti ‘to pluck’. T-F Nom. 240; H 497.
470; T BSW 263; F 9; *skeutaz ~ *skeutan sb.m./n.: ON
H AEEW 284; J skjótr ‘vehicle, horse’, OHG scioz ‘side of
IEW 822; P I 955; F 820; a fork’. Substantivized *skeutaz. V
V ANEW 506; O 823; S ANEW 496.
416–417; S LS 50; L GED 6; *skèxaz adj.: ON comp. skári ‘better,
K-S 719. advisable’, OHG schæhe ‘squinting’ (sec-
*skeulan ~ *skùlan sb.n.: ON skjól ondary ja-stem). Derived from *skexanan.
‘shelter, cover’, EFris schùl ‘protection, K NB I 63–64, 72–73, II 4;
rescue’, MLG schùl ‘hiding place’. T-F 448; P I 930; V
Related to *skuwwòn. Z Gutt. 153; ANEW 108; M KZ CV 115;
T-F 466; P I 951; V H 490–491.
ANEW 495; H TIES V 153– *skèkò sb.f.: Norw dial. skaak ‘fork shaft’,
154 (to Toch B oßßale ‘north’ < *-ske⁄elo-). LG schake ‘chain link’. Probably related
*skeuljanan ~ *skùljanan wk.vb.: ON to MIr ail-cheng ‘rack (for weapons)’,
skÿla ‘to screen, to shelter’, MHG schùlen Lith kéngë ‘hook’. T-F 447 (to
‘to be hidden’. Derived from *skeulan ~ Lat cingò ‘to go round in a circle, to
*skùlan. T-F 466. surround’); H AEEW 271;
*skeumòn ~ *skeumaz sb.m.: ON P I 537–538; V ANEW 511;
skjómi ‘flickering light’, OE sceám ‘white O 814.
horse’. Derived from *skeu-: Skt skunóti ‘to *skèlò sb.f.: ON skál ‘bowl’ (pl. from
rummage’. H AEEW 273; *skèliz), OS skàla id., OHG scàla id.
P I 954; V ANEW 496 (to Connected with *skalò. G Laby-
*skauniz). rinth 40–41; T-F 458; P I
*skeuraz sb.m.: ON skjór ‘magpie’, MLG 925 (to IE *skel- ‘to cut’); V ANEW
schare id. Identical with Slav *“‘ur˙ ‘rat’. 481; Z II 194; O 793;
B KZ XXXIV 366 (to ON skjarr L GED 308; K-S 710.
skèpan 340 skipan
*skèpan sb.n.: OE sceáp ‘sheep’, OFris skèp *skiftjanan wk.vb.: ON skipta ‘to divide,
id., OS skàp id., OHG scàf id. Of to part, to share’, OE sciftan ‘to divide,
unknown origin. Probably belongs to a to separate into shares’, OFris skifta ‘to
group of Wanderwörter similar to Alb c( j)ap, determine’, MLG schiften ‘to divide, to
sqap ‘he-goat’ (> Rum flap id.), Slav *cap˙ exchange’. Connected with *skipòjanan.
id., presumably irradiating from Iranian T-F 463; H AEEW
(NPers ‘api“ ‘one year old goat’). F BB 278; V ANEW 493; O 820.
V 169 (to Skt chàga- ‘he-goat’); S *skimòjanan wk.vb.: ON skima ‘to look
ANT 121–124 (same as F); T-F all around’, OE scimian ‘to grow dark’,
451 (to NPers ‘api“ ); H IF MDu schemen ‘to give shadow’, MHG
XXXIX 74 (to *skapjanan, cf. Dan kreatur schimmen ‘to gleam, to glisten’. Related to
‘cattle’), AEEW H AEEW 273; *skìmòn. Cf. an expressive derivative
P 615 (non-IE, to Eg s.t id.); *skimròjanan > OE scimrian ‘to shine, to
Z I 143; M Jazyk 27–28 glisten’, MLG schèmeren ‘to be shaded or
(from Slav *skop˙ ‘castrated ram’); O shadowy’, G schimmern id. H
818; D IF XCVI 118–135 (to IE AEEW 279; V ANEW 492; O
*skebh- ‘to cut with a sharp instrument’); 820.
K-S 709. *skinan sb.n.: ON skin ‘shining’, OHG ge-
*skèrjan ~ *skèrò sb.n./f.: ON pl. skæri scin ‘appearance’. Derived from *skìnanan.
‘scissors’, OE sceár id., OFris skère id., OS T-F 462; V ANEW 492;
skàra id., OHG scàra ‘thongs, scissors’. S 410.
Derived from *skeranan. T-F *skinò sb.f.: OE scinu ‘shin’, MLG schene
454; H AEEW 273; P I id., OHG scina id. Related to *skìjan.
940; V ANEW 510; Z II 218; T-F 463; H AEEW
S 414; K-S 717. 279; O 820; K-S 720.
*skèwjanan wk.vb.: Goth skewjan ‘to go *skipa-far¶iz sb.f.: ON skip-ferä ‘sea-
(forth)’, ON skæva ‘to stride’. Cf. also voyage’, OE scip-fird ‘naval expedition’,
EFris schòjen ‘to go, to hurry’, Du schooien MLG schip-vart ‘navigation’, OHG scif-fart
id. < *skaujanan. Related to *s˚eu-: Lith id. Compound of *skipan and *far¶iz.
“áuju, “áuti ‘to shove, to shoot’, Slav *suj‡, C Nom. comp. 78 (parallel formations).
*sovati ‘to push, to throw’. G KZ I *skipa-mannz sb.m.: ON skip-maär
83; P Xenia 169; T NNEO 606 ‘sailor’, OE scip-mann id., OFris scip-mann
(to Lith “uõliais ‘galloping’); Z Gutt. id., MLG schip-man id., OHG scif-man id.
195 (same as T); T-F 466; Compound of *skipan and *mannz.
T BSW 300; F 432 (to C Nom. comp. 78 (parallel formations).
IE *skek⁄- ‘to jump’); J IEW *skipan sb.n.: Goth skip ‘ship’, ON skip
205 (to *skùrò ~ *skùraz), 822 (to id., OE scip id., OFris skip id., OS skip id.,
*skakanan); P I 954–955; V- OHG scif id. Originally, *‘structure,
T III 705; V ANEW 511; framework’ as demonstrated by the deriv-
L GED 311. ative *skipòjanan, cf. semantically Slav
*ski¶r( j)az adj.: OHG skiteri, sketari ‘loose, *s‡d˙ ‘vessel, ship’ < *˚om-dhè-. Related
thin’. Close to Skt chidrá- ‘pierced’, Gk to Lith ski‚bti ‘to unstitch, to rip, to make
skidarÒn: éraiÒn (Hes.), Latv “idrs a hole, to cut (bread)’, Latv “ibît ‘to cut’
‘thin’. Further see *skì¶an. T-F (T ZdPh LXX 348–349: ‘ship’ <
463–464; T BSW 263–264; ‘skin-covered framework’). B MSL
M I 407; P I 920; VII 147 (to Gk skãfow ‘hull of a ship’);
F 805–806; H TA 102– U PBB XXVII 131 (‘ship’ <
103; E IGG 115; H 498; ‘hollowed log’, to Gk sk¤pvn ‘staff ’);
K-S 746. T-F 463; H IF XXXIX
skipan 341 skìriz
70 (to Lat cibus ‘dish, food’), AEEW 414; P I 921; V ANEW 491;
279; F 433–434; P I 922; Z I 143; O 820, 831;
C SGGJa I 72; F 805; S 403; L GED 298, 308;
V ANEW 493; Z I 143; K-S 716.
O 821; L GED 312; K- *skìjan sb.n.: ON skí ‘jugglery’. Metaphor
S 720. based on the original meaning *shadow’,
*skipa-steuròn sb.m.: ON skip-stjóri *‘shining’ or the like. Derivationally close
‘shipper, captain’, OE scip-steóra ‘steers- to Toch B skiyo ‘shade, shadow’, Gk skiã
man, pilot’. Compound of *skipan and id., Alb hije id., Latv sejs ‘shadow, mirror
*steuròn (see *steurò ~ *steur( j)an). C reflection, image’ (S SSN IX
Nom. comp. 82 (parallel formations). 155). See *skìnanan. P I 917–
*skipòjanan wk.vb.: ON skipa ‘to order, 918; V ANEW 491; F II 730–
to arrange, to establish’, OFris skipia ‘to 731; O AED 147; A TB 706;
set in order, to array’, MLG schippen id. B IFTJa 262.
Based on *skipan in its unattested original *skìmòn sb.m.: Goth skeima ‘torch,
meaning *‘structure, framework’. T- lantern’, ON skími ‘gleam of light’, OE
F 463; P I 895 (to Lith skiebù, scíma ‘splendor, brightness, light’, OS
ski‚bti ‘to unstitch, to rip, to make a hole, scìmo ‘light, shine, shadow’, OHG scìmo
to cut (bread)’, Slav *“‘ipati ‘to pinch’); ‘brilliance, shine’. Derived from *skìnanan.
V ANEW 493; F 805; Close to OIr scíam ‘beauty’. Z
O 820; L GED 312. Gutt. 195; T-F 462; H
*skiwòn sb.m.: ON skÿ ‘cloud’, OE AEEW 279; F 431; P I
sceó id., OS skio, skeo ‘light cloudiness’. 917; V ANEW 492; Z I
Probably related to *skìnanan. Z 154; S 410; L GED
Gutt. 153; T-F 462; H 311; B Nom. 184; K-
AEEW 279; P I 951 (to *skeulan ~ S 717.
*skùlan); V ANEW 508; O 832. *skìnanan str.vb.: Goth skeinan ‘to shine’,
*skìbòn sb.f.: ON skífa ‘slice’, ME schífe ON skína id., OE scínan id., OFris skìna
id., OFris skìve id., OS skìva id., OHG id., OS skìnan id., OHG skìnan id.
skìba ‘ball, disk, slice’. Related to *skaibaz. Etymologically connected with Toch B
Derivationally close to Gk sk,pvn ‘staff, skiyo ‘shadow’, Skt chàyà ‘shadow,
cane’. Further connected with Gk reflection’, Gk skiã ‘shadow’, Alb hije, he
sko›pow: ≤ §joxÆ t«n jÊlvn, §f’ œn efisi id., Latv seja ‘shadow, face’, Slav *sijati ‘to
ofl k°ramoi (Hes.), Lat scìpiò ‘staff ’. shine’. Z Gutt. 195; T-F
T-F 464–465; W-H 461–462; T BSW 304; F
II 496; P I 922; V ANEW 432; H AEEW 279; J-
491; F II 733; O 818; K-  IEW 809–810; M I 407;
S 715. P I 917; V ANEW 492;
*skì¶an sb.n.: Crim. Goth sched-iit ‘light’, Z I 154; F II 730–731;
ON skíä ‘firewood, ski’, skíäi ‘sheath’, O 820; S LS 47–48 (to Slav
OE scíd ‘shingle, a piece of wood split *s¸jati ‘to shine’); S 409–410;
thin’, OFris skìd id., OHG scìt ‘log, V-T III 629; L
wooden handle’. Related to OIr scíath GED 311; K-S 715; O
‘shield’ and Slav *“‘it˙ id. Within AED 147; B IFTJa 262.
Germanic, cf. *skai¶anan ~ *skaiþanan. *skìriz adj.: Goth skeirs ‘clear’, ON skírr
G Got. XXX 129; L IF ‘clear, bright, pure’, OE scír ‘bright,
XIII 12 (Crim. Goth < Iranian, cf. Av clear’, OFris skìre id., OS skìr ‘clear,
x“aèta- ‘glamor, radiance’); T-F unmixed’, OHG skìri ‘pure, clear, bril-
463–464; H AEEW 276; F liant’. From here *skìrò (OE scír ‘office,
skìriz 342 skrafòjanan
business, district’, OHG scìra ‘business, nan (in its original meaning unattested
office’) is derived. Identical with Alb hir in Gmc). Derivationally close to Toch
‘grace, favor, mercy’ < PAlb *skìra, Slav B skàk ‘balcony’. O ZfceltPh VI
*“‘ir˙ ‘clean, true’. Probably further 398–400 (to MW eskit ‘shoe’ < *ped-
related to *skìnanan. G KZ I 83; skùto-); Z Gutt. 153 (from *skeu- ‘to
K NB II 447; B KZ LI cover’); P Beiträge 186 (same as
226 (to Slav *“irok˙ ‘wide’); Z Gutt. Z); P Glotta VIII 72 (to Gk
195; T-F 462 (Slav < Gmc); F sÊkxoi: ÍpodÆmata FrÊgia, Hes.); T-
432; H IF XIV 341–342 (*skìrò F 465; W JEGP XIII 506 (to
to Lat cùra ‘care, charge’ < *koisà), *skankaz); H AEEW 280; F
AEEW 280; P I 917–918; V 434; P I 951–953; V ANEW
ANEW 494; O 818, 821; S LS 499; O 822; Z I 135;
58; S 410; V-T IV O 822; L GED 312 (from
507–508; L GED 311; H- *skeu- ‘to cover’); K-S 744 (to
 492; O AED 148–149; K- *skau¶ò ); A TB 705–706.
S 720. *skòxjan sb.n.: Goth ga-skohi ‘sandals,
*skìrjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-skeirjan ‘to shoes’, OE e-scÿ ‘pair of shoes’, OS i-
make clear’, ON skíra ‘to cleanse’, OE scòhi ‘shoe’, OHG gi-scuohi id. Derived
scíran ‘to make clear, to tell’. Derived from *skòxaz. F 201; L GED
from *skìriz. T-F 462. 312.
*skìtanan str.vb.: ON skíta ‘to defecate’, *skòxòjanan ~ *skòòjanan wk.vb.:
OE scítan id., WFris skite id., MLG schiten ON skúa ‘to shoe’, OE scóan id., MLG
id., OHG bi-skìzan ‘to make dirty, to schòien, schògen id., OHG scuohen id.
defecate’. Related to Skt chinátti ‘to cut Derived from *skòxaz. H
off, to split’, Gk sx¤zv id., Lat scindò AEEW 280; V ANEW 506.
‘to cut, to tear’, Lith skíed≥iu, skíesti ‘to *skòxslan sb.n.: Goth skohsl ‘evil spirit,
separate, to divide’. T-F 463; demon’. Identical with OIr scál ‘super-
T BSW 263–264; H natural being, phantom’ < *skòk-slo-
AEEW 280; W-H II 493– derived from *skek- ‘to jump’ (O’B
494; J IEW 813–815; M- Ériu XI 89–90). G DM 455
 I 407; P I 919–921; (‘wood-spirit’ related to ON skógr ‘wood’);
F 805–806; V ANEW 494; K PBB XVIII 154–155 (same
F II 838–840; O 821; S as G); H ANF VII 45 (from
410–411; L GED 308; K- *skakanan); F 432 (to *skèwjanan); M
S 715–716. KZ LXXVIII 153–155; V S-30;
*skìtaz sb.m.: ON skítr ‘excrements’, L APS XXXII 114–120; L
MLG schìt id. Derived from *skìtanan. GED 312–313.
T-F 463. *skòpòn sb.f.: MLG schòpe ‘vessel for bal-
*skòbò(n) sb.f.: ON skóf ‘singed crusts (at ing’, MHG schuofe id. Connected with
the bottom of a pan)’, MLG schòve ‘scale’, *skapan ~ *skapòn. O 799.
OHG scuoba id. Derived from *skabanan. *skòrjò(n) sb.f.: ON skœra ‘quarrel’, MHG
T-F 452; L GED 307. schuor ‘shearing’. Derived from *skeranan.
*skòxa-þwaniz sb.m.: ON skó-þvengr P I 938–939; V ANEW 511.
‘shoe-string’, OE scóh-äwan id. Com- *skrafòjanan wk.vb.: ON skrafa ‘to prate,
pound of *skòxaz and *þwaniz. C to chat’, MDu schraven ‘to scrape’. Cf. also
Nom. comp. 82 (parallel formations). Norw skravla ‘to crunch, to gnash’, G dial.
*skòxaz sb.m.: Goth skohs ‘shoe’, ON skór schräbbeln ‘to make a noise’ < *skraf-l-.
id., OE scóh id., OFris skòch id., OS skòh Related to *skerfanan. The innovative root
id., OHG scuoh id. Derived from *skexa- structure may result from the re-interpre-
skrafòjanan 343 skrempanan
tation of zero grade forms like *skurfaz. ‘to fleece’. Derived from *skrepanan.
P I 569 (to *xrabnaz); V Z Gutt. 28, 157; T-F 456;
ANEW 501. H AEEW 282; V ANEW
*skrai¶an sb.n.: ON skreiä ‘step, pace, 501; O 801 (to *skarpaz); S
movement’, OE scrád ‘moving body (?), LS 49; S 425; K-S
vessel (?)’. Derived from *skrì¶anan. 742.
H AEEW 282; V ANEW *skrattòn sb.m.: ON skrati, skratti ‘wizard,
502; S 421. warlock, goblin’, OHG scraz ‘pixie,
*skrai¶janan wk.vb.: ON skreiäask ‘to goblin’. Related to Norw dial. skrata ‘to
creep, to slink’, MHG schreiten ‘to stride, laugh loudly’, Swed skratta ‘to laugh’ of
to walk’, OHG screiten ‘to spread wide’. imitative origin. T-F 472–473;
Derived from *skrì¶anan. V ANEW P I 933 (to Lith skrentù, skr\sti ‘to
502; S 421. be covered with a crust’); V ANEW
*skraiþaz adj.; ON ‡r-skreiär ‘sliding 501–502 (to Norw skranta ‘to become
swiftly (of a ship)’, MHG schreit ‘broad, thin’); D Etim. 1982 61–63 (to Slav
expanded’. Derived from *skrì¶anan. *‘¸rt˙ ‘devil’); K-S 742.
K NB I 79; M Festschr. *skrau¶anan str.vb.: OHG scròtan ‘to cut
Schröder 95, KZ CV 96; H off ’. See *skrau¶az. T-F 476;
500. P I 947.
*skraklaz ~ *skreklaz adj.: Norw dial. *skrau¶az sb.m.: OE fem. scréad(e)
skrakal ‘fragile, ailing’, LG sbst. schräkel ‘shred’, OFris skrèd ‘hair-cutting, clipping
‘creature crippled while growing’, MHG coin’, MLG schròt ‘cut off piece’, OHG
sbst. walt-schreckel ‘faun, spirit of the scròt ‘shred’. Derived from *skrau¶anan.
woods’. Related to *skrenkwanan? T- Identical with Lat dial. scròtum ‘scrotum’
F 471 (to Skt kharjati ‘to creak’). < *scrautum, MW ysgryd ‘skeleton’ <
*skralljanan wk.vb.: Norw skrella ‘to cry’, *skrouto-. T-F 476; H
ME schrillen ‘to shrill’. Derived from AEEW 282; W-H II 501;
*skrellanan. T-F 474. P I 947; O 823; K-
*skrallutjanan wk.vb.: Icel skrölta ‘to cry’, S 743.
OE scrallettan ‘to make a loud sound’. *skrawaz adj.: ON sbst. skrá ‘dry skin,
Derived from *skrellanan. T-F scroll’, MLG schrà ‘barren, thin’. Related
474. to Gk xrÒow ‘surface of the body, skin’ <
*skram(m)òn ~ *skrèmòn sb.f.: ON *ghro⁄os (F III 339). T-F 472
skráma ‘scar’, MLG schramme ‘scratch’, (reconstruct *skraxò; to Norw dial. skraaen
MHG schramme id. Related to MIr screm ‘dry’); T NNEO 616 (to Skt kº≤á- ‘ema-
‘surface, skin’, Lith krãmas ‘tetter, scab’, ciated, lean, weak’); P I 933;
Slav *kroma ‘edge’ (M IF XXIII V ANEW 500–501; F II 1120–
121). Z Gutt. 157; T-F 1121.
471; P I 945; V ANEW 501; *skrekkòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. skrikka
P Etim. 1974 22–25; K- ‘to spring, to jump’, MLG schricken,
S 741. schrecken ‘to move hands and feet, to
*skrampaz ~ *skrempaz sb.m.: Norw dance’. Of imitative origin. Might be
skramp ‘thin man, thin horse’, ME eventually connected with Gk ska¤rv ‘to
shrimp ‘dwarf ’, MHG schrimpf ‘scratch’. spring’. T-F 472; P I
Derived from *skrempanan. T-F 934; F II 714–715.
474; V ANEW 503. *skrellanan str.vb.: Norw skrella ‘to
*skrapòjanan wk.vb.: ON skrapa ‘to sound’. Of imitative origin. Cf. *skrattòn.
scrape, to clatter’, OE scrapian ‘to T-F 474.
scratch’, MDu schrapen id., MHG schraffen *skrempanan ~ *skrempènan str.⁄
skrempanan 344 skrubbjò
wk.vb.: ON skreppa ‘to slip’, MLG id., OHG scrift id. Derived from *skrìba-
schrimpen ‘to shrink, to shrivel’, MHG nan. H AEEW 283; O
schrimpfen id. Related to Lith skrembù, 823–824; S 420.
skrèbti ‘to get a thin crust, to stiffen’, Slav *skriþulaz adj.: ON skriäall ‘transient’,
*skreb‡, *skrebti ‘to scratch’ (Z Gutt. OE wíd-scriäol ‘wide-wandering, ram-
28). See *skrepanan. T-F 474; bling’. Derived from *skrì¶anan. K-
T BSW 267; J IEW  II 276; H AEEW 284;
843–845; P I 948–949; F H 502.
815–816; V ANEW 503; S *skrìbanan str.vb.: OSwed skríva ‘to
423 (to Lith skirbstù, skiıbti ‘to shrink, to write’, OE scrífan ‘to assign, to decree, to
shrivel’). allot’, OFris skrìva ‘to write’, OS skrìban
*skrenkwanan str.vb.: OSwed part. id., OHG skrìban id. Hardly borrowed
skrunken ‘to shrink, to shrivel’, Norw from but, probably, semantically in-
skrøkka ‘to shrivel up’, OE scrincan ‘to fluenced by Lat scrìbò ‘to write’. Of un-
wither away, to become weak’, MDu known origin. H AEEW 283;
schrinken ‘to move together’. Similar to J IEW 1166–1167; P
*skre-n-t- in Lith skrentù, skr\sti ‘to be cov- I 946–947; O 824; S
ered with a crust’. T-F 473; 419–420; K-S 742.
H AEEW 283; J *skrì¶anan ~ *skrìþanan str.vb.: ON
IEW 831–832; P I 936 (to skríäa ‘to creep, to crawl’, OE scríäan ‘to
*xrenkwanan > ON hrøkkva ‘to fall back, to go, to wander’, OFris pres. scrìda ‘to
recoil’); S 424–425. walk’, OS skrìdan ‘to glide, to stride’,
*skrepanan str.vb.: OE screpan ‘to scrape, OHG bi-scrìtan ‘to glide’. Related to Lith
to scratch’, MDu schrepen ‘to shove’. skried≥iù, skri‚sti ‘to make a circle, to move
Related to Lith skrembù, skrèbti ‘to get a around’. T-F 475; H
thin crust, to stiffen’, Latv skrabt ‘to AEEW 283; M GR XVII 94–98;
scratch’, Slav *skreb‡, *skrebti ‘to scratch’. J IEW 831–835; P I
Z Gutt. 157; T-F 456; 937; F 817; V ANEW 503 (to
T BSW 267; H *xrìþò ); Z I 149; O 801;
AEEW 282; P I 938–947; S 421–422; K-S 742.
S 425; V-T III *skrìkjanan wk.vb.: Icel skríkja ‘to cry’,
656. ME schrìken id., OS scrìkon id. Of imitative
*skrèkjanan wk.vb.: ON skrækja ‘to origin. Cf. *skrèkjanan. Z Gutt. 158;
screech, to shriek’, MLG schrèken ‘to laugh V ANEW 503 (to Icel hrikta ‘to creek’).
loudly’. A variant of *skrìkjanan. Cf. also *skrìtanan str.vb.: Goth dis-skreitan ‘to
ME shreame ‘to scream’, WFris skrieme ‘to tear (asunder)’, G dial. schreissen, schritzen
weep’, WFlem schreemen id. P I id. Close to MIr scrissid ‘to cut’ <
569 (to Skt kharjati ‘to creak’); V *skrid-t- continuing IE *skrei-. G-
ANEW 505; O 801.  Got. 57 (to Lat scindò ‘to cut, to
*skri¶iz ~ *skriþiz sb.m.: ON skriär tear’); Z KZ XXXVI 243; F
‘creeping or sliding motion’, OE scriäe 120; P I 938–947; S
‘course’, OHG scrit ‘step’. Derived from 420–421; L GED 91 (to IE *skrei-
*skrì¶anan. T-F 475; H- ‘out, to separate’).
 AEEW 283; P I 937; *skrubbjò sb.f.: Dan dial. skrub ‘brush-
V ANEW 503; Z I 149; wood’, OE scrybb ‘underwood, shrub-
S 421; B Nom. 129. bery’, NFris skrobb ‘broom, brushwood’.
*skriftiz sb.f.: ON skript ‘picture, drawing, Related to *skrubbòjanan. Bù RFV
tapestry’, OE scrift ‘penalty, penance’ LXX 252 (to Lith skraUbis ‘fear’); T-
(masc.), OFris scrift ‘writing’, MDu schrift F 476; O 824.
skrubbòjanan 345 skunkaz
*skrubbòjanan wk.vb.: Swed skrubba ‘to *skul¶jòjanan wk.vb.: ON skylda ‘to bind
rub, to scrub’, MLG schrobben, schrubben in duty, to oblige’, OE scildan ‘to shield,
‘to scratch, to rub’. Related to Lat scrùpus to protect’, OFris ur-skelda ‘to forfeit’,
‘rough, sharp stone’. T-F 476; MLG schulden ‘to accuse’, OHG sculdòn
W-H II 501–502; P I id. Derived from *skul¶iz. H
947; V ANEW 504. AEEW 285; V ANEW 509.
*skrù¶an sb.n.: ON skrúä, skrúäi ‘shroud, *skul¶r( j)ò sb.f.: Swed skuldra ‘shoulder’,
gear’, OE scrúd ‘dress, clothing, attire’. OE sculdor id. (masc.), OFris skulder id.,
Derived from *skrau¶anan. Z Gutt. MLG schulder id., OHG scultra, scultirra id.
157; T-F 476; H A zero-grade derivative of *skel¶uz ~
AEEW 284; V ANEW 504–505 (ON *skel¶iz. T-F 460 (to Gk kvlÆ
< OE); O 824. ‘thighbone with the flesh on it, ham’);
*skrù¶janan wk.vb.: ON skrÿäa ‘to H AEEW 285; P I 925
clothe, to dress, to adorn’, OE scrÿdan ‘to (reconstructs *sk¬-dhrà ‘shoulder-bone as a
put on (clothes), to clothe’. Derived from digging tool’); Z II 181; O
*skrù¶an. H AEEW 284; 823; K-S 744.
O 824; V ANEW 505. *skullòn sb.m.: Swed skolla ‘piece of tin,
*sku¶¶janan wk.vb.: OFris schedda ‘to thin plate’, MLG schulle ‘piece of earth’,
tremble’, OS skuddian id., OHG scutten id. OHG scollo ‘earth lump’. Related to
Probably related to Gk skÊzomai ‘to be *skeulan ~ *skùlan. T-F 459;
angry’ < *skud-j-, Lith skundù, skùsti ‘to K-S 739–740.
be nervous, to be tired’. B- *skulòn sb.m.: Goth skula ‘debtor’, OS
F BB VI 240; P I 955; skolo id., OHG skolo id. Derived from
F 823; F II 740–741; O *skala. F 435; O 815; B-
824.  153; S 405; B IEL
*skuftan sb.n.: Goth skuft ‘hair’, ON skopt 153; L GED 313; B
id., OHG scuft ‘tuft of hair, hair-lock’ Nom. 177.
(fem.). Based on *skuppaz. G *skulpaz sb.m.: ON skolpr ‘turner’s chisel’,
Got. 190–191 (from *skeubanan ~ MLG scholpe ‘mussel shell’, G dial. Schölp
*skùbanan); Z Gutt. 47; T-F ‘clod, lump’. Probably related to *skel-
470 (to ON skúfr ‘tassel’); F 435; janan ~ *skelòjanan. P I 926;
P I 956; V ANEW 499 (to V ANEW 498 (to *skaljò).
Slav *‘up˙ ‘forelock’); Z I 143; *skuman ~ *skùmaz sb.n./m.: Norw
L GED 313; K-S 740. dial. skum ‘foam’, MLG schùm id., OHG
*skul¶az ~ *skul¶jaz adj.: ON skyldr scùm id. Derived from *skeu-: Skt skunóti
‘obligatory, due’, OHG scult ‘accused’. ‘to cover’. T-F 466; P I
Participle of *skala. T-F 460; 951.
V ANEW 509; S 405; L *skun¶janan wk.vb.: ON skynda ‘to has-
GED 313; B Nom. 251. ten’, OE scyndan id., OS skundian ‘to lure’,
*skul¶iz sb.f.: ON skyld ‘tax, due’, OE OHG scunten id. Of unknown origin.
scyld ‘guilt, sin, debt’, OFris skelde ‘debt’, T-F 469; P I 957.
OS skuld id., OHG sculd ‘accusation, *skun¶òjanan wk.vb.: ON skunda ‘to
guilt’. Derived from *skala. T-F speed, to hasten’, OS far-skundian ‘to
460; P I 927; H AEEW incite, to instigate’. See *skun¶janan.
285; V ANEW 506–507; V T-F 469; M III 508;
ANEW 509; Z I 151; O P I 957; V ANEW 507 (to
815; S 405; L GED *skeutanan).
313; B Nom. 142; K- *skunkaz sb.m.: ON skokkr ‘chest, trunk,
S 744. ship’s hulk’, NFris skonk ‘cross-beam
skunkaz 346 skutilaz
under the end of the roof ’, LG schunk *skuròn sb.f.: Goth winþi-skauro ‘winnow-
‘second layer of beams in a square struc- ing fork’, Swed dial. skurä ‘shovel’, OHG
ture’. Cf. also OS skokka ‘swinging move- scora id. Related to Gk skËrow ‘chippings
ment’ (fem.), OHG skokka ‘swinging’ of stone’, Lith skiaurE ‘boat full of holes
(fem.). Related to *skankaz. L used to keep fish’ (P Beiträge I 374–
ANF LIV 17–44 (to ON skukka ‘crease’); 376). H Ablaut 113 (to Lat secùris
T-F 467; H AWN 254 ‘axe’); T-F 470–471; F 566;
(reconstructs *skukkaz, to Skt kó≤a- ‘cask, P I 954; F II 743–744;
coop’); P I 953–954; V L GED 405 (to IE *skeu- ‘to cut,
ANEW 497. to separate’).
*skupan sb.n.: ON skop ‘railing, mocking’, *skurtaz adj.: ON sbst. skortr, skort ‘short-
MDu scop ‘mockery, derision’, OHG scopf age, want’, OE scort ‘short’, OHG scurz
‘story, anecdote, mockery’. Cf. also OE id. Probably related to OIr scerdid ‘to
scop ‘poet’ (masc.). Probably derived scrape off ’, Lith skérd≥iu, skérdëti ‘to get
from *skupòjan ‘to spring’ > ON skopa ‘to fissures, to crack’. K NB II 203;
mock’ (W SDAW Jahrg. 1954/2). Z Gutt. 155; T-F 455;
Z Gutt. 154; T-F 469; H AEEW 281; K Vorg.
H AEEW 281; V ANEW 338 (from Lat *excurtus ‘short’); P
498; O 799; B Nom. 98. I 941; F 801; V ANEW 500;
*skuppaz sb.m.: MHG schopf ‘tuft, fore- O 822; L-M KZ XCIX
lock’. Related to Slav *‘ub˙ ~ *‘up˙ id. < 259; H 503; K-S
*(s)keub(h)o- ~ *(s)keupo- (E PBB 718; O AED 425 (Alb shkurt ‘short’ <
XX 54–56). See *skaufan ~ *skaufaz. Gmc).
T-F 469; B I 160–161; *skurtènan wk.vb.: ON skorta ‘to be short
P I 956; T ESSJa IV of, to lack’, MDu schorten ‘to be absent, to
126. mangle, to lack’. Derived from *skurtaz.
*skup(p)òjanan wk.vb.: ON skoppa ‘to Z Gutt. 157; T-F 455;
spin like a top’, MDu schoppen ‘to mock’. H 503.
Derived from *skupan. M Gém. *skurtjòn sb.f.: ON skyrta ‘shirt, robe’ (if
168, 173; T-F 469; V ANEW not from OE), OE scyrte ‘short garment,
499. skirt’, MLG schorte ‘apron’. Derived
*skur¶iz sb.m.: ON skurär ‘cutting, carv- from *skurtaz. H AEEW 286;
ing’, OFris skerd id. Continues *skºti- O 821, 832; V ANEW 510;
derived from *skeranan. Z Gutt. H 503; K-S 745;
155; T-F 455; V ANEW 507. O AED 425 (Alb shkurte ‘shirt’ < Gmc).
*skurfaz sb.m.: Swed skorf ‘scurf ’, OE scorf *skutan sb.n.: ON skot ‘shot, shooting’,
id., MLG schorf id., OHG scorf id. De- OE scot ‘rapid movement’, OFris scot
rived from *skerfanan. T-F 457. ‘throw, shot’, OHG scoz ‘catapult,
*skuròjanan wk.vb.: ON skora ‘to cut, to projectile’. Derived from *skeutanan.
incise’, OE scorian ‘to reject, to refuse’, T-F 468; H AEEW
MLG schuren ‘to rub’. Derived from 276; V ANEW 500; O 822–823;
*skurò(n). H AEEW 281; S 418; B Nom. 57.
P I 954; V ANEW 499 *skuta-wur¶an sb.n.: ON pl. neut. skot-
(directly to *skuròn); L GED 405. yräi ‘scoffs, taunts’, MHG schoz-wort id.
*skurò(n) sb.f.: ON skora ‘score, incision’, Compound of *skutan and *wur¶an.
OE scoru ‘score, 20 pieces’, MLG schore J IEW 206 (*skuta- compared
‘fissure’ (masc.). Derived from *skeranan. with Gk kudãzv ‘to revile, to abuse’);
H AEEW 281 (OE < ON); V ANEW 500.
V ANEW 499. *skutilaz sb.m.: ON skutill ‘harpoon, bolt’,
skutilaz 347 skùtòn
OE scytel ‘dart’. Derived from *skutan.  AEEW 284; F 435; M-
T-F 468; H AEEW  III 508; P I 951 (to *skeu-
286; V ANEW 508; O 803, 825; lan ~ *skùlan); V ANEW 506;
S 418. Z I 154; O 832; L
*skutiskaz adj.: ON skozkr ‘nimble, alert’, Verschärfung 17.7; V C-28–29;
MDu schotsch ‘wrong, strange’. Derived L GED 313.
from *skutan. V ANEW 500. *skùbòjanan wk.vb.: ON skúfa ‘to shove,
*skutiz sb.m.: ON skutr ‘stern’, OE scyte to push’, OE scúfan id., OFris skùva id.,
‘shooting’, OFris skete id., MLG schöte id., MLG schuven id. Derived from *skeubanan
OHG scuz ‘throwing, shooting’. Derived ~ *skùbanan. H AEEW 284;
from *skeutanan. H AEEW V ANEW 506; O 823.
286; V ANEW 508. *skuflò sb.f.: Swed skofvel ‘shovel’, OE scofl
*skutjòn I sb.m.: ON skyti ‘marksman’, id., OS wind-skùfla id., OHG scùvala,
OE scytta ‘shooter, archer’, OFris sketta schùvel id. Derived from *skeubanan ~
id., MLG schutte id., OHG skuzzo id. *skùbanan. T-F 470.
Derived from *skeutanan or *skutan. *skùlan sb.n.: MLG schùl ‘asylum’. Cf.
H AEEW 286; V ANEW also OFris skùl id. < *skùlò. Identical with
510; S 418; K-S 746. Gk skËlon ‘weapons stripped off a slain
*skutjòn II sb.f.: ON skytja ‘little nook’, enemy, spoils’. P I 951; D
MLG schütte ‘bulkhead’. Derived from VSJa 26; F II 742–743.
*skutan. V ANEW 510. *skùraz sb.m.: Icel skúrr ‘shelter’, OFris
*skutòjanan wk.vb.: ON skota ‘to shove’, skùre ‘shelter, screen’ (neut.), OS skùr
OE scotian ‘to move rapidly’, OS skotòn ‘to id., MHG schùr ‘shelter, screen’. Related
shoot, to throw’, OHG scozzòn ‘to shoot, to Lith skùrà ‘skin, bark’, Lat ob-scùrus
to throw’. Derived from *skutan. H- ‘dark, dusky’. T-F 466; W-
 AEEW 281; V ANEW 500; H II 196–197; P I 951;
S 418. F 822; V ANEW 507 (to
*skutò(n) sb.f.: ON aust-skota ‘scoop’, *skeulan ~ *skùlan); K-S 714.
MHG dial. schoss ‘bread shovel’. Derived *skùrò ~ *skùraz sb.f./m.: Goth skura
from *skeutanan. V ANEW 500. ‘storm, shower’, ON skúr ‘shower’, OE
*skuwwuz adj.: Norw dial. skygg ‘timid’, scúr id., OFris skùr ‘fit of illness; shower
MLG schùwe id. May be related to (of rain)’, OS skùr ‘blows in battle’, OHG
*skawòjanan. On the other hand, a direct scùr ‘shower’ (< *skùriz). May be con-
derivation from *skuwwòn cannot be out- nected with Lat caurus ‘northwest wind’,
ruled. T-F 467; O 825; Arm c'urt ‘cold, shower’ < *s˚ùrdo-, Lith
K-S 718. “iaur‹s ‘North wind’, Slav *sîver˙ ‘north,
*skuwwjanan wk.vb.: ON skyggva, skyggja north wind’ (S KSB VI 149;
‘to overshadow’, OHG pres. scuit ‘adum- M IF XVI 100). T-F
brat’. Derived from *skuwwòn. T- 466–467 (to *skèwjanan); W MLN
F 466. XXI 228; T BSW 303–304;
*skuwwòn sb.m.: Goth skuggwa ‘mirror’, M Etudes 410; Bù RFV LXVII
ON skuggi ‘shade, shadow’, OE scúwa id., 245; H AEEW 285; W-
OHG scùwo ‘look’. Related to Skt skunàti H I 190; F 436; P I
‘to cover’, Arm c'iw ‘roof ’, OIr cúl ‘back’ 597; C SSGJa I 55–56; V
continuing IE *(s)∞eu6- ‘to cover’ ( ANEW 507; F 978; Z II
H PBB XXX 247: separates 197; S KZ LXX 65; O
Goth). T Notes 37 (to Lat scùtum 823; V-T III 588–589;
‘shield’); U TNTL XXV 294 (to L GED 314; K-S 714.
*skawòjanan); T-F 465; H- *skùtòn sb.f.: ON skúta ‘small craft, cut-
skùtòn 348 slaixwòn
ter’, MDu schùte ‘flat-bottomed boat’.  II 189; S 426; L GED
Derived from *skeutanan (O apud 314; B Nom. 135.
V 507). V ANEW 507–508; *slajò(n) sb.f.: ON sleggja ‘sledge-
O 800. hammer’, OE slec id., Du slegge id.
*skwakkòjanan wk.vb.: ON skvakka ‘to Derived from *slaiz. T-F 534;
splash’, E dial. squack ‘to shout loudly’. Of H AEEW 298; V ANEW
imitative origin. See *kwakòjanan. V 514; O 834; L 233;
ANEW 508. B Nom. 114.
*skwelpanan str.vb.: Norw skvelpa ‘to *slaòjanan wk.vb.: ON slaga ‘to tack, to
rinse’. Probably related to Lith skalbiù, cruise’, OFris slagia ‘to beat’, OLG slagòn
ska÷lbti ‘to do laundry’. T-F 477; id., OHG slagòn ‘to strike together’. Based
F 793. on *slaan, *slaiz. V ANEW 513.
*sk(w)ulòjanan wk.vb.: ON skola ‘to *slaxanan str.vb.: Goth slahan ‘to strike’,
wash’, MLG scholen ‘to stream, to flow’. ON slá id., OE sleán id., OFris slà id., OS
Probably related to Lith skaláuju, skaláuti slahan id., OHG slahan ‘to strike, to
‘to wash’ (Z Gutt. 47). T-F smite’. Related to MIr slacc ‘sword’,
477; F 793; V ANEW 497. slachta ‘struck’ (S KZ XLI 388).
*skwulpòjanan wk.vb.: Icel skolpa ‘to S APS III 260 (to *slenwanan);
rinse’, LG schulpen ‘to splash’. Derived Z Gutt. 138; T-F 533; F
from *skwelpanan. T-F 477; 436; H AEEW 298; J-
V ANEW 498 (to *sk(w)ulòjanan).  IEW 920–92; P I 959;
*slabbòjanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. slabba V ANEW 512; V S-124;
‘to botch’, MDu slabben ‘to smirch’. Re- O 834; S 425–427; L
lated to *slèpanan. T-F 537; GED 314; L IF CIII 222 (to IE
P I 656. *slei- ‘to strike, to cut’); K-S
*sla¶an sb.n.: Norw dial. slad ‘valley’, OE 722–724.
sl≠d ‘flat piece of grass, valley’. Probably *slaxò(n) sb.f.: ON slá ‘bar, bolt, cross-
related to Lith slEdnas ‘flat’. H beam’, OE sl≠, sleahe ‘weaver’s reed’,
IF LVI 28 (to Slav *slîd˙ ‘trace’ < *sloid- MLG slage ‘beating tool’. Derived from
hos); T-F 535; H IF XX *slaxanan. T-F 533; H
326 (to Lat làma ‘slough, bog, fen’), AEEW 298; V ANEW 512.
AEEW 297; F 828; V ANEW *slaxtò(n) sb.f.: ON slátta ‘mowing’, OFris
516–517 (to Slav *led˙ ‘ice’); O 833; mon-slachta ‘manslaughter’, OS man-slahta
L IF CIII 221 (to IE *slei- ‘to ‘murder’, OHG slachta ‘massacre’. De-
slide’). rived from *slaxanan. T-F 533;
*slaan I sb.n.: ON slag ‘blow, stroke’, V ANEW 514; O 833; S
MLG slach ‘lock, bolt’. Derived from 427; L GED 314; K-S
*slaxanan. V ANEW 512. 722.
*slaan II sb.n.: ON slag ‘wetness’, MLG *slaxtuz ~ *slaxtiz sb.m.: ON sláttr
slagge ‘rainy weather’. Probably related ‘mowing, smiting’, OE sliht, sleaht ‘strik-
to Lith “lãkas ‘drop, spot’ < *(s)˚loko-. ing, slaughter’. Derived from *slaxanan.
T-F 534; P I 957; T-F 533.
F 998; V ANEW 512–513; *slaixwa-þurnuz ~ *slaixwa-þurnaz
K-S 723. sb.m.: Dan slaa-torn ‘sloe’, OE sláh-äorn
*slaiz sb.m.: Goth slahs ‘blow’, ON slagr id., MLG slè-dorn id. Compound of
id., OE slee id., OFris slei id., OS slegi id., *slaixwòn ~ *slaixwaz and *þurnuz ~ *þur-
OHG slag id. Derived from *slaxanan. naz. T-F 532.
T-F 534; H AEEW *slaixwòn ~ *slaixwaz sb.m./f.: Dan
298; F 436; V ANEW 513; Z- slaa ‘sloe-thorn’, OE sláh id., MLG slè
slaixwòn 349 slen¶anan
id., OHG slèha id. Related to OIr lí fabric’); O 833; L Expr. 229 (to
‘color’, Lat lìueò ‘to be blue’ (S- Gk lãgnow ‘lecherous, lustful’); H-
N I 149, II 181). T-F 532  506; K-S 723.
(to Slav *sliva ‘prune’); H *slakwjanan wk.vb.: ON sl‡kkva ‘to extin-
AEEW 297; W-H I 816; guish’, OE e-sleccan ‘to make slack’, OS
P I 965; O 835; K- sleckian ‘to deaden, to weaken’. Causative
S 725–726. of str. *slekwanan > ON part. slokinn ‘to
*slaipaz adj.: ON sleipr ‘slippery’, MDu extinguish, to run out’. Related to Lith
sleep ‘rising at an angle’, OHG sleif sl∏giu, sl∏gti ‘to press, to squeeze’. Cf. also
‘smooth, slippery’. Derived from *slìpa- a similar secondary suffix in Lat langueò
nan. K NB I 60–61; T-F ‘to be faint’ (P Beiträge 131).
539; K 655–656; J IEW T-F 533; H AEEW
729–731; P I 663 (to Gk ÙlibrÒw 298; P Xenia 146; P I 962;
‘slippery’); V ANEW 514 (to ON F 828; V ANEW 518;
sleppa ‘to slip, to slide’); S 429– H 506.
430; H 505. *slampòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. slampa
*slaitò(n) sb.f.: ON sleita ‘backsliding’, ‘to be negligent’, MHG slampen ‘to sag’.
MLG slèt ‘wooden pole’, MHG sleize Close to Lith slambù, slàbti ‘to weaken’.
‘splinter’. Derived from *slìtanan. V See *slabbòjanan, *slèpanan. T-F
ANEW 514 (to Lith sklaidÿti ‘to disperse’). 537; F 825–826.
*slaiwaz adj.: ON slær, sljór ‘blunt, dull’, *slanwjanan wk.vb.: ON sl‡ngva ‘to
OE sláw ‘sluggish, slow’, WFris sleau sling’, MLG slengen ‘to hurl, to fling’,
‘slow’, OS slèu ‘despondent, cowardly’, OHG slangen ‘to throw’. Derived from
OHG slèo ‘blunt, withered, tepid’. With- *slenwanan. T-F 536; V
out reliable external connections. A ANEW 518; S 433.
semantic interaction with *slakwaz cannot *slankaz adj.: Swed dial. slank ‘long and
be excluded. F SVSU VII/2 19 slender’, MLG slank ‘flexible, slack’,
(reconstructs *slaiwjaz); B Grund- MHG slanc ‘slender’. Derived from
riß II/1 202 (to Lat laeuus ‘left’, Skt *slenkanan. Z LF XX 406 (to Slav
sreváyant- ‘causing miscarriage’); K *sl=ga ‘pole’); T-F 536.
NB II 417–418; T-F 532–533; *slaupjanan wk.vb.: Goth af-slaupjan ‘to
H AEEW 297–298 (follows put off, to make slip off ’, OE slípan ‘to
B); V ANEW 518; O slip, to glide’, OFris slèpa ‘to transfer’, OS
836; B Nom. 244; H- slòpian ‘to let loose’, OHG sloufen ‘to join,
 505–506. to connect’. Causative of *sleupanan ~
*slaiwòjanan wk.vb.: ON sljóva ‘to blunt’, *slùpanan. T-F 542; H
OE á-sláwian ‘to be heavy’, OHG AEEW 299; F 9; S 436.
slèwòn ‘to become limp, to become blunt’. *slautòn sb.m.: E sleet, LG pl. slöten ‘hail’,
Derived from *slaiwaz. H MHG slòz id. Close to Slav *slud˙ ‘crust
AEEW 297; V ANEW 516; H- of ice’ (P BSl. 62). T-F
 505. 541; L IF XXXII 158 (to Lat lutum);
*slakwaz adj.: ON slakr ‘slack’, OE O 834; S VBK 204 (to Alb
slæc ‘slack, inactive, lazy, slow’, OS slak ledh ‘mud, clay’, OPrus laydis ‘clay’);
‘despondent, cowardly’, OHG slah. V-T III 676–677.
Derived from *slekwanan (see *slakwjanan). *slen¶anan str.vb.: Goth fra-slindan ‘to
K NB I 2; Z Gutt. 165; devour, to swallow up’, OS pret. sg. far-
T-F 533; H AEEW sland id., OHG slintan id. Of unknown
296–297; P I 959–960; V etymology. G Got. 74 (to
ANEW 513 (to Russ pereslîga ‘defect in a Lith sklend≥iù, skl.sti ‘to fly, to hover’);
slen¶anan 350 slixtaz
T-F 536–537; F 164–165; slùta ‘to close’, OS part. ut-bi-slotenun

J PBB XIV 326 (to *slì¶anan); ‘seclusis’, OHG bi-sliozan ‘to close’. A vari-
M III 558 (to Skt srédhati ‘to ant of *lùtanan? F KZ XXVII
fail, to err’); P I 960–961; 191 (to Lat claudò ‘to limp, to be lame’);
S 432 (to Lith lendù, l⁄sti ‘to J PBB XIV 289–291 (same as
creep’); L GED 125; K- F); T-F 541; P I
S 728. 604–605; S 436–437 (follows
*slenwanan str.vb.: ON slyngva, slyngja F); K-S 727.
‘to throw, to sling’, OE slinan ‘to wind, *slèpanan str.vb.: Goth slepan ‘to sleep’,
to twist’, MLG slingen, slengen ‘to wind’, OE slápan id., OFris slèpa id., OS slàpan
OHG slingan ‘to decay’. A variant of id., OHG slàfan id. Related to Lith slãb-
*len(w)anan? On the other hand, may be nas ‘weak’, slobstù, slõbti ‘to weaken’, Slav
related to Lith slenkù, sliñkti ‘to crawl’ (see *slab˙ id. (Z Gutt. 27–28; H
*slenkanan). Z Gutt. 69–70 (to Lat PBB XXIII 292, Idg. Gr. II 130). F
lìquis ‘crooked’); T-F 536; H- Glotta II 128 (to Gk lÆgv ‘to stay, to
 AEEW 299; J IEW abate’); B IF VI 96 (to Lat labò
930–931; P I 961; V ANEW ‘to totter, to be ready to fall’); P
518; O 835; S 432–433; Beiträge 489; T-F 537; T
K-S 727–728. BSW 270; S KZ LXVI 260;
*slenkanan str.vb.: OSwed pret. slank ‘to F 437–438; H AEEW 297;
creep’, OE slincan ‘to crawl’, WFris slinke P I 655–657; F 825–826;
‘to reduce, to decrease’, MLG slinken ‘to O 834; S LS 50; S
decrease’. Despite the irregular corre- 434–435; V-T III 664;
spondence of velars, can be related to L GED 315; K-S 723.
Lith slenkù, sliñkti ‘to crawl’ (Z *slèpaz sb.m.: Goth sleps ‘sleep’, OE sl≠p
Gutt. 69–70). On the other hand, cf. a id., OFris slèp id., OS slàp id., OHG
certain semantic affinity with *slenwanan. slàf id. Related to *slèpanan. T-F
T-F 535–536; T BSW 537; H AEEW 297; F 437;
269; H AEEW 299; S O 834; S 434; L
Sprache V 182–186 (Lith < Gmc); GED 315.
P I 959–960; F 832–833; *sli¶òn sb.m.: ON sleäi ‘sledge’, OS slido
S 433; K-S 724. id., OHG slito id. Derived from *slì¶anan.
*sleupanan ~ *slùpanan str.vb.: Goth T-F 539; V ANEW 514;
sliupan ‘to slip, to slide’, OE slúpan ‘to slip, O 834; S 428; K-
to glide’, WFris slùpe id., MLG slùpen id., S 728.
OHG ir-sliofan ‘to come (out)’. No reliable *sli¶ròjanan wk.vb.: Norw slidra ‘to slide,
external parallels except for Toch AB to slip’, OE slidrian, slidorian id., LG slid-
lup- ‘to rub lightly, to smear’ (D- deren id., G schlittern id. An emphatic
G BSL XLI 152). C KB derivative of *slì¶anan. T-F 539;
430 (to Lat lùbricus ‘slippery’); F I 577 H AEEW 298; H
(same as C); Z Gutt. 28; 512.
T-F 542; F 438 (to Lat lùbricus *slixtaz adj.: Goth slaihts ‘smooth, even’,
‘slippery’, Lith slùbnas ‘languid, dull, ON sléttr ‘plain, flat, even, smooth’, OE
weak’); H AEEW 300; adv. eorä-slihtes ‘in an earth-destroying
P I 963–964; C manner’, OFris sliucht ‘simple’, OS sliht
SGGJa I 91; O 836; S ‘decorated, ornamented’, OHG sleht
435–436; L GED 315; K- ‘smooth, mild’. Derived from *slìkanan
S 727; A TB 558. (Z BB XXV 97). K NB II
*sleutanan ~ *slùtanan str.vb.: OFris 318; F BB III 5 (to Gk Hom adv.
slixtaz 351 slìwan
l¤gdhn ‘grazing’); F 436–437; H- *slìkaz adj.: ON slíkr ‘sleek, smooth’,
 AEEW 299; K 638–639; MLG sbst. slìk ‘mud’, MHG sbst. slìch id.
P I 664; V ANEW 515; Related to *slìkanan. Z Gutt. 199;
O 834–835; V S-133; T BSW 270; P I 664;
S 428–429; L GED 314; V ANEW 515; V-T
B Nom. 249; H III 671–672.
512–513; K-S 725. *slìman sb.n.: ON slím ‘slime’, OE slím id.
*slixtjanan wk.vb.: ON slétta ‘to make (masc. or neut.?), OFris slìm id., MLG
plain, to level’, OHG slihten ‘to smooth, slìm id. (masc., neut.), OHG slìm id.
to quiet’. Derived from *slixtaz. V (masc.). Related to Gk leim≈n ‘moist
ANEW 515; H 513. place, meadow’, Lat lìmus ‘mud, slime’,
*slimbaz adj.: MLG slim ‘bent, crooked’, OIr slím ‘slime’. Cf. also *slìkaz, *slìkanan.
OHG slimb id. Related to Latv slìps P Kelt. Gr. I 84; T-F 538;
‘slanting, sloped’ without nasal (L KZ H AEEW 299; W-
XX 561). Further cf. *slìpanan. T- H I 804–805; P I 663;
F 538; P I 657; O 835; V ANEW 516; F II 97–99;
L Expr. 148–150; H 513. O 835; K-S 726.
*slipraz adj.: OE slipor ‘slippery’, MLG *slìpanan str.vb.: OFris slìpa ‘to sharpen’,
slipper id., OHG sleffar id. Close to Gk MLG slìpen ‘to grind, to smoothen’ (str.
ÙlibrÒn: ÙlisyhrÒn, le›on, §pisfal°w and wk.), OHG slìfan ‘to smoothen, to
(Hes.). Derived from *slìpanan. T- whet’. Related to *slimbaz, *slipraz.
F 539; H AEEW 299; T-F 539; P I 663.
P I 663; A Language XVII *slìtanan str.vb.: ON slíta ‘to slit, to
87; F II 376; H 514. break’, OE slítan ‘to slit, to tear’, OFris
*slitan sb.n.: ON slit ‘tear, slit’, OE lah-slit slìta ‘to wear out’, OS slìtan ‘to split’,
‘fine payable for the breach’, OFris slit OHG slìzan ‘to cut, to tear’. Of unknown
‘slit’, OHG gi-sliz ‘split’. Derived from origin. J PBB XIV 316 (to Lat
*slìtanan. V ANEW 516; S laedò ‘to hurt, to wound’); T-F 538
430. (to Lith skleid≥iù, skleÛsti ‘to spread’);
*slitòn sb.f.: ON slita ‘tearing, splitting’, H AEEW 299; J
MLG slete ‘wear, wear and tear’. See IEW 845–850; P I 923–927;
*slitan. V ANEW 516. V ANEW 516; O 835; S
*slì¶anan str.vb.: OE slídan ‘to slide’, 430–431; K-S 726.
MLG slìden id. (stem?), OHG bi-slìtan ‘to *slìþjaz adj.: Goth sleiþs (or sleideis) ‘dan-
make slippery, to lubricate’. Related to gerous, fierce’, ON slíär ‘fearful’, OE slíäe
Skt srédhati ‘to fail, to err’, Gk Ùlisyãnv ‘dire, hard, cruel’, OS slìthi ‘cruel,
‘to slip’ (based on *Ùliy-), Lith slÿstu, slÿsti wicked’. Related to *laiþaz (S
‘to slide, to slip’ (U PBB XXVI Mémoire 75: to Gk élita¤nv ‘to sin’;
294–295). T-F 539; H- G Got. 192–193). P
 AEEW 298; M III 558; UUÅ 1891 48 (to Skt srédhati ‘to fail, to
P I 960–961; F 833; err’); K NB II 448; T-F
F II 377; O 834; S 539; F 437; H AEEW 300;
427–428; K-S 728. W NP 75–77; P I 672;
*slìkanan str.vb.: MLG sliken ‘to creep’, V ANEW 515; L GED
OHG slìhhan id. Related to OIr sligim 314–315; G KZ CIV 111;
‘to smear’, Slav *sl¸z˙k˙ ‘smooth’, H 509.
‘slime’ (S KZ LIV 248). *slìwan ~ *slìwaz sb.n./m.: ON slÿ
P I 662–664; S 428–429; ‘water-cotton’, OE slíw ‘a kind of fish,
K-S 726. tench’, MLG slì ‘slimy water plant’,
slìwan 352 smakòjanan
OHG slìo ‘a kind of fish, tench’. Prob- gown’, OE slop ‘loose upper garment’,
ably connected with *slìman (P ME sloppe id. Derived from *sleupanan ~
Wurzelerw. 110). T-F 538; H- *slùpanan. T-F 542; H
 AEEW 300; V ANEW 517– AEEW 300; M Gém. 192; V
518 (to Gk lineÊw ‘a kind of sea fish’, ANEW 517; S 436.
Lith lÿnas ‘tench’); K-S 726. *slutan sb.n.: ON vind-slot ‘abatement’,
*slò¶janan wk.vb.: ON slœäa ‘to trail’, MLG slot ‘door-bolt, lock’, OHG sloz
early Du slooien ‘to tow, to carry’. Related ‘lock, bolt’. Derived from *sleutanan ~
to *sla¶an. T-F 535; V *slùtanan. P I 963; O 836;
ANEW 518. S 436.
*slò¶jòn sb.f.: ON pl. slœäur ‘gown that *slutòjanan wk.vb.: ON slota ‘to hang
trails along the ground’, MDu slooye ‘train down, to droop’, G dial. schlossen ‘to be-
(of dress)’. Related to *slò¶janan. V come slack’. Connected with *slu¶ròjanan?
ANEW 518. P I 963; V ANEW 517.
*slu¶ròjanan wk.vb.: ON sloära ‘to trail *slùwò ~ *slùxwò sb.f.: Norw slò
oneself along’, Du slodderen ‘to sway, ‘fleshy kernel in a horn or a hoof ’, ME
to rock back and forth’, MHG slotern slúghe ‘stripped hide’, MLG slù ‘shell,
‘to shake’. An expressive derivative of hull’. Close to Slav *ly≥a ‘pole, keel, ski’
*slò¶janan. T-F 542; P I < *lùg(h)ƒà. T-F 541; P I
963; V ANEW 517. 964 (to Lith “liaU≥ti ‘to crawl’); V-
*slukan ~ *slukòn sb.n./m.: ON slok T II 540.
‘water gutter’, OE sloca ‘bit, morsel’, *slùkanan str.vb.: Norw slùka ‘to swal-
MLG sloke ‘throat’. Derived from low’, MLG slùken id., MHG schlùchen ‘to
*slùkanan. T-F 540; H intertwine’. Related to Gk lÊzv ‘to swal-
AEEW 300; P I 964; V low’, OIr sluccim id. T-F 540;
ANEW 517. T-F 540; P I 964; F II
*slumaz adj.: Norw dial. slum ‘slack, 142; S 435.
flabby’. Related to Goth slawan ‘to be *slùròn ~ *slùraz sb.m.: Norw dial. slùre
silent’? G Got. 192 (Goth ‘idler’, MHG slùr id. Cf. *slu¶ròjanan,
slawan to Gk lÆgv ‘to stay, to abate’, *slutòjanan. T-F 540.
Lat langueò ‘to be faint’); T-F *smait( j)az adj.: ON smeittr ‘enamelled’,
540; P I 962–963; L GED OE sm≠te ‘pure, refined’. Derived from
314. *smìtanan. H AEEW 301;
*slumaz ~ *slumòn sb.m.: ODan slum V ANEW 519.
‘slumber’, OE sluma id. Substantivized *smaitòjanan wk.vb.: Norw smeita ‘to
*slumaz. H AEEW 300; strike’, MHG smeizen ‘to throw, to defe-
P I 962; V ANEW 517. cate’. Derived from *smait( j)az. V
*slumòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. sluma ‘to ANEW 519 (to *smèxiz).
weaken’, MLG slömen ‘to sleep’, late *smak(k)òn ~ *smak(k)az sb.m.: Goth
MHG slumen id. Derived from *slumaz. smakka ‘fig’, OE smæcc ‘taste’, OFris smaka
T-F 540; P I 962. id., MLG smak id., OHG smac id. Related
*slumpaz sb.m.: Norw slump ‘accident, to Lith smagùs ‘merry, cheerful’ (Z
chance’, MLG slump id. Related to *slam- Gutt. 165–166). T-F 526 (to Lith
pòjanan. T-F 537. smaguriaÛ ‘tidbits’); H AEEW
*slun¶az sb.m.: ON adv. slund-samliga 300–301; P I 967; F 838;
‘flabbily’, OS slund ‘gullet, throat’, OHG I-S EIRJa 71–73 (on Slav
slunt id. Derived from *slen¶anan. *smoky ‘fig’); O 837; K-S
L GED 125. 731.
*sluppaz sb.m.: ON sloppr ‘a kind of *smakòjanan wk.vb.: Swed smaka ‘to
smakòjanan 353 smerwan
taste’, OFris smakia id. Derived from *smaujanan wk.vb.: ON smeygja ‘to
*smak(k)òn ~ *smak(k)az. T-F 526. make slip’, OE smeáan ‘to consider,
*smakòjanan ~ *smakkòjanan to meditate’, MHG sich smougen ‘to
wk.vb.: Swed smacka ‘to smack’, OE sma- cling’. Derived from *smeuanan ~
cian id., MLG smacken id. Related to Lith *smùanan. T-F 531–532; H-
smagiù, smõgti ‘to flog, to fling, to hurl’,  AEEW 301; V ANEW 520;
Slav *smagati id. (Z Gutt. 165). S 440.
T-F 526; T BSW 270; *smeltanan str.vb.: OSwed smælta ‘to
F 848. melt’, WFris smelte id., OS smeltan id.,
*smalaz adj.: Goth smals ‘small’, ON smalr OHG smelzan id. A variant of *meltanan.
id., OE smæl id., OFris smel ‘slim, thin’, T-F 528–529; P I 716–
OS smal id., OHG smal id. Probably 719; S 438–439; L GED
related to Gk m∞lon ‘small cattle’, Lat 144; K-S 731.
malus ‘bad’, Slav *mal˙ ‘small’ (S *smeltaz sb.m.: Dan smelt ‘kind of fish,
KZ XXXVII 17). See *mèlan III. Osmerus eperlanus’, OE smelt ‘smelt’, Du
K NB II 266–267; B II smelt ‘Ammodytes tobianus’. Derived
13; S KZ XXXVII 18; T-F from *smeltanan. H AEEW
528; H AEEW 301; W- 301; V ANEW 519–520.
H II 19–20; F 439; P *sme2ròjanan wk.vb.: OE smerian ‘to
I 724; V ANEW 519; F II 226– laugh, to scorn’, OHG smieròn ‘to smile’.
227; O 837; V-T II Connected with Toch AB smi- ‘to smile’,
564; L GED 315; B- Skt smáyate ‘to smile, to blush’, smera-
 Nom. 249; H 517–518; ‘smiling’, Latv smite ‘to laugh’, Slav
K-S 730. *smîjati s≤ id. P IF V 41;
*smalxjaz adj.: MHG smelhe ‘small, little’. T BSW 270–271; S
Related to Lett sma÷lks ‘little, small’, sma÷lce KZ LXIII 262–263; S IF XLV
‘new shoot on the tree’ and, with a 265; H AEEW 302; M-
different vocalism, to Lith smulkùs ‘little,  III 548; P I 967–968;
small’. Further connected with *smalaz. O 838; V-T III 688;
T-F 528; F 839–840, A TB 721; B IFTJa 262.
849–850. *smertanan str.vb.: OE smeortan ‘to
*smalxjò sb.f.: Norw smele, smylve ‘Aira smart’, MDu smerten ‘to be painful’, OHG
flexuosa’, MHG smelha id. Substantivized smerzan ‘to wound, to cause pain’. Prob-
*smalxjaz. T-F 528. ably related to Lith smìrd≥iu, smird∏ti ‘to
*smalòn ~ *smalan sb.m./n.: ON smali stink’, Slav *sm¸rdîti id. P Ger. 68
‘small cattle’, MHG smal-nòz id. Con- (to Lat mordeò ‘to bite’); O Etym.
nected with *smalaz. V ANEW 519; 94–95 (same as P); T-F
L GED 316. 527; T BSW 271; H-
*smaltan ~ *smultan sb.n.: Norw smolt  AEEW 302; P I 735–
‘melted fat’, OE smolt ‘lard’, MLG smalt, 737; F 847–848; O 838;
smolt ‘fat’, OHG smalz ‘melted fat, lard’. S 439; V-T III
Derived from *smeltanan. Cf. also *maltan. 685; K-S 731–732.
T-F 529; H AEEW *smerwan ~ *smerwòn sb.n./m.: ON
303; S 439; L GED 144. smj‡r ‘grease, butter’, OE smeoru ‘fat,
*smauaz adj.: OE sméah ‘subtle’. Derived grease’, OFris smere ‘pus’, OS smero ‘fat,
from *smeuanan ~ *smùanan. Formally butter’, OHG smer, smero id. Related to
identical with Latv smaugs ‘slender’. T- Toch B ßmare ‘oil’, OIr smiur, smir ‘mar-
F 531–532; H AEEW 301; row’. T Notes 35 (to Lith smársas
P I 745; H 518–519. ‘fat’); F 438; T-F 527;
smerwan 354 smiþaz
H AEEW 302; W- smirle id. Related to Lat merula id. and
P II 690 (to Gk smãv ‘to rub, to Celt *mesalkà or *misalkà > W mwyalch
anoint’); P I 971 (to Gk smÊriw (see *amslòn). T-F 527; V
‘emery-powder’); V ANEW 520; ANEW 521 (to MHG smerle ‘loach’, Gk
V S-142; Z I 146; smar¤w ‘small sea-fish, Smaris vulgaris’).
O 838; L GED 315; *smèxaz adj.: ON smár ‘little, small’, OS
H 520; K-S 731; smà-wort ‘contemptuous word’, OHG
A TB 668. smàh ‘small’. Any connection with *smalaz
*smerwislan sb.n.: ON smyrsl ‘ointment’, or *smikraz? C Gr. Et. 693 (to Gk
OE smirels id. (masc.). Derived from sm—krÒw ‘little, short’); P UUÅ 1891
*smerwjanan. M NTS I 244– 10–11 (to Gk makednÒw ‘tall, taper’, Lat
245 (to Lat medulla ‘marrow’ < *(s)meuslà); macer ‘soft, tender’); H Ablaut 37;
H AEEW 302; V ANEW K NB II 251–252; T-F
521. 526; P I 966; V ANEW 519;
*smerwjanan wk.vb.: ON smyrva, smyrja H 519; K-S 729.
‘to anoint’, OE smirwan ‘to smear’, MLG *smèxòjanan wk.vb.: ON for-smá ‘to
smeren id., OHG smirwen id. Derived from despise’, OFris for-smàia ‘to spurn’, OHG
*smerwan ~ *smerwòn. T-F 527; bi-smàhòn ‘to show contempt’. Derived
H AEEW 302; P I 956; from *smèxaz. T-F 526; V
V ANEW 521; O 838; K- ANEW 519; H 519.
S 732. *smikraz adj.: OE smicer ‘fine, fair, beau-
*smeuanan ~ *smùanan str.vb.: ON tiful’, OHG smeckar ‘delicate, fine’. De-
smjúga ‘to creep (through a hole), to spite the irregular *-k-, somehow related
pierce’, OE smúan ‘to creep, to crawl’, to Gk sm—krÒw, m—krÒw ‘little, small’.
MHG smiugen id. Related to Lith smunkù, Z Gutt. 199; T-F 530;
smùkti ‘to glide off ’, Slav *smykati ‘to whisk, H AEEW 302; P I
to crawl’ (F KZ XX 366). Z 966–967 (to Lith “mi≥ti ‘to remain small’);
Gutt. 138–139 (to Lat mucrò ‘sharp point, F II 236–237; H 521.
edge’); T-F 531–532; T *smittjanan ~ *smittòjanan wk.vb.:
BSW 271; H AEEW 303; Norw dial. smita ‘to smear in a thin layer’,
J IEW 660–662; P I OE smittian ‘to smear’, MLG smitten ‘to
744–745; F 849; V ANEW make dirty’, MHG bi-smizzen ‘to smear’.
520; O 839; S LS 51; S Related to *smìtanan. T-F 530.
439–440; V-T III 694– *smiþa-baliz sb.m.: ON smiä-belgr ‘bel-
695; K-S 732. lows’, OE smiä-bel id. Compound of
*smeukanan str.vb.: OE smeócan ‘to *smiþaz and *baliz. C Nom. comp.
smoke’, Du smieken ‘to burn, to smoke’. 82 (parallel formations).
Related to Lith smáugiu, smáugti ‘to stran- *smiþaz sb.m.: ON smiär ‘smith, crafts-
gle’, Slav *smuga ‘black spot, stripe’? Cf. man’ (also u- and i-stems), OE smiä
further, with a different velar, Gk smÊxv ‘smith’, OFris smith id., OS smith id.,
‘to burn in a slow fire’ and Slav *smaga OHG smid id. Cf. also Goth aiza-smiþa
‘fire, flame’. Z Gutt. 166; T- ‘copper-smith’ < *-smiþòn. Derivative in
F 531; H AEEW 301; *-to- based on IE *smei- ‘to spread, to
K 662–663; P I 971; smear’, cf. Gk smãv id., Gmc *smìtanan.
F 841; F II 752; O 839; Semantically, this development is close to
S 440–441; V-T that of Slav *kaliti ‘to temper (of metals)’
III 682–683, 693. derived from *kal˙ ‘dirt’. This shift
*smezilaz ~ *smezilòn sb.m.: ON implies an intermediate stage ‘to dip
smyrill ‘merlin, a kind of hawk’, MHG the metal into water or liquid clay’
smiþaz 355 snaiwaz
(T ESSJa IX 124). P *smukkaz sb.m.: ON smokkr ‘smock (with

RFV IV 209 (to Slav *mîd¸ ‘copper’); an opening in front)’, OE smocc ‘smock’,
B IF VI 93 (to Gk sm¤lh ‘knife, MLG smuck ‘shirt’, OHG smoccho ‘under-
chisel’); T-F 529; H wear’ (< *smukkòn). Of unknown origin.
AEEW 302; F 31–32; P I 966, T-F 532 (to *smeuanan ~ *smùa-
968; C SGGJa I 108; V nan); H AEEW 303; M
ANEW 520; Z II 203; O Gém. 192; P I 745 (to IE *(s)meug-
838; L GED 23 (to *maitanan); ~ *(s)meuk- ‘to glide’); V ANEW 520;
K-S 732. Z II 179; O 839; S
*smiþjòn sb.f.: ON smiäja ‘smithy’, OE 440.
smiääe id., OFris smithe id., MLG smede id., *smuzlòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. smolla
OHG smitta id. Derived from *smiþaz. ‘to smile’, MHG smollen id. Of imitative
T-F 529; H AEEW origin. T-F 531.
302; V ANEW 520; Z I 156; *snabbòn sb.m.: OFris snabba ‘mouth’,
O 838; L GED 23. MLG snabbe ‘beak’. Close to Lith snã-
*smiþòjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-smiþon ‘to pas id. T-F 520; F 851–
forge’, OE smiäian id., MLG smeden id., 852.
OHG smidòn id. Derived from *smiþaz. *snai¶inaz sb.m.: ON sneiäingr ‘zigzag
T-F 529; H AEEW path’, OE sn≠din ‘meal’ (fem.). Derived
302; F 201; V ANEW 520; from *snai¶iz. H AEEW 303;
O 838. V ANEW 523.
*smìtanan str.vb.: Goth ga-smeitan ‘to *snai¶iz sb.f.: ON sneiä ‘slice’, OE sn≠d
smear’, OE smítan id., OFris smìta id., ‘cut, slice, morsel, bit’, OFris snède ‘slice’.
MLG smiten id., OHG bi-smìzan id. Derived from *snìþanan. T-F
Related to Arm mic ‘dirt’, Slav *smîd˙ 522; H AEEW 303; V
‘dark brown’ (S BB XXIX ANEW 523; S 443.
30) and further to Gk smÆv ‘to smear’. *snai¶janan wk.vb.: ON sneiäa ‘to cut into
P EF I 253 (to Lat mittò ‘to send’); slices, to walk zigzag’, OE sn≠dan ‘to slice’,
B ZdWf VI 354–355 (to Av OHG sneiten id. Derived from *snìþanan.
ha-mìsta- ‘thrown down’); T-F T-F 522; H AEEW 303;
530; F 95–96; H AEEW V ANEW 523; S 443.
302; P I 966; C *snaiwa-xwìtaz adj.: ON sn≠-hvítr
1027; O 838; V-T ‘snow-white’, OE snáw-hwít id., OFris
III 684; S 437–438 (follows P); snie-wyt id., MLG snè-wìt id., MHG snè-
L GED 72–73; K-S wìz id. Compound of *snaiwaz and *xwì-
731. taz. C Nom. comp. 60.
*smìþjan sb.n.: ON smíäi ‘smith’s work’, *snaiwaz sb.m.: Goth snaiws ‘snow’ (a-
MLG smìde id., OHG gi-smìdi ‘metal’. or i-stem), ON snær, snjór (gen.sg. sn≠var ~
Related to *smiþaz. T-F 529; sn≠s) id., OE snáw id., OFris snè id., OS
V ANEW 520. snèo id., OHG snèo id. Etymologically
*smìþò sb.f.: ON smíä ‘craft, smith’s connected with Toch B ≤iñcatstse ‘snowy’,
work’, OHG smìda ‘metal, piece of metal Prakrit si»eha- < *sneha- id., Av snaè≥a- ‘to
(to be worked on)’. Related to *smiþaz. snow’, Gk acc. n¤fa ‘snow’, Thrac (?)
T-F 529; V ANEW 520. n¤ba: xiÒna. ka‹ krÆnhn (Hes.), Lat nix
*smuò(n) sb.f.: ON smuga ‘narrow cleft id., Ir snigid ‘to rain, to snow’, Lith sni‚gas
to creep through, hole’, OE ≠-smou ‘snow’, Latv snìegs, Slav *snîg˙ id. (K
‘snake’s skin’. Derived from *smeuanan ~ KZ I 138). See *snìwanan. S
*smùanan. H AEEW 303; KZ I 479 (to Skt snàti ‘to bathe’); H
V ANEW 520. Urgerm. II 42 (on the suffixation); Z
snaiwaz 356 snarpjanan
Gutt. 100; B 1626; P Derived from *snakanan. Z Gutt.
Kelt. Gr. I 85; T-F 522; T- 166; T-F 518; H AEEW
 BSW 272–273; H AEEW 303; V ANEW 522; O 840;
304; W-H II 169–170; F L 196; S 441; L IF
440; D Thr. 331; P Gliede- CIII 220; K-S 734.
rung 141; P I 974; C *snallaz sb.m.: MHG snal ‘swift move-
SSGJa I 56; F 853; V ANEW ment’. Related to *snellaz (and confirm-
527; Z II 189; F II 298–299; ing this reconstruction of the latter).
O 841; S 442, KZ LXXX H 525.
122–123; V-T III 697; *snalljanan wk.vb.: ON snellask ‘to strap
L GED 316; B Nom. forcefully’, MDu snellen ‘to move fast’,
52; K-S 735; A TB MHG snellen ‘to click, to snap’. Derived
629–630. from *snallaz. H 525.
*snaiwòjanan wk.vb.: ON snjóva ‘to *snappènan ~ *snappòjanan wk.vb.:
snow’, ME snówen id., MDu sneeuwen, ON snapa ‘to snuffle’, Du snappen ‘to
snouwen, snìwen id. Derived from *snai- snatch’, MHG snappen id. Of unknown
waz. V ANEW 525. origin. Cf. probably *snabbòn. T-
*snaisjanan wk.vb.: ON sneisa ‘to “spit” a F 520; V ANEW 522; K-
sausage, to coil a sausage up’, OE sn≠san S 734.
‘to spit, to run through with a pointed *snarxan sb.n.: Norw dial. snar ‘intertwin-
weapon’, MHG sneisen ‘to thread, to line ing, knot’, MLG snar ‘string’. Substan-
up’. Derived from *snaisò. H tivized *snarxaz. T-F 521.
AEEW 304; V ANEW 523. *snarxaz adj.: ON snarr ‘hard-twisted (of
*snaisò sb.f.: ON sneis ‘skewer’, OE sn≠s, a rope), swift, keen’, OE snear ‘nimble,
snás ‘spit, skewer’, OFris snès ‘twenty strong’, MDu snare ‘nimble, skillful’.
pieces’, MLG snèse ‘branch, measure of Derived from *snerxanan. K NB I
7–20 fishes’, MHG sneise ‘row, string on 49–50; T-F 521; V ANEW
which items are put in a line’. Prob- 523 (to *snarxòn); H 522.
ably derived from *snìþanan. T-F *snarxòn sb.f.: ON snara ‘snare’, OE
522–523; H AEEW 304; snearu ‘noose, snare’, MLG snare ‘string’,
P I 974; V ANEW 523. OHG snaraha id. Related to Gk nãrkh
*snakanan str.vb.: OHG snahhan ‘to ‘numbness, deadness’. Derived from
crawl’. Related to OIr snaighim id. *snerxanan. T-F 521; J-
Z Gutt. 166; T-F 518;  IEW 917–919; P I 977–978;
W-P II 697–692; P I V ANEW 522; Z I 156;
974; O 840; S 441–442. O 840; S 444.
*snakkjò(n) sb.f.: ON snekkja ‘a kind of *snarpaz adj.: ON snarpr ‘rough to the
swift-sailing ship’, OE snacc ‘swift-sailing touch, sharp’. Related to Arm snerb ‘nar-
vessel’, OHG snagga ‘ship with a prow’. row’ (S IF XVII 461). Derived
Derived from *snè-: Skt snàti ‘to bathe’, from *snerpanan. F I 575 (to Gk
Gk n°v ‘to swim’, Lat nò id., OIr snáim norbã: kalÆ, Hes., norbe›: §ntame›tai,
id. B IF XX 221–223; T- Hes., Arm snerb ‘narrow’); Z Gutt.
F 519 (to Norw dial. snaga ‘to 28; T-F 521; P I 976;
stick out’); H AEEW 303; V ANEW 524; L GED 46.
W-H II 172; P I *snarpjanan wk.vb.: Goth at-snarpjan ‘to
971–972; V ANEW 523; F II grasp, to touch’, ON snerpa ‘to whet’.
310–311. Derived from *snarpaz or from *snerpanan.
*snakòn ~ *snèkaz sb.m.: ON snákr F 61; V ANEW 524; L
‘snake’, OE snaca id., MLG snake id. (fem.). GED 46.
snatòn 357 sneumjanan
*snatòn sb.f./m.: ON snata ‘spear’, OHG present nÆxv < *snàghò. P I
snazo ‘pike’. Probably related to Slav 971–972; F 851 (Lith < G dial.
*snaditi ‘to fix together’, *snast¸ ‘instru- schnak ‘snail’); V ANEW 524; K-
ment, tool, weapons’. V ANEW 523 S 735.
(to ON snót ‘gentlewoman’); V- *snellaz adj.: ON snjallr ‘swift, good,
T III 696–697. excellent, valliant’, OE snell ‘quick, active,
*snatròjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. snatra ‘to strong’, OFris snell ‘quick, fast’, OS snell
sniff, to crinkle’, MLG snateren ‘to chat- ‘valiant, pugnacious, spright’, OHG snel
ter’. Of imitative origin. Cf. *snawwòjanan ‘brave, deft, lively’. Of unknown origin.
~ *snuwwòjanan. T-F 519. K NB II 371; H AEEW
*snauþaz ~ *snauþjaz adj.: ON snauär 304; V ANEW 525; R Anglia
‘poor, stripped, bereft’, MLG snòde ‘con- XXXIII 471 (reconstructs *sni¶laz, to
temptible, worthless’, MHG snœde ‘con- *snìþanan); B Nom. 248 (fol-
temptible, servile’. Derived from *sneu- lows R); H 524–525
þanan. Z BB XXV 95 (to Skt (reconstructs *snellaz); K-S
kß»àuti ‘to whet’); K NB II 736.
395–397; T-F 524–525; K *snellìn sb.f.: ON snilli ‘prowess, skill, elo-
648–649; P I 585; V ANEW quence’, OHG snellì ‘agility, courage’.
523; S 445 (reconstructs *snau¶az); Derived from *snellaz. V ANEW
H 523. 524–525; H 525.
*sn(a)uþjanan wk.vb.: ON sneyäa ‘to *snerxanan str.vb.: OHG in-snerahan ‘to
bereave’, OE be-snyäian ‘to deprive’. bind’. An isolated archaism, cf. *snarxòn.
Derived from *sneuþanan. T-F Of unknown origin. T-F 521;
524; H AEEW 305; S P I 976–977; O 840;
445. S 444.
*snawwaz adj.: ON snøggr ‘short, *snerkanan str.vb.: Icel part. snorkinn
smooth, sudden, brief ’, MLG snouw, ‘wrinkled’, OE pret. sg. e-snerc ‘to
snaw ‘rapid, shrewd, skillful’. Derived shrink’. Cf. *snerpanan. Z Gutt.
from *snew(w)anan. K NB II 166 (to Lith snargl‹s ‘mucus’); T-F
399–401; T-F 524; V ANEW 520; H AEEW 304; J-
527; L Verschärfung 146–147;  IEW 917–919; P I
H 524; D BSA 27 (with 975–977; V ANEW 524; S
oxytonic shortening). 444–445.
*snawwòjanan ~ *snuwwòjanan *snerpanan str.vb.: Norw snerpa ‘to
wk.vb.: Norw dial. snugga ‘to sniff, to shrink’, OHG snerfan id. Of unknown
scent’, MHG snouwen ‘to sniff, to wheeze’. origin. T-F 521; F 61;
Derived from *snawwaz. T-F J IEW 917–919; P I
524. 975–977; V ANEW 523; S
*sneilaz sb.m.: ON snigill ‘snail’, OE 445.
sneel id., OS snegil id., OHG snegil id. *sneumaz adj.: ON snimma ‘early’, OE
Derived from *sneòn. T-F 519; adv. sneóme ‘swiftly, rapidly’, OS sniumi
H AEEW 304; C ‘rapid, fast’, OHG sniumi id. Derived
SGGJa I 74; V ANEW 524; Z from *snew(w)anan (K Nom. Stamm.
I 135; O 839–840; K-S 93). T-F 524; H
735. AEEW 304; V ANEW 523–524;
*sneòn sb.m.: MLG snigge ‘snail’, OHG S Erw. 72; S 446;
sneggo id. Related to Lith snãkë id. con- L GED 317; H 525–
nected with IE *snà- ‘to flow, to swim’. 526; K-S 727.
For the suffix cf., probably, the Greek *sneumjanan wk.vb.: Goth sniumjan ‘to
sneumjanan 358 snòpòjanan
hurry’, MLG ge-sniumen id., OHG sniumen *snìkanan str.vb.: OE snícan ‘to crawl’.
‘to expedite’. Derived from *sneumaz. Cf. also Norw dial. sníkja ‘to cadge, to
T-F 524; F 440; L live on others’. Identical with Latv snìgt
GED 317; H 526. ‘to hand, to pass, to reach’. T-F
*sneuþanan str.vb.: ON part. snoäinn 522; H AEEW 304; P I
‘bald’, late MHG be-schnotten ‘to cut, to 974; V ANEW 524.
trim’. Of unknown origin. Cf. *snìþanan? *snìpanan str.vb.: Norw dial. snìpa ‘to
T-F 524; H AEEW snap’. Probably connected with Skt snà-
305; V ANEW 525; P I 585; yati ‘to wrap around’, Gk nÆyv ‘to spin’,
S 445. Lat neò id. < *snèi-. T-F 523 (to
*snew(w)anan str.vb.: Goth sniwan ‘to Gk skn¤ptv ‘to pinch, to nip’); P
come upon, to hasten’, OE sneówan ‘to I 973.
proceed, to hasten’. Cf. also ON str. snúa *snipòn sb.f.: ON mÿri-snípa ‘moor-snipe’,
‘to wind’ < *snòwanan. Related to ME snípe ‘snipe’, OS sneppa id., OHG
Slav *snov‡, *snuti ‘to warp’. P snepfa id. Derived from *snìpanan. T-
Beiträge 818–819; U PBB XXX F 523; V ANEW 525; K-
309; S Festschr. Kretschmer S 736.
244–251; T-F 523; F 441; *snìþanan str.vb.: Goth sneiþan ‘to har-
H AEEW 304, AWN 270; vest, to reap’, ON sníäa ‘to cut, to slice’,
P I 973, 977; V ANEW OE sníäan ‘to cut, to make an incision’,
526; S LS 51–52; S 446– OFris snìtha ‘to cut’, OS snìäan id., OHG
447; B KZ XC 358–261; snìdan id. No external cognates. L
V-T III 699; L KZ XX 561 (to Slav *snît˙ ‘block, log’);
Verschärfung 15.13; L GED 317; T-F 522; S KZ XXXVIII
K-S 727. 471 (to OIr snéid ‘small, short’); L KZ
*sni¶an sb.n.: ON sniä ‘slice’, OE e-snid XL 561 (to Slav *snît˙ ‘log, branch’);
‘killing, slaughter’. Derived from *snì- H AEEW 304; F 440;
þanan. H AEEW 304; V J IEW 913–914; P I
ANEW 524; S 443; B 974; V ANEW 524; S 443–
Nom. 56. 444 (to OIr snadat ‘to cut off ’ with a
*sni¶ilaz sb.m.: ON sniäill ‘pruning knife’, different vocalism); L GED 316–
MHG snittel ‘little cut’. Derived from 317; K-S 735–736.
*sni¶an. V ANEW 524; S *snòbriz adj.: ON snœfr ‘tight, narrow,
444. tough’, G dial. schnueper ‘swift, lively’. A
*snipilaz sb.m.: ON snepill ‘snip, flap’, variant of *nòbriz. K NB II 448;
eyra-snepill ‘earlobe’, MLG sneppel ‘mouth- T-F 292, 569; P I 973–
ful, corner, end’. Derived from *snìpanan. 974; H 526–527.
T-F 523; V ANEW 524. *snò¶ò sb.f.: OSwed snoä ‘string, cord’,
*snìwanan str.vb.: ON snÿr ‘it snows’, OE snód ‘snood, fillet, head-dress’.
OE sníwan ‘to snow’, OHG sniwit ‘it Related to OIr gloss snáthe ‘filum’, Latv
snows’. See *snaiwaz. Close to Av snaè≥a- snàte ‘linen cover’. T-F 523;
id., Gk ne¤fei id., Ir snigid ‘to rain’, Lith P I 973.
snìgti ‘to snow’, snéigëti id. B *snòkaz sb.m.: Norw dial. snòk ‘muzzle,
1626; T-F 522; T snout’, MLG snòk ‘pike’. Of imitative ori-
BSW 273–274; J IEW 913; gin? Cf. *snabbòn. V ANEW 522,
P I 974; F 853; V 525 (to *snakòn ~ *snèkaz).
ANEW 527; F II 298–299; O *snòpòjanan wk.vb.: Norw snópa ‘to
841; S 442–443; L GED snatch’, EFris snòpen ‘to regale oneself
316; K-S 736. with’, Du snoepen id. Connected with
snòpòjanan 359 snuzò(n)
*snappènan ~ *snappòjanan. T-F  AEEW 305, 425; V ANEW

520; V ANEW 525. 526 (follows S); L GED 317;
*snòrjòn sb.f.: Goth snorjo ‘net, basket’, B Nom. 247; H
ON neut. snœri ‘twisted rope’, OE snér 527–528.
‘string (of a musical instrument)’. Derived *snutrìn sb.f.: Goth snutrei ‘intelligence,
from *snòrò. H AEEW 305; wisdom’, OE snytru ‘prudence, wisdom’.
F 441; V ANEW 528; L Derived from *snutraz. H
GED 317; K-S 738. AEEW 305; F 441; L GED
*snòrò sb.f.: Norw snòr ‘cord, string’, 317–318; H 528.
MLG snòr id., OHG snuor id. An ablaut *snuttan sb.n.: Norw snott ‘snot’, OE snot
innovation related to Toch B ßñor ‘sinew’, id., OFris snotte ‘snuff of a candle, snot’,
Av snàvar6 id., Gk neËron id., Lat neruus MLG snotte ‘catarrh’, OHG snuz id.
id. < *neuro-, Arm neard id. ( J (masc.). Of expressive origin. T-
PBB XIV 379). W IF XVIII 24–25 F 525; H AEEW 304;
(to *(s)ner- ‘to turn’); P Beiträge O 841; K-S 737.
820–822 (same as W); B *snuþaròjanan wk.vb.: ON snuära ‘to
1629; T-F 523; W-H snuff, to scent’, MLG snoderen ‘to blow
II 165; B Origines 21, 111; one’s nose’, MHG snuderen ‘to sniff, to
P I 976; F II 308–309; B- snort’. Derived from *snuþjanan. T-
 IFTJa 259. F 525; V ANEW 526.
*snubbòjanan wk.vb.: ON snubba ‘to *snuþjanan wk.vb.: ON snyäja ‘to sniff, to
snub, to chide’, E snub. Cf. *snuppòjanan, sniffle’, OE snyäian ‘to go as a dog with
*snuppòn. M Gém. 170, 174; its nose to the ground (?)’. Of imitative
V ANEW 526. origin. Cf. *snuttan. T-F 525;
*snukkòjanan wk.vb.: Norw snukka ‘to H AEEW 305; V ANEW
sniff, to snort’, MLG snucken ‘to sob’. Cf. 526; L GED 317.
*snuþjanan. T-F 524. *snuzò(n) sb.f.: Crim. Goth schuos ‘daugh-
*snuppòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. snuppa ter-in-law’ (leg. *schnos), ON sn‡r, snor id.,
‘to cut off ’, LG snuppen ‘to clean’, G dial. OE snoru id., OFris snore id., MLG snore
schnupfen id. Related to *snuppòn? V id., OHG snura id., snur id. (i-stem).
ANEW 526 (to *snuppòn). Together with Skt snußà id. and Slav
*snuppòn sb.f.: ON snopa, snoppa ‘muzzle, *sn˙xa id. represents a morphological
snout’, MLG snoppe ‘snuff ’, MHG snupfe modification of *snusos id.: Arm nu, Gk
id. Of imitative origin. Cf. *snabbòn. nuÒw id., Lat nurus id. (A KZ I
V ANEW 525 (to ON sneypa ‘to out- 119). T Taurien 63 (Crim.
rage, to dishonor’). Goth form *swòs from *s⁄e-); M
*snutraz adj.: Goth snutrs ‘wise, clever’, MSL XIII 121; P IF V 34; K
ON snotr id., OE snotor ‘prudent, wise’, ZdWf VII 169–170; T-F 526;
OHG snottar ‘clever, intelligent’. Derived H Anz. ZDADL XXIV 33 (con-
from *snew(w)anan. M KZ V 368 jecture for Crim. Gothic), AEEW 305;
(to Gk noËw ‘mind’); K NB II 253; M MSL XIII 211; W-H
G Got. 195; H Ablaut 120 II 190; F 414; M ZDADL LXXVI
(to Lat sentiò ‘to perceive’); S AW II 185 (ON < WGmc); M III 535;
940–941 (to *snùtjanan, cf. Lat sapièns P I 978; T Rod. 131–133
‘wise’ ~ sapiò ‘to taste’); U (on G Schnur ‘daughter-in-law’ ~ ‘string,
Altind. Wb. 333 (to Skt sàndra- ‘viscid, cord’); V ANEW 528; Z II
compact, strong’); T-F 524; 197; F II 328; V-T III
S Festschr. Kretschmer 244–251 700; L GED 298–299; K-
(same as M); F 441–442; H- S 738–739.
snùbòn 360 sòþan
*snùbòn sb.m.: Norw dial. snùve ‘snuff ’, tion’. Derived from *sòkjanan. Z
MLG snùf, snùve id. Derived from the Gutt. 19; H AEEW 306; F
poorly attested *snùbanan ‘to snore’ > 442; V ANEW 529; O 843;
MHG snùben. Cf. *snuþjanan. T- S 384; L GED 293;
F 525. B Nom. 148.
*snù¶az sb.m.: ON snúär ‘twist, twirl’, OE *sòmiz adj.: ON sœmr ‘becoming, fit’, OS
snúd ‘swiftness, quickness’. Derived from sòmi ‘suitable’, MHG süeme ‘pleasant,
*snew(w)anan. T-F 523; H- charming’. Related to OIr sám ‘quiet,
 AEEW 305; D VSJa 33; V peaceful, pleasant’ (M PBB VII 509).
ANEW 526; L GED 317. K NB I 113; T-F 434; F
*snùtaz ~ *snùtò sb.m./f.: Norw snùt 409; H AEEW 306–307; V
‘snout’, ME snúte id., MLG snùt id. ANEW 577; V S-20; D Vºddhi
Related to *snuttan. T-F 525; 167–176; L GED 295; B-
O 841.  Nom. 257; H 529.
*snùtjanan wk.vb.: ON snÿta ‘to blow the *sòmjanan wk.vb.: ON sœma ‘to honor’,
nose’, OE snÿtan id., MLG snuten id., OE séman ‘to bring to an agreement, to
OHG snùzen id. Derived from *snùtaz ~ settle’, MHG süemen ‘to decorate’. De-
*snùtò. T-F 525; H rived from *sòmiz. T-F 434;
AEEW 305; V ANEW 527 (to MIr H AEEW 306; V ANEW
snuad ‘flow’); O 841; H 577; H 529.
528; K-S 737–738. *sòmò(n) sb.m./f.: ON sómi ‘honor’, OE
*sòkiz adj.: Goth un-and-soks ‘indisputable, sóm ‘agreement, concord’. Substantivized
irrefutable’, OESc söker ‘guilty, punish- *sòmiz. H AEEW 307; L-
able’. Derived from *sòkjanan. K  GED 295.
NB II 454; L ANF XXV 283; *sònò sb.f.: ON són ‘atonement, sacrifice’,
F 517; M Festschr. Schröder 105, MLG sòne, swòne ‘atonement’, OHG suona
KZ CV 120; H 528. ‘reconciliation, atonement’. Related to
*sòkjanan wk.vb.: Goth sokjan ‘to seek, to Lat sànus ‘healthy’, fem. sàna. T-
quest’, ON sœkja ‘to seek, to advance, to F 556; W-H II 476
catch’, OE sécan ‘to seek’, OFris sèka id., (“unsicher”); P I 880.
OS sòkian id., OHG suohhen id. Related to *sòtan sb.n.: ON sót ‘soot’, OE sót id.,
Hitt “ak- ‘to know’, Gk ≤g°omai ‘to lead’, MLG sòt id. Derived from *setjanan.
Lat sàgiò ‘to perceive’, OIr saigim ‘to seek Similar formations with ò-grade are also
out’. Factitive of *sakanan. Z Gutt. attested in OIr suide ‘soot’ < *sòdƒà and
216; T-F 423; M KZ LXII in Balto-Slavic: Lith pl. súod≥iai ‘soot’,
259–260 (rejects the Greek forms); H- Slav *sadja id. (H IF XXXII 311). Cf.
 AEEW 306; W-H II further Slav *sad˙ ‘garden’ < *sòdo-.
464–465; F 442; P I 877–878; T-F 428; T BSW 273;
C SGGJa I 103; V ANEW H AEEW 307; P I 886;
577; F I 621–622; O 806; F 942; V ANEW 531;
S 384; J Perspectives 296–299 Z I 143; O 846; S LS
(on Hittite); G-I 805 56; V-T III 544; D
(on the ritual connotations of *sàg-); Vºddhi 296–298; L GED 306;
L GED 318; K-S 807; B Nom. 63.
B OFED s.v. *sòþan sb.n.: Goth soþ ‘satiation, satis-
*sòkniz sb.f.: Goth sokns ‘controversy, con- faction’. Close to Lith sótis id. Further
troversial question’, ON sókn ‘attack, related to *sa¶az. T-F 421;
prosecution’, OE sócn ‘seeking, search’. P I 876–877 (postverbal to *sòþ-
Cf. OHG suohnì ‘examination, interroga- janan); F 857.
sòþjanan 361 spanò(n)
*sòþjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-soþjan ‘to sat- compound of dubious origin. Probably,
isfy, to satiate’, OE sédan ‘to satisfy’. the first element is *spaiwa-, to *spìwanan,
Derived from *sòþan. T-F 421; while the second part is derived from
P I 876. *skul¶r( j)ò. No reliable etymology.
*sòwelan ~ *sowelò sb.n./f.: Goth sauil G Got. 195–196 (reconstructs
‘sun’, ON sól id. Related to Skt súvar- id., *spaiskòjanan as a source); S
Av hvar6 id., Gk Hom ±°liow id., Lat sòl ZfInd VI 96 (to Skt picchà ‘scum’);
id., W haul id., OCorn heuul id., Bret heol S ASNSL CXL 179 (reconstructs
id. (< *sà⁄el-), Lith sáulë id., Latv saUle id., *spaiskal¶rò); T-F 514; F
Slav *s˙ln¸ce id. (C KZ I 31). 442–443; K Nom. Stamm. 51
P SVSL I 4 (relation to *sunnan); (explains -s- in Gothic as a scribal error);
B 1847–1848; P Kelt. E Beitr. Gesch. LXXXI 116–117
Gr. I 62, 282; P Beiträge 578–579; (the second component to *sk(w)ulòjanan);
T-F 441; S KZ XXXVIII L GED 318; K-S 776
454; T BSW 251; W- (derived from *spaiw-l-ò(n) > *spaiklò(n) >
H II 553–554; F 412; OHG speihhila ‘spittle’).
M III 566–567; P I *spal¶anan str.vb.: MLG spalden ‘to split’,
881; F 765–766; V ANEW OHG spaltan id. Related to Skt spha†ati
529; Z II 194; F I 631– ‘to burst’. Further cf. *spel¶an, *spel¶ò.
632; V-T III 710–711; Z Gutt. 47; T-F 511;
L GED 297; B Nom. E KZ LII 120 (to Latv spiltavas
206. ‘chaff ’); M III 540 (against
*spa¶az sb.n.: ON spaä ‘meat stew’, OE comparison with Skt); P I
sped ‘phlegm, rheum’. Probably from 985–986; V ANEW 536; S
*spa-tó- related to Gk spãv ‘to pull’, 448–449; K-S 773.
spãtow ‘skin’. H AEEW 309; *spaluz sb.m.: ON sp‡lr ‘rail, bar, lattice-
W-H II 568–569; P I work’, ME spale id., MHG spale ‘stair’.
982; V ANEW 531. Connected with *spal¶anan. T-F
*spa¶òn sb.m.: Icel spaäi ‘spade’, OE 511; P I 985–986; V ANEW
spada id., OFris spada id., OS spado id., 540.
early G spade id. Etymologically close to *spananan str.vb.: OSwed spana ‘to lure,
Hitt i“patar ‘spit, skewer’, Gk spãyh to entice’, OE spanan id., OFris pres.
‘blade, paddle’ (K MIO III spona ‘to induce, to lead, to tempt’, OS
354–355). T-F 507; H- spanan ‘to drive on, to lure’, OHG spanan
 AEEW 307; P I 980; ‘to lure, to entice’. Continues *sp6-nò
F II 755; O 849; K- further related to Gk spãv ‘to pull’.
S 775. P SVSU X 386–421; T-F
*spaikòn sb.f.: Swed dial. spaik ‘spoke’, 507; H AEEW 308; P
OE spáca id. (masc.), OFris *spàke id., I 982; V ANEW 532; F II
OS spèka id., OHG speihha id. Related 759–761; S 449–450; K-
to *spìkaz ~ *spìkò. Z Gutt. S 9.
167; H AEEW 307; V *spanjanan wk.vb.: ON spengja ‘to span-
ANEW 535; O 856; K-S gle’, MDu spengen ‘to keep within limits’,
776. MHG spengen ‘to fix with a clasp’.
*spaiskul¶ran ~ *spaiskal¶ròn Derived from *spanò(n). V ANEW
sb.n./f.: Goth spaiskuldr ‘spittle’, OS 533.
spèkaldra id., OHG speihhaltra id. Inlaut -s- *spanò(n) sb.f.: ON sp‡ng ‘spangle’ (root
lost in WGmc as a result of deetymolo- stem and i-stem), OE span ‘clasp, fasten-
gization. Vocalism is not clear. An old ing’, MLG spange id., OHG spanga ‘cross-
spanò(n) 362 sparkòn
piece, bar’. Somehow connected with ‘clasp’. Derived from *spannjanan.

*spananan. Z Gutt. 210; T- H AEEW 309; V ANEW
F 508; H AEEW 308; 534.
P I 982; V ANEW 540 (to Gk *spannjanan wk.vb.: ON spenna ‘to span’,
sfhkÒv ‘to bind tightly’ < *‘to be like a MLG spennen ‘to stretch’, MHG spennen
wasp’); Z II 210; O 849; id. Causative of *spannanan. T-F
K-S 774 (to *spannanan). 507; V ANEW 534.
*spaninò ~ *spanunò sb.f.: ON *spannò sb.f.: ON sp‡nn ‘span’, OE spann
spaning ‘temptation’, OHG spanunga ‘en- id., OFris sponne id., MLG spanne id.,
couragement’. Derived from *spananan. OHG spanna ‘span, cubit’. Derived from
V ANEW 532. *spannanan. T-F 507; H-
*spanjanan wk.vb.: ON spenja ‘to attract’,  AEEW 308; J IEW
OE spennan ‘to allure’, OHG spennen ‘to 889–890; P I 982 (to Lat sponda
lure, to entice’. Derived from *spananan. ‘frame (of a bedstead)’, Slav *sp‡d˙
T-F 507; H AEEW ‘bushel’); V ANEW 532, 540;
309; J IEW 889; P I Z II 194; O 849; S
982; V ANEW 533–534; S 450; K-S 774.
449. *spara-lìkaz adj.: ON adv. spar-liga ‘spar-
*span( j)ò(n) sb.m./f.: ON speni ‘nipple, ingly’, OHG spara-lìhho ‘poor’. Derived
teat’, OE spanu id., MHG spen id. (< from *sparaz. H 531–532.
*spaniz). Related to Lith spen‹s id., OPrus *sparaz adj.: ON sparr ‘sparing’, OE spær
spenis id., OIr sine ‘teat’ < *spenƒo- ‘spare, frugal’, MDu spaer ‘thrifty’, OHG
(P Beiträge 411). T-F 508; spar id. Identical with Skt sphirá- ‘fat’, Slav
T BSW 275; H *spor˙ ‘plentiful’. K NB I 50;
AEEW 308; P Gliederung 163; M Etudes 404; T-F 510;
P I 990; C SGGJa I L ANF XXV 244–245; H-
61; F 865; V ANEW 533;  AEEW 308, AWN 273; L IF
K-S 774. XXXII 159; M III 541;
*spannan sb.n.: ON spann ‘pail’, sp‡nn id. P I 983; V ANEW 532;
(fem.), OE e-spann ‘joining, fastening O 850; V-T III 738;
together’, OFris twi-spon ‘clasp’, OHG gi- H 531–532 (derived from
span ‘clasp, chain’. Derived from *span- *sparènan).
nanan. P Beiträge 413, 588 (< *sparènan wk.vb.: ON spara ‘to spare’,
*span¶an, to Slav *sp‡d˙ ‘pail’); T- OE sparian id., OFris sparia ‘to receive, to
F 507; H AEEW 308; protect’, OS sparòn ‘to spare’, OHG sparèn
T KSIS XXV 103 (against the id. Derived from *sparaz. T-F
comparison with Slav *sp‡d˙); S 510; H AEEW 308; V
450. ANEW 532; O 850; H
*spannanan str.vb.: OE spannan ‘to join, 531–532; K-S 774.
to attach, to span’, OS part. ur-spannane *sparkòn sb.m.: OE spearca ‘spark’,
‘to slacken, to unbend’, MLG spannen ‘to MLG sparke id. Related to Skt sphùrjati ‘to
span’, OHG spannan id. Related to *spa- break forth’, Av spar6ga- ‘sprout’, Gk
nanan. T-F 507; H sfarag°omai ‘to burst with a noise, to
AEEW 308; P I 982; A AION crackle’, Lith spragù, sprag∏ti ‘to crack’.
IV 31–32 (to Osset æfson ~ æfsoj ‘yoke’ < B 1613; T-F 515
*span-ti-); S 450; K-S (to Latv spìrkts ‘hot coals under the
774. ashes’); H AEEW 308; W-
*spannislan ~ *spannislaz sb.n./m.: H II 566–567; P I 997;
ON spenzl, spennsl ‘clasp’, OE spennels F II 828; O 850.
sparrjanan 363 spelþan
*sparrjanan wk.vb.: ON sperra ‘to raise *spel¶an sb.n.: ON spjald ‘square tablet’,
the spars in the house’, MDu sperren ‘to OE speld ‘splinter, torch’. Related to
bar, to block’. Derived from *sparròn. *spal¶anan. T-F 511; H-
T-F 510; V ANEW 534.  AEEW 309; P I 985–987;
*sparròn sb.m.: ON sparri ‘spar, gag’, ME V ANEW 536; S 448; L-
sparre ‘beam’, OS sparro id., OHG sparro  GED 320; K-S 773.
id. Related to *speru. F I 149 (to *spel¶ò sb.f.: Goth spilda ‘tablet’, ON flag-
*spurnanan); T-F 510; P I spilda ‘slice, cut’. See *spel¶an. T-
990; V ANEW 532–533; K- F 511; F 445; P I
S 774. 985–987; S 448; L GED
*sparwa-xabukaz sb.m.: ON sp‡rr-haukr 320; K-S 773.
‘sparrow-hawk’, OE spear-hafoc id. Com- *spelkò sb.f.: ON pl. spelkur ‘splint’, OE
pound of *sparwaz ~ *sparwòn and spelc, spilc id. Cf. also Du spalk ‘skewer’.
*xabukaz. C Nom. comp. 55. Probably related to Lith spilgstù, spi÷lgti ‘to
*sparwaz ~ *sparwòn sb.m.: Goth lose plant’, pa-spìlg\s ‘with weak stalks (of
sparwa ‘sparrow’, ON sp‡rr id., OE spear- corn)’. Z Gutt. 167; T-F
wa id., OHG sparo, spar id. Related to 511; H AEEW 309; P I
other IE names of birds with minor mor- 536; F 870, V ANEW 536.
phonological discrepancies: Toch A ßpàr *spellan sb.n.: Goth spill ‘myth, tale’, ON
‘a kind of bird’, Gk sparãsion: ˆrneon spjall ‘saying’, OE spell ‘story, narrative’,
§mfer¢w strouy“ (Hes.), from *sparW–- OS spel id., OHG spel id. Related to Arm
tjon (S KZ II 318: adds OPrus afia-spel ‘fable’, Alb fjalë ‘word, speech,
spurglis ‘sparrow’; H BB XXI tale’ < *speli-. F BB XIX 241–
140), W frau ‘crow’, Bret frào id. < 243 (to Lat ap-pellò ‘to speak, to address’);
*sprawo-. F KZ III 51; W MLN XXVI 167 (to Gk cellÒw
D VW II 295 (to Lith sparvà ‘faltering in speech’); T-F 511;
‘gadfly’); M Goth. (to Gk strouyÒw H AEEW 309; F 445;
‘sparrow’); B IF XIII 160 (to P I 985; V ANEW 536;
*spurnanan); P Kelt. Gr. I 81; Z I 143; O 852; M
T-F 510; H AEEW Germ. Rek. 109 (from Celtic: OIr scél
308–309; F 443; P I 991 (to ‘report, account’ < *sk⁄etlom); L
Gk sp°rgoulow ‘a kind of bird’); V GED 320; K-S 94; O
ANEW 540; Z II 179; O AED 98.
850; L GED 318–319; K- *spellòjanan wk.vb.: Goth spillon ‘to pro-
S 777; A TB 666. claim the gospel, to tell’, ON spjalla ‘to
*spexò ~ *spaxò sb.f.: ON spá ‘proph- talk’, OE spellian ‘to talk, to announce’,
esy’, OHG speha ‘looking out’. See *spexò- MLG spellen ‘to talk’, MHG spellen ‘to tell,
janan ~ *spaxòjanan. T-F 506. to talk’. Derived from *spellan. T-
*spexòjanan ~ *spaxòjanan wk.vb.: F 512; H AEEW 309; F
ON spá ‘to prophesy, to foretell’, MLG 445; V ANEW 536; O 852;
speen ‘to peer’, OHG spehòn to explore, to L GED 320.
inquire’. Related to Toch AB päk- ‘to *spellòn sb.m.: Goth spilla ‘promulgator,
intend, to want’, Av spasyeiti ‘to see’, Gk teller’, ON spjalli ‘friend’, OHG wàr-spello
sk°ptomai id. < *spekjomai, Lat speciò id. ‘fortune-teller, prophet’. Derived from
B 1614; T-F 506; *spellan. F 445; V ANEW 536.
W-H II 570–571; P I *spelþan ~ *spelþaz sb.n./m.: ON spjall
984; V ANEW 531; F II 725–726; ‘mischief, damage, flaw’, OE spild ‘de-
H 534–535; K-S struction, ruin’. Related to *spal¶anan.
773; A TB 368–369. H AEEW 310; T-F
spelþan 364 spènuz
511; P I 986; V ANEW 536; *spreutaz ‘spear, pole’ > OE spreót, MDu
H 535. spriet). T-F 514; P I 998;
*spelþjanan wk.vb.: ON spilla ‘to spoil, to V ANEW 536 (to *speru); K-
destroy’, OE spildan ‘to waste, to destroy’, S 779 (< *spreutan).
OS spildian ‘to kill’, OHG spilden ‘to *spè¶jaz adj.: Goth comp. spediza ‘later’,
waste’. Derived from *spelþan ~ *spelþaz. MLG spàde ‘late’, OHG spàti ‘related to
T-F 511; H AEEW evening, late’. Continues *spè-tí-, from IE
310; V ANEW 535 (to *spel¶an ~ *spè(i)-: Hitt i“pai- ‘to eat to satiety’, Skt
*spel¶ò); O 853; H 535. sphàyate ‘to grow fat, to increase’, Lith
*spennanan str.vb.: Goth spinnan ‘to sp∏ju, sp∏ti ‘to get full, to be fast enough,
spin’, ON spinna id., OE spinnan id., OFris to be able’, Slav *spîj‡, *spîti ‘to succeed,
spinna id., MLG spinnen id., OHG spinnan to become ripe’. The strong verb is re-
id. Related to Toch A pänw-, B pänn- ‘to presented in OE spówan ‘to succeed’.
stretch, to reach for’ < *(s)pen-⁄-, Lith S KZ XXVII 426; T-F
spénd≥iu, spësti ‘spannen’ and further, per- 505–506, 514; P Beiträge 400–402;
haps, to Gk p°nomai ‘to work’, Lith pinù, T BSW 274–275; F apud
pìnti ‘to weave’, Slav *p¸n‡, *p=ti ‘to F 444 (to Hitt i“pant- ‘night’); F
stretch’. B IF I 173 (from 444; H AEEW 312; M-
*spen-⁄-ò); P KZ XXXIX 414;  III 541–542; P I 983–984;
P Beiträge I 411–413; T-F F 866; O 852; V
508; L IF XIX 322–323; T ANEW 531; V-T III 734;
BSW 219; F 445–446; H T HEG I 408–409; S 455;
AEEW 310–311; J IEW 892; L GED 319; P II 429–431;
P I 988; F 865–866; M KZ C 164–165, CV 132;
V ANEW 535; F II 504–506; H 533–534; K-S
O 853–854; S 452–453; 775, 785.
V-T III 292; L *spèxa-lìkaz adj.: ON ó-spá-ligr ‘pro-
GED 320 (reconstructs *(s)pen-d-); K- phetic’, OS spà-lìk ‘intelligent, wise’. De-
S 780 (to Lith sprénd≥iu, sprësti ‘to rived from *spèxaz. H 534.
stretch’, Slav *pr\sti ‘to spin’); A TB *spèxaz adj.: ON spár ‘prophetic’, OS
370. spàh ‘intelligent, wise’, OHG spàhi id.
*spennilò(n) sb.f.: OSwed spinnil ‘spider’, Derived from *spexòjanan ~ *spaxòjanan.
OE spinel ‘spindle’, OS spinnila id., OHG K NB II 385; T-F 506;
spinnila, spinnil id. Derived from *spen- K 681–682; W NP 41, 110;
nanan. T-F 508. P I 984; V ANEW 532;
*speru sb.n.: ON spj‡r ‘spear’, OE spere id., M Festschr. Schröder 103, KZ CV
OFris spere id., OS sper id., OHG sper 114; D Vºddhi 89; H
id. Related to Lat sparus ‘short spear’. 534–535.
T-F 510; H AEEW *spèxìn sb.f.: ON hug-spæi ‘prophecy’,
309; W-H II 568; P I OHG spàhì. ‘wisdom’ Derived from
990–991; C SGGJa I 87; *spèxaz. H 534.
V ANEW 536; Z II 225; *spènuz ~ *spònuz sb.m.: ON spánn
O 851; K-S 775. ‘chip, shaving’, spónn ‘spoon’, OE spón
*speutan sb.n.: ON spjót ‘spear, lance’, ‘chip’, OFris spàn, spòn ‘flat golden breast
OS evur-spiot ‘spear for hunting wild ornament, splinter’, MLG spàn, spòn
boars’, OHG spioz ‘spear’ (masc.). ‘splinter’, OHG spàn id. Probably con-
Related to Gk speÊdv ‘to set going, to nected with Skt sphyá- ‘shoulder-blade’,
urge on’, Lith spáud≥iu, spáusti ‘to press’ Gk sfÆn ‘wedge’ (K KZ IV 15).
(U PBB XXXV 178: or from S Beiträge 129 (to *spè- ‘to cut’);
spènuz 365 spòlòn
T-F 505; H AEEW < *spitò); P I 981–982 (to Lat
311; M III 547; P I spìca ‘point, top’, spìna ‘thorn’); O
980; V ANEW 532; Z II 203; 855; L-M KZ XCIX 264;
F II 830–831; O 856; K- H 536.
S 773. *spiwòn sb.f.: ON spÿja ‘vomit’, OE spiwe
*spixaz sb.m.: Swed hack-spick ‘wood- id. (masc.), MLG spiè id., OHG spìwa id.
pecker’, OHG speh id. Probably related Derived from *spìwanan. H
to Lat pìcus id., Skt piká- ‘Indian cuckoo’ AEEW 311; V ANEW 539.
(F I 148). T-F 513; W- *spìkò ~ *spìkaz sb.m./f.: ON spík
H II 299–300; M I 268; ‘spike, sprig’, OE spíc ‘pointed piece of
P I 999; K-S 775. land’. Similar to but phonetically differ-
*spixtaz sb.m.: ON spettr, spætr ‘wood- ent from Lat spìcus ‘pin’. H
pecker’, MLG specht id., OHG speht id. AEEW 310; P I 981; V
Derived from *spixaz. Z Gutt. ANEW 535 (to Lith speigliaÛ ‘prickles’);
210; T-F 513; V ANEW 534; K-S 776.
K-S 775. *spìròn ~ *spìran sb.f./n.: ON spíra
*spikan ~ *spikaz sb.n./m.: ON spik ‘spar’, OE spír ‘spire’, MLG spìr ‘tip,
‘blubber’, OE spic ‘bacon, lard’, OFris point’, late MHG spìr ‘stalk, stem’.
spek id., OS spekk id., OHG spec id. Related to Skt sphyá- ‘splinter’. Cf. in par-
Identical with Skt nom. sg. sphik, dual ticular Osset æfsìr ~ æfseræ ‘ear of corn’
sphijau ‘buttock, hip’. Z Gutt. 167; (A I 483). T-F 512; H-
T-F 512; H AEEW  AEEW 311; P I 981;
310; M III 542–543; P V ANEW 535–536; O 854;
I 983; V ANEW 534–535; Z K-S 779.
II 225; O 851; L GED 319 *spìwanan str.vb.: Goth speiwan ‘to spit’,
(to *spèi-, see *spè¶jaz); K-S ON spÿja ‘to spew, to spit up’ (also wk.),
775 (to Lat pinguis ‘fat’). OE spíwan id., OFris spìa id., OS pret. pl.
*spi(n)kòn sb.m.: ON spiki ‘a kind of bird, spiwun id., OHG spìwan id. Related to Lat
tit’, E spink id. Reminiscent of Gk sp¤ggow spuò ‘to spit’, Lith spiáunu, spiáuti id. and
‘finch’, sp¤za id. (B BB III 108). their irregular cognates (Gk ptÊv id. and
However, the latter is in an obvious con- the like). T-F 513–514; P
nection with sp¤zv ‘to twitter (of birds)’ Beiträge 270; T BSW 276;
and may also be related to spignÒn: W KZ XXXIV 479; H
mikrÒn. P I 982; V ANEW AEEW 311; W-H II 580–
535 (to *spikan ~ *spikaz); F II 767. 581; F 444–445; J IEW
*spilan ~ *spìlaz sb.n./m.: ON spil 904–905; P I 999; V ANEW
‘tablet, narrow piece of wood’, MLG spìle 539; F 866–867; F II
‘thin pointed stick’, MHG spìl ‘tip, point’. 617–618; O 852; S 450–
Related to Gk sp¤low ‘rock, cliff ’, Latv 452; L GED 319–320; K-
spìle ‘wooden nail’. T-F 512; S 776.
H AEEW 310; P I 981; *splintaz sb.m.: Norw splint ‘wooden nail,
V ANEW 535; F II 767–768. wedge’, MLG splinte ‘splint’. Derived
*spitan sb.n.: Norw spit ‘iron pole’, MLG from *splìtanan. T-F 518.
spit ‘spear’, OHG spiz id. See *spitaz. *splìtanan str.vb.: OFris splìta ‘to split’,
T-F 513; H 536. MLG splìten id., MHG splìzen id. Prob-
*spitaz sb.m.: Norw spit ‘point, nail’, ably related to OIr sliss ‘splinter’. T-
MLG spit ‘spit’, OHG spiz id. Unclear. F 518; P I 1000; O 855;
Cf. *spìkaz ~ *spìkò. T-F 513; S 454–455; K-S 781.
H AEEW 311 (OE spitu ‘spit’ *spòlòn sb.f.: Icel spóla ‘shuttle’, MLG
spòlòn 366 spreutanan
spòle id., OHG spuola id. Related to *sprekan ~ *sprakan sb.n.: ON sprek
*spaluz. T-F 511. ‘stick’, OE spræc ‘shoot’. Related to Gk
*spra¶lòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. spràla éspãragow ‘asparagus’, Lith spùrgas ‘knot
‘to wriggle’, OHG spratalòn id. Of imita- on a tree’. Z Gutt. 166; T-
tive origin. See *spratlòjan. T-F F 515; T BSW 277; H-
516; V ANEW 537 (to *spur¶z).  AEEW 312; P I 997;
*sprai¶janan wk.vb.: OSwed sprèda ‘to F 885–886; V ANEW 538;
spread’, OE spr≠dan id., MLG sprèden id., F I 175.
OHG spreiten id. Causative of *sprì¶anan. *sprenanan str.vb.: ON springa ‘to burst,
T-F 517; H AEEW to split’, OE sprinan ‘to spring’, OFris
312; V ANEW 538; K-S springa id., OS pret. sg. sprang id., OHG
783. springan ‘to jump up’. Identical with Lith
*spranjanan wk.vb.: ON sprengja ‘to sprengiù, spreñgti ‘to push in’, Slav *pr\gti
make burst’, OE sprenan ‘to scatter, to ‘to spin, to stretch’. T-F 516;
sprinkle’, OFris sprendza ‘to sprinkle’, H AEEW 313; J
MLG sprengen id., OHG sprengen ‘to IEW 899–900; P I 992, 998;
drip, to pour’. Causative of *sprenanan. V ANEW 538; F 879–880;
T-F 516; H AEEW O 857–858; S LS 43; S
312; V ANEW 538; S 457; 457–458 (to Gk sp°rxv ‘to set in rapid
K-S 783. motion, to haste’); V-T
*sprantjanan wk.vb.: ON spretta ‘to make III 393; K-S 783.
spring up, to rip up’, ME sprenten ‘to *sprenaz sb.m.: ON af-springr ‘progeny,
send, to hurl’, OHG sprenzen ‘to support’. offspring’, OE sprin ‘source of water,
Causative of *sprentanan. V ANEW springing, rising’, OFris spedel-spring ‘flow
538. of spittle’, OS aha-spring ‘source’, OHG
*spratlòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. spratla ur-spring id. Derived from *sprenanan.
‘to flounder, to fidget’, OS spartalòn id., S 457.
OHG sprazzalòn id. Of imitative origin. *sprentanan str.vb.: ON spretta ‘to spurt
T-F 516. out, to start, to spring’, OE e-sprant ‘to
*sprekanan str.vb.: OE sprecan ‘to speak’, articulate, to pronounce’, MHG sprinzen
OFris spreka id., OS sprekan, OHG ‘to break forth, to shine’. Related to
sprehhan id. Related to W ffraeth ‘funny, Slav *pr\dati ‘to spring, to throw’
odd’ (F I 149, 337) and further to Skt (S Voc. II 231). On the other
sphùrjati ‘to thunder, to rumble’, Gk hand, cf. *sprenanan. T-F 516–
sfarag°omai id., Lith spragù, sprag∏ti ‘to 517; T KZ L 66, BSW 278;
splatter, to bicker’. B BB P Beiträge 873; H AEEW
XVII 214; P Wurzelerw. 17, Beiträge 313; J IEW 900–901;
417–418; Z Gutt. 28, 166; T- P I 995–996; V ANEW 538
F 515; H AEEW 313; (to *sparròn); S 458–459.
M III 545–546; P I *spreutanan ~ *sprùtanan str.vb.: OE
996–998; C SGGJa I 100; á-spreótan ‘to sprout’, sprútan id., OFris
V ANEW 537 (on ON spraka ‘to sprùta id., OS pres. ùt-sprùtan ‘to pop out’,
crackle’ < *sprakòjanan); F II 828; OHG spriuzen. Related to Lith sprùstu,
O 851; S 455–457; K- sprùsti ‘to slip out, to flee’, spráud≥iu,
S 782. spráusti ‘to press, to squeeze’. P
*sprekalan sb.n.: Norw dial. sprekla ‘spot Wurzelerw. 17; T-F 517–518;
on the skin’ (fem.), MHG spreckel id. H AEEW 314; P I
Derived from *sprekan ~ *sprakan. T- 886, 993–995; F 878–879, 883–
F 515 (to Slav *pr\ga ‘buckle’). 884; O 858; S 459–460;
spreutanan 367 spuròjanan
L GED 320–321; K-S stem). Identical with Skt sp®dh- ‘battle’,
783. Av sp6r6d- ‘zeal’ derived from *sperdh-: Skt
*sprèkjaz adj.: ON sprækr ‘sprouting, spárdhate ‘to rival, to contend’. G
sprightly’, OE e-spr≠ce ‘eloquent, affable’, DG II 57 (to Skt sphuráti ‘to bound, to
OHG wàh-spràhhi id. Derived from *spre- spurn, to dart’); G Got. 196;
kanan. T-F 516; H B 1623; T-F 514–
AEEW 312; V ANEW 539. 515; H AEEW 314; F
*sprì¶anan str.vb.: OHG sprìtan ‘to 443–444; M III 537; P
extend’. Related to OIr srédim ‘to throw’. I 995–996; L GED 319;
T-F 517; H AEEW B Nom. 197; G
312; P I 994; O 857; Wurzelnomina 366–378.
H 137; K-S 783. *spurjanan wk.vb.: ON spyrja ‘to track, to
*sprunòn ~ *sprunaz sb.m./f.: ON ask’, OE spyrian ‘to track, to inquire’,
sprunga ‘crack in the skin, scratch’, MLG OFris spera ‘to ask’, OHG gi-spurren ‘to
sprunk ‘jump, bound’, OHG sprung id. trace, to find’. Derived from *spuran.
Derived from *sprenanan. H T-F 509; H AEEW
AEEW 314; V ANEW 539. 314; V ANEW 539; O 852;
*sprutòn sb.m.: ON sproti ‘sprout, twig’, K-S 784.
OE sprota ‘sprout’, MLG sprote id., OHG *spurnanan str.vb.: OE spornan ‘to strike
sprozzo id. Derived from *spreutanan ~ with the foot’, OFris spurna id. (may be
*sprùtanan. T-F 518; H- wk.), OS pres. bi-spurnan ‘to trample’,
 AEEW 313; P I 994 (to W OHG fir-spurnan ‘to push, to move’.
ffrwst ‘haste’, Lith spriáusti ‘to squeeze in’); Related to Lat spernò ‘to scorn’ and fur-
V ANEW 538; Z I 154; ther to Skt sphuráti ‘to bound, to spurt, to
O 857; S 459; K- dart’, Gk éspa¤rv ‘to pant, to struggle’,
S 784. Lith spiriù, spìrti ‘to defy, to affront’.
*spura-xun¶az sb.m.: ON spor-hundr Probably based on an original present in
‘bloodhound’, OS spuri-hunt id., OHG *-n-ò. T-F 509; R KZ
spuri-hunt id. Compound of *spuran and XXXIX 56; P Beiträge 167, 417;
*xun¶az. C Nom. comp. 84 (parallel H AEEW 312; W-
formations). H II 572–573; J IEW
*spuran sb.n.: ON spor ‘track’, OE spor 894–895; M III 544; P
id., MLG spor id., OHG spor id. Related I 992–993; F 873–874; V
to (or derived from?) *spurnanan. T- ANEW 534; F I 166–167; O
F 509; H AEEW 312; 858; S 453–454; K-S
P I 993; V ANEW 537; 782.
Z I 143; S 454; B- *spurnjanan wk.vb.: ON spyrna ‘to
 Nom. 58; K-S 784. spurn’, OE spyrnan ‘to step, to trample’,
*spur¶az sb.m.: ON sporär ‘fish tail’, OHG spurnen ‘to trample’. Derived from
MHG sporte id. Related to Lith spùrù, *spurnanan. T-F 509–510; H-
spùrti ‘to be fringy’, spùrdu, spurd∏ti  AEEW 314; V ANEW 534,
‘to flounder, to fidget, to struggle’, 539.
Latv spurstu, spurt ‘to rove’. T-F *spurnòjanan wk.vb.: ON sporna ‘to
509; P I 995; D VSJa 33; spurn, to kick’, OHG spornòn ‘to spurn’.
F 885–886; V ANEW 537 (to Derived from *spurnanan. V ANEW
*sparròn). 537.
*spur¶z sb.f./m.: Goth spaurds ‘race-track, *spuròjanan wk.vb.: ON spora ‘to spurn,
stadium course’, OE spyrd ‘race-track, to kick’, MDu sporen ‘to follow a trace’.
course’, OHG spurt ‘stadium course’ (i- Derived from *spuran. M III
spuròjanan 368 sta¶i-lausaz
544; P I 993; F 873–874; ‘to fix, to support’. K KZ I 139;
V ANEW 537. K IF LVIII 268–272; T-
*spuròn sb.m.: ON spori ‘spur’, OE spora F 483; L SNF IX/1 13;
id., MLG spore id., OHG sporo id. Related T BSW 280; Bù RFV LXXV
to *spuran. T-F 509; H- 147; H AEEW 314; F 446;
 AEEW 312; P I 993; M III 511; P I 1012–
V ANEW 537; Z I 155; 1013; F 891; V ANEW 541;
O 858; K-S 782. Z II 189; O 860–861;
*sputtjanan wk.vb.: Norw spytta ‘to spit’, S LS 54; V-T III
spütten id., G dial. spützen id. Derived from 762–763; G ZdPh LXXXVI
*sputtòn ~ *sputtan. T-F 513; 325–352 (to *stebnò ~ *stemnò); L
H AEEW 311; V ANEW GED 321; K-S 785.
539; L GED 320 (to *spìwanan). *stabnjòn sb.f.: ON stefna ‘appointed
*sputtòn ~ *sputtan sb.m./n.: ON meeting, date, term’, OE stefn, stemn ‘turn,
spotti ‘bit, small piece’, EFris spot ‘spot’, time’ (masc.), MLG stevene ‘arrival day’.
MDu spot id. Related to *spìwanan. Goes Derived from *stabiz ~ *stabaz. T-
back to part. *sp(ƒ)utom, cf. Lat spùtum. F 483.
T-F 513–514; W-H *stabòjanan wk.vb.: ON stafa ‘to make
II 4; W-H II 580–581; staves, to put letters together’, OE stafian
P I 999; V ANEW 537 (to ‘to direct, to dictate’, OFris stavia ‘to
*spùtjanan); O 857. make staves, to put letters together’,
*spuþþan sb.n.: ON spott ‘mock, scoff ’, MLG staven id., OHG stabòn ‘to give an
OFris spot id., OS spott id. (masc.), OHG oath at court’. Derived from *stabiz ~
spot id. (masc.). Probably related to *sput- *stabaz. H AEEW 316; V
tòn ~ *sputtan. T-F 514; V ANEW 540.
ANEW 537; K-S 782. *sta¶az adj.: ON staär ‘restive (of a
*spuþþòjanan wk.vb.: ON spotta ‘to horse)’. Identical with Skt sthitá- ‘stand-
mock’, MLG spotten id., OHG spottòn ing’, Gk statÒw, Lat status. See *sta¶iz.
id. Derived from *spuþþan ‘mockery’. K NB II 302; T-F 478;
T-F 514; V ANEW 537. W-H II 596–598; M-
*spùtjanan wk.vb.: ON spÿta ‘to spit’,  III 526–527; P I 1006;
ME spúten id., Du spuiten ‘to spatter, to V ANEW 540; F I 739; H-
splash’, MHG spùtzen ‘to spit’. A variant  540–541.
of *sputtjanan. T-F 513; V *sta¶i-fastaz adj.: ON staä-fastr ‘stead-
ANEW 539; L GED 320. fast’, OE stede-fæst id., Fris steed-fest, MLG
*stabaraz sb.m.: Swed dial. staver ‘pole stede-vast id. Compound of *sta¶iz and
in the fence’. Derived from *stabiz ~ *fastaz. C Nom. comp. 61; O
*stabaz. Structurally identical with Lith 865–866.
stãbaras ‘dry branch’, Slav *stobor˙ *sta¶iaz ~ *sta¶uaz adj.: ON st‡äugr
‘column-like pole’. T-F 483; ‘steady, stable’, MLG stedich id., OHG
T BSW 280; P I 1013; stetìg id. Derived from *sta¶az or *sta¶iz.
F 890–891; S LS 54. V ANEW 559.
*stabiz ~ *stabaz sb.m.: Goth stafs ‘ele- *sta¶iòjanan ~ *sta¶uòjanan
ment, stoixe›on’, ON stafr ‘staff, post, wk.vb.: OSwed staþga ‘to determine’,
stave, letter’, OE stæf ‘staff, stick, charac- MLG stadigen id., G be-stätigen ‘to con-
ter’, OFris stef ‘staff ’, OS staf id., OHG firm’. Derived from *sta¶iaz ~ *sta¶uaz.
stab ‘staff, cane, prop, rod’. Close to MIr V ANEW 540.
sab ‘shaft’ < *st6bhà, Lith stãbas ‘post’. *sta¶i-lausaz adj.: ON staä-lauss ‘timid,
Further connected with Skt stabhnàti unsteady’, OE stede-leás ‘unsteady’, MHG
sta¶i-lausaz 369 stainaz
stæte-lòs id. Compound of *sta¶iz and OE stílan id., MLG stèlen id., MHG
*lausaz. C Nom. comp. 61. stahelen id. Derived from *staxlan. H-
*sta¶iz sb.m.: Goth staþs ‘place’, ON staär  AEEW 321; V ANEW 558.
‘place, abode’, OE stede ‘place, position, *staiò sb.f.: Goth staiga ‘path, way’, ON
state’, OFris sted ‘place, town’, OS stedi steig- (in pln.), OHG steiga ‘steep road’.
id., OHG stat fem. ‘place’. Related to Close to Gk sto›xow ‘row, line’, st¤xow
*stan¶anan. Together with Skt sthíti- ‘loca- id., Alb shteg ‘path, way’, Lith adv. staigà
tion, rank’, Gk stãsiw ‘station’, Lat statim ‘sudden’, Latv staiga ‘alley’, Slav *st¸za
‘standing firmly’ continues IE *st6tis. id. (F WuS XII 191–192). For
S KZ I 150; H further connections see *stìanan. T-
AEEW 318; W-H II 596– F 492; T BSW 285; F
598; F 451; M III 526; 447; P I 1017–1018; F
P I 1004–1005; V ANEW 892; Z II 204; F II 784;
540; Z II 177; F I 739; S 466; V-T III
O 865; S 461; L 752; L GED 321; B
GED 323–324; B Nom. 135; Nom. 107; K-S 791; O
K-S 785–786. AED 437.
*sta¶ò sb.f.: ON st‡ä ‘berth, harbor’, *stairaz adj.: ON adv. steigur-liga ‘prud-
OFris stathe ‘place’, MLG stade ‘oppor- ishly’, OE st≠er ‘steep, upright’, MLG
tunity, help’, OHG stata ‘possibility’. stèger id. Derived from *stìanan. T-
Derived from *stan¶anan. T-F F 492; V ANEW 545; H-
478; V ANEW 540; O 865;  541.
S 461. *staina-buòn sb.m.: ON stein-bogi ‘stone
*staan sb.n.: ON stag ‘mast-rope’, OE arch’, OE stán-boa id. Compound of
stæ ‘rope supporting a mast’, MLG stach *stainaz and *buòn. C Nom. comp. 55.
‘mast-rope’. Related to Skt stákati ‘to *staina-burz sb.f.: ON stein-borg ‘stone
resist, to strive again’. On the other hand, castle’, OE stán-bur ‘town built with
cf. Hitt i“tagga(i)- ‘bowstring’. T- stone’. Compound of *stainaz and *burz.
F 480; H AEEW 315; C Nom. comp. 82 (parallel formations).
M III 509–510; P I *stainaxaz ~ *stainaaz adj.: Goth
1011; V ANEW 541–542; O stainahs ‘stony’, OE stáni id., OHG steinag
865; P II 451. id. OHG rvn. Steinaha can hardly be
*sta( j)òn sb.m.: ON steggi ‘male bird’, connected as it goes back to *staina-axwò.
OE staca ‘stag’. Probably related to Derived from *stainaz. F 447;
*staan. P I 1014 (to Gk stÒxow L GED 321.
‘pillar (of brick)’); V ANEW 545; *staina-xùsan sb.n.: ON stein-hús ‘stone
O 861. house’, OFris stèn-hùs id., MLG stèn-hùs
*staxlan sb.n.: ON stál ‘steel’ (< WGmc?), id., MHG stein-hùs id. Compound of
MLG stàl id., OHG stahal id. Cf. also OE *stainaz and *xùsan. C Nom. comp. 78
stíle, OS stehli < *staxljan. Identical with (parallel formations).
Av staxra- ‘strong, hard’, further related *staina-ufnaz sb.m.: ON stein-ofn ‘stone
to Skt stákati ‘to resist, to strive again’, oven’, OHG stein-ovan ‘stone pot’. Com-
Umbr stakaz ‘statùtus’. Z Gutt. pound of *stainaz and *ufnaz. C
139; B 1591; T-F Nom. comp. 85 (parallel formations).
480; H AEEW 321; M- *stainaz sb.m.: Goth stains ‘stone’, ON
 III 509–510; P I 1011; steinn id., OE stán id., OFris stèn id., OS
Z II 218; O 866; K- stèn id., OHG stein id. Related to Slav
S 786. *stîna ‘(stone) wall’ (M Etudes 446;
*staxljanan wk.vb.: ON stæla ‘to steel’, S KZ XXVII 427) and, further,
stainaz 370 stam(m)az
to IE *stài- ‘to thicken’: Skt styàyate ‘to co- sway’, LG stackern ‘to walk ponderously’.
agulate, to harden’. S-N An emphatic derivative of *stakòjanan.
II 50 (Slav < Gmc); H PBB XXIII V ANEW 542.
336 (same as S-N); T- *stal¶an sb.n.: Goth and-stald ‘purveyance,
F 490; H AEEW 316–317, supply’, OE e-steald ‘settled place’. Con-
AWN 280; F 447–448; P I tinues *stol-tó-, cf. *stallaz (L
1011; V ANEW 546; Z I Language XVIII 129). T-F 489;
135; O 871–872; S LS 55; H AEEW 317; F 50;
V-T III 754; L S 462.
GED 321–322; K-S 791–792. *stal¶anan str.vb.: Goth and-staldan ‘to
*stainòjanan wk.vb.: ON steina ‘to stain, purvey, to supply’, OE pret. sg. steóld ‘to
to paint’, OE st≠nan ‘to stone’, MLG possess’. See *stal¶an. T-F 489;
stènen id., OHG steinòn id. Derived from H AEEW 317; F 50;
*stainaz. H AEEW 315; L- P I 1019–1020; S 461–
 GED 321. 462; L GED 37.
*stakaz adj.: ON stakr ‘single, odd’, MLG *stallaz sb.m.: ON stallr ‘shelf, pedestal,
stak ‘stiff, immobilized by an injury’. stall’, OE steall ‘position, state, place’,
Related to *stakòn. K NB II 443; OFris stall ‘position, standpoint’, MLG
L Expr. 228; H 542. stal id., OHG stal ‘position, standing’.
*stakjaz sb.m.: ON stekkr ‘enclosure (for Related to Skt sthala- ‘elevation, dry land,
sheep)’, EFris stek, stekke ‘enclosure’. firm earth’, Gk stÒlow ‘equipment, jour-
Derived from *stakòn. V ANEW ney, armament’ based on *stel-: Skt
546. sthálati ‘to stand’, Gk st°llv ‘to set, to
*stakkaz ~ *stakkan sb.m./n.: ON put in order’. S IF IV 337–338
stakkr ‘short blouse’, OFris stack ‘small (from *st6tló-); T-F 487; H-
coat’. See *stakòn. P I 1011;  AEEW 318; M III 525;
V ANEW 542; H 542– P I 1019; V ANEW 542;
543 (to Lith stokà ‘shortage, lack’). Z I 135; F II 786–788;
*stakòjanan wk.vb.: ON staka ‘to punt, to O 862 (from *sta¶laz); L
push’, MLG staken ‘to make a palisade’. GED 327; H 543; K-
Derived from *stakòn. V ANEW S 786.
542. *stallòn sb.m.: ON stalli ‘altar’, OE e-
*stakòn sb.m.: ON hvat-staki ‘a kind of stealla ‘companion’, OHG gi-stallo
weapon’, OE staca ‘stake’, MLG stake ‘helper’. Derived from *stallaz. V
‘pole’, MHG stache id. Probably related ANEW 542.
to Lith stãgaras ‘dry stalk’, Slav *sto≥er˙ *stalpjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. stelpa ‘to
‘stack-pole’, *stog˙ ‘stack, rick’ (Z check, to balk’, Du stelpen ‘to stanch, to
Gutt. 167–168). Derived from *stekanan. assuage’. Related to *stulpòn. T-
T-F 479; T BSW 288; F 489; V ANEW 546.
F 448 (on Goth staks ‘mark, stigma’ *stam(m)az adj.: Goth stamms ‘stammer-
< *stakiz); H AEEW 314, AWN ing’, ON stamr id., OE stam id., OHG
278; P I 1014; C stam id. A descriptive stem similar to
SGGJa I 80; V ANEW 542; F Latv stuomîtiês ‘to stutter, to stammer’.
891–892; O 861 (to *stek(k)òn); K NB I 51–52, II 230–231;
S LS 54; S 468; V- G Goth. 198 (to IE *stà- ‘to
T III 763; L GED 322 stand, to put’); T-F 483; F
(to Lat tìgnum ‘beam’); H 542. 449; H AEEW 316; W
*stakròjanan wk.vb.: ON stakra ‘to push, KZ LXII 141–142; M Gém. 175;
to stagger’, E dial. stacker ‘to reel, to P I 1021; V ANEW 543;
stam(m)az 371 stapiz
O 862; L GED 322–323; OHG stampfòn id. Derived from *stampaz.
H 544–545; K-S K KZ I 139; Z Gutt. 28; T-
787. F 484; P Gliederung 137; V
*stammènan wk.vb.: ON stamma ‘to ANEW 543; O 862; S 463;
stammer’, OHG stammèn id. Derived K-S 787.
from *stam(m)az. T-F 483. *stamròjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. stamra
*stammjanan wk.vb.: ON stemma ‘to ‘to stammer’, OE stamerian id., OS
stem, to stop’, OE for-stemman ‘to pre- stamuròn id. Derived from *stam(m)az.
vent, to hinder’, OS stemmian ‘to lift’, H AEEW 316; V ANEW
OHG stemmen id. Probably derived from 556.
*stam(m)az. T-F 483–484; H- *stan¶anan str.vb.: Goth standan ‘to
 AEEW 319; P I 1021; stand’, ON standa id., OE standan id.,
V ANEW 546; O 867; L OFris stonda id., OS standan id., OHG
GED 322; H 545; K- stantan id. Based on a secondarily built
S 792. nasal present. Derived from *stènan.
*stamnaz ~ *stamniz sb.m.: ON stafn T-F 477; B IF XV
‘stem (of a ship)’, OE stefna ‘prow, stern’ 126–128; S GR VII 467–476,
(n-stem), OFris stevene id. (fem.), OS stamn Language IV 3 (after H, to Hitt
id., MLG stam id., OHG stam ‘stem’. i“tandài- ‘to hesitate, to delay’); F
Identical with Gk stãmnow ‘(earthen) jar’ 449–450; H AEEW 317;
based on *stçma or *stamÆn close to K 743–744; J IEW 854–
Toch A ßtàm, B stàm ‘tree’ < *stam–, OIr 858; P I 1004–1005; K-
taman ‘tree trunk’. T NNEO 705  KZ LXXVII 32–35 (follows
(separates *stabnaz and *stamnaz); T- S); V ANEW 543; O
F 484; H AEEW 318; 862–863; S 460–461; P IF
P I 1013; V T-25 (differ- LXXXI 33–35; L GED 323;
ently on OIr taman); V ANEW 540– K-S 787.
541; F II 777; O 867; L *stanò sb.f.: ON st‡ng ‘pole’, OS stanga
GED 327; K-S 786–787, 794; id., OHG stanga id. Derived from
A TB 708–709; B IFTJa 259– *stenanan. T-F 482; P I
260. 1015; V ANEW 559; Z II
*stamnjanan wk.vb.: ON stefna ‘to stand 210; O 863; S 470; L
in a certain direction’, OE stefnan ‘to reg- GED 383; L Expr. 470–471; B-
ulate, to direct’, LG stevenen ‘to steer’.  Nom. 107; K-S 787.
Derived from *stamnaz ~ *stamniz. *stankwaz sb.m.: ON st‡kkr ‘stir, distur-
H AEEW 319; V ANEW bance’, OS stank ‘scent’, OHG stanc
545 (sees two separate words here). id. Derived from *stenkwanan II. V
*stampaz sb.m.: OS stamp ‘pestle, mor- ANEW 559; S 471; L GED
tar’, OHG stampf id. Identical with Lith 325.
staMbas ‘cabbage-stalk, stock’. Denomina- *stankwjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-stagqjan ‘to
tive related to Gk st°mbv ‘to shake strike against’, ON st‡kkva ‘to cause to
about, to agitate’, Lith stembstù, steMbti ‘to spring, to make start’, OE stencan ‘to scat-
stem’. T-F 484; T ter’. Causative of *stenkwanan I. T-
BSW 284; H AEEW 316; F 481; H AEEW 319; F
P I 1011; F 895; V 201; V ANEW 558; S 471;
ANEW 543; F II 788; O 862 L GED 325.
(nasalized cognate of *stapiz). *stapiz sb.m.: OE stepe, stæpe ‘step’, OFris
*stampòjanan wk.vb.: ON stappa ‘to stap id., OHG stapf id. Despite the
stamp’, MLG stampen ‘to tap, to pound’, difference in consonantism, related to
stapiz 372 staþjanan
Slav *stopa ‘sole, foot’. T-F 482; *starkaz ~ *starkiz adj.: ON sterkr
H AEEW 320; P I ‘strong’, OE stearc ‘stiff, hard, strong’,
1011–1012; O 867; S 462; OFris stark ‘strong’, OS stark id., OHG
V-T III 766–767. starc, starah id. Cf. also Goth *starks in
*stapòn sb.m.: ON stapi ‘steeple-formed prop. Starcedius. Derived from *sterkanan.
single rock’, OE stapa ‘one who steps’. K KZ I 39; K NB II
See *stapiz. T-F 482; H- 376–377; T-F 486–487; F
 AEEW 317; V ANEW 543. 201–202; H AEEW 318;
*stappanan ~ *stappjanan str.vb.: OE P I 1023; V ANEW 546;
stæppan ‘to step’, OFris stapa, steppa ‘to O 864; L GED 149;
stride, to walk’, OS pret. sg. stòp ‘to step’. H 546–547; K-S
See *stapiz. T-F 482; H- 788.
 AEEW 320; O 867; *starraz adj.: ON starr ‘blunt’, MLG star
S 462–463. ‘rigid, repelling’, MHG sterre ‘rigid, stiff ’.
*stapulaz sb.m.: ON st‡pull ‘tower, Related to Toch B ≤cìre ‘hard, harsh’, Gk
steeple’, OE stapol ‘post, pillar’, OFris stereÒw ‘stiff, hard’, Lith st\rù, stérti ‘to
stapul ‘rung anvil, crown of a tooth’, congeal, to petrify’, and probably Slav
MLG stapel ‘pillar, steeple’, OHG stapfal *star˙ ‘old’. K NB II 258;
‘sockle, footstand’. Derived from *stapòn. B IF XXXIII 302–303 (on
Alternatively, might reflect IE *steb-, an gemination); M Etudes 404; T-
irregular variant of a better attested F 485–486; T BSW 282;
*stebh-: Skt stabhnàti ‘to fix, to support’, P I 1022; F 902–903;
Lith stãbas ‘post’ and the like. See *stabiz V ANEW 544; F II 790–791;
~ *stabaz. K KZ I 139; T-F V-T III 747; H-
482; H AEEW 317; M-  547; A TB 639–640.
 III 511; P I 1011–1012; *starrènan ~ *starrjanan wk.vb.:
F 891; V ANEW 559; Norw dial. starra, sterra ‘to ruffle, to bris-
Z I 135; O 863; K- tle’, MLG starren ‘to goggle’, MHG starren
S 788. ‘to be stiff ’. See *starènan. T-F
*stara-blen¶az adj.: OESc star-blinder 486; V ANEW 544.
‘quite blind’, OE stær-blind id., OFris stare- *startjanan wk.vb.: ON sterta ‘to crease,
blind id., MLG star-blint id., OHG stara-blint to pleat’, ME sterten ‘to drive up, to start’,
id. Derived from *starènan and *blen¶az. MHG sterzen ‘to stalk, to grow stiff ’.
H AEEW 315; H Related to *stertaz II. T-F 487;
545–546; K-S 788. P I 1023.
*staraz ~ *staròn sb.m.: ON stari, starri *staþaz ~ *staþan sb.m./n.: Goth dat.
‘blackbird, starling’, OE stær ‘starling’, sg. staþa ‘shore’, Norw dial. stad ‘bank’,
MLG star id., OHG staro, star id. For OE stæä ‘shore’, OFris sted id., OS stath
IE parallels see *sternaz. T-F id., OHG stad id. Continues IE *st6-to-,
486; H AEEW 315; P similar to other derivatives of *stà- ‘to
I 1036; V ANEW 544; Z stand’, cf. Lat status, part. of sistò id., Lith
II 179; O 864; K-S statùs ‘standing, still, straight’, stãtas ‘row’.
788. See *sta¶az, *stan¶anan, *stènan. T-
*starènan wk.vb.: ON stara ‘to stare, to F 477; H AEEW 316;
gaze’, OE starian id., OHG starèn, staròn W-H II 596–599; F 450;
id. Related to *starraz. T-F 485– P I 1006; F 897–898;
486; F 50–51; H AEEW Z II 183; O 861; S
315; P I 1022; V ANEW 543; 460; L GED 324.
O 864; H 546. *staþjanan wk.vb.: ON steäja ‘to stop’,
staþjanan 373 stekanan
OE stæääan ‘to make staid, to stay’, *stautanan str.vb.: Goth stautan ‘to strike,
MLG steden ‘to establish’. Identical with to hit’, OFris stèta ‘to punch, to kick’, OS
Lith statÿti ‘to put’ (B BB III 120). stòtan ‘to strike’, OHG stòzan id. Probably
Further see *stan¶anan. H connected with Lat studeò ‘to strive, to
AEEW 316; P I 1006; F study’, Alb shtyj ~ sht#j ‘to thrust’ <
897–898; V ANEW 545; S *stùdnƒò. T-F 495; W-
461. H II 608; F 451; P I
*staþòn sb.m.: Goth lukarna-staþa ‘candle- 1032–1034; S 3–464; L
stick’, ON staäi ‘stack, rick’, MLG stade GED 324; O AED 444; K-
‘place where wheat is stored’. Derived S 799.
from *stènan, *stan¶anan. T-F *stautiz sb.m.: ON steytr ‘capsize’, OFris
478. stèt ‘thrust’, MLG stòt ‘blow’, OHG stòz
*staþ(u)laz sb.m.: ON st‡äull ‘milking- id. Derived from *stautanan. T-F
shed’, stál ‘stack’, OE staäol ‘foundation’, 495; V ANEW 547; S 463;
OFris stathul ‘barn’, OS staäal id., OHG L GED 324; B Nom.
stadal id. Derivative in *-tlo- of IE *stà- 133.
‘to stand’, cf. Lat ob-staculum ‘hinderance, *stautòjanan wk.vb.: ON stauta ‘to beat,
obstacle’, Lith stãklës ‘loom’. See *stan- to strike’, OHG stòzòn ‘to goad’. Cf. also
¶anan, *stènan. T-F 478; T- ON steyta ‘to push’ < *stautjanan. Derived
 BSW 283; H AEEW 317; from *stautanan. J IEW 862–
P I 1007; F 893; V 866; V ANEW 544, 547; S
ANEW 542, 559; O 860. 463; L GED 324.
*staupan ~ *staupaz sb.n./m.: ON *stebnjanan wk.vb.: ON stefna ‘to give
staup ‘knobby lump, cup, beaker’, OE notice, to summon’, OE stefnian ‘to sum-
steáp ‘cup, drinking vessel’, MLG stòp id., mon, to cite’, MLG stevenen ‘to summon’.
OHG stouf id. Substantivized *staupaz. Derived from *stebnò ~ *stemnò. Reflexes
Z Gutt. 28; T-F 497; H- of this verb were influenced by those of
 AEEW 318; P I 1034; *stamnjanan. H AEEW 319;
Z II 172; V ANEW 544; V ANEW 545.
O 872; K-S 790. *stebnò ~ *stemnò sb.f.: Goth stibna
*staupaz adj.: OE steáp ‘high, lofty’, OFris ‘voice’, OE stefn, stemn id., OFris stifne,
stàp id. Connected with *stùpanan. T- stemme id., OS stemna id., OHG stimna,
F 496–497; H AEEW 318; stimma id. Of unknown origin. N
P I 1034; O 866; S Abriß 140 (to Av staman- ‘muzzle (of a
474. dog)’, Gk stÒma ‘mouth’, W safn ‘jaw’);
*staupjanan wk.vb.: ON steypa ‘to cast T-F 484 (against N);
down, to overthrow’, OE stípan ‘to raise, P IF XX 368, XXIII 386–
to elevate’, OFris stèpa ‘to help, to con- 387; F-T ND 1197 (to *stabaz);
tribute’. Factitive of *stùpanan. T- S Kritik 133 (against N);
F 496; H AEEW 321; G Got. 199 (to Gk st°nv ‘to
V ANEW 547; O 866. sigh, to moan’); P Kelt. Gr. I 78;
*stauraz sb.m.: ON staurr ‘pale, stake’. S Language IV 123 (to Hitt
Identical with Gk staurÒw id. Cf. also a i“taman- ‘ear’); H AEEW 319;
denominative Lat ìn-staurò ‘to restore’ F 452; Z II 181; O
(C Gr. Et. 212). For further con- 868; W Sprache XVIII 28–29
nections see *steurò ~ *steur( j)an. T- (follows N); L GED 325;
F 493; W-H I 705–706; K-S 796–797.
P I 1009; V ANEW 544; *stekanan str.vb.: OFris steka ‘to prick, to
F II 778; L GED 326. sting’, OS stekan id., OHG stehhan id. An
stekanan 374 stenanan
alternative reconstruction is *stikanan. MLG stellinge ‘rack’. Derived from *stell-

The latter may be related to Gk st¤zv janan. V ANEW 546.
‘to stick’, Lat ìnstìgò ‘to sting, to prick’. *stelljanan wk.vb.: ON stilla ‘to moder-
Z Gutt. 168; T-F 480; ate, to still, to soothe’, OE stillan ‘to
W-H I 706–707; P I become still, to make still’, OS stillian ‘to
1016–1017; V ANEW 549; F II calm down’, OHG stillen id. Derived
797–798; S 467–468; H- from *stelljaz. T-F 488; H-
 542; K-S 790.  AEEW 323; V ANEW 548;
*stek(k)òn sb.m.: ON stjaki ‘punt-pole, H 550; K-S 796.
stake’, stikki ‘short measured poem’, OE *stelljaz adj.: Burg *stiljis ‘quiet’, OE stille
sticca ‘stick’, OFris stekk id., OS stekko ‘still, quiet’, OFris stille id., OS stilli
id., OHG stehho ‘pole’. Ablaut variant of id., OHG stilli ‘motionless’. Probably de-
*stakòn. However, an alternative recon- rived from *stelanan in its original mean-
struction and etymology cannot be ex- ing *‘to stretch’. C Gr. Et. 212,
cluded: *stik(k)òn to Gk st¤zv ‘to stick’, 216 (to Lat stolidus ‘slow, dull, obtuse’);
Lat ìnstìgò ‘to urge, to stimulate’. T- T-F 488; P Beiträge 424;
F 491; H AEEW 320; H AEEW 323 (to Skt sthà»ú-
W-H I 706; P I ‘motionless, firm’); V ANEW 548;
1016–1017; V ANEW 549; Z P I 1019; O 869 (to *stallaz);
II 225; F II 797–798; O 869; K 713; R 72–74; H-
H 542; K-S 790  550–551; K-S 796 (to
(to Lith stãgaras ‘stock’). OIr tuilid ‘to sleep’, Lith tìlti ‘to be silent’).
*stekòjanan wk.vb.: ON stjaka ‘to punt’, *steltjòn ~ *staltjòn sb.f.: Norw dial.
MLG steken ‘to prick, to sting’, OHG steh- stilta ‘stilt, crutch’, ME stilte id., MLG
hòn id. Probably related to *stek(k)òn. stelte id., OHG stelza id. Related to
V ANEW 549. *stultaz. T-F 489; O 869.
*stelanan str.vb.: Goth stilan ‘to steal’, *steluz ~ stelòn sb.m.: ON stj‡lr ‘hinder
ON stela id., OE stelan id., OFris stela id., part’, OE stela ‘stalk’. Cf. MLG stal, stale
OS stelan id., OHG stelan id. Probably, ‘chair leg’. Related to Gk st°low ‘beam’,
related to IE *stel(H)- ‘to stretch’, hence, Arm ste∑n ‘trunk, stalk’. T-F 488;
‘to cover’ > ‘to steal’. P KZ H AEEW 329; P I
XLII 88–90 (to Lat stèlliò ‘newt, stellion, 1019; V ANEW 549; F II 786–
lizard with spotted back’); O PBB 787.
XIII 460–461 (from *steranan influenced *stenanan str.vb.: OE wk. sténan ‘to
by *xelanan); T-F 489; F groan’, MLG str./wk. stenen id. Related
453–454 (non-IE); H AEEW to Skt stánati ‘to thunder’, Gk st°nv ‘to
319; J IEW 878; P I moan, to sigh’, Lith stenù, sten∏ti ‘to moan’,
1018–1019, 1028 (to Gk ster°v ‘to rob’); Slav *stenati id. T-F 481; T-
C SGGJa I 110; V ANEW  BSW 286; H AEEW 319;
546; O 866; S 468–469; M III 510; P I 1021;
L GED 326 (a pre-Gmc word); F 901; F II 789–790;
K-S 791. S 469–470; V-T
*stelkaz adj.: ON sbst. stelkr, stjalkr ‘a kind III 754; K-S 798.
of bird, Tringa islandica’, OE adj. stealc *stenanan str.vb.: ON stinga ‘to sting’,
‘steep’. Related to Lith stelgiù, stefigti ‘to OE stinan ‘to thrust, to prick, to sting’,
stare’? T-F 489; H OHG stingen ‘fleotomare’. Cf. also Goth
AEEW 317; P I 1020; V us-staggan ‘to pluck out’ (G
ANEW 546; F 900. Got. 233–234). Identical with Lith sténgiu,
*stellinò sb.f.: ON stelling ‘mast-step’, sténgti ‘to exert oneself, to be able’, Slav
stenanan 375 sternòn
*st\gati ‘to flog, to lash’. B IF *sterbanan str.vb.: OE steorfan ‘to die’,
XXXII 180; Z Gutt. 101; T- OFris sterva id., OS sterban id., OHG
F 481–482; F 535; H sterban id. Related to OIr ussarb ‘death’ <
AEEW 323; J IEW 867–868; *ud-sterbhà, Slav *st¸rbati ~ *storbati ‘to
P I 1015; V ANEW 548; stiffen, to die’. W KZ XII 411
F 901–902; Z II 210; (to Lat torpeò ‘to be stiff ’); P
O 870; S 470–471 (to Gk Beiträge 435, 438 (to Gk st°rfow ‘hide,
st¤zv ‘to tattoo’); L GED 383; skin’, Lat tergum ‘back’); T-F 487;
K-S 787. H AEEW 320; J
*stenkwanan I str.vb.: Goth stigqan ‘to IEW 873–878; P I 1022–1027;
clash, to collide’, ON st‡kkva ‘to leap, to V ANEW 549; O 864 (to
spring’, OE stincan id. Etymology un- *ster¶az); S 472–473; V-
known. Probably related to Lat stinguò ‘to T III 756; K-S
extinguish’ (R IF IV 411). 793.
B BB III 120 (to Gk t°ggv ‘to wet, *sterbòn sb.m.: ON stjarfi ‘epilepsy’, OE
to moisten’); S KZ XXXI 282 (to steorfa ‘mortality, pestilence, flesh of
Lith sténgiu, sténgti ‘to exert oneself ’); dead animals’, OS man-sterbo ‘epidemic’,
O Etym. I 365 (to Skt stambha- OHG sterbo ‘pest’. Derived from *ster-
‘post’); Z Gutt. 94 (to Skt tá«gati ‘to banan. T-F 487; H
go, to stumble, to tremble’); B AEEW 320; V ANEW 549; S
KVG 515 (to Skt tujáti ‘to move quickly, to 472.
urge’); G Got. 199 (follows *ster¶az adj.: ON stir¶r ‘stiff, rigid’. Iden-
R); P Kelt. Gr. I 79 tical with W serth id. T-F 487;
(to W sangu ‘to trample’); T-F 481; P I 1023; V ANEW 547.
W-H II 593; F 452–453; *sterkanan str.vb.: ON part. blóä-storkinn
H AEEW 323; J ‘to coagulate’, OHG ki-storchenen ‘dabatis’.
IEW 862–866; P I 1032–1034; Corresponds to Slav *stergti ‘to guard’ (the
V ANEW 558 (to Gk st¤zv ‘to latter is hardly connected with Lith sérgiu,
tattoo’); F 901–902; S sérgëti ‘to protect, to save’) and probably
471–472; L GED 325; K- Hitt i“tark- ‘to ail’. Cf. *sterbanan. T-
S 797. F 486; J IEW 873–878;
*stenkwanan II str.vb.: Norw stokka ‘to P I 1022–1027; V ANEW
stink’, OE stincan ‘to smell, to stink’, 551; S 473–474; P II 475–
WFris stjonke id., MLG stinken id., OHG 477; K-S 788.
stinkan id. Historically identical with *sternaz sb.m.: OE stearn ‘starling’, LG
*stenkwanan I (W MLN XXV 74). stern ‘sea-swallow’. Cf. also ON þerna id.
H AEEW 323; H RHA A localism related to *staraz ~ *staròn and
XXI 36 (to Hitt i“ta(n)¢- ‘to taste’); directly compared with Lat sturnus ‘star-
O 870; S 471; L ling’ < *stºnos or *stornos and OPrus star-
GED 325. nite (v.l. stamite) ‘gull’. T-F 486;
*stenþ( j)az adj.: ON stinnr, stiär ‘stiff, H AEEW 318; S 49;
unbending, strong’, OE stíä ‘hard, stiff ’, W-H II 610; P I
OFris stìth ‘strong’, MLG stìde ‘heavy, 1036.
stiff ’. Originally, a participle of *stènan *sternòn sb.f.: Goth stairno ‘star’, ON stjar-
(H 552). K NB II na id., MLG sterne id., OHG masc. sterno
328–329; T-F 481 (to Gk sb. id. Cf. also, with gemination, OE steorra
stenÒw ‘narrow, straight’); H ‘star’, OFris stera id., OS sterro id., OHG
AEEW 323; P I 1021–1022; sterro id. Related to Hitt ¢a“ter- id., Toch
V ANEW 548; L 242. A pl. ≤re-ñ, B ≤cirye ‘stars’, Skt instr. pl.
sternòn 376 steura-mannz
st®bhi˙ ‘star’, Av acc. sg. stâr6m id., Arm stùven ‘to be dispersed’, OHG stioban id.
ast∑ id., Gk éstÆr id., Lat stèlla id. < *stèr- Of unknown origin. Cf. also unclear
là, W seren id., MIr ser id. (B apud WGmc *staumaz ‘steam’ (?< *staubmaz):
K KZ I 540). B 1598– OE steám, WFris steam, Du stoom. W
1599; I IF XLI 179–180; T-F JEGP II 225–226; U PBB
485; K KZ LXIII 256–259; XXVI 308–309; M ZDW II 286 (to
W-H II 587–588; H- Gk tÊfv ‘to produce smoke’); T-F
 AEEW 320; F 448; P 497; H AEEW 318; F 457;
Gliederung 155; M III 512; O 866; L GED 328; K-
P I 1027–1028; V ANEW S 789.
549; Z II 222; F I 170–171; *steupa-barnan sb.n.: ON stjúp-barn
O 863–864; W Sprache XX ‘stepchild’, OE steóp-bearn ‘orphan’. Com-
41–50; T HEG I 204–206; pound of *steupaz and *barnan. C
P III 338–339; L GED 322; Nom. comp. 82 (parallel formations).
K-S 794; A TB 640; *steupa-¶uxtèr sb.f.: ON stjúp-dóttir ‘step-
B IFTJa 258. daughter’, OE steóp-dohtor id., OFris
*steròn adj.: Goth fem. stairo ‘barren’, stiàp-dochter id., OS stèf-dohtor id., OHG
OHG sbst. stero ‘ram’. Related to Toch B stiof-tohter id. Compound of *steupaz and
≤ari ‘calf, heifer (?)’, Skt star≈ ‘sterile cow’, *¶uxtèr. C Nom. comp. 52.
Arm sterú ‘infertile’, Gk ste›ra id., Alb *steupa-fa¶èr sb.m.: ON stjúp-faäir ‘step-
shtjerrë ‘lamb, young cow, heifer’. T- father’, OE steóp-fæder id., OFris stiàp-feder
F 486; S Kl. Schr. 60; F id., OS stèf-fader id., OHG stiof-fater id.
448; M III 513; P I Compound of *steupaz and *fa¶èr. C
1031; F II 783; L GED Nom. comp. 52.
322; B Nom. 177; K- *steupa-mò¶èr sb.f.: ON stjúp-móäir
S 794; O AED 440; A TB ‘stepmother’, OE steóp-módor id., OFris
622. stiàp-mòder id., OS stèf-mòder id., OHG
*stertaz I sb.m.: ON stertr ‘tail’, OE steort stiof-muotar id. Compound of *steupaz and
id., OFris stert id., MLG stert id., OHG *mò¶èr. C Nom. comp. 52.
sterz id. Despite the phonetical irregulari- *steupa-sùnuz sb.m.: ON stjúp-sonr ‘step-
ties, reminds of Gk stÒryh: tÚ ÙjÁ toË son’, OE steóp-sunu id., OFris stiàp-sunu
dÒratow, ka‹ §pidorat¤w (Hes.). At the id., OS stèf-sun id., OHG stiof-sun id.
same time, cf. *ster¶az and *stertaz II. Compound of *steupaz and *sùnuz.
L SVSU VI/1 17 (to IE *sterd-), Studien C Nom. comp. 52.
17 (to Lat tardò ‘to tarry, to hinder’); *steupaz adj.: ON stjúp-móäir ‘step-
T-F 487; H AEEW 320; mother’, stjúpr ‘stepson’, OE steóp-cild
P I 1023 (to Gk tÒrdulon ‘hart- ‘stepchild’, OFris stiàp-feder ‘stepfather’,
wort, Tordylium officinale’); V ANEW MDu stiep-kind ‘stepchild’, OHG stiof-kind
547; F II 802; O 864; K- id. Used predominantly in compounds.
S 794 (to *starraz). Related to *stubbaz ~ *stubbòn (H-
*stertaz II adj.: ON upp-stertr ‘haughty,  PBB LXVI 274). T-F
stately’. A variant of *ster¶az. T- 497; H AEEW 320; C
F 487; P I 1023. Nom. comp. 52; P I 1034; V
*stertlòjanan wk.vb.: ON stirtla ‘to ANEW 549; O 867; H
hobble, to stagger’, OE steartlian ‘to kick 554; K-S 795.
with the foot, to stumble’. Related to *steura-mannz ~ *steurja-mannz
*stertaz II. T-F 487; H- sb.m.: ON stÿri-maär ‘skipper, captain’,
 AEEW 318; V ANEW 549. OE steór-mann ‘steersman’, MLG stùr-
*steubanan ~ *stùbanan str.vb.: MLG mann id., MHG stiur-man id. Compound
steura-mannz 377 stijòn
of *steur( j)an ~ *steurò and *mannz. C ·sthmi ‘to put’, Lat sistò id., stò ‘to stand’,
Nom. comp. 78–79 (parallel formations). OIr at-táu- ‘to be’, Lith stóju, stóti ‘to stand
*steuraz sb.m.: Goth stiur ‘calf, young (up)’, Slav *stati ‘to stand, to become’.
steer’, ON stjórr ‘steer, young bull’, OE S UGG 310; W ZDADL
steór id., MLG stèr id., OHG stior id. XXXIII 424–430; B IF XV
Identical with Av staora- ‘cattle’, MPers 126–128; B 1600–1605;
stòr ‘draught animal, horse’ (P T-F 477; T BSW 281;
SVSL I 40–41; B IF VII 57). W-H II 596–599; F
Unrelated to *þeuraz. F KZ I 449–450; K 743, Urgerm. 160; H
495 (to IE *tauros and Skr sthùrá- ‘strong’); Urgerm. II 162; J IEW 854–
K KZ I 515; S KZ XXIX 271 858; M III 526–527; P
(to Skt stávira- ‘thick’); K KZ XXXVI I 1004–1010; P CGG 223;
581; B 1590–1591; T- F 914; V ANEW 543; F I
F 479; L KZ XLVI 53–54 (on 739; V-T III 748, 769;
Iranian parallels); H AEEW S 464–465; L GED 323;
320; F 454; P Gliederung 199; K-S 791.
P I 1009–1010; Z II 226; *stian sb.n.: ON stig ‘step’, OE sti-ráp
S Kl. Schr. 483 (identical with Skt ‘stirrup’, Du steg ‘footbridge’, OHG steg
sthávira- ‘wide, thick’); O 866; L- id. See *stiò(n). H AEEW
 GED 326; K-S 796. 322; V ANEW 547.
*steur( j)an ~ *steurò sb.n./f.: ON stÿri *stia-raipan ~ *stia-raipaz
‘helm, rudder’, OE steór ‘guidance, direc- sb.n./m.: ON stig-reip ‘stirrup’, OE sti-
tion’, ‘rudder, helm’, OFris stiure id., ráp id., MLG stege-rèp id., OHG stege-reif
MLG stiure id., stùre id., OHG stiura id. Compound of *stian and *raipan ~
‘steering-oar, post, support’. Originally, a *raipaz. H AEEW 322; C
substantivized adj. *steuraz preserved in Nom. comp. 52; O 870.
Goth adv. us-stiuriba ‘dissolutely’ and re- *stiaz sb.m.: ON stigr ‘path, footway’,
lated to Skt sthùrá-, sthávira- ‘thick’, Arm MLG stech id., OHG steg ‘footbridge, lit-
stvar id. B IF VI 98; T- tle bridge’. A variant of *stìaz. T-
F 493; H AEEW 320; F F 492.
535; M III 530–531; P *stiò(n) sb.f.: ON upp-stiga ‘ascent’, OHG
I 1009–1010; V ANEW 557; O stega ‘step, ladder’. See *staiò, *stìanan.
866; L GED 326; K-S Particularly close to Latv stiga ‘path’,
794. Slav *st¸za id. Related to *stìanan.
*steurjanan wk.vb.: Goth stiurjan ‘to T-F 492; T BSW 286;
establish’, ON stÿra ‘to steer’, OE stíeran P I 1017; V ANEW 547;
id., OFris stiura id., MLG stùren id., OHG S 466; V-T III
stiurren id. Derived from *steur( j)an ~ 752; L GED 321.
*steurò. T-F 494; H *stixtiz sb.f.: ON stétt ‘pavement, step-
AEEW 321; F 454–455; V ANEW ping-stones’, EFris stigt ‘stile’. Derived
557; O 866; L GED 326; from *stìanan. Structurally close to OIr
K-S 794. techt ‘walk’. T-F 491; P I
*steurnò sb.f.: ON stjórn ‘steering’, OFris 1017; V ANEW 547.
stiàrne id. Derived from *steurò ~ *stijòn sb.f.: ON stía ‘sty, kennel’, svín-stí
*steur( j)an. O 868. ‘pig-sty’ (neut.), OE sti ‘sty’ (neut.),
*stènan str.vb.: Norw stå ‘to stand’, OFris OFris stei id., MLG stege ‘enclosure’,
stàn id., OS stàn id., OHG stàn, stèn id. OHG stìga ‘barn for sheep or goats’.
Related to Toch B 3 sg. pres. ste ‘to be’, Of uncertain origin. T-F 490;
Skt tíß†hati ‘to stand’, Av hi“ta- id., Gk H AEEW 322; P I
stijòn 378 stìraz
1011 (to *stainaz); Z II 183; *stìanan str.vb.: Goth steigan ‘to climb’,
O 879; K-S 791. ON stíga ‘to step (up)’, OE stían ‘to go,
*stikiz sb.m.: Goth stiks ‘point’, OE stice to ascend’, OFris stìga ‘to climb’, OS
‘prick, puncture’, OFris stek, steke ‘point’, stìgan id., OHG stìgan id. Identical with
OS stiki ‘prick, stab’, OHG stih ‘prick, Skt (Dhàtup.) stighnoti ‘to step, to mount’,
sting, stitch’. Connected with *stekanan Gk ste¤xv id., OIr tíagaim ‘to stride’,
(see on the reconstruction of the root Lith steigiù, steÛgti ‘to desire’, Slav *stign‡ti
vowel there). Z Gutt. 168; T- ‘to arrive’. Z Gutt. 180; T-
F 491; H AEEW 321; F F 491; T BSW 285–286;
453; P I 1016–1017; O 870; F 452; H AEEW 322;
L GED 325–326; K-S J IEW 861–862; M
795. III 514–515; P I 1017–1018;
*stikòjanan wk.vb.: ON stika ‘to drive F 899–900; V ANEW 547;
piles’, OE stician ‘to stick, to pierce, to V T-57–60; F II 783–785;
prick’. Derived from *stikiz. T-F O 879; S 466–467; V-
491; H AEEW 321; V T III 760; L GED
ANEW 548. 324–325; K-S 791.
*stiklaz sb.m.: Goth stikls ‘beaker, chal- *stìaz sb.m.: ON stígr ‘path, way’ (rare,
ice’, ON stikill ‘pointed end of the horn’, also u-stem), OE stí id. (fem.), OHG stìg
OHG stehhal ‘goblet’. Derived from *stikiz ‘path’. Identical with W mor-dwy ‘sea
(F KZ XX 360–361). U travel’. Cf., with zero vocalism, Gk
PBB XXII 191 (from Slav *st¸klo ‘glass’ st¤xow ‘row’, Latv stiga ‘path’, Slav
which itself, however, is from Gmc); *st¸za id. See *stìanan. T-F 492;
T-F 491; F 453; V ANEW H AEEW 322; P I
544, 548 (follows F, for the seman- 1017–1018; V ANEW 547; Z
tics compares *staupaz ~ *staupan and II 204; F II 784–785; S 466;
*staupaz); O 869; S 468 (to L GED 321; B Nom.
*stìanan); L GED 325; H- 60; K-S 791.
 555; K-S 795. *stìò sb.f.: Crim. Goth. stega ‘twenty’,
*stilaz sb.m.: OS stil ‘stalk, shaft’, OHG OFris stìge ‘twenty items’, G Stiege
stil id. Identical with Lat stilus ‘stake, pale, ‘ladder’, dial. steige. Derived from
a pointed instrument for freeing plants *stìanan (S PBB XLVI 171: com-
from worms’. T-F 490; W- pares directly with Gk st¤xow ‘row’).
H II 592; P I 1015. G ZdPh XXX 132–133 (to
*stìf(a)lòn sb.f.: ON stífla ‘dam’, MLG Goth -tigjus); F 451–452 (from non-
stìvel ‘support, prop’. Derived from *stìfaz. Indo-European); L GED 324.
H 549; K-S 791. *stìlaz sb.m.: Norw dial. stìl ‘thin stick’,
*stìfaz adj.: Burg *stiffs ‘stiff ’, OE stíf id., MLG stìl ‘pillar’. A variant of *stilaz.
OFris stìf ‘resolute’, MLG stìf ‘stiff ’, T-F 490.
MHG stìf ‘rigid’. Related to Lat ob-stìpus *stìmaz sb.m.: Norw stìm ‘school (of fish)’,
‘bent aside or backwards’, further cf. Lat MHG stìm ‘commotion, hubbub’. Iden-
stìpò ‘to press’, stìpes ‘stem, stick’, Lith tical with Skt stìmá- ‘lazy, passive’ derived
stimpù, stìpti ‘to stiffen’ (Z Gutt. 45). from styàyate ‘to become hard’. T-
T-F 492; H AEEW F 490; P I 1010–1011; D
322; W-H II 593; P VSJa 27.
I 1015–1016; F 908; V *stìraz adj.: EFris stìr ‘stiff ’, G stier
ANEW 547; O 869; K 713; ‘motionless’. Related to Lith styrù,
H 549–550; K-S st‹rti ‘to stiffen’, Lat stìria ‘frozen drop,
791. ice-drop’. T-F 490; W-
stìraz 379 stòwjanan
H II 595; P I 1010–1011; *stènan. T-F 488; H

F 910. AEEW 324; F 455–456; P I
*stirènan wk.vb.: ON stira ‘to stare, to gog- 1007; F 547–548; V ANEW
gle’, EFris stìren ‘to become rigid’, MLG 551; Z I 135; O 872;
stìren id., G stieren id. Derived from *stìraz. S LS 55; S 464; V-
T-F 490; V ANEW 548–549. T III 764–765; L GED
*stò¶a-xrussan sb.n.: ON stóä-hross 327; B Nom. 76; K-
‘stud-horse, stallion’, OE stód-hors id., S 804.
OHG stuot-ros id. Compound of *stò¶an *stòmòn sb.m.: Goth stoma ‘basis, sub-
and *xrussan. C Nom. comp. 78 (par- stance, ÍpÒstasiw’, OHG gi-stuomi ‘quiet’.
allel formations). Close to Skt neut. sthàman- ‘location’,
*stò¶a-marxjòn sb.f.: ON stóä-merr Gk stÆmvn ‘warp in weaving’, Lat stàmen
‘brood-mare’, OE stód-mere id. Com- id., Lith stomuõ ‘stature’, Slav *stam˙
pound of *stò¶an and *marxjòn. C ‘permanent, stubborn’. Further based
Nom. comp. 82 (parallel formations). on IE *stà- ‘to stand’. See *stènan.
*stò¶an sb.n.: ON stóä ‘stud, herd (of S ZDADL XLII 68 (from *stòb-
horses)’, OE stód id., OS stòd ‘pen (for ma-); T BSW 282; W-
horses)’ (fem.), OHG stuot ‘herd (of H II 586; F 456; M
horses)’ (fem.). Together with Slav *stado III 526; P I 1007–1008;
continues dialectal IE *stàdhom, derived F 912; F II 796; V-
from IE *stà- ‘to stand’, see *stan¶anan, T III 744–745; L GED
*stènan. T-F 479 (Slav < Gmc); 327; B Nom. 184.
H AEEW 323, AWN 283; *stòraz adj.: ON stórr ‘great, potent’, OE
P I 1004–1007; C stór ‘great, strong, violent’, OFris stòr
SGGJa I 83; V ANEW 550; Z ‘big, weighty’, OLG stòri ‘famous’. Iden-
II 175; O 877; S LS 54; tical with Lith stóras ‘thick’, Slav *star˙
V-T III 743; L ‘old’ (M Etudes 404). Cf. *starraz.
GED 33; K-S 806. K NB II 251; T-F 479;
*stò¶iz adj.: ON gagn-stœär ‘contrary’. P Beiträge 707, 711; T
Close to Av stàiti- ‘standing’, Lith stã‘ias BSW 282; F 50–51; H
id., Latv stàtis id., Slav *stat¸ ‘row, way, AEEW 324, AWN 284; P I 1008;
composure’. Continues *stà-ti-, cf. *stènan. F 913; V ANEW 551–552;
B 1605; K NB II V-T III 747; L
186–187; P I 1006; T GED 37–38; S LS 55; H
BSW 283; F 891; V ANEW 557–558.
558; V-T III 748; L- *stòrjanan wk.vb.: ON stœra ‘to swell’,
 GED 324; M Festschr. Schröder OHG stuorren ‘to support’. Derived from
105, KZ CV 120, 132–133; H *stòraz. Structurally close to Slav *stariti s\
556. ‘to become old’. H 558.
*stò¶janan wk.vb.: Goth ana-stodjan ‘to *stòwjanan wk.vb.: Goth stojan ‘to judge’,
begin’, ON stœäa ‘to establish’. Formally OE stówian ‘to hold back, to restrain’,
derived from *stò¶an or *stò¶iz. F MLG stòwen ‘to heap up’, OHG stouwen
44–45; V ANEW 558. ‘to complain’. Derived from *stòwò
*stòlaz sb.m.: Goth stols ‘seat, chair, (B Grundriß II/I 202, 207).
throne’, ON stóll ‘chair, stool’, OE stól id., However, can be structurally close to
OFris stòl id., OS stòl id., OHG stuol id. Slav *staviti ‘to put, to place’, Lith stóviu,
Close to Lith pa-stõlas ‘stand’ < *stàlo-, stov∏ti ‘to stand, to stand still’ (ZŸ
cf. also Slav *stol˙ ‘throne, table, chair’. BB XVIII 247). G Got. 198;
Further to IE *stà- ‘to stand, to put’, see P Beiträge 563, 713; M
stòwjanan 380 straumaz
Festschr. Streitberg 269–270; T-F a chain of internal borrowings (ON >

493; T BSW 273; H OE > MLG), connected with *stren¶ò.
AEEW 324; F 455; P I 1008; J NTF X 20 (to Lat fròns ‘forehead’);
F 915–916; V-T T-F 499; H AEEW
III 742; L GED 327; K- 325; S NGWG 1941 294–296
S 790. (WGmc < ON); P I 1030; V
*stòwò sb.f.: ON eld-stó ‘stove’, OE stów ANEW 555 (to OIr srath ‘bottom of the
‘place’, OFris stò id. Derivationally valley’); Z II 210; O 873;
close to Gk stoã, Aeol stv˝a ‘roof colon- K-S 800.
nade, storehouse, court’ < *stvWiã, Lith *strana-lìkaz adj.: ON strang-ligr ‘strong,
stovà ‘place, stand’, Latv stàvs ‘height, severe’, OE stren-líc ‘strong, firm’, OHG
shape’, Slav *stav˙ ‘stand’. Further con- streng-lìh id. Derived from *stranaz.
nected with *stà- ‘to stand’, see *stènan. H 560.
B Grundriß I 322; H PBB *stranaz adj.: ON strangr ‘strong’, OE
XXX 246 (to Gmc *þauwaz ‘custom’: stran id., OS strang id., OHG strang, strengi
OE þeáw); T-F 493; T id. Related to Latv strangs ‘brave, fresh’.
BSW 283; H AEEW 324; Further can be analyzed as a deverbative
P I 1008; F 915; V (see *straniz). K NB II 377–378;
ANEW 549; F II 800; S 465; Z Gutt. 180; T-F 498;
V-T III 742; L H AEEW 325; P I
GED 324. 1036; V ANEW 552; O 876;
*strak(k)az adj.: Norw strak ‘tight’, OE L Expr. 161; H 560–561;
stræc ‘strict, hard’, MLG strak ‘tight, taut’, K-S 801–802.
OHG fram-strah ‘rigid’. Substantivized *straniz sb.m.: ON strengr ‘string, cord,
in WGmc: OE stræc ‘strictness, rigor’, rope’, OE stren id., MLG strank id.,
MLG strak ‘penalty’, OHG strach id. OHG strang id. Related to Lat stringò
Identical with Slav *strog˙ ‘strict’. H ‘to draw tight, to bind’ and, further, to
PBB XXIII 306–307 (eventually, to *ster- *stranaz. Z Gutt. 180; P
‘to stretch’); T-F 497; P Beiträge 866; T-F 498–499; H-
Beiträge 432; H AEEW 324;  AEEW 325; W-H II
W NP 191; P I 1023; 604–605; P I 1036; V ANEW
V-T III 779–780; L 552; O 876; H 560;
Expr. 230–231; H 559. K-S 800.
*strakkjanan wk.vb.: Norw strekkja ‘to *stranjanan wk.vb.: ON strengja ‘to
stretch’, OE streccan ‘to hold out, to string, to fasten’, OHG gi-strengen ‘to
extend’, OFris strekka ‘to stretch’, MLG strengthen’. Derived from *stranaz.
stricken id., OHG strecken id. Derived T-F 498; V ANEW 552;
from *strak(k)az. H Idg. Gr. I 332 (to H 560.
*rakjanan); T-F 497–498. *straumaz sb.m.: ON straumr ‘stream,
*strambaz adj.: Norw dial. sbst. stramb current’, OE streám id., OFris stràm id.,
‘strong smell’, MLG stram ‘strong, power- OS stròm id., OHG stroum id. From IE
ful’. Close to OPrus strambo ‘stubble’, *sroumo-. Etymologically connected with
Lith straMpas ‘club, truncheon’ (P Gk =eËma id., Thrac Strum≈n (river-
Beiträge 440). T-F 499; P name), Alb rrymë ‘flow (of water)’ <
I 1025–1026; F 919, IF LIX 95. *srùmà, OIr srúaim ‘river’, Lith sraumuõ
*stran¶iz ~ *stran¶az sb.f./m.: ON ‘stream, brook’, Latv stràume ‘river,
str‡nd ‘border, edge, coast, strand’ (traces stream’, Slav *strumy, gen. *strumene
of i-stem and root stem), OE neut. strand ‘brook’. These forms are further derived
‘strand, shore’, MLG strand id. Unless from IE *sreu- ‘to flow’. T
straumaz 381 strì¶anan
Thr. II/2 99; P Kelt. Gr. I 82; < G dial. trent ‘area, step’); Z II
Bù RFV LXXV 147; T-F 502; 210.
K Nom. Stamm. 46–47; T *streukanan str.vb.: ON strjúka ‘to stroke,
BSW 279–280; H AEEW 325; to rub, to wipe’. Related to Toch A
D Thr. 483–485; P I sruk- ‘to kill’, B sruk- ‘to die’, Gk
1003; F 887; V ANEW 552; streÊgomai ‘to be squeezed out in drops’,
Z I 135; F II 650–651; Slav *str˙gati ‘to plane’ (S Voc. I
O 874; V-T III 161). Z Gutt. 28, 168; T-
783–784; B Nom. 71; O F 503; J IEW 878–881;
AED 392; K-S 803. P I 1028–1029; V ANEW
*straupjanan wk.vb.: Norw strøypa ‘to 554; F II 807–808; S 478–
pinch, to squeeze’, ME stripe ‘to strip’, 479; V-T III 779; A
MDu stroopen id., OHG stroufen ‘to pluck, TB 722–723.
to gather’. Related to Lith strùbas ‘closely *strèlò sb.f.: OE str≠l ‘arrow’, OS stràla
cut’. P I 1027; O 876. id., OHG stràl id., stràla id. Identical
*strawan sb.n.: Goth fem. straua ‘funeral with Lith strëlà ‘arrow’ (if not from
feast’, ON strá ‘straw’, OE streáw id., Slavic), Slav *strîla ‘arrow’ (K KZ I
OFris strè id., OS strò id., OHG strou, strò 540). Further connections are uncertain.
id. Etymologically connected with Lat P Beiträge 449; T-F 500;
struò ‘to build up’, OBret pret. strovis ‘to T BSW 289; H
spread out’ derived from IE *sterH- id. AEEW 324; P I 1028; F
The original meaning (‘something spread 920–921; Z II 175; S LS
out’) is revealed by the derivative *straw- 55; V-T III 774; K-
janan. G Kl. Schr. III 135 (on the S 800.
Gothic word); N Star. II 136–139 *strikòjanan wk.vb.: Norw strika ‘to stop’.
(Goth < Slav *strava); K IF IV 309 Identical with Lat strigò ‘to hold up, to
(separates streáw- in OE streáw-berie halt, to stop’ (P Beiträge 458–460).
‘strawberry’ as continuing *srawa- ~ Lat W-H II 604; P I
fràgum ‘strawberry plant’); T-F 1036; D BSA 173.
502; H AEEW 325; W- *strik(w)iz sb.m.: Goth striks ‘stroke,
H II 607–608; F 456–457; hook, serif ’, OHG strih ‘line, stroke, cut’.
R Strawa 37–52; P I 1031; Related to *strìk(w)anan. Cf. Lat striga
V ANEW 552; Z I 146; ‘row of grain or hay cut down, a swath,
O 874; L GED 327–328; windrow’. T-F 501; F 457;
K-S 802. W-H II 603; P I
*strawjanan wk.vb.: Goth straujan ‘to 1028–1029; Z II 197; S
spread, to strew’, ON strá ‘to strew’ (< 476; L GED 328; B
*strawènan, new form based on pret.), Nom. 120.
OE streáwian id., OFris strèwa id., OS *strinòn sb.m.: Swed dial. strena ‘stripe
prêt. stròidun id., OHG strewen, strouwen on the skin’, MDu strene ‘strand, skein’,
id. Derived from *strawan. T-F OHG streno id. Of unknown origin.
502; H AEEW 326; F 456; T-F 500; P I 1028.
P I 1031; V ANEW 552; *strì¶an sb.n./m.: ON stríä ‘woe, grief,
O 875; L GED 327; K- strife, combat’, OFris strìd ‘quarrel, fight’,
S 802. OS strìd id., OHG strìt id. Derived from
*stren¶ò sb.f.: ON strind ‘earth, land’. *strì¶anan. P Beiträge 442 (to Slav
Related to OIr trét ‘herd’, without initial *trizna ‘wake, contest’); M Etudes
*s-. T-F 499; P I 1030; 448; V ANEW 553; S 475.
F 1118 (Lith trénta ‘place, area’ *strì¶anan str.vb.: OSwed stríäa ‘to quar-
strì¶anan 382 stufòn
rel’, OE strídan ‘to get by force, to pillage, plant’, MHG strunc ‘tirsus’. Derived from
to rob’, OFris strìda ‘to quarrel’, MLG *strawjanan? T-F 503.
striden id., OHG strìtan id. Historically *strut(t)òjanan wk.vb.: Swed strutta ‘to
identical with *strì¶anan > OE strídan strut’, ME strut ‘to abound’, OS strotòn ‘to
‘to stride’, MLG strìden ‘to set the legs be talkative’, MHG strozzen ‘to abound’.
wide apart’ in its metaphoric meaning. Of imitative origin. P I 1027;
U PBB XX 328–329 (to Lat lìra K-S 803 (to *þrùtanan).
‘earth thrown up between two furrows, a *strùtaz sb.m.: ON strútr ‘a kind of hood’,
ridge’); T-F 501; H ME strút ‘swelling’, MHG strùz ‘resist-
AEEW 326; J IEW 873–878; ance, quarrel’. Related to *strut(t)òjanan.
P I 1026; V ANEW 553; T-F 503; P I 1027; V
O 875; S 475–476; K- ANEW 553 (to Lith strustìs ‘stripes of bast
S 801 (to Lith strainùs ‘decorated, in the sieve’).
furbished’). *stubbaz ~ *stubbòn sb.m.: ON stubbr
*strì¶az adj.: ON stríär ‘strong, hard, ‘stump’, stubbi id., ME stubbe id., MLG
stubborn’, OHG ein-strìti ‘tenacious, stubbe id. Related to Lith stùburas ‘back-
rebellious’. Derived from *strì¶anan. bone, spine’, Latv stuburs ‘stump’. See
V ANEW 553; H 561. *stùfaz. T-F 496; T
*strì¶janan wk.vb.: ON stríäa ‘to harm, BSW 290; H AEEW 328;
to punish’, OFris strìda ‘to quarrel, to M Gém. 196; P I 1035;
dispute’, OS strìdian id. Derived from F 928; V ANEW 555;
*strì¶az. T-F 501; H O 877; K-S 804.
561. *stubjuz ~ *stubjan sb.m./n.: Goth
*strìk(w)anan str.vb.: ON strÿkva, strÿkja stubjus ‘dust’, MLG stubbe id., OHG stubbi
‘to flog, to punish’ (wk.), OE strícan ‘to id. Derived from *steubanan ~ *stùbanan.
make a stroke’, OFris strìka ‘to strike’, T-F 497.
MLG striken id., OHG strìhhan ‘to smear, *stu¶ilaz sb.m.: ON stuäill ‘prop, stud’,
to whet’. Connected with Lat stringò ‘to MHG studel ‘post, door-post’. Cf. OS tan-
stroke, to touch’, Slav *strig‡, *strigti ‘to stuthili ‘row of teeth’. Derived from *stu¶ò.
cut (hair), to shear’. Z Gutt. 94; T-F 495; V ANEW 555.
T-F 500; M MSL XIV *stu¶janan wk.vb.: ON styäja ‘to steady,
350; T BSW 289; H- to prop’, OHG gi-studen ‘to establish’.
 AEEW 326; W-H II Derived from *stu¶ò. P Wurze-
604–605; J IEW 878–881; lerw. 144; V ANEW 557; K-
P I 1028–1029; V ANEW S 806.
554; O 876; S 476–477; *stu¶ò sb.f.: ON stoä ‘post, prop’, OE stod
V-T III 778; L ‘post’. Related to Latv stùte ‘post, prop’.
GED 328; K-S 801. Or derived from *stan¶anan with an un-
*strìpòn sb.f./m.: Norw strìpa ‘stripe’, expected vocalism? T-F 495;
MLG strìpe id., MHG strìfe id. Close to H AEEW 323; P I
OIr sríab id. < *streibà. T-F 501; 1009; V ANEW 550; O 877;
P I 1029. S 461; K-S 806.
*strumpaz sb.m.: Norw strop ‘measure’, *stufòn sb.f.: ON stofa ‘sitting-room’, OE
EFris strump ‘stump’, MLG strump stofa ‘bathroom’ (masc.), MLG stove
id., MHG strumpf id. Identical with ‘heated room’, OHG stuba ‘bathroom, a
Latv strumps ‘short’. T-F 504; heated room’. Borrowed from Rom
P I 1027. *extùfa, cf. Ital stufa ‘bath(room)’, Fr étuve
*strunkaz sb.m.: Icel strokkr ‘small wood- id. M-L REW 270 (to *steu-
en vessel’, MLG strunk ‘stock of a large banan ~ *stùbanan); S ZdWf. I
stufòn 383 stur¶ò
66–67 (against M-L); V W P Slav.-germ. 279–281 (Lith <
IF XXIV 35; H AEEW 323; Gmc); P I 1020; C
M Slav.-germ. 122–123 (from SGGJa I 82; F 930; V ANEW
Slav *j¸st˙ba ‘hut, room’); O 872; 551; S LS 56; V-T
K-S 804. III 765; K-S 805.
*stujaz adj.: ON styggr ‘shy’, MDu stugge *stun¶ò sb.f.: ON stund ‘period of time,
‘stubborn, stiff, unfriendly’. Related to while, hour’ (partly *stun¶iz), OE stund
Skt stúkà ‘tuft of wool, of hair’, Lith stùkis id., OFris stunde id., OS stunda id.,
‘stump’, stùkas ‘short’. K NB II OHG stunta id. Derived from *stènan,
446; T-F 494–495; J *stan¶anan. T-F 477; H-
IEW 862–863; P I 1032; P  AEEW 327; P I 1005;
Language XXV 187–188 (to *stùraz); V ANEW 556; Z II 194;
M III 516; P I 1032; M ASNSL CCII 428–431 (from Rom
F 930; V ANEW 557; *extunda ‘short period of time’: OSard
H 490 (ON < *skewwaz, adds istunda, Catal estona, Cors stonda); H-
G scheu ‘shy’).  552; K-S 805 (follows
*stukkaz sb.m.: ON stokkr ‘trunk, block, M).
log of wood’, OE stocc ‘stock, trunk, log’, *stun¶òjanan wk.vb.: ON stunda ‘to pro-
OFris stokk ‘stick, stump’, OS stokk ‘stock, ceed, to strive’, OE á-stundian ‘to astound,
trunk, log’, OHG stoc id. With an irregu- to grieve’. Derived from *stun¶ò. H-
larity in the inlaut geminate, related to  AEEW 328.
Skt stúkà ‘tuft of wool, of hair’. See *stunjanan wk.vb.: ON stynja ‘to groan’,
*stujaz. Z Gutt. 28; T-F OE stunian ‘to crash, to resound’, MLG
494; H AEEW 323; M stonen ‘to moan’. Derived from *stenanan.
Gém. 87, 196; M III 516; Cf. also derivatives: ON stynr ‘groan’, OE
P I 1033 (to IE *steu-g-), 1035; e-stun ‘noise, stun’. T-F 481;
V ANEW 550; Z I 136; H AEEW 328; P I
O 871; L Expr. 231; H- 1021; V ANEW 557.
 563; K-S 797 (to Skt *stuntaz adj.: ON stuttr ‘short, stunted,
tujáti ‘to strike, to hit’). scant’, OE stunt ‘foolish, stupid’, NFris
*stukkjan sb.n.: ON stykki ‘piece’, OE stönt ‘short’, MHG stunz id. Probably
stycce id., OS stukki id., OHG stucki id. derived from *stautanan. K ANF XI
Derived from *stukkaz. T-F 494; 317 (ON stuttr by analogy, instead of
H AEEW 328; M Gém. *stottr); K NB I 13–14; T-F
197; P I 1033; V ANEW 557; 482; H AEEW 328; P
Z I 145; O 871; K- I 1033–1034; V ANEW 556–557;
S 804. V ANEW 556–557 (to Skt tudáti ‘to
*stukkòjanan wk.vb.: ON stokka ‘to push, to strike’); O 878; L Expr.
build, to raise’, ME stocken ‘to put to- 102; H 564–565.
gether, MLG stocken id., OHG sama- *stuntjanan wk.vb.: ON stytta ‘to short-
stocken id. Derived from *stukkaz. V en’, OE styntan ‘to make dull, to become
ANEW 550. dull’. Derived from *stuntaz. E
*stulpòn sb.m.: ON stólpi ‘post, pillar’, PBB XVIII 216 (to Lat tundò ‘to beat, to
ME stolpe id., MLG stolpe id. Close to strike’, also with nasalization); T-F
Lith dial. stu÷lbas id., Slav *st˙lb˙ ‘pole, 482; H AEEW 328; V
post’ (F KZ XIX 355). T ANEW 558; H 565.
UUÅ 1881 31 (ON < Slav *st˙lp˙); *stur¶ò sb.f.: ON storä ‘young wood, plan-
T-F 489; T BSW 290– tation, earth (grown with brushwood)’.
291; S KZ LXVIII 123; S- Close to Gk stÒryh: tÚ ÙjÁ toË dÒratow,
stur¶ò 384 stùpanan
ka‹ §pidorat¤w (Hes.) < *stordhà (L ANEW 551; O 864; S 473;
SVSU VI/1 17). See *stertaz I. P L GED 149; K-S 788.
I 1024; V ANEW 551; F II 802. *sturmaz sb.m.: Burg *storms ‘storm’, ON
*sturjanan wk.vb.: OE styrian ‘to stir, to stormr id., OE storm id., OS storm id.,
move’, OS far-sturian ‘to subvert’, OHG OHG sturm id. Derived from *sturjanan.
ir-sturen ‘to shake’. Related to Skt turáti ‘to T-F 505; H AEEW
hurry, to press forward’, tùryate ‘to run’. 324; P I 1101; V ANEW 551
T-F 505; H AEEW (to Lat turma ‘troop, squadron, crowd’);
328; M I 514; P I 1101; Z I 136; O 872; W
O 870. KZ CIV 107 (from *sºmos, cf. Skt sárma-
*sturjaz ~ *sturjan sb.m./n.: ON styrr ‘going, running, flowing’, Gk ırmÆ ‘rapid
‘tumult, stir’, OE e-styr ‘movement’. motion forward’); K 713; K-
Derived from *sturjanan. V ANEW S 805–806.
558. *sturmjanan wk.vb.: ON styrma ‘to blow
*sturjòn sb.f./m.: ON styrja ‘sturgeon’, up for a gale, to storm’, OE styrman ‘to
OE styria id., MLG stor, store id., OHG storm’, MLG stormen id., OHG sturmen id.
sturo, sturio id. Based on *sturjanan ‘to stir, Derived from *sturmaz. T-F 505;
to move’ (F ANF XLI 134). This der- H AEEW 328; V ANEW
ivation is motivated by one of the most 558.
striking features of sturgeon’s behav- *sturrènan wk.vb.: Goth and-staurran ‘to
iour—its movements during the spawn- confront, to glare at’, OHG storrèn ‘to
ing period’. H IF XXII 69 (to Slav tower’. Related to *starraz. T-F
*osetr˙ ‘sturgeon’, Lith er“k‚tas id.); T- 486; F 50–51; L GED 37;
F 505; S-N II H 547; K-S 788.
484–485; H AEEW 328; *stùfaz sb.m.: ON stúfr ‘stump’, MLG
V ANEW 557; Z II 177; stùve id. Related to Skt stùpa- ‘shock of
W KZ CIV 106 (from *sºHƒon-, cf. hair’, Gk stÊpow ‘stem, stump, block’,
Lat sariò ‘salmon trout’, from Gaulish); Latv stùps ‘fag-end’ (F I 145, III
K-S 798–799. 496–497). Z Gutt. 35; T-F
*sturkaz sb.m.: ON storkr ‘stork’, OE storc 496; M III 516; P I
id., MLG stork id., OHG storah id. The 1035; V ANEW 555; F II
original meaning must have been ‘stiff 813–814; O 877.
bird’, ‘bird standing without moving’. *stùfjanan wk.vb.: ON stÿfa ‘to cut off, to
Derived from *sterkanan. K KZ chop off ’, MLG stùven ‘to deaden’. De-
I 39; F I 57 (to Gk tÒrgow ‘vulture’); rived from *stùfaz. V ANEW 557.
Z Gutt. 216; T-F 487; *stùkòn sb.f.: ON stúka ‘sleeve’, MLG
H AEEW 324; P I stùke ‘tree stump’, OHG stùhha ‘wide
1023; V ANEW 551; Z I sleeve, kerchief ’. Connected with *stùfaz?
136; O 872; S 473–474; T-F 494; K-S 789.
W KZ CIV 107 (from *sº·os, cf. Skt *stùpanan str.vb.: ON stúpa ‘to stoop’
sºjayá- ‘a kind of bird’, Rum barz> ‘stork’ (hap. leg.), MDu stupen ‘to stick out’. A
< Dacian); K-S 799. secondary strong verb related to *staupaz.
*sturknòjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-staurknan Etymologically connected with Skt tupáti
‘to wither’, ON storkna ‘to coagulate’, ‘to hurt’, túmpati id., pra-stumpati ‘to butt’,
OHG part. er-storchenet ‘numb’. Derived Gk tÊptv ‘to strike’, Lat stupeò ‘to stiffen’,
from *sturkaz (in its unattested original Slav *t˙pati ‘to stamp’ despite Gmc *-p-
meaning). See also *sterkanan. T- of unknown origin. T-F 496;
F 486; F 201–202; P I W-H II 609; J
1023; J IEW 873–878; V IEW 862–866; M I 512–513;
stùpanan 385 sumaz
P I 1034; V ANEW 556; XXX 311; F 457–458; P I
F II 945–946; O 872; S 881–882; V ANEW 529; L
474. Phon. 48 (*-- < *-H⁄-), GED 328;
*stùraz adj.: Norw stùr ‘surly, sad’, MLG H 575.
stùr ‘stiff, strict’, OHG stùri ‘strong, *suò sb.f.: Norw dial. sugga ‘sow’ (with
well-built’. Identical with Skt sthùrá- ‘big, secondary gemination), OE sugu id., OS
strong, thick’, Osset stur ‘big’, Latv stùrs suga id., G dial. suge id. Close to OIr socc
‘stubborn’. K NB II 250–251; ‘pig’, W hwch id., Corn hoch id., Bret
T-F 493–494; M III houc’h id. < *sukku-. Further connected to
530–531; P I 1009; D VSJa *sùz. T-F 443; H
26; V ANEW 556; S LL 355 AEEW 329; P I 1038; Z
(no expected shortening of pretonic *ù II 210; O 849.
in Gmc); H 566; K- *suxtiz sb.f.: Goth sauhts ‘sickness, disease’,
S 805. ON sótt id., OE út-siht ‘diarrhea’, OFris
*stùtaz sb.m.: ON stútr ‘bull; a stumpy secht ‘disease’, OS suht id., OHG suht, suft
thing’, MLG stùt ‘thick part of the thigh, id. Derived from *seukaz. Z Gutt.
rump’. Derived from *stautanan. T- 165; T-F 442; H
F 495; V ANEW 556. AEEW 293; F 412; P I
*sufjanan wk.vb.: ON syfja ‘to become 915; Z I 151; V ANEW
sleepy’, EFris suffen id. Derived from *swe- 531; S 399; L GED 296–
fanan. T-F 548; V ANEW 297; B Nom. 140; K-
572. S 807; B OFED s.v.
*suflan sb.n.: ON sufl ‘garnish’, OE sufel *sulan sb.n.: OE sol ‘mire, miry place’,
id., OS sùval id., OHG sùfil id. Related OFris sol ‘mud’, MLG sol id., OHG sol
to Skt sùpa- ‘broth, soup’. See *sùpòn. id. Cf. also ON place name Soleyjar.
T-F 445; H AEEW Related to Skt súrà ‘spirituous liquor’, Gk
329; M III 494–495; P Ïlh ‘sediment, mud, slime’, Lith sulà
I 913; V ANEW 559. ‘juice, birch juice’. T BSW
*sufljanan wk.vb.: ON syfla ‘to furnish 291; H AEEW 306; F
with garnish’, OE syflan id. Derived from 940; M III 487; P I
*suflan. H AEEW 339; V 913; V ANEW 529; F II 962–
ANEW 572. 963; K-S 769–770.
*suan sb.n.: ON sog ‘inlet’, MHG suc *suljanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-suljan ‘to lay
‘juice’. Derived from *sùanan. T- the foundation’, ON sylla ‘to furnish with
F 443; V ANEW 529. a sill’. Related to *swelljò. K
*suelan sb.n.: Goth sugil ‘sun, name of s- KZ XXXI 417 (to Gk Ïlh ‘forest’);
rune’, OE siel, sel id. A variant of *sòwe- G Got. 92 (to Lat solum
lan ~ *sòwelò (S KZ XXVI 9) with ‘bottom, ground, base’); T-F 446;
a difficult inlaut. On the other hand, cf. F 202; V ANEW 573.
OE swele ‘bright as the sun’, sweel *sultjò sb.f.: Norw dial. sylt ‘saline swamp’,
‘heaven, sun’, OS swigli ‘light’ < MLG sulte ‘saline, meat jelly’, OHG sulza
*swelaz. S PBB VI 565–566 ‘saltwater’. Related to *saltan. T-
(phonologically, Goth *sòjil = sauil); F 437.
G PBB XXI 216–217 (same *sumaz adj., pron.: Goth sums ‘some, any’,
as S), Got. 182; W MLN XVI ON sumr id., OE sum id., OFris sum id.,
306; M NTS I 149 (against OS sum id., OHG sum id. Related to Toch
connection to *sòwelan ~ *sòwelò ); H- A sam, B sàm ‘same’, Skt samá- ‘equal, like,
 ASNSL CXIII 43–44 (to *sì(w)a- the same, even’, Av hama- ‘every, each’,
nan), AEEW 293, 334; U PBB Gk ëma ‘together’. B 1773–
sumaz 386 sun¶raz
1774; T-F 434; H ‘morsel, bit’, c≈v ‘to rub, to grind’);
AEEW 329; F 458; M III H AEEW 340; J
436–437; P I 903; V ANEW IEW 764; P I 903–904; V
561; F I 83; O 845; L ANEW 561; F II 390.
GED 328–329; B Nom. 227; *sun¶an sb.n.: ON sund ‘swimming’,
B IFTJa 260–261. OE sund ‘swimming, sea’, MLG sunt
*sumera-¶aaz sb.m.: ON sumar-dagr ‘strait’ (masc.). Continues *sum¶an derived
‘summer day’, late ME summer-day id., from *swemmanan. T-F 548–549;
MLG somer-dach id., MHG sumer-tac id. H AEEW 329–330; V
Compound of *sumeraz and *¶aaz. ANEW 561; O 848; S 492;
C Nom. comp. 79 (parallel formations). B Nom. 77; K-S
*sumera-lanaz adj.: ON sumar-langr 809.
‘summer long’, OE sumer-lan ‘long as *sun¶az adj.: OE e-sund ‘sound, healthy’,
in summer’, OS sumar-lang id., MHG OFris sund id., OS gi-sund id., OHG gi-
sumer-lanc id. Compound of *sumeraz and sunt id. Related to *sanþz. On the other
*lanaz. C Nom. comp. 90 (parallel hand, may be structurally identical with
formations). Hitt a“uwant- ‘good’ < *esu-⁄–t- (S
*sumera-tì¶iz sb.f.: ON sumar-tíä ‘sum- LuR 505). T-F 547; (to *swen-
mer time’, ME sumer-tid id., MLG somer- þaz); O 848; H 586;
tìt id., MHG sumer-zìt id. Compound of K-S 321 (to IE *s·hu-nt-).
*sumeraz and *tì¶iz. C Nom. comp. 79 *sun¶jò sb.f.: ON syn ‘denial, protest’, OE
(parallel formations) syn, synn ‘misdeed, sin’, OFris sinne id.,
*sumeraz sb.m.: ON sumarr ‘summer’ OS sundia id., OHG sunta id. Related to
(also neut. sumar), OE sumer id., OFris *sunjaz, *sanþz.  H PBB XXX
sumur id., OS sumar id., OHG sumar id. 249 (to Gk êth ‘bewilderment, infatua-
Close to Arm amafin ‘summer’ < *sem erom. tion’); F KZ XX 367–369 (from *sun-
Further related to Skt sámà ‘half-year, jaz); S KZ XX 467–469 (to Gk
year, season’, Av ham- ‘summer’, Arm am éãv ‘to hurt, to damage’); S KZ
‘year’, W haf ‘summer’. B LVI 106–116 (to *skan¶ò ); T-F
1773; T-F 445; H 430; R UUÅ 1942/7 107; H-
AEEW 329; M III 437–438;  AEEW 340; F 459; P
P I 905; V ANEW 560–561; I 341; V ANEW 573; Z I
Z II 204; O 885; K- 149; O 828 (related to Lat sòns
S 770. ‘guilty’); S Sprache XV 14–45;
*sumerinaz ~ *sumerunaz sb.m.: L GED 329–330; K-S
ON sumrungr ‘one summer old animal’, 809.
OE symerin-wyrt ‘a kind of plant, Malva *sun¶raz adj.: Goth adv. sundro ‘asunder,
crispa’. Derived from *sumeraz. V alone, apart’, ON sundr ‘asunder’, OE
ANEW 561. sundor ‘alone, apart’, OFris prep. sunder
*sumeròjanan wk.vb.: ON sumra ‘to id., OS sundar id., OHG suntar ‘remote,
come (of summer)’, ME someren id., MLG separate’. Continues a form with a com-
someren id., MHG sumeren id. Derived parative suffix *-ter-, cf. Skt sanutár-
from *sumeraz. V ANEW 561. ‘away, off, aside’, Gk êter ‘without, far
*sumlan sb.n.: ON sum(b)l ‘banquet, sym- from’, W hanner ‘half ’ (B BB III 120:
posium’, OE symbel ‘feast, banquet’ (< reconstructs *sµ-ter-, to *sem- ‘one’).
*sumljan), OS sumbal ‘meal’. Continues S KZ XXV 92 (same as B),
*sµ-lo- ‘joint meal’ related to *samaz, XXXII 360 (identical with Gk ëterow
*samòn. T-F 434 (from *semòjan > ‘other, different’ < *sµ-tero-); B-
OHG gi-semòn ‘to banquet’, to Gk cvmÒw  BB XV 16; B Grundriß
sun¶raz 387 sunurò
II/1 324; G Got. 202 (same KZ XXVIII 12; S KZ XXVII
as B); M IF XVIII 223 (to 428–429 (< *sul-n); B Grundriß
*s–t- ‘being’); T-F 444; H- II/1 303, 310 (reconstructs nom. *sunòn,
 AEEW 330; F 458–459; gen. *sun-n-ez, with later generalization of
M III 427; P I 907; *-nn-); S Gest. 45–51; S
V ANEW 561; M III 427; ZdPh LXVI 1; T-F 444; H-
F I 178; C 381–382;  ASNSL CXIII 43–44 (from *sen-
O 886; L GED 329; K- þanan), AEEW 330; P AAL XI 782
S 770–771. (fem. in Goth); W-H II
*sun¶rjanan wk.vb.: Swed söndra ‘to 553–554; F 460; M III
sunder’, OE syndrian ‘to sunder, to sepa- 566–567; P I 881; Z II
rate’. Derived from *sun¶raz. T- 177; V ANEW 561–562; F I
F 444. 631–632; O 885; L GED
*sun¶ròjanan wk.vb.: ON sundra ‘to 330; B Nom. 180, 206;
break asunder’, OE sundrian ‘to sunder, to K-S 771.
separate’, MLG sonderen id., OHG sun- *sunþan£ adv.: ON sunnan ‘from the
taròn id. Derived from *sun¶raz. T- South’, OE súäan id., OS sùthon id., OHG
F 444; H AEEW 330; sundana ‘in the South’. Derived from
V ANEW 561; O 886; K- *sunþiz. T-F 444; H
S 771. AEEW 330; V ANEW 562.
*sunjò sb.f.: Goth fem. sunja ‘truth’. *sunþiz sb.n.: ON suär ‘South’, OE adv.
Replaces the expected but unattested súä ‘southwards’, OFris sùth id., sùther id.,
*sun¶jaz < *s–tƒó-. The latter is identical OS adv. sùth ‘in the South’, sùthar-liuti
with Skt satyá- ‘true, real’, Av haiyya- ‘Southern people’, OHG adv. sund ‘in the
‘true’ (K PBB X 144). A zero grade South’, adj. sundar ‘southern’. Derived
form related to *sanþaz. C Gr. Et. from *sunnòn (B IF XVIII 423–
197–198 (to Gk §teÒw ‘true’); B 426). Derivationally close to Toch A
KVG 592 (to Lat sòns ‘guilty, criminal’); swàñce, B swàñco ‘ray, sunbeam’ < *sun-t-
M MSL XV 219–220 (to Gk ˜siow (H apud A TB 725).
‘holy’); M IF XVIII 223–224 S PBB XLVII 345 (to *swenþaz);
(same as B); B W Language III 185 (from IE *s–to-);
1760–1761; T-F 430; H T-F 444; H AEEW
PBB XXX 249; F 459; F Wahrheit 330; H KZ LXXI 101 (to Gk Íp°r
4–5; M III 422; P I ‘over’); P I 881; V ANEW
341; O 846; C 380–381 559; O 848; L GED 330;
(to Gk §teÒw ‘true’); S Sprache K-S 808.
XV 14–45 (interprets sunja as sb. ‘truth’, *sunþrjaz adj. comp.: ON syäri ‘more
same as F); L GED 329– southern’, OFris sùther ‘southern’. De-
330; B Nom. 202; K- rived from *sunþiz. V ANEW 572.
S 809. *sunþrònjaz adj.: ON suärœnn ‘southern’,
*sunnòn sb.f.: Goth sunno, dat. sg. sunnin OE súäerne id., OFris sùthern id., OS
‘sun’, ON sunna id., OE sunne id., OS sùäròni id., OHG sundròni id. Derived
sunno id. (masc.), sunna id., OHG sunna id. from *sunþrjaz. H AEEW
Reflects an old n-stem of the heteroclytic 330; V ANEW 559.
stem also attested in Av gen. x vèng id. as *sunurò ~ *swanurò sb.f.: ON sonar-
opposed to nom. x var6. In other Indo- dreyri ‘pig blood’, OE sunor ‘herd of
European languages the l-stem is domi- swine’, OHG swanur ‘herd’. Derived from
nating: Skt súvar- id., Gk Hom ±°liow *swìnan, *sùz. T-F 546; H-
id., Lat sòl and the like. B  AEEW 330; F Language
sunurò 388 sùkanan
XXII 347 (to Skt suváti ‘to set in motion, *surò sb.f.: Goth saurga ‘care, sorrow’,
to vivify’); V ANEW 530 (to *saumaz). ON sorg ‘sorrow, care’ (i-stem), OE sor
*sunuz sb.m.: Goth sunus ‘son’, ON sunr, ‘sorrow’, OS sorga id., OHG sorga id.
sonr id., OE sunu id., OFris sunu id., OS Deverbative identical with Slav *sorg˙
sunu id., OHG sunu, sun id. Despite the ‘strict, severe’ based on *s(⁄)ergh- attested
difference in vocalism, continues (with in Toch A särk-, B sark- ‘sickness’, Lith
oxytonic shortening) IE *sùnus id.: Skt sergù, siıgti ‘to be ill’, OIr serg ‘illness’ (F
sùnú-, Av hunu-, Lith sùnùs, Slav *syn˙. III 329). K KZ I 39; S
Cf. also Toch B dim. soá≤ke id. Voc. II 76; Z Gutt. 179, BB XV
B 1831; T-F 441; 104–105; T-F 446 (to Skt sùrkßati
T BSW 292; H ‘to be sad’); T BSW 258; H-
AEEW 330; F 460–461; P  AEEW 307; F 413; P
Gliederung 166; M III 494; I 1051 (to Skt sùrkßati ‘to take care of ’);
P I 913; D VSJa 24 (pretonic F 787; V ANEW 531;
shortening of *ù in Gmc); F Z II 198; O 847; V-
941–942; V ANEW 530; Z I T III 722; H IF LXXIX
152; O 845; B IEL 154–155; L GED 297; L
191; V-T III 817–818; IF XCVIII 52 (< *surgh-); B
L GED 330–331; B- Nom. 110; K-S 772; B
 Nom. 161; K-S 769; IFTJa 261.
S LL 354 (follows D); A *suþan ~ *su¶an sb.n.: ON soä ‘meat
TB 702. broth’, OE e-sod ‘cooking, boiling’,
*supòjanan wk.vb.: Goth supon ‘to salt, OFris soth ‘broth’, OS soth id., OHG sod
to season’, OHG soffòn ‘to spice, to id. (masc.). Derived from *seuþanan.
enbalm’. Derived from *supòn. F T-F 443; H AEEW
461; L GED 331. 306; V ANEW 528; S 401;
*supòn sb.m.: ON sopi ‘mouthful’, B Nom. 57.
OE sopa ‘sup, draught’ Derived from *sù¶ò sb.f.: ON súä ‘clinching of a ship’s
*sùpanan. T-F 445; H boards’, MHG sùte ‘seam’. Derived from
AEEW 307; V ANEW 530; S *siwjanan. Structurally close to Lat part.
400; L GED 331. sùtus ‘sewn’. T-F 441; W-
*suppòn sb.f.: ON soppa ‘sop’, OE soppe H II 631; P I 916; V
id., MLG soppe ‘soup’, MHG soppe ANEW 559.
‘soup’. Related to *supòn. T-F *sùanan str.vb.: ON súga ‘to suck’, OE
445; H AEEW 307; O súan id., OS sùgan id., OHG sùgan id. A
846 (to *sùpanan); L GED 331. variant of *sùkanan. Z Gutt. 139;
*sura-fullaz adj.: ON sorg-fullr ‘sorrow- T-F 443; H AEEW
ful’, OE sorh-full ‘full of care, solicitous’. 329; J IEW 773–775; P-
Compound of *surò and *fullaz. C  I 912–913; V ANEW 560 (to
Nom. comp. 60. Lat sùcus ‘juice, moisture, sap’, Lith sun-
*surènan wk.vb.: Goth saurgan ‘to be kiù, suñkti ‘to squeeze out’); O 882;
worried, to care’, ON syrgja ‘to sorrow, to S 398; K-S 706.
mourn’, OE sorian ‘to care, to be anx- *sùxslò(n) sb.f.: ON sÿsl, sÿsla ‘business,
ious’, OFris sorgia ‘to sorrow, to mourn’, work’, OE súsl ‘torment’. Related to
OS sorgòn id., OHG sorgèn id. Derived *seukaz. H AEEW 330; L-
from *surò. T-F 446; H-  GED 297.
 AEEW 307; F 413; V *sùkanan str.vb.: OE súcan ‘to suck’,
ANEW 530, 574; O 847; L MDu suken id. Related to Lat sùgò id.,
GED 297. OIr súgim id. (B II/3 128).
sùkanan 389 swaimòjanan
Z Gutt. 169; T-F 443; 1039; D VSJa 26; F 944–
H AEEW 329; W- 945; V ANEW 562; O 848;
H II 622; P I 912–913; S Festschr. Matzel 124–125;
O 882; S 399. V-T III 819; H-
*sùlò ~ *sùliz sb.f.: ON súl ‘pillar’, OE  568–569; K-S 706.
sÿl id., OFris sèle id., OS sùl id., OHG sùl *sùz sb.f.: ON sÿr ‘sow’, OE sú id., OS sù
id. Cf. also Goth sauls id. with a short *5. id. (i-stem), OHG sù id. (i-stem). Related
Identical with Gk Ïlh ‘wood’ (P to Toch B suwo id., Av hù id., Gk w id.,
Beiträge 383). Further probably connected Alb thi (F KZ I 493). H
to Lat solum ‘floor’, Gk Íl¤a ‘sole’ (Hes.). APS II 31–42; K Glotta XIII
Related to *swelljò. T-F 446 (to 132–138; B 1817; T-
Gk julÒn ‘wood, timber’); H F 443; H AEEW 329;
AEEW 339; W-H II 554; P I 1038; V ANEW 574;
F 412–413; P I 899 (to Z II 210; F II 973–974;
*selmòn), 1046; D VSJa 26; V O 849; G Wurzelnomina
ANEW 560; Z II 197; F II 373–393; K-S 705–706;
962–963; L GED 297; K- O AED 477; A TB 698.
S 706. *swabbòjanan wk.vb.: Norw svabba ‘to
*sùpanan str.vb.: ON súpa ‘to drink, to splash’, E swab ‘to swab, to mop’, MLG
sup’, OE súpan id., OFris sùpa id., MLG swabben. Related to Lat supò ‘to throw, to
sùpen id., OHG sùfan id. See *sùpò(n). The scatter’, Slav *sypati ‘to pour, to strew’.
origin of the word is not clear. T- T BSW 293; W-H
F 444–445; H AEEW 330; I 356; P I 1049; O 891.
J IEW 773–775; P I *swabjanan wk.vb.: ON svefja ‘to lull to
912–913; V ANEW 562; O sleep’, OE swebban ‘to send to sleep, to
886; S 399–400; L GED lull, to kill’, OS an-swebbian ‘to fall asleep’,
331 (to IE *seu- ‘to rain, to flow’); K- OHG in-swebben ‘to lull to sleep’. Causa-
S 706. tive of *swefanan. Structurally close to
*sùpò(n) sb.f.: ON súpa ‘soup’, MHG sùf Skt svàpáyati ‘to make sleep’, Lat sòpiò
‘drink’. Looks similar to Skt sùpa- ‘soup, ‘to make sleep’. T-F 548; H-
broth’ but the unvoiced -p- creates a  AEEW 334; W-H II
problem. T-F 445; M 561; M III 561; P I
III 494; P I 913; V ANEW 1048; V ANEW 566; S 483.
562. *swaiflòjanan wk.vb.: ON sveifla ‘to
*sùra-aujaz adj.: ON súr-eygr ‘blear- swing’, EFris sweifeln ‘to sway’, MHG
eyed’, OE súr-íe id., OS sùr-ògi id., OHG sweibeln id. Related to *swìfanan. V
sùr-ougi id. Compound of *sùraz and ANEW 566.
*aujaz. P UUÅ 1891 9 (to ON *swaijanan wk.vb.: ON sveigja ‘to bend,
saurr ‘mud, dirt’ and *sùan); H to bow’, ME sweigh ‘to sweep, to swing’.
AEEW 330; C Nom. comp. 66; V Related to Lith svaigiù, svaÛgti ‘to waver, to
ANEW 562. become dizzy’ (W MLN XVI 21).
*sùraz adj.: ON súrr ‘acid, sour’, OE súr P I 1042; F 947; V
‘sour’, MLG sùr id., OHG sùr id. Related ANEW 566; O 892.
to Lith sùras ‘salty’, Slav *syr˙ ‘wet, raw’. *swaimaz sb.m.: ON sveimr ‘soaring, stir’,
Cf. also Illyr rvn. Syr-apus (K Glotta MHG sweim ‘soaring, rambling’. Derived
XX 188–189). K NB II 249– from *swìmanan. T-F 553; V
250, 451; T-F 446; T ANEW 566.
BSW 293–294; Bù RFV LXXV 148; *swaimòjanan wk.vb.: ON sveima ‘to
H AEEW 330; P I wander, to soar’, MLG sweimen ‘to sway’,
swaimòjanan 390 swampaz
MHG sweimen ‘to swing, to hover, to  1860; T-F 554; T-
hang’. Derived from *swaimaz, *swìmanan.  BSW 295; H AEEW 333;
H AEEW 331; V ANEW W-H II 623–624; M-
566–567.  III 570; P I 1043; V
*swainaz sb.m.: ON sveinn ‘boy, servant, ANEW 567; Z II 179; F I
attendant’, OE swán ‘herd, swine-herd’, 709–710; O 893; K-S
OS swèn id., OHG swein ‘servant, 749; O AED 69.
shepherd’. Derived from *swìnan. T- *swaitjanan wk.vb.: ON sveitask ‘to
F 543 (from *s⁄e- ‘(his) own’, cf. Lith sweat’, OE sw≠tan id., MLG swèten id.,
svaÛnis ‘brother-in-law’); H OHG sweizen ‘to fry, to melt’. Causative-
AEEW 332; P I 884; V ANEW iterative connected with *swaitaz, *swit-
567; Z I 136; O 891. janan. Derivationally close to Skt svedayati
*swaipanan str.vb.: ON sveipa ‘to sweep, ‘to make sweat’. T-F 554; H-
to stroke, to wrap’ (relic str. forms), OE  AEEW 332; P I 1043;
swápan ‘to sweep’, OS pret. sg. for-suuèp V ANEW 567; O 893.
‘to drive out’, OHG sweifan ‘to wrestle’. *swaliz sb.m.: ON svelgr ‘swirl, whirl-
Probably related to Av x“viwra- ‘rapid’, pool’, OE e-swele ‘abyss, gulf ’ (neut.).
x“aèwayat-a“tra- ‘swinging the whip’. Derived from *swelanan. T-F
B 563; T-F 555; 552; S 489; B Nom.
H AEEW 332; J 134.
IEW 794–797; P I 1041–1042; *swal()wòn sb.f.: ON svala ‘swallow’,
V ANEW 567; S 479–480; OE swealwe id., OFris swale id., OS swala
L GED 252–253; K-S id., OHG swalawa id. Derived from
749. *swelanan. S apud V (to Gk
*swaipaz I sb.m.: ON sveipr ‘fold, èlku≈n ‘mythical bird, identified with
hood’, OHG sweif ‘cloak’. Substantivized the kingfisher, Alcedo ispida’); W
*swaipaz II or direct derivative of *swai- MLN XXI 228 (to Latv svelpju ‘to whis-
panan. T-F 555; V ANEW tle’); S AfslPh XXIV 575–576 (to
567; S 479; L GED 252– Slav *solov¸j¸ ‘nightingale’); T-F
253. 552–553; H AEEW 333; V
*swaipaz II adj.: ON auä-sveipr ‘pliable, ANEW 563; Z I 156; O
yielding’, MHG wìt-sweif ‘wandering 891; K-S 747.
around’. Derived from *swaipanan. *swa-lìkaz pron.: Goth swaleiks ‘such’,
K NB I 112; M Festschr. ON slíkr id., OE swelc, swilc id., OFris
Schröder 107, KZ CV 128; H sulik, selik id., OS sulik id., OHG sulih
571. id. Derived from *swò(t). Z Gutt.
*swaipjanan wk.vb.: ON sveipa ‘to 169; T-F 543; H
sweep, to stroke, to wrap’, ME swépen ‘to AEEW 334; F 463; V ANEW
sweep’, OHG gi-sweifen id. Causative of 515–516; O 882; L GED
*swaipanan. T-F 555. 332; K-S 769.
*swaitaz sb.m./n.: ON sveiti ‘sweat’ *swalljanan wk.vb.: ON svella ‘to make
(< *swaitjan), OE swát id., OFris swèt swell’, OHG bi-swellen ‘to block’. Derived
‘sweat, perspiration’, OS swèt id., OHG from *swellanan. T-F 551; V
sweiz ‘sweat, blood of animals’. Identical ANEW 567; S 490.
with Skt svéda- ‘sweat’, Av x vaèda- id. and *swaltjanan wk.vb.: ON svelta ‘to put to
further related to Arm k'irtn id., Gk Ion death’, OE sweltan ‘to die’. Causative of
‰dow id., Lat sùdor id., Alb djersë id. *sweltanan. H AEEW 335;
< PAlb *swidertjà, Latv sviêdri id. S 491.
Connected with *switjanan. B- *swampaz sb.m.: Goth swamms ‘sponge’,
swampaz 391 swarmaz
ON sv‡ppr ‘ball, sponge’ (u-stem), OE id.. Derived from *swarjanan. Structurally

swamm ‘mushroom’, MLG swam, swamp close to Slav *svar˙ ‘quarrel, fight’, *svara
‘sponge’, OHG swam, swamb ‘fungus, id. O BB XXIV 211–213; T-
mushroom’. Despite the difference in the F 549; H AEEW 333;
inlaut consonantism, to be compared P I 1049; V ANEW 565;
with Gk somfÒw ‘swampy, porous’ (K O 39; S 481; L GED
KZ IV 17; C Gr. Et. 380). L 333; B Nom. 63.
KZ XXXVI 147 (to Lat fungus ‘toadstool, *swarban sb.n.: ON svarf ‘file-dust’, OHG
mushroom’ < *sg⁄hongo-); K Glotta II pl. swarpun ‘gurgitibus’. Derived from
55 (same as L); P MPKJ I *swerbanan. Formally identical with Slav
165–167 (to Lith guMbas ‘sponge’, Slav *svorb˙ ‘scab, rash’. T-F 551;
*g‡ba id.); T-F 549; H T BSW 295; S 495;
AEEW 332; F 463; P I 1052; V-T III 583–584.
C SGGJa I 109; V ANEW *swarbòjanan wk.vb.: ON svarfa ‘to
530; F II 753–754; L GED sweep, to swerve’, EFris swarven ‘to move
332; K-S 747. around’, LG swarven id. Derived from
*swanaz sb.m.: ON svanr ‘swan’, OE swan *swerbanan. V ANEW 565.
id., OS swan id., OHG swan, swano id. *swar¶uz ~ *swar¶ò sb.m./f.: ON
Identical with Skt svaná- ‘sound’, Lat sv‡rär ‘skin’, OE sweard, swearä ‘skin, hide’,
sonus id. (S DVN 408). Further OFris swarde ‘scalp’, MLG swarde id.,
related to Skt svánati ‘to sound’, Lat sonò MHG swart ‘scalp, bacon crust’. De-
id. S DVN 408; T-F rived from *swer¶anan. T-F 550;
546; H AEEW 332; W- H AEEW 333; P I
H II 559; P Gliederung 180; 1050 (to OHG str. sweran ‘to ache, to
P I 1046–1047; V ANEW pain’); V ANEW 572 (to Latv “erve
564; O 892; B Nom. ‘thick skin’); O 892; K-
51; K-S 747. S 748.
*swanwaz adj.: ON svangr ‘thin, slender, *swarjanan str.vb.: Goth swaran ‘to
slim’, MLG swank ‘unstable, waver- swear’ (secondary absence of j-present),
ing’, MHG swanc id. Derived from ON sverja id., OE swerian id., OFris swera
*swenwanan. T-F 547; K- id., OS swerian id., OHG swerren id.
S 748. Probably connected with OESc dat. sg.
*swanwjanan wk.vb: Goth af-swaggwjan sverunneí ‘arbiter’ < *s⁄er-sòn-, Slav *svara
‘to cause to waver’, OE swenan ‘to ‘quarrel’. G Got. 204 (to IE
cause to swing’, OFris swenga ‘to water’, *⁄er- ‘to speak’); T-F 549; F
MLG swengen ‘to rock, to waver’, OHG 463–464; H AEEW 336, AWN
swenken ‘to beat, to whip’. Causative of 290; K 695–696; K SuV 77;
*swenwanan. J Beitr. Gesch. XV J IEW 803; P I 1049;
237 (to Skt váñcati ‘to move crookedly’); V ANEW 568; O 892; S
T-F 547; H AEEW 480–482; B IEL 434, 475;
335; F 10; O 894; S 493; V-T III 569; L
L GED 7; K-S 750. GED 333; K-S 752.
*swankò ~ *swankiz sb.f./m.: Norw *swarmaz sb.m.: Norw svarmr ‘swarm’,
dial. svokk ‘arch of the foot’, OE swenc OE swearm id., MLG swarm id., OHG
‘trial affliction’, MLG swanc ‘turn’, MHG swarm id. Derived from *swarjanan?
swanc ‘swinging movement’. Derived from T-F 549 (from *swarbmaz, cf. G
*swenkanan. T-F 546–547. dial. swurbel id., or to Lith surmà ‘pipe,
*swaran ~ *swarò sb.n./f.: ON svar reed-pipe’ < *s⁄er- ‘to sound’); H-
‘answer’, OE and-swaru id., OFris ond-ser  AEEW 333; P I 1049–
swarmaz 392 swefanan
1050 (to IE *s⁄er- ‘to sound’); V OHG swebal, sweval id. Derived from IE
ANEW 565; O 892; K- *s⁄ep- ‘to throw, to pour’: Slav *s˙p‡,
S 748. *suti, Lith supù, sùpti ‘to rock, to swing’,
*swaròjanan wk.vb.: ON svara ‘to Lat supò. For the semantic development
answer’, OE and-swarian id., OFris cf. Slav *sîra ‘sulphur’ ~ Lat serum ‘whey’
andswara ‘to take responsibility’. Derived < IE *ser- ‘to flow’ (T Etim.
from *swaran ~ *swarò. H 1968 38–40). S IF LI 147 (a
AEEW 333; P I 1049; V Mediterranean Wanderwort); Z BB
ANEW 565; B IEL 434. XXV 93–94; G Got. 205
*swaròn sb.m.: Goth ufar-swara ‘perjurer’, (derived from *swefanan: sulfur vapors
ON mein-svari id., OE áä-swara ‘oath’, cause sleep); M ZDADL XLII 165–
OFris swara ‘juror’. Derived from *swar- 166 (reconstructs *s⁄elk ⁄lo- > *swelblaz);
janan. F 510; S 481; B- H Idg. Gr. I 309 (related to Lat
 Nom. 177–178. sulp(h)ur); B Glotta XXI 72–75 (from
*swartaz adj.: Goth swarts ‘black’, ON *swewlaz, follows H); T-F
svartr id., OE sweart ‘black, dark’, OFris 548 (reconstruct Gmc *swelplaz); T-
swart ‘black’, OS swart ‘black, dark’,  BSW 293; W-P II
OHG swarz ‘black’. Related to Lat sordès 533; H AEEW 334; W-
‘dirt’, from *sordus < *s⁄ordo- ‘dirty’ H II 628; F 466–467;
(S KZ XIX 270). Further cf. P I 909–910, 1046 (same as
Balkanic rvn. Bardãriow < *(s)⁄ordo-⁄ori- H); F 943–944; Z
‘black water’ (G Isseldov. 114). I 136; V-T III 818;
C KZ I 268; N IF X L GED 335; K-S 749;
230; P Beiträge 167; O Etym. A TB 689–690 (to Toch AB sälp- ‘to
92–97 (to Lat sorbus ‘sorb-tree’ < *s⁄ord- be set alight’).
⁄o-); T-F 550; S FB *swebnaz sb.m.: ON svefn ‘sleep’, OE
4–14; F 464; H AEEW neut. swefen id., OS sweban id. Derived
334; W-H II 562–563; from *swefanan. Continues IE *s⁄opnos ~
S Kratylos II 122; P I *s⁄epnos ~ *supnos id.: Toch A ßpäá, B
1052; C SGGJa I 91; V ßpane, Skt svápna-, Av x vafna-, Gk Ïpnow,
ANEW 565; O 892; L GED Alb gjumë, Lat somnus, OIr súan, Lith
333; H 574–575; K- sãpnas, Slav *s˙n˙ (B KZ XX
S 748. 40–41). M Etudes 383; B-
*swartènan wk.vb.: OHG ir-swarzèn ‘to  1863–1864; T-F 548;
become black’. Derived from *swartaz. P Kelt. Gr. I 94; T
Structurally close to Lat sordère ‘to be BSW 292; H AEEW 334;
dirty’. W-H II 562; V W-H II 557–558; P
ANEW 530; H 574. Gliederung 179; M III 561–562;
*swaþan ~ *swaþò sb.n./f.: ON svaä P I 1048; F 762; V
‘slide, a slippery place’, OE swaäu ‘track, ANEW 566; Z II 172; F
trace’, swæä id., OFris swethe ‘boundary, II 970–971; S 482; V-
track, trace’, MLG swad ‘row of T III 716–717; B
mown grass’, MHG masc. swade id. Of Nom. 73; O AED 138; A TB 666.
unknown origin. T-F 545 (part. *swefanan str.vb.: ON sofa ‘to sleep’, OE
of *swèjanan > MLG swàien ‘to swing’); swefan id. Related to Hitt “up- ‘to sleep’,
H AEEW 333; P I Skt svápiti id., Av -ap- id., Lat sopor ‘sleep’,
1041; O 892. Slav *s˙pati id. See *swebnaz. B-
*sweblaz ~ *sweflaz sb.m.: Goth swibls  1862–1863; T-F 548;
‘sulfur’, OE swefel id., OS sweval id., H AEEW 334, AWN 271, 297;
swefanan 393 swelanan
W-H II 561; J H AEEW 335; S Kl.

IEW 800; M III 561; P Schr. 69, KZ XL 400–401; W-
I 1048; V ANEW 528; S H II 550–551; F 462–463;
482–483; V-T III 732– M III 400–401; P I
733. 1043–1044; F 977; Z II
*swefnòjanan wk.vb.: ON sofna ‘to fall 179; F I 478–479; B IEL
asleep’, OE swefnian ‘to appear in a 201; V-T III 571–572;
dream, to dream’. Derived from *sweb- L GED 332; K-S 747;
naz. Structurally close to Slav *s˙n‡ti ‘to O AED 510–511.
fall asleep’. V ANEW 528; V- *sweknaz adj.: Goth swikns ‘pure, inno-
T III 733. cent’, ON sykn ‘innocent’. Continues
*swelòjanan wk.vb.: Goth swiglon ‘to *s⁄e-·no-, a compound of refl. *s⁄e- and a
play the flute’, OHG swegalòn id. Derived form of *·en6- ‘to give birth’ as in Gk neo-
from *swelò. F BB III 15, XIV gnÒw ‘newly born’, Lat mali-gnus ‘wicked,
111; P Beiträge 355; T-F ill-disposed’, Gaul -cnos in proper names
554; F 467; L GED 335. (e.g. Truticnos), Venet volti-xnos. B
*swelò(n) sb.f.: OE sweel ‘music (?)’, KZ XX (1872) 34 (from *su- ‘good’ and
OHG swegala, swegel ‘pipe’. An ono- *ƒa·no- as in Gk ègnÒw ‘pure, chaste,
matopoeic formation. Hardly related to holy’); B BB IV 354 (to Gk
Lat sìbilus, sìfilus ‘hissing, whistling’ (cf. sigalÒeiw ‘shining’); K NB II
sùbulò ‘flutist’ < Etr ≤uplu). T-F 211–212; W MLN XXV 75 (to
554; H AEEW 334; W- *swìk(w)anan); F KZ XXIII 311–
H II 531–532, 620; P I 312 (to Gk semnÒw ‘holy’, s°bomai ‘to
1040–1041; L GED 335. revere’); Z Gutt. 199; Z BB
*swexrò(n) sb.f.: Goth swaihro ‘mother-in- XVII 325–326 (to Slav *svî≥¸ ‘fresh’);
law’, ON sværa id., OE swér id., swehor id., T-F 554; M IF XXIII 126
OFris swiàr id. Cf. also *swerò > OE (same as Z); F 467; H-
sweer id., MDu sweger id., OHG swigar id.  AEEW 336; W-H II
Transformation of IE *s⁄e˚rù id.: Skt ≤va≤ 16; M Language XIX 261–262 (from
rù-, Gk •kurã, Arm skesur, Alb vjehërr, Lat *s⁄e- and *·nò- ‘to recognize, to know’);
socrus, W chwegr, Slav *svekry. T-F J IEW 791 (to IE *su- ‘good’);
544; S Kl. Schr. 60–62; P I 375; V ANEW 572;
H AEEW 334, 336; W- L GED 335–336; M
H II 550–551; F 462–463; Diachronica IV 249; L Expr. 339;
M III 400–401; P I H 582 (reconstructs *swiknaz).
1043–1044; T Rod. 118–120; *sweknò sb.f.: ON sykn ‘absolution’,
V ANEW 571; Z II 181; OE swicn ‘clearance from a criminal
F I 478–479; V-T III charge’. Substantivized *sweknaz. T-
572; B IEL 201; L GED F 554; H AEEW 336;
332; B Nom. 179; K- H 582.
S 751; O AED 510–511. *swelanan str.vb.: OE swelan ‘to burn’,
*swexuraz sb.m.: Goth swaihra ‘father-in- OHG pres. er-swilit ‘obcaluit’. Identical
law’ (n-stem), OSwed svér id., sv≠r, OE with Skt svarati ‘to shine’, cf. also Lith
swehor, swéor id., MDu sweer id., OHG sv”lù, svìlti ‘to singe, to smoulder’. T-
swehur id. Related to Skt ≤vá≤ura- id., Gk F 551; H AEEW 334;
•kurÒw id., Alb vjehërr id., Lat socer id., M III 563; P I 1045;
Lith “‚“uras id., Slav *svekr˙ id. continuing F 954; V ANEW 564;
IE *s⁄e˚uros. Z Gutt. 191; T- S 480; K-S 750; D
F 544; T BSW 295; BSA 21.
swelanan 394 swenþaz
*swelanan str.vb.: ON svelgja ‘to id., MLG swümmen id., OHG swimman
swallow’, OE swelan id., MLG swelgen id. Secondary ablaut type based on *swì-
id., OHG fir-swelgan id. Unclear. manan. T-F 548–549; H-
K KZ I 39; S KZ LXVI  AEEW 337; W-P 2
25–26; T-F 552; H 254 (to Lith sùmdyti ‘to hunt’); M-
AEEW 334; J IEW 805;  Gém. 71; J IEW 801;
P I 1045; V ANEW 567; P I 1046 (to OIr do-sennaim
O 891; S 488–489; K- ‘to hunt’ < *-s⁄emdhò ); F 788
S 750. (against W-P); V ANEW
*swellan sb.n.: ON svell ‘lump of ice’, 570; O 893–894; S 491–492;
OE e-swell ‘swelling, tumor’, MDu ge- L GED 337; K-S 751.
swelle id. Derived from *swellanan. V *swenwanan str.vb.: OE swinan ‘to
ANEW 567. swinge, to flog, to give a blow’, OFris
*swellanan str.vb.: ON svella ‘to swell’, swinga ‘to water’, MLG swingen ‘to swing’,
OE swellan id., OFris pres. swella id., OS OHG swingan ‘to flog’. Related to Skt svá-
swellan id., OHG swellan id. Derived from jate ‘to embrace, to clasp’ (W MP V
*swelanan? C Gr. Et. 372 (to Lat 285). R KZ XXXIX 78 (to Lith
salum ‘open sea, high sea’); S Gr. sùkti ‘to turn’); Z Gutt. 70; T-
112 (to Gk ëliw ‘enough’); P F 547; H AEEW 338;
KZ XXXV 230–231 (to Lat ìnsolèscò P I 1047–1048; O 894
‘to become unusual’); T-F 551; (to *senkwanan); S 493; K-
F 513; H AEEW 334–335; S 752.
W-H I 704–705 (to Lat *swenkanan str.vb.: OE swincan ‘to
ìnsolèns ‘insolent’); J IEW toil, to labor’. Related to OIr seng ‘slen-
806; P I 1045; V ANEW der, slim’ < *s⁄engo-. T-F 546;
567; O 893; F II 758 (to P I 1047.
Lith sálti ‘to flow’); S 489–490; *swenþa-lìkaz adj.: ON svinn-ligr ‘sensi-
L GED 373; K-S 750. ble’, OE swíä-líc ‘great, violent’. Derived
*swelljò sb.f.: ON syll, svill ‘threshold, sill’, from *swenþaz. H 577.
OE syll ‘sill, support’, MLG sul, sulle id. *swenþaz adj.: Goth swinþs ‘strong’,
(masc.), OHG swelli ‘sockle, foot-support’ ON svinnr, sviär ‘quick, swift’, OE swíä
(neut.). Connected with *sùlò ~ *sùliz. ‘strong’, OFris adv. swìthe ‘very, hard’,
T-F 552; H AEEW OS swìth ‘strong’, MHG swint, swinde
340; P I 1046; V ANEW 573 id. Related to *sun¶az. An alternative
(to Gk sel¤w ‘cross-beam, junction’); explanation based on Slav *sv≤t˙ ‘holy’
Z II 211; O 827. is less probable. G Got. 206;
*sweltanan str.vb.: Goth swiltan ‘to die’, P Beiträge 189, 587 (to Lith siun‘iù,
ON svelta ‘to starve, to die’, OE sweltan ‘to siûsti ‘to send’); J Festschr. Bugge
die’, OS sweltan id., OHG swelzan ‘to 28 (to Av spentò ‘holy’, Slav *sv≤t˙ id.);
burn slowly, to smoulder’ (hap. leg.). De- F BB XIV 109–110 (to Lat sonticus
rived from *swelanan. P KZ ‘hazardous’); P Beiträge 189 (to Skt
XXXIX 429 (to Arm k'a∑c' ‘hunger’ < suváti ‘to set in motion’); T-F 547;
*s⁄¬d-sko-); T-F 552; F 468; F 468–469; H AEEW 330,
H AEEW 335; J 338; K 262 (from *s·hu-, to *se·h- ‘to
IEW 806–807; P I 1045; V capture’), 264; S 128 (to Lith sveÛkas
ANEW 567–568; O 893; S ‘healthy’); H EG V 82–83; P
490–491; L GED 336. I 1048; V ANEW 570; O 848;
*swemmanan str.vb.: ON svimma, svima P 48–49; S Sprache XXIX
‘to swim’, OE swimman id., OFris swimma 32–33; L GED 336; B-
swenþaz 395 swèbaz
 Nom. 251 (from *sµ-tó- ‘whole’); W-P I 265; H

H 577–578, 586; K- AEEW 335; P I 1050; V
S 319. ANEW 568; Z I 143; O
*swenþìn sb.f.: Goth swinþei ‘strength’, 894; T Rem. 155, 363, 375;
MHG swinde id. Derived from *swenþaz. V-T III 573–574; S
F 468; L GED 336. LS 57; K-S 751.
*swenþjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-swinþjan ‘to *swerx( j)òn sb.m.: ON svíri ‘neck, nape’,
strengthen’, OE swíäan id. Derived from OE sweora, swira id. Related to Alb z-verk
*swenþaz. H AEEW 338; ‘occiput’ < PAlb *-swerka. Z Gutt.
F 468; L GED 336; H- 50; H AEEW 337 (to Lat sùrus
 577. ‘branch’); P I 1050 (to Skt sváru-
*swerbanan str.vb.: Goth af-swairban ‘to ‘pole’); V ANEW 571 (to OE sweor
wipe away’, ON sverfa ‘to file, to whirl ‘column, pillar’, MHG swir ‘riverside
around’, OE sweorfan ‘to rub, to scour, to post’); H KZ CVII/1 165–171 (Alb
file’, OFris pres. swerva ‘to crawl’, OS < Goth *swairhs); O AED 526–
pret. sg. swarf ‘to wipe away’, OHG swer- 527.
ban ‘to wipe, to make dry’. Related to *swestèr sb.f.: Goth swistar ‘sister’, ON
Slav *sv¸rbîti ‘to itch’. K KZ systir id., OE sweostor id., OFris swester id.,
I 39; P UUÅ 1891 55 (to Gk OS swestar id., OHG swester id. Continues
sÊrfow, Hes.); M ZDADL XLII 169 IE *s⁄esor- id.: Toch A ßar, B ßer, Skt
(to the unattested W chwerfu ‘whirling, svásar-, Arm k'oyr, Gk ¶or: yugãthr,
turning’); Z Gutt. 57; T-F éneciÒw (Hes.), Lat soror, OIr siur, Lith
550–551; F 10–11; H sesuõ, Slav *sestra. Generalized Gmc *-str-
AEEW 335; J IEW 805; < *-sr- in oblique cases (B
P I 1050–1051; V ANEW Grundriß I 776, II/1 333). P Kelt.
568; S LS 57; S 494–495; Gr. I 73; T-F 544; T
V-T III 573; L BSW 258; H AEEW 335–336;
GED 7. W-H II 563; F 469;
*swer¶a-beran¶z adj.: ON sverä-berendr P Gliederung 79; M III
‘warrior’, OE sweord-berende ‘sword-bear- 565; P I 1051; F 777–
ing’. Compound of *swer¶an and *beran¶z, 778; V ANEW 574; Z I
participle of *beranan. C Nom. comp. 157; F I 530–531; O 830;
61. S Kinship 313–318; B
*swer¶a-fatilaz sb.m.: ON sverä-fetill IEL 173; V-T III 612;
‘sword-strap’, MHG swert-vezzel id. Com- L GED 336–337; B
pound of *swer¶an and *fatilaz. C Nom. 208; K-S 751; A
Nom. comp. 52. TB 661; B IFTJa 259.
*swer¶an sb.n.: ON sverä ‘sword’, OE *swezjaz sb.m.: OSwed swiri ‘cousin’,
sweord id., OFris swerd id., OS swerd OFris swire ‘status of cousin’, OE e-swiria
id., OHG swert id. Etymologically close ‘nephew, sister’s son’ (masc. n-stem). De-
to Slav *sv¸rd¸l˙ ‘drill’ < *s⁄ºdh-ilo- rived from *swèsaz. H AEEW
(S-N I 160). K 338; P I 882; L GED
KZ LIX 204 (to OHG sweran ‘to hurt, to 336.
pain’); L PBB XV 518 (to Lat sorbus *swèbaz sb.m.: ON Sváfa-land ‘land of
‘sorb-tree’); S WuS VI 39 (to Swabians’, OE pl. Sw≠fe ‘Swabians’,
*swar¶uz ~ *swar¶ò); P SNF XVI/2 OHG pl. Swàba id. Cf. also Lat-Germ
38 (same as L); T-F 550 (to Suèbi, Suèvi. Based on the possessive
Gk êor ‘sword’); K KZ LIX 204 *s⁄e-. H AEEW 331; P-
(to OHG sweran ‘to ache, to pain’);  I 882–883; V ANEW 563;
swèbaz 396 switjanan
O JSL V/1 144–149 (against the Derived from *swèsaz. H
connection with Slav *svoboda ‘freedom’). 580.
*swèuraz sb.m.: OFris swàger ‘brother- *swèsaz adj.: Goth swes ‘one’s own’, ON
in-law’, MLG swàger id., OHG swàger, sváss id., OE sw≠s id., OFris swès ‘related’,
swàgur id. Vºddhi of *swex(u)raz, struc- OS swàs ‘own, nice, cosy’, OHG swàs
turally identical with Skt ≤và≤ura- ‘of the ‘private, intimate, homely’. Derived from
father-in-law’ (P IF II 201). IE *s⁄e-: Skt svá- ‘own’, Av hva- id., Gk ˜w
T-F 544; S Kl. Schr. 64–65; id., Lat suus id., OPrus swais, Slav *svoj¸
M III 400; P I 1043– and the like (D VW II 263).
1044; L GED 332; B B 1845–1846; T-F
IF LXXIII 133–135 (OFris swàger < 543; U PBB XXVII 132 (from
OHG). *s⁄èdh-to-); T BSW 251–252;
*swèljanan wk.vb.: ON svæla ‘to suffocate W-H II 626; F 466;
with smoke’, OE sw≠lan ‘to burn’. De- H AEEW 331–332; M-
rived from *swelanan. T-F 551;  III 566; P I 882; V
H AEEW 331; V ANEW ANEW 565–566; F I 431; V-
571 (to ON svalr ‘cool, fresh’); S T III 583; B IEL 269;
488; K-S 750; D BSA 21. L GED 335; H 579–
*swèraz adj.: Goth swers ‘valued, hon- 580.
ored’, ON svárr ‘heavy’, OE sw≠r id., *swiftaz adj.: MHG swifte ‘silent’. Derived
OFris swèr id., OS swàr id., OHG swàr from *swìbanan. Derivationally close to
id. Related to Lith sveriù, sveıti ‘to weigh, Messap s¤pta: si≈pa. Messãpioi, Hes.
to balance’, svarùs ‘heavy’, Latv svars < *s⁄ipto- (K IF XLVII 327).
‘weight’. Cf. also Lat sèrius ‘grave, T-F 556; K 78; P I
earnest’ (U PBB XXX 312). 1052; H 581.
K NB II 364–365; H Idg. Gr. I *swikan sb.n.: ON svik ‘treason, fraud’,
331 (to *g ⁄er- ‘heavy’); T-F 550; OE swic ‘deception, illusion’. Cf. also
F 466; H AEEW 331; OHG swìh id. < *swìkaz. Derived from
W-H II 521; P I *swìk(w)anan. T-F 553.
1150–1151; F 951; V ANEW *swikulaz adj.: ON svikall ‘treacherous’,
565; L GED 334–335; H- OE swicol ‘deceitful, false’, OHG bi-swih-
 578–579; K-S 750. hil ‘insidious’. Derived from *swìk(w)anan.
*swèrènan wk.vb.: Goth sweran ‘to K NB II 276, 284; H
honor’, OFris swèria ‘to be too heavy’, AEEW 336; V ANEW 569; S
OHG ana-ir-swàrèn ‘to get worse’. De- 486; H 582–583.
rived from *swèraz. F 465–466; *swinòjanan wk.vb.: ON svina ‘to sub-
L GED 334; H 579. side’, OHG swinòn ‘flaccere’. Derived
*swèriþò sb.f.: Goth sweriþa ‘honor’, from *swìnanan. J IEW 807–
OHG swàrida ‘load, weight’. Derived 808; V ANEW 570; S 484.
from *swèraz. F 466; L GED *swipaz sb.m.: ON svipr ‘swoop, sudden
334; H 579. loss’, MHG umbe-swif ‘turn, turning,
*swèrìn sb.f.: Goth un-swerei ‘dishonor’, ambit’. Derived from *swaipanan. T-
OHG swàrì ‘heaviness, load’. Derived F 555; V ANEW 571.
from *swèraz. F 466; H *swipòn sb.f.: ON svipa ‘whip’, OE swipe
579. id., MLG swepe id. Related to *swaipanan.
*swèsa-lìkaz adj.: ON svás-ligr ‘lovely, T-F 555; H AEEW
delightful’, OE sw≠s-líc ‘kindly, pleasant’, 338; V ANEW 570; S 480.
OFris swès-lik ‘kinsmanlike’, OS swès-lìk *switjanan wk.vb.: OHG swizzen ‘to
‘native’, OHG swàs-lìh ‘own, private’. sweat’. Identical with Skt svidyate id.
switjanan 397 swò(t)
Related to *swaitaz. T-F 554; ON svín id., OE swín id., OFris swìn id.,
M III 570; P I 1043; OS swìn id., OHG swìn id. Identical with
K-S 752. Lat suìnus ‘of pig’, Latv svìns ‘dirty’, Slav
*swìfanan str.vb.: ON svífa ‘to rove, to *svin˙ ‘of pig’ < *s⁄ìno-. The latter is
turn, to drift’, OE swífan ‘to move, to derived from IE *sù- ‘pig’. See *sùz.
sweep’, OFris pres. swìva ‘to be uncer- T-F 442; T BSW 294;
tain’, MHG pret. sg. sweif ‘to swing’. Cf. H AEEW 337–338; S
also Goth sweiban ‘to cease’. Related to Kl. Schr. 850; W-H II 636;
*swaipanan, *swaijanan. P BB F 465; P Gliederung 145;
XIX 263–266 (to Gk sivpÆ ‘silence’); P I 1038; V ANEW 570;
H AEEW 337; T-F Z I 144; O 894; B-
555–556; F 465; J IEW  IEL 28; V-T III
808 (to Gk sigÆ ‘silence’); P I 578; L GED 334; K-S
1042 (to Latv svipstis ‘coward’); V 749.
ANEW 569; O 893; S *swìnanan str.vb.: WFris swine ‘to fade’,
484–485; L GED 334; K- OHG swìnan id. Of unknown origin.
S 749. T-F 553; P I 1052; V
*swìk(w)anan str.vb.: ON svíkva, svíkja ‘to ANEW 570; S 483–484; L
betray’, OE swícan ‘to move about, to GED 334 (to *swìfanan).
wander’, OFris swìka ‘to remove’, OS *swòbjanan wk.vb.: ON sœfa ‘to kill, to
swìkan ‘to desert, to leave in the lurch’, sacrifice’. Identical with Skt svàpáyati ‘to
OHG swìhhan ‘to turn away, to decline’. make sleep’. Derived from *swefanan.
Related to Lith svaigiù, svaÛgti ‘to be M III 561; V ANEW 576.
dizzy’, Slav *svigati ‘to run after, to *swòiz sb.m.: ON sœgr ‘tumult, confu-
hurry’. T-F 553–554; H- sion’, OE swé ‘noise, din’. Related to Gk
 AEEW 336; S KZ LXVI ±xÆ ‘noise’ < *s⁄àgh-, Lith svagiù, svag∏ti
253 (to Toch B waike ‘lie’); J ‘to sound’ (F GGA 1894 237; Z
IEW 794–797 (to *swaipanan); P I Gutt. 181). B BB XXVII
1042; F 947; T Slav. 152; T-F 545; H
jaz. V 173; V ANEW 569; F AEEW 338; P I 1110; F
953, 1248; S 486–487; B- 946–947; V ANEW 577; F I 646–
 Nom. 56; A TB 611–612. 647; L GED 333.
*swìmanan str.vb.: Norw svìma ‘to move *swòjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-swogjan ‘to
back and forth’, OHG ùz-gi-swìman ‘to sigh’, OE swéan ‘to sound’, LG swögen ‘to
emerge’. Probably from *swìp-m-anan sigh’. Derived from *swòiz. H-
related to *swaipanan. T-F 553;  AEEW 339; F 202–203;
P I 1041. O 847; L GED 333–334.
*swimòn sb.m.: ON svimi ‘dizziness, gid- *swòpòjanan wk.vb.: ON sópa ‘to
diness’, OE swíma id., OFris swìma id., sweep’, E swoop. Related to *swabbòjanan.
MLG swìm id. Derived from *swìmanan. P I 1049; V ANEW 530.
T-F 553; H AEEW *swò(t) adv.: Goth swa ‘so, thus’, ON svá,
337; P I 1041 (W chwyf ‘motion, só id., OE swá, sw≠ ‘as, that’, OFris sà, sò
unrest’); V ANEW 570. ‘so, thus’, OS sò id., OHG sò id.
*swìna-xer¶jaz sb.m.: ON svín-hiräir Continues *s⁄òd (B Grundriß II/3
‘swine-herd’, OE swín-hyrde id., OS swìn- 1008). Related to Gk particle (instr.) Àw
hirdi id., OHG swìn-hirte id. Compound of ‘as, like’ < *s⁄ò-s, OLat adv. (abl.) suàd
*swìnan and *xer¶jaz. C Nom. comp. ‘thus’. B Dem. 31–32 (to Av
79 (parallel formations). *xva t- ‘as, like’); T-F 543; W-
˜
*swìnan sb.n.: Goth swein ‘pig, swine’, P II 611; H AEEW
swò(t) 398 taran
331; F 462; W-H II 611–612; M III 567–569;

611; V ANEW 563; F II 1152; P I 1039–1040; V ANEW
O 841; L GED 331–332; 577; F I 623; O 893; R-
K-S 768 (from *swè ); B-  75–84; S Festschr. Matzel
 OFED s.v. 121–124; L GED 331; B-
*swòtìn sb.f.: ON sœti ‘sweetness’, OS suoti  Nom. 263; H 584–
id., OHG suozì id. Derived from *swòtuz. 585; K-S 810.
H 585. *swullaz sb.m.: ON sullr ‘boil’, OFris
*swòtuz adj.: ON sœtr ‘sweet’, OE swót, swoll ‘swelling’. Derived from *swellanan.
swéte id., OFris swète id., OS swòti id., T-F 551; V ANEW 560;
OHG suozi id. Zero grade in Goth sutis S 490.
‘gentle, yielding’ < *sutjaz. Related to Skt *swultiz sb.m.: ON sultr ‘hunger’, OE
svàdú- ‘savory, sweet’, Gk ≤dÊw ‘sweet’, swylt ‘death, destruction’. Zero-grade de-
Lat suàuis id. K NB II 363; rivative of *sweltanan (L IF XIII 8).
T-F 556; E apud F T-F 552; H AEEW
(Goth suts < *su-di-, to *su- ‘good’ and 339; V ANEW 560; L GED
*dei- ‘to shine’); S IF XXVII 336.
157–158 (on short *u in Goth); F *s(w)umpaz sb.m.: ON soppr ‘ball’, OHG
461–462; H AEEW 339; sumpf ‘swamp’. Related to *swampaz.
A passim; W-H II T-F 549.
t
*ta¶janan wk.vb.: ON teäja ‘to dung, to *taaz sb.m.: Norw dial. tag, tagged ‘tow-
manure’, E ted ‘to spread (hay)’, OHG ering hill top’, MLG tagge ‘edge, prong’.
zetten ‘to spread’. Derived from *ta¶òn. Close to Skt da≤à ‘thread on the edge
T-F 150; V ANEW 584; of the fabric, fringe’. T-F 153;
K-S 909. P I 191.
*ta¶òn sb.f.: ON taäa ‘manured meadow’, *talan ~ *talaz sb.n./m.: Goth tagl
OHG zata ‘tousled hair’. Continues ‘hair’, ON tagl ‘horse’s tail’, OE tæl ‘tail’,
*d6-tó-, participle of *dà-: Skt dàti ‘to cut, MLG tagel ‘rope’s end’, OHG zagal ‘tail’.
to divide’, part. ditá- ‘cut out, divided’, Derived from *taaz. Derivationally
Gk da¤omai ‘to divide’, dat°omai id. close to Ir dúal ‘hairlock’ < *do˚lo-.
T-F 150; P I 175–178 S KZ I 155 (to Skt d®hyati ‘to be
(specifically to Gk dat°omai); V strong’); Z Gutt. 192; T-F
ANEW 579; F I 341–342, 351–352. 152; H AEEW 341; F 470;
*tafnan sb.n.: ON tafn ‘sacrifice’. Identical P I 191; C SGGJa I
with Lat damnum ‘harm, damage’ < *dap- 99; V ANEW 580; Z II 172;
nom, cf. also daps ‘meal’, Arm tawn ‘feast’ O 900; G BNF III
< *dapni-. P KZ XXXII 247 23–24 (to Illyr Docleates); L GED
(heteroclytic stem related to *tibran); 338; B Nom. 75–76; K-
D Festschr. Hirt II 546; T-F S 902.
155; W-H I 323–324; P *taran sb.n.: Goth tagr ‘tear’, OE teaor id.
I 176; V ANEW 579; B Accentual and morphological variant of
IEL 61, 485. *taxru(z). Z Gutt. 192; T-F
taran 399 tainjòn
154; H AEEW 343; F 470; *taiknjanan wk.vb.: Goth taiknjan ‘to
P Gliederung 202; P I 179; show, to exhibit’, OE t≠cnan ‘to show, to
L GED 338; K-S 903. appoint’, OHG zeihhanen, zeihnen ‘to sign,
*taxjanan wk.vb.: Goth tahjan ‘to tear’, to signal’. Derived from *taiknan. F
Icel tæja ‘to card, to comb’. Related to 472; V ANEW 585; O 929;
*tèò. Z Gutt. 192; T-F L GED 340; K-S 905.
152; F 470–471; L GED 338. *taiknòjanan wk.vb.: ON teikna ‘to mark,
*taxria-xleuzaz ~ *taxrua-xleuzaz to denote, to beckon’, OE tácnian ‘to make
adj.: ON tárug-hlÿra ‘with tearful cheeks’, a mark, to indicate, to mark’’, OFris tèkna
OE teári-hleór ‘having the cheeks wet ‘to sign, to signal’, MLG tèkenen id.
with tears’. Compound of *taxriaz ~ Derived from *taiknan. T-F 162.
*taxruaz (see *taxr(uz)) and *xleuzaz (see *taikuraz sb.m.: OE tácor ‘husband’s
*xleuzan). C Nom. comp. 67. brother’, OFris tàker id., OHG zeihhur id.
*taxru(z) sb.n./m.: ON tár ‘tear’, OE teár Related to Skt devár- id., Afgh lèwar- id.,
id., OFris tàr id., OHG zahar id. (i-stem). Arm taigr id., Gk d`Ær id., Lat lèvir id.,
Related to Gk dãkru id., OIr dér id., W Lith dieverìs id., Slav *dîver¸ id. (C
deigr id. C Gr. Et. 133; T-F Gr. Et. 221). Gmc reflects the thematiza-
154; H AEEW 344; F 470; tion of the oblique cases (gen. sg. *dai⁄res)
S Language XV 180–187; P but the inlaut -k- remains unexplained.
Gliederung 202; P I 179; V L Studien 36 (-k- influenced by an
ANEW 582; Z II 189; F I unattested form related to Lith laigõnas
344; O 906; K-S 903. ‘brother-in-law’); T-F 151; H-
*taiaz sb.m.: ON teigr ‘strip of land’.  AEEW 341; W-H I
Structurally similar to Skt de≤á- ‘place, 787–788; M II 64; P I
region’. Derived from *tìxanan. T- 179; F 94; Z I 136;
F 163; M II 65; P I F I 338–339.
188; V ANEW 585; B *tainaz sb.m.: Goth tains ‘branch, twig’,
Nom. 49. ON teinn ‘twig, sprout’, OE tán id., OS tèn
*taixwò(n) sb.f.: ON tá ‘toe’ (root stem), ‘staff ’, OHG zein ‘shaft, staff ’. Continues
OE táhe, tá id., OFris tàne id., MLG tè, tèn, *d6i-no- based on IE *dài- ‘to divide’, cf.
tèwe id., OHG zèha id. Probably derived Skt dàti ‘to cut, to divide, to mow’, Gk
from *tìxanan. Z Gutt. 70; T- pass. da¤etai ‘to be torn’ (K GRM
F 163; H AEEW 342; XXXVI 346). F I 459 (to Gk dÒnaj
P I 188–189; C SGGJa ‘reed’, Latv pl. dònis ‘reed’); G
I 89; V ANEW 578; Z II Got. 207 (to Skt d≈yati ‘to fly, to soar’, Gk
211; O 928; K-S 905; d¤emai ‘to hasten’); B BB XXIV 446
B OFED s.v. (follows F); W BB XXVIII
*taiknan sb.n.: Goth taikn ‘token’, ON 54 (same as G); T-F
teikn ‘token, sign’, OE tácn id., OFris tèken 151; H AEEW 342; F 473;
id., OS tèkan id., OHG zeihhan id. A pho- M II 31; P I 175–176;
netically irregular derivative of *tìxanan V ANEW 585–586; Z I 136;
(N Abriß 165). K Festschr. F I 341–342; O 582; K-
Kluge 65–69; T-F 162; F 472; S 903.
H AEEW 341; P I *tainjòn sb.f.: Goth tainjo ‘basket’, ON
188–189; V ANEW 585; Z II teina id., OHG zeina id. Derived from
190; O 929; L GED 340; *tainaz. T-F 151; S KZ
B Nom. 72, 147; S LXII 258 (same motivation as in Gk
KZ CIV 36–40; K-S 905; sxoino›sin Ífasm°now, Anth. Palatina VI
B OFED s.v. 247); K Nom. Stamm. 43–44; V
tainjòn 400 talòjanan
ANEW 585; L GED 340; K- lows Z), 884; O 900; S-
S 903.  498–499; L GED 342–343;
*taisanan str.vb.: OHG zeisan ‘to pluck’. M KZ CVI 151–160.
Related to Gk da¤omai ‘to divide’. Cf. *talan sb.n.: ON tal ‘talk, conversation,
*tainaz. T-F 164; P I number’, OE tæl ‘tale, number, series’,
175–179; F I 341–342; S 498. OS tal, gi-tal ‘number, series, reckoning’.
*taisjanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. teisa ‘to Cf. also *talò(n). Related to Gk dÒlow
pluck, to pull to pieces’, OE t≠san ‘to tear ‘wile, bait, cunning’, Lat dolus ‘guile,
to pieces, to pull to pieces’, MLG tèsen deceit’ (F BB II 209). T-F
‘to twitch, to scratch’. Derived from 158–159; W MLN XXVI 167 (to Skt
*taisanan. T-F 164; H dálati ‘to burst, to crack’, Lat dolò ‘to
AEEW 342. hew’); R ZDADL LVII 189–
*taitaz adj.: Burg *taits ‘serene’, ON teitr 190; W-H I 366–367; H-
‘glad, cheerful’, OE tát- (in prop.), MDu  AEEW 341, ANW 299 (to Arm to∑
teet ‘fine’, OHG zeiz ‘nice, delicate’. ‘row’); P I 193; V ANEW 580;
Related to Lith dìdis ‘big’, didùs ‘sublime’ Z II 183; F I 407–408;
(S IF XIV 433; B BB L GED 341; K-S 902.
XXVII 161). S MSL VI 75 (to *talaz adj.: Goth un-tals ‘undisciplined,
Lat lùdus ‘play’, with “Sabinian” l- < d-); disobedient’, OE e-tal ‘quick, ready,
K NB I 61; T-F 162; active’, OS gi-tal ‘deft, adroit’, OHG zal
H AEEW 343; P I 183 ‘quick, fast’. Related to *talan, *talò(n).
(to Gk d∞low ‘visible, clear’, Lith dailùs T-F 158–159; F 158–159;
‘pretty’); V ANEW 586; F 93; H AEEW 341; P I
K 714; H 587–588. 193; L GED 341; H
*taitjanan wk.vb.: ON teita ‘to gladden, to 588–589.
cheer’, OE t≠tan id. Derived from *taitaz. *talò ~ *talan sb.f./n.: ON talg ‘tal-
H AEEW 342; V ANEW low’, MDu talch id. Probably related to
586; H 588. *tuluz (H ANW 305). T-
*taitòn sb.m.: ON prop. Teiti, OHG zeizo F 160; P I 196 (to MIr delt
‘little boy’. Derived from *taitaz. V ‘dew’); V ANEW 594; L 246;
ANEW 586; H 588. H 607.
*takan sb.n.: ON tak ‘hold, chattels, *taljanan wk.vb.: ON telja ‘to tell, to
seizure’, Scot tack ‘lease’. Derived from count’, OE tellan ‘to recount, to tell’,
*takanan. V ANEW 580; S OFris tella ‘to tell’, OS tellian id., OHG
499. zellen ‘to count’. Derived from *talan.
*takanan str.vb.: ON taka ‘to take, to T-F 159; H AEEW
seize’, OE tacan ‘to take’, MLG tacken id. 344; P I 193; V ANEW 586;
Despite the phonetic difference in the O 908; L GED 341; K-
anlaut, to be compared with Toch B tek-, S 902.
tak- ‘to touch’, Gk aor. part. tetag≈n *talmòjanan wk.vb.: ON tálma ‘to hin-
‘seizing’, Lat tangò ‘to touch’. L PBB der’, MLG talmen ‘to dawdle’. Unclear.
XXXII 148 (to Lith dag‹s ‘thistle’); P I 196 (to Slav *d¸liti ); V
Z Gutt. 169, KZ XXXVII 390 (to ANEW 581.
Gk dãktulow ‘finger’); T-F 151– *talòjanan wk.vb.: ON tala ‘to talk, to
152; H AEEW 341 (OE < speak’, OE talian ‘to suppose, to consider,
ON); W-H II 647–648; to reckon’, OFris talia ‘to count’, OS talòn
F 475; J IEW 479–480; ‘to calculate’, OHG zalòn ‘to count’. De-
P I 183; C SGGJa I rived from *talan. T-F 159; H-
111; V ANEW 580; F I 345 (fol-  AEEW 342; V ANEW 581.
talò(n) 401 tanþz
*talò(n) sb.f.: ON tala ‘number’, OE talu tie together’, OE tengan ‘to press, to has-
‘tale, story, account’, OFris tele ‘sum, ten’, MLG tengen ‘to begin’. Derived from
pledge’, OS tala ‘number’, OHG zala *tanxuz. F III 152; T-F 152;
‘crowd, calculation, number’. A variant H AEEW 345; P I 201;
of *talan. T-F 158–159; H- V ANEW 586; H 591.
 AEEW 342; V ANEW 581; *tanjaz adj.: ON sam-tengr ‘bandaged’, OE
Z II 183; O 900; L e-tene ‘near, close’, OS bi-tengi ‘adher-
GED 341; K-S 902; B ing’, OHG gi-zengi ‘reaching’. Derived
OFED s.v. from *tanjanan. K NB II 375;
*tamaz adj.: ON tamr ‘tame’, OE tam id., T-F 152; H AEEW 345;
OFris tam id., OS tam id., OHG zam id. P I 201; V ANEW 581; M
Related to Skt dàmyati ‘to be tame, to KZ CV 103; H 590–591.
tame’, arim-dama- ‘bridling (an enemy)’, *tanò sb.f.: ON t‡ng ‘tongs’ (i-stem and
Gk damãv ‘to tame’, Lat domò id., MIr root stem), OE tan, tane id., OFris tange
damnaim ‘to subdue’. Further connected id., OS tanga id., OHG zanga id. Related
with IE *dom- ‘house’. T-F 156; to *tanjanan. T-F 152; M
F 203; H AEEW 342; UG I 72 (to Slav *d‡ga ‘arc’); H
W NP 44–45, Postv. 42–46; AEEW 342–343; P I 201; V
W-H I 367–368; M- ANEW 604; Z II 211; O
 II 19, 35; P I 199–200; 930; L GED 338; K-S
V ANEW 581; F I 346; O 903 (to Alb danë ‘tongs’).
901; R 31; S Erw. *tanò(n) sb.m./f.: ON tangi ‘spit of land,
73–74; L GED 149–150; B- pointed end by which the blade is driven
 Nom. 239; H 589–560; into the handle’, MLG tange ‘sandbank
K-S 902. between two marshes’. Historically iden-
*tamjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-tamjan ‘to tical with *tanò. Related to *tanjanan.
tame, to subdue’, ON temja ‘to tame’, T-F 168; V ANEW 581.
OE temian id., OHG zemmen id. Derived *tanxuz adj.: ON sbst. tá ‘path, walk’, OE
from *tamaz. Structurally similar to tóh ‘tough, tenacious’, MLG tà, tèie id.,
Skt damàyáti ‘to subdue, to overpower’. OHG zàh ‘hard, firm’. Probably con-
T-F 156; H AEEW nected with Gk dasÊw ‘thick’, Lat dènsus
345; F 203; M II 19; V id. K NB II 374–375; T-
ANEW 586; L GED 149; H- F 152; H AEEW 350;
 590. P I 191, 201–202; V ANEW
*tan¶janan wk.vb.: Goth tandjan ‘to light 579; O 933; L Expr. 170; H-
(a lamp), to kindle’, ON tenda ‘to kindle’  591– 592; K-S 902.
(hap. leg.), OE tendan, on-tendan id. Cf. *tanþ-lausaz adj.: ON tann-lauss ‘tooth-
OHG zunten ‘to put on fire’ < *tun¶janan. less’, late OE tóä-leás id., late OHG zand-
Related to *tenþanan. T-F 154; lòs id. Compound of *tanþz and *lausaz.
H AEEW 345; F 474; C Nom. comp. 90 (parallel formations).
V ANEW 586; O 925; S *tanþòjanan wk.vb.: ON tanna ‘to dent’,
502; H SCelt XII–XIII 1–2 (to W Du dial. tanden ‘to thrust teeth into’.
ennyn ‘to light’); L GED 341–342; Derived from *tanþz. V ANEW 581.
K-S 916. *tanþz sb.f./m.: ON t‡nn ‘tooth’ (< *tanþu-),
*tan¶ran sb.m.: ON tandri ‘fire’, OHG OE tóä id., OFris tòth id., OS tand id.
zantero, zantaro ‘hot ashes’. Derived from (i-stem), OHG zand, zant, zan id. (i-stem).
*tan¶janan, *tenþanan. T-F 155; Related to Skt dánt- id., Gk Ùd≈n, ÙdoÊw
V ANEW 581; S 502. id., Arm atamn id., OIr dét, Lith dantìs id.
*tanjanan wk.vb.: ON tengja ‘to fasten, to Cf. also *tunþuz. T-F 154; H-
tanþz 402 taujanan
 AEEW 351; M II ANEW 582; Z II 178; S LS

16–17; P I 289; B BSL 17 (to Lith daı≥as ‘garden’); K 715;
XXXII 74–76; C SGGJa I K-S 903.
103; F 82; V ANEW 604; *tarxjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-tarhjan ‘to dis-
Z II 211; F II 352–353; tinguish, to note’. Identical with Skt
C 776; O 931; S dar≤áyati ‘to cause to see’. Further con-
180; L GED 349; B nected with Skt perf. dadár≤a ‘to see’, Gk
Nom. 202; G Wurzelnomina d°rkomai id., OIr pret. ad-con-darc id. See
479–481; K-S 902–903. *turxtaz. M MSL XV 349–351
*tappjanan wk.vb.: ON teppa ‘to close, to (on *-x- in this position); T-F
stop, to shut in’, MLG teppen ‘to plug’, 157–158; F 203; M II 23;
MHG zepfen ‘to tap’. Derived from *tap- P I 213; F I 368; L
pòn. V ANEW 586. GED 150.
*tap(p)òjanan wk.vb.: ON tapa ‘to lose, *tarò(n) ~ *taraz sb.f.m.: ON tara ‘war,
to destroy’, MLG tappen ‘to touch fight, battle’, OE taru ‘tear, break’, MHG
lightly’. Based on *tappòn. T-F zar ‘war, fight’. Derived from *teranan.
155; P I 155; V ANEW 582; H AEEW 343; J
H 595. IEW 483 (to Lith dard∏ti ‘to creak’); V
*tappòn sb.m.: ON tappi ‘tap’, OE tæppa ANEW 582.
id., MLG tappe id., OHG zapfo id. *taskò(n) sb.f.: ON taska ‘trunk, chest, pouch,
Connected with Skt dépati ‘to push, to pocket’, MLG tasche ‘bag’. Of unknown
strike’, Gk d°fv ‘to knead’? P origin. T-F 160 (to *tasòjanan).
LUÅ XIV/31 60 (to *teppaz); T-F *tasòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. tasa ‘to
155; H AEEW 341; P I ravel out’, LG tasen ‘to pluck’. Of un-
203; V ANEW 582; F I 372–373; known origin. T-F 160.
O 903; K-S 903. *taspòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. taspa ‘to
*tar¶az adj.: OHG zart ‘delicate’. Cf. MLG drag, to trail’, MHG zaspen id. An
tert-lik ‘pampered’. Identical with MPers dart emphatic derivative of *tasòjanan. T-
‘harassed’. Derived from *teranan (G F 160.
DW 403). F 120 (against G); *tassaz adj.: Goth un-ga-tass ‘irregular,
T-F 158; L GED 92. undisciplined, idle’, MDu on-ge-thes ‘rest-
*tarjanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. targa ‘to less’. The negative form *un-tassaz is
pull with teeth’, Norw dial. terga ‘to tease’, identical with Gk ê-dastow ‘undivided’,
OE tirgan ‘to irritate, to provoke’, MLG further related to Gk dat°omai ‘to
tergen, targen ‘to drag, to pull’, G zergen ‘to divide’ (F Glotta II 128). See *ta¶òn.
pull’. Related to Lith dìrginti ‘to move, to S GG I 676; F 520; P
shake’, Slav *d¸rgati ‘to pull’. T-F I 177; F I 351–352; C 254;
158; H AEEW 347; P I L GED 377.
210; F 96; S LS 19. *taufran sb.n.: ON taufr ‘sorcery’, OE
*taròn sb.f.: Gep *targa ‘rim, edge’, ON téafor ‘coloring pigment’, OFris tàver
targa ‘target, a small round shield’, OE ‘magic’, MLG tover, tober id., OHG zoubar
tare ‘small shield’, LG targe ‘shield’, id. (also masc.). Derived from *tawjanan?
OHG zarga ‘framing’. Probably, con- Reminds of *tafnan and *tibran. L-
nected with *tarjanan (W MLN XIII  ANF XXXII 285 (to unattested
292). Z Gutt. 181; T-F Slav *d˙pati ); T-F 151; H-
158 (to Slav *po-dorg˙ ‘edge’);  AEEW 343; P I 193; V
H AEEW 343 (OE < ON); ANEW 583; Z II 172; K-
P I 213 (to Gk drãssomai ‘to S 904.
grasp’); C- SGGJa I 73; V *taujanan wk.vb.: ON teygja ‘to stretch
taujanan 403 texswò(n)
out, to draw’, OE tían ‘to tie’. Causative O 905; L GED 342; K-
of *teuxanan. T-F 167; H- S 904.
 AEEW 347; P I 220; *tawò sb.f.: ON pl. g‡tvar ‘armor, hoard’,
V ANEW 587; O 922; L OE pl. eatwe ‘arms, garments’, OHG gi-
GED 346. zouwa ‘tool, implement’. Of unknown ori-
*tauò sb.f.: ON taug ‘string, rope’, OE gin. Z Gutt. 70; V ANEW
teá ‘band, tie’. Derived from *teuxanan. 199; L GED 342.
T-F 167; H AEEW *teuz num.: Goth pl. -tigjus ‘set of ten’,
343; V ANEW 583 (to *tèò); O ON -tigr id., OE -ti id., OFris -tich id.,
923; S 504; L GED 346; OS -tig id., OHG -zug id. Continues
K-S 817. poorly attested IE *de˚ú-, a derivational
*tauxò(n) sb.f.: Icel tóa ‘she-fox’, MLG tò variant of *de˚µ, see *texun. S
‘bitch’, OHG zòha id. Derived from *teux- Lat. 145–146 (identical with decu- in Lat
anan. For a similar semantic development decu-ria ‘division consisting of ten, a com-
cf. Skt lopà≤á- ‘fox’, Gk él≈phj id. based pany of ten, tithing’); T-F 153;
on *⁄el- ‘to tear (into parts)’ (G- H AEEW 347; F 150;
I II 513). T-F 151. P I 191–192; V ANEW 588
*tauxmaz sb.m.: ON taumr ‘bridle, rein’, (reconstructs *de˚-u-); O 952;
OE teám ‘tie, offspring, family, children’, L GED 114, 344; B
OFris tàm ‘bridle, descendants, offspring’, GD 3–8 (from *de˚“t-); R-B
MLG tòm ‘bridle, rein’, OHG zoum id. Numerals 602–609; K-S 911.
Derived from *teuxanan (G KZ *texan ~ *texòn sb.n./f.: ON té ‘disposal’,
XII 133; S Recueil 418). Z OE teohh ‘association, company, band’,
Gutt. 75; T-F 167; H MLG teche ‘succession, association’, OHG
AEEW 344; P I 221; V zehha ‘collective contribution’. Related to
ANEW 584 (against G); M- IE *de˚- ‘to take, to receive’: Gk dok°v
 NVA 1925/1 22–23; Z ‘to seem, to think’, Lat decet ‘to be seemly,
I 136; O 906; S 504; to be appropriate’. G Got.
L GED 346; B Nom. 209 (to *tèwò); U IF XXV 146
71; K-S 904. (ON té to OE tíä ‘grant, concession’);
*tauxmjanan wk.vb.: ON teyma ‘to lead H AEEW 349, AWN 301 (to
by the rein’, MLG tömen ‘to bridle’. De- *tìxanan); W-H I 330–331;
rived from *tauxmaz. V ANEW 587. P I 189–190; V ANEW 584;
*tawjanan wk.vb.: Goth taujan ‘to do, to F I 404–406; L GED 343;
make’, Run pret. tawido ‘to make’, MLG K-S 904.
touwen ‘to prepare, to make’, OHG zowen *texan¶òn ~ *texun¶òn ~
‘to prepare’. Derived from *tawò, with the *texunþòn num.: Goth taihunda ‘tenth’,
semantic evolution from a concrete to an ON tíundi id., OE teóäa id., OFris sbst.
abstract meaning, cf. Slav *kresati ‘to kin- tegotha ‘tax, tithe’, OS tegotho, tehando
dle (light)’ ~ Lat creò ‘to create’ (T- ‘tenth’, OHG zehanto id. Derived from
 ESSJa XII 124–125). O *texun. Cf. Toch A ≤känt, B ≤kante ‘tenth’,
IF V 282–283 (to Skt dùrá- ‘far, distant’, Gk d°katow id., Lith de“iMtas id. T-
Gk dhrÒw ‘long’); P KZ XLV F 153; H AEEW 345; F
281–284 (derived from *tèwò); L 471–472; P I 191–192; F I
IF V 342–343 (to Gk doËlow ‘slave’); 359; F 91; V ANEW 590;
M NTS III 124 (from *t- L GED 339; R-B Numerals
awjanan, to *aujan); T-F 166; 631–633; A TB 637; B IFTJa
H AEEW 343; F 474–475; 257; B OFED s.v.
P I 218; V ANEW 583; *texswò(n) sb.f.: Goth taihswa ‘right hand,
texswò(n) 404 ten¶az
right side’, OLFr tesewa id., OHG zesawa MLG telge, telch ‘narrow branch’ (also
id. Substantivized *texswòn ~ *texswaz. neut.), OHG zelga ‘field (one of three)’
F 471; L GED 338; H- (fem.). Probably related to Lith dafigis
 594. ‘scythe’ < *delg(h)- ‘to cut off ’. T-
*texswòn ~ *texswaz adj.: Goth taihswa F 160; T BSW 44; H-
‘right’, MDu tesuwe id., OHG zeso id.  AEEW 344; P I 196;
Particularly close to Gk dejiÒw id. < F 81; V ANEW 591; K-
*dejiWÒw, Gaul Dexsiva Dea, OIr dess id. < S 906.
*de˚s⁄o- (P Gliederung 138). Further *temanan str.vb.: Goth ga-timan ‘to
related to Skt dákßina-, Alb djathtë (based match, to fit in’, MDu be-temen ‘to allow
on *djath < PAlb *detsa), Lat dexter, Lith oneself, to befit’, OHG zeman ‘to fit, to
d‚“inas, Slav *desn˙. Z Gutt. 192; befit, to become’. Identical with Toch AB
B Grundriß II/1 202 (suff. *-⁄o- tsäm- ‘to grow’, Gk d°mv ‘to build’ (F
under the influence of *lai⁄os ‘left’); I 66, 454) although “die abweichende
T-F 154; W-H I Bedeutung . . . macht die ursprüngliche
346–347; F 471; S KZ LXII Identität etwas fraglich” (F I 364).
217–219; H EG V 81–82; P G Got. 93–94 (to IE *dè(i)- ‘to
I 189–191; F 91; F I bind’); T-F 156; F 205;
366–367; B IEL 211; L B BSL LI 14–29; P I
GED 338; H 593–594; O 198–199; S 501–502; L
AED 67–68. GED 150–151; K-S 910;
*texun num.: Goth taihun ‘ten’, ON tíu A TB 735–736.
id., OE tín id., OFris tiàn id., OS tehan id., *temran sb.n.: ON timbr ‘timber’, OE tim-
OHG zehan id. Continues IE *de˚µ id.: ber ‘timber, building’, OFris timber id., OS
Toch A ≤äk, B ≤ak, Skt dá≤a, Gk d°ka, timbar ‘timber, building’, OHG zimbar id.
Arm tasn, Lat decem, OIr deich n-. From *dem-ro- further related to *temanan.
Z Gutt. 192; T-F 153; B BB XXVII 152; T-
S MLN XL 25; H F 156; H AEEW 348;
AEEW 347; W-H I 327–328; P I 198; V ANEW 588;
F 471; P Gliederung 198; Z I 144; O 924; B-
M II 26; P I 191–192;  242, 250; L GED 345;
V ANEW 590; F I 359–360; K-S 911.
O 909; L GED 339; R- *temrjanan ~ *temròjanan wk.vb.:
B Numerals 590–593; K-S Goth timrjan ‘to build, to construct’, ON
905; A TB 619; B IFTJa timbra ‘to build of timber’, OE timbran,
257–258; B OFED s.v. timbrian ‘to build, to construct’, OFris tim-
*tel¶an sb.n.: ON tjald ‘tent, hangings’, bria, timmeria ‘to build of timber’, OS tim-
OE teld ‘tent’, MLG telt, telde id., OHG bròn id., OHG zimbaròn id. Derived from
zelt id. Related to Gk d°ltow ‘writing *temran. T-F 156; H
tablet’ < *‘plank, board’ (F I 456). AEEW 348; F 478; V ANEW 588;
B MSL VII 446 (from Rom *tenda B IEL 242, 250–251; K-
‘tent’); T-F 159; H S 911.
AEEW 344; J IEW 492; *temr(j)òn sb.m.: Goth timrja ‘carpenter’,
P I 195 (to IE *del- ‘to split’); OS timbro ‘builder’, OHG zimbaro id. De-
V ANEW 591; Z I 144; F rived from *temran (S Kl. Schr. 863).
I 361–362; S 501; C I F 478; O 924; L GED 345.
260; K-S 907. *ten¶az sb.m.: ON tindr ‘spike, tooth’, OE
*telaz ~ *telòn sb.m.: ON tjálgr tind ‘tine, prong, tooth’, MLG tind, tinde
‘prong, fork’, OE tela ‘branch, bough’, ‘tine, sharp projecting point’, OHG zint
ten¶az 405 teunjanan
id. Cf. also *ten¶jò id. > MLG tinne, OHG 216; C SGGJa I 72; F
zinna. Derived from *tunþuz. T-F 90–91; V ANEW 591; F I 411–
154; H AEEW 349; F 483; 412; O 903; L GED 343;
P I 289 (to OIr dind ‘hill’); V K-S 819.
ANEW 589; O 925; D Vºddhi *tetruz sb.m.: OE teter ‘tetter, a cutaneous
402–406; K-S 912. disease’. Related to Skt dadrú- ‘skin disease,
*tenþanan str.vb.: OE tinneä ‘burned’, leprosy’, Lith dedervinE ‘tetter’, Latv dedere
MHG 1 sg. pres. zinne ‘to start burning’. ‘eczema’ (Bù Aist. 143). P
Of unknown origin. T Idg. Beiträge 780; K KZ LXV 142;
Anz. XXXIII 32 (to OIr and- ‘to kindle’); T-F 157; H AEEW
T-F 154–155; V Mélanges 346; M II 14; P I 209;
Andler 383–388; F 474; O 925; F 85; O 913.
S 502; L GED 341. *teuxanan str.vb.: Goth tiuhan ‘to lead, to
*teppaz sb.m.: Norw dial. tipp ‘tip’, ME tip bring’, ON part. toginn ‘to draw’, OE teón
id., MLG tip id., MHG zipf id. Related to id., OFris tia id., OS tiohan id., OHG zio-
*tappòn. T-F 164. han id. Etymologically related to Lat dùcò
*teranan str.vb.: Goth dis-tairan ‘to tear ‘to pull, to lead’, W dygaf ‘to bring’, Alb
asunder’, OE teran ‘to tear, to rend’, OHG nduk ‘to pluck out, to pull out, to tear’ <
zeran ‘to quarrel, to have a row’. Related PAlb *en-duka. Z Gutt. 210; T-
to Toch AB tsär- ‘to be separated, to sep- F 166; F 478–479; H
arate’, Skt dº»àti ‘to burst, to tear’, Gk AEEW 345; W-H I 377–378;
d°rv ‘to flay’, Lith derù, diıti ‘to tear’, Slav J IEW 474–476; P I
*der‡, d¸rati id. Goth tarmjan ‘to break 220; E-M 186 (West Euro-
forth’ may be based on a derivative noun pean pastoral term); C SGGJa
*tar-ma- close to Gk d°rma ‘skin’ (G- I 86, 91; V ANEW 594; B
 207). B IF V 175 (Goth IEL 125; S 503–505; L
tarmjan < Arm patarem ‘to break’); T- GED 346; K-S 910; O
F 156; F 120, 474; H AED 288–289.
AEEW 346; T Holz 122 (to *terwòn); *teux¶ran sb.n.: ON tjóär ‘tether’, OFris
M II 59; P I 206–211; tiàder id., MLG tuder id., OHG ziotar id.
F 96–97; F I 368–370; (masc., neut.). Derivative in *-¶ra- < *-tro-
O 906; S 502–503; L of *teuxanan. L SVSU VI/1 42 (to
GED 91–92, 342; K-S 908; Skt neut. dóraka- ‘rope’); T-F 165;
A TB 736. H IF XX 324, AEEW 347;
*tersaz sb.m.: OE teors ‘reed, penis’, MLG P I 221; V ANEW 592;
ters ‘penis’, OHG zers id. May be close to O 913; H 607; K-
MIr dorr ‘thorn’ < *dorso-. T-F S 840, 913.
158 (to *ter- ‘to split’); H AEEW *teux¶ròjanan wk.vb.: ON tjóära ‘to tether’,
346; P I 210; Z I 136. E tether id., MLG tüdern id. Derived from
*terwòn ~ *terwan sb.f./n.: ON tjara *teux¶ran. V ANEW 592.
‘tar’, OE tierwe id., OFris tera id., MLG *teunò(n) sb.f./m.: ON tjón ‘damage, loss’,
tere, ter id., G dial. Zehr id. Close to Lith OE teóna ‘damage, harm, hurt’, OS tiono
dervà ‘pine-wood, tar’, Latv daıva ‘tar’, ‘evil’. Of unknown origin. T-F
Slav *dervo ‘tree’. Further connected with 165; H AEEW 346; P I
IE *deru-: Hitt taru ‘wood’, Skt dàru id., 179 (to Skt dunóti ‘to burn’); O 907;
Gk dÒru ‘wood, trunk, spear’. H- V ANEW 592.
 Lautg. 282 (connects with Goth *teunjanan wk.vb.: ON tÿna ‘to lose, to
ethn. Tervingi); T-F 157; H- destroy’, OE tínan ‘to vex, to annoy, to
 AEEW 346–347; P I 214– irritate’, OFris tiona, tiuna ‘to damage’, OS
teunjanan 406 tixtiz
gi-tiunian ‘to inflict injustice’. Derived from *texan ~ *texòn); B Grundriß I 609
*teunò(n). T-F 165; H (to Gk de›pnon ‘meal’); Z Gutt. 70;
AEEW 347; V ANEW 603. T-F 153 (< *tèwò); F 476;
*tèò sb.f.: ON tág ‘willow twig’, MHG P I 218; V ANEW 584; L-
zàch ‘wick’ (masc.), zàhe id. Related to  GED 343; B Nom.
*taxjanan. T-F 152; L 120–121.
GED 338 (to IE *den˚- ‘to bite’). *tibran sb.n.: Goth aibr ‘sacrifice, offering’
*tèuz adj.: Norw dial. taag ‘slow and (leg. tibr, G DM 36), OE tiber, tifer id.,
enduring’, EFris tàge ‘tough’, MLG tège id. OHG zebar id. Cf. also ON tífurr ‘god (?),
Related to Skt jihmá- ‘crooked’ (with offering (?)’ in V‡l. 31 (if not from OE).
assimilation from *di≥hmá-), Gk doxmÒw id. Continues IE *dip-ro- (S Plur.
< *d6·h-mo-. T-F 152 (to *tanxuz); 199–200) attested also in Arm tvar ‘male
P I 181. sheep’ (L Arm. St. 8–10; S PBB
*tèkanan str.vb.: Goth tekan ‘to touch’, X 509). T-F 155 (to Gk de¤pnon
OFris bi-tech ‘to carry off ’. An ablaut ‘meal’); H AEEW 346; F
form of *takanan. Directly related to Toch 477; P I 222; V ANEW 590;
B täk- ‘to touch, to feel with the hand’ < H JIES I 322 (from *di-bher- connected
*dèg- (A TB 289). Z Gutt. with *bher- ‘to bring’); M Festschr. Hill
169; T-F 151–152; F 475; III 155–162; L GED 344; K-
P I 183; S 500–501; S 848 (from IE *ati-bher-, to *bher-
L GED 342–343. ‘to bear’).
*tèljanan wk.vb.: ON tæla ‘to entice, to *tifòjanan wk.vb.: ON tifa ‘to move the
betray’, OE tælan ‘to blame, to rebuke, feet quickly, to trip’, MHG zipfen ‘to trip’.
to slander’. Derived from *tèlò. H- Of imitative origin. S KZ XXXVII
 AEEW 341; V ANEW 604. 308 (to Gk d°fv ‘to soften by working
*tèlò sb.f.: ON tál ‘bait, allurement’, OE with the hand’); W MLN XXI 227 (to
t≠l ‘evil speaking, calumny’, OHG zàla Gk difãv ‘to search after’); H
‘plot, jeopardy’. Related to *talan. PBB LXVI 272 (to OE tife ‘bitch’); V
Semantically, *tèlò is particularly close to ANEW 587 (to OHG zabalòn ‘to flutter’).
Gk dÒlow ‘cunning’, Lat dolus ‘fraud, *tiòn sb.f.: Swed dial. ticka ‘goat having a
malice’ (F BB II 209). T-F kid’, OHG ziga ‘she-goat’. Close to Lacon
159; H AEEW 341; W- d¤za: a‡j, Lãkvnew, Hes. (F KZ XLII
H I 366; P I 193; V 148: erroneously adds Thrac -diza in
ANEW 580–581; Z I 148; F pln. < IE *dhei·h-). J BuZ 21–31;
I 407–408; L GED 341. T-F 163; H Idg. Gr. I 39 (taboo
*tèmiz adj.: Goth adv. ga-temiba ‘appro- development of *ghid-); M MSL
priately, congruently’, MLG be-tame XV 356 (contra H); D Thr.
‘befitting, appropriate’, OHG gi-zàmi 132; P I 222; O 953;
‘suitable’. Derived from *temanan. T- K-S 909.
F 156; F 204–205; P I *tiòn ~ *tian sb.n./m.: ON tigi
198; S 501–502; B ‘charge, suspicion’, MHG zic ‘charge,
Nom. 261; M Festschr. Schröder 99, KZ accusation’. Derived from *tìxanan.
CV 109; H 594–595. Identical with Gk d¤kh ‘custom, usage’.
*tèwò sb.f.: Goth tewa ‘order’, Lang zàwa P I 188–189; V ANEW 587;
‘(unlawful) association’, OHG zouwa ‘dye’ F I 393–394 (an independent forma-
(< *‘preparation’). Derived from *tawjanan tion in Gk d¤kh and Skt Epic di≤à ‘trend’).
(P KZ XLV 281–284). F III *tixtiz sb.m./f.: OE tiht ‘charge, accusa-
153 (to Lat decet ‘to be seemly, to be tion’, OFris tiht id., MLG ticht id., OHG
appropriate’); G Got. 209 (to bi-ziht id. Identical with Skt diß†i- ‘direc-
tixtiz 407 tìkò
tion, prescription’, Av à-di“ti- ‘intention, tin id., MLG tin id., OHG zin id. A light-
purpose, intention’. Further related to colored metal called *di-no- and derived
*tìxanan. B 321; T-F from *dei-: Skt d≈deti ‘to shine, to be
163; H AEEW 348; M- bright’, Gk impf. d°ato ‘seemed’ (W
 II 44; P I 188; L MLN XV 329). T-F 164 (from
GED 150; B Nom. 139. Celtic, cf. Bret sten < *stagno- id.); H-
*tikkòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. tikka ‘to  AEEW 349; M II 45;
tick’, LG tikken id., MHG zicken ‘to nudge, P I 183–185; V ANEW 589;
to touch’. Of imitative origin. T-F Z I 144; F I 354; O 925.
162–163; P I 187–188 (to *tikkòn). *titròjanan wk.vb.: ON titra ‘to twinkle,
*tikkòn sb.m./f.: ME tyke ‘tick’, MLG teke to shake, to shiver’, OHG zittaròn ‘to
id., OHG zehho id. Related to Arm tiz tremble’. Of imitative origin. T-
‘bug’, OIr dega ‘stag-beetle’. T-F F 164 (to Skt dràti ‘to run, to hasten’,
163; P I 187–188; O 922; Gk didrãskv ‘to run away’); V
K-S 905. ANEW 590; K-S 913.
*tilan sb.n.: Goth til ‘opportunity, occa- *tittò(n) sb.f.: Norw dial. titta ‘tit’, OE titt
sion’, OE till ‘fixed point, station’, MLG id. (masc.), MLG titte id., MHG zitze id.
til, tel ‘point of time, aim’, OHG zil ‘end, A descriptive stem. T-F 163–164.
limit, goal’. Substantivized *tilaz. The *tì¶iz sb.f.: ON tíä ‘time’, OE tíd id., OFris
form of acc. is used as a preposition ‘till’. tìd id., OS tìd id., OHG zìt id.
T-F 161; H AEEW Etymologically close to Arm ti ‘age’, Alb
348; F 477; P I 3; O ditë ‘day’ < *dì-ti- (P KZ XXXIII
924; L GED 344–345; K- 287). Cf. also Skt dìti ‘brightness, splen-
S 910. dor’? T-F 160–161; K
*tilaz adj.: Goth ga-tils ‘appropriate’, ON ZdWf VIII 145–146; H AEEW
tilr ‘useful, good’, OE til ‘good, apt, excel- 346; M II 44–45; P I
lent’, OFris til ‘good’. Continues *di-lo- 176; V ANEW 587; Z II 190;
derived from *dei- ‘to shine’: Skt d≈deti, O 923; B Nom. 146;
Gk impf. d°ato ‘seemed’. Cf. *tinan. K-S 906; O AED 66–67.
P Wurzelerw. 115 (related to *talan); *tì¶janan wk.vb.: ON tíäa ‘to long for, to
K NB II 264–265; P KZ wish’, MLG tìden ‘to desire’. Derived from
XXXIX 372 (follows P); T- *tì¶iz. T-F 161; V ANEW 587.
F 161; F 477 (to Lat diès ‘day’); *tìxanan str.vb.: Goth ga-teihan ‘to announce,
H AEEW 348; W Postv. to declare’, ON 1 sg. pres. té ‘to indicate’,
72; P I 3 (to W addas ‘suitable’, OE teón ‘to accuse’, OFris pres. ur-ti(g)a
eddyl ‘aim’ < *ad-ilo-); V ANEW 588; ‘to refuse, to object’, OS pres. af-tìhan ‘to
S Erw. 84–85; L GED deny, to refuse’, OHG zìhan ‘to accuse’.
344–345; H IF XC 70 (same as Connected with Hitt tekku““ài- ‘to show’,
P); B Nom. 249; H- Skt dídeß†i ‘to show’, di≤áti id., Gk de¤knumi
 596–597; K-S 910. id., Lat dìcò ‘to say’. T-F 163;
*tilòjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-tilon ‘to reach, F 204; H AEEW 349;
to attain’, OE tilian ‘to strive, to pursue’, W-H I 348–349; J-
OFris tilia ‘to testify, to build on’, OLFr  IEW 471–472; M II 43;
tilòn ‘to toil, to labor’. Derived from *tilan. P I 188; C SGGJa I
T-F 161; H AEEW 87; V ANEW 590–591; F I
348; F 477; O 924; L 355–356; S 498–500; L
GED 344; H 597; K- GED 150; K-S 905–906.
S 910. *tìkò sb.f.: ON tík ‘bitch’, MLG tìke id.
*tinan sb.n.: ON tin ‘tin’, OE tin id., OFris Probably related to *tikkòn. T-F 162.
tìma-lìaz 408 tra¶ò
*tìma-lìaz adj.: ON adv. tíma-liga ‘timely, dè⁄os ‘good god’); RÆ Gedenkschr.
early’, OE adv. tím-líce ‘in good time, soon’. Güntert 111 (to Slav *divo ‘wonder’, *div˙
Derived from *tìmòn. O 924. ‘negative spirit, unfavorable god’); B-
*tìmòjanan wk.vb.: ON tíma ‘to happen,  Nom. 94.
to befall’, OE e-tímian id. Derived from *tò prep.: OE tó ‘to’, OFris tò id., OS tò id.,
*tìmòn. T-F 161; H OHG zuo id. Cf. also WGmc forms with
AEEW 349; V ANEW 588. a different vocalism: OE te ‘to’, OFris te
*tìmòn sb.m.: ON tími ‘time’, OE tíma id., id., OS te id., OHG zi id. Close to Lat dò-
G dial. zìme ‘opportunity’. Continues in dònec ‘up to’, Latv da id., Slav *do id.
*dì-men- connected with *tì¶iz. T- S KZ XXVI 24 (Goth du ‘to’ <
F 161; H AEEW 348; *tò); T-F 164; H AEEW
V ANEW 588; Z I 155; 343, 350; W-H I 325–326;
O 924; K-S 906. P I 181–183; F 78;
*tìnaz adj.: Goth sin-teins ‘daily’. Identical O 927; L GED 96; K-
with Lith dienà id., Latv dìena id., OPrus S 915.
acc. deinan id. < *deinà. Further connected *tòmaz adj.: ON tómr ‘empty’, OE tóm id.,
with Slav *d¸n¸ id., Alb gdhij ~ gdhîj ‘to OS tòm ‘single’. Derived from *temanan.
stay awake at night’ < PAlb *ka-dinja, Lat K NB II 457; T-F 164–
nùn-dinum ‘market held every ninth day’, 165; H AEEW 351; V
OIr tré-denus ‘for three days’. B ANEW 594–595; H 598.
Grundriß II/1 264, 298; W-H *tòmjanan wk.vb.: ON tœma ‘to empty’,
II 188; F 423; P I 183–187; OFris tèma ‘to empty’, OS tòmian ‘to free’.
F 93; V ANEW 586; Derived from *tòmaz. T-F 165;
L GED 305; O AED 112. V ANEW 604; H 598.
*tìriz sb.m.: ON tírr ‘glory, renown’, OE tír *tòwan sb.n.: ON tó ‘tow’, OE tow-hús
‘glory, honor’, OS tìr id. Cf. also OFris ‘spinning-house’. Derived from *tawjanan.
tìre ‘jewelry’. Probably derived from IE T-F 166; H AEEW 351;
*dei(6)-: Skt d≈deti ‘to shine, to be bright’ V ANEW 593; K-S 817.
(see *tilaz). T-F 161; H *tòw(u)lan sb.n.: ON pl. tól ‘tools’, OE tól
AEEW 349; M II 45; P ‘tool, implement, instrument’. Derived
I 186 (to Lith dyr∏ti ‘to look out’); V from *tawjanan or directly from *tòwan.
ANEW 589; V W I 506 (to L ANF XXXV 238 (to Skt
Toch AB tiri ‘way, manner’); H- dàmán- ‘giver, donor’), WuS X 168 (to Gk
 596; K-S 910. dhmÒw ‘fat’); W MP XXIV 218 (to Gk
*tìwaz sb.m.: Goth tyz ‘name of t-rune’, d∞mow ‘land’); H AEEW 350;
ON theon. Tÿr, OE theon. Tí, Tíw id., V ANEW 594 (to *temran); O
OHG theon. *Ziu id. Related to Skt déva- 931; L GED 342.
‘god’, Av daèvò ‘demon’, Lat deus ‘god’, *trabò sb.f.: ON pl. trefr ‘fringes’, MHG
Lith di‚vas id. continuing IE *dei⁄o- tràbe id. Related to Gk dr°pv ‘to pluck’,
(B IF III 301). S PBB IX Skt dràpí- ‘mantle, garment’. T-
203; G PBB XXI 217, ANF F 170; M II 77; P I
XV 5; B 667–670; T- 211; V ANEW 597; F I 417.
F 162; H AEEW 350; *tra¶janan wk.vb.: ON treäja ‘to tread’,
W-H I 345–346; F OE treddan ‘to tread, to trample’, MLG
486–487; M II 63–64; tredden ‘to tread upon’, OHG tretten ‘to
P I 185; F 93–94; stamp on’. Derived from *tre¶anan.
Z I 138; V ANEW 603; H AEEW 352; V ANEW
L GED 352; W Gedenkschr. 596; S 506; L GED 348.
Güntert 102 (to OIr in Dagdae < Celt *dago- *tra¶ò sb.f.: ON tr‡ä ‘pen, a piece of
tra¶ò 409 trewan
fallow land’, OS trada ‘step, trace’, ant’, OHG gi-tròsti ‘consolation, comfort’.
OHG trata ‘way’. Derived from *tre¶anan. Derived from *traustaz. B IEL
T-F 170; V ANEW 600; 85; H 600.
S 505; B Nom. 109. *traustjanan wk.vb.: ON treysta ‘to make
*traman ~ *tramòn sb.n./m.: ON pl. trusty, to make strong’, OS tròstian ‘to
tramar ‘fiends, demons’, OE trem ‘step’, console, to comfort’, OHG tròsten ‘to make
MLG trame ‘stair (of a ladder)’. confident, to console’. Derived from
Structurally close to Gk drÒmow ‘course, *traustaz. T-F 171; V ANEW
race, running’, cf. further drame›n ‘to 598; H 600.
run’, Skt drámati ‘to run about’. H- *tre¶anan str.vb.: Norw treda ‘to tread’,
 AEEW 352; M II 72; OE tredan id., OFris treda id., MLG treden
P I 204; C SGGJa I id., OHG tretan id. A secondary transfor-
108; V ANEW 596; F I 419. mation of *tru¶anan into a thematic
*trappòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. trappa e-grade (M BSL XX 25). T-
‘to stomp’, MLG trappen id. Cf. also OE F 169–170; H AEEW 352;
treppan ‘to tread’ < *trappjanan. Related to V ANEW 598; O 939; S
Lith drebù, dreb∏ti ‘to tremble’. T- 505–506; L GED 348; K-
F 170; P I 204. S 835.
*traujan sb.n.: OSwed trø ‘corn-measure’, *treanan str.vb.: ON irreg. trega ‘to
OE trí, tré ‘tray, trough’. Derived from grieve’, OS tregan ‘to suffer’. Of unknown
*trewan. H AEEW 353; origin. T-F 169; P Beiträge
O 938. 46–47; Bù II 244 (to Lith drì≥ti ‘to
*trausta-lausaz adj.: ON traust-lauss become weak’); H AEEW 352;
‘without protection, helpless’, MLG tròst- F 97, 106 (to Lith dre≥∏ti ‘to be
lòs ‘without comfort’, OHG tròst-lòs unwilling’); J IEW 496;
id. Compound of *traustaz and *lausaz. P I 226–227 (follows Bù);
C Nom. comp. 91 (parallel formations). V ANEW 597; S 506; H-
*trausta-lìkaz adj.: ON traust-ligr ‘reliable,  601–602.
safe’, OHG tròst-lìh ‘solacing’. Derived *treòn sb.m.: ON tregi ‘difficulty, reluc-
from *traustaz. H 600. tance, grief ’, OE trea ‘pain, grief, vexa-
*traustan ~ *traustaz sb.n./m.: ON tion’, OS trego ‘pain’. Cf. also Goth trigo
traust ‘trust, shelter, confidence’, OFris ‘grief, regret’. Derived from *treanan.
tràst ‘comfort’, MLG tròst id., OHG tròst T-F 169; H AEEW 352;
id. Substantivized *traustaz. T-F F 480; S GBS 26; C-
171; K-S 838.  SGGJa I 77; Z II 178;
*traustaz adj.: ON traustr ‘reliable, sure, L GED 347.
strong’, MLG ge-tròst ‘confident’, OHG *trempanan str.vb.: Goth ana-trimpan ‘to
gi-tròst id. Continues *drou-stHo- ‘firm’, cf. step up close to’. Related to *trappòjanan.
Pers duru“t- ‘hard, strong’ < *dru-stHo- Based on the unattested str. *trep(p)anan.
(O Etym. 122–133, 145–146). T-F 170.
Further related to *trewan (B *trewan sb.n.: Goth triu ‘stick, tree trunk’,
Word X 257–259). K NB II 334; ON tré ‘tree, wood’, OE treów id., OFris
T-F 171; B PBB XLIII trè id., OS trio ‘tree, beam’. A thematic
383–390; P I 216; V ANEW derivative of *deru- : *drù- ‘tree, wood’:
596; O 946; S Erw. 33; Hitt taru- ‘wood’, Skt dàru ‘piece of wood,
B IEL 85; L GED 346– wood’, Av dàuru- id., Gk dÒru ‘wood,
347; H 599–601; K- beam, spear’, W derwen ‘oak’, Lith dervà
S 838. ‘(resinous) pine-tree’, Slav *dervo ‘tree,
*traustjan sb.n.: Goth trausti ‘pact, coven- wood’ (H IF I 477–478). Structurally
trewan 410 trulljanan
similar to *knewan. G Rig. 595 triùwe ‘fidelity, loyalty’, OS treuwa id.,
(‘hard’ > ‘tree’); O Etym. 98–180 OHG triuwa id. Substantivized *trewwaz.
(on the original meaning); B H AEEW 353; F 480;
738–739; T-F 157; S KZ P I 215–216; Z I 149;
LXVI 58–59 (follows G); H- O 945; L GED 347;
 AEEW 353; F 480–481; H 603; K-S 835.
M II 36; P I 214–215; *trewwòn sb.m.: ON prop. Tryggvi, OHG
F 90; Z I 146; V gi-triuwo ‘abider’. Derived from *trewwaz.
ANEW 597; F I 411–412; O H 603.
939; F Trees 140–149 (against *tru¶an sb.n.: ON troä ‘treading, tram-
G); L Verschärfung 16.18; pling’, OE trod ‘track’. Derived from
B IEL 87–88; A Schw. *tru¶anan. T-F 170; H
91; L GED 347–348. AEEW 353; S 506; L GED
*trewìnaz adj.: Goth triweins ‘wooden’, 348; B Nom. 58.
Norw treen ‘hard’, OE treówen ‘of tree, *tru¶anan str.vb.: Goth trudan ‘to tread,
wooden’. Derived from *trewan. Structur- to trample’, ON troäa id. Continues IE
ally similar to Gk drÊinow ‘of oak’, Thrac *dru-t-, with *dreu- ‘to run’ preserved in
Zulmus-drihnÒw, name of Asclepios, Slav Skt drávati ‘to run, to hasten’ (O
*dervîn˙ ‘wooden’. H AEEW Etym. I 372). S IF XII 188;
353; F 481; D Thr. 195–196; M BSL XX/64 25 (from aor.-pres.
F I 421; B IEL 87; L- *dºtò); T-F 169–170; F 481;
 GED 347. J IEW 483–485; M
*trewwaz adj.: Goth triggws ‘faithful, true’, II 73; P I 204–206; V ANEW
ON tryggr id., OE treówe id., OFris triùwe 598; O 939; S 505–506;
id., OS triuwi id., OHG gi-triuwi. Based L GED 348; K-S 835.
on *trewan (O Etym. 98–180). *truan ~ *truaz sb.n./m.: ON trog
K NB I 82; T-F 171; H- ‘trough’, OE tro id., OFris trog id., MLG
 AEEW 353; F 480; S- troch id., OHG trog id. Originally, *‘wooden’
 MLN XXVIII 161; P I as suggested by its etymology—from
215–216; V ANEW 599; O 946; *dru-kó-, to IE *deru- ‘tree’. Cf. *traujan,
B IEL 85; F Trees 142; *trewan. T-F 157; H
L Verschärfung 148, 188; L AEEW 354; P I 216; C-
Phon. 36–46 (-gg- < *-⁄H-), GED 347;  SGGJa I 98; V ANEW 598;
B Nom. 257; H Z II 173; O 945; K-
603–604; K-S 835. S 837.
*trewwiþò sb.f.: ON tryggä ‘faith, trust’, *truilaz ~ *truilan sb.m./n.: ON try-
OE treówä ‘truth, faith, honor’, OHG gill ‘little trough’, OHG trugil id. Derived
gi-triuwida ‘trust’. Derived from *trewwjanan. from *truan ~ *truaz. V ANEW 599.
T-F 171; H AEEW 353; *trullan sb.n.: ON troll, tr‡ll ‘giant, fiend,
V ANEW 599; O 947; H- demon, werewolf’, MHG troll, trolle ‘fiend’
 603. (masc., probably from ON). Of unknown
*trewwjanan wk.vb.: ON tryggja, tryggva origin. Any connection with *trewan?
‘to make firm and trusty’, OE treówan S IF IV 339 (from *tru¶lan, to
‘to trust’, OS part. gi-triuwid ‘allied, in *tru¶anan); T-F 172 (< *truzlan);
alliance’. Derived from *trewwaz. H- E apud V (to EFris trul, trulle
 AEEW 353; V ANEW 599; ‘fat person’, G Troll id.); P I 205;
H 604; K-S 833. V ANEW 598–599; M KZ
*trewwò sb.f.: Goth triggwa ‘covenant, tes- LXXXIX 180–185; K-S 837.
tament’, OE tréow ‘truth, faith’, OFris *trulljanan wk.vb.: ON trylla ‘to enchant,
trulljanan 411 tumbòjanan
to turn into a troll’, MHG trüllen ‘to flut- F 167; M Gém. 87, 197; P-
ter’. Derived from *trullan. T-F  I 178 (to *a-tassaz); V ANEW
172; V ANEW 599–600. 593; O 928; K-S 915.
*trumaz adj.: OE trum ‘strong, firm’. *tuan sb.n.: ON tog ‘line, rope’, OE sceaft-
Identical with Skt drumá- ‘tree’, Gk Hom to ‘strap attached to the shaft of a mis-
pl. drumã ‘copse, thicket’, Thrac pln. Din- sile’, OHG bi-zog ‘cover’ (masc.). Derived
drÊmh. Further connected with *trewan from *teuxanan. T-F 166; H-
(O Etym. 109–111). T-F  AEEW 350; V ANEW 594;
171; H AEEW 354; D S 504; L GED 346; B-
Thr. 137; M II 79; P I  Nom. 57.
216; F I 420; H 605. *tuilaz sb.m.: ON tygill ‘string, strap,
*trumpòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. trumpa thong’, OE tyel ‘strap, trace’, MLG togel
‘to hit, to push’, MHG trumpfen ‘to run’. ‘rein’, OHG zugil id. Derived from *teux-
Based on *trempanan. T-F 170. anan. L AfslPh XXXVII 389
*trusan sb.n.: ON tros ‘droppings, rubbish, (to Slav *kod˙lo ‘kin’); T-F 167;
twigs and leaves used for fuel’, OFris tros H AEEW 358; V ANEW
‘tree stump’. Derived from *trewan. T- 602; S 504; K-S 916.
F 171 (to ON tj‡rn ‘pool, small lake’), *tuòjanan wk.vb.: ON toga ‘to draw’, OE
NNEO 816 (to Norw trysja ‘to rattle); toian id., OFris togia ‘to pull strongly’,
J PBB XV 238 (to Latv dìrst MLG togen ‘to tow, to pull’, OHG zogòn
‘cacare’); P I 216; V ANEW ‘to rock’. Derived from *tuan. T-
599. F 166; H AEEW 350;
*trù¶az sb.m.: ON trúär ‘juggler’, OE trúä V ANEW 594; O 934; S
‘trumpeter, actor’. Identical with OIr 504; L GED 346.
drúth ‘fool’. H KZ LXXII 203 *tuxtiz sb.f.: Goth us-tauhts ‘completion’,
(to *tru¶anan), AEEW 354; B Indf. 64 OE tyht ‘way, manner, motion, move’
(ON < OE); F Lehnw. 19 (ON < (masc.), OFris tocht ‘upbringing, disci-
OIr); H ANF XXXVIII 36 (to pline’, OS athum-zuht ‘breath’, OHG
Dan trygle, LG troggelen ‘to beg’); P zuht ‘breeding, upbringing’. Derived
I 216; V ANEW 599. from *teuxanan. T-F 166; H-
*trùwò sb.f.: ON trú ‘trust, belief, faith’,  AEEW 358; F 535; S
OE trúw ‘faith’, OHG trùwa ‘belief, trust’. 504; B Nom. 140; K-
Related to *trewwaz. T-F 171; S 915.
H AEEW 354; P I 216; *tuluz adj.: Goth tulgus ‘firm, steadfast’,
V ANEW 599; Z II 184; OE adv. tule ‘strongly, firmly’, OS adv.
B IEL 85; L GED 346. tulgo ‘very’. Etymologically identical with
*trùwènan wk.vb.: Goth trauan ‘to trust’ Hitt daluki- ‘long’, Skt dìrghá- id., Av
(with a different vocalism), ON trúa ‘to dar6ga- id., Gk dolixÒw id., Slav *d˙lg˙ id.
trust, to believe’, OE trúwian ‘to trust, to (D apud S KZ I 558).
confide’, OS trùòn ‘to trust’, OHG trùèn B 693–694; T-F 168;
‘to hope’. Derived from *trùwò. T- F 482–483; H AEEW 355;
F 171; H AEEW 354; F M II 47; P I 197; F
479; V ANEW 599; S LS 20 I 406–407; S KZ XCIII
(directly to OPrus druwìt ‘to believe’); L- 107–110 (to IE *del·h- ‘to capture, to
 GED 346–347; K-S 833. cling’: Av dar6z- ‘to fasten’, Brit *dalg- ‘to
*tu¶¶òn sb.m.: ON toddi ‘bit, piece, hold’); L GED 349; B-
bunch, tuft’, EFris todde ‘bundle’ (fem.), E  Nom. 262; H 607.
tod ‘bush’, Du todde ‘scrab, rag’, OHG *tumbòjanan wk.vb.: ON tumba ‘to tum-
zotto ‘bush’. Of unknown origin. T- ble’, OE tumbian ‘to tumble, to dance’,
tumbòjanan 412 turban
MLG dumben ‘to behave stupidly’, OHG 930; W JIES X 167–186; L
tumbòn, tumbèn id. Of imitative origin. GED 349; B Nom. 175;
H AEEW 355; O 948. K-S 917; H Festschr.
*tum-f(e)tiz sb.f.: ON topt, tupt, tomt ‘place Puhvel I 81 (*w > * dissimilated under
marked out for a house, a square piece of the influence of *-u- in the first syllable);
ground with walls but without roof ’. A TB 139.
Structurally close to Gk dãpedon ‘floor’ < *tunþskaz sb.m.: ON prn. Rata-toskr (=
*dá-pedo- (B PBB XXI 42). Further *‘squirrel’), OE tusc ‘canine tooth, molar,
related to *temran and *fòtz ~ *fòtuz. tusk’, OFris tusk ‘tooth’. Derived from
T-F 156; P I 198; V *tunþuz. T-F 154; H
ANEW 595; F I 347–348. AEEW 355; P I 289; V
*tun¶ran ~ *tun¶rò sb.n./f.: ON tundr ANEW 596.
‘tinder’, OE tynder id., MLG tunder id., *tunþuz sb.m.: Goth tunþus ‘tooth’. Zero
OHG zuntara id. Related to *tan¶janan. grade of *(e)dont-, see *tanþz. Close to Skt
T-F 155; H AEEW gen. datá˙, Lat dèns id., OIr dét id. reflect-
358; P I 198; V ANEW 600; ing the same ablaut grade. S KZ
Z II 184; O 925; L XXXII 329 (on connection with *IE
GED 341; K-S 916. *ed- ‘to eat’); T-F 154; W-
*tunlan sb.n.: Goth tuggl ‘star, constella- H I 340–341; F 483; P
tion’, ON tungl ‘moon’, OE tunol ‘heav- Gliederung 124, 155; M II 16;
enly body, star, planet, constellation’, OS P I 289; C SGGJa I
tungal ‘constellation’ (in cmpn.), OHG 103; Z II 211; L GED
himil-zungal id. Despite the tradition of 349; B Nom. 202.
deriving it from a dissimilated *tullan *tuppaz sb.m.: ON toppr ‘tuft, lock of
based on *tuluz, the old explanation hair’, OE topp ‘top’, OFris topp ‘tuft’, Du
from *tunòn (G DM II 663) seems top ‘crest, summit’, OHG zopf ‘plaited
preferable. G Got. 210–211 hair’. Identical with Slav *dyb˙ ‘standing
(to Lith dangùs ‘sky’); T-F 168; erect’, with a lengthening according to
K KZ LXIII 258–260 (to Winter’s law, cf. further *dybati ‘to stick
*tan¶janan); H AEEW 355; up, to protrude’ (B I 249) based
F 481–482; P I 197; V on *d˙b˙ < *dubo- (T ESSJa V
ANEW 601; Z I 144; L 198). P SVSL I 70 (to OHG
GED 348. zumpfo ‘penis’); T-F 168; B-
*tunòn sb.f.: Goth tuggo ‘tongue’, ON  Germanica 95 (on *-pp-); H-
tunga id., OE tune id., OFris tunge id., OS  AWN 306 (same as B),
tunga id., OHG zunga id. Related to other AEEW 351; M Gém. 188, 197;
highly variative Indo-European forms: P I 177 (to IE *dàp- ‘to divide’);
Toch A pl. käntu, B kantwo id. (< PToch V ANEW 595; Z I 136;
*tänkwo), Skt jihvà id., Av hizù id., Arm O 931; T ESSJa V 197–
lezu, Lat lingua id., OIr tengae, Lith lie≥ùvis 198; K-S 914; D BSA
id., Slav *jêzyk˙ id. Z Gutt. 101, 142–143.
205; B 1815; T-F *tuppòjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. tuppa ‘to
168; H AEEW 355; W- pick, to twitch’, early Du toppen id., G
H I 806–807; F 482; P zupfen id. Derived from *tuppaz. T-
Gliederung 129; M I 436–437; F 168.
P I 223; C SGGJa I *turban ~ *turbaz sb.n./m.: ON torf
88; F 369–370; V ANEW ‘turf ’, OFris turf id., MLG turf id. Close
600; Z I 156; V T- to Skt darbhá- ‘tuft of grass’, Slav *d¸rba
50–51; M I 436–437; O ‘plowed field’. T-F 158; M-
turban 413 twaliftòn
 II 23; P I 212; V *tutò(n) ~ *tutaz sb.f./m.: Icel tota ‘toe
ANEW 595; Z I 184; G- (of a boot)’, Norw tot ‘mouth’, OE tot
 Wurzelnomina 403–404; K- ‘projection’, MLG tote ‘top, point’. Of
S 828–829. unknown origin. H AEEW
*turbjanan wk.vb.: ON tyrfa ‘to cover with 351; V ANEW 596.
turf ’, OE e-tyrfan ‘to hit, to strike’, MDu *tùnan ~ *tùnaz sb.m./n.: ON tún
turven, torven ‘to extract peat’. Derived ‘hedged plot, enclosure’, OE tún ‘enclo-
from *turban ~ *turbaz, *turbò(n). H- sure, court, yard’, OFris tùn ‘fence’, OS
 AEEW 358; V ANEW 603. tùn id., OHG zùn id. (< *tùniz). Borrowed
*turbò(n) sb.f.: ON torfa ‘piece of peat’, OE from Celtic, cf. Gaul DoËnon, OIr dún
turf ‘turf ’. See *turban ~ *turbaz. T- ‘castle’, OW din id. T NNEO 816 (to
F 158; H AEEW 355; V Gk dÊnamiw ‘power, might’); W MLN
ANEW 595; Z I 184; O 949. XVI 18 (to *teuxanan); T-F 165;
*tur¶an sb.n.: OE tord ‘turd, dung’, MDu H AEEW 355; P I 263;
tort, torde id. Probably from part. *dºtó-, to V ANEW 600 (related to OIr dún);
Latv dìrst ‘cacare’ (P BB XIX 283). Z II 190; O 934; M-
T-F 156–157 H AEEW  Jazyk 31–34 (from Slav *tyn˙ ‘fence’);
351; S KZ LXVI 203 (to Gk L 164; B Nom. 73;
darda¤nv ‘to stain’, Hes.); P I K-S 904.
207; O 949. *tùnjan sb.n.: ON sam-tÿnis ‘abutting, ad-
*tur¶a-webilaz sb.m.: ON torä-yfill joining’, OE e-tÿne ‘court’, MHG ge-ziune
‘dung-beetle’, OE tord-wifel id., ODu tort- ‘fencing’. Derived from *tùnan ~ *tùnaz.
wevel id. A compound of *tur¶an and *webi- H AEEW 358; V ANEW 603.
laz. C Nom. comp. 52; V ANEW *tùtaz ~ *tùtò sb.m./f.: Norw dial. tút
595; O 949; Z I 137. ‘muzzle, snout’, EFris tùte ‘pipe, snout’,
*turxtaz adj.: OE torht ‘bright, splendid’, MLG tùte ‘blow-horn’. Related to *tutò(n)
OS torht id., OHG zoraht id. Identical ~ tutaz. T-F 167; O 933.
with Skt dºß†á- ‘seen, visible’, OIr an-dracht *twalifa-wentruz ~ *twalifa-wentr-
‘ugly’ < *dº˚-tó-. Further related to *tarx- jaz adj.: Goth twalib-wintrus ‘twelve years
janan. Z Gutt. 17; T-F old’, OE twelf-wintre id., OFris twelef-wintre
157–158; H AEEW 351; id., MLG twelef-wintre id. Compound of
M II 61; P I 213; *twalifa and *wentruz ~ *wentrjaz (see
L GED 150; B Nom. *wentruz). C Nom. comp. 65.
250; H 607–608. *twalifa num.: Goth twalif ‘twelve’, ON
*turnaz adj.: OE torn ‘grievous, distressing, tólf id. (< *twaluf-), OE twelf id., OFris
bitter’, OS torn ‘bitter, painful’, MHG twelef id., OS twelif id., OHG zwelif id. A
zorn ‘furious’. Derived from *teranan. structure similar to that of *ainlifa. Structur-
Structurally close to Skt dìr»a- ‘torn, rent’, ally close to Lith dvÿlika id. T-F
W darn ‘piece, part’, Slav *d¸rn˙ ‘turf ’ < 172; H AEEW 356; F 485;
*dºHnó-. T-F 157; H P Gliederung 146; F 108;
AEEW 351; M II 47; L V ANEW 594; O 951; L
GED 150; L Expr. 330; H GED 350; R-B Numerals 596–597;
608–609; K-S 915. K-S 920.
*turnòjanan wk.vb.: Goth af-taurnan ‘to *twaliftòn num.: ON tólfti ‘twelfth’, OE
tear off ’, Du tornen ‘to depart’. Related to twelfta id., OFris twilifta id., MDu twalefde
Hitt tarna- ‘to leave’, Skt dº»àti ‘to burst, id., OHG zwelifto id. Derived from *twa-
to tear’ (F 12). Formally derived from lifa. H AEEW 356; V
*turnaz. T-F 156; M II ANEW 594; O 951; R-B
59; L GED 8. Numerals 634.
twaliftiz 414 twò(u)
*twaliftiz sb.f.: ON tylft ‘body of twelve’, 357; W-H I 106; P I

OFrank tualepti id. Derived from *twalifa. 231; C SGGJa I 86; V
V ANEW 602. ANEW 602; O 952; R-B
*twian sb.n.: Dan tvige ‘branch’, OE twi Numerals 645–646; K-S 920.
‘branch, twig’, MLG twìch id., OHG zwìg *twiznòjanan wk.vb.: ON tvinna ‘to
id. Related to *twò(u). Close to Slav twine, to twist thread’, MLG twernen id.,
*dvig˙ ‘branch’ (T Etim. 4–6). OHG zwirnèn id. Derived from *twiznaz.
T-F 173; H AEEW T-F 173–174; V ANEW 602.
357; O 951; R-B Numerals *twìflaz sb.m.: Goth tweifls ‘doubt’, OFris
659; K-S 918. twìfil id., MLG twìfel id., OHG zwìfal id.
*twislaz ~ *twizlaz sb.m.: Norw tvisl Etymologically identical with Gk di-plÒow
‘unstable person’, OE twisla ‘fork (of a ‘double, twofold’, Lat duplus id., Umbr
river, road)’ (n-stem), MLG twil ‘branch dupla, OIr díabul id., cf. also Av bifra-
split into a fork’. Derived from *twiz. ‘comparison’ continuing *d⁄i-plo- ~ *d⁄ei-
P I 230; R-B Numerals 662. plo- (S KZ XVI 431; P
*twislòjanan wk.vb.: Norw twisla ‘to vac- Kelt. Gr. I 237). G Got. 211;
illate’, OE twislian ‘to fork, to branch’, Z Gutt. 16; B 965;
MHG zwiselen ‘to fork’. Derived from T-F 173; S PBB XXVII
*twislaz ~ *twizlaz. P I 230; 358–360 (derivative in -l- of a form sim-
R-B Numerals 662. ilar to Lith dvejópas ‘twofold’); T
*twistaz sb.m.: Norw tvist ‘flaw in a fab- ZfceltPh XIII 107; W-H I
ric’, OE twist ‘branch, fork (?)’, mæst-twist 383–384; F 485–486; P I 230,
‘rope to support a mast’, OFris twist ‘dis- 802; Z I 136; F I 121–122;
sension’, OS twist id., MHG zwist id. L GED 351; R-B Numerals
Structurally close to Skt dviß†ha- ‘staying 663; K-S 918.
in two places, ambiguous’. Further con- *twìfljanan ~ *twìflòjanan wk.vb.:
nected with *twiz. M II 86; Goth tweifljan ‘to cause doubt’, OS
P I 232; V ANEW 602; L- twìflian, twìflòn id., MHG zwìvelòn id. De-
 GED 352; R-B Numerals 660. rived from *twìflaz. F 485; L
*twis-wòz adv.: ON tvisvar ‘twice’, OE GED 351.
twiwa id., OFris twi(r)a id., OS twio id., *twìxnaz adj.: Goth pl. masc. tweihnai ‘two
OHG zwiròr id. Derived from *twiz. each’, ON tvénn ‘double’, OE tweóne ‘dou-
B BB VII 77; T-F ble, not simple’, OFris twìne ‘two, two
173; H AEEW 357; K each, double’. Derived from *twìxòn.
Nom. Stamm. 260; L KZ XLVII B Grundriß II/2 8–11, 64, 78;
99–102; L GED 352. T-F 173; H AEEW
*twiz adv.: MHG zwir, zwier ‘twice’. 356; F 486; P I 231; O
Continues IE *d⁄is- ‘twofold, twice’: Skt 952; L GED 351; R-B
dvi˙, Av bi“, Gk d¤w, Lat bis. See *twò(u). Numerals 643.
B- 966; W-H I *twìxòn sb.m.: OE tweó ‘doubt’, OS tweho
107; M II 86; P I id., OHG zweho id. Close to Skt dvika-
231–232; F I 398–399; L ‘consisting of two’ (B Distr.
GED 352; K-S 919–920. 36–37). Further see *twìflaz. The ori-
*twiznaz sb.m.: ON adj. tvinnr ‘twofold, ginal numeric meaning of *twìxòn is pre-
double’, OE twin id., MLG sbst. twern served in its derivative *twìxnaz.
‘two-cored thread’, MHG zwirn id. H AEEW 356; F 486;
Derived from *twiz. Structurally close to M II 84; P I 231;
Lat bìnì ‘two by two, pair’ < *d⁄isno-. L GED 351.
T-F 173; H AEEW *twò(u) num: masc., fem., neut. Goth twai,
twò(u) 415 þana
twos, twa ‘two’, ON tveir, tv≠r, tvá, tvau id., AEEW 357; W-H I 381–383,
OE twéen, twá, tú id., OFris twèn, twà id., F 484–485; S JEGP XXVII
OS twène, twà, twò, twè id., OHG zwène, 371–382; M II 82; P I
zwò, zwei id. Difficult secondary forms in 228–232; V ANEW 601; S
WGmc (H IF XVIII 92) continuing Numerals 24; F I 424–425; O
*twajina-. Related to Toch A wu, B wi id., 951–952; L GED 350; R-
Skt d(u)và id., Gk dÊo id., Alb dy id., Lat B Numerals 565–571 (compounds
duo id., Slav *d˙va id. B Grundriß with *enaz in WGmc); K-S
II/2 8–11; T-F 172; H 918; O AED 79; A TB 598–599.
þ
*þafjanan wk.vb.: ON þefja ‘to stir, to house’, OIr tech ‘house’, Lat toga ‘cover-
thicken’, EFris dafen ‘to hit, to pound’, ing, garment’, Lith stógas ‘roof ’ and is
OHG bi-debben ‘to suppress’. Close to Lith eventually derived from *(s)teg- ‘to cover’.
tapaU, tapÿti ‘to paint, to color, to smear’, T-F 176; T BSW 288;
further related to Lith tepù, tèpti ‘to smear, H AEEW 359; W-H
to anoint’, Slav *tep‡, *tepti ‘to hit, to II 654–655; P I 1013–1014;
beat’. T BSW 319; P I F 911; V ANEW 605; Z-
1056; F 1057, 1081 V ANEW  II 184; F II 780–781; O
606–607. 914; K-S 159.
*þaxènan ~ *þaènan wk.vb.: Goth *þakjanan wk.vb.: ON þekja ‘to cover, to
þahan ‘to keep secret, to be silent’, ON thatch’, OE äeccan ‘to cover’, OFris thekka
þegja ‘to be silent’, OS thagian id., OHG id., OS thekkian id., OHG decken id.
dagèn id. Identical with Lat taceò id., Gk Derived from *þakan ‘roof ’. T-F
tÆkv ‘to melt’ (for the semantic mecha- 176; H AEEW 361; P I
nism see T PIEJa 100–105). 1014 (to OIr -tuigiur ‘to cover’ < *togeƒò );
F I 439; P BB XXI 162 V ANEW 607; O 914; K-
(adduces OIr tachtaid ‘to suffocate’); S 165.
M MSL XV 351–352; Z *þakjò(n) sb.f.: ON þekja ‘roof ’, OFris
Gutt. 210; T-F 177; W- thekke id., OHG decka id. Derived from
H II 641–642; F 487–488; *þakan. T-F 176; P I 1014;
P Gliederung 107; P I 1055; V ANEW 607.
C SGGJa I 91; V ANEW *þambaz sb.n.: ON á þamba ‘with full
607; F II 891; L GED 353. belly, swollen’. Identical with Slav *t‡p˙
*þaxsuz sb.m.: Norw svin-toks ‘badger’, ‘blunt’ (F I 443; L IF XIX 362–
MLG das id., OHG dahs id. Originally, 365) and Toch A tampe ‘force, ability’.
*‘builder’ connected with *þexsanan T-F 181; P I 1065; V
(S-N I 180). T-F ANEW 605; B Nom. 238;
178; S IF XXXI 359–360 (against H 611–612; A TB 254.
connection with *þexsanan); P I *þana conj., ptcl.: Goth þan ‘but, then’,
1059; K-S 159. ON þá ‘then’, OE äan id., OFris than id.,
*þakan sb.n.: ON þak ‘thatch, roof ’, OE OS than id., OHG dan id. Continues
äæc id., MLG dack id., OHG dah id. demonstrative *þa- (see *þat) with a par-
Connected with Gk t°gow, t°gh ‘roof, ticle *na. Similar to *xwana ~ *xwannai.
þana 416 þarbènan
Cf. also the univerbation with an unclear ‘thanks, favor’, OS thank id., OHG danc
*¶è in Goth þan-de ‘while’, OE äen-de-n id. id. Connected with *þankjanan. T-
(< *þandin), OHG danta ‘because, that’. F 179; H AEEW 360; F
S Glotta I 305–306 (to Lat tum 487; V ANEW 631; Z II
‘then’); B Grundriß II/2 736; 190; O 914; L GED 353;
H IF VI 69 (*¶è to -dò in Lat quandò H 612; K-S 162.
‘when’); T-F 174–175; D NTS *þankjanan irreg. wk.vb.: Goth þagkjan ‘to
IX 208, 215; H AEEW 360, think, to plan’, ON þekkja ‘to perceive, to
362; F 489–490; W-H know, to comply’, OE äencan ‘to think’,
II 398 (*¶è from IE *dhè- ‘to put’); OFris thenza, thanka id., OS thenkian id.,
P I 1086–1087; V ANEW 605; OHG denken id. Structurally and etymo-
L GED 354–355. logically close to Lat tongeò ‘to know’
*þanan£ adv., ptcl.: ON þanan ‘thence’, (V‘ 99). Further cf. Toch B cänk- ‘to
OE äanan id., OS thanana id., OHG please’. A KZ I 353; A 
danana id. Derived from *þana. T- J MSL XI 330 (to OIr tongu ‘to
F 175; H AEEW 361; swear’); W CPh III 85–86 (to Gk
V ANEW 605; L GED 354. tetag≈n ‘grasping’); Z Gutt. 216;
*þanilaz sb.m.: ON þengill ‘prince, king’, T-F 179; H AEEW
OE äenel ‘prince’. Derived from *þenxanan. 362; W-H II 690; F 487;
S BB XVII 165 (to Gk tãssv P I 1088; C SGGJa I
‘to draw up, to form, to array’); H- 68, 91; V ANEW 607; O 917;
 AEEW 362; P I 1068 (to L GED 353; K-S
OS à-thengian ‘to take out, to carry out’); 170–171; A TB 253.
V ANEW 608; L GED 359. *þankjaz adj.: ON þekkr ‘agreeable, pleas-
*þanxòn sb.f.: Goth þaho ‘clay’, ON þá ant, pliable’, MDu ge-denke ‘mindful’,
‘thawed ground’, OE äóhe, äó ‘clay’, OHG in-denki ‘favorite’. Derived from
MLG dà id., OHG dàha ‘clay vessel, *þankjanan. K NB II 446; H-
clay’. Derived from *þenxanan. T-  613.
F 179; H AEEW 366; F *þankòjanan wk.vb.: ON þakka ‘to
488; T Lehm 16–23; P I 1068; thank’, OE äancian id., OFris thonkia
V ANEW 609; Z II 228; id., OS thankòn id., OHG gi-dancòn id.
L GED 353 (from a non-IE Derived from *þankaz. T-F 179;
source); K-S 827–828. H AEEW 360; V ANEW
*þanjanan wk.vb.: Goth uf-þanjan ‘to 605; L GED 353; P IF
stretch out, to strive for’, ON þenja ‘to XCIV 297.
stretch, to extend’, OE äennan id., OS *þar ~ *þèr adv.: Goth þar ‘there’, ON
thennian id., OHG dennen id. Related þar id., OE ä≠r id., OFris thèr id., OS thàr
to Skt tanóti ‘to expand, to extend, to id., OHG dàr id. Derived from *þa- (see
spread’, Gk te¤nv ‘to stretch’, Lat teneò ‘to *þat) with a locative -r. Cf. also OS thar-
hold’, Lith tìnstu, tìnti ‘to swell’. T- od ‘there’, OHG thar-òt id. with the sec-
F 178; H AEEW 362; ond part related to Skt utá ‘and, also’,
W-H II 664–665; F Gk *Íte in Gk ±Ête ‘as, like as’, pron.
513–514; M I 475; P otow. T-F 175; H
I 1065–1066; F 1099; V AEEW 360; F 490 (to Skt tár-hi ‘then,
ANEW 609; F II 863–865; L at that time’); P I 74, 1087; F
GED 374; K-S 167. I 646; V ANEW 605; O 916;
*þankaz sb.m.: Goth þagks ‘thanks, favor’, L GED 355; K-S 159.
ON fem. þ‡kk ‘gratitude’, OE äanc ‘favor, *þarbènan ~ *þarfènan wk.vb.: Goth
grace, satisfaction, thanks’, OFris thank ga-þarban ‘to abstain’, OS tharbòn ‘to be
þarbènan 417 þat
needy’, OHG darbèn ‘to miss, to lack’. *þarfò sb.f.: Goth þarba ‘want, need’, ON
Derived from *þarfa. K KZ I þ‡rf ‘need, necessity’, OE äearf ‘need’,
39; T-F 182; F 490; S OFris therve id., OS tharf id., OHG darba
509; L GED 355; K-S ‘fast, lent’. Identical with Lith tarpà ‘thriv-
162–163 (from *þarbò ). ing, growth’. Further related to *þarfa.
*þarb( j)a-lìaz adj.: ON þerfi-ligr ‘useful, T-F 182; T BSW 314;
convenient’, OE äearf-líc ‘necessary, use- H AEEW 361; F 490;
ful’. Derived from *þarfaz ~ *þarfòn. P I 1078; F 1062–1063;
V ANEW 609. V ANEW 631–632; Z II 175;
*þarbòjanan wk.vb.: ON þarfa ‘to need, S 509; B Nom. 107;
to want’, OE äearfian ‘to be in need’, K-S 163.
OFris thervia ‘to get lost’, OS tharbon ‘to *þarmaz sb.m.: ON þarmr ‘gut’, OE äearm
miss, to lack’. Derived from *þarfaz ~ id., OFris therm id., MLG darm id., OHG
*þarfòn. T-F 182; H darm id. Identical with Gk tÒrmow ‘hole’,
AEEW 361; V ANEW 606; L trãmiw: tÚ tr∞ma t∞w ßdraw, tin¢w
GED 355; H 613. ¶nteron (Hes.) and further connected with
*þarfa str.vb.: Goth þarf ‘to need’, ON þarf te¤rv ‘to rub’, ter°v ‘to drill, to bore’.
id., OE äearf id., OFris thor, thorf, thurf id., T-F 182; H AEEW
OS tharf id., OHG darf id. Related to Skt 361; J IEW 442 (to *ter- ‘to
t®pyati, tºp»óti ‘to satisfy oneself, to be cross over’); P I 1071–1072;
pleased’, Gk t°rpomai ‘to enjoy’, Lith V ANEW 606; Z I 136; F
tarpstù, taıpti ‘to thrive, to prosper’, OPrus II 913; K-S 163.
enterpo ‘to fit’ (K KZ XXV 311–312; *þarzjanan wk.vb.: ON þerra ‘to dry, to
S MSL VII 83–84: semantic con- wipe’, OE äirran ‘to dry, to wipe’, MDu
nection between ‘taking away’ as in Skt dorren ‘to make dry’, OHG derren id. Caus-
pa≤u-t®p- ‘stealing cattle’ and ‘enjoying’). ative of *þersanan. Structurally identical
G Got. 213–214; K KZ with Skt tarßáyati ‘to cause to become dry’,
XXV 311–312; W MLN XX 102– Lat torreò ‘to parch, to roast’. T-
104; C MLN XX 105; U F 183; W-H II 694;
TNTL XXV 299–300; M IF M I 525; P I 1078–
XVIII 225–226; T-F 182; T- 1079; V ANEW 609; S 515;
 BSW 314; S NTS II 83 (on L GED 151; K-S 190.
the semantic development in Gmc); F *þarzò sb.f.: Norw dial. tarre ‘malt drying
491–492; H AEEW 372; device’, MLG dare ‘dryer’, OHG darra
J IEW 444; M I ‘dryer, drying device’. See *þersanan.
524; P I 1077–1078; F Structurally similar to Arm t'afi ‘pole for
1062–1063; V ANEW 627; F II drying of grapes, roost’, Gk tarsÒw
881–882; S 509–510; L ‘frame of wicker-work, crate, flat basket,
GED 356–357; K-S 201. for drying cheeses on’ (L Arm. St.
*þarfaz ~ *þarfòn adj.: Goth þarfs ‘nec- 45–46). T-F 183; P I
essary’, ala-þarba ‘being in want of every- 1078–1079; F II 858; K-
thing’, ON þarfr ‘useful’, þarfi ‘needy’, S 163.
OE äearfa ‘destitute, needing’, OHG darbo *þat pron.: Goth þata ‘that’, ON þat id.,
‘missing, lacking’. Derived from *þarfa. OE äæt id., OFris thet id., OS that id.,
K NB I 51; T-F 182; H- OHG daz id. The auslaut in Goth is not
 AEEW 361; F 490; P clear (a particle?), see K HG 140.
I 1078; V ANEW 606; S 509; Related to IE *tod id.: Skt tát, Av ta∆, Gk
L GED 25, 355; B acc. tÒn, Lat is-tud, Slav *to. Cf. the uni-
Nom. 238; H 613–614. verbation of this stem with *uxwe in Goth
þat 418 þewanòjanan
þauh ‘or, but’, ON þó ‘though, yet, never- P I 1054; V ANEW 609–610;
theless’, OE äeáh ‘yet, still, however, O 914; A III 222–223; K-
nevertheless’, OFris thach, thàch id., OS S 817.
thòh id., OHG doh id. (with a difficult aus- *þefòjanan wk.vb.: ON þefa ‘to smell, to
laut in Goth). B 613–623; sniff ’, OE äefian ‘to pant, to be agitated’.
T-F 174; H AEEW Related to Skt tápati ‘to warm, to burn’,
360–361; W-H I 721; F Lat tepeò ‘to be tepid’, OIr té ‘hot’, Slav
490–491 (Goth þauh to Skt tú ‘now, but’); *tepl˙ ‘warm’. T-F 180; T-
M I 465; P I 1086–  BSW 319; W-H II
1087; V ANEW 606, 615; F II 667–668; P I 1069–1070.
907; O 914, 919; L GED *þejanan str.vb.: ON þiggja ‘to receive, to
356; K-S 186–187. accept’, OE äican id. Related to OIr
*þaþrò(t) adv.: Goth þaþro-h ‘from there’, techtaid ‘to have, to possess’, Lith tenkù,
ON þaära ‘there’, OE äæder ‘thither’. tèkti ‘to suffice, to suit’. T-F 176;
Suffixal derivative of *þa- (see *þata). H AEEW 364; J
Identical with Skt tátra, tatrà ‘there, thither’. IEW 433; P I 1058; F
The suffix is close to that of Lat intrà 1077; V ANEW 610; S
‘within’. T-F 174; H 510–511.
AEEW 359; W-H I 712; *þena-el¶jan sb.n.: ON þegn-gildi
F 491; M I 471; P I ‘wergild for a thane’, OE äeen-ilde id.
1087; V ANEW 605; O 918; Compound of *þenaz and *el¶jan ~
L GED 356. *el¶jòn. C Nom. comp. 82 (parallel
*þausjanan wk.vb.: ON þeysa ‘to make to formations).
spurt out, to gush forth’, MHG dòsen ‘to *þenaz sb.m.: ON þegn ‘thane, freeman’,
rage’. Probably based on IE *teu(H)-: Skt OE äeen ‘servant’, OS thegan ‘man’,
tavìti ‘to be strong’, Gk s«w ‘safe and OHG degan ‘warrior, hero, servant’. Close
sound, alive’. On the other hand, a com- to Gk t°knon ‘child’ < IE *tekno- (Z
parison with Av tao“ayeiti ‘to untie, to Gutt. 76, 140). Cf. further Skt tákman- ‘off-
unbind’ of the same derivational struc- spring’ also derived from IE *tek- ‘to give
ture might be not less attractive. T- birth’. Z Gutt. 76; T-F
F 188; P I 1084–1086; V 177; H AEEW 362; F 498;
ANEW 610 (to ON þjóstr ‘anger, fury’). M I 466; P I 1057;
*þautjanan wk.vb.: ON þeyta ‘to make C SGGJa I 108; V ANEW
sound’, OE á-äeótan ‘to sound’. Causative 607; Z I 137; F II 867;
of *þeutanan. H AEEW 365; O 914; B Nom. 73;
V ANEW 610. K-S 166–167.
*þawanòjanan wk.vb.: ON þána ‘to *þewanaz adj.: ON sbst. þjónn ‘servant,
melt’, OE e-äawenian ‘to moisten’. attendant’, OE sbst. äeówen ‘female ser-
Related to *þawjanan. T-F 175. vant’. Derived from *þewaz. Structurally
*þawiz sb.m.: ON þeyr ‘thaw’, E thaw id., close to Lith tek~nas ‘runner, messenger’.
Du dooi id. Derived from *þawjanan. H AEEW 363; F
T-F 175; V ANEW 610. 1077; V ANEW 614.
*þawjanan wk.vb.: ON þeyja ‘to thaw’, *þewanòjanan wk.vb.: ON þjóna ‘to
MLG douwen id., OHG douwen id. A serve’, OFris thiània id., OS thionòn id.,
comparison with Osset tajyn ~ tajun ‘to OHG dionòn id. Derived from *þezwanaz
thaw, to melt’, Slav *tajati id. is not pre- with analogical changes in ON. T-
cise but yet, very probable. M F 177;  W IF XXIV 37 (ON <
MSL IX 154–155, XXIII 50–51; T- OS); V ANEW 614; K-S
F 175; H AEEW 361; 179.
þewanòstòn 419 þelan
*þewanòstòn ~ *þewanòstan sb.f./n.: up, to grind up’, Skt tákßati ‘to fashion, to
ON þjónusta, þjónasta ‘service, attendance’, create, to do carpentry’, Av ta“- ‘to cut
OE þeónest ‘service’ (unless from OHG), (out)’, Lat texò ‘to weave’, Lith ta“aU, ta“ÿti
OFris thianest id., OS thionost id., OHG ‘to chop off, to do carpentry’, Slav *tesati
dionòst id. Derived from *þewanòjan. ‘to hew’. B 644–645; T-
T-F 177. F 177; T BSW 319–320;
*þewaz sb.m.: Goth þius ‘boy, house-ser- W-H II 678–679; M
vant’, ON -þér (in prop.), þÿ ‘serf, bonds- I 468; P I 1058–1059; F
man’ (neut.), OE äeów ‘servant, slave’, OS 1065; S 511; A TB 286.
theo- (in cmpn.), OHG adj. teo ‘unfree’. *þexs(a)lòn sb.f.: ON þexla ‘axe’, MLG
Identical with Skt táku- ‘rushing, quick’, desele id., OHG dehsala id. Structurally
takvá- ‘quick’ < *tek ⁄⁄ós derived from IE close to Lat tèlum ‘dart, spear, javelin’,
*tek ⁄- ‘to run’ (S KZ XXXIV 2). OIr tál ‘axe’ < *tò˚slo-, Slav *teslo ~ *tesla
Z Gutt. 76–77 (to *þenaz); id. Related to *þexsanan. T-F
B IF XIX 381–382 (semantic 178; W-H II 656; P I
parallel in Gk trÒxiw ‘runner, servant’ 1058; V ANEW 609; S 511;
from tr°xv ‘to run’); T-F 177; V-T IV 51; K-
H AEEW 362; F 497– 498; S 165.
M I 466–467; P I 1059; *þe(x)stilaz sb.m.: ON þistill ‘thistle’, OE
V ANEW 609; Z II 179; äistel id., EFris dìssel id., OS thistil id.,
S KZ LXXXI 125, 130; S- OHG distil id. (also fem. distila). Deriva-
 Goten 31; P IF LXXXI 29– tionally identical with Lat textilis ‘woven’.
30 (doubts the connection with *tek⁄- on Further related to *þexsanan. T-F
phonetic grounds); H IF LXXXVIII 184; H AEEW 366; W-
93–94 (contra P); L GED H II 678–679; P I 1016
362; B Nom. 69–70; H- (to IE *steig- ‘to prick’); F 1065;
 616; K-S 170. V ANEW 611; Z II 176;
*þewernò(n) sb.f.: ON þerna ‘servant, O 918; K-S 185.
maid’, OS thiorna ‘virgin’, OHG diorna id. *þekwiþò sb.f.: ON þykt ‘density, thick-
Derived from *þewaz. M MLN ness’, OHG dickida id. Derived from
LVII 432–433; P IF LXXXI *þekwuz. V ANEW 630; H-
29–30; H IF LXXXVIII 93–94;  618.
K-S 183. *þekwòjanan wk.vb.: ON þjokkva ‘to
*þewènan wk.vb.: Goth ana-þiwan ‘to make thick, to thicken’, OHG dickòn
subdue, to subjugate’, ON þjá ‘to enslave, id. Derived from *þekwuz. V ANEW
to constrain’, OE äeówian ‘to serve, to 614; H 618.
enslave’. Derived from *þewaz. H- *þekwuz adj.: ON þjokkr, þykkr ‘thick’, OE
 AEEW 363; F 45; V äicce id., OS thikki id., OHG dicki id.
ANEW 611; L GED 34. Related to OIr tiug id. < *tegu-.
*þewjò sb.f.: Goth þiwi ‘maidservant’, K NB II 411–412; Z Gutt.
OE äéowe id., OS thiwi, thiu id., OHG diu 95, 99; T-F 176; H
id. Derived from *þewaz (H Urgerm. II AEEW 364; P I 1057; C-
62: from *tek⁄ì). H AEEW  SGGJa I 100; V ANEW 614,
363; F 499; P I 1057; V 630; O 916; B Nom.
ANEW 629; Z II 181; L 263; H 617–618, KZ XCIX
GED 362; B Nom. 114. 282; K-S 178–179.
*þexsanan str.vb.: MHG dehsan ‘to *þelan sb.n.: ON þel ‘nap on woollen fab-
swingle (flax)’ (str. pret.). Related to Hitt rics’, OE äel ‘thin piece of wood, plate,
tak“- ‘to tie, to join’, Toch B tàks- ‘to chop plank’, OHG dil ‘board’ (masc.). Struc-
þelan 420 þenòjanan
turally close to Slav *t˙lo ‘floor, ground’. (W PBB XXX 56). B
Further cf. Skt neut. tala- ‘plane, surface, 648; T-F 180; S PBB
level, palm’, Lat tellùs ‘earth’, OIr talam XLV 454–455; S Kl. Schr. 126–127;
id., OPrus talus ‘floor’. See *þeljòn. M I 478; P I 1063–
P Kelt. Gr. I 132, 380; T-F 1064; L MSS XXXV 81; B-
183–184; T BSW 321;  Nom. 252–253; H 619.
H AEEW 362; W- *þen¶ò sb.f.: ON þind ‘diaphragm’. Iden-
H II 655–656; P I 1061; tical with OIr tét ‘chord’ < *t–tà. Sub-
V ANEW 608; K-S 179; stantivized feminine of the participle
V-T IV 65. *t–to-, cf. Skt tatá- ‘stretched’, Gk tatÒw
*þeljan sb.n.: ON þili ‘plank’, OS thili id., Lat tentus ‘held (fast)’. T-F 180;
‘board, plank’, OHG dili id. (masc.). See W-H II 666; P I 1065–
*þeljòn. V ANEW 610; K- 1066; V ANEW 610; F II 864.
S 179. *þena-xùsan sb.n.: ON þing-hús ‘house
*þeljòjanan wk.vb.: ON þilja ‘to cover in which a meeting is held’, OS thing-hùs
with planks’, OE äilian ‘to plank’, OHG ‘law-court’, OHG ding-hùs id. Compound
gi-dillòn id. Derived from *þeljan, *þeljòn. of *þenaz ~ *þenxaz and *xùsan. C
H AEEW 365; V ANEW Nom. comp. 79 (“not Germanic as the
610. Thing met in the open”).
*þeljòn sb.f.: ON þilja ‘board, plank’, OE *þena-mannz sb.m.: ON þing-maär
äille ‘boarding, flooring, floor’, OFris thille ‘member of the assembly’, OFris thing-mon
‘plank floor’, OHG dilla ‘board, floor’. ‘advocate’, MLG dink-man id., OHG ding-
Close to Gk thl¤a ‘a kind of board’. See man id. Compound of *þenaz ~ *þenxaz
*þelan. T-F 184; H and *mannz. C Nom. comp. 79 (paral-
AEEW 365; W-H II 655– lel formations).
656; P I 1061; V ANEW 610; *þenaz ~ *þenxaz sb.n.: Goth þeihs
Z I 156; F II 892; O ‘occasion, time’, ON þing ‘assembly,
247; K-S 179. thing’, OE äin ‘thing, meeting’, OFris
*þemstraz adj.: MDu demster ‘dark, thing ‘assembly; legal case; thing’, OS thing
gloomy’, MLG vinster ‘dark’ (with dissim- id., OHG ding id. Probably connected
ilation), OHG dinstar id. From *tem6sro- with *þenxanan (G Got. 214).
close to Skt pl. támisrà˙ ‘dark night’, Av K QF XXXII 21 (to Lat tempus
tàyraè“u ‘in the darkness’, Lat pl. tenebrae ‘time’, presumably, from *tenk ⁄o-); O
‘darkness’ (T apud W- IF VIII 40–41 (to Gk tÒpow ‘place’);
H), further connected with Skt Z Gutt. 140 (to Lith tenkù, tèkti ‘to
támas- ‘darkness’, Lith témsta, témti ‘to hold out, to suffice’); S BB XVII
become dark’, Slav *t¸ma ‘darkness’ < 165 (to Gk tãssv ‘to arrange’); T-
*tem- ‘dark’ (S IBK XV 200). F 176; H AEEW 365; F
B 650; T-F 180–181; 494; P I 1067 (“nur germanisch”);
S PBB XLV 453–456; V ANEW 610–611; Z II 224;
T BSW 322–323; W- L GED 360 (to IE *ten-k- ‘to
H II 664; M I 479; extend, to span’); K-S 181–
P I 1063–1064; F 1080; 182 (to MIr téchtae ‘legality’ < *tenktƒo-).
V-T IV 133–134; H- *þena-sta¶iz sb.m.: ON þing-staär ‘place
 618–619. where the assembly is held’, OE äin-stede
*þemzaz adj.: OS thimm ‘dark’, OHG sbst. id., OHG ding-stat id. (fem.). Compound
demar ‘darkness’. Close to Skt tamasá- of *þenaz ~ *þenxaz and *sta¶iz. C
‘dark-colored’, Av t6maŋha- ‘dark’, Lith Nom. comp. 52.
tamsà ‘darkness’. Further see *þemstraz *þenòjanan wk.vb.: ON þinga ‘to hold a
þenòjanan 421 þersanan
meeting’, OE äinian ‘to intercede, to ask *þensanan str.vb.: Goth at-þinsan ‘to
favor, to settle, to speak’, OFris thingia ‘to draw, to pull up to’, OS pres. uer-thinse
convey a court examination’, OS thingòn ‘subtrahat’, OHG dinsan ‘to draw, to
id., OHG dingòn ‘to analyze (in court), to drag, to pull’. Belongs to IE *tens- ‘to
address’. Derived from *þenaz ~ *þenxaz. extend’: Skt taµsayati ‘to draw to and fro’,
H AEEW 366; V ANEW Lith t\siù, t.sti ‘to tug, to extend’ (W-
611. H II 666). S Voc. I 71;
*þenxanan str.vb.: Goth þeihan ‘to suc- P Beiträge 341–342; T-F
ceed, to make progress, to thrive’, OE 180; T BSW 318–319; F
äeón ‘to thrive, to flourish, to prosper’, OS 62; M I 465; P I 1068–
thìhan ‘to prosper’, OHG dìhan ‘to 1069; F 1083–1084; S
become powerful, to grow’. Related to 514–515; L GED 47; K-
Skt tanákti ‘to cause coagulation’, OIr co- S 63.
técim ‘to coagulate’, Lith tenkù, tèkti ‘to *þerbaz ~ *þerfaz adj.: ON þjarfr
hold out, to suffice, to reach’ (G- ‘unleavened, fresh (of water)’, OE äeorf
 Got. 214). Z Gutt. 140; id., OFris therf ‘violent’, OS therbi ‘unleav-
T-F 179–180, 184; F 493– ened’, OHG derb id. Probably related to
494; H AEEW 366; T Lat torpeò ‘to be stiff ’, Lith tirpstù, tiıpti ‘to
Lehm 16–18, 20–23; B Word stiffen’, Slav *t¸rpîti id. (F I 444;
XIX 253–254; M I 473; P Beiträge 437–438). K NB
P I 1068; F 1077; O I 25; T-F 183 (to Gk trÒfiw ‘well-
923; S 512–514; L GED fed, stout, large’); T BSW
359; K-S 304. 325; H AEEW 363; W-
*þenxlan sb.n.: Icel þél ‘sour milk’. H II 692; P I 1024;
Related to *þanxòn. Besides the difference F 1100–1101; V ANEW 612;
in the ablaut grade, identical with Skt H 620; K-S 172.
neut. takrá- ‘buttermilk’ < *t–klo-. T- *þerxwe ~ *þurxwe prep.: Goth þairh
F 179; P I 1068. ‘through’, OE äurh, äerh, äorh id., OFris
*þenxslò sb.f.: ON þísl ‘cart-pole’, OE thruc, thriuc id., OS thurh id., OHG duruh,
äísl, äíxl ‘beam, pole of a wagon, pole’, thuruch id. Cf. also OHG derh ‘perforated’.
MLG dìsel ‘pole (of the harness)’, OHG Based on IE *ter- as in Skt tirá˙ ‘across,
dìhsala id. Related to *þunuz. T- over, apart’, Av tarò ‘aside, over’, OIr tar
F 179; H AEEW 366; ‘across, above’ and the like (T KZ
P I 1067; V ANEW 611; XVI 198–201) followed by *-xwe < *k ⁄e.
Z I 148; K-S 167. B 641–642; T-F 181;
*þenxtaz adj.: ON þéttr ‘tight, heavy’, OE H AEEW 364; F 488;
äíht ‘tight, firm, strong’, MLG dichte P I 1074–1076; M I
‘thick’, MHG dìchte id. Derived from 503–504; O 920; V T-
*þenxanan. Identical with OIr técht ‘thick, 28–29, 125–126; L GED 354;
glutionous’ < *tenk-to-. Further cf. Av K-S 200–201.
taxma- ‘strong, firm’, Lith tánkus ‘thick’, *þerkòjanan wk.vb.: ON þjarka ‘to quar-
Slav *t‡‘a ‘cloud’. See *þunuz. B- rel, to wrangle’, OE á-äercian ‘to despise’.
 626–627; K NB II 447; Related to Skt tárjati ‘to threaten, to
T-F 179; F 488; H scold’, Gk tãrbow ‘alarm, terror’, tarb°v
AEEW 365; K 141–142; T Lehm ‘to be frightened’ (K KZ XIII 454).
16–23; P I 1068; F 1056; Z Gutt. 96; H AEEW
V ANEW 609; O 923; L- 364; M I 485; P I 1077;
 GED 359; H 619–620; V ANEW 612 F II 855–856.
K-S 178–179. *þersanan str.vb.: Goth part. ga-þaursans
þersanan 422 þeu¶janan
‘to dry up’. Related to Skt t®ßyati ‘to be Compound of *þeu¶ò and *lan¶an. C
thirsty’, Gk t°rsomai ‘to be dry’, Lat tor- Nom. comp. 82 (parallel formations).
reò ‘to dry’. T-F 183; W- *þeu¶anaz sb.m.: Goth þiudans ‘king’, ON
H II 694; F 206; M þjóäann id., OE äeóden id., OS thiodan
I 525; P I 1078–1079; F II ‘ruler’. Derived from *þeu¶ò. Structurally
882; S 515; L GED 151, 358. close to Illyr PN Teutana, Gaul Toutonos
*þeþuraz sb.m.: ON þiäurr ‘partridge’. (K Glotta XVII 93–94, IF XLVII
Close to Skt tittirá- ‘partridge’, Gk t°traj 327). H AEEW 363; F
‘grouse’, t°tarow ‘pheasant’, Latv teteris 496–497; P Gliederung 130; P
‘grouse’, Slav *teterv¸ id. (F I 58, 441). I 1084; V ANEW 613; M IF LXII
Originally, of imitative origin (P 260, 279; B IEL 75, 90,
UUÅ 1891 196). T-F 184; M- 246–247; L GED 361; B-
 I 500; P I 1079; V  Nom. 82.
ANEW 610 F II 886. *þeu¶a-weaz sb.m.: ON þjóä-vegr ‘high-
*þeubaz sb.m.: Goth þiubs ‘thief ’, ON way’, OE äeód-we id., MLG dèt-wech
þjófr id., OE äeóf id., OFris thiàf id., OS id. Compound of *þeu¶ò and *weaz.
thiof id., OHG diob id. Related to Lith Probably, a calque of Lat via publica.
taupÿti ‘to keep, to save’, Latv taUpît C Nom. comp. 79 (internal Germanic
id. (T ZdWf VII 267–269). loans).
M NGWG 1905 185–186 (to Gk *þeu¶iskaz adj.: Goth adv. þiudisko
tuflÒw ‘blind’); G Got. 215 (to ‘like the heathen’, ON þÿäerskr, þÿäverskr
Gk tÊptv ‘to strike’); T NNEO 792 (to ‘German’ (phonetically irregular; a
ON þópta ‘rowing bench’); T-F loan?), OE äéodisc ‘gentile, belonging to
187; B IF IX 270 (to Av t6vi“ a people’, OS thiudisc ‘pertaining to peo-
‘coarseness’); H AEEW 363; ple’, MDu dutsch ‘Dutch’, OHG diutisc
F 497; P I 1085 (to Lith t~pti ‘German’. Derived from *þeu¶ò. B
‘to cower, to kneel down’); F PBB XLIII 436–445 (development of
1067; Z I 137; F II 950; V meaning), XLV 145; W RMP
ANEW 613 (contra T); O 916; LXXXVI 97–126 (connected with
F 74; L GED 362 (Ger- Teuton); W DWG 102–103;
manic innovation); K-S 179. F 497; V ANEW 629; O
*þeubiþò sb.f.: ON þÿfä ‘theft’, OE äífä 295; L GED 362; M IF XCVII
id., OFris thiùfthe, thiùvethe id., OS thiubda 103–121; K-S 175.
id., MHG dèfte id. Derived from *þeubaz. *þeu¶janan I wk.vb.: ON þÿäa ‘to
H AEEW 365; V ANEW explain, to interpret, to signify’, OE e-
629–630; O 915. äiédan ‘to translate’, OFris bi-thìoda ‘to
*þeubjan sb.n.: Goth þiubi ‘theft’, ON þÿfi explain, to translate’, MLG dùden ‘to
‘stolen goods’, OE äífe-feoh id. Cf. also interpret’, MHG diuten id. Derived from
OHG fem. diuba ‘theft’. Derived from *þeu¶ò. T-F 185; H
*þeubaz. H AEEW 365; F AEEW 364; V ANEW 629; L
497; L GED 362; B GED 361; K-S 174.
Nom. 67. *þeu¶janan II wk.vb.: Goth þiuþjan ‘to
*þeu¶a-kuninaz ~ *þeu¶a-kununaz bless, to pronounce good upon’, ON þÿäa
sb.m.: ON þjóä-konungr ‘sovereign’, OE ‘to rejoice’, OE e-äiedan ‘to participate’,
äeód-cynin id., OS thiod-kuning id. MLG dieden ‘to help’, OHG untar-diuten
Compound of *þeu¶ò and *kuninaz ~ ‘to be subject to’. Derived from *þeu¶jaz.
*kununaz. C Nom. comp. 53. T-F 186; H AEEW
*þeu¶a-lan¶an sb.n.: ON þjóä-land 364; F 498; V ANEW 629;
‘empire’, OE äeód-land ‘region, country’. L GED 362–363.
þeu¶jaz 423 þìnaz
*þeu¶jaz adj.: ON þÿär ‘kind, meek, ami- T-F 186; T BSW 314;
able’, OE e-þÿde ‘good’, MDu ge-diede H AEEW 363; P I
‘obliging, benevolent’. Derived from 1080–1081; F 1066; V
*þeu¶ò ( J PBB XV 238). ANEW 612–613; Z I 144;
Related to OIr túath ‘left’, with a taboo O 917; V-T IV 116.
denotation similar to that of Gk éris- *þeuraz sb.m.: ON þjórr ‘bull’. Related to
terÒw. Cf. also Goth þiuþ ‘good’. Gk taËrow ‘bull’, Lat taurus id., OIr
K NB II 447; T-F 186; tarb id. (with a metathesis), Lith taUras
F 498; H AEEW 363–365; ‘aurochs’, Slav *tur˙ id. An IE loanword
W-H II 721; S from Sem *∆awru- (S Urheimat 6;
JEGP XXXVI 176–177; T SG I 108; L Fremdw. 4; I-S PIEJa 3)
P I 1079–1080; V ANEW hardly connected with *steuraz. B-
629; S Erw. 56; L GED  IF VI 98, Grundriß II/1 353 (vocal-
362–363 (related to OE äeáw ‘custom, ism influenced by *steuraz); I Festschr.
usage’, OFris thàw id., OS thau id.); Streitberg 227–228; S 35; W-
H 621–623. H II 650–652; P Gliederung
*þeu¶ò sb.f.: Goth þiuda ‘people, nation’, 199; P I 1083; V ANEW 614;
ON þjóä id. (partly < *þiu¶iz), OE äéod F II 860–861.
id., OFris thiàd id., OS thiod, thioda id., *þeutanan str.vb.: ON þjóta ‘to howl, to
OHG diot id. (masc.), prop. Diota. emit a whistling sound’, OE äeótan, äútan
Identical with Hitt tuzzi- ‘army’, Thrac ‘to howl’, OHG diozan ‘to roar’. Of
prop. Tiouta, Touta, Illyr prop. TeÊta, unknown—probably, imitative—origin.
Osc touto ‘citizenry, state’, Umbr acc. tutas B GGA 1875 281 (to Lat tus-
id., OIr túath ‘tribe, people’, W tud sis ‘cough’); P UUÅ 1891 90 (to
‘people, country’, OLith tautà ‘people, Lat tundò ‘to beat, to strike’); F BB
nation’, Latv tàuta id., OPrus tauto ‘land’. I 208 (same as B); T-
S KZ I 560; T-F 185; F 186–187 (to IE *teu(6)- ‘to swell’);
K Glotta XXII 123; T H AEEW 363; J
BSW 314–315; H AEEW IEW 427–431; P I 1097 (to Lith
362–363; F 496; D Thr. 507; tùtúoti ‘to blow’); V ANEW 615;
P Gliederung 200; P I 1084; S 516 (to Lat tumultus ‘uproar,
C SGGJa I 64; F bustle’); L GED 369 (to IE *teud-
1069–1070; V ANEW 613; Z ‘to kick’).
II 198; B IEL 296; L *þèiz ~ *þèjaz adj.: ON þægr ‘accept-
GED 361; B Nom. 116; able, agreeable’, OE *e-ä≠e ‘pleasant’.
K-S 175. Derived from *þejanan. H
*þeuxa-bròkz sb.f.: Goth *þiuh-broks AEEW 359; V ANEW 631; M
‘knee breeches’ (reconstructed from late KZ CV 114.
Lat tubrucus, Rum tureci ), OHG dioh-bruoh *þèxtaz sb.m.: ON þáttr ‘single strand
‘knee-breeches’. Compound of *þeuxan of rope’, OHG tàht ‘wick’. Related to
and *bròkz. C Nom. comp. 45; *þexsanan. S BB XIX 14;
G RG I 374, II 258. T-F 177; W-H II
*þeuxan sb.n.: ON þjó ‘thigh’, OE äeóh id., 678–679; P Gliederung 168; P
OFris thiàch id., MLG dèch id., OHG dioh I 1058–1059; V ANEW 606; K-
id. Derivationally close to Lith pl. taukaÛ S 187.
‘fat’, Latv adj. tàuks ‘fat’, Slav *tuk˙ ‘fat, *þìnaz pron.: Goth þeins ‘thine’, ON þín,
animal fat’ and further related to IE þinn id., OE äín id., OFris thìn id., OS thìn
*teuH- ‘to swell’. W KZ I 247; id., OHG dìn id. An original Germanic
Z Gutt. 140; P Beiträge 554; formation based on *þu. T-F
þìnaz 424 þrasò
185; H AEEW 365; F 495; (to OIr tromm ‘heavy’); T-F 191;
P I 1098; V ANEW 610; V ANEW 619; M IF LXIX 248;
L GED 360; K-S 168. P I 1092–1093; L GED 364.
*þrafjòjanan wk.vb.: ON þrefa ‘to wran- *þramuz sb.m.: ON þr‡mr ‘brim, edge,
gle, to dispute’, OE ärafian ‘to urge, to verge’, MHG dràm ‘piece, splinter’. De-
press’. Identical with Slav *tropiti ‘to make rived from *þremmanan. T-F 181
a path’, further to Toch A trap-, B tràpp- (to Gk t°rma ‘end, boundary’, Lat termen
‘to trip, to stumble’, Lith trapin∏ti ‘to ‘boundary’); J IEW 442;
trample’, OPruss trapt ‘to walk’, Slav V ANEW 625 (to *þruman ~ *þrumò).
*tropa ‘path’. W PBB XXIV 533 (to *þranwaz adj.: ON þr‡ngr ‘narrow, close,
Lat trepit ‘to turn’); T BSW 329; tight’, MLG dranc ‘narrow’, MHG mir ist
H AEEW 368; P I drange nàch ‘I am compelled to do smth.’.
1037 (to Lat strepò ‘to rattle, to rustle’); Derived from *þrenwanan ~ *þrenxwanan.
F 1111; V ANEW 620; Close to Lith trankùs ‘uneven (of a road),
V-T IV 105; A TB hard’. K NB II 408–409; T-
313–314. F 190; F 1111; V ANEW
*þraftan sb.n.: ON þrapt ‘quarrel’, OE 625; O 920; M KZ CV
äræft ‘quarrel, dispute’. Derived from 103–104; H 624.
*þrafjòjanan. T-F 191. *þranwislò sb.f.: ON þrøngsl ‘narrows,
*þrajanan wk.vb.: Goth þragjan ‘to run’, straits’, LG drangsal ‘crowd, throng’. De-
OE äræan id. Derived from *þraò. rived from *þranwjanan. V ANEW
Z Gutt. 140; T-F 190 (to 625.
Slav *t˙rk˙ ‘running’); H *þranwjanan wk.vb.: ON þr‡ngva ‘to
AEEW 367; F 500–501; O 919; press’, MLG drengen id., MHG drengen id.
L GED 364. Causative of *þrenwanan ~ *þrenxwanan.
*þraò sb.f.: OE ärá ‘time, season’. Close T-F 190; V ANEW 625;
to W tro ‘turn, time’ < *trogho-. Further L GED 365.
related to Lat trahò ‘to pull’ < *draghò *þranwò ~ *þranwan sb.f./n.: ON
(T BB XXX 330). T- pr‡ng ‘crowd’, OE äran, e-äran id.,
F 190; H AEEW 368; MLG ge-drang id., OHG gi-drang id. Sub-
W-H II 698–699; P I stantivized *þranwaz. H
1089; L GED 364. AEEW 368; O 920; B
*þraxilaz ~ *þrailaz sb.m.: ON þræll Nom. 107 (reconstructs *þranò ).
‘slave, serf ’, OHG dregil ‘servant’. De- *þranxaz adj.: ON lík-þrár ‘leprous’, OE
rived from *þrajanan. T-F 190; äróh ‘rancid’, MDu dra ‘sickening’, MHG
P TPS 1954 21 (to Proto-Gk adv. dràhe ‘odorous’. Related to Lith tr\“tù,
*trok⁄eƒò ‘to plough’); J IEW trè“ti ‘to rot’. T-F 190; H-
456 (to Lat trahò ‘to draw’); V ANEW  AEEW 370; P I 1031–
625 (< *þranxilaz); O 919. 1032; F 1121; V ANEW 619;
*þrakjaz sb.m.: ON þrekr ‘strength, H Festschr. Sundby 131–144; H-
courage’, OE ärece ‘force, oppression’.  624–625.
Related to OIr tracht ‘strength’. Z *þrasò sb.f.: Goth þrasa-balþei ‘quarrel-
Gutt. 217; T-F 189; H someness’, OE äræs ‘fringe, border’. Since
AEEW 369; P I 1090; V the gender in OE is unknown, one can
ANEW 620. also reconstruct *þrasaz or *þrasan.
*þrammòjanan wk.vb.: ON þramma ‘to Related to Skt trásati ‘to tremble’, Av fra-
lumber along, to walk heavily’, MLG t6r6saiti ‘to be afraid’, Gk tr°v ‘to trem-
drammen ‘to make noise’. Derived from ble’. T-F 191–192; F 501;
*þremmanan. Z KZ XXXVI 243 M I 531–532; P I 1095;
þrasò 425 þremmanan
F II 929–930; C 1131– *þrawaz adj.: ON þrár ‘stubborn, obsti-

1132; L GED 364–365. nate’. Related to Gk trÊv ‘to wear
*þrasòjanan ~ *þrèsjanan wk.vb.: ON down’, Lith trùniù, trùn∏ti ‘to rot’, Slav
þrasa ‘to talk big, to make a bold show’, *tryti ‘to rub’. K NB I 64–65, 73;
OS thràsian id., OHG dràsen ‘to neigh, to T-F 193; P I 1072–1073;
breathe hard’. See *þrasò. Related to Skt V ANEW 619 (< *þranxaz); F II
trásati ‘to tremble, to quiver’, Av fra- 938; H 625–626.
t6r6saiti ‘to be afraid’, Gk tr°v ‘to trem- *þrawòjanan wk.vb.: OESc þra ‘to op-
ble’, Lat terreò ‘to frighten’. T-F pose’, OE äreáwian ‘to reprove, to rebuke’.
191–192; W-H II 674–675; Derived from *þrawaz. T-F
M I 531–532; P I 1095; 193; H AEEW 368; V
V ANEW 620; F II 929–930; ANEW 619; H 625.
L GED 364–365. *þrejez num.: Goth þreis ‘three’, ON þrír
*þrastuz sb.m.: ON þr‡str ‘thrush’. A id., OE ärí id., OFris thrè id., OS thrìa id.,
derivative *þrustlòn is found in WGmc: OHG drì id. Related to IE *treƒes id.: Lyc
OE ärostle ‘throstle’, OS throsla, OHG tri-, Toch A tre, B trey, Skt tráya˙, Av yràyò,
dròscala. With irregular phonetic corre- Arm erek', Gk tre›w, Lat très, OIr tri,
spondences, close to Gk stroËyow id., Lat Lith tr‹s, Slav *trije. B 801–
turdus id. < *tºzdo-, MIr truid id., Lith 802; T-F 192; T BSW
strãzdas id., OPrus tresde id., Slav *drozd˙ 327–328; H AEEW 369;
id. Cf. also *þrauskò(n) > OE äræsce id., W-H II 702–703; F 502;
OHG dròsca id. T-F 192; T- M I 531; P I 1090–
 BSW 327; H AEEW 368, 1092; F 1125; V ANEW 622;
370; W-H II 718; S F II 921–922; O 919; L
229, 245; P I 1096; C Verschärfung 11.2; L GED 365–
SGGJa I 59; F 920; V ANEW 366; R-B Numerals 575–579;
625; F II 811; O 920–921; K-S 193; A TB 319–
H KZ XCV 81; K-S 196. 320; B IFTJa 246.
*þrautiz ~ *þrautaz sb.f./m.: ON þraut *þrekkaz sb.m.: ON þrekkr ‘dirt, filth’,
‘struggle, exertion, labor’, OE äréat ‘vio- OFris threkk id., MLG dreck id., late OHG
lence, compulsion, force’, MLG dròt mùs-drec ‘mouse excrements’. Related to
‘threat’, MHG dròz ‘vexation, inconven- Gk stergãnow: kÒprvn (Hes.), Lat stercus
ience’. Derived from *þreutanan. Structur- ‘dung’, W troeth ‘soapy water, urine’, Lith
ally close to Slav *trud˙ ‘difficulty, labor’. tr\“iù, tr.“ti ‘to fertilize, to manure’
T-F 194; H AEEW (P SVS X 454). Z KZ
368; P I 1095–1096; V XXXVI 65; S IF XI 91 (to Lat
ANEW 620; Z II 190; O troia ‘sow’ < *trogƒa); T-F 189
919; L GED 384. (reconstruct *þrakjaz); W-H
*þrautjanan wk.vb.: ON þreyta ‘to strive, II 589; M Gém. 190; B
to struggle’, OE ärítan ‘to weary, to urge’, Origines 9; P I 1031–1032;
MDu droten ‘to threaten’, OHG dròzen ‘to F 1120–1121; V ANEW 620;
make unfaithful’. Causative of *þreutanan. F II 790; K-S 193.
T-F 195; H AEEW 369; *þremmanan str.vb.: OS thrimman ‘to
V ANEW 621–622; S 523. jump, to spring’. Related to Toch A träm-
*þrawan sb.n.: ON þrá ‘hard struggle, ‘to be angry’, Gk tr°mv ‘to tremble’, Alb
obstinacy’, OS thrà-werk ‘suffering, tor- tremb ‘to frighten’ < PAlb *trema, Lat tremò
ment’. Substantivized *þrawaz. T-F ‘to shake, to quake’, Lith tremiù, treMti
193; P I 1073; V ANEW 618– ‘to throw down’ (B BB III 121).
619; Z I 149; H 625. Z KZ XXXVI 243 (to OIr tromm
þremmanan 426 þrè¶uz
‘heavy’); T-F 191; W- strike, to beat, to flog’, WFris terskje id.,
H II 701; P I 1092–1093; MLG derschen id., OHG dreskan id.
F 1117; F II 922–923; M Related to Toch AB tràsk- ‘to chew’, Gk
IF LXIX 248; O AED 463. titr≈skv ‘to wound, to kill’, Lith tre“kù,
*þrenwanan ~ *þrenxwanan str.vb.: tre“k∏ti ‘to crackle, to crash’, Slav *trîsk˙
Goth þreihan ‘to press, to throng’, ON ‘crack, crash’ (F BB II 209; S
þryngva, þryngja ‘to press’, OE ärinan ‘to Voc. II 73). P KZ XLII
press, to throng’, OFris ur-thringa ‘to 385–386; P Beiträge 662, 776;
press, to drive’, OS thringan ‘to penetrate’, Z Gutt. 91; T-F 192; S-
OHG dringan ‘to press, to drive’. Identical  KZ LVI 171; T BSW
with Lith trenkiù, treñkti ‘to push roughly, 329; F 503 (to Gk tr¤bv ‘to rub’);
to fling’ (T BSW 328–329). H AEEW 364; S IF
P IF II 290; W MP V 267 (to LVIII 50; P I 1090; F
OS thregian ‘to threaten’); Z Gutt. 1120; V ANEW 622; F II 905;
70, 140; U PBB XXX 316; O 919; S 522–523; V-
T-F 190; H AEEW T IV 100; L GED 366
369; F 501; P I 1093; (to IE *ter- ‘to rub’); K-S 193.
F 1118; V ANEW 622, 624; *þreutanan str.vb.: Goth us-þriutan ‘to
O 920; S 520–521; L bother, to persecute’, ON þrjóta ‘to fail, to
GED 365; K-S 194. come to an end’, OE äreótan ‘to weary’,
*þrepan sb.n.: ON þrep ‘shelf in a wall’. OS part. a-throtan ‘pertaesum, otiosum’,
Identical with OW treb ‘dwelling’, OBret OHG bi-driozan ‘to irritate, to annoy’.
treb id., MIr treb ‘house, estate’. Further Related to Lat trùdò ‘to push’, Alb tredh
cf. Lat trabs ‘beam, rafter’, Osk trííbúm ‘to castrate’ < PAlb *treuda. T-F
‘house, building’, OW treb ‘house’, Lith 194–195; U PBB XXX 321;
trobà id. P Beiträge 138; T- F 535–536; H AEEW 369;
F 190–191; T BSW 330; W-H II 710; J
W-H II 696–697; P IEW 459; P I 1095; V ANEW
I 1090; C SGGJa I 65; 622–623; O 919; L 65;
F 1127–1128; V ANEW 621; S 523–524; L GED 383–
L GED 358. 384; K-S 855; O AED 463.
*þreska-al¶uz sb.m.: ON þresk‡ldr, *þreutaz sb.m.: ON þrjótr ‘defaulter, bad
þreskj‡ldr, þrepskj‡ldr ‘threshold’, OE äersc- debtor, knave, defiance’, OHG ur-drioz
wold, ärexwold id., MLG dreskeleff id. (fem.). ‘annoyance, nausea’. Derived from
Cf. a structurally similar form in OHG *þreutanan. S 523.
driscubli ‘limen, threshold’. Probably, a *þrèanan str.vb.: ON prop. (< part.)
compound of *þreskanan (M IF ∏rainn, OE äráwan ‘to turn, to twist’.
XIX 425) and *al¶uz (see *al¶òn). A diffi- Weak verb in WGmc: OS thraian ‘to
cult word. P IF XXIV 261 (to turn’, OHG dràen id. Related to Gk te¤rv
Russ treska ‘cod’); H SEO 1237; ‘to oppress, to weaken’, Lat terò ‘to rub’,
T-F 192 (reconstruct *þreskwaþluz Lith trinù, trìnti id., Slav *t¸r‡, *terti id.
~ *þreskùþljan); H AEEW 364; T-F 189; H AEEW
V ANEW 621 (to *þrepan); T- 368; W-H II 672–673;
 Etim. 43 (from *þreska¶la- with a J IEW 440–442; P I
suffix *-¶la-); O 919; S 522 1072; F 1124–1125; F II
(reconstructs *þresku¶laz); K-S 865; O 920; S 518–519;
837 (reconstructs *þreskublan). K-S 193.
*þreskanan str.vb.: Goth þriskan ‘to *þrè¶uz sb.m.: ON þráär ‘thread’ (u-stem
thresh’, OSwed þryskia id., OE äerscan ‘to and root stem), OE är≠d id., OFris thrèd
þrè¶uz 427 þrùxò
id., OS thràd id. (i-stem), OHG dràt id. *þrukkjanan wk.vb.: Norw trykkja ‘to
Derived from *þrèanan. Structurally close press’, OE äryccan ‘to press, to crush, to
to Gk trhtÒw ‘perforated, with a hole in oppress’, OHG drucken ‘to press, to push’.
it’. T-F 189; H AEEW Related to *þrùanan? T-F 194;
377; P I 1072; V ANEW 619; H AEEW 371; M Gém.
Z II 211; F II 885; O 168; S JEGP XXXIII 96;
919; S 519; L GED 366; V ANEW 620; K-S 196.
K-S 192. *þrumilaz sb.m.: ON þrymill ‘hard knot
*þri¶jòn num.: Goth þridja ‘third’, ON in the flesh’, MLG drömel ‘small field’.
þriäi id., OE äridda, äirda id., OFris thredda, Derived from *þrumòn ~ *þruman. V
thirda id., OS thrida id., OHG dritto id. ANEW 624.
Related to Toch A trit, B trite id., Skt *þrumiz sb.m.: ON þrymr ‘noise, alarm’,
tºt≈ya- id., Av yrityò, Lat tertius, Lith tr‚‘ias, OE ärymm ‘host, crowd, multitude’.
Slav *tret¸j¸. See *þrejez. B Probably related to Lat turma ‘crowd’.
807–808; T-F 192; T T-F 197; H AEEW
BSW 328; H AEEW 369; F 371; W-H II 719; P I
502–503; W-H II 703; 1100; C SGGJa I 87; V
P Gliederung 203; M I 522; ANEW 624.
P I 1090–1091; F 1114– *þrumòn ~ *þruman sb.f./n.: ON
1115; V ANEW 622; S þruma ‘land’, OE tune-ärum ‘ligament of
Num. 81–96; O 917; P IF the tung’, MDu drom, drum ‘end’, OHG
LXXXVIII 202–203; L GED drum ‘end-piece, remnant, splinter’. De-
365; R-B Numerals 626; K- rived from *þremmanan. N Abriß
S 194; A TB 316. 102 (to Lat termen ‘boundary’, Gk t°rma
*þrixnaz adj.: ON þrennr ‘triple’, OFris ‘end, boundary’); H AEEW
thrìna id., OE ärinen ‘three-fold’. Derived 370; V ANEW 624; O 920–921
from *þrejez. Cf. *twìxnaz. H (to *þramuz); K-S 839.
AEEW 369; L GED 365; R- *þrutan sb.n.: ON þrot ‘lack, want’, OE ≠-
B Numerals 643. ärot ‘disgust’, OS far-throt ‘annoyance’.
*þrìxst( j)az adj.: OE äríste ‘bold’, OS Derived from *þreutanan. H
thrìst, thrìsti id. Identical with Lat trìstis AEEW 370; V ANEW 623; S
‘unfriendly, strict, sullen’ < *trìk-sti- 523; B Nom. 57.
(P IF V 56). T-F 193; *þrutòn ~ *strutòn sb.m./f.: ON þroti
H AEEW 370; W- ‘swelling, tumour’, OE ärotu ‘throat’,
H II 706–707; P I 1092; OFris throt-bolla ‘larynx’, OS strota ‘throat’,
L 66–67; H 626–627 OHG drozza id., MHG strozze id. Derived
(to *þrenwanan ~ *þrenxwanan). from *þrùtanan. H AEEW
*þròþjanan wk.vb.: Goth þroþjan ‘to train, 370; P I 1027; V ANEW 623;
to practice’. Identical with Lith trõtyti ‘to O 920; K-S 196.
lack, to lose, to spoil’, Slav *tratiti ‘to *þrùanan str.vb.: ON þrúga ‘to press’.
spend’, cf. also Lith trótinti ‘to irritate, Related to W trychu ‘to cut’, Lith trùkstu,
to tease’. T-F 193; F 503; trùkti ‘to tear into pieces, to burst’ (P-
P I 1072; F 1129; L-  Beiträge 173, 447–448). Z
 GED 366 (to *þrè¶uz). Gutt. 140; P I 1074; F
*þruxtuz sb.m.: ON þróttr ‘strength, 1130–1131; K-S 196.
might’, OE äroht ‘oppression, hardship’. *þrùxò sb.f.: ON þró ‘trough’ (pl. þrœr), OE
Related to *þrakjaz. Z Gutt. 217; ärúh ‘trough, pipe, chest, box’ (masc.,
T-F 189; H AEEW fem., neut.), MLG drù ‘trap’, OHG
370; V ANEW 623–624. drùh ‘fetter, sling, trap’. Derived from
þrùxò 428 þunuz
*þrùanan. T-F 194; H- *þulènan wk.vb.: Goth þulan ‘to endure,
 AEEW 370; V ANEW 623; K- to bear’, ON þola id., OE äolian ‘to suf-
S 839. fer’, OFris tholia id., OS tholian, tholon id.,
*þrùstjanan wk.vb.: ON þrÿsta ‘to thrust’, OHG dolèn id. Related to Toch AB täl-
OHG drùsten id. Related to *þrùtanan. ‘to uphold, to raise’, Skt tulayati ‘to weigh,
V ANEW 624; O 921. to compare’, Lat perf. tulì ‘to bear’, Lith
*þrùtanan str.vb.: ON part. þrútinn tylù, tìlti ‘to become silent’, Slav *toliti ‘to
‘swollen’, OE part. á-äruten id. Identical make silent’. P KZ XXXVIII
with Lat trùdò ‘to push’, Alb ndrydh ‘to 354, 371; T-F 188; H
press, to squeeze’ < PAlb *en-trùda. AEEW 366; W-H II 688–
T-F 194; H AEEW 689; F 504–505; M I
370; W-H II 710–711; 516; P I 1060–1061; F
O 920; V ANEW 624; S 1095; V ANEW 615; O
524; L GED 366; O AEW 288. 918; L GED 367; K-S
*þrùtez-fellan sb.n.: Goth þruts-fill ‘lep- 305; A TB 296–297; B IFTJa
rosy’, OE ärust-fell id. (with metathesis). 245.
Compound of an s-stem *þrùtez (see *þrù- *þuliz sb.m.: ON þulr ‘cultic speaker,
tanan) and *fellan. G Got. sage’, OE äyle ‘orator, spokesman’. De-
218–219; T-F 194; H rived from *þulènan. T-F 188 (to
AEEW 370; F 503–504; C Nom. ON þjóstr ‘anger, fury’); B
comp. 66; L GED 366. IF XXIII 134 (to Slav *t˙lk˙ ‘sense’);
*þrùþiz sb.f.: ON þrúä-hamarr ‘master L ANF XXXV 236 (to Lat
hammer’, OE ärÿä ‘force, power, tullius ‘flow, shower’); H AEEW
strength’. Related to *þrùtanan. T- 374; J IEW 450 (to Latv tù4ìgs
F 193; H AEEW 371; ‘clumsy’); P I 1060–1061; V
V ANEW 624. ANEW 626; I Etim. 1978 174–175
*þu pron.: Goth þu ‘thou’, ON þú id., OE (to Hitt tuliƒa- ‘meeting’); B
äú id., OFris thu id., OS thu id., OHG dù Nom. 133.
id. Corresponds to IE *tu id.: Toch A tu, *þullaz sb.m.: ON þollr ‘fir-tree, wooden
B tuwe, Skt tvám, Av tvèm, Arm du, Alb ti, peg’, OE äoll ‘peg in the side of a boat to
Gk sÊ, Lat tù, OIr tú, Lith tù, Slav *ty. keep the oar in place’, OFris tholl ‘peg’,
B 660–662; T-F MLG dolle ‘peg in the side of a boat to
185; H AEEW 371; W- keep the oar in place’ (fem.). Related to
H II 712; F 504; M Gk tÊlow ‘bolt, knob’, Alb tul ‘meat,
I 538–539; P I 1097; F flesh, pulp’, Lith tulìs ‘peg in the axle pre-
1133–1134; V ANEW 625–626; venting the wheel from falling out’.
V T-155–157; F II 817; T-F 185–186; H AEEW
O 918; L GED 366–367; 367; J IEW 428; P I
K-S 197; O AED 455– 1081; F 1137; V ANEW 615;
456; A TB 302; B IFTJa 245. F II 942–943; O 918; O
*þuftò(n) sb.f.: ON þópta ‘thwart, rowing ZfBalk XXIII 147, AED 468; K-
bench’, OE äoft(e) ‘rower’s bench’, MLG S 188.
ducht id., OHG dofta id. From *tup-to- *þunuz adj.: ON þungr ‘heavy’. Related
connected with Lith tupiù, t~pti ‘to squat’. to Toch AB tä«k- ‘to check, to stop’, Av
T-F 187; H AEEW yang- ‘to pull’, Arm t'anjr ‘thick’ (< *t–ghƒu-
366; P I 1085; F 1141– or *t–·hu-), Lith tingùs ‘sluggish, lazy’, Slav
1142; V ANEW 616; Z II *tê≥¸-k˙ ‘heavy’, *t‡g˙ ‘tough’. Z
181; O 921–922; K-S BB XXV 89, Gutt. 181; B
197–198. 784–785; K NB I 17–18; T-
þunuz 429 þur(i)saz
F 180; L IF XXXII 161; I 474–475; P I 1069; V

T BSW 318; P I 1067; ANEW 627; O 917; P IF XL
F 1098; V ANEW 626–627; 207; L GED 374; B
S LS 58; V-T IV Nom. 263; H KZ XCIX
140; H LP XXVIII 77; H 282–283, 630; K-S 200.
629–630; A TB 290. *þunraz sb.m.: ON theon. ∏órr, OE äunor
*þunxtuz sb.m.: Goth þuhtus ‘conscience’, ‘thunder’, OFris thuner id., OS thunar id.,
ON þóttr ‘thought, mind’, OE äóht id., OHG donar id. Related to Skt stánati ‘to
MHG an-dùht ‘thought’. Derived from thunder’, Gk st°nv ‘to moan, to sigh’,
*þankjanan. H AEEW 366; Lat tonò id., Slav *stenati id. T-F
F 504; V ANEW 618; O 178; H AEEW 372; W-
919; B Nom. 158. H II 690–691; M I 510;
*þunkjanan wk.vb.: Goth þugkjan ‘to P I 1021; V ANEW 618;
believe, to have an opinion’ (irreg.), ON Z I 137; F II 789–790;
þykkja ‘to seem’, OE äyncan id., OFris O 921; S IBK XV 202–
thinka id., OS thunkian id., OHG dunken 203 (to OIr torann ‘thunder’); L
id. Derived from *þunkòn. A GED 360; K-S 189.
KZ I 353; T-F 179; H *þunròjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. tòra ‘to
AEEW 374; F 504; P I 1088; thunder’, OE äunrian id., MLG donern id.,
E-M 695; O 917; V OHG donaròn id. Derived from *þunraz.
ANEW 630; L GED 367; K- T-F 178.
S 200. *þurbaz ~ *þurbòn adj.: Goth ga-þaurbs
*þunkòn sb.m.: ON þokki ‘thought, ‘self-controlling, forgoing, §gkratÆw’, ON
consent, mood’, OE æf-äunca ‘offense’. þurfi ‘wanting, in need of ’. Derived from
Derived from *þankjanan. Derivationally *þarfa. F 206, 491–492; M
close to W tank ‘peace’ < *t–gà (L RC Festschr. Schröder 98; H 630.
XLI 225) and Toch A tunk, B tankw ‘love’ *þurènan wk.vb.: ON þora ‘to dare’. A
< *t–g-⁄– (P REIE III 209–210). weak verb based on the unattested
V ANEW 615; A TB 277. *þuraz, cf. *þuròn > ON þori ‘greater part,
*þunnjanan wk.vb.: ON þynna ‘to make main part’. Etymologically connected
thin’, OHG dunnen id. Derived from with Skt turá- ‘strong, powerful, rich’.
þunnuz. V ANEW 630; H- M I 514; P I 1083.
 630. *þurftaz adj.: Goth þaurfts ‘necessary’.
*þunnu-wanan ~ *þunnu-wanòn Identical with Skt tºptá-, participle of
sb.n./m.: ON þunnvangi ‘temple (anat.)’, t®pyati ‘to satisfy oneself, to be pleased’.
OE äunwan(e) id., OS tinnong id., OHG Further see *þarfa. T-F 182;
dun-wengi. Compound of *þunnuz and F 491–492; M I 524;
*wanan ~ *wanòn. T-F 178; B Nom. 250.
H- AEEW 372; C Nom. *þurftiz sb.f.: Goth þaurfts ‘need, neces-
comp. 58; J IEW 438 (to sity’, ON þyrft id., OS thurft id., OHG
*þunnò ‘forehead’); V ANEW 627. durft id. Derivationally identical with Skt
*þunnuz adj.: ON þunnr, þuär ‘thin’, OE t®pti- ‘satisfaction, contentment’. See
äynne id., OFris thenne, OS thunni id., *þarfa. K KZ I 39; T-F
OHG dunni id. Derived from IE *tenu- 182; F 501–492; M I 523;
‘thin’: Skt tanú-, Lat tenuis, OIr tanae, Slav P I 1078; V ANEW 627;
*t˙n˙-k˙. See *þanjanan. K NB Z I 151; S 509; L
II 359–360, 407; T-F 178; H- GED 357; B Nom. 141.
 AEEW 374; W NP 87; *þur(i)saz sb.m.: ON þurs ‘giant’, OE äyrs
W-H II 666; M id., OHG duris ‘devil, evil spirit’. Derived
þur(i)saz 430 þutan
from *þurènan. H ASNSL XCIV *þurskaz sb.m.: ON þorskr ‘codfish’,

90 (to Skt turá- ‘strong’); F Saeculum MLG dorsch id. Derived from *þurzuz.
II 584 (to Etr turs); T-F 197; H- P IF V 72 (to Russ treska id.);
 AEEW 375; P I 1100; T-F 183; V ANEW 618;
V ANEW 627; Z I 137. K-S 190 (MLG < ON).
*þurnjaz ~ *þurnjòn sb.m./f.: ON þyrnir *þurstìn sb.f.: Goth þaurstei ‘thirst’, ON
‘thorn’, OE äyrne ‘thorn-bush’. Derived þorsti id. See *þurstuz. T-F 183.
from *þurnuz ~ *þurnaz. H *þurstuz ~ *þurstiz sb.m.: Swed törst
AEEW 375; V ANEW 630; L ‘thirst’, OE äurst id., OS thurst id., OHG
GED 357. durst id. Based on the unattested *þurstaz
*þurnìnaz adj.: Goth þaurneins ‘thorny’, ‘thirsty’ (H 632). See *þer-
OE äyrnen ‘of thorns’. Derived from *þur- sanan. T-F 183; H
nuz ~ *þurnaz. H AEEW 375; AEEW 372; F 493; P I 1079;
F 492; L GED 357. V ANEW 618; Z II 198;
*þurnuz ~ *þurnaz sb.m.: Goth þaurnus O 917; S 515; L
‘thorn-plant’, ON þorn ‘thorn’, OE äorn GED 358; K-S 202.
id., OFris thorn id., OS thorn id., OHG *þurstjanan wk.vb.: ON þyrsta ‘to thirst’,
dorn id. Etymologically identical with Skt OE äyrstan id., OS thurstian id., OHG
t®»a- ‘grass, herb, blade, straw’, Slav dursten id. Derived from *þurstuz ~
*t¸rn˙ ‘thorn’ (M Etudes 447). *þurstiz. T-F 183; H
T-F 182; T bBSW 324; AEEW 375; V ANEW 630; L
H AEEW 367; F 492; GED 358; H 632 (reconstructs
M I 522; P I 1031; *þurstaz ‘thirsty’).
V ANEW 617; Z II 204; *þurznòjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-þaursnan
O 918; V-T IV ‘to dry up’, ON þorna ‘to become dry’.
48–49; L GED 357; K- Derived from *þurzuz. T-F 183;
S 190. F 493; P I 1078; S 515;
*þurpan sb.n.: Goth þaurp ‘land, field, lived- L GED 358; H 633.
on property’, ON þorp ‘hamlet, village’, OE *þurzuz adj.: Goth þaursus ‘dry’ (with s <
masc. äorp ‘estate, village’, OFris thorp, therp z under the influence of *þersanan), ON
‘village, estate’, OS thorp id., OHG dorf þurr ‘dry’, OE äyrre id., MLG dorre ‘arid,
id. Connected with *þrepan. K dry’, OHG durri ‘dry’. Identical with Skt
KZ I 39; B BB III 112; M tºßú- ‘greedy, desirous, rapid’, Av tar“u-
IF XVIII 215–218 (to Slav *terbiti ‘to ‘dry’, OLat torrus ‘dried up’, OIr tur
purge, to cleanse’); Z Gutt. 29; ‘dry’. See *þersanan. B 644;
K Glotta XXIV 9–10; T- K NB II 360; T-F 183;
F 187–188; H AEEW 367; F 493; H AEEW 375;
F 492; P I 1090; S Kl. W-H II 694; M I
Schr. 524; V 617–618; V ANEW 525; P I 1078–1079; V ANEW
617–618; Z II 173; O 918; 627; S 515; L GED 358;
L GED 357; K-S 190. B Nom. 262; H
*þursjanan ~ *þurzjanan wk.vb.: Goth 632–633; K-S 201.
þaursjan ‘to be thirsty’, OE part. äyrred *þusjaz sb.m.: ON þyss ‘uproar, tumult’,
‘dried up’. Identical with Skt t®ßyati OE äys ‘storm’. Connected with *þaus-
id. Further connected with *þersanan and janan. T-F 188; H
*þurzuz. T-F 183; H AEEW 375 (to Skt tavà˙ ‘strong’); V
AEEW 375; F 493; M I ANEW 630.
525; P I 1078–1079; L *þutan sb.n.: ON þot ‘rush’, OE e-äot
GED 358; H 633. ‘howling’, äéot id. Derived from *þeutanan.
þutan 431 þwenanan
H AEEW 367; V ANEW 618. RFV XIII 144 (Gmc < Slav); T
*þutiz sb.m.: Goth þut-haurn ‘trumpet’, ON BSW 332; H AEEW 372–373;
þytr ‘noise, whistling sound’, MHG duz F 505–506; P Gliederung 142;
id. Derived from *þeutanan. T-F P I 1083; C SGGJa I
187; F 506; V ANEW 615; 84; F 1135–1136; V ANEW
L GED 369 (to IE *teud- ‘to kick’); 628; O 919; S LS 59; L
S 516. GED 367–368; V-T IV
*þùbòn ~ *þùbaz sb.f./m.: ON þúfa 133; P KZ CII 99–105 (recon-
‘mound’, OE äúf ‘tuft’. Related to Lat structs *tùt-s–t-ì ); B Nom.
tùber ‘hump, swelling’ (P Beiträge 215 (from IE *tù-s-–t-); R-B
482). T-F 187; H Numerals 621; K-S 818.
AEEW 371; W-H II 712– *þwaxanan str.vb.: Goth þwahan ‘to
713; P I 1080; V ANEW 626. wash’, ON þvá id., OE äweán id., OS
*þùmalaz ~ *þùmilaz sb.m.: ON þumal- thwahan id., OHG dwahan id. Compared
fingr ‘thumb’, OE äÿmel ‘thimble’. Short with OPr twaxtan ‘bathbrush’ < *t⁄akstom
-u- must be secondary in ON. Derived (S apud F). The latter, how-
from *þùmòn. T-F 185; H- ever, could be connected with IE *t⁄ak- ‘to
 AEEW 374; V ANEW 626. tie together’ which leaves the Germanic
*þùmalinaz ~ *þùmalunaz sb.m.: verb isolated. F I 64 (to Skt tó≤ate
ON þumlungr ‘thumb (of a glove)’, Fris ‘to drip, to stream’); G Got.
tommeling ‘thumbstall’, MLG dùmelink id. 219 (to Lith tvask∏ti ‘to strike’); W
Derived from *þùmalaz ~ *þùmilaz. JEGP II 227–228 (to *teu- ‘to swell’);
T-F 185; V ANEW 626. Z Gutt. 140; T-F 196; F
*þùmòn sb.m.: OSwed þumi ‘thumb’ (with 506; H AEEW 373; K
a short *-u-), OE äúma id., OFris thùma Nasalpräsentia 125–126 (to Skt tujáti ‘to
id., MLG dùm, dùme id., OS thùmo id., move quickly, to urge, to incite’);
OHG dùmo id. Etymologically close to J IEW 451; P I 1098;
Av tùma- ‘strong’, Lat tùmor ‘swelling, C SGGJa I 77; V ANEW
tumor’, tumeò ‘to be swollen’, W tyfu ‘to 628; S 525; L GED 369;
grow’, Lith tum∏ti ‘to thicken’. P K-S 918.
Beiträge 191, 480; B 638– *þwaxlan sb.n.: Goth þwahl ‘washing,
639; T-F 185; T BSW bath’, ON þvál ‘a kind of soap’, OE äwéal
332; H AEEW 372; W- ‘washing’, OHG dwahal ‘washing, bath’.
H II 715; P I 1082; D Derived from *þwaxanan. T-F
VSJa 21 (pretonic shortening of *ù in 196; H AEEW 373; F
OSwed); F 1139; Z I 507; P I 1098; V ANEW
155; V ANEW 626; O 921; 628; Z II 173; S 525;
S LL 354 (follows D); L GED 369; B Nom.
K-S 163. 76; K-S 918.
*þùs-(x)un¶ì num.: Goth þusundi ‘thou- *þwaniz sb.m.: ON þvengr ‘thong, latchet’,
sand’, ON þúsund ‘host, large number, OE äwan ‘thong’. Derived from *þwen-
thousand’, OE äúsend ‘thousand’, OFris anan. T-F 196; H
thùsend id., OHG dùsunt id. Fem. of a root AEEW 373; V ANEW 628; O
stem. Related to Lith túk“tantis id., Slav 918; S 527.
*tys=tja id. Goes back to a compound of *þwenanan str.vb.: Norw tvinga ‘to force,
*tùs-˚áti- ‘strong hundred’ (B to constrain’ (str./wk.), OFris thwinga id.,
Grundriß II/2 48; M MSL XIV OS thwingan ‘to oppress’, OHG dwingan
372). H IF VI 344–346; B PBB ‘to force, to constrain’. Related to IE
XIII 327; T-F 186; S forms with a different velar: Skt tvanakti
þwen3anan 432 ubeswò
‘to contract’ (if not an artificial form *þweranan); K NB I 5–6, 25; H-
based on tanákti ), Lith tvenkiù, tveñkti ‘to  BB XXV 106 (to Gk sarkãzv ‘to
dam’. T-F 196; H pluck (grass), to tear (fish)’); O PBB
AEEW 373; J IEW 452; XIII 461–463 (to Gk prap¤w ‘diaph-
M I 538; P I 1099; ragm’); Z Gutt. 71; T-F 197;
F 1151–1152; V ANEW 629; W-H II 692–693; F 507;
O 918; S 526–528; K- H AEEW 373; M I
S 920s. 485; P I 1077; V ANEW 628;
*þweranan str.vb.: OE e-äweran ‘to stir, F I 180; O 921; L GED
to twirl’, OHG gi-dweran ‘to stir up’. 369; B Nom. 254 (to Gk
Related to Skt turáti ‘to hurry, to press sãrj ‘meat’ < *t⁄ºk-); H
forward’, (Brahm.) tvárate ‘to hurry’. 634–635; K-S 919.
P Beiträge 122; T-F 196– *þwerxwìn sb.f.: Goth þwairhei ‘anger, ire,
197; H AEEW 373; M- quarrel’, OHG duruh dwerahì ‘sideways’.
 I 514, 539; P I 1100–1101; Derived from *þwerxwaz. F 507;
S 528; K-S 661. H 634.
*þwerxwaz adj.: Goth þwairhs ‘angry’, *þwerilaz sb.m.: ON þyrill ‘whisk’, OE
ON þverr ‘athwart, across, transverse’, äwirel ‘stick for whipping milk’, OHG
OE äweorh ‘crooked, cross’, OFris adv. dwiril ‘whisk’. Derived from *þweranan.
thweres ‘crosswise, transverse’, OS thwerh T-F 197; H AEEW
‘stupid’, OHG dwerah ‘crosswise, trans- 374; J IEW 453–455; V
verse’. Related to Skt tarkú- ‘spindle’, Gk ANEW 630; K-S 661.
êtraktow id., Lat torqueò ‘to twist’ *þwìnanan str.vb.: OSwed thvìna ‘to dwin-
(N Abriß 224; M PBB XVII dle’, OE äwínan id. Of unknown origin.
92). G Got. 219 (derived from T-F 197; P I 1054.
u
*uba prep.: Goth uf ‘under’, ON of ‘over’, *ubaraz ~ *ubaròn adj.: Goth ufaro
OE ufe-weard ‘upper’, OHG oba ‘up, ‘over, above’, ON ofarr ‘up, above’, OE
over’. Continues *upo. Related to Skt úpa ufera ‘upper, higher’, OHG obaro id.
‘towards, near to, at’, Av upâ ‘near to’, Comparative of *uba. Close to Skt úpara-
Gk ÍpÒ ‘under’, OIr fo ‘under’. Cf. also ‘situated below’, Av upara- ‘upper’.
*uppa. B 388–389; T- B 393; H AEEW
F 31; H AEEW 376; F 412; P I 1106–1107; V
509; M I 105; P I ANEW 417; K-S 595.
1106–1107; V ANEW 416; F *ubaròjanan wk.vb.: ON ofra ‘to bran-
II 971–972; L GED 370–371; dish, to wave in the air’, OE oferian ‘to
K-S 595. exalt’, MLG overen ‘to remain’, OHG
*uban£ adv.: ON ofan ‘from above, down’, obaròn ‘to delay, to remove’. Derived from
OE ufan ‘from above, down’, OFris uva *ubaraz ~ *ubaròn. T-F 31; H-
‘up, above’, OS ovana id., OHG oben,  AEEW 240; V ANEW 417.
obana id. Derived from *uba. H- *ubeswò ~ *ubezwò sb.f.: Goth ubizwa
 AEEW 376; V ANEW 417; ‘portico’, ON ups ‘eaves’, OE efes ‘eaves,
K-S 595. brim, brink’, OFris òse ‘gutters’, MLG
ubeswò 433 uxsòn
ovese id., OHG obasa ‘portico, entrance *uwnaz, with *k ⁄ > *x(w) > *f. On the
hall’. Derived from *uba. H PBB other hand, a comparison with Hitt
XXIII 326; J PBB XV 239; ¢appena- ‘baking kiln, fire-pit’ remains
Z Gutt. 29; T-F 32; attractive. M IF XXI 295–296
H AEEW 243; F 508–509; (from Proto-Gk *ÍpnÒw); H
P I 1107; V ANEW 635; Z- AEEW 240; P I 88; V ANEW
 II 228; O 298–299; L 417; Z II 227; O 637;
GED 370 (directly to Skt upás- ‘lap’). S LS 64 (directly to OPrus wumpnis
*ubelan sb.n.: Goth ubil ‘evil’, OE yfel ‘oven’); L GED 49; P III
id., OFris evel id., OS ubil id., OS uvil 121–122; K-S 597.
id., OHG ubil id. Substantivized *ubelaz. *uftai ~ *uftòt adv.: Goth ufta ‘often’,
H AEEW 412; F 508; ON opt id., OE oft id., OFris ofta id.,
H 637. OS adv. ofto id., OHG adv. ofto id. De-
*ubelaz adj.: Goth ubils ‘bad, wicked, evil’, rived from *uba (W JEGP II 214).
OE yfel ‘evil, ill, bad’, OFris evel id., OS U PBB XXVII 133 (to Skt
ubil ‘bad, wicked, evil’, MDu evel id., uptá- ‘scattered, sown’); T-F 31;
OHG ubil id. Structurally close to OIr M IF XVIII 210 (to Lat opus
fel ‘bad’ < *up-elo- (S KZ XXXVI ‘work’); G ZdPh XXXVII 548
274–275). Further derived from *uba (same as W); H AEEW 240;
( J PBB XV 238–239; G- F 513; V ANEW 419; O 625;
 Got. 220). U PBB L GED 373; K-S 598.
XXX 317 (to Skt úpala- ‘stone’); T- *uxwnaz ~ *uwnaz sb.m.: Goth auhns
F 31–32; F 508; H ‘oven’, OSwed oghn id. Related to Gk
AEEW 412; P Festschr. Streitberg flpnÒw id. despite phonetic difficulties
292–293 (to OIr ad-bal ‘strong’); O (Myc i-po-no implies the original *p and
332; A Recht II 126; W Verbalfl. thus makes the variant *ufnaz more
30 (to Hitt ¢u⁄ap(p)a- ‘bad’); L archaic). Further connections are not cer-
GED 370; H 637–638; tain (Skt ukhá- ‘vessel, boiler’?, see K-
K-S 845.  Einleitung 147). F III 29
*ub(e)ljan sb.n.: ON inn-yfli ‘intestines, (reconstructs *⁄e k⁄nós for Greek); M
bowels’, OE in-ylfe ‘gut, bowel’, OHG MSL IX 137 (separates forms with *-xw-
inn-ovili id. Derived from *ubelaz. /*-w- from those with *-f-); T-F
H SVSL VII 72 (from *en-nabali 29; S Festschr. Torp 108 (sepa-
‘inside the navel’); H AEEW rates *uxwnaz ~ *uwnaz from *ufnaz);
188; V ANEW 287 (suffix *-ublja-). M IF XXI 295–296 (from proto-
*uberi adv., prep.: Goth ufar ‘over’, ON Gk *ÍpnÒw); F 65–66 (a Wanderwort);
yfir ‘over, above’, OE ofer id., OFris over F KZ LXIII 202 (flpnÒw <
‘over’, OS ovar id., OHG prep. ubar *ÍkWnÒw); M I 98; P I
id., adv. ubari, ubiri id. Continues IE 88; S PBB LXXXII 25–26
*uperi ‘above, over’: Skt upári, Av upairi, (Gmc < Gk); Z II 227; F I
Gk Íp°r. Cf. also *uba. B 732–733; O 637; L GED 49
394–395; T-F 31; H (follows S).
AEEW 240; F 509; M I 106; *uxsòn sb.m.: Goth auhsa ‘ox’ (gen. pl.
P I 1105–1106; V ANEW auhsne), ON uxi, oxi id. (pl. yxn, ‡xn), OE
676; F II 966–967; O 637; oxa id., OFris oxa id., OS ohso id., OHG
L GED 371; K-S 844. ohso id. Related to Toch A ops-, B okso
*ufnaz sb.m.: ON ofn ‘oven’, OE ofen id., ‘cow, ox’, Skt ukßán- ‘bull’, Av ux“an- id.,
OFris oven id., MLG oven id., OHG ovan W ych ‘ox’, MW pl. ychen (F
id. A phonetic variant of *uxwnaz ~ KZ I 496). B 383; T-
uxsòn 434 un¶urniz
F 29; S Language VI 253; ‘to’. See also *an¶a. S KZ XXIX
G Festschr. Panzer 10 (from Turkic, 333 (*un¶a tè to Gk ¶nte ‘until’); T-
cf. Turk öküz ‘ox’); H AEEW F 30 (to Arm 6nd ‘under’); K PBB
243; F 66; P Gliederung 199; XXXV 573–574 (reconstructs *un¶a þe);
M I 98; P I 1118; V W-H I 325–326; H-
ANEW 422, 680; Z I 221;  AEEW 243; F 517–518, 524;
O 638; L GED 49; B- P I 49–50, 181–182; O 962;
 Nom. 176; K-S 597; L GED 376, 378.
A TB 111. *un¶an£ adv.: ON undan ‘from under-
*uxwe ptcl.: Goth -uh ‘and’. The same neath’, MLG unden, undene ‘from beneath,
particle also appears in other Germanic down’, OHG untana ‘from beneath’.
languages in a constraint form. Related Derived from *un¶a I. V ANEW 634.
to Skt ca id., Av ‘a, Lat que id., Gk te *un¶e conj.: OHG unti, unt ‘and’. Related
id.—but phonetic details of the anlaut to Skt átha ‘then, now’, Toch B entwe
are not clear (should we posit IE *e k ⁄e?). ‘also’. M I 28 (separates Skt
L ANF IV 99–101 (from *–-k ⁄e); H a- as a pronominal element); P I
PBB XVIII 299 (same as L); 50; K-S 847.
B IF XXXIII 173–180, Dem. 65 *un¶er prep.: OE under ‘between’, OFris
(to Lat -ce in ecce ‘here, behold’); B- under id., OS undar id., OHG untar id.
 563–575; S GE 71; Related to Skt antár ‘within, in, between’,
L PBB LI 266; W-H II Av antar6 ‘between’, Lat inter id., OIr éter
401–402; F 5141 M I 365; id. B 131–132; T-F
P I 635–636; F II 862–863; 30; H AEEW 376; W-
O 919; L GED 374. H I 708–709; M I 35;
*umbi prep.: ON umb, um ‘around’, OE P I 313; B OFED s.v.
ymb, ymbe ‘about, by’, OFris umbe *un¶er(a) adv., prep.: Goth undar ‘under’,
‘around’, OS umbi id., OHG umbi id. ON undir id., OE under id., OFris under
Together with Skt abhí ‘to, towards’, Av id., OS undar id., OHG untar id.
aiwi ‘to’ (if not from *ebhi ~ *obhi ), Gaul Continues IE *–dhero-: Skt ádhara- ‘lower,
ambi- ‘around’, OIr imb- id., continues IE inferior’, Av adarò id., Lat ìnferus id.
*µbhi. Other IE forms go back to *ambhi. Comparative form of *un¶a I. B-
Maybe connected with *bi. B-  57–58; T-F 30; H-
 87–88; T-F 32; H-  AEEW 376; W-H I
 AEEW 412; M I 41; 698; F 518; M I 30–31;
P I 34; V ANEW 633; K- P I 771; V ANEW 634;
S 846. O 958; L GED 376; K-
*un¶a I prep.: ON und ‘under’, OFris und, S 849; B OFED s.v.
ont id., OS und ‘moreover’. See *un¶era. *un¶urni-matiz sb.m.: Goth undaurni-
P Kelt. Gr. I 45 (to Skt ádhi ‘above, mats ‘midday meal’, OE undern-mete
over’, OIr ind-); T-F 30; F ‘breakfast’. Compound of *un¶urniz and
517–518; V ANEW 634. *matiz. H AEEW 376; F
*un¶a II adv., conj.: Goth und ‘unto, 518; C Nom. comp. 45; L GED
until’, ON und ‘up to’, OE und ‘till’, óä 376–377; K-S 849.
‘until’, OFris und id., OS und id., OHG *un¶urniz sb.m.: Goth undaurni-mats ‘mid-
unt ‘to, until’. Cf. the univerbation *un¶a day meal’, ON undorn ‘mid-afternoon,
tè > Goth unte ‘until’, OS unti, unt id., mid-forenoon, meal’, OE undern ‘nine in
OHG unzi, unz id. where the particle *tè the morning’, OS undorn ‘time before
is related to Lat dè ‘from’, OIr dí id. noon’, OHG untorn, untarn ‘midday’.
Zero grade of IE *anti ~ *anta, cf. Lith iñt Derived from *un¶er (O Morph.
un¶urniz 435 urti-ar¶az
Unt. VI 359). Structurally close to Lat identical with Lat unda ‘wave’, Lith vanduõ
internus ‘internal’ (B IF XXXIII ‘water’. Cf. *watnan ~ *watar. T-
304). M Goth. 560 (to Skt antá F 30; H AEEW 413;
‘within, in, between’, Lat inter ‘between’); W-H II 816–818; P I
T-F 30–31; G ZdPh 78–80; V ANEW 635; Z II 214.
XLIII 57 (on Goth -au-); H *upanaz ~ *upenaz adj.: ON opinn
AEEW 376; W-H I 710; ‘open’, OE open id., OFris epen id., OS
F 518; V ANEW 634; P I opan, OHG offan. Derived, with a suffix
313; S IF LXIII 294–298; L- of strong past participle, from *uppa.
 GED 376–377; K-S 849. T-F 31; H AEEW 241;
*unxtwò(n) sb.f.: Goth uhtwo ‘dawn’, ON V ANEW 419; O 628; S-
ótta ‘last part of the night’, OE masc. úht  Festschr. Knobloch 469–472 (from
‘time just before the daybreak’, OS ùhta adv. *upo-nè ‘from above’); P IF XCIV
‘dawn’, OHG ùhta id. Continues *–k ⁄t⁄-, 297–298 (reconstructs *upnaz); H-
derivative of *nek ⁄t- ‘night’. Cf. especially  639–640; K-S 597–598.
Skt aktú- ‘last part of the night, the dark- *upanòjanan wk.vb.: ON opna ‘to open’,
ness just before dawn’ and probably Gk OE openian id., OFris epenia id., OS opanon
ékt¤w ‘ray’ (O IF V 284; S id., OHG offanòn id. Derived from
Plur. 212–214). Further related to *naxtz *upanaz ~ *upenaz. V ANEW 419;
(H Idg. Gr. II 17, 159). T-F 30; H 640.
H AEEW 376; F 515; F *uppa prep.: ON upp ‘up’, OE up id.,
I 61; M I 15; P I 762– OFris up, op id., OS ùp, upp id., OHG
763; V ANEW 421–422; Z II uppa id. Cf. also Goth iup ‘up’ < *eup(p)a.
219; F I 61; L GED 374–375; A geminated form of *uba ( J
M Festschr. Gimbutas 299–321. PBB XV 239–241: from *up-nó ). Cf. also,
*unnanan str.⁄wk.vb.: ON unna ‘to love, with lengthening, OS ùp id., OHG ùf id.
to grant’ (< *unnènan), OE unnan ‘to T-F 31; H AEEW 377;
grant’, OS unnan id., OHG gi-unnan id. F 298; M Gém. 176; P
Present form *anna (ON ann, OE onn, on, I 1107; V ANEW 635; O 962;
OHG an) is an innovation based on older L GED 371; K-S 62.
pl. *unnum < *unz-nu-m probably related *uppjanan wk.vb.: ON yppa ‘to lift, to
to Gk pros-hnÆw ‘friendly, well-disposed’ hold up’, OE yppan ‘to bring up, to dis-
(B Btrg. Gesch. XXXIX 89). On close’, MLG uppen ‘to raise’, OHG ùfen
the other hand, cf. Hitt a““- ‘to be ‘to reveal’. Derived from *uppa. H-
favored, to be dear’ < *ans- (P  AEEW 413; V ANEW 679.
204–206). T-F 14; H *uppòn adv.: ON uppi ‘up, upon, above’,
AEEW 376; F 53; J IEW OE uppe ‘above, up’, OFris uppa ‘up’, OS
30–31; P I 47; V ANEW 635; uppa id. Related to *uppa. H
S 79–80; K-S 331. AEEW 377; V ANEW 635; O 962.
*unseraz pron.: Goth unsar ‘our’, ON várr *urti-ar¶az sb.m.: Goth aurti-gards ‘gar-
id., OE úser id., OHG unsèr id. Derived den’, Sw örtagård id., OE ort-eard
from *uns- with a comparative suffix ‘orchard’. Semicalque combining Rom
(B Grundriß II/2 404), see *wez ~ *ortus ‘garden’ and Gmc *ar¶az. T-
*wìz. T-F 29–30; H F 397 (reconstructs *urtiz ‘herb’);
AEEW 377; F 523; P I 758; F 68, GGE 12–13 (the first element to
O 636; L GED 378. *wurtiz); C Nom. comp. 70 (parallel
*unþiz ~ *unþjò sb.f.: ON unnr, uär formations); H AEEW 242;
‘wave’, OE ÿä id., OS ùthia id., OHG C Lat. 23–24; L GED 51
unda id. Similar to but not phonetically (independent borrowings).
urzòn 436 ùfaz
*urzòn sb.m.: ON orri ‘heathcock, moor- S 606; D BSA 143–144.
fowl’, Norw orre ‘aurochs’. Cf. also OHG *uwwalòn sb.f.: ON ugla ‘owl’, OE úle id.,
orre-hano ‘pheasant’. Identical with Av MLG ule id., OHG ùwila id. (< *uwwilòn).
ar“an- ‘man’, Gk êrshn, ¶rshn ‘male, Deminutive of *uwwòn. Z Gutt.
masculine’. Cf. also Skt ºßa-bhá- ‘bull’. 17; T-F 32; H AEEW
B 203–204; T-F 32; 376; P I 1103; V ANEW 632;
P I 336; V ANEW 420; F Z I 156; O 638; K-
I 152–153. S 237.
*uslòn ~ *usljò sb.m./f.: ON usli ‘con- *uwwòn sb.f.: Swiss huwe, hue ‘owl’. An
flagration, embers’, OE ysel, ysle ‘spark, isolated archaism. Originally, of imitative
ash, ember’, MLG ösele ‘hot ashes’, MHG origin. Cf. *ùfaz ~ *ùfòn. P I
usele id. Probably derived from IE *eus-, 1103.
cf. Lat ùrò ‘to burn’, Gk eÏv ‘to singe’. *uz prep.: Goth uz, us ‘out of ’, ON ór, ur
T-F 33; H AEEW 413; id., OE or- id., OFris ur-, or- id., OS ur-,
W-H II 841–842; P I or- id., OHG ur id. Probably, from *ut-s-
348; V ANEW 636; F I 3 F I further related to *ùt (S Plur. 219).
596–597. B KVG 463, 468 (same as
*ustr( j)az adj.: Swed yster ‘very active’, S); U TNTL XXV 302
OHG ustar ‘greedy’. Probably, derived (to IE *au- ‘away from’); J KZ
from IE *eus- ‘to burn’. T-F 33; XLIX 195; H AEEW 241;
P I 348, 1170–1171. F 528; P I 1103–1104; V
*utraz sb.m.: ON otr ‘otter’, OE oter id., ANEW 419; L GED 380; K-
MLG otter id., OHG ottar id. Identical S 850.
with Skt udrá- ‘aquatic animal’, Av udrò *uz¶a-xwassaz adj.: ON odd-hvass ‘sharp-
id., Gk Ïdrow ‘water snake’, cf. also Lith pointed’, OHG ort-was id. Compound of
ùdra ‘otter’, Slav. *vydra id. (F *uz¶az and *xwassaz. C Nom. comp. 62.
KZ I 494) with long vocalism explained *uz¶az sb.m.: ON oddr ‘sharp point (of a
by Winter’s law; further connected with weapon)’, OE ord id., OFris ord id., OS
IE *⁄edòr ‘water’. M MSL XIV ord ‘sharp point, sharp edge’, OHG ort id.
342; B 387; T-F 384; Identical with Alb usht ‘ear (of grain)’
T BSW 334; H < *us-to-; further cf. Lith usnìs ‘thistle’.
AEEW 243; M I 104; P T-F 33, 561; H AEEW
I 79; V ANEW 421; Z I 242; P I 237, 1172; V ANEW
137; F II 1157–1158; F II 415; Z II 173; O 623;
957; V-T I 367; K- K-S 604; O AED 490.
ù
*ù¶aran sb.n.: OE úder ‘udder’, OFris ùder Z II 184; F II 442–443;
id., OS ùder id., OHG masc. ùtar id. O 954; K-S 237–238.
Related to Skt ùdhar ‘udder, bosom, *ùfaz ~ *ùfòn sb.m.: ON úfr ‘a kind of
breast’, Gk oÔyar ‘udder’, Lat ùber id. owl’, OE úf ‘owl’, OHG ùvo id. Related
T-F 29, 561; H AEEW to Lav Upis ‘owl’, Slav *vyp¸ ‘bittern’
375; W-H II 738–739; (P Beiträge 495). Z Gutt. 17;
M I 115; P I 347; T-F 32; Bù RFV LXV 323;
ùfaz 437 wabjaz
T BSW 335; H id., OFris ùt id., OS ùt id., OHG ùz id.
AEEW 375; P I 1103; V Related to Skt út ‘up, upon, from’, OIr
ANEW 632; V-T I 369. ud-, od- ‘out’. Further connections are
*ùran I sb.n.: ON úr ‘metal slag’, LG ùr dubious. T-F 29; W JEGP II
‘soil containing iron’. Identical with OIr 218–219 (to *watnan ~ *watar); G
úr ‘earth, clay’. T-F 6; V IF XL 189 (to Gk oÈd-amÒw ‘none, no
ANEW 635. one’); H AEEW 377; F
*ùran II sb.n.: ON úr ‘drizzling rain’. 537; M I 101; P I 1103–
Related to OPrus wurs ‘pool, pond’, with 1104; V ANEW 636; O 636;
a different ablaut grade Lith jáura ‘marsh, L GED 384; K-S 66.
swamp’. Further see *waròn ~ *waraz *ùtai adv.: Goth uta ‘outside’, ON úti id.,
(B KZ XX 29–30). T-F 32; OE úte id., OFris ùte id., OS ùta, ùte id.,
P I 80–81; F 198. OHG ùze id. Derived from *ùt. T-
*ùriaz adj.: ON úrigr ‘wet’, OE úri-feäera F 29; H AEEW 377; F
‘wet-feathered’. Derived from *ùran II. 537; V ANEW 636; L GED
H AEEW 377; P I 80. 384.
*ùruz sb.m.: Goth uraz ‘name of the u- *ùtan£ adv.: Goth utana ‘outside’, ON útan
rune’, ON úrr ‘aurochs’, OE úr ‘a kind of ‘from outside’, OE útan id., OS ùtan id.,
ox, bison’ (a-stem), MLG ùr ‘aurochs’, OHG ùzan, ùzana ‘putside’. Derived from
OHG ùro id. (n-stem). Connected with *ùt. H AEEW 377; F 537;
*ùran II (G PBB XXI 209), cf. V ANEW 636; L GED 384;
the same semantic development in IE K-S 67–68.
*⁄ºsen- ‘male’ from *⁄ers- ‘rain’. F- *ùtaraz adj.: ON útarr ‘farther out’, OE
 KZ I 499 (related to Lat ùrus); útor ‘beyond, outside’, OFris ùter id., OS
F BB II 337 (identical with Skt far-ùtar id., OHG prep. ùzar ‘out, out-
usrá- ‘bull’, which is, however, metaphor- side’. Derived from *ùt. H
ically derived from usrá- ‘early in the AEEW 377; V ANEW 636; K-
morning’); T-F 32; H S 68.
AEEW 377; F 527; P I 80; *ùtjanan wk.vb.: ON ÿta ‘to push out, to
V ANEW 636; L GED 379; launch’, OE ÿtan ‘to put out, to expel’.
K-S 62 (to *⁄ºsen- ‘male’). Derived from *ùt. H AEEW
*ùt adv.: Goth ut ‘out’, ON út id., OE út 413; V ANEW 680.
w
*wab(a)lòjanan wk.vb.: ON vafla ‘to hover V ANEW 638; O 995; H-
about’, G wabelen ‘to move busily’. See  642; K-S 869.
*wab(a)ròjanan. V ANEW 638 (to ON *wabjaz ~ *wabjan sb.m.n.: ON vefr
váfa ‘to swing, to vibrate’); H 642. ‘web (in the loom), cloth’, OE webb ‘web,
*wab(a)ròjanan wk.vb.: ON vafra ‘to woven stuff ’, OFris webb ‘cloth’, OS webbi
hover about’, Du wapperen ‘to move back id., OHG webbi id. Derived from
and forth’, MHG waberen ‘to move back *webanan. T-F 391–392; H-
and forth, to work busily’. Connected  AEEW 387; P I 1114;
with *wabòn. J GGA 1890 767– Z II 214; O 997; B-
768 (to Lat uapor ‘steam’), BB XVIII 31;  Nom. 66.
wabjanan 438 wajanan
*wabjanan wk.vb.: ON vefja ‘to wrap, to be directly compared with Lith deverb.
fold’, OE webbian ‘to weave, to contrive’. vãdas ‘drag-net’ with a similar semantic
Derived from *webanan. H motivation. H AEEW 378;
AEEW 387; V ANEW 650; S 541. P I 76; F 1177; V
*wabòn sb.m.: ON vafi ‘doubt, uncer- ANEW 638; K-S 876–877.
tainty’. Probably derived from *webanan. *wa¶jan sb.n.: Goth wadi ‘pledge, guaran-
O 994. tee’, ON veä ‘pledge’, OE wedd id., OFris
*wabsaz ~ *wabsjò sb.m./f.: OE wæsp, wed id., OS weddi id., OHG wetti id.
wæps ‘wasp’, OS wepsia id., OHG wefsa, Etymologically connected with Lat uas
wefs id. Close to Lat uespa id., OBret ‘bail, security’, Lith vãdas ‘guarantee,
guohi id., OPrus wobse id., Lith vapsà id., surety’ (K WuS XVI 76–78).
Slav *osa id. Derived from *webanan. Further cf. *we¶anan (O-S IF
P Kelt. Gr. I 75; T-F 392; XXXIII 266). B MSL VII 441–443
T BSW 342; H (from MLat uadium ‘bail’); T-F
AEEW 379; W-H II 770; 386; H AEEW 388; W-
P I 1179; C SGGJa I H II 735–736; F 539–540;
59; F 1196–1197; O 993; W-H II 735–736; P
V-T III 156; K- I 1109; C SGGJa I 67;
S 887. F 1177; V ANEW 649;
*wa¶an sb.n.: Burg *waþs ‘ford’, ON vaä Z I 146; F 1177;
id., OE wæd ‘ford, shallow water, sea’, Oé KZ LXXXI 227; A Recht II
MLG wat ‘place that can be used as a 110–111; L GED 152, 386; B-
ford’, OHG wat ‘ford’. Related to Lat  Nom. 66; K-S 887.
uadum id., uàdò ‘to wade’. Connected with *wa¶jòjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-wadjon ‘to
*wa¶anan. At the same time, may at least betroth, to pledge’, ON veäja ‘to lay a wager,
partly reflect *wa¶an ‘water’ identical to bet, to appeal’, OE weddian ‘to engage,
with Slav *voda id. (D BSA 145–146). to betroth’, OFris weddia ‘to pay a fine, to
T-F 385–386; H bet’, MLG wedden ‘to pay a fine, to bet’,
AEEW 378; W-H II 724; MHG wetten ‘to pledge’. Derived from
P I 1109; V ANEW 637; *wa¶jan. T-F 386; H
Z I 144; K-S 877. AEEW 388; F 539; V ANEW 649;
*wa¶anan str.vb.: ON vaäa ‘to wade’, OE O 997; L GED 152.
wadan ‘to go, to pass, to proceed’, OFris *waansòn sb.m.: ON vangsni ‘plowshare’
wada ‘to wade’, MLG waden id., OHG (< *vagsni ), OHG waganso id. Derived
watan id. Related to Arm gam ‘to come’, from *wajaz (B Grundriß II/1
Lat uàdò ‘to go, to walk’. Z Gutt. 282). T-F 384; P I 1180;
33; T-F 385; H AEEW C SGGJa I 63; V ANEW
378; W-H II 723–724; J- 643–644; K-S 870.
 IEW 103–104; P I 1109; *wajanan wk.vb.: Goth wagjan ‘to shake,
C SGGJa I 91; V ANEW to move to and fro’, OE wecan ‘to wag,
637; O 988; S 530–531; to move, to shake’, OS weggian ‘to move’,
K-S 877; B OFED s.v. OHG weggen id. Causative of *weanan.
*wa¶iz ~ *wa¶ò(n) sb.m./f.: ON va¶r Structurally similar to Gk Ùx°v ‘to hold
‘fishing line’, Swed dial. neut. vad ‘drag- fast, to carry, to let ride’, Slav *voziti ‘to
net’, OE wadu id., MLG wade id., OHG carry, to drive’. T-F 383; H-
wata ‘big net’. Derived from *wa¶anan,  AEEW 388; F 541; P
cf. Lith bradìnë ‘drag-net’, Slav *brod¸n¸ I 1120; F II 455–456; S 543;
id. connected with OLith bradyti ‘to V-T I 334; L
wander’, Slav *broditi ‘to wade’. Hardly to GED 387.
wajaz 439 waxtuz
*wajaz sb.m.: ON veggr ‘wedge’ (partly, to Lith vã“kas id., Slav *vosk˙ id. (O
*waiz), OE wec ‘wedge’, OS weggi id., Etym. 19–21). Further connection with
OHG weggi id. Identical with Lith vãgis *waxsanan cannot be excluded, cf. the
‘hook, wedge’ (B BB III 121; F designation of wax as *sila ‘power, might’
BB XII 162). Further cf. Lat uòmis ‘plow- in Slavic folklore (O Simp. 38–44).
share’, Gk ˆfniw: Ïnniw, êratron (Hes.), L SVSU VI/1 28 (further to IE *⁄eg-
OPrus wagnis ‘plowshare’. B- ‘to weave’); Z Gutt. 33, 192; T-
-F BB XII 168; M IF F 381 (Balt, Slav < Gmc); T-
XVII 132; T-F 384; T  BSW 343; H AEEW 387;
BSW 337; H AEEW 388; P I 1180; C SGGJa I
P I 1180; F 1179; V 83; F 1207; V ANEW 648;
ANEW 650; Z II 214; O Z I 144; O 995; S LS
997; S LS 60; L Verschärfung 61; V-T I 357; K-
10.10; B Nom. 66. S 869.
*wanaz sb.m.: Crim. Goth waghen *waxsanan str.vb.: ON vaxa ‘to grow, to
‘wagon’, ON vagn id., OE wæn id., OFris increase’, OE weaxan ‘to grow’, OFris
wein id., OHG wagan id. Derived from waxa id., OS wahsan id., OHG wahsan id.
*weanan or directly from *waòn (in Related to Toch B auks- ‘to sprout, to
which case cf. the semantics of Slav grow up’, Skt perf. vavákßa ‘to grow’, Av
*kolyba ‘cradle’ ~ ‘wagon’, see O vax“- id., Gk a¶jv ‘to increase’. B-
SSlav 1985/5 79–84) and derivationally  1337–1338; T-F 382;
similar to Toch A wkäá, B yakne ‘way, H AEEW 387; J
manner’, OIr fén ‘a kind of vehicle’. IEW 10; M I 98; P I
Z Gutt. 205; T-F 383; 84–85; S Kl. Schr. 863; V
H AEEW 380; F 540– ANEW 648; O 995; F I 187–
541; P Gliederung 120; P I 188; S 532–533; L GED
1120; C SGGJa I 97; V 387; K-S 869; A TB 131.
ANEW 639; Z I 137; O *waxsjanan I str.vb.: Goth wahsjan ‘to
988; S 543; L GED 387; grow’, Norw vexa id. (wk., originally str.
B Nom. 73; K-S pres.). Derived from *waxsanan. Z
870; A TB 481–482. Gutt. 160; T-F 382; F 541;
*waòjanan wk.vb.: ON vaga ‘to wag, to V ANEW 648, 658; S 532–533.
waddle’, OE waian ‘to move’, OS wagian *waxsjanan II wk.vb.: ON vexa ‘to wax,
id., OHG wagòn id. Derived from to cover with wax’, OFris wexa id., OHG
*weanan. H AEEW 382; wahsen id. Derived from *waxsan. Iden-
P I 1120; V ANEW 638; tical with Slav *vo“‘iti ‘to wax’. V
O 988; S 543. ANEW 658.
*waò(n) sb.f.: ON pl. vagar ‘a kind of *waxstiz sb.f.: Goth us-wahsts ‘growth’,
bier’, OHG waga ‘movement’. Derived OHG gi-wahst id. Derived from *waxsanan.
from *weanan. T-F 383; V T-F 382; F 541; S 532;
ANEW 672–673; S 543. B Nom. 144.
*waòn sb.f.: ON vagga ‘cradle’ (with *waxstuz sb.m.: Goth wahstus ‘growth’,
expressive gemination), OS waga id., OHG ON v‡xtr ‘size, growth’, OHG wahst
waga id. Derived from *weanan. T- ‘growth’ (fem.). Derived from *waxsanan.
F 383; S 543; K-S T-F 382; F 541; P I
889. 84–85; V ANEW 676; O 988;
*waxsan sb.n.: ON vax ‘wax’, OE weax S 532; L GED 387.
id., OFris wax id., OS wahs id., OHG *waxtuz sb.m.: ON váttr ‘witness’, OHG
wahs id. Etymologically connected with gi-waht ‘remembrance, opinion’ (masc.,
waxtuz 440 waipaz
fem.). The corresponding strong verb is erage, strength’ and *waixjòn > Goth
preserved in WGmc: MLG wagen ‘to waihjo ‘battle’. W MP XI 337 (*waiò
mention’, MHG part. gi-wagen. Related to to Class. Skt vìcì- ‘wave’); T-F 408;
Toch A wak, B wek ‘voice’, Skt vàc- T BSW 339; F 542; P
‘speech, saying, call’, Av vax“a- ‘speech, I 1128–1129; C SGGJa I 97;
word’, Gk ¶pow ‘word’, Lat uòx ‘voice’. F 1239; V ANEW 651 (to
B 11339; T-F 381; *wajjuz); V-T I 286;
W-H II 723–825; J- L GED 388; B OFED s.v.
 IEW 121–122; M III 180; *waika-lìkaz adj.: ON veik-ligr ‘weakly’,
P I 1136; V ANEW 648; F OE wác-líc ‘poor, mean’. Derived from
I 545; S 531; B IFTJa 255. *waikaz. H 644.
*waxtwò sb.f.: Goth wahtwo ‘watch, *waikaz adj.: ON veikr ‘weak, weakly,
guard’, OS wahta id., OHG wahta id. (ò- sick’, OE wác ‘yielding, pliant, weak,
and òn-stems). Related to *wakanan (see poor’, OS wèk ‘weak, despondent’, OHG
*wakènan). T-F 380; S 535. weih ‘soft, weak’. Derived from *wìkanan.
*wai interj.: Goth wai ‘woe’, ON vei id., K NB I 61–62, II 455; T-F
OE wá id., OS wè id., OHG wè id. There 407; H AEEW 378; T
are similar interjections in numerous IE Lehm 44–51; P I 1130; V
and non-IE languages, cf. Lat uae, MIr ANEW 640, 651; O 996; R-
fae, Lith vaÛ. N BB XXX 303 (to  86–91; S 546; B-
Skt uvé ‘oh alas’, Av vayòi and the like);  Nom. 237; H 644–
T-F 379; H AEEW 645; K-S 880.
378; W-H II 724; F 541; *waikjanan wk.vb.: ON veikjask ‘to grow
P I 1111; F 1179; V ill’, OE w≠can ‘to weaken’, OLFr ge-weiken
ANEW 650; L GED 387–388. ‘to soften’, OHG weihhen ‘to break, to
*waibjanan wk.vb.: Goth bi-waibjan ‘to bend, to soften’. Derived from *waikaz.
surround’, ON veifa ‘to wave, to vibrate’, T-F 407–408; H AEEW
OE w≠fan ‘to wrap up, to clothe’, MDu 378; H 644.
weiven ‘to be in swinging movement’, *wainaaz ~ *wainaxaz adj.: Goth
OHG zi-weiben ‘to scatter’. Identical with wainahs ‘miserable, woeful’, MLG wènic
Skt vepáyati ‘to make tremble’, Lith vaipÿtis id., OHG wènag id. Derived from the
‘to grimace, to wince’, further related to unattested *wainaz probably based on
Skt vépate ‘to tremble, to be agitated’, Lith *wai. G Got. 235 (to Latv
viepiù, vi‚pti ‘to gape about’ (P vaÛna ‘guilt’); T-F 379; F 544;
Beiträge 235). T-F 412 (to Lat L GED 389.
uibrò ‘to vibrate’); F 97–98; M- *wainòjanan wk.vb.: ON veina ‘to wail’,
 III 260; P I 1131–1133; OE wánian ‘to deplore, to lament’, OFris
F 1182, 1242–1243; V ANEW wènia id., OS wènon id., OHG weinòn id.
651; O 997; L GED 74. Derived from *wainaz (see *wainaaz ~
*wai-¶è¶iz sb.f.: Goth wai-deþs ‘evil deed’, *wainaxaz). T-F 379; H-
OE weá-d≠d id., MHG wè-tàt ‘pain’.  AEEW 383; V ANEW 651;
Compound of *wai and *¶è¶iz. L- L GED 275 (to *kwainòjanan);
 GED 388. K-S 882.
*waiaz sb.m.: OE wá ‘wall’, OFris wàch *waipaz sb.m.: Goth waips ‘wreath’,
id., OS wèg id. A substantivized adjective MHG umbe-weif ‘cloth wrapped around
structurally close to Lith vi‚kas ‘strength, the skirt’. Derived from *wìpanan. F
life’, Slav *vîk˙ ‘age’ (B BB III 113) 544; V ANEW 652; O 1003;
and derived from *wìxanan ~ *wìanan. S 546; L GED 400;
Cf. also *waiò > ON veig ‘strong bev- B Nom. 52.
waipòn 441 wakènan
*waipòn sb.f.: ON veipa ‘woman’s hood’, *⁄ei-: Skt. véti ‘to have in view, to
OE wápe ‘cloth’. Derived from *waipaz. approach’, Gk ·emai ‘to move forward, to
H AEEW 384; V ANEW hurry’, Lith vejù, vÿti ‘to hunt, to drive’
652. (G KZ I 82). U KZ XX
*waisò sb.f.: Norw veis ‘stalk’. Cf. also ON 560 (to OIr fíad ‘game’); M IF
vísir ‘index, sprout’. Identical with Slav XVIII 237, 255; T-F 379;
*vîxa ‘straw bundle’. S LS 63; T BSW 345–346; H
V-T I 308. AEEW 384; M III 255;
*waisòn sb.f.: ON veisa ‘pool, stagnant P I 1123–1124; C
pond’, OE wáse ‘ooze, mud, slime’, OFris SGGJa I 70; F 1267; V
wàse id. Cf. also WGmc *wisò(n) > MLG ANEW 650–651; Z II 219; F
wese ‘meadow’, OHG wisa id. Related I 711; C BBCS XXVI 306 (to
to Skt vißá- ‘liquid’, Gk ïÒw ‘poison’, Lat OIr fiadach ‘hunting’); V-
uìrus ‘liquid’. H AEEW 384; T III 294; K 714;
W-H II 800; P I K-S 881 (separates OHG
1134; V ANEW 652; F I 730; weida ‘hunting’ from weida ‘pasture’; the
O 628. latter to Av vàstra- ‘pasture’).
*waita pret.-pres.: Goth wait ‘to know’, *waiþjanan ~ *waiþòjanan wk.vb.:
ON veit id., OFris wèt id., OE wát id., OS ON veiäa ‘to catch, to hunt’, OE w≠äan
wèt id., OHG weiz id. Continues IE perf. ‘to hunt’, MLG weiden ‘to hunt with a fal-
*⁄oida, of *⁄eid-: Skt perf. véda id., Gk con’, OHG weidòn ‘to graze’. Derived
aor. e‰don ‘to see’, perf. o‰da, Arm gitem from *waiþiz ~ *waiþ( j)ò. H
‘to know’, Lat uideò ‘to see’, OPrus waist AEEW 382; V ANEW 650.
‘to know’, Slav perf. *vîdî ‘to know’. *waiwò(n) sb.n.: ON vá ‘woe, calamity’,
T-F 409; T BSW 338; OE weá ‘woe, misery, evil’ (masc.), OS wè
H AEEW 400; W- id., OHG wèwa id. Derived from *wai.
H II 784–785; F 569; T-F 379; W IF XLI
J IEW 116–118; M 333; H AEEW 385; P I
III 256–257; P I 1125–1126; 1111; V ANEW 637; Z II 184.
V ANEW 669; S Kl. Schr. 219; *wajjuz sb.m.: Goth baurgs-waddjus ‘city
F II 357; O 1009; S wall’, ON veggr ‘wall’. Deverbative of IE
533–535; V-T I 283; *⁄ei- ‘to turn, to bend’, cf. Skt váyati ‘to
L Language XIX 25, GED 379, weave’, Lat uìeò ‘to bind, to weave’, Lith
406–407; K-S 894–895. vejù, vÿti ‘to wind, to turn’, Slav *viti id.
*waitjanan wk.vb.: ON veita ‘to grant, to K PBB IX 542–543 (to *waiaz);
give a grant’, OFris wèta ‘to claim, to tes- K ZdPh XXXIX 291; T-
tify’, OHG weizen ‘to show, to prove’. F 406–407; U PBB XXX
Causative of *waita. Structurally close to 324 (same as K); T BSW
Skt vedáyati ‘to announce’. T-F 346; H AEEW 382 (against
410; V ANEW 652; S 534. K); W-H II 786–787;
*waiþi-mannz sb.m.: ON veiäi-maär F 538–539; M III 147;
‘huntsman’, MHG weide-man id. Com- P I 1120–1122; C
pound of *waiþiz ~ *waiþ( j)ò and *mannz. SGGJa I 73; F 1267; V
C Nom. comp. 85 ( parallel formations). ANEW 650; L Verschärfung
*waiþiz ~ *waiþ( j)ò sb.f.: Burg *waiþs 118–119 (same as K); V-
‘hunt’, ON veiär ‘hunting’, OE wáä ‘wan- T I 322; L GED 386;
dering, hunting’, OS weiäa ‘pasture’, B Nom. 161.
OHG weida ‘hunting; pasture, food’. *wakènan wk.vb.: Goth wakan ‘to be
Continues *⁄oití- ~ *⁄oità derived from awake’, ON vaka id., ON vakinn ‘awake’,
wakènan 442 wala-kuzjòn
OE wacian ‘to watch, to wake’, wacan ‘to  1392; T-F 380; K
be born’, OFris wakia, waka ‘to be awake’, Nom. Stamm. 97; H AEEW
OS wakon id., OHG wahhèn id. Residual 378; M III 126; P I
traces of str. *wakanan are registered (cf. 1117–1118; V ANEW 640; S
for example OE pret. wóc). Related to Skt 535; W AWNP 67; B
vàja- ‘strength, vigor, speed, contest’, Lat Nom. 248; H 645; K-
uegeò ‘to be lively’ (P CGG 174). S 870.
Z Gutt. 199; H AEEW *wakròjanan wk.vb.: ON vekra ‘to freshen
378; F 547–548; P I 1117– up, to rouse’, OFris wekkria ‘to increase’,
1118; M III 182–183; V MDu wackeren id. A derivative of *wakraz
ANEW 639; O 989; S 535; or, more probably, an emphatic deriva-
L GED 392; K-S 869. tive of *wakanan (see *wakènan). V
*wakjanan wk.vb.: Goth us-wakjan ‘to ANEW 652.
awake’, ON vekja ‘to waken, to rouse *wakulaz adj.: Icel vökull ‘watchful’, OE
from sleep’, OE weccan ‘to wake, to wacol id., OHG wahhal id. Related to
rouse’, OS wekkian ‘to wake’, OHG *wakanan (see *wakènan). K NB II
wecken id. Derived from *wakanan (see 286; T-F 380 (to Lat uigil ‘watch-
*wakènan). Structurally close to Skt vàjá- ful’); H AEEW 378; P I
yati ‘to make fire’, Lat uegeò (W 1117–1118; V ANEW 673; S
HSCP LXXVII 195–201). T-F 535; L GED 392; H
380; H AEEW 387; F 645–646.
547; M III 182; P I *wakwaz adj.: ON v‡kr ‘moist’, E dial.
1117; V ANEW 652; S 535; wack id., MDu wac id. Related to Gk
L GED 392; K-S 878. ÍgrÒw id. (O IF IV 278). F II
*waknènan ~ *waknòjanan wk.vb.: 266; K NB I 33; T-F 381;
Goth ga-waknan ‘to awake’, ON vakna id., P I 1118; V ANEW 673;
OE wæcnan ‘to waken, to arise, to spring’. F II 955–956; H 646.
Based on the residually attested str. *wakanan *wakwò sb.f.: ON v‡k ‘hole, opening in
(see *wakènan). S KZ I 154; the ice’, MLG wake id. Substantivized
T-F 380; H AEEW *wakwaz. T-F 381; P I
378; F 547; W-H II 741; 1118; V ANEW 673; H
J IEW 123–124; P I 646; K-S 872.
1117; V ANEW 639; O 989; *walan ~ *walò sb.n./f.: ON val
S 535–536; L GED 392. ‘choice’, OHG wala id. Derived from
*wakòn sb.f.: ON vaka ‘being awake, vigil, *waljanan. T-F 400; V
eve’, OE wacu ‘waking, wake, watch’, ANEW 640; L GED 392; K-
MLG wake ‘wake, vigil’, OHG naht-wahha S 871.
id. Derived from *wakanan (see *wakènan). *wala-¶rauzaz ~ *wala-¶rauzjòn
H AEEW 378; P I sb.m.: ON val-dreyri ‘the blood of the
1117–1118; V ANEW 639; Z slain’, OE wæl-dreór id. Compound of
II 181; O 989; S 535. *walaz II and *¶rauzaz ~ *drauzjòn.
*wakraz adj.: ON vakr ‘watchful, alert, C Nom. comp. 55.
nimble’, OE wacor ‘watchful, vigilant’, *wala-fallaz sb.m.: ON val-fall ‘the fall of
MLG wacker ‘watchful, lively’, OHG the slain’, OE wæl-feall id. Compound of
èr-wackar ‘awake early’. Derived from *walaz II and *fallan ~ *fallaz. C
*wakanan (see *wakènan). Formally similar Nom. comp. 55.
to Skt vájra- ‘thunderbolt’, Av vazra- *wala-kuzjòn sb.f.: ON val-kyrja
‘club’. F KZ I 240; K ‘Valkyrie, chooser of the slain’, OE wæl-
NB II 258; Z Gutt. 199; B- cyre id. Compound of *walaz II and
wala-kuzjòn 443 walxaz
*kuzjòn (from *keusanan). T-F thing’, OE weald ‘powerful, mighty’,

402; C Nom. comp. 55. MHG ge-walt ‘enormous’. Derived from
*walaz I adj.: ON valr ‘round, oval’. *wal¶anan. K NB I 74; H-
Identical with Latv uôls id., further to  647–648.
Slav sbst. *val˙ ‘wave’. P I 1142; *wal¶iaz ~ *wal¶uaz adj.: ON v‡ldugr
D VSJa 25 (pretonic shortening in ‘mighty, powerful’, OFris weldich id., OS
Gmc). gi-weldig id., OHG gi-waltìg id. Derived
*walaz II sb.m.: ON valr ‘the slain’ (a- or from *wal¶anan. V ANEW 673.
i-stem), OE wæl ‘the slain, slaughter, *wal¶iz adj.: ON auä-veldr ‘easy to cope
carnage’ (< neut.), OS wal-dàd ‘murder’, with’, OE earfoä-wielde ‘difficult to rule’,
OHG wal ‘battlefield, blood bath’ (masc., OFris un-welde ‘involuntary’. Derived
fem. *waliz, or neut.). Related to OIr fuil from *wal¶anan. K NB I 112;
‘blood’, MIr fuili ‘bleeding wound’, W S 536; M Festschr. Schröder
gweli ‘wound’, Corn goly id., MBret goul- 106, KZ CV 127; H 648.
yow id. K PBB XVI 511 (to Lat *wal¶jan sb.n.: ON veldi ‘power’, OE e-
uulnus ‘wound’); B IF IX 360 (to wild id., MLG ge-welde id. Derived from
Czech váleti ‘to battle’); M BB XXI *wal¶an. H AEEW 393; V
223 (to Lith vElës ‘spirit of the dead’); ANEW 653.
T-F 402; H AEEW 380; *wal¶òn sb.m.: ON ein-valdi ‘monarch’,
P I 1144; V ANEW 642; OS ala-waldo ‘sovereign king’, MHG al-
Z II 190; L GED 404; walte id. Derived from *wal¶anan. T-
K-S 873. F 404; V ANEW 641.
*wal¶an sb.n.: ON vald ‘power, authority’, *walaz adj.: Icel volgr ‘lukewarm’, OE
OE weald id. Derived from *wal¶anan. weal ‘nauseous’. Unclear. Cf. *welkaz.
T-F 404; H AEEW K NB II 293; Z Gutt. 142;
385; V ANEW 640; S 536; T-F 402–403; H AEEW
L GED 392. 385; P I 1143–1145 (to *⁄elk-/
*wal¶anan str.vb.: Goth waldan ‘to rule (a *⁄elg- ‘wet’); H 649 (to ON
household), to govern’, ON valda ‘to ylr ‘warmth’, ylja ‘to warm’).
wield, to rule, to cause’ (str. ~ wk.), OE *waljanan ~ *walòjanan wk.vb.:
wealdan ‘to have power, to control’, OFris Goth us-walugjan ‘to make swirl around’,
walda ‘to rule, to possess’, OS waldan ‘to OHG walagòn ‘to roll about’. Distantly
wield’, OHG waltan ‘to possess, to reign’. related to Skt válati ‘to turn’, Arm gelum
Connected with Lith véldu, veld∏ti ‘to pos- ‘to turn’, Gk efil°v id. S Bibel
sess’, valdaU, valdÿti ‘to rule’, Slav *voldîti I 343 (Goth -u- explained by svara-
‘to possess, to rule’. T-F 404 bhakti); H Neophilologus X 72 (Goth
(Slav < Gmc); M MSL VIII 290; based on *walugs derived from *waluz);
T BSW 341; F 548; F 536; S KZ LIX 221 (Goth
H AEEW 385; S- -ugj-an close to Gk -ussv < *-ukƒò);
P 213–215 (Balto-Slavic < Gmc); P I 1144; F I 457–458; L-
P Gliederung 142; J IEW  GED 384.
106–107; P I 1111–1112; C- *walxaz I sb.m.: ON valr ‘hawk’, OE
 SGGJa I 66; F 1188, wealh-hafoc ‘gerfalcon’, OHG walh-habuh
1217–1218; V ANEW 640; O ‘falcon’. Plausibly, identical with *walxaz
1006; S LS 61–62; S 536– II, lit. ‘foreign bird, Welsh bird’ (F
537; B IEL 274; V- Lehnw. 13). H AEEW 386;
T I 340–341; L GED 392; P KZ XLVI 151 (to *⁄el- ‘to
K-S 874; B OFED s.v. tear’); V ANEW 642.
*wal¶az adj.: ON valdr ‘causing some- *walxaz II sb.m.: Burg adj. *walhs ‘Celtic,
walxaz 444 waltò
foreign’, ON pl. valir ‘(Celtic) inhabit- OE wealcian ‘to roll up, to muffle up’.
ants of Northern France’, OE wealh ‘for- Derived from *walkanan. T-F
eigner, slave, Celt (esp. of Britain)’, MLG 402; H AEEW 385; J-
wale ‘Welsh’, OHG pl. Walaha ‘Roman,  IEW 160–164; V ANEW 641;
Rutulian’. Borrowed from Celt-Lat O 989; S 537.
Volcae, name of a Celtic people (S- *walljòn ~ *walljaz sb.f./m.: ON vella
 UGG 136). As to *walxa-xnutz (> ‘boiling heat, ebullition’, OE will ‘spring,
ON val-hnot ‘walnut’, OE wealh-hnutu id., well, fountain’, OFris walla ‘boiling’,
MLG wal-nut id.), it is a calque of Rom MDu welle id. Derived from *wellanan II.
*nux gallica id. > Fr noix gauge (W T-F 401; H AEEW
IF LXII 33–61). Z Gutt. 142; 393; V ANEW 653.
T-F 403; H AEEW *walljanan wk.vb.: ON vella ‘to boil, to
386; V ANEW 641; Z II 191; well over’, OE willan ‘to boil’, MLG wellen
O 990, 999; B 293; K id., MHG wellen id. Derived from *wellanan
714; K-S 873, 884–885. II. T-F 401; V ANEW 653;
*walxiskaz adj.: ON valskr ‘foreign, of S 538; K-S 873.
Northern France’, OE wílisc ‘foreign, *walmiz sb.m.: ODan valm, volm ‘boiling’,
Welsh’, MLG welsch ‘Romance’, OHG OE wilm ‘fount, stream, boiling water’,
walahisc ‘Welsh, Romance’. Derived from MHG walm ‘seething’. Derived from
*walxaz II. T-F 403; H *wellanan II. Close to Skt ùrmí- ‘wave’, Av
AEEW 393; V ANEW 642; O var6mi- id. < *⁄¬Hmi-. T-F 401;
999; K-S 884–885. H AEEW 393–394.
*waljanan wk.vb.: Goth waljan ‘to *walò(n) sb.f.: ON vala ‘knuckle-bone’,
choose’, ON velja id., OHG wellen id. OE walu ‘ridge, bank (?)’, LG wàle ‘weal’.
Derived from *wel(j)anan. T-F 400; Related to Gk efil°v, Hom e‡lv ‘to
F 548–549; P I 1137; V squeeze’, Lith valÿti ‘to cleanse’, Slav
ANEW 653; O 1007; S 551; *val˙ ‘wave’. For the semantic develop-
L GED 392; K-S 871. ment cf. Latv valnis ‘edge, brim, rim’.
*walkan sb.n.: ON valk ‘tossing to and Further see *wellanan I. H
fro’, OE e-wealc ‘rolling, motion, attack’, AEEW 392; P I 1138; F I
MDu walc ‘felted wad’. Close to Lat 457; O 989.
ualgus ‘bow-legged’, Latv valgs ‘cord’. *waltaz adj.: ON valtr ‘reeling, easily
Derived from *walkanan. T-F upset’, OE seonu-wealt ‘circular, round’.
402; H AEEW 385; W- Derived from *weltanan ~ *waltanan.
H II 728–729; P I 1144; K I 75; T-F 403; W
V ANEW 641; S 537. NP 25; V ANEW 642; H
*walkanan str.vb.: OE wealcan ‘to roll, to 651; K-S 874.
toss’, MDu walken ‘to roll’, OHG part. *waltjanan wk.vb.: Goth waltjan ‘to beat
gi-walchenemo ‘concreto’. Related to Skt into, to roll’, ON velta ‘to roll’, OE wæl-
válgati ‘to leap, to bound, to wave’, Lat tan, wiltan id., OHG welzen id. Causative
ualgus ‘having the calves of the legs of *weltanan ~ *waltanan. T-F
bent outwards, bow-legged’ (F I 541), 403; F 549; V ANEW 653;
Latv valgs ‘cord’. P Wurzelerw. O 999; S 554; L
131, Beiträge 85, 543; T-F 402; GED 392–393.
H AEEW 385; M III *waltò sb.f.: ON v‡lt ‘roller’, OE wealte id.,
164 (against the comparison with Skt); MLG wolte id., OHG walza ‘sling, trap’.
P I 1140–1144; V ANEW 641; Substantivized *waltaz. H
S 537; K-S 872–873. AEEW 386; V ANEW 673–674;
*walkòjanan wk.vb.: ON valka ‘to roll’, K-S 874.
walþ( j)ò 445 wan(a)kaz
*walþ( j)ò sb.f.: ME welde, wolde ‘weld, gwamm ‘woman’); H AEEW
Reseda luteola’, MDu wolde id. Derived 382; F 549; S IF LXI
from *walþuz. T-F 403 (to Lat 228–234; F 33; V ANEW
lùtum ‘weld’ < *⁄lùto-); O 998. 674; Z I 148; O 1011;
*walþuz sb.m.: ON v‡llr ‘field’, OE weald L GED 393; W KZ
‘high land covered with wood’, OFris XCVI 93–94 (to Gk nÊmfh ‘pregnant
wald ‘forest’, OS wald id., OHG wald id. woman’); T ESSJa II 229–
Related to Gk lãsiow ‘shaggy, woolly’, 230; H 612 (phonetically
OIr folt ‘hair’, OPrus wolti ‘ear of grain’, influenced by *þambaz); K-S
Lith váltis ‘ear of oats’, Slav *volt¸ ‘ear of 874.
grain’ (S KZ XLII 214). F II *wamma-lausaz adj.: ON vamm-lauss
263; L KZ XL 422 (to Lat saltus ‘pass, ‘spotless’, OS wam-lòs ‘free from blame’.
mountain forest’ < *(s)⁄altus); T-F Compound of *wamman and *lausaz.
403 (to Lat uallis ‘valley’); T C Nom. comp. 91 (parallel formations).
BSW 341; H KZ XLVI 178 *wamman sb.n.: Goth wamm ‘stain, flaw’,
(follows L), AEEW 385; P I ON vamm ‘blemish’, OE wamm ‘spot,
1139; F 1192–1193; V mark, stain’, OFris wam id., OS wam ‘mis-
ANEW 673; Z II 204; F II take, ailment’. Substantivized *wammaz.
88; O 1011; V-T I T-F 392; H AEEW
344; B Nom. 156 (to *welþ- 382; F 549–550; M Gém. 197;
jaz); K-S 872. V ANEW 642–643; L GED
*waluz sb.m.: Goth walus ‘staff ’, ON v‡lr 393; H 652.
‘round stick, staff ’, OE wyrt-walu ‘root’, *wammaz adj.: Goth ga-wamms ‘unclean,
OFris walu-bera ‘pilgrim’. Identical with stained’, OE wamm ‘foul, evil, wicked’,
Lith ap-valùs ‘round’. Related to *wellanan OS wam ‘bad, evil, nefarious’. Derived
I. Cf. other words for ‘stick, staff ’ con- from *⁄on-mo- related to *⁄–mo- in Skt
nected with IE *⁄el- ‘to turn’: Lat uallus vàma- ‘left’ and vàmá- ‘lovely, dear’.
‘pole, stake’, OPrus walis ‘pull rod’. U PBB XXX 324 (<*⁄om-⁄o- or
T-F 400; W-H II *⁄om-no-, to *⁄em(H)- ‘to vomit’: Skt
730; F 549; H AEEW 382; vámiti, Gk §m°v, Lat uomò); T-F
P I 1142; F 1193; V 392; F 549–550; H AEEW
ANEW 673; Z I 152; L 382; W IF XLI 46 (supports
GED 393; B OFED s.v. U); P I 1146 (sceptical
*walwjanan wk.vb.: Goth af-walwjan ‘to of U’s etymology); V ANEW
roll away’, OE wilwan ‘to roll’. Derived 642–643; S Erw. 75; L
from *waluz. T-F 401; H- GED 393; H 652–653.
 AEEW 394; F 13; P I *wammjanan wk.vb.: Goth ana-wammjan
1142; O 990; L GED 9. ‘to stain’, OE wemman ‘to spot, to mar, to
*wambò sb.f.: Goth wamba ‘belly, womb’, spoil’, OFris wemma ‘to damage’, OHG
ON v‡mb id., OE wamb id., OFris wamme bi-wemmen ‘to dishonor’. Derived from
id., MLG wamme id., OHG wambo id. *wammaz. H AEEW 389;
(masc.). A descriptive stem similar to Lith F 549; L GED 393; H-
bámba ‘navel’, Latv bamba ‘ball’, Slav  652.
*b‡ba ‘grain, swelling’. K KZ I 138; *wana-xailaz adj.: ON van-heill ‘disabled,
P BB XX 238 (to Skt gabhá- ill’, OE wan-hál ‘weak, sick, maimed’,
‘vulva’); U PBB XXII 192 OHG wana-heil ‘disabled, weak’. Com-
(follows P); W MLN XV 99 pound of *wanaz I and *xailaz. C
(to Skt vapà ‘omentum, skin investing Nom. comp. 66.
the intestines’); T-F 392 (to Bret *wan(a)kaz sb.m.: ON vakr, vákr ‘a kind of
wan(a)kaz 446 wanaz
hawk’. Identical with Lith vãnagas ‘hawk’ wenda id., OS wendian ‘to direct’, OHG
(L MASO I 55–67). F 1194; wenten ‘to turn’. Causative of *wen¶anan.
V ANEW 640. T-F 390; H AEEW
*wanan sb.n.: Goth wan ‘want, lack’, OE 389; F 550; V ANEW 653;
wan id. Substantivized neut. of *wanaz I. O 1000; S 555; L
F 550; H 653. GED 393; K-S 885.
*wanaz I adj.: Goth wans ‘lacking, want- *wan¶òjanan wk.vb.: ON vanda ‘to
ing’, ON vanr id., OE wan ‘wanting, object, to be fastidious’, OE wandian ‘to
absent’, OFris won-gare ‘deficient clothing’, turn aside’, MDu wanden ‘to turn into’,
OS wan ‘deficient, absent’, OHG wan OHG part. wantònti ‘mutual’. Derived
id. Related to Skt ùná- ‘defective, want- from *wan¶az. H AEEW 383;
ing’, Av unò id., Lat uànus ‘empty, vain’ V ANEW 643.
(P CDL 34). B *wan¶ulaz sb.m.: ON v‡ndull ‘wisp of
1407; K NB II 233–234; T- hay’, OFris wandel ‘exchange’, OHG
F 378; E KZ LII 119–120 (to wandel ‘change of mind’. Derived from
Lith vàns-kariai ‘unhatched eggs’); F *wan¶az. ON could be etymologically
550; H AEEW 382; W- separate from WGmc and related to
H II 731–732; M I 115; *wan¶uz. T-F 390; S 555.
P I 345–346; V ANEW 644; *wan¶uz sb.m.: Goth wandus ‘rod’, ON
O 991; H MSS XX 34–35 v‡ndr ‘wand, switch, roller’. Derived from
(< *⁄6nos); S Erw. 30; L *wen¶anan. S BB XXIX
GED 394; B Nom. 246; H- 43 (to Arm vandak ‘network’); U
 653–654; K-S 871. PBB XXII 192 (to Skt aor. vádhìm ‘to
*wanaz II adj.: ON vanr ‘accustomed’. slay, to kill’); T-F 390; F 550;
Related to Toch A wañi, wìna ‘pleasure’, E KZ LII 110–111 (to Lith vánta
Skt vanóti ‘to demand, to like’, Lat uenus ‘bunch of green birch twigs’); F
‘love’ and other continuants of IE *⁄en- 1196, 1223–1224; V ANEW 674;
‘to wish, to love’, cf. *wunènan. K O 991; S 555; L
NB I 69–70; T-F 387; P I GED 393–394; K-S 874.
1146–1147; V ANEW 644; O *wan¶uz ~ *wan¶ò sb.m./f.: Norw vond
996; H 654 (derived from ‘a kind of shrew’, OE wand ‘mole’.
*wanjaz). Probably related to Gk ‡onyow ‘root of a
*wan¶az adj.: ON vandr ‘difficult’, OS hair, young hair’ < *⁄i-⁄ondho- and espe-
wand ‘fluctuating, variable’. Derived from cially close to MIr find ‘hair (on the head)’
*wen¶anan. K NB II 338–339; < *⁄endhu- (L IF XIX 345–347).
T-F 390; W NP 16; V T-F 390 (to *wen¶anan); P
ANEW 643; M Wortbild. 229; S I 1148; F I 729–730.
555; M KZ CV 104; H *wanènan wk.vb.: Goth *wanan ‘to de-
654–655. crease’ (based on wanains ‘lack, defi-
*wan¶ilaz sb.m.: East Gmc Wandali ciency’), OE wanian ‘to make less’, OFris
‘Vandals’ (Saxo), ON pln. Vendill, OE pl. wonia id., OS wanon id., OHG part. gi-
Wendelas ‘Vandals’. Cf. also OHG wentil- wanèt ‘reduced, decreased’. Derived from
sèo ‘sea’. Derived from *wan¶az. E- *wanaz I. T-F 378; H
 SVSU I/1 79 (to *wan¶uz); H AEEW 383; F 550; H 653.
CM IV 62–78 (to *wen¶anan); H- *wanaz sb.m.: Goth waggs ‘paradise’, ON
 AEEW 389; V ANEW 653– vangr ‘garden, a green home-field’, OE
654 (to *wan¶- ‘water’). wan ‘field, plain, land, earth’, OS wang
*wan¶janan wk.vb.: Goth wandjan ‘to ‘garden, a green home-field’, OHG holz-
turn’, ON venda id., OE wendan id., OFris wang ‘wooded field’. Together with Alb
wanaz 447 waraz
vang ‘fallow’ continues IE *⁄onkó- (L- janan. T BSW 350–351;

 GED 387). See *wanxaz. Z P I 1149; V ANEW 639;
Gutt. 181; T-F 389; H K-S 874.
AEEW 383; F 540; P I 1148– *wanòjanan wk.vb.: ON vanask ‘to wane,
1149 (to *⁄e-n-g- ~ *⁄e-n-gh- ‘to be bent’); to fail’, OE wanian ‘to lessen, to diminish’,
V ANEW 643; Z I 137; OHG wanòn ‘to spoil, to take away’.
S LS 60; B Nom. 50. Derived from *wanaz I. Cf. also ON vansa
*wanòn sb.m.n.: ON vangi ‘cheek’, OE ‘to do too little’ < *wan(e)sòjanan. H-
wane id., OS wanga id., OHG wanga id.  AEEW 383; V ANEW 643–
Etymologically identical with *wanaz. 644; O 991; H 653.
S BB XXIX 41 (to Arm *wanòn sb.m.: ON vani ‘shortage, lack’,
gang ‘skull, head’, Gk êmfhn ‘neck’); OE wana ‘want, lack’. Related to *wanaz
Z Gutt. 142; T-F 390; I. T-F 378; H AEEW
H AEEW 383; P I 383; V ANEW 644; H 653.
1149; V ANEW 643; Z II *wanòn ~ *wunòn sb.m.: ON vani ‘cus-
178; L GED 386; H tom’, OE e-wuna id., OS gi-wono id. Cf.
656; K-S 874. also OHG fem. gi-wona id. Derived from
*wanxaz adj.: Goth un-wahs ‘blameless’, *wanaz II. T-F 387.
OE wóh ‘bent, crooked, twisted’. Related *wantuz sb.m.: ON v‡ttr ‘glove’, LG want
to Skt váñcati ‘to move crookedly’, Lat con- id. (fem.). Unclear. T-F 391 (to
uexus ‘curved’. T-F 389; W- *wen¶anan); V ANEW 676; K-
 IF XLI 339–341 (to *waiwò(n)); S 875.
W-H I 268–269; F 525; *wappòjanan wk.vb.: ON vappa ‘to wad-
H AEEW 404; M III dle’, LG wappen ‘to move up and down’,
127; P I 1134–1135; V ANEW ME wappen ‘to develop’. Of imitative
637 (against W); L GED origin. M Gém. 170; V ANEW
379; H 655–656. 644.
*wanistuz sb.f./m.: Icel vinstr ‘fourth *wap(p)ulaz sb.m.: OSwed vappel
stomach of ruminants’, OHG wanast, ‘amount of slime’, OE wapol ‘foam’,
wenist ‘abdomen, belly’. Identical with Skt OFris wapul- ‘pool, puddle’. Derived from
vaniß†hú- ‘rectum’ ( J IF XIV *wappòjanan. B OFED s.v.
324: from *⁄oned-sthu-). T-F 389; *wara-lìkaz adj.: ON var-ligr ‘safe, requir-
L KZ LXI 20 (to Gk ≥nustron ing wariness’, OE wær-líc ‘cautious, pru-
‘fourth stomach of ruminants’); P dent’, OHG gi-wara-lìh ‘attentive, careful’.
I 1105; K-S 875. Derived from *waraz. H 658.
*wanjaz sb.m.: Dan dial. vann ‘swelling’, *waraz adj.: Goth wars ‘wary, on guard’,
OE wenn ‘wen’, MLG wene id. Connected ON varr ‘aware’, OE wær ‘aware, pre-
with *wun¶az. H AEEW 389; pared’, OS war ‘aware, careful’, OHG gi-
P I 1109. war ‘aware’. Corresponds to Gk *Worow in
*wanjanan wk.vb.: ON venja ‘to accus- §p¤ourow ‘warder’, Hom oÔrow ‘watcher,
tom’, OE wenian id., OS gi-wennian ‘to get warder’, OIr coair, coir ‘equitable, appro-
used’, OHG gi-wennen id. Derived from priate’ < *kom-⁄ari-. Further connected
*wanaz II. T-F 387; R with Lat uereor ‘to respect’, Latv véru, vèrt
UUÅ 1924/8 93–106; V ANEW 654; ‘to watch’. K NB I 51; T-
O 996; H 654; K- F 393; F 551; H AEEW
S 323. 380; W Postv. 44–45; W-
*wankòjanan wk.vb.: ON vakka ‘to stray, H II 757–758; P I 1164;
to hover about’, OS wankon ‘to sway’, V ANEW 647; F I 539; O
OHG wancòn id. Derived from *wenk- 992; L GED 395; B
waraz 448 warjanan
Nom. 239; H 657–658; K- to keep, to defend’, OFris wardia ‘to wait,
S 321. to observe’, OS wardòn ‘to protect, to
*war¶a-xùsan sb.n.: ON varä-hús ‘watch- beware’, OHG wartèn ‘to wait, to stay
house’, MLG warde-hùs id., OHG wart-hùs awake, to peer’. Derived from *war¶az II
id. Compound of *war¶az II and *xùsan. or *war¶ò(n). T-F 393; H-
C Nom. comp. 85 (parallel formations).  AEEW 386; V ANEW 645;
*war¶a-mannz sb.m.: ON varä-maär O 992; K-S 875.
‘watchman, warder’, OE weard-mann id., *wara-trewan sb.n.: ON varg-tré ‘gal-
MLG wart-man id., OHG wart-man id. lows’, OE wear-treów id., OS warag-trèo
Compound of *war¶az II and *mannz. id. Compound of *waraz and *trewan.
C Nom. comp. 79 (parallel formations). C Nom. comp. 53; G-
*war¶az I adj.: ON á-varär ‘dear (to the I II 487.
gods)’, OE adv. for-weard ‘onwards, con- *waraz sb.m.: Goth launa-wargs ‘unthank-
tinually’, OFris bek-ward ‘back, rear’, OS ful’, ON vargr ‘wolf, outlaw’, OE wear
adv. for-ward ‘forward, onwards’, OHG ‘villain, felon, criminal’, OS warg ‘crimi-
ab-wart ‘absent’. Derived from *werþanan. nal’, OHG warg ‘evil-doer’. Identical with
Structurally identical with Slav *vort˙ Lith vaıgas ‘need’, Latv vargs ‘miserable’,
‘turn’. H AEEW 386; K OPrus wargs ‘wicked’, Slav *vorg˙ ‘enemy’
777–778; V-T I 354; (K PBB XVIII 175; M
H 658–659. 395). Further related to *weranan
*war¶az II sb.m.: Goth daura-wards ‘door- (S-N II 490–491). The
keeper’, ON v‡rär ‘warden, warder’ (u- original meaning was ‘strangler’, cf. simi-
stem), OE weard ‘guard, warder’, OS ward lar development of words for ‘wolf ’
id., OHG wart id. Participle *⁄or-tó- (I SBJa Karp. 181–213); cf. also
derived from an unattested verb, cf. Phryg davo- ‘wolf ’ < IE *dhau- ‘to
*waraz. T-F 393; H squeeze, to strangle’ (K Einlei-
AEEW 386; F 117; P I 1164; tung 211). M WuS II 218 (same
V ANEW 675; Z II 204; as K); Z Gutt. 16; T-
L GED 394; K-S 875. F 396; T BSW 342; H-
*war¶janan wk.vb.: Goth fra-wardjan ‘to  AEEW 36; F 325; P I
corrupt, to destroy’, OE wirdan ‘to injure, 1154; F 1198–1199; Z I
to hurt, to annoy’, OS a-werdian ‘to spoil, 137; V ANEW 645–646; B
to destroy’, OHG fir-werten id. Derived 135; M Jazyk 34–35 (from Slav
from *werþanan. Cf. similar causatives in *vorg˙ ‘enemy’); V-T I
Skt vartáyati ‘to set in motion’, Slav *vor- 352; L GED 153, 229 (to Lith
titi ‘to return’. T-F 398; H- ver≥iù, veı≥ti ‘to tie up’); B
 AEEW 394; F 166; M- Nom. 50; O Phrygian 29–30.
 III 154–155; F 1204; *wariþò sb.f.: Goth wargiþa ‘judgment,
S 560; L GED 127. condemnation’, OE wirgä, wiräu ‘con-
*war¶ò(n) sb.f.: Goth daura-warda ‘female demnation, curse’. Derived from *waraz
doorkeeper’, ON varäa ‘beacon, pile of (A Recht II 134). H AEEW
stones used as a road sign’, OE weard ‘ward, 394; F 551; B IEL 135;
guard, watch’, OS warda ‘guard, post’, L GED 394.
OHG warta ‘watch, guard’. Related to *warjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-wargjan ‘to
*war¶az II. T-F 393; H outlaw, to condemn’, OE wiran ‘to
AEEW 386; F 117; V ANEW 645; curse, to do evil’, OS gi-waragean ‘to pun-
O 992; L GED 394. ish (as a criminal)’. Derived from *waraz.
*war¶òjanan wk.vb.: ON varäa ‘to war- Structurally close to Slav *vor≥iti ‘to prac-
rant, to guard’, OE weardian ‘to guard, tise witchcraft’. T-F 397; H-
warjanan 449 waròjanan
 AEEW 394; F 210; V- wearm id., OFris warm id., OS warm id.,
T I 353; B IEL 135; OHG warm id. Derivative of *⁄er-: Hitt
L GED 153. war- ‘to burn’, Arm vafiem ‘to burn’, Lith
*warìn sb.f.: Goth warei ‘slyness, wariness, vérdu, vìrti ‘to boil, to cook’, Slav *v¸rîti ‘to
panourg¤a’, OHG gi-werì ‘circumspec- boil’ (F BB II 203). K NB II
tion, attentiveness’. Derived from *waraz. 245; T-F 395; T BSW
T-F 393; F 551; L 361; H AEEW 387; B-
GED 395; H 657.  BSL XXXIII 136–137; P
*warja-mò¶ò sb.f.: OE masc. wermód I 1166; C SGGJa I 83;
‘wormwood (bitter plant Artemisia F 1263; V ANEW 646;
Absinthium)’, OS wermòda id., OHG wer- O 992–993; V-T I
muota, werimuota id. Derived from *war- 362; S Erw. 75; G LuE
janan and *mò¶ò (see *mò¶az). H- 200; L GED 394 (against the con-
 AEEW 391; O 1013. nection with IE *g ⁄herm- ‘warm’); B-
*warjan sb.n.: ON ver ‘fishing-place’, OE  Nom. 244; H 659–
wer ‘dam, weir’ (masc.), OS werr ‘dam for 660; K-S 875.
fishing’, OHG wer ‘dam, weir’. Derived *warmjanan wk.vb.: Goth warmjan ‘to
from *warjanan. T-F 395; H- warm’, ON verma id., OE wirman id., OS
 AEEW 391; V ANEW 654; warmian id., OHG ir-warmen id. Derived
L GED 394. from *warmaz. Z Gutt. 33; H-
*warja-nalan sb.m.: ON var-nagli ‘bung  AEEW 394; F 552; V
for the hole in the boat’s bottom’, MHG ANEW 656; O 993; L GED
wer-nagel ‘dagger handle’. Compound of 394–395; H 660.
*warjan and *nalaz. V ANEW 646. *warnaz ~ *warnò sb.m./f.: Burg warns
*warjanan wk.vb.: Goth warjan ‘to forbid, ‘defence’, ON v‡rn ‘defense’, OE wearn
to hinder’, ON verja ‘to defend’, OE ‘hindrance, obstacle’, OHG furi-warna
werian ‘to hinder, to check, to restrain’, ‘preparation’. Related to *warjanan. H-
OFris wera ‘to hinder, to forbid’, OS wer-  AEEW 387; V ANEW 675;
ian id., OHG werien, werren id. Related to K 714.
Skt vº»óti ‘to cover, to surround’, Lat *warnòjanan wk.vb.: ON varna ‘to warn
aperiò ‘to uncover’, Lith veriù, vérti ‘to off, to abstain’, OE warenian, warnian ‘to
open, to string, to thread’, Slav *v¸r‡, take head, to beware’, OFris warna ‘to
*verti ‘to lock, to stick’. P Beiträge refuse, to deny’, MLG warnen ‘to make
500; T-F 394; T BSW attentive’, OHG warnòn ‘to equip, to
351–352; H AEEW 391; instruct’. Derived from *warnò. T-
W-H I 56–57; F 551– F 394; H AEEW 387;
552; P Gliederung 155; M V ANEW 646; H 658.
III 245–246; P I 1160; F *warò sb.f.: ON v‡r ‘place of landing’, OE
1229–1230; V ANEW 656; O waru ‘embankment’, MLG ware ‘dam’.
998; V-T I 293; L Identical with Lith vãras ‘pole (in a
GED 394; K-S 879. fence)’, pa-varà ‘net rope’, Slav *vor˙, *vora
*warjaz sb.m.: Burg *warja ‘dweller’ ‘fence’ (H ZfslavPh XXII 147).
(n-stem), ON pl. skip-verjar ‘crew’, OE T-F 395; T BSW 352–
pl. burh-ware ‘inhabitants of a city’. For 353; H AEEW 384; F
HG cf. ethnonyms Angri-varii, Boju-varii. 1197–1198; V ANEW 674 (to Av vàr
Derived from *warjanan. T-F ‘castle’, Slav *za-vor˙ ‘bolt’).
395; H AEEW 384; V *waròjanan wk.vb.: ON vara ‘to beware,
ANEW 655; K 714. to warn’, OE warian ‘to beware, to
*warmaz adj.: ON varmr ‘warm’, OE guard’, OFris waria ‘to protect’, OS waron
waròjanan 450 waskanan
‘to protect, to mark, to note’, OHG bi- the falcon’s leg’, MLG worpel ‘die’, OHG
waròn ‘to protect’. Derived from *warò(n). wurfil id. Derived from *werpanan. T-
T-F 393; H AEEW 38; F 398; H AEEW 412;
H AEEW 384; P I V ANEW 657; K-S 899.
1164; V ANEW 645; O 992; *wartò(n) sb.f.: ON varta ‘wart’, OE weart,
H 658; K-S 871. wearte id., OFris warte id., OS warta ‘nip-
*warò(n) sb.f.: ON vara ‘ware, article of ple’, OHG warza, werza ‘wart, nipple’.
merchandise’, masc. vari ‘wariness, cau- Related to Latv ap-virde ‘abscess, boil’,
tion’, OE waru ‘watchful care, care, Slav *verd˙ ‘wound, harm’ (S Vok.
observance’, OFris ware ‘care, attention; II 74). W JEGP XIII 507 (to Lat
keeping, possession’, OS wara ‘care, uarix ‘dilated vein’, uerrùca ‘height, wart’);
attention’, OHG wara ‘attention, product, T-F 397; H AEEW
article’. Derived from *waraz. Similar to 387; P I 1151; V ANEW 647;
Gk *Worä on which Ùrãv ‘to see’ is Z II 181; O 993; V-
based. The reconstruction of a separate T I 295; K-S 876.
*wazò(n) ‘article of merchandise’ with *warzuz sb.f.: ON v‡rr ‘lip’. Identical with
further links to Hitt wa“iƒa- ‘to buy’ can OPrus warsus id. Further related to *werò
hardly be accepted. P UUÅ (W MLN XXIX 71). T-F
1891 61; W ZdPh XXVIII 529 399; P I 1151; C
(to Skt úrà ‘sheep’, Lat ueruex ‘wether’); SGGJa I 73; S LS 61; V ANEW
T-F 393; H AEEW 384; 676; L GED 390.
P I 1164; V ANEW 645–646; *wasòn sb.m.: Swed vase ‘straw bundle’,
F II 409–410; O 992; L- ME wase ‘bundle’, MLG wase id. Derived
 GED 395; B Nom. 108; from *wasjanan ~ *wazjanan. Cf. also ON
K-S 871, 8. neut. ver ‘case’ < *wazan. T-F 404.
*waròn ~ *waraz sb.m.: ON vari ‘liquid, *wasjanan ~ *wazjanan wk.vb.: Goth
water’, OE wær ‘sea’. Related to Toch A wasjan ‘to clothe’, ON verja id., OE werian
wär, B war ‘water’, Skt vàri ‘water, rain’, id., OHG werien id. Related to IE *⁄es-
Av vàr- ‘rain’, W gwer ‘tallow’. Cf. also ‘to clothe’: Hitt ⁄a““- ‘to clothe’, ⁄e““- ‘to
*ùraz. B 1410; T-F be dressed’, Toch AB wäs- ‘to be dressed
395; H AEEW 380; J- in, to wear’, Skt váste ‘to wear’, caus.
 IEW 138 (to *warzuz); M vàsáyati, Av vast£ id., Arm zgenum ‘to get
III 194; P I 80; V ANEW dressed’, Gk Att ¶nnumi id. B-
646; D VSJa 9–23, BSA 33 (identical  1394; T-F 404; H-
with Indo-Iranian *vàr-, with shortening  AEEW 391; F 552–553;
in an oxytonic stem); A TB 577– P Gliederung 155; M III
578; B IFTJa 256 (derives Toch 175–176; P I 1172; V ANEW
from *⁄odòr). 655–656; F I 521–522; O 996;
*warpan sb.n.: ON varp ‘casting, cast (of a L GED 395; A TB 597;
net)’, OE wearp ‘warp’, OS warp id., B IFTJa 256.
OHG warf id. Derived from *werpanan. *waskanan str.vb.: OE wæscan ‘to wash’,
T-F 398; H AEEW WFris waskje id., OS pret. sg. wòsk id.,
387; P I 1153; V ANEW 647; OHG wascan id. ON vaska id. < *waskò-
Z I 144; T Slav. jaz. V janan might indicate the Proto-Gmc status
171, Rem. 111 (against direct comparison of this verb, unless ON is from WGmc.
with Slav *vorba ‘reel’); S LS 64; Derived from *watnan ~ *watar. T-
S 558; K-S 886. F 384; H AEEW 384;
*warpilaz ~ *wurpilaz sb.m.: ON ver- K NDJb LXXXI 13–21;
pill ‘die; barrel, cask’, OE wyrpel ‘strap on P I 80; O 993; S
waskanan 451 we¶ra-daaz
539; D Vºddhi 13–24 (from *m⁄6d- *webanan str.vb.: ON vefa ‘to weave’, OE
sko-, to IE *me⁄6- ‘to wash’); K- wefan id., MLG weven id., OHG weban id.
S 876. From IE *⁄ebh-: Toch A wäp-, B wàp- id.,
*wastjò sb.f.: Goth wasti ‘dress, clothing’. Skt ubhnàti ‘to lace up, to cover’, Gk ÍfÆ
Identical with Gk gest¤a: ¶ndusiw (Hes.) ‘web’, Alb vej ‘to weave’ < PAlb *webnja.
and further Lat uestis ‘clothes, clothing’. T-F 391; H AEEW
Cf. *westrò. Derived from *wasjanan ~ 388; J IEW 130–131; P
*wazjanan. T-F 404; W- Gliederung 178, 186; M I 107;
H II 775–776; F I 521–522. P I 1114; C SGGJa I
*watnan ~ *watar sb.n.: Goth wato 109; V ANEW 649–650; Z I
‘water’ (reflects *watòn and *watnan), ON 137; F II 977; O 996–997;
vatn id., OE wæter id., OFris weter, water S 540–541; K-S 877;
id., OS watar id., OHG wazzar id. An O AED 498; A TB 586.
original r/n-heteroclysis. Related to Hitt *webilaz sb.m.: ON tord-yfill ‘dung-beetle’,
⁄adar id., Skt loc. udán(i) id., Arm get OE wifel ‘beetle’, OS gold-wivil ‘glow-
‘river’, Gk Ïdvr ‘water’, Phryg b°du id., worm’, OHG wibil ‘beetle, chafer’.
Alb ujë id., Umbr u t u r, OIr uisce id., Derived from *webanan. Cf. probably a
Lith vanduõ id., and probably Slav *voda similar derivative in Lith vãbalas ‘beetle’
id. (but see *wa¶an). K KZ I 373; (B IF XIII 158), Slav *veb¸lica >
S Plur. 109, 202–203; T-F Russ dial. veblica ‘worm’ (Z AfslavPh
384; T BSW 337; H XVI 416). T-F 391 (to ON váfa
AEEW 381–382; F 553–554; B- ‘to soar’); T BSW 336; H-
 Origines 20; D Thr. 46;  AEEW 395; C SGGJa
P Gliederung 144; M I I 74; F 1176; Z I 137;
103–104; P I 78–80; C- O 998; V-T I 282;
 SGGJa I 79; V ANEW 648; K-S 889.
Z II 222; F 1194–1195; *we¶an sb.n.: ON í-viä-gjarn ‘wicked, evil’,
F II 957–959; O 994; V- OE in-wid ‘fraud, guile, deceit’, OS in-wid
T I 330; L GED 395– id., OHG in-wit ‘treachery’. Derived from
396; B Nom. 204–205; *we¶anan, cf. Goth in-widan ‘to deny
K-S 876; O AED 483–484. (guilt)’ (S JEGP XXXIII 89).
*waþilan ~ *waþilaz sb.n./m.: ON vél OE in-widda ‘guileful, deceitful’ is derived
‘artifice, craft, defice, machine’, OFris from this word and is hardly related to
wedel ‘frond’, OS wethil ‘fan’, OHG wadil, *wen¶az II (despite L GED 207).
wadal, wedil id. Derived from *wèjanan I H AWN 144 (from Lat inuidia
(S PBB XVI 244). B KZ XX ‘envy’); F 295; V ANEW 287.
30–31 (to Lat adùlò ‘to fawn upon’); *we¶anan str.vb.: Goth ga-widan ‘to bind’,
P I 83; V ANEW 653; K- OHG wetan id. Related to Hitt weda-,
S 878. wete- ‘to build’, OIr air-com-fed- ‘to dam-
*waþwòn sb.m.: ON v‡ävi ‘muscle’, OS age’ (P IF XXIII 387; F
watho ‘calf ’, OHG wado, wad id. Re- 211–212). T-F 386; F 211–
lated to Lat uàtrax ‘with crooked feet, 212; L KZ XXXV 273 (to
club-footed’ (L KZ XLI 396). T- Gk §ymo¤: desmo¤. plÒkamoi); M
F 385 (to Umbr vatuva ‘part of a sacri- III 222; P I 1116–1117; S-
ficial animal (?)’); P I 1113;  542; L GED 154; K-
V ANEW 672; K-S 870. S 890.
*wazjò(n) sb.f.: ON verja ‘outer garment’, *we¶ra-¶aaz sb.m.: ON veär-dagr ‘fine
OHG gi-wera ‘clothing’. Derived from day’, OE weder-dæ id., MLG weder-dage
*wasjanan ~ *wazjanan. V ANEW 655. id., MHG weter-tac id. Compound of
we¶ra-daaz 452 wextiz
*we¶ran and *¶aaz. C Nom. comp. 53. Lith ve≥ù, vè≥ti ‘to carry (in a vehicle)’,
*we¶ra-laikaz sb.m.: ON veär-leikr Slav *vez‡, *vezti ‘to carry, to drive’.
‘weather condition’, Norw dial. ve-leik B 1386–1389; T-F
‘flash of lightning’, MDu weder-lijc id., 382–383; T BSW 356; F
MHG weter-leich id. Derived from 212; H 388; W-H
*we¶ran. C Nom. comp. 56. II 742–743; P Gliederung 195;
*we¶ran sb.n.: ON veär ‘wind, weather’, J IEW 125–128; M
OE weder id., OFris weder id., OS wedar III 177–178; P I 1118–1120;
id., OHG wetar ‘weather, air’. Identical F 1236; V ANEW 650; F
with Slav *vedro ‘good weather’ (S I 604; O 998; V-T I
Plur. 202). B IF XVIII 435 (to 286; S 542–544; L GED
Slav *vedro or *vîtr˙ ‘wind’); T-F 154, 387; K-S 870; O
385; H AEEW 388; P I AED 510.
82, 84; V ANEW 649 (alternatively, *wea-nestan sb.n.: ON veg-nest ‘provi-
to Slav *vîtr˙ ‘wind’); Z I 150; sions for a journey’, OE we-nest id.,
O 996; V-T I 284; OHG wega-nest id. Compound of *weaz
S LS 61; K-S 887. and *nestan. C Nom. comp. 53.
*we¶ròjanan wk.vb.: ON viära ‘to be *weaz sb.m.: Goth wigs ‘way’, ON vegr
such and such (of weather)’, OE wederian ‘way, road’ (also an u-stem), OE we
‘to be (good or bad) weather’, MHG ‘way’, OFris wei id., OS weg id., OHG
witeren id. Derived from *we¶ran. H weg id. Derived from *weanan. T-
Ablaut 133 (to Skt api-vatáti ‘to under- F 382; M Mélanges Andler
stand’); H AEEW 393; V 249–255; H AEEW 388; F
ANEW 660; O 996. 563; P I 1118–1120; V
*weftaz ~ *weftiz sb.m.: ON veptr ANEW 650; Z II 204; O
‘woof ’, OE fem. wift ‘implement used in 995; S 543; L GED 402–
weaving’, MHG wift ‘thin thread’. 403; B Nom. 61–62; K-
Derived from *webanan. T-F S 878.
391; H AEEW 395; O *wejan sb.n.: ON vigg ‘horse’, OE wic
998; S 541. ‘steed’, OFris widze id., OS wigg id.
*wea-faran¶z adj.: ON veg-farandi ‘way- Identical with Skt neut. vahyá- ‘stretcher,
faring’, OE we-farende id. Compound of sofa’. Derived from *weanan (K IF
*weaz and *faran¶z, participle of *faranan. XIV 170). T-F 383; H-
C Nom. comp. 61; O 995.  AEEW 392; P PBB LVIII
*wea-lausaz adj.: ON vega-lauss ‘out of 89; M III 178; P I
the way’, OE we-leás ‘without a road, 1120; V ANEW 661; B
impassable’, OHG wega-lòs id. Com- Nom. 66.
pound of *weaz and *lausaz. C Nom. *wextiz I sb.f.: Goth waihts ‘thing’ (traces
comp. 61. of a root stem in pl.), ON vættr ‘being’,
*weanan str.vb.: Goth ga-wigan ‘to move, OE wiht ‘creature, being, thing’, OS wiht
to shake’, ON vega ‘to move, to carry, ‘tutelary spirit, being, demon, thing’
to lift, to weigh’, OE wean ‘to move, to (masc.), OHG wiht ‘being, thing’ (also
bear, to carry’, OFris pres. wega ‘to neut.). Identical with Slav *vekt¸ ‘thing’.
weigh, to bring’, OS wegan ‘to weigh’, P KZ XXXV 597 (to IE *⁄ek⁄- ‘to
OHG wegan ‘to move, to weigh’. speak’); W MLN XXIII 148 (to Lith
Connected with Skt váhati ‘to drive, to veikùs ‘rapid’); H PBB XXIII 337
ride’, Av 3 pl. vaz6nti id., Gk Pamph (Slav < Gmc); L ANF XXXV
Wex°tv, ¶xesfin: ërmasin Hes., Alb vjedh 229 (to IE *⁄e˚- ‘to wish’); T-F
‘to steal’, Lat uehò ‘to bear, to carry’, 381–382; H PBB XLVI 146
wextiz 453 welò(n)
(to Lat uegeò ‘to be lively’), AEW 395–396; L GED 403; K-S 897.
F 543; P I 1136; V ANEW *weljòn sb.m.: Goth wilja ‘will’, ON vili
672; Z II 211; O 1006; id., OE willa id., OFris willa id., OS willio
V-T I 308; S LS 63; id., OHG willo ‘desire, wish’. Derived
L GED 388–389; B from *wel( j)anan. S KZ I 570;
Nom. 143 (combines *wextiz I and II); M ZDADL LXXVI 153 (ON <
K-S 888. WGmc); T-F 400; H
*wextiz II sb.f.: ON vætt ‘weight’, OE wiht AEEW 396; F 563; P I 1137;
id., OFris wicht id., MDu wicht, wichte V ANEW 663; Z I 155;
id. Derived from *weanan. Close to Lat O 1006; S 551; L
masc. uectis ‘lever’. T-F 382– GED 403; B Nom. 182;
383; W-H II 741; C- K-S 891.
 SGGJa I 88; V ANEW 672; *welkaz adj.: MLG welk ‘flabby, arid’,
O 998; S 543; K- OHG welc, welh ‘wet, soft’. Identical with
S 322. Latv velgs ‘wetness’, further cf. Lith vìlgau,
*wela-¶è¶iz sb.f.: Goth waila-deþs ‘good vìlgyti ‘to moisten’, Slav *volga ‘liquid’.
deed’, OE wel-d≠d id., OHG wola-tàt id. Z Gutt. 169; T-F 402;
Compound of *welò(n) ~ *walò(n) and T BSW 358–359; P I
*¶è¶iz. F 543; L GED 136. 1145–1146; F 1251; V-
*welan sb.n.: ON vil ‘self-will’, OE will T I 340.
‘will’, OS will id. Related to *wel( j)anan. *wellanan I str.vb.: OSwed vælla ‘to roll’,
H AEEW 396; V ANEW OHG wellan id. Related to Skt válate ‘to
663; O 1006. turn, to move’, Gk efil°v ‘to shut in, to
*weliaz sb.m.: OE weli ‘willow’. Cf. also hinder, to press’, Lith veliù, vélti ‘to roll’,
OS wilgia id. < *wel(i)jòn. Close to Gk Slav *valiti ‘to make fall’. P
•l¤kh id., further to ßlij ‘twisted, curved’ Beiträge 539, 543–544; T BSW
< *⁄elik-. H AEEW 389; 349; T-F 400; P I 1141;
P I 1141; C SGGJa I F 1221; F I 456–457;
107; F I 494–496; O 1007. S 553; K-S 884.
*wel( j)anan str.vb.: Goth wiljan ‘to will’, *wellanan II str.vb.: ON vella ‘to boil’,
ON vilja id. (irreg.), OE pres. wile id., OE weallan ‘to well, to bubble forth’,
OFris pres. wel, weli id., OS pres. wili id., OFris bi-wellen ‘to stain’, OS bi-wellan id.,
OHG pres. wili id. All paradigms are OHG bi-wellan ‘to stain, to disgrace’.
irregular. Originally, belonged to mi-con- Probably, historically identical with
jugation. Related to Skt vº»àti ‘to choose, *wellanan I. T-F 401; H-
to select, to prefer’, Av var- ‘to choose, to  AEEW 386; J IEW
select’, Lat uolò ‘to want’, Lith vélmi, vélti 160–164; P I 1140–1144; V
id., Slav *velîti ‘to order’. H PBB ANEW 653; O 999; S
XXXV 297–299; Z Gutt. 33; 538–539, 553; K-S 873 (to
B 1360–1362; T-F Lith vilnìs ‘wave’).
399–400; T BSW 348; F *wellòn sb.m./f.: ON vella ‘seething, a
563–564; H AEEW 396; seething mass’, OE wiella ‘well, spring,
W-H II 828–830; P fountain’, OFris walla ‘seething, spring’,
CGG 224–225; M KZ LXXV MLG welle id., OHG wella ‘wave, stream’.
225–233; J IEW 158–159; Derived from *wellanan II. H
M III 244–245; P I AEEW 393; O 999; S LS
1137; F 1220; V ANEW 663; 63–64 (to Lith vilnìs ‘wave’, Slav *v¸lna
K HG 251; O 1006–1007; id.); L GED 411 (to *wellanan I).
V-T I 288; S 551; *welò(n) ~ *walò(n) adv.: Goth waila
welò(n) 454 wen¶az
‘well’, ON vel, val id., OE wel id., OFris XVII 423 (to *walþuz); F 564;
wel id., OS wela, wala id., OHG wola, H AEEW 396; P I
wela, wala id. Derived from *wel( j)anan. 1139–1140; T Venus 48–50; V
Cf. comp. *welizòn ~ *walizòn > Goth ANEW 664 (against F); O 1006;
walisa ‘beloved, genuine’, ON comp. L GED 403–404; H
vildri, vildari ‘more pleasant, better’, OHG 668–669; K-S 890.
adv. *waliro ‘in a more excellent way’. *welwanan str.vb.: Goth wilwan ‘to rob’.
K NB II 183–184 (comp. < *⁄eltƒo-); Identical with Lat uellò ‘to pluck, to pull’.
B IF XV 99–100 (to Skt vélà T-F 402; W-H II
‘limit, boundary, end’); P Beiträge 744–745 (Lat uellò < *⁄elsò or *⁄eldò);
514–516 (to Skt véti ‘to have in view, to P I 1145.
approach’); L PBB LI 254–256; *wempilaz sb.m.: ON vimpill ‘a kind of
S GE 69; T-F 399–400; hood, veil’, OE wimpel ‘article of woman’s
H AEEW 388; F 543, 548; dresss’, OFris wimpel ‘veil’, OS wimpal id.,
P I 1137; V ANEW 652, OHG wimpal id. Of unknown origin.
663; O 999; L GED 389, H AEEW 396; O 1007.
392; B Btrg. Gesch. CII 1–4 *wen¶anan str.vb.: Goth us-windan ‘to
(Goth -s- < -z- according to T- twine, to plait’, ON vinda ‘to wring, to
’s rule); H 650, 667; twist’, OE windan ‘to twist, to roll’, OFris
K-S 896. winda id., OS windan id., OHG wintan id.
*weltanan ~ *waltanan str.vb.: ON Related to Toch AB wänt- ‘to cover, to
velta ‘to roll’, OHG walzan id. Related to envelop’, Umbr imper. aha-uendu ‘aver-
*wellanan I. T-F 403 (to OIr tito’. T-F 390; O ZdPh
fillim ‘flecto’ ? < *⁄eld-); J XXIV 215 (to IE *⁄èi-); N IF IV
IEW 160–164; P I 1140–1144; 401 (to Slav *v\zati ‘to tie’); F 98;
V ANEW 653; S 554; K- H AEEW 397; J
S 874 (to Skt válate ‘to turn, to IEW 134–137; P I 1116–1117;
move’, Slav *valiti ‘to make fall’). S Arm. 142–143; V ANEW
*welþja-brè¶ò(n) sb.f.: ON villi-bráä 665; O 1008; S 554–556;
‘venison’, MLG neut. wilt-bràt id., MHG L GED 74; K-S 892;
neut. wilt-bràt id. Compound of *welþjaz A TB 592.
and *brè¶ò(n). C Nom. comp. 87 (par- *wen¶az I sb.m.: Goth winds ‘wind’, ON
allel formations); K-S 890. vindr id. (partly from *wen¶iz), OE wind
*welþja-¶euzan sb.n.: ON villi-dÿr ‘wild id., OFris wind id., OS wind id., OHG
animal’, OE wild-déor id., late OHG wild- wint id. Corresponds to Hitt ¢u⁄ant- id.,
tior id. Compound of *welþjaz and Toch A want, B yente id., Lat uentus id., W
*¶euzan. C Nom. comp. 87 (parallel gwynt id. Derived from *wèjanan. T-
formations). F 378; H AEEW 397;
*welþjaz adj.: Goth wilþeis ‘wild’, ON villr W-H II 751–752; F 565;
‘wild, bewildered’, OE wilde ‘wild’, OFris P I 82 (reconstructs *è in *⁄èntos
wilde id., OS wildi id., OHG wildi ‘wild, based on part. *⁄e-nt- ‘blowing’); P
savage’. Related to W gwyllt ‘untamed’, Gliederung 187, 197; J IEW
Corn gwyls id. < *⁄el-ti- or *⁄el-to-. 107–108; K KZ LXXVII
B KZ XX (1872) 27 (to OBakt va- 67–68; V ANEW 665; Z II
reta ‘mad’); Z Gutt. 17; T-F 191; O 1007; S 540;
403–404; L BB XXI 106–107 (to T HEG I 328–331; L
Russ vil’at’ ‘to wag’); E apud F GED 404; P III 428–429; B-
(to Gk y°lgv ‘to enchant, to bewitch’,  Nom. 93–94; K-S
Lith ≥velgiù, ≥vefigti ‘to look’); F JEGP 892; A TB 505.
wen¶az 455 wentruz
*wen¶az II adj.: Goth in-winds ‘unjust, 149; L GED 379; B
wicked, wrong’, ON vindr ‘awry’. Derived Nom. 136; A TB 601–602.
from *wen¶anan. K NB I 27; *wenjò sb.f.: Goth winja ‘pasture’, ON vin
M IF XVIII 295 (on the prefix ‘meadow, pasture’, MLG winne ‘pasture’,
in- in Goth); T-F 390; W- OHG winne id. Derivationally identical
 IF XLI 350–351; H with OIr fine ‘kinship, family’. Related
AEEW 189; F 296; V ANEW 665; to *weniz (L BSB 27; T Venus
S 555; L GED 207; L 117–118). T-F 387; F
Expr. 607; B Nom. 241; 565–566; P I 1147; V ANEW
H 669. 664; Z I 149; L GED
*wen¶inaz sb.m.: ON pl. vindingar ‘wind- 404; K-S 897.
ings’, Langob wintingas id., OS winding *wenkjanan wk.vb.: OHG winken ‘to
‘band’, OHG winting id. Derived from move sidewards, to stagger, to wink’.
*wen¶anan. V ANEW 665. Close to Skt vá«gati ‘to walk’, Lith véngiu,
*wen¶òn sb.f.: ON vinda ‘bank of yarn’, véngti ‘to avoid’. T-F 389; M-
MLG winde ‘winding device’, OHG winta  III 124; P I 1148–1149;
id. Derived from *wen¶anan. Vries ANEW F 1223, 1256–1257.
664. *wennanan str.vb.: Goth winnan ‘to
*wene¶az sb.m.: ON vindr ‘Slav, Western suffer’, ON vinna ‘to labor, to work, to
Slav’, OE pl. Winedas id., OHG pl. win’, OE winnan ‘to labor, to toil’, OFris
Winida id. Cf. also Lat Venedì, Venethì. winna ‘to gain’, OS winnan ‘to work, to
Any connection with *weniz? S- battle’, OHG winnan ‘to suffer, to work’.
N II 415 (to Slav *v\ti‘i, the name Related to Hitt ⁄en- ‘futuere’, Skt vanóti
of an East Slavic tribe); H ‘to demand, to strive for, to obtain’, Lat
AEEW 397; V ANEW 665; O uenus ‘love’. See *weniz. N SNF
1000. XX/6 21 (from *⁄en⁄-); T-F 388;
*wenistraz adj.: ON vinstri ‘left’ (< H AEEW 398; M IF
*wenistròn), OE winestra id., OFris winister XVI 180–181; W-H II
id., OS winistar id., OHG winistar id. 752–753; F 566; J IEW
Derived from *weniz as a taboo motivated 132–133; M III 141–142;
name of the ‘friendly’ left side (H EG P I 404; T Venus passim;
V 88). For the suffix cf. Gk ér¤sterow V ANEW 666; O 1007; S-
‘left’, Lat sinister id. T-F 387;  556–557; L GED 404;
H AEEW 398; H KZ K-S 322.
LXXI 105 (to Icel vinstur, Gk ≥nustron *wennò(n) sb.f.: Goth winno ‘suffering’,
‘fourth stomach of ruminating animals’); winna ‘passion, suffering’, ON vinna ‘work,
V ANEW 666–667; L GED 363. labor’, OE mód-e-winna ‘care, anxiety’
*weniz sb.m.: ON vinr ‘friend’, OE wine (masc.), OHG winna ‘quarrel’. Derived
id., OFris wine id., OS wini id., OHG wini from *wennanan. T-F 388; F
id. Related to Toch A wañi, wìna ‘pleas- 566; V ANEW 666; S 557;
ure’, Skt vanóti ‘to demand, to like’, Lat L GED 404.
uenus ‘love’ and other continuants of IE *wentruz sb.m.: Goth wintrus ‘winter’,
*⁄en- ‘to wish, to love’, cf. *wunènan. Par- ON vetr id. (pl. from a root stem), OE
ticularly close to OIr fine ‘family, kin’ < winter ‘winter, year’, OFris winter ‘winter’,
*⁄enƒà (Z KZ XXIV 212). T- OS wintar id. (< *wentraz), OHG wintar id.
F 387; H AEEW 397; (< *wentraz). Unclear. B KZ XIX
W-H II 752–753; M- (1870) 434 (to IE *·heim- ‘winter’); L
 III 141–142; P I 1146– PBB XV 522 (to *watnan ~ *watar; ‘win-
1147; V ANEW 666; Z I ter as a wet season’); U PBB
wentruz 456 werkan
XXX 326 (to OIr find ‘white’); P strangle’. Identical with Alb z-vjerdh ‘to
SVSL I 14; W Language VIII 214 (to wean’, Lith ver≥iù, veı≥ti ‘to squeeze,
*wen¶az I); T-F 384; H to bind’, Slav *v¸rz‡, *verzti ‘to bind’.
AEEW 398; F 566; P I 78–79; T-F 396; T BSW 355;
V ANEW 658; Z II 212; H AEEW 411; P I
K HG 161 (same as U); 1120–1121; F 1230–1231;
O 1008; M NTS XXII O 1013; V-T I 298;
91–98 (to Slav *v\dn‡ti ‘to wane’); O AED 527; K-S 899.
L GED 404–405; B *werilaz ~ *wurilaz sb.m.: ON virgill
Nom. 161; K-S 893. ‘halter’, OS wurgil ‘cord, rope’. Derived
*wenþjanan ~ *wenþòjanan wk.vb.: from *weranan (P Beiträge 506).
Goth dis-winþjan ‘to crush’, OE windwian T-F 397; V ANEW 667;
‘to winnow’, OHG wintòn id. Related to P III 401 (to Hitt ¢urkil- ‘severe sex-
*wen¶az I. H AEEW 397; ual offence’ < *‘hanging matter’); K-
F 121; L GED 92. S 899.
*wer¶az adj.: Goth ana-wairþs ‘future’, *werilò sb.f.: Goth wairilo ‘lip’, OE weler
ON ofan-verär ‘upper, uppermost’, OFris id. (with metathesis). Derived from *werò.
adv. ùta-werdes ‘outwards’, OS adv. for- W MLN XXIX 71 (to Lat uarus
werd ‘forwards, henceforth’, OHG ab- ‘facial eczema’); L IF XXXII 165 (to
wert ‘absent’. Derived from *werþanan. Slav *vys-ok˙ ‘high’); H AEEW
T-F 398; F 45–46, 181; V 389; F 545; L GED 390.
ANEW 655; S 560; L *werka-¶aaz sb.m.: ON verk-dagr ‘work-
GED 152–153; H 672–673; day’, OE weorc-dæ id., MLG werk-dag id.,
K-S 875–876. MHG werk-tac id. Compound of *werkan
*wer¶eslòn sb.m./f.: ON au-visli ‘dam- and *¶aaz. C Nom. comp. 79 (paral-
age, hurt, injury’, OE æf-werdelsa ‘famage, lel formations).
detriment, loss’ (with metathesis), OHG *werka-xùsan sb.n.: ON verk-hús ‘work-
wertisala ‘corruption’. See *war¶janan. shop, officina’, OE weorc-hús ‘workshop’,
F ANF V 120; V ANEW 21. MDu werc-huus id., OHG werc-hùs id.
*wer¶janan wk.vb.: Goth ga-ga-wairþjan Compound of *werkan and *xùsan. C
‘to reconcile’, OHG ant-wirten ‘to Nom. comp. 79 (parallel formations).
address’. Derived from *wer¶az. F *werka-mannz sb.m.: ON verk-maär
181; H 673. ‘workman, laborer’, OE weorc-mann id.,
*wer¶uz ~ *wer¶iz sb.m.: Goth wairdus MLG werk-man id., MHG werc-man id.
‘host’, OFris hùs-werda ‘master of the Compound of *werkan and *mannz.
house’ (n-stem), OS werd id. (a-stem), C Nom. comp. 79 (parallel formations);
OHG wirt id. Probably derived from O 1012.
*warjanan. G Got. 236 (to *werkan sb.n.: ON verk ‘work’, OE weorc
Lith veriù, vérti ‘to open’); M id., OFris werk id., OS werk id., OHG
Neophilologus II 280–282 (to *werþaz); werah, werc id. Etymologically related to
S Idg. (from *⁄er-tu- ‘protection’); Gk ¶rgon id. and Av var6za- id. continu-
T-F 394; F 544–545 (to IE ing IE *⁄er·- ‘to work’. B
*⁄er- ‘to be attentive’); P Gliederung 1378; T-F 396; H
133; P I 1161, 1165–1166 (to AEEW 390; M 667 (to Slav
*⁄er- ‘to be friendly’); Z II 204; *v¸rg‡, *vergti ‘to throw’); K„
S 475 (to OIr ferthigis ‘steward’); Apophonie 151 (Vºddhi formation);
L GED 390; B Nom. P I 1168; V ANEW 656;
158; K-S 894. Z I 144; F I 548–549;
*weranan str.vb.: MHG er-wergen ‘to O 1012; A Schw. 157; B-
werkan 457 werþanan
 Nom. 61; K-S 886. *wersiz comp. adv.: Goth wairs ‘worse’,
*werkjan sb.n.: ON virki ‘work’, OS gi-wirki ON verr id., OE wirs id., OS wirs id.,
id. Derived from *werkan. V ANEW 667. MHG wirs id. Close to OIr ferr ‘better’,
*werkjanan wk.vb.: ON virkja ‘to pain’, further to Skt várßìyas- ‘higher’, Lith vir“ùs
OE wyrcan ‘to work, to labor’. Derived ‘top, peak’, Slav *v¸rx˙ ‘top’. Comp.
from *werkan. H AEEW 394; *wersizòn ~ *werzizòn > Goth wairsiza
V ANEW 667. ‘worse’, ON verri id., OE wirsa id., OFris
*werkòjanan wk.vb.: ON verka ‘to work’, wirra id., OS wirsa id., OHG wirsiro id.
OFris werkia id., MLG werken id., OHG Superl. *wersistaz ~ *wersistòn (ON verstr
wercòn ‘to build, to work’. Derived from ‘worst’, OE wirrest id., OFris wersta id.,
*werkan. V ANEW 656. OS wirsista id., OHG wirsisto id.) is struc-
*werkòn sb.m.: ON verki ‘doer, offender’, turally identical with Skt várßißtha- ‘the
MHG ge-werke ‘comrade’. Derived from highest’. G DG III 658 (to Slav
*werkan. V ANEW 656. *gor¸j¸ ‘worse’); D VW I 191
*werò sb.f.: OFris were ‘lip’. Related to Lat (same as G); O Morph. Unt. VI
uarus ‘pimple’, Lith vìras ‘pustule on pigs’ 289–291 (to *wersan ‘confusion’); T-
(B-F BB VI 240; W F 398–399 (to OS werran ‘to entangle’,
MLN XXIX 71), Toch B weru ‘blister’. OHG werran ‘to confuse’ < *werzanan);
Cf. *warzuz. T-F 399; T- U PBB XXX 323; T-F
 BSW 360; W-H II 734; 399; T BSW 362; H-
F 545 (contra W); P I  AEEW 394; F 546; S-
1151–1152; F 1258–1259; V  AJPhil LVI 141; M
ANEW 676 (to *warjanan); L GED III 160–161; P I 1151–1152;
390; A TB 609. F 1262–1263; V ANEW 657;
*werpanan str.vb.: Goth wairpan ‘to cast, O 1013; V-T I
to throw’, ON verpa id., OE weorpan id., 301–302; L GED 391; B-
OFris werpa id., OS werpan id., OHG wer-  Nom. 236; H 675–676.
fan id. Related to Lith vìrbu, virb∏ti ‘to *wertiz sb.n.: ON virtr ‘sweet-wort, new
shiver, to move’. D VW I 201 beer’, OHG wirz ‘wort’. An ablaut vari-
(to Lith verpiù, veıpti ‘to spin’); Z ant of *wurtiz. H AEEW 412;
Gutt. 30; P RFV IV 164 (to Slav V ANEW 668.
*vorp˙ ‘raid’); P Beiträge 502–503; *werþa-lìkaz adj.: ON verä-ligr ‘valuable’,
K PBB IX 193 (to Skt vº»ákti ‘to OE weorä-líc id., OHG werd-lìh ‘dignified’.
turn, to twist’); M KZ VI 176 (to Gk Derived from *werþaz. H 674.
=ãptv ‘to throw’); Z Gutt. 30; *werþan sb.n.: Goth wairþ ‘price’ (neut. or
T-F 398; F 545; H masc.), ON verä ‘worth, price’, OE weorä
AEEW 390; K 855, PBB IX ‘worth, value’, OFris werth id., OS werth
193–196; J IEW 141–149; ‘payment, money’, OHG werd ‘worth’.
P I 1153 (to IE *⁄er- ‘to turn’); Substantivized *werþaz. H
F 1259; V ANEW 656–657; AEEW 390; F 546; P I 1157;
O 993; S 557–559; L Z II 173; L GED 391;
GED 390; K-S 886. H 674; K-S 886.
*werpaz ~ *werpan sb.m./n.: ON lit- *werþanan str.vb.: Goth wairþan ‘to
verpr ‘one quickly changing color’, OE e- become’, ON veräa id., OE weoräan id.,
weorp ‘throwing, tossing’, OFris werp OFris wertha id., OS weräan id., OHG
‘throw’, MDu werp id., OHG gi-werf werdan id. Related to Toch A wart- ‘to
‘contribution’. Derived from *werpanan. throw’, Skt vártate ‘to turn, to roll’, Av
H AEEW 390; V ANEW var6t- ‘to turn’, Lat uertò id., OIr ad-ferta
657; S 558. ‘aversatur’, Lith ver‘iù, veısti ‘to turn, to
werþanan 458 weslan
spin’, Slav *v¸rtj‡, *v¸rtîti id. B- cf. *¶apraz. T-F 379, 413 (to
 1368; T-F 397–398; *wìsanan); W IF XLI 332–333;
H AEEW 390; W- H AEEW 399; P I
H II 763–765; F 547; 1123; J IEW 111; K
J IEW 141–149; M IF LVII 113 (adds Illyr prop. Veselia
III 154–155; P I 1156–1157; Felicetas); M KZ LXXXIII 124–149,
F 1228–1229; V ANEW 655; LXXXV 296 (a compound with the sec-
O 1013; V-T I 301; ond element close to MHG sal, *saljanan);
S 559–560; L GED 391; V ANEW 657; V-T I
K-S 885. 303; H 680–681.
*werþaz adj.: Goth wairþs ‘worth, qua- *wesanan I str.vb.: Goth wisan ‘to be, to
lified’, ON verär ‘worth’, OE weorä id., exist, to remain’, ON vesa, vera ‘to be, to
OFris werth id., OS werth id., OHG werd exist’, OE wesan id., OFris wesa id., OS
‘worth, dignified’. Derived from *werþanan wesan id., OHG wesan id. Related to Hitt
( J IEW 145). Structurally ¢⁄e“- ‘to live, to be alive’, Toch B wäs- ‘to
close to W gwerth ‘price’. B dwell, to abide’, Skt vásati ‘to dwell, to
176 (to Av a-var6tà ‘thing of value’); live, to stay’, Av van haiti ‘to pause’, Arm
˘
A  J MSL VII 294 gom ‘to be’, Gk aor. ê-esa ‘to remain’,
(from Celtic); K NB I 325; MIr fóaid ‘to remain, to stay’ (M KZ
B IF XIII 88 (to *wer¶az); XXII 530–532). The paradigm of this
A  J MSL VII 294 word is suppletive and highly regular.
(from Celt *wertas > W gwerth ‘price’); Present is based on IE *es- ‘to be’: 1 sg.
T-F 394; F 547; W *esmi (Goth im, ON em, OE eom); 3 pl.
Postv. 77; H AEEW 390; *sen¶i (Goth sind, OE sind, OFris sind, OS
P I 1157; V ANEW 655; sind, OHG sint) identical with Hitt a“anzi,
O 1013; L GED 391; B- Skt sánti, Av h6nti, Gk Dor §nt¤, Lat sunt,
 Nom. 241; H 674–675. Slav *s‡t¸. B KVG 495; Z
*werþiþò sb.f.: Goth wairþida ‘worthiness’, Gutt. 34; B 1394; T-F
OHG wirdida ‘dignity’. Derived from 405; F 567–568; H AEEW
*werþjanan. F 547; L GED 391; W-H II 628–629; J-
391; H 674.  IEW 165–166; M
*werþjanan wk.vb.: ON viräa ‘to estimate, III 171–172; P I 1170–1171;
to rate, to tax’, OHG wirden ‘to revere, to V ANEW 657; F I 25, 463–464;
praise’. Derived from *werþan. T- S 561–562; L GED 304,
F 394; V ANEW 667; H- 405–406; P III 420–429; K-
 675. S 886–887; A TB 597–598;
*werþòjanan wk.vb.: Goth wairþon ‘to B IFTJa 256.
estimate, to price’, OE weoräian ‘to set a *wesanan II str.vb.: Goth wisan ‘to feast’,
value, to honor’, OS gi-werthon ‘to fulfill’, OHG fir-wesen ‘to spend’. Related to Hitt
OHG werdòn ‘to value, to revere’. De- ⁄e“iƒa- ‘to graze’, Av vàstr6m ‘meadow,
rived from *werþan, *werþaz. T-F grass’, Lat uèscor ‘to live on’, OIr feis id.
394; H AEEW 390; F 547; W Postcons. 54 (together with Lat
V ANEW 655; L GED 391; uèscor < *gh⁄ès-); B 1414;
H 675. T-F 405; W-H II 769;
*wesalaz adj.: ON vesall ‘bereft, poor, des- F 568; P I 1171; R Fest-
titute’, MHG wesel ‘weak’. Related to schrift Collinder 378–387 (identical with
Latv v\s\ls ‘healthy, whole, unharmed’, *wesanan ‘to be’); S 562–563; L-
Slav *vesel˙ ‘merry’. For the semantic  GED 406.
development (suggesting taboo in Gmc) *weslan sb.n.: ON vesl ‘a kind of cloak’.
weslan 459 weþruz
Related to *wasjanan ~ *wazjanan. *westrò sb.f.: MHG wester ‘baptismal

Structurally close to Toch A wsàl ‘gar- dress’. Identical with Skt neut. vástra-
ment’. T-F 404; P I ‘garment’, Gk g°stra (sc. W°stra): ¶ndusiw,
1172; V ANEW 657 (< *was(t)ilan); stolÆ, flmãtia (Hes.). Further connected
L GED 395. with *wasjanan ~ *wazjanan. F I 521.
*wesòn ~ *wezòn sb.f./m.: ON vera *westraz adj.: Burg sbst. *wistr ‘West’,
‘dwelling’, OE e-wesa ‘support’. Derived ON adv. vestr ‘westwards’, OS adv. westar
from *wesanan I. H AEEW id., OFris adv. wester id., OHG westar
391; V ANEW 654. ‘western’. Derived from *westan. T-
*westan sb.n.: OE adv. west ‘West, west- F 405; K 715.
wards’, OFris west ‘West’, MLG west id., *westrònjaz adj.: ON vestrœnn ‘western’, OE
OHG adv. nord-west ‘in the north-west’. westerne id., OS westròni id., OHG westròni
Continues *⁄es-to- close in derivation and id. Derived from *westraz. H
original meaning to Skt vástu- ‘spending AEEW 392; V ANEW 658.
the night’, MW gwest ‘place of rest’, fur- *wes(u)lòn sb.f.: ON hreysi-visla ‘weasel’,
ther to *⁄es- (see *wesanan I). B OE wesle id., MLG wesele id., OHG wisula,
IF XIII 157–160 (identifies *⁄es- of *wes- wisala id. Somehow may be connected
tan and of *⁄esperos); K Glotta with a difficult Gk afi°lourow id. < *a-
XXVII 232 (connected with wisi- in Wisel- (S KZ X 462) or, more
Uisigothae); T-F 405; T probably, to *wesalaz (for the semantic de-
BSW 348; S GRM XVII velopment cf. Slav *laska ‘caress, weasel’).
421–427 (to Gk Ïsterow); H R WuS IV 420 (to Lat uìsiò ‘seeing,
AEEW 391; P I 73 (to Skt avá˛ vision’); W BB XXVII 207 (to
‘downwards’), 1173–1174; V ANEW Slav *vesel˙ ‘merry’); S Germanica
658; K-S 887. 112 (derived from OHG uuiessa ‘polecat’);
*westan£ adv.: ON vestan ‘from the West’, T-F 413; H AEEW
OE westan id., OS westan, westana id., 390; M ZfslPh XXIII 121 (to a
OHG sbst. westan ‘West’. Derived from mistakenly reconstructed Slav *v¸las˙ka
*westan. For the formation, cf. Lith ùka- ‘Mustela vulgaris’); P I 1141;
nas ‘cloudy’ vs. vãkaras ‘evening’. T- V ANEW 255; F I 36; O
F 405–406; H AEEW 392; 996; K-S 890.
F 1159, 1186; V ANEW 658; *wetwò pron.: Goth wit ‘we (two)’, ON vit
K-S 887. id., OE wit id., OS wit id. Identical with
*westiz I sb.f.: Goth wists ‘essence, Lith vèdu id. < *⁄e-d⁄ò (G DGn 343).
nature’, ON vist ‘abode, dwelling, domi- Cf. further Skt gen.-dat.-acc. vàm ‘both of
cile’, OE æt-wist ‘substance, existence’, us’, Av acc. và ‘we two’, Slav *vî id.
OHG wist ‘substance’. Identical with OIr M MSL XII 226–228, XIII 208–
feiss ‘staying, resting’ < *⁄esti-. Derived 209; S GE 60; B-
from *wesanan I. T-F 405; F  1310–1312; T-F 406; H-
568; P I 1171; V ANEW 669;  AEEW 400; P CGG 284;
Z I 151; L GED 405; F 569; M III 188; P
S 561; B Nom. 143. I 1114; F 1212; V ANEW
*westiz II sb.f.: ON vist ‘food, provisions’, 669; O 996; L GED 406.
OE wist id., OS wist id., OHG wist id. *weþruz ~ *weþraz sb.m.: Goth wiþrus
Derived from *wesanan II. Cf. in par- ‘lamb’, ON veär ‘wether’ (traces of u-
ticular OIr feis ‘food’ < *⁄es-t-à. stem), OE weäer id., NFris wether id., OS
H AEEW 400; V ANEW wethar id., OHG widar id. Like many other
669 (to Lat uèscor ‘to eat’); S 562; words for (young) small cattle (Skt vatsá-
L GED 406. ‘calf ’, Alb viç id. < PAlb *wetu“a, Lat uitu-
weþruz 460 wèjanan
lus id.), derived from *⁄et- ‘year’: Hitt *wèiz), OFris wèg ‘wave’, OS wàg id.,
⁄itt-, Gk ¶tow, Alb vit, vjet ( J OHG wàg ‘stream, sea’. Derived from
UUÅ 1927/1 85). T-F 385; *weanan (W NP 1, 14). Cf. Skt
H AEEW 392; W- vàhá- ‘driving, current’. M Festschr.
H II 807–808; F 571; Andler 251 (originally athematic); T-
M III 133; P I 1175; F 383; H AEEW 379; F
V ANEW 649; Z II 205; 556; P I 1119–1120; V
F I 583–584; O 1000; H IF ANEW 639; Z II 191; S
LXVI 52; L GED 408; B- 543; B Nom. 63; K-
 Nom. 162; O AED 506–507, S 896.
509; K-S 888. *wèiz adj.: ON vægr ‘balancing (of scales),
*wez ~ *wìz pron.: Goth weis ‘we’, ON lenient’, MLG wèger ‘bent, favorable’
vér id., OE wé id., OFris wì id., OS wì id., (< comp.), OHG un-wàgi ‘unimportant’.
OHG wir id. Final *-z is secondary (due Derived from *weanan. K NB I
to the analogy with pl. forms). Related to 100; T-F 383; P I 1118–
Hitt ⁄è“ id., Toch A was, B wes id., Skt 1120; V ANEW 671; S 543;
vayám id., Av vaèm id. Acc. Goth uns, ON M Festschr. Schröder 102, 117, KZ
oss, OE ús, OFris ùs, OS ùs, OHG uns-ih CV 114; H 661–662.
goes back to *uns- < IE *–s-, related to *wèiz ~ *wèò sb.f.: ON vág ‘scales, bal-
Toch A näß, B ñi≤ ‘we’, Skt acc.-gen.-dat. ance’ (i- and root stems), OE w≠, w≠e
na˛ id., Av nò, nè id., Alb ne, na id., Lat ‘weight, balance’, OS wàga ‘lanx’, OHG
nòs id., OIr ni id., Slav *ny id. B- wàga ‘balance’. Derived from *weanan or
 13357; T-F 406; J substantivized *wèiz. T-F 383;
IF XLVIII 122; H AEEW 385; H AEEW 379; P I 1119–
W-H II 175–176; F 560; 1120; V ANEW 638; Z II
M III 147; P I 758; 212; O 1000; K-S 869.
V ANEW 654; O 995; S *wèjanan wk.vb.: ON vægja ‘to give way,
Pron. 167–176 (forms with short vowels to yield’, OS wàian ‘to move’. Derived
influenced by dual); L GED 378, from *weanan. V ANEW 671.
400; O AED 289; K-S *wèjan sb.n.: ON vægi ‘weight, moment’,
893; B IFTJa 255. OE e-wæe ‘weight, measure’, OHG gi-
*wè¶iz sb.f.: ON váä ‘cloth, piece of stuff’ wàgi ‘weight’. Derived from *weanan.
(ò- and i-stem), OE w≠d, w≠de ‘article of Derivationally close to Slav *vî≥a ‘tower’
dress’, OFris wèd ‘garment’, OS wàd id., < *‘house on wheels’ (P RFV III
OHG wàt id. Derived from *we¶anan. 177; M ZÖG LIV 392). H-
T-F 386; H AEEW  AEEW 379; V ANEW 671;
378; P I 75–76 (to Lith áud≥iau, V-T I 285.
áusti ‘to weave’); V ANEW 637; *wèjanan I str.vb.: Goth waian ‘to blow’,
Z II 219; O 997; B- OE pres. w≠weä id., OFris waja id., MDu
 Nom. 136; K-S 876. waien id. Related to Skt vàti id., Av vàiti
*wè¶janan wk.vb.: ON væäa ‘to clothe’, id., Gk êhmi id., Slav *vîjati id. B-
OE w≠dian id., OS wàdian id., OHG  1406; T-F 378–379;
wàten id. Derived from *wè¶iz. T- T BSW 345; F 541–542;
F 386; H AEEW 378; H AEEW 385; K 845,
V ANEW 671. Festschr. Viëtor 106–108; M
*wèaz ~ *wèiz sb.m.: Goth wegs III 186; P I 83; F I 26–27;
‘storm, wave’ (dat. pl. wegim is from an V-T I 310; S
i-stem), ON vágr ‘sea, wave’, OE w≠ 539–540; L GED 388; K-
‘movement, wave, water’ (< *wèaz and S 879.
wèjanan 461 wèrò
*wèjanan II wk.vb.: OSwed via ‘to blow’, Toch B yepe ‘weapon, knife’ < *⁄èb-en-
OHG wàen id. Derived from *wèjanan I. (V W SL XXV 125–128).
S 539. Z Gutt. 19; T-F 391; K-
*wèniþò sb.f.: ON vænd ‘expectance’,  KZ LXV 143–144 (to Skt aor. vád-
OFris wènthe ‘hope’, OHG wànida ‘opin- hìm ‘to slay, to kill’); H AEEW
ion’. Derived from *wènjanan. V 380; F 561; V ANEW 644; Z-
ANEW 671.  I 145; O 996; L GED
*wèniz I sb.f.: Goth wens ‘expectation, 401; K-S 870; A TB 506.
hope’, ON ván id., OE wén ‘supposition, *wèra-anjòn sb.m.: ON væringi ‘Var-
opinion’, OFris wèn ‘idea, opinion’, OS angian, Scandinavian’, OE wer-ena
wàn ‘expectation, hope’ (masc.), OHG ‘stranger who seeks protection’, Langob
wàn ‘guess, delusion, hope’ (masc.). Long ware-gang id. Compound of *wèraz and
grade of a root otherwise attested in *anjòn. S-P APS VI 26
*weniz. Related to Skt vanóti ‘to demand, (originally, ‘member of a trade compan-
to strive for, to like’, Lat uenus ‘love’, OIr ionship’); H AEEW 381; C
fine ‘kinship, kin, family’. Derivationally Nom. comp. 53; V ANEW 671–672.
close to Toch A wañi, B wìna ‘pleasure’. *wèran sb.n.: ON vár ‘spring’. Related to
M MSL IX 55 (to Lat uènor ‘to Skt vasantá- id., Av van ri id., Gk ¶ar id.,
˘
hunt’); T-F 387; W-H Lat uèr id., Lith vãsara ‘summer’, Slav
II 752–753; F 561; H *vesna ‘spring’ and influenced phonetically
AEEW 404; M III 141–142; by *jèran (P Gliederung 110–111).
P I 1147; V ANEW 643; W-H II 755; P I 1174;
Z II 191; O 998; L V ANEW 644–645; F I 432–433;
GED 400–401; B Nom. 136; H JIES XVIII 420 (adds Toch A wsàr
H 670; K-S 871; ‘heap of grain’, B ysàre ‘grain’).
A TB 601–602. *wèraz adj.: Burg *wers ‘true’, OFris wèr
*wèniz II adj.: ON vænn ‘promising, like- id., OS wàr id., OHG wàr id. Related to
ly’, OE e-wéne ‘perhaps’, OS ana-wàni Lat uèrus id., OIr fír id., W gwìr id. See
‘suspicious’, OHG ana-wàni id. Exocen- *wèrò. P Kelt. Gr. I 50; T-
tric derivative of *wèniz I. K NB F 395; W NP 117 (from Italic
I 97–98; T-F 387; H or Celt); H AEEW 381;
AEEW 404; V ANEW 671; M W-H II 768; P I
KZ CV 111; L-S I 238; 1166; S IF LXXVIII 146–162;
H 670. L GED 350; K 714; H-
*wènjanan wk.vb.: Goth wenjan ‘to hope’,  671–672; K-S 871.
ON væna id., OE wénan ‘to think, to sup- *wèrjaz adj.: ON værr ‘comfortable, tran-
pose’, OFris wàna id., OS wànian ‘to quil’, OHG wàri ‘true’. Derived from
fancy, to imagine’, OHG wànen ‘to sup- *wèraz. T-F 395; V ANEW
pose’. Derived from *wèniz I. T- 672; S R Festschr. Adrados
F 387–388; F 561; V ANEW 455–458.
671; O 998. *wèrò sb.f.: ON pl. várar ‘pledge, plight’,
*wèpna-lausaz adj.: ON vápn-lauss OE w≠r ‘covenant, agreement, pledge’,
‘weaponless’, OE w≠pen-leás ‘unarmed’, MLG wàre ‘truth’, OHG wàra ‘union,
MLG wàpen-lòs ‘weaponless’. Compound agreement’. Identical with Slav *vîra
of *wèpnan and *lausaz. C Nom. comp. ‘belief, faith’ and maybe Gk Hom acc. sg.
90 (parallel formations). ∑ra ‘kindness’. Cf. *wèraz. H PBB
*wèpnan sb.n.: Goth wepn ‘weapon’, ON XXIII 337 (Slav < Gmc); M Etudes
vápn id., OE w≠pen id., OFris wèpin id., 169; T-F 395; H
OS wàpan id., OHG wàfan id. Related to AEEW 381; W Postv. 115–121
wèrò 462 wira-al¶iz
(isolates *wèrò from *wèraz); F 484; L GED 402; B Nom.
P I 1165; D VSJa 26; V 179; B KZ CV 181–182; K-
ANEW 645; Z I 148; F I S 895.
641; V-T I 292–293; *wi¶uz sb.m.: ON viär ‘tree, forest, wood’,
C 415; O 992; L OE widu, wudu ‘wood’, OS wido-hoppa
GED 350; H 672. ‘hoopoe’, OHG witu ‘wood’. Etymologic-
*wèsan sb.n.: Icel vás ‘aura refrigerans’, ally identical with OIr fid ‘tree, wood’,
Du waas ‘haze, mist’. Close to Skt vàsa- W gwydd. Cf. also Hom ÖIdh < *⁄id⁄à
‘perfume, fragrance’, Lith vësà ‘coolness’ (G apud T VJa XXXIII/2
(P Beiträge 11–12). Further con- 26). T-F 411; H AEEW
nected with *wèjanan I. H IF 393; D Thr. 214; P I 1177;
LXII 152; M III 197–198 V ANEW 660; Z I 152;
(against comparison with Skt); P O 1012; B Nom. 155.
I 83; F 1232. *wixslan ~ *wixslaz sb.n./m.: ON á
*wètaz adj.: ON vátr ‘wet’, OE w≠t id., víxl ‘across’, OS wehsal ‘change, ex-
OFris wèt id. A vºddhi form related to change’, OHG wehsal id. Related to Lat
*watnan ~ *watar. Identical with Hier. acc. uicem id. Z Gutt. 210; T-
Luw wida- ‘watery’ (W FuW 373– F 407 (to *wìkanan); W-H
374). K NB I 31; T-F II 781–782; P I 1131; V
384; H AEEW 381; P I ANEW 671; K-S 877.
80; V ANEW 648; O 1000; *wixslòjanan wk.vb.: ON víxla ‘to cross,
D Vºddhi 13–24, 450; B to put across’, OE wíxlan ‘to change’,
Nom. 255; H 676–677. OFris wixlia id., OS wehslòn id., OHG
*wètjanan wk.vb.: ON væta ‘to wet, to wehsalòn id. Derived from *wixslan ~
make wet’, OE w≠tan ‘to moisten, to wet’, *wixslaz. H AEEW 402; V
OFris wèta id. Derived from *wètaz. ANEW 670.
T-F 384; H AEEW *wikòn sb.f.: Goth wiko ‘sequence, tãjiw’,
381; H 677. ON vika ‘week, nautical mile’, OE wicu
*wètjòn sb.f.: ON væta ‘wetness, sleet, ‘week’, OFris wike id., OS wika id., OHG
rain’, OE w≠te ‘wet, moisture’. Derived wehha id. Derived from *wìkanan (G-
from *wètaz. H AEEW 381;  Got. 241). K DS 187 (the
V ANEW 672. meaning ‘week’ developed under the influ-
*wètòn sb.m.: ON váta-drífa ‘fall of sleet’, ence of Lat uicem ‘exchange’); T-F
OE w≠ta ‘wet, moisture’. Substantivized 407; H AEEW 392; F 563
*wètaz. H AEEW 381; H- (against G); P I 1131
 677. (to Lat uicem ‘exchange’); V ANEW
*wi¶uwòn sb.f.: Goth widuwo ‘widow’, 662; Z I 156; O 997; L-
OE widuwe id., OFris widwe id., OS widowa  GED 403; K-S 895.
id., OHG wituwa id. Etymologically *wippòjanan wk.vb.: Icel vippa ‘to see-
connected with Skt vidhávà id., Av vidavà saw’, ME wippen ‘to tremble’, MLG
id., Lat uidua id., OIr fedb id., OPrus wippen ‘to rock, to swing’, OHG wipfòn
widdewù id., Slav *v¸dova id. B- ‘to wander’. Of imitative origin. V
 1443; T-F 411; T ANEW 667.
BSW 357; H AEEW 393; *wira-al¶iz sb.f.: ON ver-‡ld ‘world’, OE
W-H II 785–786; F 562; weor-old id., OFris warld id., OLFrank
M III 211; P I 1128; wer-old id., OHG wer-alt id. Compound
Z I 156; O 1006; V- of *wiraz and *al¶iz. T-F 20;
T I 281–282; S H AEEW 390; O 1012;
Kinship 85; L Verschärfung 1.4; K-S 885.
wira-þeu¶ò 463 witènan
*wira-þeu¶ò sb.f.: ON ver-þjóä ‘mankind, OE wisnian, weosnian ‘to wizen, to dry up’,
men’, OE wer-äeód ‘nation, people’. OHG wesanèn ‘to wither’. Derived from
Compound of *wiraz and *þeu¶ò. C *wìsanan. T-F 413; H
Nom. comp. 53. AEEW 399; O 1010 (to Lat uièscò
*wira-wulfaz sb.m.: ON varg-úlfr ‘were- ‘to shrink up, to shrivel’); S 548;
wolf ’, Norw var-ulf id., OE were-wulf id., K-S 862.
MLG wer-wulf id., MHG wer-wolf id. *wissaz adj.: Goth un-wiss ‘uncertain’,
Compound of *wiraz and *wulfaz with ON viss ‘certain’, OE e-wis id., OFris
various taboo modifications in individual wiss id., OS wiss id., OHG gi-wis ‘definite,
languages (e.g. with *wiraz replaced by certain’. Derived from *waita. Continues
*waraz in ON). On the other hand, cf. *⁄id-to- as in Skt vittá- ‘known’, Gk êis-
an alternative reconstruction *wazi-wulfaz tow ‘unknown’, OIr ro.fess ‘it is known’,
with the first component related to *was- Slav *vîst˙ ‘known’ (with secondary
janan ~ *wazjanan. The Gmc word for vocalism). K NB II 309; T-
werewolf will be then semantically identi- F 410; F 171, 364; H
cal with Slav *v¸lko-dlak˙ ‘werewolf ’, with AEEW 399; F 526; P I
*dlak˙ to *dlaka ‘animal hair, fur’. V 1125–1126; V ANEW 669; V-
ANEW 646; O 1000; A BS T I 304; S 534; L-
231–233.  GED 130–131; B
*wiraz sb.m.: Goth wair ‘man’, ON verr Nom. 249; H 681–682; K-
id., OE wer id., OFris wer- id., OS wer id., S 322–323.
OHG wer id. Belongs to IE *⁄iros ‘man’: *wissìn sb.f.: Goth miþ-wissei ‘awareness,
Lat uir, OIr fer, W gwr. Other forms consciousness’, OHG gi-wissì ‘attempt,
reflect *⁄ìros like Skt vìrá- id., Av vìra- id., proof ’. Derived from *wissaz. F 364;
Umbr ueiro id., Lith vÿras id. B- H 681.
 1453; H Idg. Gr. II 187 (*-i- : *wisun¶az sb.m.: OE wesend id., MDu
*-ì- originally in compounds); T-F wesent id., OHG wisant, wisunt id. ON
412; T BSW 360; H- vísundr ‘bison-ox’ is a LG loanword.
 AEEW 391; W-H II Related to *waisòn due to the specific
796–797; F 544; P Gliederung smell of the male animal. C
124; M III 238–239; P MO VI 128–129 (to OPrus wis-sambrs
I 1177–1178; D VSJa 24 (pretonic ‘aurochs’); S-N II 60
shortening of *ì in Gmc, Celt and Lat); (same as C); T-F 413
C SGGJa I 101; F (to *wes(u)lòn and further to Lat uìrus
1258; V ANEW 657; Z I 137; ‘stench’); Bù IORJaS XVII/1 45–46;
S Kl. Schr. 398 (long *-ì- from IE P Heter. 39–40; H
*⁄eƒes ‘strength’); L GED 389–390; AEEW 391; P KZ XLVII 131
B Nom. 74; S LL (to Skt vißànà ‘horn’); P I 1134;
354 (follows D); K-S 885. V ANEW 669; K-S 894.
*wiskò sb.f.: ON visk ‘wisp’, OE wisc id., *wita-lausaz adj.: ON vit-lauss ‘witless’,
MLG masc. wisch id., OHG masc. wisc OE wit-leás id., Fris wit-làs id., MLG wit-
id. Identical with Lat uirga ‘branch, twig’ lòs id. Compound of *witan and *lausaz.
< *⁄izgà. K IF IV 317; W CPh C Nom. comp. 61.
VII 334 (to Lat uìscus ‘mistletoe’); T- *witan sb.n.: ON vit ‘consciousness, sense,
F 413; H AEEW 399; intelligence’, OHG gi-wiz ‘knowledge’.
W-H II 797–798; P I Derived from *waita. S 534.
1134; V ANEW 668; O 1003; *witènan wk.vb.: Goth witan ‘to keep
K-S 894. watch over’, OHG gi-wizzèn ‘to be-
*wisnòjan wk.vb.: ON visna ‘to wither’, come reasonable’. Derived from *waita.
witènan 464 wìban
Structurally close to Lat uideò ‘to see’, *wiþi-bainan sb.n.: ON viä-beina ‘collar-
Slav *vidîti id. T-F 409–410; bone’, OE wiäo-bán id., OFris widu-bèn id.,
W-H II 784–785; F MLG wede-bèn id. Compound of *wiþiz
569; V ANEW 669; S 534; and *bainan. H AEEW 393;
L GED 407. C Nom. comp. 53; V ANEW 659.
*witiaz ~ *wituaz adj.: ON vitugr *wiþiz sb.f.: Goth kuna-wida ‘fetter, cord’,
‘clever’, OE witi ‘having knowledge, ON viä ‘withy’, MLG wede ‘fetter’, OHG
sagacious, wise’, MLG wittich ‘clever’, wid ‘thin branch, fetter’. Related to Av
OHG sbst. wìzago ‘prophet’. Derived vaèti- ‘willow’, Gk fit°a id., Lith vytìs ‘wil-
from *witan. T-F 410; H- low branch’, Slav *vit¸ id. and other
 AEEW 401; V ANEW 670. derivatives of *⁄ei- ‘to braid’. B-
*witjan sb.n.: Goth un-witi ‘foolishness,  1314; T-F 406; T-
ignorance’, OE witt ‘right mind, wits’,  BSW 347; F 315–316; P
OFris wit ‘joke, comprehension’, OS gi- I 1122; V ANEW 659; F
wit ‘understanding’, OHG wizzi id. Cf. 1268; F I 743–744.
ON adj. ‡r-viti ‘out of one’s senses’. *wiþjòn sb.f.: ON viäja ‘withy’, OE wiääe
Derived from *waita. Close to Skt vidyà ‘thong, cord’, OFris withe ‘band, fetter’,
‘knowledge’. H AEEW 401; MDu wide id., OHG witta ‘head-band’.
F 526; M III 256; P See *wiþiz. T-F 406; H
I 1125–1127; V ANEW 669; S AEEW 402; V ANEW 659; O
534; L GED 379, 407; B- 1010; L GED 222.
 Nom. 65. *wiþra-werþaz adj.: Goth wiþra-wairþs
*witòn sb.m.: Goth un-wita ‘ignorant, fool’, ‘opposite’, OE wiäer-weard ‘contrary,
ON viti ‘signal, beacon’, OE wita ‘wise adverse, hostile’, OHG widar-wert ‘adverse,
man’, OFris wita ‘witness’, OS mèn-gi- hostile’. Derived from *wiþra(n) and *wer-
wito ‘false witness’. Derived from *witan. þaz. F 571; L GED 34, 408.
T-F 410; H AEEW 400; *wiþra(n) prep.: Goth wiþra ‘against,
F 526; V ANEW 670; S opposite’, ON viär id., OE wiäer id.,
534; L GED 379; B OFris wither id., OS withar id., OHG
Nom. 173. widar id. Comparative in *-ter- based on
*witòþaz adj.: Goth sbst. witoþ ‘law’, Run IE *⁄i-, cf. Skt vitarám ‘farther’, Av vìtara-
sbst. vitada-halaiban, OE witod ‘appointed, ‘further one, later one’. B
ordained’, OFris sbst. witat ‘wafer’, OS sbst. 1439; T-F 411; H
witut ‘law’, OHG sbst. wizzòd id. Parti- AEEW 401; F 570–571; M
ciple of unattested wk.vb. *witòjanan. De- III 207; P I 1176; V ANEW
rived from *waita. W MLN XXI 41 660; O 1010; L GED 408;
(to Skt neut. vidátha- ‘distribution’); T- K-S 888.
F 410; F 570; L GED 407. *wìban sb.n.: Burg *wif ‘wife, woman’,
*witriz adj.: ON vitr ‘wise’, OE witer ON víf ‘woman’, OE wíf id., OFris wìf
‘knowing, wise’. Close to Gk ‡driw ‘skill- id., OS wìf id., OHG wìb id. Of uncer-
ful, clever’. Further related to *waita. tain origin. T-F 412 (to *waib-
K NB II 447; T-F 410; janan); T-V RBPH
H AEEW 401; P I XXXII/1 97–99 (to *webanan); B-
1127; V ANEW 670; F I 357;  KZ XLI 282 (from *⁄ei˚-po-, cf.
S 534; H 682. Skt vi≤-páti ‘lord of the house’, nº-pa-
*witulaz adj.: ON mann-vitull ‘simple, ‘prince, king’); P IF L 132–135;
dull-witted’, OE fore-witol ‘foreknowing’. H AEEW 395; P I
Derived from *witan. H AEEW 1132; V ANEW 661; Z I
401; H 682–683. 145; O 1006; K 714; K-
wìban 465 wìxanan
S 879–880 (to Lith vaÛkas ‘child’); *wìan sb.n.: ON víg ‘fight, battle’, OE wí
A TB 238 (to Toch A kip, B kwìpe id. Derived from *wìxanan ~ *wìanan.
‘shame’, with the semantic development Structurally close to OIr fích ‘quarrel’.
‘shame’ > ‘pudenda’ > ‘woman’). T-F 408; H AEEW
*wìbòjanan ~ *waibòjanan wk.vb.: 395; V ANEW 661; O 1006;
ON koma aä vífandi ‘to arrive as by S 544–545; B Nom.
chance’, OHG weibòn ‘to waver’. Con- 60; K-S 881.
nected with *waibjanan. V ANEW *wìa-sakò sb.f.: ON víg-s‡k ‘prosecution
661; L GED 74. for manslaughter’, OS wìg-saka ‘fight’.
*wì¶a-faþmjaz adj.: ON víä-faämr ‘wide- Compound of *wìan and *sakò. C
fathoming’, OE wíd-fæäme ‘broad-bosomed’. Nom. comp. 85 (parallel formations).
Compound of *wì¶az and *faþmjaz (see *wìaz adj.: Burg sbst. *wigs ‘fighter’, ON
*faþmaz). C Nom. comp. 67. vígr ‘in fighting state, serviceable’, OE
*wì¶az adj.: Burg *wids ‘wide’, ON víär or-wíe ‘defenseless’, MHG wìge ‘milit-
id., OE wíd id., OFris wìd id., OS wìd id., ant’. Derived from *wìxanan ~ *wìanan.
OHG wìt id. Probably related to *wi¶uz. H AEEW 426; V ANEW
The semantic relation of the latter to 662; S 545; M KZ CV 96;
Lith vidùs ‘middle’ is similar to that of K 714; H 662–663 (OE
Lith m‚dis ‘wood’ to Skt mádhya- ‘middle’. derived from *wìan).
K NB II 304; P KZ *wìislòn sb.f.: ON vígsla ‘consecration,
XLVIII 153–154 (to Skt part. vìtá- ‘ver- ordination’, MLG wìgelse id. Derived from
folgen’); T-F 412; H *wìjanan ~ *wìxjanan. V ANEW 662.
AEEW 393; T Lehm 50; P I 295; *wìjanan ~ *wìxjanan wk.vb.: ON
V ANEW 660; O 1005; B- vígja ‘to consecrate’, OFris wìga id., OS
 Nom. 252; K 714; H- wìhian id., OHG wìhen id. Derived from
 678–679; K-S 884. *wìxaz. V ANEW 661; L
*wì¶iþò sb.f.: ON vídd ‘width’, EFris GED 398; K-S 881–882.
wìdte id., MLG wìdde id. Derived from *wìxan sb.n.: ON vé ‘temple’, OE wíh
*wì¶janan. V ANEW 659. ‘idol’ (masc.), OS wìh ‘shrine’, OHG wìh
*wì¶janan wk.vb.: ON víäa ‘to widen’, id. Substantivized *wìxaz. H
OHG wìten id. Derived from *wì¶az. AEEW 398; V ANEW 648; B-
V ANEW 659; H 679.  IEL 450; L GED 398; H-
*wì¶òt adv.: ON víäa ‘widely’, OE wíde  663.
id., OS wìdo id., OHG wìto id. Derived *wìxanan ~ *wìanan str.vb.: Goth wei-
from *wì¶az. V ANEW 659. han ‘to dispute, to fight’, ON vega ‘to fight,
*wìa-xar¶uz adj.: ON víg-harär ‘hardy to fence’, OE wían ‘to fight’, OHG ubar-
in war’, OE wí-heard ‘stout in fight, wehan ‘to overcome’. Forms with *-e- are
hardy’. Compound of *wìan and *xar¶uz. secondary (F-T ND 1362).
C Nom. comp. 61. Connected with Gk §p¤-eiktow ‘uncon-
*wìa-lìkaz adj.: ON víg-ligr ‘martial, querable’, OIr fichim ‘to fight’, Lat uincò
doughty’, OS un-wìg-lìk ‘non-militant’, ‘to conquer’, Lith veikiù, veÛkti ‘to carry
OHG wìg-lìh ‘militant’. Derived from out, to do’ (F BB XXI 207).
*wìaz. H 663. Z Gutt. 72, 142; T-F 408;
*wìa-mannz sb.m.: ON víg-maär ‘war- T BSW 339; H
rior, champion’, OE wí-mann ‘man of AEEW 395; W-H II 791–
war, soldier’, OS wìg-man ‘warrior, 792; F 557; J IEW
champion’, OHG wìg-man id. Compound 113–114; P Gliederung 195; P-
of *wìan and *mannz. C Nom. comp.  I 1128–1129; C SGGJa
79 (parallel formations). I 66–67; F 1213–1214; V
wìxanan 466 wìna-¶runkanaz
ANEW 650; F I 536; S F 558; M III 205–206; P-
544–545; B IEL 450; L  I 1131; V ANEW 649; F II
GED 397–398; K-S 881. 360–361; O 1005; V-T
*wìxaz adj.: Goth weihs ‘holy’, OE wí- I 305; B IEL 252, 450–452;
bedd ‘altar’, OS wìh-dag ‘holiday’, OHG L GED 399; A TB 63.
wìh ‘holy’. Derived from *wìxanan ~ *wìkanan str.vb.: ON víkva, víkja ‘to turn,
*wìanan (for the development of mean- to move’, OE wícan ‘to yield’, OFris wìka
ing cf. Lith vi‚kas ‘life force’ from the ‘to turn, to move’, OS pret. sg. wèc id.,
same IE *⁄eik-). K NB I 28–29; OHG wìhhan ‘to cede, to weaken’.
Z Gutt. 142; T-F 408–409; Related to Skt vijáte ‘to heave, to speed,
B PBB XLIII 398–404; S to flee’, Lith svíegiu, svíegti ‘to throw’.
Kl. Schr. 573–574; F 557–558; T-F 407; H AEEW
W-H II 782, 791–792; 392; J IEW 114–116; M-
H AEEW 398; B HG  III 204–205; P I 1131;
55–57 (to Skt vinákti ‘to sift, to separate’, V ANEW 663; F 953; S-
Lat uictima ‘sacrificial animal’); T  545–546; B Nom. 237;
Lehm 48–49; P Gliederung 167; K-S 880.
P I 1128; C SGGJa I *wìkò sb.f.: ON vík ‘bay, a small creek’
87; F 1239; V ANEW 649; (traces of a cons. stem), OE wíc ‘bay’,
K SUR 66–67 (to Lat uinciò ‘to MLG wìk id. Derived from *wìkanan.
bind, to tie up’); B 450–452; T-F 407; H AEEW
S Goten 219–221; L JIES 392; V ANEW 662.
VII 287–296; L GED 398–399; *wìlan sb.n.: OE víl ‘wile, device’. Close to
B Nom. 240; H MIr fell ‘deception’, Lith v‹lius ‘fooling,
663–664; K-S 882. cunning, deceit’, further related to Lith
*wìxènan wk.vb.: Goth weihan ‘to conse- viliù, vìlti ‘to deceive’. T-F 413;
crate, to dedicate’, OE ful-wian ‘to bap- P I 1140; F 1251, 1254–
tize’. Derived from *wìxaz. T-F 1255; V ANEW 663 (to Skt vàyati ‘to
409; F 557; L GED 398; vanish, to become exhausted’).
H 663. *wìna-baliz sb.m.: ON vín-belgr ‘wine-
*wìxiþò sb.f.: Goth weihiþa ‘holiness’, skin’, OE wín-bel id. Compound of
OFris wìtha ‘relic’, OS wìhitha ‘sanctity, *wìnan and *baliz. C Nom. comp. 82
sacrament’, OHG wìhida id. Derived (parallel formations).
from *wìxaz or *wìjanan ~ *wìxjanan. *wìna-bazjan sb.n.: Goth weina-basi
F 557; B IEL 450; L ‘grape’, ON vín-ber id., OE wín-beri()e id.
GED 398; H 663. (fem.), OS wìn-beri id., OHG wìn-beri id.
*wìxòn sb.m.: Goth weiha ‘priest’, ON Compound of *wìnan and *bazjan. F
theon. Véi Odin’s brother. Derived from 559; C Nom. comp. 69 (parallel forma-
*wìxaz. F 556–557; B IEL tions); L GED 400.
450; H 663. *wìna-burilòn sb.m.: ON vín-byrli ‘cup-
*wìxsan sb.n.: Goth weihs ‘village’. Based bearer’, OE wín-byrele ‘vintner’. Com-
on an s-stem found in Toch B ìke ‘place, pound of *wìnan and *burilòn. C Nom.
location’ < *⁄eikos- and Lat uìlla ‘house’ comp. 82 (parallel formations).
< *⁄ei˚s-là (if not with *-sl- suffix). Fur- *wìna-¶runkanaz ~ *wìna-¶runke-
ther related to Skt ví≤- ‘settlement, tribe, naz adj.: ON vín-drukkinn ‘drunken with
race’, Av acc. vìs- ‘house, court’, Gk o‰kow wine’, OE wín-druncen id., OHG wìn-
‘house’, Slav *v¸s¸ ‘village’. Z Gutt. truncan id. Compound of *wìnan and
192; B 1455– 1457; T- *¶runkanaz ~ *¶runkenaz. C Nom. comp.
F 409; W-H II 790–791; 90 (parallel formations).
wìna-fatan 467 wìsìn
*wìna-fatan sb.n.: ON vín-fat ‘wine-vat’, (from Celt); T-F 406; H

OE wín-fæt id., MLG wìn-fat id., OHG AEEW 398–399; W-H II 799
wìn-faz id. Compound of *wìnan and (Lat pl. uiriae ‘armlets, bracelets’ < Celt);
*fatan I. C Nom. comp. 80 (parallel P I 1122 (to IE *⁄ei- ‘to wind’);
formations). F 1182–1183; V ANEW 667;
*wìna-ar¶az ~ *wìna-ar¶òn sb.m.: O 1008.
Goth weina-gards ‘vineyard’, ON vín-garär *wìsa-¶òmaz sb.m.: ON vís-dómr ‘knowl-
id., ON wín-eard id., OS wìn-gardo id., edge, intelligence’, OE wís-dóm ‘wisdom,
OHG wìn-garto id. Compound of *wìnan experience’, OFris wìs-dòm id., OS wìs-dòm
and *ar¶az, ar¶òn. F 559; C id., OHG wìs-tuom id. Derived from *wìsaz.
Nom. comp. 69 (parallel formations); C Nom. comp. 58; O 1009;
S-P Germ.-slav. 365–367 H 665; K-S 884.
(on Slav *vino-gord˙ id. < Gmc); L *wìsa-lìkaz adj.: ON vís-ligr ‘certain’, OE
GED 400; K-S 892. wís-líc ‘wise, discreet’, OS wìs-lìk ‘wise,
*wìna-xùsan sb.n.: ON vín-hús ‘tavern, intelligent’, OHG wìs-lìh id. Derived
wine-house’, OE wín-hús id., MLG wìn- from *wìsaz. H 665.
hùs id., OHG wìn-hùs id. Compound of *wìsanan str.vb.: ON part. visinn ‘wilted,
*wìnan and *xùsan. C Nom. comp. 80 withered’, OHG part. wesan ‘weak, tired’.
(parallel formations). Distantly related to Lat uièscò ‘to wilt’, W
*wìnan sb.n.: Goth wein ‘wine’, ON vín id., gwyw ‘faded’, Lith vÿstu, vÿsti ‘to wither’.
OE wín id., OFris wìn id., OS wìn id., P Kelt. Gr. I 74, 252; T-F
OHG wìn id. An old borrowing from Lat 413; W-H II 787–788;
uìnum (S Language X 6–8). J IEW 111; P I
K KZ I 191; J ZDADL LXVI 1123; F 1265; V ANEW 668;
126; H AEEW 396; F S 548; K-S 862.
558; V ANEW 664 (ON < OE or *wìsaz adj.: Goth un-weis ‘ignorant’, ON
MLG); Z I 145; O 1008; víss ‘certain, wise’, OE wís ‘wise, discreet,
M Urh. Idg. 412; L GED judicious’, OFris wìs ‘wise, intelligent’,
399; K-S 882. OS wìs ‘learned, clever, wise’, OHG wìs
*wìna-trewan sb.n.: Goth weina-triu ‘wise, clever’. Continues *⁄eid-s-o- derived
‘vine’, ON vín-tré id., OE wín-treów id. from the s-stem of IE *⁄eid- ‘to know’, cf.
Compound of *wìnan and *trewan. F Skt jàtá-vedas- ‘having whatever is born
559; C Nom. comp. 82 (parallel forma- or created as his property; knowing [or
tions); L GED 399. known by] all created beings’. Derived
*wìpanan str.vb.: Goth weipan ‘to crown, from *waita. K NB II 342;
to encircle’, OHG part. bi-wifen ‘un- O Morph. Unt. IV 77 (< *⁄eid-to-,
happy’. Related to Latv viêbt ‘to wince, as in Lat uìsus, part. of uideò ‘to see’);
to grimace’, Lat uibrò ‘to move trem- T-F 410; M WuS XII 19;
blingly’ (T ZdWf VII 268–269). F 171; H AEEW 399;
T-F 412; W-H II T ZDK XLVI 625–635; P I
780–781; F 559; P I 1131– 1127; F 1212–1213 (from *⁄eid-s-);
1132; F 1236–1237; S V ANEW 668–669; O 1009;
546–547; L GED 400; K- S 533; L GED 130–131;
S 890. B Nom. 256; H
*wìraz sb.m.: ON vírr ‘wire’, Swed dial. vir 664–665; K-S 883 (OHG
‘wire’, OE wír id., MLG wìre id. Related wìsi ‘wise, understanding’ < *⁄eid-tƒo-
to OIr fíar ‘crooked’, Lith vairùs ‘diverse, similar to Slav *vî“‘¸ ‘knowing’ < *⁄oid-
various’ (O Morph. Unt. IV 164). tƒo-).
N Abriß 31; B ZdWf X 678 *wìsìn sb.f.: Goth hindar-weisei ‘deceitful-
wìsìn 468 wìwòn
ness, guile’, ON vísi ‘knowledge, science’, *wìtaòn sb.m.: ON vitki ‘wizard’, OE

OHG wìsì ‘wisdom’. Derived from *wìsaz. wítea ‘wizard, prophet’, OHG wìzago
F 257; V ANEW 668; H- ‘prophet’. Substantivized adj. *wìtaaz >
 665. OHG wìzag id. Derived from *waita.
*wìsjanan wk.vb.: Goth fulla-weisjan ‘to H AEEW 400; V ANEW
make informed, to instruct thoroughly’, 670; K-S 883.
OFris wìsa ‘to show’, OS wìsian id., OHG *wìtan sb.n.: Goth id-weit ‘reproach, dis-
wìsen ‘to call, to make known’. Derived grace’, OE ed-wít ‘reproach, disgrace’,
from *wìsaz. T-F 410; F OHG ita-wìz ‘disgrace’. Derived from
171–172; V ANEW 668; L *wìtanan. H AEEW 88; F
GED 153. 290; L GED 203.
*wìsòn I sb.m.: ON vísi ‘guide, leader, *wìtanan str.vb.: Goth fra-weitan ‘to
captain’, OE wísa ‘leader, director, cap- avenge’, OSwed víta ‘to accuse, to blame’,
tain’, OS balu-wìso ‘devil’, OHG wìso OE wítan ‘to charge, to blame’, OFris
‘leader’. See *wìsjanan. H wìta ‘to guard’, OS pres. wìtan ‘to re-
AEEW 399; V ANEW 668; K- proach’, OHG wìzan ‘to punish, to
S 883. rebuke’. Derived from *waita. T-
*wìsòn II sb.f.: ON vísa ‘strophe’, OE wíse F 409; F 167; H
‘way, manner’, OS wìsa id., OHG wìsa AEEW 400; J IEW 116–118;
id. Cf. also WGmc *wìsò > OE wís ‘man- P I 1125–1127; V ANEW 669;
ner, way’, OFris wìs id. Probably, from O 418, 952; S 550–551;
*⁄eid-s- or *⁄eid-t- further related to L GED 127; K-S 862.
*waita. H SVSL VII 141–161 (to *wìtjan sb.n.: ON víti ‘fine, sconce’, OE
*wìsjanan); T-F 410; H wíte ‘punishment’, OFris wìte id., OS wìti
AEEW 399; P I 1127; V id., OHG wìzi id. Derived from *wìtanan.
ANEW 668; Z II 181; O H AEEW 400; V ANEW
1009; K-S 883. 670; L GED 127; S 550,
*wìsòjanan I wk.vb.: Goth ga-weison ‘to Sprache XIX 170–171 (reconstructs *⁄eƒH-
visit’, OS wìsòn id., OHG wìsòn id. De- ‘to pursue, to approach’).
rived from *wìsaz. L KZ XXXIX *wìþjaz ~ *wìþjò sb.m./f.: ON víäir ‘wil-
307 (from Lat uìsò ‘to visit’); B low’, MLG wìde id., OHG wìda id. Cf.
Grundriß II/3 55 (-s- from desiderative IE also OE masc. wíäi id. Related to vari-
*-s-); G IF XXX 136; T-F ous semantically similar derivatives of IE
410–411; F 210; P I 1125; *⁄ei- ‘to turn, to weave’: Lat uìtis ‘vine’,
O 418; L GED 153. OIr féith ‘fibra’, Lith vytìs ‘willow rod’.
*wìsòjanan II wk.vb.: ON vísa ‘to show, Further connected with Gk ït°a ‘willow’.
to direct’, OE wísian ‘to show the way, to Cf. also *wiþiz which may be the imme-
guide, to direct’. Derived from *wìsaz. His- diate source of derivation. T-F
torically identical with *wìsòjanan I. T- 406; H AEEW 401; W-
F 410; H AEEW 399; H II 804; P I 1122;
H 665; K-S 883. F 1268; V ANEW 659;
*wìsòn sb.f.: OESc ræt-visa ‘justice’, OHG Z II 176; F I 743; K-
wìsa ‘wisdom’. Derived from *wìsaz. S 880–881.
H 665. *wìwòn sb.m.: ON lang-vé ‘a kind of bird’,
*wìtaòjanan wk.vb.: ON vitka ‘to be- MLG wie, wige ‘harrier’, OHG wìo id.
witch’, OE wíteian ‘to prophesy’, OFris Unclear. Nß Tierb. 168–170 (to IE
wìtgia id., OHG wìzagòn id. Derived from *⁄i- ‘two’ because of the forked tail);
*wìtaòn. H AEEW 400; K-S 881 (to Lat avis ‘bird’ or
V ANEW 670; K-S 883. to Skt ≤yená- ‘eagle’, Gk fikt›now ‘kite’).
wlaitòjanan 469 wòmaz
*wlaitòjanan wk.vb.: Goth wlaiton ‘to theon’, OE Wóden id., OS Wòden id.,
look around’, ON leita ‘to look for’, OE OHG Wuotan id. Derived from *wò¶az.
wlátian ‘to gaze, to look’. Derived from H AEEW 403; V ANEW
*wlìtanan. T-F 420; H 416; O 997; B 92, 247;
AEEW 402; F 571–572; P I B Nom. 82.
1136–1137; V ANEW 352; S *wò¶az adj.: Goth woþs ‘possessed’, ON
563; L GED 408. óär ‘mad, frantic, furious’, OE wód ‘mad’.
*wlispaz adj.: Norw dial. leisp ‘lisping’, Related to Lat uàtès ‘seer, prophet’, OIr
OE wlisp id., MDu lisp id., OHG lisp fáith id. T-F 414; M
id. Of imitative origin. T-F 420; NTS VII 337–338; F 572–573; H-
H AEEW 403; P I  AEEW 403; W-H
1143; H 684–685; K- II 737–738; T Festschr. Weller
S 521. 656–666; P I 1113; C
*wlitiz sb.m.: Goth wlits ‘face, appear- SGGJa I 103; B PBB LXXXII
ance’, ON litr ‘color’ (u-stem), OE wlite 189–195; V ANEW 416; O 997;
‘aspect, countenance’, OFris wlite ‘face, W AWNP 67; L GED 409;
apearance’, OS wliti ‘image, appearance’. H 685–686.
Derived from *wlìtanan. S KZ *wò¶az ~ *wò¶ò sb.m./f.: ON óär
I 154; T-F 420; H ‘mind, wit, soul, sense’, OE ellen-wód
AEEW 403; F 571–572; P I ‘zeal’, MDu woet ‘madness’, OHG wuot
1136 (to Lat uultus ‘appearance, expres- ‘thrill, violent agitation’. Substantivized
sion’); V ANEW 359; Z II *wò¶az. Cf. also a structurally similar W
205; H IF LXXXVII 79–81 (to OIr gwawd ‘poem’. T-F 414; H-
fili ‘seer’); L GED 408; K-  AEEW 403; V ANEW 416;
S 45. L GED 409; K-S 900.
*wlit( j)an sb.n.: Goth anda-wleizn ‘face’ *wò¶ìn sb.f.: ON œäi ‘rage, fury’, OHG
(with unclear auslaut), ON á-lit ‘appear- wuotì ‘madness’. Derived from *wò¶az.
ance, view’, OE wlita ‘face’ (masc.), OHG V ANEW 684; H 685.
ant-lizzi id. Derived from *wlìtanan or *wò¶janan wk.vb.: ON œäa ‘to rage’, OE
directly from *wlitiz. G Goten wédan ‘to be mad, to be furious’, OS wòdi-
24; H AEEW 403; F 48; an ‘to rage’, OHG wuoten ‘to be insane,
P I 1136; V ANEW 9; Z- to rage’. Derived from *wò¶az. H-
 II 205; S 563; L GED  AEEW 403; V ANEW 684;
35; L-S I 280–283; K- H 686.
S 45. *wòkraz ~ *wòkran sb.m./n.: Goth
*wlìtanan str.vb.: ON líta ‘to see’, OE wokrs ‘interest, tÒkow’, ON okr ‘usury’, OE
wlítan ‘to look, to gaze’. Of unknown ori- fem. wócor ‘increase, fruit, offspring’,
gin. The unusual anlaut is an obstacle to OFris wòker ‘interest’, MLG woker id.,
a reasonable etymology. Z Gutt. OHG wuohhar ‘yield, gain’. A long-grade
34; T-F 420; H AEEW form morphologically similar to Skt ugrá-
403; F 571–572; J IEW ‘powerful, mighty’, Av ugrò id. Further
158; P I 1136–1137; V see *aukanan. B 380; T-
ANEW 358; S 563–564 (to Lat F 380; H AEEW 403; F
uultus ‘face’, W gweled ‘to see’ < *⁄el-); 572; M I 98–99; P I 85;
H IF LXXXVII 79–81 (contamina- Z II 176; L GED 409;
tion of *⁄el- ‘to see’ and *⁄eid- id.); K-S 898.
L GED 408; K-S 45. *wòmaz sb.m.: ON ómr ‘sound, voice’,
*wò¶anaz sb.m.: ON theon. Óäinn ‘Odin, OE wóm ‘sound, noise’. Continues *wòp-
the highest god of the Germanic pan- m-az derived from *wòpjanan (R-
wòmaz 470 wrain( j)òn
 Qu. Gr. I 422). U PBB Related to Gk §arÒn: lout∞ra, µ

XXII 193, XXVII 135; T-F 414. prÒxoun (Hes.). T-F 404 (to Latv
*wòmjanan wk.vb.: Norw øma ‘to squeak, va“a ‘floor wetness’); P I 1171–
to whisper’, OE wéman ‘to sound’. 1172; F I 433.
Derived from *wòmaz. T-F 414. *wòstaz adj.: OE wéste ‘waste, desert,
*wòpan ~ *wòpaz sb.n./m.: ON óp ‘cry- empty’, OFris wòst ‘devastated’, OS wòsti
ing, shouting’, OE wóp ‘cry, wailing’, OS ‘desert, barren’, OHG wuosti ‘empty,
wòp ‘crying, shouting’, OHG wuof id. lonely, forlorn, desert’. Identical with Lat
Back formation of *wòpjanan I (W uàstus ‘desert, barren’, OIr fás ‘forlorn,
Postv. 46–47). T-F 414; H- uninhabited, desert, empty’. T-F
 AEEW 405; P I 1109; 414; H AEEW 404; W-
V ANEW 419; Z II 173; H II 737; P I 345–346;
B Nom. 98. C SGGJa I 103; H
*wòpjanan I str.vb.: OE wépan ‘to weep’, 688; K-S 900.
OFris wèpa ‘to shout’, OS wòpian ‘to *wòþjaz adj.: Goth woþeis ‘pleasant, sweet,
bewail’, OHG wuofan ‘to weep’. See charming’, ON comp. œdri ‘higher’, OE
*wòpjanan II. S KZ I 154 (to wéäe ‘sweet, gentle, mild’, OS comp.
Skt hváyati ‘to invoke, to call’); S wòthiera ‘more pleasant’, OHG wuodi id.
KZ I 283–286; P Beiträge 494– Derived from *wò¶az. G
495; F BB XVII 319 (to Lat uàgiò Got. 244 (from *e⁄e-t-, cf. Goth prop.
‘to cry, to squall’); P PBB Eutha-ricus); T-F 414; P
XXXVIII 322; T-F 414; H- PBB XXXVIII 323–324 (to Skt vàmá-
 AEEW 404; J IEW ‘dear, fair, noble’); W Postcons. 62,
104; P I 1109; V ANEW 109 (to f≈tion: prosfil°w Hes.); F
684; O 998; V-T I 572; H AEEW 404; F
263; S LS 60; S 564–565; Goth. 54–55 (to Skt svàdú- ‘savory, sweet’);
L GED 409. V ANEW 684; L GED 409;
*wòpjanan II wk.vb.: Goth wopjan ‘to M KZ CV 132; H 689.
call’, ON œpa ‘to cry, to shout’, OHG *wraixaz adj.: Swed dial. vrå ‘averse,
wuofen ‘to weep’. Derived from *wòpjanan sulky, glum’, ME wráh ‘twisted, stubborn’.
I. Structurally identical with Slav *vabiti ‘to Identical with Gk =o¤kow ‘bent, crooked’,
call, to summon’ (R Qu. Gr. Lith rái“as ‘lame’. T-F 418; T-
I 422). Z Gutt. 46; U  BSW 236; P I 1158–1159;
PBB XXII 193, XXVII 135; T-F F 690, 730–731; F II 656;
414; T BSW 336–337; F I-S IA 69; H 116 (to Alb
572; P Gliederung 144; J rreth ‘hoop, rim (of a wheel)’).
IEW 104; C SGGJa I 83; V *wraikwaz adj.: Goth wraiqs ‘crooked,
ANEW 684; S 564. curved’, OFris wràk id. Identical with Gk
*wòraaz ~ *wòriaz adj.: OE wéri =aibÒw ‘bent’ (A KZ XII 400).
‘weary, tired’, OS wòrag, wòrig id., OHG F KZ XLV 113 (to Gk =¤za ‘root’);
wuorag ‘intoxicated’. Derived from *wòriz Z Gutt. 95; T-F 415; F
> Burg *woris ‘tired, intoxicated’ related 573; P I 1158; V ANEW 438;
to Gk êvrow, Œrow ‘sleep’ (B Wurzel- F II 639; L GED 409–410;
Lex. I 298). H AEEW 404; H 689–690.
P I 72; F I 205; K 715. *wrain( j)òn sb.m.: ON reini ‘stallion’, OS
*wòsaz ~ *wòsan sb.m./n.: Norw òs wrènio id., OHG reino, wreinno id. Of
‘steam, smoke’, OE wós ‘moisture, juice’ unknown origin. Cf. OE wr≠ne ‘lascivous’
MLG wòs ‘must, broth’. Cf. WGmc that indicates the original adjectival
masc. *wasan > MLG wase ‘wet ground’. meaning. H AEEW 406–
wrain( j)òn 471 wrekanan
407; S 81 (close to Skt v®ßan- ‘man, ‘twisted’, ON rangr ‘crooked, wrong’, OE
male (of animals)’ but without -s-); sbst. wran ‘wrong’, MLG wrank ‘sour,
P I 81; V ANEW 439. sharp, bitter’. Derived from *wrenanan.
*wraistjanan wk.vb.: ON reista ‘to turn, T-F 417; H AEEW
to twist’, OE wr≠stan ‘to wrest, to twist’. 406; V ANEW 433; O 1015;
Derived from *wristiz. T-F 419; K 715; H 692–693.
H AEEW 407; O 1014. *wranò sb.f.: ON r‡ng ‘timber(s)’, OE
*wraitjanan wk.vb.: ON reita ‘to scratch’, wran(a) ‘hold of a ship’, MLG wrange
OHG reizen ‘to irritate’. Derived from ‘wale’. Derived from *wrenanan. Cf.
*wrìtanan. T-F 418; S 567. also ON rá ‘corner, nook’ < *wranxò.
*wraituz sb.m.: ON reitr ‘furrow’, OHG M IF XXIII 120–121 (to Slav
reiz ‘line’. Derived from *wrìtanan. T- *r‡ka ‘hand, arm’); H AEEW
F 418; S 567. 407; V ANEW 458.
*wraiþaz adj.: ON reiär ‘angry’, OE *wraskwaz adj.: ON r‡skr ‘valiant, bold,
wráä id., OS wrèth id., OHG reid ‘frizzy, brave’, MLG rasch ‘strong, powerful’,
curly’. Derived from *wrìþanan. T- OHG adv. rasco ‘energetically, lively’. De-
F 418; H AEEW 407; rived from *wreskwanan. K NB II
V ANEW 437; O 1015; B- 296; T-F 341, 417; S
 Nom. 237; H 691–692. PBB XLVIII 84–85; W NP
*wraiþjanan wk.vb.: ON reiäa ‘to anger’, 133; K 582 (to *xraþaz); V
OS wrèthian ‘to become angry’, OHG ANEW 458; O 740; P 53;
reiden ‘to make curly’. Derived from H 693–694.
*wraiþaz. K NB I 59–60; T- *wraskwìn sb.f.: ON røskvi ‘efficiency’,
F 418; H AEEW 407; OHG reskì ‘liveliness, fervor’. Derived
P I 1159–1160; V ANEW 437; from *wraskwaz. H 693.
P 55–56; H 692. *wratòjanan wk.vb.: Goth wraton ‘to tra-
*wraiþjò sb.f.: ON reiäi ‘wrath’, OE wr≠ä, vel’, ON rata ‘to wander about’. Unclear.
wr≠äu id., MLG wrède id. Derived from S BB XXIX 44 (to Arm
*wraiþaz. H AEEW 407; ga∑t' ‘to travel’); W MLN XVI 308;
V ANEW 437. T-F 416 (to Skt vº»dá- ‘crowd,
*wrakaz sb.m.: Goth wraks ‘pursuer’, OE swarm’); F 573–574; P I 1153
wræc ‘what is driven’ (gender unknown). (to IE *⁄er- ‘to turn’); V ANEW 434
Derived from *wrekanan. T-F (to Gk =adinÒw ‘slender, taper’); L
416; H AEEW 406; F GED 410.
573; S 569; L GED 410. *wreòjanan wk.vb.: ON riga ‘to move’,
*wrakjanan wk.vb.: Goth wrakjan ‘to per- OE wriian ‘to turn’. Related to Gk
secute’, OE wreccan ‘to raise’. Derived from =ãssv ‘to strike, to trample’. P
*wrekanan. T-F 416; H I 1181; F II 643–644; K-
AEEW 407; Feist 573; Vries ANEW 440– S 898.
441; S 569; L GED 410. *wrextjanan wk.vb.: ON rétta ‘to raise, to
*wrakjò sb.f.: Goth wrakja ‘pursuit’, OFris set up’, MLG wrechten ‘to drive’. Derived
wretse id., OHG recke-gerna ‘vindictive’. from *wrekanan. V ANEW 442.
Derived from *wrakò. F 573; S- *wrekanan str.vb.: Goth wrikan ‘to perse-
 569; B Nom. 114. cute’, ON reka ‘to drive, to chase’, OE
*wrakò sb.f.: Goth wraka ‘pursuit’, OE wrecan ‘to drive, to press’, OFris wreka ‘to
wracu ‘pain, suffering, misery’. Derived pursue, to follow’, OS wrekan ‘to repay, to
from *wrekanan. F 573; S punish’, OHG rehhan ‘to pursue, to pun-
569; B Nom. 109. ish’. Related to Skt vrájati ‘to stride, to go,
*wranaz ~ *wrankaz adj.: Gep *wranks to walk’, Lith ver≥iù, vér≥ti ‘to bind, to
wrekanan 472 writan
squeeze’, Slav *v¸rz‡, *verzti ‘to bind’. *wrèkjanan wk.vb.: ON rækja ‘to refuse,
Z Gutt. 170; T-F 415–416; to reject’. Derived from *wrekanan. Struc-
T BSW 342; F 574; H- turally close to Skt pra-vràjayati ‘to banish’.
 AEEW 407; W-H V ANEW 456; P I 1181.
II 839–840; J IEW 172–173; *wrèkò sb.f.: ON klauf-rák ‘driving of cat-
M III 276–277; P I tle’, OE wr≠c ‘vengeance’, OFris wrèke id.,
1181; F 1230–1231; M KZ OS wràka id., OHG ràhha id. Cf. also
LXXVI 179; V ANEW 440; Goth wrekei ‘persecution’. Derived from
F 1225; O 1014; S *wrekanan. T-F 416; H
568–569; L GED 410; K- AEEW 406; V ANEW 432, 456;
S 662; A TB 609–610 (to S 569; K-S 662.
Toch B werke ‘chase, hunt, hunting’). *wrèþuz sb.m.: Goth wriþus ‘herd’ (leg.
*wrekaz adj.: Burg sbst. *wriks ‘persecu- *wreþus), ODan vrath ‘herd of twelve pigs’,
tor’, ON aptr-reka ‘driven back (by stress OE wr≠ä, wr≠d ‘bandage, band, flock’.
of weather)’, OHG wreh ‘banished’. Close to Skt vràta- ‘troop, swarm, flock’.
Derived from *wrekanan. K 715; T-F 416; H AEEW
H 694. 406; F 574–575; M III 280;
*wrempanan str.vb.: MLG wrimpen ‘to P I 1151; C SGGJa I
grimace, to wince’. Identical with Gk 106; V ANEW 431; B IEL
=°mbv ‘to turn in circles’ (P Beit- 48; L GED 411.
räge I 498). T-F 417; P I *wrisjòn sb.m.: ON risi ‘giant’, OHG riso
1153; F II 648–649. id. Cf. a derivative in OS wrisi-lìk ‘enor-
*wrenanan str.vb.: OE wrinan ‘to mous’. Probably related to Gk =¤on ‘peak,
wring, to twist’, WFris wringe ‘to wring’, headland’ < *⁄riso- (B apud
MLG wringen id., OHG ringan ‘to fight’. W-P I 267; L Festschr.
Identical with Lith rengiù, reñgti ‘to pre- Kuhn 144–145: to Thrac br¤a ‘wall, town’
pare, to set up’ (L KZ XI 200). < *⁄riƒo-) unless the latter is from *⁄ºso-
A KZ XII 400; Z Gutt. and connected with Slav *v¸rx˙ ‘top’.
170; T-F 416–417; H D Thr. 86; V ANEW 447 (to
AEEW 408; P I 1155 (from Slav *v¸rx˙ ‘top’); P I 1152; F
*⁄reng ⁄h-); F 719–720; O II 658.
1015; S 570; L GED 411; *wristiz sb.f.: ON rist ‘wrist, ankle’, OE
K-S 688. wrist ‘wrist’, OFris wirst id., MLG wrist
*wreskwanan str.vb.: Goth ga-wrisqan ‘to id., OHG masc., neut. rist id. Derived
bear fruit’, ON part. roskinn ‘to grow’. from *wrìþanan ( J IF XIX
Unclear. U PBB XXX 283 (to 117). Probably connected with Lith ríe“as
Skt vºkßá- ‘tree’); D VW I 241 id. (P Beiträge 343). T-F
(to W gwrysg(en) ‘branch’); S 418–419; H AEEW 409;
KZ LVIII 132 (to Av var6da- ‘shrub’); P I 1159 (reconstructs *wrixs-t-);
Z Gutt. 90; T-F 417; F F 730; V ANEW 448;
213; P I 1167; V ANEW 451; Z II 212; O 1015; S
S 571. 566 (< *wrixstiz, to OHG part. gi-rigan
*wrèkiz adj.: ON rækr ‘reprehensible, ‘woven’); S LS 45; H
banished’, OFris in-wrèsze ‘driven in, 691; K-S 688.
penetrating’. Derived from *wrekanan. *writan sb.n.: ON rit ‘writing’, OE writ
K NB I 103; T-F 416; ‘writing, writ’. Derived from *wrìtanan.
W NP 113; S 569; M T-F 418; H AEEW
Festschr. Schröder 100–101, 117, KZ CV 409; P I 1163–1164; V
109; H 694–695. ANEW 448; Z II 191; O
writan 473 wulfaz
1015; S 567; L GED V ANEW 450; L GED 411;
410–411; B Nom. 130. K-S 695.
*wriþilaz ~ *wriþulaz sb.m.: ON riäull *wròjanan ~ wròxjanan wk.vb.: Goth
‘tuft’, MLG wrèdel ‘stick holding a bundle fra-wrohjan ‘to suspect, to accuse’, ON
together’, OHG ridil ‘hairband’. Cf. also rœgja ‘to accuse’, OE wréan ‘to accuse, to
OE under-wr≠del ‘belt’. Derived from denounce’, OFris wrògia ‘to accuse’, OS
*wrìþanan. H AEEW 406; wrògian id., OHG ruogen id. Derived from
V ANEW 444. *wròiz ~ *wròaz. Z Gutt. 143;
*writiz sb.m.: Goth writs ‘serif ’, OHG riz L PBB XXXII 142 (to Lith rëkiù, rEkti
‘stroke, character’. Derived from *wrìtanan. ‘to shout, to roar’, Slav *rek‡, *rekti ‘to
T-F 418; F 574; S 567. say’); T-F 419; H
*wrìtanan str.vb.: ON ríta ‘to scratch, to AEEW 409; F 575; L GED
write’, OE wrítan ‘to cut (a figure), to draw, 411; K-S 695.
to write’, OFris part. -writen ‘to write’, OS *wròtanan str.vb.: OE wrótan ‘to turn up
wrìtan ‘to tear, to write’, OHG rìzan ‘to with the snout, to root up’, OHG wk.
tear, to scratch’. Of uncertain origin. ruozen ‘to plow’. Probably related to Lat
S HL 231 (to Lat rìma ‘cleft, ròdò ‘to gnaw’ (S KZ LV 112).
crack’); T-F 343, 418; S A possible connection with *wròtiz has to
ZDADL LXI 57–58; H AEEW be considered. L KZ LVI 218–
409; J IEW 154; P I 220; T-F 419 (to Slav *verd˙
1163–1164 (d-present compared with ‘harm’); H AEEW 409; W-
*⁄er- ‘to tear, to scratch’); V ANEW H II 439–440; P I 1163–
448; O 1015; S 566–567; 1164; S 571; K-S 697.
L GED 410–411 (to IE *⁄er- ‘to *wròtiz sb.f.: ON rót ‘root’. Related to Lat
tear, to scratch’); K-S 677. ràdìx id., Gk =ãdij id., W gwridd id.
*wrìtò(n) sb.f.: ON rít ‘shield decorated Further see *wurtiz. T-F 397;
with carvings’, OE wæter-write ‘water- W-H II 415; P I
clock’, OHG rìza ‘compass’. Derived 1167; V ANEW 452; F II
from *wrìtanan. H AEEW 637–638; O 773; G
409; V ANEW 448. Wurzelnomina 458–460.
*wrìþanan str.vb.: ON ríäa ‘to wind’, OE *wròtò sb.f.: ON rót ‘rolling up’, OE wrót
wríäan ‘to twist’, OHG rìdan ‘to turn’. ‘snout, trunk’, LG wròte id. Related to
Related to Lith rie‘iù, ri‚sti ‘to unbend’ *wròtanan. H AEEW 409;
(L Anl. 4–6). W MP IV 495; P I 1167; V ANEW 452;
T-F 418; H AEEW 409; O 773 (to Lat ròdò ‘to gnaw’).
J IEW 141–149; P I *wròtòjanan wk.vb.: ON róta ‘to dig’,
1159–1160; F 729–730; V OFris wròta id. Derived from *wròtanan.
ANEW 444; O 1015; S T-F 419; O 773; V
567–568. ANEW 452; S 571.
*wròiz ~ *wròaz sb.m.: Goth wrohs *wulfaz sb.m.: Goth wulfs ‘wolf ’, ON ulfr
‘complaint, accusation’, ON róg ‘quarrel, id., OE wulf id., OFris wolf id., OS wulf
calumny’ (neut.), OFris ruogie ‘accusation, id., OHG wolf id. Assimilated to *wulfaz
charge’, MLG wroge id., OHG ruog ‘quar- from *wulxwaz, cf. *femfe. Related to
rel’. Derived from *wreòjanan. L Toch B walkwe id., Skt v®ka- id., Av v6hrka-
PBB XXXII 142 (to Slav *rîkti ‘to speak’); id., Gk lÊkow id., Alb ujk id., Lat lupus id.
 S KZ XXXI 283 (to Lith riejù, (borrowed from Sabinian or assimilated
ríeti ‘to scold loudly’); T-F 419; like in Gmc), Lith vifikas id., Slav *v¸lk˙
F 575; J IEW 172 (to Av id. (F KZ I 494). Z
urvàxra- ‘heat’); P I 1162–1163; Gutt. 16; B 1418–1419;
wulfaz 474 wun¶ran
T-F 415; T BSW 359; 148; F II 117–118; O 1012;
H AEEW 410; W- V-T I 339–340; T
H I 836–837; F 576; M- HEG I 278–279; L GED 412;
 III 240–241; P I 1178– L KZ CIII 22–24; B
1179; F 1251–1252; V Nom. 115; K-S 897.
ANEW 632–633; Z I 137; F *wulþuz sb.m.: Goth wulþus ‘splendor’, ON
II 143–144; O 1011; I BLS theonym Ullr. Identical with Lat uultus,
152–152 (parallelism between ON prn. uoltus ‘facial expression, appearance’
Ulf-bj‡rn, OHG prn. Wulf-bero and Slav (S KZ I 154). On the other hand,
*v¸lko-dlak˙ ‘werewolf’); V-T cf. *welþjaz. T-F 401; K
I 338; L GED 411–412; O Glotta XXX 144 (to Illyr Voltu- in prop.);
AED 484; K-S 896. H AEEW 410 (on OE wuldor
*wulwiz sb.f.: ON ylgr ‘she-wolf ’. Cf. also ‘glory’); W-H II 831; F
OHG wulpa id. (with *-b-). Feminine form 577; P I 1136; C
of *wulfaz. Close to Skt vºk≈ ‘female wolf ’. SGGJa I 91; V ANEW 633; L
Z Gutt. 16; S UGG 111– GED 413; B Nom. 159.
112, 125 (ON -g- < *w before -j- in gen. *wun¶az adj.: Goth wunds ‘wounded’, OE
*⁄¬k ⁄ƒòs); T-F 415; M III wund id., OS wund id., OHG wunt id.
240, Festschr. Leroy 131; P I Participle *⁄–tó- of an unattested verb
1178–1179; L GED 411–412; *wenanan. Probably related to W ym-wan
B Nom. 112. ‘to battle’, Corn ym-wanas ‘percussit’. Cf.
*wulk(a)nan sb.n.: OE wolcen ‘cloud’, OFris also Arm vandem ‘to destroy’. Connected
wolken ‘cloud’, OS wolkan id., OHG wolcan with *wanjanan. T-F 388–389;
id. Related to *welkaz and further to OIr F 577–578; H AEEW 410;
folc ‘stream’, Lith vìlgau, vìlgyti ‘to moisten’, P I 1108; L 259;
Latv vafigs ‘damp, moist’, Slav *v¸lg˙k˙ L GED 413; B Nom.
‘wet’, *volga ‘wetness, liquid’. Structurally 116 (from IE *g ⁄h–to-); H
identical with Maced hydronym ÖOlganow < 696–697; K-S 898.
*⁄¬gano- (T Thr. II/2 94) and *wun¶iz ~ *wun¶ò sb.f.: ON und
Latv velgans, valgans ‘wet’. Z Gutt. ‘wound’, OE wund id., OFris wunde id.,
169; P Kelt. Gr. I 59; T-F OS wunda id., OHG wunta id. Substan-
402–403; T BSW 337, 358; tivized *wun¶az. H AEEW
H AEEW 405; D Thr. 410; P I 1108; V ANEW 634;
340; P I 1145–1146; F Z II 198; O 1013–1014;
1251; O 999; V-T I L GED 413; K-S 898.
337, 340; K-S 896–897 (to *wun¶òjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-wundon ‘to
Slav *ob-volk˙ ‘cloud’). wound’, ON unda id., OE wundian id.,
*wullò sb.f.: Goth wulla ‘wool’, ON ull id., OFris wundia id., OHG wuntòn id.
OE wull id., OFris wolle id., MLG wulle Derived from *wun¶iz ~ *wun¶ò. F
id., OHG wolla id. Related to Hitt 577; V ANEW 634; H 697.
¢ulana/i- id., Skt ùr»à id., Av var6nà, Gk *wun¶ra-sewniz sb.f.: ON pl. undr-sjónir
l∞now id., Lat làna id., W gwlan id., Lith ‘wonderful sight’, OE wundor-séon id., OHG
vìlna id., Slav *v¸lna id. B wuntar-siun id. Compound of *wun¶ran
1372–1373; T-F 401; T and *sewniz. C Nom. comp. 53.
BSW 359; H AEEW 410; *wun¶ran sb.n.: ON undr ‘wonder’, OE
W-H I 756–757; F wundor id., OFris wonder id., OS wundar
576–577; M Gém. 71; M- id., OHG wuntar id. Continues IE *⁄–ro-,
 I 116; P I 1139; F a suffixal derivative of IE *⁄en- ‘to wish,
1253; V ANEW 633; Z I to love’. See *wunènan. L
wun¶ran 475 wur¶òjanan
ANF XXXV 239 (to *wun¶iz ~ *wun¶ò ); KZ I 154 (related to Skt gº»àti ‘to call,
T-F 415; H AEEW to invoke’ and Gk gl«ssa ‘tongue’);
410; P I 1146–1147; V T-F 415; H AEEW
ANEW 634; Z I 145; O 40 H AEEW 405; W-
1011; K-S 898 (to *wen¶anan). H II 756–757; F 554; P
*wunènan wk.vb.: Goth part. un-wunands Gliederung 208; T Lehm 76; P
‘worried, upset’, ON una ‘to be satisfied’, I 1163; C SGGJa I 67;
OE wunian ‘to remain, to dwell’, OFris F 1198; V ANEW 419;
wonia, wunia ‘to live to stay’, OS wunòn, Z I 145; O 1012; P
wonòn ‘ to stay, to be accustomed’, OHG IF XCIV 294; L Language XVIII
wonèn id. Related to Toch A wañi, B wìn 127, GED 396; K-S 897.
‘contentment’, Skt vanóti ‘to demand, to *wur¶a-wìsaz adj.: ON orä-víss ‘wise in
strive for, to like’, Av vanaiti ‘to conquer’, words’, OE word-wís id., OS word-wìs id.,
Lat uenus ‘love’. B 1350– MHG word-wìs id. Compound of *wur¶an
1351; T-F 388; F 526–527; and *wìsaz. C Nom. comp. 61.
H AEEW 410; W- *wur¶iaz adj.: ON oräigr ‘wordy’, OE
H II 752; M III 141; wordi id. Derived from *wur¶an. L-
P I 1146–1147; V ANEW  GED 396.
634; O 1011; L GED 379; *wur¶iz sb.f.: ON Urär ‘fate, one of three
H 696; K-S 896. Norns’, OE wyrd ‘fate, fortune, chance’,
*wunjò sb.f.: OE wynn ‘delight, pleasure’, OS wurd ‘fate’, OHG wurt id. Derived
OS wunnia ‘joy’, OHG wunna id. Con- from *werþanan. B ZdPh LXVII
nected with *wunènan. Derivationally 10–11; T-F 398; H
close to Lat uenia ‘complaisance, indul- AEEW 411; P I 1157; V
gence, kindness’ (S IBK XV ANEW 635–636; Z I 151;
200–202). H AEEW 411; O 998; S 560; B-
W-H II 747; K-S  Nom. 131.
897 (to *wenjò ). *wur¶ìn sb.f.: Goth filu-waurdei ‘verbos-
*wunskjanan wk.vb.: ON ÿskja ‘to wish’, ity’, ON sann-yräi ‘truth’. Derived from
OE wÿscan id., MLG wünschen id., OHG *wur¶an. F 554; V ANEW 679.
wunsken id. Derived from *wunskò ~ *wun- *wur¶jan sb.n.: Goth ga-waurdi ‘con-
skaz. T-F 388; H AEEW versation’, ON -yräi ‘speech’ (in cmpn.),
412; V ANEW 680; O 1009. OE e-wyrde ‘speech’, OFris ond-warde
*wunskò ~ *wunskaz sb.f./m.: ON ósk ‘answer’, OS and-wurdi id., OHG ant-wurti
‘wish’, MLG wunsch ‘wish’, OHG wunsc id. Derived from *wur¶an. Derivationally
id. Derivationally similar to Skt vàñchà close to Lat pro-uerbium ‘proverb’. H-
‘wish’, vàñchati ‘to desire, to wish’ with a  AEEW 411; F 554; C-
different ablaut grade. Further connected  SGGJa I 86; V ANEW 679;
with *wunènan. T-F 388; H- L GED 396; L-S I
 AEEW 411; M III 182– 288–289; K-S 45.
183; P I 1147; V ANEW 421; *wur¶janan wk.vb.: Goth and-waurdjan ‘to
Z II 176; O 1009; K- answer’, ON yräa ‘to talk, to speak’, OE
S 898. and-wyrdan ‘to answer’, OFris and-werda
*wur¶an sb.n.: Goth waurd ‘word’, ON id., OS and-wurdian id., OHG ant-wurten
orä id., OE word id., OFris word id., OS ‘to arrange, to assign’. Derived from
word id., OHG wort id. Identical with *wur¶an. H AEEW 411;
OPrus wìrds id. < *⁄ºdho- (F BS F 554; V ANEW 679.
43, 107). Etymologically close to Lat uer- *wur¶òjanan wk.vb.: ON oräa ‘to speak’,
bum id., Lith vaıdas ‘name’. S OE wordian id., MHG worten id. Derived
wur¶òjanan 476 wurþiz
from *wur¶an. H AEEW 405; GED 396–397; K-S 893.

V ANEW 420. *wurma-ar¶az ~ *wurmi-ar¶az
*wurfan ~ *wurfaz sb.n./m.: ON orf sb.m.: ON orm-garär ‘pit of serpents’, OE
‘scythe handle’, OHG worb id. Related to wyrm-eard ‘enclosure full of snakes’, MHG
Gk =ap¤w ‘rod’, =°pv ‘to bend’, Lith ver- wurm-garte ‘pit of serpents’. Compound of
più, veıpti ‘to spin’ (F II 247). P *wurmaz ~ *wurmiz and *ar¶az. C
Wurzelerw. 53; S KZ XXX 481; Nom. comp. 77 (parallel formations).
T-F 415; T BSW 353; *wurmaz ~ wurmiz sb.m.: Goth waurms
P I 1156; F 1227; V ‘snake’, ON ormr ‘serpent’, OE wyrm id.,
ANEW 420; F II 642–643 (Gk =ap¤w OFris worm id., OS wurm id., OHG wurm
is based on =ap¤zv ‘to strike (with a rod id. Related to Gk =omow: sk≈lhj §n
or a hand)’). jÊloiw (Hes.), Lat uermis ‘worm’, Lith
*wurjanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. yrga ‘to vaımas ‘midge’ (S KZ I 154:
lace up’, OE wyran ‘to strangle, to throt- mistakenly adds reflexes of *k ⁄ºmi-;
tle’, OFris wergia ‘to kill’, OHG wurgen ‘to ZŸ IF VI 156), Alb rrime ‘rainworm’
strangle’. Related to Lat urgeò ‘to press’ < < *⁄ºmà. A rhyme formation parallel to
*⁄ºgeƒò, Lith ver≥iù ‘to bind’, Slav *v¸rz‡, *k⁄ºmi- (W apud M
*verzti id. (P Beiträge 506). W- EWAiA I 394). Z Gutt. 18; T-
H II 839–840; P I F 415; T BSW 342;
1154–1155. H AEEW 412; W-
*wurxstwan sb.n.: Goth waurstw ‘work, H II 760; F 555–556; P
activity, §n°rgeia, ¶rgon’. Derived from Gliederung 209; P I 1152;
*wurkjanan. Identical with Av var“tva- C SGGJa I 60; F
‘faciendus’. B 1380; T- 1201; V ANEW 420; Z II
 Etim. 1965 11. 191; F II 662; O 1012–1013;
*wurxtaz adj.: Goth fra-waurhts ‘sinful’, L GED 397; K-S 899;
OS far-warht id., MHG ver-worht id. O IF XCIII 116, AED 386.
Participle of *wurkjanan. T-F 396; *wurtiz sb.f.: Goth waurts ‘root’, ON urt
F 166–167; L GED 127. ‘plant’, OE wyrt ‘plant, herb, root’, OS
*wurxtiz sb.f.: Goth fra-waurhts ‘sin’, ON wurt id., OHG wurz ‘herb, plant, root’.
pl. fyr-urtir ‘pretext, excuse’, OE e-wyrht Related to Gk =ãdij ‘branch’, Alb rrënjë
‘deed, work’, OS far-wurht id., MHG ~ rranjë ‘root’ < PAlb *wradnjà, Lat ràdìx
wurht ‘cause’. Derived from *wurkjanan. id., W gwraidd id. (zero grade). B
Cf. *wurxtaz. T-F 396; W MSL XII 328–329; T-F 397;
ANF XLIV 106; F 166–167; V H AEEW 412; W-
ANEW 139; L GED 127; B- H II 415; F 556; P I
 Nom. 141. 1167; F II 655–656; V ANEW
*wurkjan sb.n.: Goth ga-waurki ‘under- 636; Z I 151; O 1013;
taking, business’, ON yrki ‘work’, OE O AED 384; K-S 899.
e-wyrce id., MHG ge-würke id. Derived *wurþiz sb.f.: ON urä ‘heap of rocks at the
from *wurkjanan. H AEEW foot of a mountain’, OE worä ‘enclosed
411; F 555; V ANEW 679. place, enclosed homestead, court, hall,
*wurkjanan wk.vb.: Goth waurkjan ‘to street’, OS wurth ‘trampled floor’. Related
work, to do, to make’, ON yrkja ‘to work’, to *warjanan. Structurally close to Toch A
OE wyrcan id., OFris werka id., OS workian wärt, B wartto ‘forest’, OIr fert ‘burial
id., OHG wurken id. Derived from mound’. T-F 395; H
*werkan. Z Gutt. 200; T-F AEEW 406; P I 1162; V
395–396; H AEEW 411; F ANEW 635; O 1013; L GED
555; V ANEW 139, 679; L 394; A TB 580.
INDICES*
GERMANIC LANGUAGES
Gothic
aba 1 aiatundi 83
abrs 1 ainaha 8
af 1 ainakls 8
afaikan 6 ainfalþs 8
afar 2 ainlif 8
afara 2 ains 9
afdauiþs 70 air 9
afetja 88 airinon 9
afguþs 145 airis 9
afhlaþan 175 airþa 86
afhrisjan 187 airþakunds 85, 223
afapjan 198 airus 9
aflet 244 airzeis 86
aflifnan 245 airziþa 86
aflinnan 246 airzjan 86
afmauidai 274 aiþei 10
afskiuban 339 aiþs 10
afslaupjan 349 aiþþau 86
afswaggwjan 391 aiw 10
afswairban 395 aiws 10
afta 2 aiz 11
aftana 2 aizasmiþa 354
aftaro 2 ajukduþs 11
aftaurnan 413 ak 11
aftra 3 akran 12
aftuma 3 akrs 12
aftumists 3 alabrunsts 58
afwalwjan 445 Alafonsus 119
agan 3 alamans 12–13
aggwiþa 19 alan 12
aggwus 19 aldomo 13
agis 3 alds 13
aglaitei 3 aleina 14
agljan 4 alhs 14
aglus 4 alja 15
aha 29 aljaleiko 15
ahana 3 aljan 15
ahs 4 aljis 15
ahtau 5 allawerei 16
ahtuda 5 alls 16
aa 5 allwaldands 16
aibr 406 alt 13
aigin 6 alþeis 16
aih 6 ams 17
aihtron 6 an 17
aihts 6 ana 17
* Do not include forms from references.

478 INDICES
anabiudan 43 atbairan 41
anabusns 65 atisk 26
analaugns 238 atochta 27
anaminds 268 atta 27
anananþjan 281 atþinsan 421
ananiujan 284 aþn 28
anapraggan 293 aþþan 28
anasiuns 322 audags 28
anastodjan 379 audahafts 28
anatrimpan 409 augadauro 28
anaþiwan 419 augjan 28
anawairþs 456 augo 29
anawammjan 445 auhns 433
and 18 auhsa 433
andabeit 46 auk 29
andahafts 149 aukan 29
andahait 153 aurtigards 435
andanem 286 auso 30
andanems 286 auþeis 30
andanumts 289 -avia
andasets 328 aweþi 31
andawleizn 469 awiliuþ 243
andbahti 18 awistr 31
andbahts 18 awo 31
andeis 18 azgo 26
andilaus 18
andizuh 18 ba 51
andstald 370 baar 36
andstaldan 370 badi 32
andstaurran 384 bagms 32
andwaurdjan 475 baidjan 32
ans 20 bairan 41
anses 21 bairgan 42
ansts 21 bairhtei 42
anþar 21 bairhtjan 42
apel 21 bairhts 42
aqizi 12 baitrs 33
ara 25 balgs 33
arbaiþs 22 balsagga 20
arbi 22 balþjan 34
arbinumja 289 balwawesei 34
arbja 22 bandi 35
arazna 23 bandwa 35
arjan 23 bandwjan 35
armahairtei 24 banja 35
armahairtiþa 24 bansts 35
armahairts 24 barizeins 37
arman 24 barms 37
arms 24 barn 37
asans 31 barnisks 37
asiluqairnus 228 bars 36
asilus 25 batista 38
asneis 26 batiza 38
asts 26 bauan 52
at 26 baur 64
ataþni 28 baurgs 63
GERMANIC LANGUAGES 479
baurgswaddjus 441 daddjan 67

baurþei 64 dags 66
bauþs 40 daigs 66
beidan 46 Danus 68
beitan 46 daubiþa 69
bi 44 daufs 69
bida 45 daug 69
bidjan 45 dauhtar 78
bigairdan 147 dauhts 78
bigitan 133 dauns 69
bihaitja 153 daupjan 69
bilaibjan 232 daur 79
bindan 41 daurawarda 448
biniuhsjan 284 daurawards 79, 448
biraubon 298 dauþjan 69
bisauljan 320 dauþs 69
biugan 43 dauþus 70
biuþs 43 dishniupan 180
biwaibjan 440 disskreitan 344
blandan 47 distairan 405
blauþjan 48 diswinþjan 456
bleiþei 49 diupei 71
bleiþjan 49 diupiþa 71
bleiþs 49 diups 71
bliggwan 48 dius 71
blinds 48 diwan 72
bloma 50 domjan 73
blotan 51 doms 73
bloþ 50 dragan 74
bloþarinnands 50 dragk 74
bnauan 285 dragkjan 74
boga 61 draibjan 74
boka 51 drauhtinon 77
bota 52 drauhtiwitoþ 77
botjan 52 dreiban 76
bra 57 drigkan 75
braidei 53 driugan 75
braiþs 53 driusan 76
breen 57 drobjan 77
briggan 55 drugkanei 77
brikan 55 drunjus 77
brinnan 56 drus 77
brinno 56 duginnan 132
broe 54 dulgs 78
broþar 57 dulþs 79
broþrulubo 249 dumbs 79
brukjan 60 dwaliþa 81
bruks 60 dwals 81
brunjo 58
brunna 58 ei 203
brusts 59 eisarn 204
bruþfaþs 88 Ermeniricus 85
bruþs 59
bugjan 61 faginon 89
fagrs 89
criten 222 fahan 92
480 INDICES
faihu 97 flodus 107

faihufrikei 113 flokan 108
faihufriks 97, 113 fodjan 109
faihugairns 97, 132 fodr 109
faihugeiro 132 fon 119
fairguni 99 fotubaurd 63, 110
fairus 100 fotus 110
fairina 100 fraatjan 27
fairinon 100 fragildan 130
fairneis 101 fragjan 110
fairns 100 frahinþan 169
fairra 99 fraihnan 113
fairzna 101 fraisan 111
falþan 91 fraiw 111
-falþs 90 fralets 245
fana 92 fraliusan 243
fani 92 fralusnan 251
faran 93 fralusts 251
farjan 93 framaþeis 111
fastan 94 framaþjan 111
fastubni 95 framgahts 126
faþa 95 fraslindan 349
fauho 117 frasts 111
faur 119 fraþi 112
faura 119 fraþjan 112
fauragaggi 126 frauja 112
fauragaggja 126 frawardjan 448
faurdammjan 68 frawaurhts 476
faurhtei 120 frawaurhts 476
faurhtjan fraweitan 468
faurhts 120 frawrohjan 473
faurmuljan 278 Fredumirus 115
faurþis 121 freidjan 115
fenea freis 114
fera 102 fri( j)aþwa 113
fers 100 friaþwamilds 266
fetjan 103 frijon 114
fidur 96 frijonds 114
fidurdogs 73 frius 116
fidwor 96 frodei 115
figgragulþs 98 froþs 115
figgrs 99 fruma 116
fijan 103 frumei 116
fijands 103 frumists 116
fijaþwa 103 fugls 116
filhan 97 fula 118
filleins 97 fullaweis 118
filu 98 fullaweisjan 468
filufaihs 89 fulljan 118
filuwaurdei 475 fullnan 118
fimf 98 fullo 118
fimfta 98 fulls 118
finþan 99 fuls 121
fiskon 103
fisks 103 gaaggwjan 20
flahta 104 gaaiginon 6
flauts 106 gabairan 41
gabatnan 39 gamalwjan 258

gabaur 62 gaman 259
gabaurþs 63 gamaurgjan 276
gabei 121 gaminþi 268
gabigs 121 gamot 274
gablindjan 48 gamotjan 274
gabrannjan 54 gamunds 275
gabruka 58 ganagljan 279
gadaban 66 ganah 279
gadailjan 67 ganaitjan 280
gadars 68 gangjan 126
gadaubjan 69 ganisan 284
gadeþs 72 ganists 284
gadiliggs 121 ganohjan 289
gadofs 73 ganohs 289
gadrausjan 75 gansjan 129
gafah 92 gaqiss 229
gafahrjan 89 gaqiujan 230
gafaurs 120 gaqumþs 230
gafriþon 115 garaideins 295
gagawairþjan 456 garaihtei 301
gageigan 134 garaihtjan 301
gaggan 125 garaiþs 295
gahaftnan 149 garaþjan 298
gahailnan 152 garazna 300
gahardjan 162 garda 127
gahlaiba 174 gards 126
gahugds 190 garedan 303
gahweitjan 202 gariuþs 302
gaotjan 199 garuni 310
gaidw 122 garuns 308
gailjan 123 gasahts 312
gairda 132 gasateins 319
gairnei 132 gasibjon 321
gairnjan 132 gasinþa 325
Gaiswalds 123 gasinþja 325
gaits 123 gaskafts 331
gajuka 207 gaskapjan 334
gakroton 222 gaskeirjan 342
gakunnan 224 gaskohi 342
gakunþai 223 gasmeitan 355
gakusts 226 gasmiþon 355
galaubjan 238 gasoþjan 361
galaufs 237 gastagqjan 371
galeika 248 gastaurknan 384
galeiki 248 gasts 127
galeikon 248 gasuljan 385
galeiks 247 gaswikunþjan 224
galeiþan 248 gaswinþjan 395
galga 124 gaswogjan 397
galukan 252 gatamjan 401
gamainei 255 gatarhjan 402
gamainja 255 gateihan 407
gamainjan 255 gatilon 407
gamains 255 gatils 407
gamaiþs 254 gatiman 404
gamalteins 258 gatwo 128
482 INDICES
gaþarban 416 Gutþiuda 147

gaþaurbs 429 guþ 145
gaþaursans 421 guþblostreis 50
gaþaursnan 430
gaþlaihan 104 haban 147
gaumjan 128 haf 147
gaurs 129 hafa 147
Gauts 129 hafjan 149
gawadjon 438 haftjan 149
gawaknan 442 hafts 149
gawamms 445 hahan 160
gawargjan 448 haidus 151
gawaurdi 475 haifsts 151
gawaurki 476 haihs 151
gaweison 468 hailags 151
gawi 128 hailjan 152
gawidan 451 hails 151
gawigan 452 haimoþli 152, 291
gawrisqan 472 haims 152
gawundon 474 hairda 170
gazds 129 hairdeis 169
geen 133 hairto 170
giba 130 hairus 171
giban 130 hais 154
gibla 130 haitan 153
gild 130 haiþi 154
gilstr 131 haiþns 154
Gislamundus 135 hakuls 154
gistradagis 132 halba 155
giutan 133 halbs 154
glaggwaba 136 haldan 155
godei 138 halja 156
goljan 138 hallus 156
goþs 138 hals 156
graba 139 halts 157
graban 139 hamfs 158
gramjan 140 hana 161
gras 140 handugei 159
gredags 142 handugs 159
gredus 142 handus 159
greipan 143 handuwaurhts 159
gretan 142 hansa 161
grets 142 hardus 162
grindafraþjis 141 harjis 163
griþs 142 hatan 165
groba 143 hatis 165
grunduwaddjus 144 hatjan 165
gudafaurhts 144 haubiþ 165
gudalaus 145 hauhei 166
gudaskaunei 337 hauhhairts 165
gudhus 144, 196 hauhiþa 166
gudja 145 hauhjan 166
guleins 146 hauhs 166
gulþ 145 hauniþa 166
guma 146 haunjan 166
gund 146 hauns 166
haurds 194 huhrus 194

hauri 195 hulistr 191
haurn 195 huljan 191
haurnjan 195 hulþs 192
hausjan 167 hundafaþs 193
hawi 167 hunds 193
hazjan 167 hunsl 194
hebba 147 hunþs 194
heito 173 hups 194
heiwafrauja 173 hus 196
her 172 huzd 196
heþjo 196
hidre 172 a 199
hilms 168 adre 197
hilpan 168 airban 200
himinakunds 169 airnei 200
himins 169 aiteis 197
hindana 172 aiwa 199
hindar 173 an 198
hindarweisei 467 ar 198
hiufan 171 arbon 198
hiwi 171 arjis 198
hlahjan 173 as 199
hlaifs 173 assei 198
hlaiw 174 aþ 199
hlauts 175 aþar 199
hleibjan 177 aþo 199
hleiþra 177 e 201
hlifan 175 eila 201
hliuma 176 eilaairbs 200
hliuþ 176 eilan 201
hlutrei 179 eits 201
hlutrs 178 ileiks 201
hnaiwjan 179 opan 202
hnaiws 179 ota 202
hnasqus 179 otjan 202
hneiwan 180
hnuþo 181 iba 82
hoha 182 ibai 82
holon 182 ibnaleiks 82
hors 182 ibns 82
hrainei 183 idweit 468
hrainjahairts 183 iel 151
hrainjan 183 igqar 84
hrains 183 igqara 208
hraiwa ik 83
hraiwadubo 80, 183 im 458
hramjan 184 in 84
hropjan 188 inn 83
hrops 188 inna 83
hrot 188 innana 84
hroþeigs 189 insailjan 312
hrugga 189 inu 87
huggrjan 193 inwidan 451
hugjan 190 inwinds 455
hugs 190 is 203
484 INDICES
ist 86 laisjan 233

ita 203 laistjan 233
itan 86 laists 233
iþ 82 lamb 234
iup 435 land 235
lasiws 237
ja 204 latei 237
jabai 204 latjan 237
jah 204 lats 237
jaind 205 laþon 237
jains 204 laugnjan 238
jer 206 lauhatjan 250
jiukan 206 laun 239
jiuleis 205 launawargs 448
ju 207 laus 239
juggs 207 lausawaurdei 239
juk 207 lausawaurds 239
jukuzi 207 lausjan 239
junda 207 leihts 240
jus 208 leian 247
leik 247
kalbo 209 leikan 248
kalds 209 lein 248
kann 210 leitils 248
kannjan 210 leiþu 249
kara 210 lekeis 244
karon 211 lekinon 244
kas 212 letan 244
katils 211 lew 245
kaupon 211 lewjan 245
kaurn 225 liban 245
kaurus 225 ligan 240
kausjan 211 ligrs 240
keinan 214 lisan 241
kilþei 212 listeigs 246
kinnus 212 lists 246
kiusan 213 lita 246
kniu 218 liþus 246
knoþs 218 liubaleiks 241
Kreks 221 liudan 242
kriustan 221 liufs 241
kukjan 222 liuga 242
kunawida 223, 464 liugan 242
kuni 224 liuhaþ 242
kunþi 224 liuhtjan 243
kunþs 224 liutei 243
kustus 226 liuts 243
liuþon 243
laggamodei 235 lofa 249
laggei 236 lubains 249
laggs 235 lubjaleis 249
lagjan 231 luftus 249
laian 244 lukarnastaþa 373
laiba 232 luns 251
laikan 232 luston 251
laiks 233 lustus 251
lais 233 lustusama 251, 317
mag 252 mik 83

magaþs 253 mikilei 265
magus 253 mikiljan 265
mahteigs 254 mikils 265
mahts 254 mildiþa 266
maidjan 254 miliþ 266
maihstus 271 miluks 267
mail 254 mimz 267
mais 257 mins 271
maists 256 mis 83
maitan 256 missadeþs 272
maiþms 256 missaleiks 272
maiza 257 mitan 268
malan 257 miton 268
malma 258 miþ 268
malo 258 miþwissei 463
man 259 mizdo 272
managei 259 modags 273
managfalþs 259 mota 274
manags 259 moþs 273
manamaurþrja 277 mukamodei 278
manaseþs 327 mulda 275
manauli 260 munan 276
manleika 260 Mundila 275
manna 260 mundon 275
mannisks 260 mundrei 276
manwus 260 muns 276
marei 261 munþs 276
marisaiws 261
marka 262 nadrs 279
marzjan 262 nahts 279
matibalgs 263 namnjan 280
matjan 263 namo 280
mats 263 naqaþs 280
maþa 264 nasjan 281
maþl 263 nasjands 281
maþljan 263 nati 281
maudjan 264 natjan 282
maurgins 276 naudibandi 282
maurnan 277 nauh 289
maurþr 277 naus 283
maurþrjan 277 nauþjan 283
mawi 254 nauþs 282
mawilo 254 ne 285
megs 269 ne 286
meina 83 neundja 286
meins 273 nei 289
meki 269 neiþ 289
mel 269–270 neþla 287
meljan 270 ni 283
mena 270 niba 283
menoþs 270 nidwa 287
meriþa 270 niman 284
merjan 270 niþan 287
midjis 264 niþjis 287
midjungards 264 niujis 284
miduma 265 niun 285
486 INDICES
niunda 285 saggqs 318

niutan 285 saggws 318
nu 289 sai 312
saian 327
og 290 saihs 322
ogjan 290 saihsta 322
saian 323
paida 291 sainjan 313
peikabagms 292 sair 313
penus 99 saiwala 314
puggs 293 saiws 314
sakan 314
qainon 226 sakjo 315
qairrus 229 sakkus 315
qens 230 salbon 315
qiman 227 saliþwa 315
qinein 228 saljan 316
qino 228 salt 316
qistjan 229 saltan 316
qiþan 229 sama 317
qiþus 230 samakuns 317
qius 230 samaleiks 317
qums 231 samana 317
samaþ 317
ragin 294 samjan 317
raginon 294 sandjan 318
raidjan 295 satjan 319
raihts 300 saþs 310
rasta 298 sauhts 385
raþjo 298 sauil 361
raupjan 299 sauls 389
raus 299 saurga 388
rauþs 299 saurgan 388
razda 299 sauþs 319
razn 300 schediit 341
reikeis 305 schediit 6
reiki 305 schieten 339
reiks 305 schuos 359
reiran 296 seins 330
rign 300 selei 327
rignjan 300 sels 327
rikan 301 si 329
rimis 302 sibja 320
rinnan 302 sibun 321
rinno 302 sidon 321
riqis 301 sidus 321
riurjan 303 siggwan 324
riurs 303 sigis 322
rodjan 306 sigqan 325
rum 309 sik 323, 333
Ruma 309 silba 323
rums 309 sildaleiks 323
runa 310 silubr 328
runs 308 silubreins 329
simle 324
sa 310 sind 458
saggqjan 318 sineigs 324
sinteins 408 sokjan 360

sinþs 325 sokns 360
sis 321, 326 soþ 360
sitan 325 spaiskuldr 361
sitls 326 sparwa 363
siujan 329 spaurds 367
siukan 326 speiwan 365
siukei 326 spilda 363
siuks 326 spill 363
siuns 322 spilla 363
skaban 330 spillon 363
skadus 331 spinnan 364
skaidan 331 stafs 368
skal 332 staiga 369
skalja 332 stainahs 369
skalks 332 stains 369
skaman 333 stairno 375
skanda 334 stairo 376
skatts 336 stamms 370
skaþis 336 standan 371
skaþjan 336 Starcedius 372
skaþuls 336 staþs 369
skaudaraip 296, 336 stautan 373
skauns 336 steigan 378
skaut(s) 337 stibna 373
skeima 341 stigqan 375
skeinan 341 stikls 378
skeirs 341 stiks 378
skewjan 340 stilan 374
skildus 337 stiur 377
skilliggs 338 stiurjan 377
skip 340 stojan 379
skohs 342 stols 379
skohsl 342 stoma 379
skuft 345 straua 381
skuggwa 347 straujan 381
skula 345 striks 381
skura 347 stubjus 382
slahan 348 sugil 385
slahs 348 sums 385
slaihts 350 sunja 387
slawan 352 sunno 387
sleideis 351 sunus 388
sleiþs 351 supon 388
slepan 350 sutis 398
sleps 350 swa 397
sliupan 350 swaihra 393
smakka 352 swaihro 393
smals 353 swalauþs 238
snaiws 355 swaleiks 390
sneiþan 358 swamms 390
sniumjan 357 swaran 391
sniwan 358 swarts 392
snorjo 359 sweiban 397
snutrei 359 swein 397
snutrs 359 sweran 396
so 310 sweriþa 396
488 INDICES
swers 396 þande 416

swes 396 þar 416
swibls 392 þarba 417
swiglon 393 þarf 417
swikns 393 þarfs 417
swiltan 394 þata 417
swinþei 395 þaþroh 418
swinþs 394 þauh 418
swistar 395 þaurfts 429
þaurneins 430
tagl 398 þaurnus 430
tagr 398 þaurp 430
tahjan 399 þaursjan 430
taihswa 403–404 þaurstei 430
taihun 404 þaursus 430
taihunda 403 þeihan 421
taikn 399 þeihs 420
taiknjan 399 þeins 423
tainjo 399 þiubi 422
tains 399 þiubs 422
tandjan 401 þiuda 423
tarmjan 405 þiudans 422
taujan 403 þius 419
tekan 406 þiuþ 423
tewa 406 þiuþjan 422
til 407 þiwi 419
timrja 404 þlaqus 105
timrjan 404 þliuhan 107
tiuhan 405 þragjan 424
trauan 411 þrasabalþei 34, 424
trausti 409 þreihan 426
triggwa 410 þreis 425
triggws 410 þridja 427
trigo 409 þriskan 426
triu 409 þroþjan 427
triweins 410 þrutsfill 97, 428
trudan 410 þu 428
tuggl 412 þugkjan 429
tuggo 412 þuhtus 429
tulgus 411 þulan 428
tunþus 412 þusundi 431
twa 415 þuthaurn 431
twai 414 þwahan 431
twalibwintrus 413 þwahl 431
twalif 413 þwairhei 432
tweifljan 414 þwairhs 432
tweifls 414
twos 415 ubil 433
tyz 408 ubils 433
ubizwa 432
þagkjan 416 uf 432
þagks 416 ufar 433
þahan 415 ufarfullei 118
þaho 416 ufarhafnan 149
þairh 421 ufaro 432
þan 415 ufarskadwjan 331
þanaseiþs 330 ufarswara 392
ufblesan 49 ustauhts 411

ufhlohjan 178 usþriutan 426
ufrakjan 296 uswahsts 439
ufta 433 uswakjan 442
ufþanjan 416 uswalugjan 443
-uh 434 uswindan 454
uhtwo 435 ut 437
unagei 3 uta 437
unairkns 84 utal 290
unaiwisks 6 utana 437
unandsoks 360 uz 436
und 434 uzanan 17
undar 434 uzeta 88
undaurnimats 434
ungakusans 225 wadi 438
ungatass 402 waggs 446
unhrainiþa 183 waghen 439
unhulþa 192 wagjan 438
unhulþo 192 wahsjan 439
unkunþs 224 wahstus 439
unleþs 244 wahtwo 440
unmanariggws 302 wai 440
unnuts 290 waian 460
unqeþs 229 waideþs 440
uns 460 waihjo 440
unsar 435 waihts 452
unsibjis 320 waila 453
unswerei 396 wailadeþs 453
untals 400 wailamerei 270
unte 434 wailamereis 270
untilamalsks 258 wainahs 440
unwahs 447 waips 440
unweis 467 wair 463
unwiss 463 wairdus 456
unwita 464 wairilo 456
unwiti 464 wairpan 457
unwunands 475 wairs 457
uraz 437 wairsiza 457
urraisjan 296 wairþ 457
urrannjan 297 wairþan 457
urreisan 306 wairþida 458
urrists 304 wairþon 458
usalþans 16 wairþs 458
usbaugjan 39 wait 441
usbraidjan 53 wakan 441
usflaugjan 105 waldan 443
usfratwjan 112 walisa 454
usgaisjan 123 waljan 444
ushlaupan 175 waltjan 444
ushulon 192 walus 445
uslaubjan 238 wamba 445
uslauseins 239 wamm 445
usluk 250 wan 446
usmet 271 wandjan 446
usskarjan 335 wandus 446
usskaus 337 wans 446
usstaggan 374 warei 449
490 INDICES
wargiþa 448 winds 454

warjan 449 winja 455
warmjan 449 winnan 455
wars 447 winno 455
wasjan 450 wintrus 455
wasti 451 winþiskauro 346
wato 451 wisan 458
waurd 475 wists 459
waurkjan 476 wit 459
waurms 476 witan 463
waurstw 476 wiþra 464
waurts 476 wiþrawairþs 464
wegs 460 wiþrus 459
weiha 466 wlaiton 469
weihan 465–466 wlits 469
weihiþa 466 wokrs 469
weihs 466 wopjan 470
wein 467 woþeis 470
weinabasi 40, 466 woþs 469
weinagards 467 wraiqs 470
weinatriu 467 wraka 471
weipan 467 wrakja 471
weis 460 wrakjan 471
wenjan 461 wraks 471
wens 461 wraton 471
wepn 461 wrekei 472
widuwo 462 wrikan 471
wigs 452 writs 473
wiko 462 wriþus 472
wilja 453 wrohs 473
wiljahalþei 157 wulfs 473
wiljan 453 wulla 474
wilþeis 454 wulþus 474
wilwan 454 wunds 474
Burgundian
*agja 3 *brim 57
*aikins 7 *buda 61
*aiks 7
*alfs 13 *dards 68
*args 23 *dragils 74
*asks 26
*aþals 27 *erps 85
*aþalings 27
*aud(s) 28 *falus 91
*fastis 94
*badus 32 *frodjan 115
*bairs 33 *fulþ 117
*banki 36
*bardo 36 *gails 122
*bausiz 40 *girs 132
*berils 42 *giba 133
*bers 43 *glads 135
*blaþ 46 *grimms 141
*blauts 48 *groins 143
*gunþs 146 *rinks 302

*ripa 306
*haþus 165
*hilps 168 *saims 313
*hramns 182 *sanþs 319
*hulþi 192 *seudan 326
*skafts 331
*klaini 214 *skaiþi 332
*konis 219 *stiljis 374
*stiffs 378
*laiþs 233 *storms 384
*laugs 238
*leuds 242 *taits 400
*lif 247
*waiþs 441
*magin 253 *walhs 443
*marh 261 *warja 449
*warns 449
*oþil 290 *waþs 438
*wers 461
*rams 297 *wif 464
*rands 297 *wids 465
*reþs 303
Old Norse*
á 5–6, 17 alda 14
áberi 43 aldinn 16
ábyrgja 63 aldr 14
aäal 27 aldrlag 14
af 1 alfr 13
afar 2 alhvítr 12
afi 1 álit 469
afl 2 alka 15
afla 2 áll 20, 87
afli 1 allbjartr 16
afsifja 321 allkaldr 16
afspringr 366 allr 16
ágætr 134 almanna 12
ágirni 132 almáttigr 12
agn 4 almbogi 23
ái 31 almr 83
aka 11 alr 87
ákafr 208 alþjóä 12
akaR, Run 11 alvaldr 13
akarn 12 alvitr 13, 15
akr 12 ambátt 18
akrkarl 12 amma 17
akrmaär 12 ámr 87
akrverk 12 ámunr 275
ál 20 án 87
ala 12 and 18
* Including Runic forms.

492 INDICES
anda 18 auki 29
andi 18 aumr 29
angi 19 aurr 29
angr 19 ausa 30
ann 435 austan 30
annarr 21 austr 30
apaldr 21 austrœnn 30
apalgrár 21 austskota 347
api 21 auviräi 2
apr 17 auvisli 456
aptan 2 ávarär 448
aptann 2 ax 4
aptr 3
aptrreka 472 æ 10
ár 9, 206 ≠gir 87
arär 23, 25 æja 5
arfi 22, 25 ær 9, 31
arfr 22 æs 21
argr 23 æsta 21
ari 25 ætr 88
aringreypr 140 ævi 10
arinn 31
arjosteR, Run 23 baä 39
ármánaär 206 baäast 39
armbaugr 23 baähús 39
armligr 24 báäir 52
armr 24 baämr 32
árna 9 baästofa 39
árr 9 bága 44
ars 25 bágr 44
ársæli 327 bak 33
arta 25 baka 33
ártal 206 bakki 36
árvakr 9 bákn 39
aska 26 bál
askr 26 ballr 34
áss 20–21 bana 36
ást 21 band 35
at 26 bani 36
át 88 bann 36
atall 27 banna 36
átta 5 bára 44
áttandi 5 barä 63
átte 5 baräa 36
atti 27 barmr 37
auäœtt 28 barn 37
auäfengr 30 barnlauss 37
auäfyndr 28 barr 36, 38
auäigr 28 báss 35
auäinn 28 bast 38
auär 28, 30 bati 38
auäsveipr 390 batna 39
auäveldr 443 baugr 39
auga 29 bauka 39
auja, Run 29 baun 39
auk 29 bauta 40
auka 29 b≠ki 51
bærr 44 bjarga 42
beäja 32 bjartligr 42
beär 32 bjartr 42
beiäa 32 bjóäa 43
bein 32 bjóär 43
beit 32 bjórr 40, 44
beita 33 bjórsalr 44
beiti 33 bj‡rg 42
Beitr 33 bj‡rk 43
bekkr 33, 36 bj‡rn 43
bekkþili 36 bjúgr 44
belgja 34 blaä 46
belgr 33 blaära 46
bella 34 bláfár 89
ben 35 blaka 47
bend 35 blakkr 47
benda 35 bland 47
bendi 35 blanda 47
bendill 35 blár 49
benja 36 blása 49
benzl 35 blástr 49
ber 40 blauär 48
bera 40, 41 blautr 48
bergja 37 bleikja 47
berill 42 bleikr 47
berja 37 blekkja 48
bernskr 37 bleyäa 48
berr 40 bleyäi 48
betr 38 blíär 49
betri 38 blik 49
beygja 39 blika 49
beytill 40 blíkja 49
beztr 38 blinda 48
biä 45 blindi 48
biäa 45 blindr 48
bíäa 46 bljúgr 48
biäill 45 blóä 50
biäja 45 blóäga 50
bifast 45 blóäigr 50
bikkja 41 blóärauär 50
bil 45 blóästorkinn 375
bíldr 46 blómask 50
binda 41 blómi 50
bingr 41 blót 50
birkinn 42 blóta 51
birna 43 blóthús 50
birta 42 blœäa 50
birti 42 blÿ 49
bit 45 blys 48
bita 45 Boddi 61
bíta 46 boä 60
biti 45 boäa 61
bitr 45 boäi 61
bitull 46 bófi 51
bjálki 34 bogi 61
bjalla 41 bógr 51
bjarg 42 bók 52
494 INDICES
bóka 51 brigä 55
bokki 61 brim 57
bóklist 51 brimi 56
bókstafr 51 brimleiä 57
ból 64 bringa 56
bola 62 brinna 56
bóla 65 brjá 55
bolginn 41 brjósk 56
boli 62 brjóst 56
bolli 62 brjóstbj‡rg 56
bolr 62 brjóta 56
bólstr 62 broddr 59
boltr 62 broä 59
bora 64 bróäir 57
borä 63 bróäurbani 58
boräi 63 brók 57
borg 63 brot 59
borga 63 brú 58
borr 62 brúägumi 59
bót 52, 61 brúälaup 59
bótalauss 52 brúär 59
botn 61 brugginn 56
bœn 52 brum 58
bœr 53 brún 60
bœta 52 bruni 58
b‡ä 32 brúnn 60
b‡l 34 brunnr 58
b‡llr 34 brydda 59
b‡lvíss 34 bryggja 58
b‡rgr 37 brynja 58
b‡rkr 37 bryti 59
b‡rr 38 brytja 59
brá 57 bú 65
bráä 57 búa 52
bráäfengr 92 búä 65
bráär 57 bugr 61
bragä 53 búi 65
brak 53 bukkr 61
braka 54 búkr 64
brandr 54 búland 65
brandreiä 54 bunga 62
branga 54 bunki 62
brasta 54 búr 65
brattr 54 burr 64
brauä 54 burst 64
bræäa 57 bútr 64
bregäa 55 by 46
breiäa 53 bygg 44
breiär 53 byggja 53, 61
breizl 53 bygill 61
brek 55 bylgja 62
breki 55 bylja 62
brenna 54 bÿr 65
bresta 56 byräa 63
brestr 56 byräingr 63
breyskr 54 byrgi 63
breyta 54 byrgja 63
byrja 64 draga 74
byrli 64 drák 76
byrr 64 dramb 74
bÿsn 65 drangr 74
dráttr 74
dá 70 draugr 74
dáä 72 draumr 75
dafna 66 dregg 74
daga 66 dregill 74
daglangr 66 dreifa 74
dagr 66 drekka 75
dagverk 66 drekkja 74
dalr 67 drep 75
dammr 67 drepa 75
Danm‡rk 68 dreyma 75
dapr 68 dreypa 75
darr 68 dreyra 75
darraär 68 dreyri 75
dasi 69 drif 76
dauäadagr 70 drífa 76
dauär 69–70 drífr 76
daufr 69 drift 76
daunn 69 dríta 76
deigja 67 drjúgr 76
deigr 66–67 drjúpa 76
deila 67 dropi 77
deild 67 drør 77
deill 67 drótt 77
dengja 68 dróttinn 77
detta 71 drukkinn 77
deyäa 69 drukna 77
deyfa 69 drúpa 78
deyfä 69 drÿgja 75
deypa 69 drykkr 77
digr 72 dúfa 80
díki 72 dul 81
dimma 70 dumbr 79
dimmr 70 dupt 78
dís 72 durastoä 79
djarfr 71 dúsa 81
djúpligr 71 dust 79
djúpr 71 dvala 81
døgr 73 dvelja 81
dolg 78 dvergr 81
dómhús 73 dvína 81
dómr 73 dv‡l 81
dómstóll 73 dÿfa 80
dóttir 78 dygä 78
dœl 73 dylma 81
dœma 73 dyngja 79
d‡gg 70 dynja 79
d‡ggva 70 dynr 79
d‡kk 68 dÿpt 71
d‡kkr 68 dÿr 71
draf 73 dÿrä 71
drafli 73 dÿrligr 71
drag 73 dÿrr 71
496 INDICES
dytta 80 ellepti 8
dyttr 79 elli 14
ellifu 8
eäa 86 elliga 15
ef 82 elna 15
efja 1 em 458
efna 1 emb≠tti 18
efni 1 en 18
efsa 1 enda 18
eft 2 endalauss 18
egg 3, 11 endir 18
eggja 3 endlangr 236
eggsteinn 3 endr 18
eiäa 10 eng 19
eiär 10 enni 18
eiästafr 10 enskr 19
eiga 6 eptir 2
eigin 6 ér 206
eiginn 6 erfa 22
eigna 6 erfi 22
eik 7 erfiäa 22
eikinn 7 erfiäi 22
eimr 7 erfiv‡rär 22
eimyrja 7 ergi 23
einarär 22 ergjask 23
einborinn 8 erja 23
eindagi 8 erma 24
eineygr 7 ern 24
einfaldr 8 erta 25
einf≤ttr 8 es 86, 203
einfyndr 118 esja 26
einharär 8 eski 26
einhendr 8 eta 86
einhleypr 8 etall 86
einigr 8 etja 27
einir 205 ey 4
einka 8 eyäa 30
einkunn 223 eygär 28
einn 9 eygja 28
einn≠ttr 9 eygr 28
einráär 9 eykr 205
einstapi 9 eyland 4
einvaldi 9, 443 eyra 30
einvígi 9
eir 11 fá 92
eisa 6 faäir 88
eiskra 10 faäma 95
eitr 10 faämr 95
ek 83 fága 102
ekki 84 fagna 89
Ekkill 8 fagr 89
eldask 14 falda 91
eldr 7 -faldr 90
eldstó 380 fálki 91
elgr 14 fall 91
elja 15 falla 91
ella 15 falr 90–91
fang 92 fimti 98
fani 92 fingr 99
far 93 fingrgull 98
fár 96, 102 finna 99
fara 93 Finnr 103
farald 92 firinverk 100
fari 94 firn 100
fárligr 102 firna 100
farmr 93 firra 99
farri 94 físa 104
fasta 94–95 fiska 103
fasthaldr 94 fiskr 103
fastligr 94 fit 101, 103
fastna 95 fitja 102
fastr 94 fjá 103
fat 95 fjaärhamr 102
fata 95 fjall 97–98
fattr 92 fjándi 103
fax 89 fjarri 99
fær 89 fjóräi 96
færa 102 fj‡är 102
fæta 103 fj‡lauäigr 98
fé 97 fj‡r 100
feäma 95 fj‡rä 101
féfrekr 97 fj‡rär 119
feginn 88 fj‡rgjafi 100
fégjarn 97 fj‡rgyn 99
fegra 89 fj‡rráä 100
fegrä 89 fj‡rsjúkr 100
fegri 89 fj‡tra 102
féhús 97 fj‡turr 102
feigä 89 flá 104
feigr 89 flaära 105
feikn 90 flag 104
feima 90 flaga 104
feita 90 flagspilda 363
feiti 90 flaki 105
feitr 90 flakka 105
fela 97 flár 104
feldr 91 flaska 105
fella 91 flatr 105
fen 92 flátta 104
fengr 92 flaumr 106
ferä 93 fleinn 104
ferja 93 fleiri 104
ferskeyttr 96 flekka 106
ferskr 115 flekkr 106
festa 95 flesk 104
fet 101 flet 105
feta 101 fletja 105
fetill 95 flétta 106
fiära 102 fley 106
fiäri 102 fleygja 105
fífrildi 98 fleygr 105
fimm 98 fleyta 106
fimr 103 flík 107
fimt 98 flikki 107
498 INDICES
fljót 107 fœttr 110

fljóta 107 fœzla 109
fljótr 107 f‡lr 91
fljúga 106 f‡lski 92
fló 105, 108 f‡r 94
flóä 107 f‡sull 94
flog 108 frá 111
flogall 108 frakka 111
flói 108 frakkr 111
flóki 108 fráligr 112
flókinn 108 framferäi 93
flokkr 108 framr 111
flór 108 frár 112
flot 109 frauä 112
flota 109 fraukr 116
floti 109 fræ 111
flótti 108 frægr 113
flœäa 107 frændhollr 114
flœär 107 frændi 114
fl‡kra 105 fregna 113
flúä 109 frekr 113
fluga 106, 108 frelsi 114
flugr 108 fremja 111
flyära 108 frer 116
flygi 108 frest 113
fnÿsa 109 freta 101
fóa 117 fretr 101
fóär 109 frétt 113
fold 117 freyja 112
foldvegr 117 frí 114
foli 118 fría 114
fólk 117 friäa 115
fólkdrótt 117 fríäa 115
fólkland 117 friäill 114
fólkvíg 118 friäla 114
for 119–120 friälauss 115
foräa 121 friär 115
foringi 126 fríär 115
fornmaär 120 frjáls 114
forr 119 frjálsgjafi 114
fors 120 frjór 111
forsmá 354 frjósa 113
fóstr 110 fróär 115
fóstrbróäir 110 froskr 116
fóstrfaäir 110 frost 116
fóstrland 110 frœäa 115
fóstrlaun 110 frœäi 115
fóstrmóäir 110 frœkn 115
fóstrsystir 110 frumburär 116
fótborä 110 frygä 116
fótr 110 fuäflogi 116
fótspor 110 fugl 116
fótverkr 110 fúi 121
fox 117 fúinn 121
fœäa 109 full 118
fœra 110 fúll 121
fœrr 110 fullna 118
fullr 118 gefa 130

fullvíss 118 gegn 122
fundr 118 gegna 122
funi 119 geiga 122
fura 120 geigr 122
furkr 111 geiri 123
fúss 119 geirlaukr 123
fyl 117 geirr 123
fylgä 117 geisl 123
fylgja 117 geispa 123
fylki 118 geit 123
fylla 118 gelda 124
fyndr 118 geldingr 124
fyr 119 geldr 124
fÿrr 121 gengi 126
fyrstr 120 gengilbeina 125
fÿsa 119 gengr 125
gerä 127
gá 129 geräi 127
gaddr 129 gerr 132
gáfa 133 gerstr 127
gafl 130 gestgjafi 127
gaga 122 gestr 127
gagl 122 geta 133
gagnstœär 379 geyja 128
gala 123 geyma 128
galdr 124 geymd 128
gálgatré 124 geysa 129
gálgi 124 gil 134
gall 124 gildi 131
galli 124 gildr 131
galmr 124 gilja 131
gamall 125 gíma 134
gaman 125 gin 134
gammi 125 gína 134
gamna 125 gipt 130
gan 125 gipta 130
gana 126 girnask 132
ganga 125–126 gísl 135
gangr 125 gísla 135
gapa 126 gjafstóll 130
garär 126 gjald 130
garn 127 gjalda 130
garnvinda 127 gjalfr 131
gás 126 gjalla 131
gáshaukr 126 gjallr 131
gat 128 gjalp 131
gata 128 gjarn 132
gátt 126 gjóär 133
gauä 128 gjósa 133
gaukr 128 gjóta 133
gaum 128 gj‡f 130
gaupa 129 gj‡full 130
gaupn 129 gj‡rä 132
gauta 129 glaäa 135
gæfr 133 glaäligr 135
gæta 134 glaär 135
500 INDICES
glaumr 135 grefill 139

glæsa 136 grefr 139
gleäa 136 greiär 295
gleipa 135 greip 139
gler 135 gremi 140
glit 136 gremja 140
glitra 136 grenja 140
gljá 136 grey 141
glóa 137 greypa 141
glóä 137 gríä 143
glófi 137 gríma 143
glœäa 137 grimd 141
gl‡ggr 136 grimmask 141
glúpna 137 grimmligr 141
glÿ 136 grimmr 141
gnadd 137 grína 143
gnaga 137 grind 141
gneggja 138 grip 142
gneisti 138 grípa 143
gnesta 138 gripr 142
gnit 138 grjón 141
gnógligr 289 grjót 141
gnógr 289 gróa 143
gnótt 289 gróäi 143
gnœgja 289 gróf 143
gn‡tra 138 grómr 143
goä 145 grœna 143
goäahús 144 grœnn 143
goäi 145 grœta 144
góär 138 gr‡f 139
gólf 145 gr‡n 140
gollroäinn 145 gr‡ptr 139
gómr 139 grúfa 144
gor 146 grufla 144
gørva 127 grunnfastr 144
Goti 147 grunnlauss 144
gœäa 138 grunnr 144
gœla 139 grunr 144
g‡fugr 121 Grÿtingr 142
g‡ltr 125 guälauss 145
g‡ngull 126 guäsefi 321
g‡rn 127 guävefr 145
g‡rr 127 gull 145
g‡rvi 127 gullband 145
gráär 142 gullbjartr 145
gráäugr 142 gullinn 146
grafa 139 gullsmiär 146
gramr 139 gumi 146
grandi 140 gumpr 146
granni 300 gunnborä 146
grannr 140 gunnfani 146
grápa 142 gunnhvatr 146
grár 142 gunnr 146
gras 140 gustr 133
grasgrœnn 140 gylla 146
gráta 142 gyltr 145
grátr 142 gymbr 134
gyräa 147 harär 162

gyräill 147 haräráär 162, 304
harma 163
há 172 harmr 163
hábjarg 165 harpa 163
haddr 167 hárr 153
haäna 148 hásin 160
haf 147 hasl 164
hafa 147 háss 153
hafna 149 hástaär 166
hafr 148 hata 165
háfr 172 hatr 165
haga 150 háttr 150
hagi 150 haufuä 165
hagl 150 haugr 165
hagr 149 haukr 148
haki 154 haukstaldr 150
hald 155 haull 166
halda 155 hauss 167
hálfa 155 haust 161
hálfbrunnin 154 haustmánuär 161
hálfdauär 154 hæä 166
hálfr 154 hæfr 172
hali 156 hælbítr 46
háligr 165 hæll 160
háll 172 hæra 172
halla 157 héäinn 148
hallæri 156 héära 172
hallr 156 hefä 148
hálmr 156 hefill 149
háls 156 hefja 149
hálsa 157 heggr 150
hálsbeina 156 hegna 150
hálsfang 156 hegri 183
hálsmen 156 heiäindómr 153
hamalkyrni 157, 225 heiäinn 154
hamarr 158 heiär 150–151, 154
hamla 157–158 heilagr 151
hámót 160 heili 151
hampr 159 heilindi 151
hamr 158 heill 151
handbani 159 heilla 152
handhafi 147 heilsa 152
handlami 159 heima 152
handlauss 159 heiman 152
handmegin 159 heimf‡r 152
handsax 159 heimild 152
handverk 159 heimr 152
hanga 160 heimskr 152
hani 161 heimta 152
hann 205 heit 153
hapt 149 heita 153
haptr 149 heitr 153
hár 160, 166, 172 hel 156
haräa 162 héla 168
harägreipr 139 heldr 155
haräligr 162 helft 155
502 INDICES
helga 151 hj‡lp 168

hella 157 hj‡rr 171
helsi 157 hj‡rtr 171
heltask 157 hjúfra 171
helti 157 hlaä 173
helvíti 156 hlaäa 175
hemingr 158 hlaiwa, Run 174
hemja 158 hlakka 174
henda 159 hlamma 174
hengja 160 hlána 176
henta 161 hland 174
hepta 149 hlátr 173
hepti 149 hlaunn 175
heräa 162 hlaup 175
herferä 162 hlaupa 175
herfólk 162 hlautr 175
herhorn 162 hlæja 173
heri 164 hlé 177
herja 163 hléär 176
Herjann hleifr 173
hermaär 162 hlekkjask 175
hermd 163 hlekkr 174
hernumi 289 hlemmr 174
heróp 163 hler 178
herr 163 hliä 176–177
herskip 162 hlíf 177
herskj‡ldr 162 hlífa 177
hervápn 163 hljóä 176
hervegr 162 hljómr 176
hespa 164 hljóta 176
hestr 160 hlóa 177
hey 167 hlust 178
heyja 167 hluta 178
heyra 167 hluti 178
hildr 168 hlutr 178
hilla 168 hlÿäa 177–178
himinljómi 169 hlÿja 177
himintungl 169 hlynr 178
hind 169 hlÿr 176
hindra 173 hnakki 179
hinka 169 hnappr 179
hinna 169 hnauä 179
hiräir 169 hneigja 179
hirsi 170 hneita 179
hita 173 hneppa 179
hitt 172 hníga 180
hjálmr 168 hnípa 180
hjálpa 168 hnippa 180
hjálplauss 168 hníta 180
hjalt 168 hnjósa 180
hjarn 171 hnot 181
hjarni 170 hn‡ggr 179
hjarnskál 170 hn‡ggva 180
hjarri 171 hn‡ri 181
hjarsi 170 hnúär 181
hjarta 170 hnykill 181
hjól 199 hnykkja 181
hnykkr 181 hrafn 182

hodd 196 hráki 187
hof 190 hrammr 184
hóf 181 hrapa 184
hófr 181 hrár 185
hofstaär 190 hrata 184
hól 182 hrauä 185
hol 191 hraukr 185
hola 191–192 hraumi 185
hold 191 hraustr 185
hólkr 191 hræ 183
hollr 192 hrækja 187
hólmr 191 hræll 183
holr 191 hreifa 183
holt 192 hreinn 183
hóp 182 hreinn 183
hoppa 194 hreinsa 183
hór 182 hrekja 184
hóra 182 hremma 184
hórkona 182 hreppa 184
horn 195 hreysivisla 459
hornbogi 195 hríä 188
hornfiskr 195 hrífa 187
hornungr 195 hriflingr 185
horr 195 hrím 187
hórr 182 hrímkaldr 187
horskligr 195 hrinda 185
horskr 195 hringdrifi 76
hosa 195 hringja 186
hósta 202 hringr 185
hósti 202 hrip 186
hóstr 290 hrís 187
hœfa 181 hrísla 187
hœla 182 hrista 187
hœta 202 hrjóta 186
h‡ä 165 hrjúfr 186
h‡fn 147 hróär 188
h‡fuä 148 hróäugr 189
h‡fuäbaugr 148 hróf 188
h‡fuälauss 148 hrogn 189
h‡fuäv‡rär 148 hroki 189
h‡fugr 147 hrókr 188
h‡gg 167 hróp 188
h‡ggva 167 hross 189
h‡kull 154 hrót 188
h‡lär 155 hrœpa 188
h‡ll 156 hrœra 189
h‡m 158 hr‡nn 185
h‡nd 159 hr‡r 190
h‡ndla 159 hrúär 190
h‡nk 161 hrufa 189
h‡rgr 164 hryggja 186
h‡rpuslagr 163 hryggligr 186
h‡rpustrengr 163 hryggr 187, 189
h‡ss 164 húä 196
h‡ttr 165 húfa 196
hraär 185 huga 191
504 INDICES
hugfellr 91 hvíla 201

hugi 191 hvína 201
hugkœmr 230 hvirfill 200
hugleysi 239 hvíti 202
hugr 190 hvítill 202
hugspæi 364 hvítingr 202
hugsÿki 326 hvítr 201
húka 196 hyggja 190
hulda 191 hylda 191
humall 192 hylja 191
humarr 192 hylla 192
hunang 193 hylli 192
hunangsœtr 193 hylma 191
hundr 193 hÿrligr 171
hundraä 193 hyrna 195
hungr 194 hyrr 195
hungra 193 hÿski 173
húnn 196
huppr 193 í 84
hurä 194 ibai 82
hús 196 iä 203
húsa 197 iäurmæltr 203
húskytja 226 ígull 203
húsl 194 íkorni 7
húslauss 196 il 83
hvaäarr 199 inn 83
hválf 197 innan 84
hválfa 198 innanverär 84
hvalfiskr 197 inni 83
hvalr 197 innri 83
hvap 198 innyfli 433
hvar 198 ísarn 204
hvarf 198 ískaldr 204
hvarfa 198 íss 204
hvass 198 ístr 84
hvat 199 it 208
hváta 201 ítr 204
hvatr 199 íviägjarn 451
hvatstaki 370
hvæsa 201 já 204–205
hvé 201 jaäarr 82
hveiti 197 jafn 82
hveitikorn 197 jafna 82
hveitimj‡l 197 jafngóäligr 138
hvelfa 198 jaki 206
hvellr 200 jara 85
hvelpr 200 jaräborg 85
hverfa 198, 200 jaräfall 85
hverfr 200 jaräfastr 85
hverfull 200 jarähús 85
hverna 200 jarävegr 86
hverr 198–200 jarknasteinn 84
hvetja 199 jarl 85
hví 201 járn 204
hvía 201 járnnagli 204
hviäa 201 járnsmiär 204
hvika 200 jarpr 85
játa 206 kippa 214

játta 205 kirnuaskr 213
jóladagr 205 kitla 214
jólmánuär 205 kjalki 212
jór 83 kjappi 213
jóreiä 83 kjarni 213
j‡furr 82 kjarr 213
j‡kull 206 kjóll 213
j‡rä 86 kjósa 213
j‡rfi 86 kj‡lr 212
j‡rmungandr 85 klá 215
j‡rmungrund 85 kláäi 215
j‡str 206 klafi 214
j‡tunn 86 klakkr 215
júgr 87 klapp 215
klappa 215
kafli 208 klaufrák 472
kaka 208 klé 216
kala 208 kleima 214
kalda 209 klembra 215
kaldr 209 klengjask 215
kálfi 209 kleppr 216
kálfr 209 klif 216
kall 209 klifa 216
kalla 209 klífa 216
kambr 209 klifra 216
kampr 209 kljúfa 216
kani 210 klof 216
kann 210 klofi 217
kanna 210 kl‡kkr 216
karl 210 kl‡kkva 216
karlfólk 210 kl‡mbr 215
karskr 211 kl‡pp 215
kartr 221 klungr 217
kati 211 klunna 217
kaun 211 klútr 217
kaup 211 klyf 216
kaupa 211 kná 218
kaupmaär 211 knakkr 217
kaupskip 211 knappr 217
kaupstaär 211 knár 218
kefsir 208 knauss 218
keipr 208 kné 218
kelpa 212 knefill 217
kemba 209 knífr 218
kenna 210 knoka 218
kenning 210 knosa 219
keppr 214 kn‡rr 217
ker 212 knÿfill 219
ketill 211 knÿja 219
kiä 214 knylla 219
kífa 214 knytja 219
kimbill 212 koddi 222
kind 212 kofi 222
kinn 212 kokkr 223
kinnbein 212 kol 223
kinnbj‡rg 212 kolfr 223
506 INDICES
kollr 223 kvennmaär 228

koma 227 kverk 228
kona 228 kvern 228
konr 224 kvernsteinn 228
konungdómr 224 kveykva 230
konungr 224 kviär 227, 230
konungríki 224 kvika 230
kópa 219 kvikfé 230
koppr 224 kvikr 230
kør 226 kvisa 230
korn 225 kv‡l 227
kornhús 225 kv‡str 227
kornvist 225 kylr 223
koss 225 kÿmiligr 231
kosta 226 kyn 224
kostr 226 kynborinn 224
kot 226 kynda 224
kœla 219 kyndi 224
kœnn 219 kynna 224
k‡r 210 kynni 224
krabbi 220 kÿr 219
krafla 220 kyrkja 228
kraki 220 kyrr 229
krangr 220 kyrtill 225
krappr 221 kyssa 225
kraptr 220
krás 221 láä 244
krauna 221 laäa 237
krefja 220 lag 231
kremja 220 lág 244
kreppa 220 laga 231
kringla 221 lágr 244
krjúpa 221 lakan 234
kroppinn 221 lakr 234
kroppr 222 lamb 234
krubba 222 lami 234
kryppill 222 lán 232
krytja 222 land 235
kúfr 226 landamæri 255
kúla 226 landbúi 235
kuldi 223 landi 235
kumbl 223 landkaup 235
kunnr 224 landsiär 235
kurfr 225 landskapr 235
kussa 225 landskyld 235
kussi 225 langa 236
kváäa 227 langæä 11
kvaka 227 langær 235
kván 230 langlífr 235
kvæmr 229 langr 235
kveäa 229 langrækr 235
kveäja 226 langvé 468
kvefja 226 lasmeyrr 236
kveina 226 láss 235
kveisa 227 lát 244
kveld 227 lata 237
kvelja 227 láta 244
lati 237 líäa 248

latr 237 liälauss 246
lauär 239 liär 246
lauf 237 liäugr 246
laug 238 líf 247
laukr 239 lifa 245
laun 238 líflauss 247
laupr 239 lífligr 247
lausorär 239 lifna 245
lauss 239 lifr 245
lausung 239 liggja 240
lausyräi 239 lík 247
laut 239 líka 248
lax 232 líkami 247
lægä 244 líki 248
lægr líkja 248
lækna 244 líkmaär 247
lær 231 líkna 248
lævirki 234 líkr 247
lé 243 lim 246
léa 247 lím 248
leär 241 limheill 246
leärhosa 241 lín 248
leggja 231 lína 248
legr 240 lind 240
leiä 232 lindi 240
leiäa 232 linnormr 241
leiäa 234 linnr 241
leiäindr 233 linr 246
leiär 233 list 246
leifa 232 lista 248
leigt 244 listugr 246
leika 232 líta 469
leikr 233 lítill 248
leir 234 litr 469
leistr 233 litverpr 457
leita 469 ljóä 243
leka 240 ljóäa 243
lekr 240 ljóäs‡ngr 243
lemd 234 ljómi 242
lemja 234 ljóss 242
lend 235 ljótr 243
lenda 235 ljúfr 241
lengd 236 ljúga 242
lengja 236 ló 238
leppr 236 loäi 252
lesa 241 loäinn 242
leti 237 lof 249
letja 237 lofa 249
létta 241 lofgjarn 249
léttligr 240 lófi 249
léttr 240 lóg 249
leyfa 238 log 250
leygr 238 logi 250
leysa 239 lok 250
liä 245 loka 250
líä 249 lokka 250
508 INDICES
lokkr 250 margfalda 91

lopt 249 margfaldligr 90
los 251 mark 262
losa 251 marka 262
losna 251 markland 262
l‡ä 237 marr 261
l‡gkœni 219 marsvín 261
l‡gr 231 mát 271
l‡n 236 matlauss 263
l‡skr 237 matr 263
l‡str 232 máttigr 254
lúka 252 máttlauss 254
lús 252 máttr 254
lúta 252 maurr 264
lÿär 242 mægä 269
lyf 249 mækir 269
lygi 250 mæla 263, 270
lypta 249 mælir 270
lÿsa 242 m≠r 254
lyst 251 mæra 270
lÿti 243 mærä 270
mærr 270
má 252 mætr 271
maäkr 264 meä 268
maär 260 megä 253
maära 252 megin 253
magi 253 meginn 253
magna 253 meginverk 253
magr 253 megra 253
mágr 269 megri 253
maki 257 meiäa 254
makki 260 meiär 254
makligr 257 mein 255
makr 257 meina 255
mál 263, 269–270 meineiär 254
mala 257 meinfullr 255
mála 264 meinligr 255
malmr 258 meinn 255
málnytr 290 meinsvari 255, 392
malr 257 meir 257
malt 258 meiri 257
man 259 meisingr 256
mánaär 270 meiss 255
manga 259 meita 256
mangr 259 Meiti 256
máni 270 meitill 256
manna 260 mek 83
mannbaldr 33 mél 268
mannf‡r 260 meldr 257
mannkyn 260 melta 258
mannlauss 260 men 260
mannlíkan 260 mengi 259
mannœli 260 mennskr 260
mannsemi 317 mér 83
mannvitull 464 mergr 264
már 256 merja 262
mara 262 merki 262
merkja 262 mœäi 274

merr 261 mœrr 274
mestr 256 mœta 274
meta 268 m‡gr 253
metja 263 m‡lr 258
meyla 254 m‡lva 258
miägarär 264 m‡n 260
miäja 264 m‡ndull 259
miäla 265 m‡rär 261
miär 264 m‡rk 262
míga 272 m‡rr 261
mikill 265 m‡skvi 262
mikilligr 265 m‡surr 263
mikla 265 muäla 275
mildi 266 múgi 278
mildr 266 múli 278
milska 266 mund 275
milti 267 munda 275
mín 83 Mundill 275
mínn 273 mundr 275
minna 268 munnharpa 163
minni 268 munni 276
minnr 271 munnr 276
mislíkr 272 munr 276
missa 272 murra 277
missari 272 mús 278
mistilteinn 271 mÿ 278
mistr 271 mÿla 278
mjaltr 267 mylda 275
mjólk 267 mylja 275
mjólka 267 myln 266
mjór 256 mynd 275
mj‡äm 265 myräa 277
mj‡är 265 mÿrisnípa 358
mj‡ärann 265 myrkr 268
mj‡k 265
mj‡l 267 ná 286
Mj‡llnir 266 náä 287
mj‡tuär 268 naär 279
móäa 273 naära 286
móäerni 273 nafarr 279
móäir 273 nafli 279
móär 273–274 nafn 280
móäsefi 273 nafni 280
móäugr 273 nafnliga 280
mold 275 náfrændi 286
moldvegr 275 nagl 279
móna 274 nál 287
mór 278 náligr 286
morä 277 nám 286
moräverk 277 námágr 286
morgingj‡f 276 nánd 286
morginn 276 nár 283
mosi 277 nátt 279
mót 274 náttfugl 279
motti 278 nauä 282
mœäa 274 nauäga 282
510 INDICES
nauäigr 282 nÿr 284

nauäsyn 282 nÿra 285
naut 282 nÿsa 284
nautr 282 nyt 290
nautreki 301 nytja 290
návist 286 nÿtr 290
næfr 286 nytsamr 290
næma 287
næmr 286 oddhvass 436
né 283 oddr 436
neäan 287 óäal 290
neäri 289 óäaltorfa 291
nef 279 øäli 27
nefa 283 óär 469
nefi 283 of 432
nefna 280 ofan 432
nefnd 280 ofanverär 456
negla 279 ofarr 432
neinn 283 ofn 433
nema 284 ófœra 110
nenna 281 ofra 432
nes 281 óhœfä 181
nest 284 ok 207
nesta 284 oka 207
net 281 oki 207
netja 282 okr 469
neyäa 283 ómr 469
neyta 282 óp 470
ní 289 opinn 435
níä 289 opinskár 337
níäa 289 opna 435
niär 287, 289 opt 433
niära 289 ór 436
niäri 289 orä 475
nipt 283 oräa 475
nisti 284 oräigr 475
níu 285 orävíss 475
níund 285 orf 476
níundi 285 órlausn 239
njól 283 ormgarär 476
njóta 285 ormr 476
nór 289 orri 436
noräan 289 ósk 475
norär 289 óspáligr 364
Noregr 289 oss 460
nót 289–290 óss 290
nœfr 289 otr 436
nœgä 289 ótta 435
n‡f 279
n‡kkvi 280 œäa 469
n‡kkviär 280 œäi 469
N‡rva 281 œäli 291
n‡s 281 œfa 290
nú 289 œfr 290
núa 285 œgja 290
nÿjung 285 økkr 84
nykr 287 œpa 470
ørr 25 rak 296

øx 12 raka 297
rakki 297
‡älask 27 rakkr 297
‡älingr 27 rakr 296
‡fugr 2 rámerki 295
‡gn 3 rammr 297
‡gr 4 rangr 471
‡kkla 20 rann 300
‡l 16 raptr 294
‡lbekkr 17 rás 304
‡ld 13 rása 304
‡lhús 17 rata 471
‡llungis 16 rauäbrúnn 298
‡ln 14 rauäi 299
‡lnbogi 14 rauär 299
‡lpt 13 rauf 298
‡lr 17 raufa 298
‡lunn 16 raun 299
‡lværr 16 ræäi 304
‡nd 18, 21 rækja 472
‡ngr 19 rækr 472
‡ngull 19 refill 294
‡nn 31 refsa 294
‡r 23 regn 300
‡rä 23 regna 294, 300
‡rn 24 regnbogi 300
‡rr 25 regnskúr 300
‡rskreiär 343 reiä 295
‡sp 26 reiäa 295, 471
‡xl 5 reiäi 471
‡xull 5 reiär 471
reifa 295
páll 291 rein 296
penningr 291 reini 470
pinni 291 reip 296
pípa 292 reipa 296
plagg 292 reisa 296
plógr 292 reista 471
poki 293 reita 296, 471
posi 293 reitr 471
pottr 293 reka 301, 471
prjónn 293 rekja 296
pungr 293 rekkja 297
púss 294 rekkr 302
pyttr 293 renna 297
repta 308
rá 294–295, 471 rétta 301, 471
rábukkr 295 rétti 301
ráä 304 rétting 301
ráäa 303 réttligr 300
ráäbani 303 réttr 300–301
ráägjafi 303 reyfa 298
ráälauss 303 reykja 299
ráäsnotr 304 reykr 299
ráf 304 reyrr 299
rafr 294 reyta 299
512 INDICES
ríäa 305, 473 r‡st 298

riäi 304 ruä 307
riäull 473 rugla 308
rif 300, 304 rugr 308
rífa 305 rúm 309
rífr 305 Rúmaborg 309
riga 471 rumpr 308
ríkdómr 305 rúmr 309
ríki 305 rún 310
ríkja 305 rúnastafr 310
ríkr 305 rúni 310
rim 302 runnr 308
rím 305 ruppa 309
rimi 302 ryä 307
rinna 302 ryäja 307
rípr 306 rÿja 309
ript 304 rykkja 308
rísa 306 rykkr 308
risi 472 rÿma 309
rist 472 rÿni 310
rista 304 rÿra 303
rísta 306 rÿrr 303
rit 472 rÿta 310
rít 473
ríta 473 sá 310, 327
rjóäa 302 sáä 327
rjóär 302–303 saär 310
rjómi 303 sáätími 327
rjóta 303 safi 319
rjúfa 303 saga 311
rjúka 303 saka 315
ró 307 saki 315
róa 306 sakni 315
roäa 307, 309 sala 316
róäa 306 sáld 327
roäi 307 salr 315
róär 307 salt 316
roära 307 salta 316
róg 473 saltfat 316
rokkr 308 saltr 316
rór 307 saltsteinn 316
roskinn 472 salv‡rär 315
røskvi 471 saman 317
rót 473 sami 317
róta 473 samkund 230
rotinn 303 samkvæär 229
rœäa 306 samkynja 317
rœäri 307 samlíkr 317
rœgja 473 samna 317
rœkja 307 samnaär 317
rœkr 307 samning 317
r‡dd 299 samr 317
r‡ä 294 sámr 327
r‡kkr 301 samtengr 401
r‡nd 297 samtÿnis 413
r‡ng 471 samvist 317
r‡skr 297, 471 sandkorn 318
sandr 318 sía 329–330

sanna 318 síäa 313, 329
sanngetall 133 siäa 321
sannligr 319 siälauss 321
sannr 318–319 siär 321
sanns‡gull 311 síär 329–330
sannyräi 475 siäsamr 321
sár 312–313 siäugr 321
sárligr 313 sif 320
sárr 313 sig 328
sát 328 síga 329
sáta 328 sigär 322
sáttr 312 sigla 322
sauär 319 sigr 322
saumr 320 sigra 322
saup 320 sígrœnn 324
sax 312 sik 323
sæla 327 sík 330
sæld 327 síkr 330
sæll 327 silfr 328
sælligr 327 silfrsmiär 329
s≠r 314 sili 328
særa 313 síma 330
sæti 328 simul 324
sætt 328 sin 329
seäja 311 sindr 324
sef 328 síngjarn 330
sefi 311 sinn 325, 330
seggr 312 sinna 325
segi 311 sinni 325
segja 311 sitja 325
segl 322 sjá 323
seiär 312–313 sjaldan 323
seigr 312 sjaldsénn 323
seil 313 sjálfr 323
seimr 313 sjau 321
seina 313 sjaund 321
seinn 313 sjaundi 321
sekkr 315 sjóborg 314
selja 315–316 sjódÿr 314
selr 323 sjóäa 326
semja 317 sjóär 326
senda 318 sjófiskr 314
senna 318 Sjóland 314
sér 326 sjóli 321
seräa 325 sjómaär 314
serkr 319 sjón 322
sess 325 sjóvegr 314
set 325 sjúkdómr 326
seti 326 sjúkr 326
setja 319 skaäa 336
setr 326 skaäi 336
sétt 322 skafa 330–331
sétti 322 skafl 331
sex 322 skagi 331
seyma 320 skaka 332
seyrask 320 skakkr 334
514 INDICES
skal 332 skinn 338

skál 339 skip 340
skálgi 332 skipa 341
skálkr 332–333 skipferä 340
skálm 333 skipmaär 340
skamma 333 skipstjóri 341
skammlaus 333 skipta 340
skammr 333 skíra 342
skap 334 skírr 341
skapa 334 skíta 342
skapt 331 skítr 342
skarä 335 skjaldborg 337
skarfr 334 skjálf 337
skarn 335 skjálfa 337
skarpr 335 skjálgr 338
skart 335 skjalla 338
skattr 336 skjallr 338
skauf 336 skjól 339
skaut 337 skjómi 339
skauti 337 skjór 172, 339
skæva 340 skjóta 339
skeäja 336 skjótr 339
skegg 331 skj‡ldr 337
skegg‡x 37 skóf 342
skeiä 332 skokkr 345
skeiäa 332 skola 348
skeifr 331 skolpr 345
skeina 331 skop 346
skekkja 334 skopa 346
skel 332 skoppa 346
skelfa 332 skopt 345
skelfiskr 332 skór 342
skelgjask 338 skora 346
skelkja 333 skorpinn 335
skelkr 338 skorta 346
skella 332–333 skortr 346
skellr 333 skot 346
skemma 333 skota 347
skemmd 333 skozkr 347
skepja 334 skœra 342
skeppa 334 sk‡kull 332
skepta 331 sk‡m 333
skepti 331 sk‡r 335
sker 335 skrá 344
skera 338 skrafa 342
skeräa 335 skráma 344
skeyta 337 skrapa 344
skí 341 skrati 344
skíä 341 skrækja 344
skífa 341 skreiä 343
skilda 337 skreiäask 343
skilja 338 skreppa 344
skillingr 338 skríäa 344
skima 340 skriäall 344
skími 341 skriär 344
skin 340 skript 344
skína 341 skrúä 345
skrÿäa 345 smíä 355

skúa 342 smiäbelgr 354
skúfa 347 smíäi 355
skuggi 347 smiäja 355
skunda 345 smiär 354
skúr 347 smj‡r 353
skurär 346 smjúga 354
skúta 347 smokkr 355
skutill 346 smuga 355
skutr 347 smyrill 354
skvakka 348 smyrsl 354
skÿ 341 smyrva 354
skyggva 347 snákr 356
skÿla 339 snapa 356
skyld 345 snara 356
skylda 345 snarpr 356
skyldr 345 snarr 356
skynda 345 snata 357
skyrta 346 snauär 357
skyti 347 sn≠hvítr 355
skytja 347 snær 76, 355
slá 348 sneiä 355
slag 348 sneiäa 355
slaga 348 sneiäingr 355
slagr 348 sneis 356
slakr 349 sneisa 356
slátta 348 snekkja 356
sláttr 348 snellask 356
slær 349 snepill 358
sleäi 350 snerpa 356
sleggja 348 sneyäa 357
sleipr 349 sniä 358
sleita 349 sníäa 358
slétta 351 sniäill 358
sléttr 350 snigill 357
slíär 351 snilli 357
slíkr 351, 390 snimma 357
slím 351 snjallr 357
slit 351 snjóva 356
slita 351 snoäinn 358
slíta 351 snøggr 357
sljóva 349 snopa 359
sloära 352 snotr 359
slok 352 snœfr 358
slokinn 349 snœri 359
sloppr 352 sn‡r 359
slota 352 snubba 359
slœäa 352 snúär 360
sl‡kkva 349 snuära 359
sl‡ngva 349 snyäja 359
slÿ 351 snÿr 358
slyngva 350 snÿta 360
smali 353 soä 388
smalr 353 soäáll 5
smár 354 sofa 392
smeittr 352 sofna 393
smeygja 353 sog 385
516 INDICES
sókn 360 spjalli 363

sól 361 spjót 364
Soleyjar 385 spj‡r 364
sómi 360 spor 367
són 360 spora 367
sonardreyri 387 sporär 367
sópa 397 sporhundr 367
sopi 388 spori 368
soppa 388 sporna 367
soppr 398 spott 368
sorg 388 spotta 368
sorgfullr 388 spotti 368
sót 360 sp‡ng 361
sótt 385 sp‡nn 362
sœfa 397 sp‡rr 363
sœgr 397 sp‡rrhaukr 363
sœkja 360 sprækr 367
sœma 360 sprek 366
sœmr 360 sprengja 366
sœti 398 spretta 366
sœtr 398 springa 366
s‡äulbogi 311 sproti 367
s‡äull 311 sprunga 367
s‡g 311 spÿja 365
s‡gn 311 spyrja 367
s‡k 315 spyrna 367
s‡kk 318, 325 spÿta 368
s‡kkva 318, 325 staäfastr 368
s‡lr 316 staäfesti 95
s‡ngr 318 staäi 373
s‡rvi 319 staälausa 239
spá 363 staälauss 368
spaä 361 staär 368–369
spaning 362 stafa 368
spann 362 stafn 371
spánn 364 stafr 368
spár 364 stafróf 306
spara 362 stag 369
sparr 362 staka 370
sparri 363 stakkr 370
spengja 361 stakr 370
speni 362 stakra 370
spenja 362 stál 369
spenna 362 stalli 370
spenzl 362 stallr 370
sperra 363 stamma 371
spettr 365 stamr 370
spik 365 standa 371
spík 365 stapi 372
spiki 365 stappa 371
spil 365 stara 372
spilla 364 stari 372
spinna 364 starr 372
spíra 365 staup 373
spjald 363 staurr 373
spjall 363 stauta 373
spjalla 363 stæla 369
steäja 372 storkna 384

stefna 368, 371, 373 storkr 384
steggi 369 stormr 384
steina 370 stórr 379
steinbogi 369 stœäa 379
steinborg 369 stœra 379
steindelfr 70 st‡ä 369
steinhús 369 st‡äugr 368
steinn 369 st‡äull 373
steinofn 369 st‡kkr 371
stekkr 370 st‡kkva 371, 375
stela 374 st‡ng 371
stelkr 374 st‡pull 372
stelling 374 strá 381
stemma 371 strangligr 380
sterkr 372 strangr 380
sterta 372 straumr 380
stertr 376 strengja 380
stétt 377 strengr 380
steypa 373 stríä 381
steyta 373 stríäa 382
steytr 373 stríär 382
stía 377 strind 381
stífla 378 strjúka 381
stig 377 str‡nd 380
stíga 378 strútr 382
stigr 377 strÿkva 382
stígr 378 stubbr 382
stigreip 377 stuäill 382
stika 378 stúfr 384
stikill 378 stúka 384
stilla 374 stund 383
stinga 374 stunda 383
stinnr 375 stúpa 384
stir¶r 375 stútr 385
stira 379 stuttr 383
stirtla 376 styäja 382
stjaka 374 stÿfa 384
stjaki 374 styggr 383
stjarfi 375 stykki 383
stjarna 375 stynja 383
stjórn 377 stynr 383
stjórr 377 stÿra 377
stj‡lr 374 stÿri 377
stjúpbarn 376 stÿrimaär 376
stjúpdóttir 376 styrja 384
stjúpfaäir 376 styrma 384
stjúpmóäir 376 styrr 384
stjúpsonr 376 stytta 383
stóä 379, 382 sú 310
stóähross 379 súä 388
stóämerr 379 suär 387
stofa 382 suärœnn 387
stokka 383 sufl 385
stokkr 383 súga 388
stóll 379 súl 389
storä 383 sullr 398
518 INDICES
sultr 398 svikall 396

sum(b)l 386 svíkva 397
sumardagr 386 svimi 397
sumarlangr 386 svimma 394
sumarr 386 svín 397
sumartíä 386 svina 396
sumr 385 svínhiräir 397
sumra 386 svinnligr 394
sumrungr 386 svinnr 394
sund 386 svipa 396
sundr 386 svipr 396
sundra 387 svíri 395
sunna 387 sv‡ppr 391
sunnan 387 sv‡rär 391
sunr 388 syäri 387
súpa 389 syfja 385
súreygr 389 syfla 385
súrr 389 sÿja 329
svá 397 sykn 393
svaä 392 syll 394
Sváfaland 395 sylla 385
svala 390 syn 386
svangr 391 syngva 324
svanr 391 sÿni 323
svar 391 sÿnn 322
svara 392 sÿr 389
svarf 391 syrgja 388
svarfa 391 sÿsl 326, 388
svárr 396 systir 395
svartr 392
svásligr 396 tá 399
sváss 396 taäa 398
svæla 396 tafn 398
sværa 393 tág 406
svefja 389 tagl 398
svefn 392 tak 400
sveifla 389 taka 400
sveigja 389 tal 400
sveima 389 tál 406
sveimr 389 tala 400–401
sveinn 390 talg 400
sveipa 390 tálma 400
sveipr 390 tamr 401
sveitask 390 tandri 401
sveiti 390 tangi 401
svelgja 394 tanna 401
svelgr 390 tannlauss 401
svell 394 tapa 402
svella 390, 394 tappi 402
svelta 390, 394 tár 399
sverä 395 tara 402
sveräberendr 395 targa 402
sveräfetill 395 tárughlÿra 399
sverfa 395 taska 402
sverja 391 taufr 402
svífa 397 taug 403
svik 396 taumr 403
tæla 406 tœma 408

té 403 t‡ng 401
teäja 398 t‡nn 401
teigr 399 trani 220
teikn 399 traust 409
teikna 399 traustlauss 409
teina 399 traustligr 409
teinn 399 traustr 409
teita 400 tré 409
Teiti 400 treäja 408
teitr 400 tregi 409
telja 400 treysta 409
temja 401 troä 410
tenda 401 troäa 410
tengja 401 trog 410
teppa 402 troll 410
teygja 402 trollkyndr 223
teyma 403 tros 411
tíä 407 tr‡ä 408
tíäa 407 trú 411
tifa 406 trúa 411
tífurr 406 trúär 411
tigi 406 tryggä 410
-tigr 403 tryggja 410
tík 407 tryggr 410
tilr 407 Tryggvi 410
tíma 408 trygill 410
timbr 404 trylla 410
timbra 404 tumba 411
tími 408 tún 413
tin 407 tundr 412
tindr 404 tunga 412
tírr 408 tungl 412
titra 407 tvá 415
tíu 404 tvau 415
tíundi 403 tv≠r 415
tjald 404 tveir 415
tjálgr 404 tvénn 414
tjara 405 tvinna 414
tjóär 405 tvisvar 414
tjóära 405 tyggja 213
tjón 405 tygill 411
tó 408 tylft 414
toddi 411 tÿna 405
tog 411 tyrfa 413
toga 411
toginn 405 þá 415–416
tólf 413 þaära 418
tólfti 413 þak 415
tómr 408 þakka 416
toppr 412 þamba 415
topt 412 þána 418
tordyfill 451 þanan 416
toräyfill 413 þar 416
torf 412 þarf 417
torfa 413 þarfa 417
torfœri 110 þarfr 417
520 INDICES
þarmr 417 þola 428

þat 417 þollr 428
þáttr 423 þópta 428
þægr 423 þora 429
þefa 418 þori 429
þefja 415 þorn 430
þegja 415 þorna 430
þegn 418 þorp 430
þegngildi 418 þorskr 430
þekja 415 þorsti 430
þekkja 416 þot 430
þekkr 416 þóttr 429
þel 419 þ‡rf 417
þengill 416 þrá 425
þenja 416 þráär 426
þerfiligr 417 þramma 424
þerna 375, 419 þrapt 424
þerra 417 þrár 425
þéttr 421 þrasa 425
þexla 419 þraut 425
þeyja 418 þræll 424
þeyr 418 þrefa 424
þeysa 418 þrekkr 425
þeyta 418 þrekr 424
þiäurr 422 þrennr 427
þiggja 418 þrep 426
þili 420 þresk‡ldr 426
þilja 420 þreyta 425
þín 423 þriäi 427
þind 420 þrifgjafi 130
þing 420 þrír 425
þinga 420 þrjóta 426
þinghús 420 þrjótr 426
þinglogi 250 þró 427
þingmaär 420 þrøngsl 424
þingstaär 420 þrot 427
þísl 421 þroti 427
þistill 419 þróttr 427
þjá 419 þr‡mr 424
þjarfr 421 þr‡ng 424
þjarka 421 þr‡ngr 424
þjó 423 þr‡ngva 424
þjóä 423 þr‡str 425
þjóäann 422 þrúähamarr 428
þjóäkonungr 422 þrúga 427
þjóäland 422 þruma 427
þjóävegr 422 þrútinn 428
þjófr 422 þrymill 427
þjokkr 419 þrymr 427
þjokkva 419 þryngva 426
þjóna 418 þrÿsta 428
þjónusta 419 þú 428
þjórr 423 þúfa 431
þjóta 423 þulr 428
þó 418 þumalfingr 431
þokki 429 þumlungr 431
þungr 428 úrigr 437

þunnr 429 úrr 437
þunnvangi 429 urt 476
þurfi 429 usli 436
þurr 430 út 437
þurs 429 útan 437
þúsund 431 útarr 437
þvá 431 úti 437
þvál 431 uxi 433
þvengr 431
þverkyrfa 225 vá 441
þverr 432 vaä 438
þÿäa 422 váä 460
þÿäerskr 422 vaäa 438
þÿär 423 vaär 438
þÿfä 422 váfallr 91
þÿfi 422 vafi 438
þykkja 429 vafla 437
þykt 419 vafra 437
þynna 429 vág 460
þyrft 429 vaga 439
þyrill 432 vagga 439
þyrnir 430 vagn 439
þyrsta 430 vágr 460
þyss 430 vaka 441–442
þytr 431 vakinn 441
vakka 447
úfr 436 vakna 442
ugla 436 vakr 442, 445
ugþ 190 vákr 445
úkúär 224 val 442
ulfr 473 vala 444
ull 474 vald 443
Ullr 474 valda 443
umb 434 valdr 443
una 475 valdreyri 442
und 434, 474 valfall 442
unda 474 valhnot 444
undan 434 valir 444
undir 434 valk 444
undorn 434 valka 444
undr 474 valkyrja 442
ungi 208 valr 443
ungligr 207 valskr 444
ungr 207 valtr 444
unna 435 vamm 445
unnr 435 vammlauss 445
upp 435 ván 461
upphaf 147 vanask 447
uppi 435 vanda 446
uppstertr 376 vandr 446
uppstiga 377 vangi 447
ups 432 vangr 446
úr 437 vangsni 438
urä 476 vanheill 445
Urär 475 vani 447
522 INDICES
vanr 446 vegr 452

vanrétti 301 vegsama 317
vansa 447 vei 440
vápn 461 veiäa 441
vápnlauss 461 veiäimaär 441
vappa 447 veiär 441
vár 461 veifa 440
vara 449–450 veig 440
varäa 448 veikjask 440
varähús 448 veikligr 440
varämaär 448 veikr 440
vargr 448 veina 440
vargtré 448 veipa 441
vargúlfr 463 veisa 441
vari 450 veit 441
varligr 447 veita 441
varmr 449 vekja 442
varna 449 vekra 442
varnagli 449 vel 454
varp 450 vél 451
varr 447 veldi 443
várr 435 velja 444
varta 450 vella 444, 453
vaska 450 velta 444, 454
vátadrífa 462 venda 446
vatn 451 venja 447
vátr 462 veptr 452
váttr 439 ver 449
vax 439 vér 460
vaxa 439 vera 459
væäa 460 verä 457
vægi 460 veräa 457
vægja 460 veräglasi 135
vægr 460 veräligr 457
væna 461 verär 458
vænd 461 verja 449–451
vænn 461 verk 456
væringi 461 verka 457
værr 461 verkdagr 456
væta 462 verkhús 456
vætt 453 verki 457
vættr 452 verkmaär 456
vé 466 verma 449
veä 438 ver‡ld 462
veäja 438 verpa 457
veär 452, 459 verpill 450
veärdagr 451 verr 457, 463
veärleikr 452 verri 457
vefa 451 verstr 457
vefja 438 verþjóä 463
vefr 437 vesa 458
vega 452, 465 vesall 458
vegalauss 452 vesl 458
vegfarandi 452 vestan 459
veggr 439, 441 vestrœnn 459
vegnest 452 vetr 455
vexa 439 virtr 457

vídd 465 vísa 468
viä 464 vísdómr 467
víäa 465 vísi 468
viäbeina 464 visinn 467
víäfaämr 465 vísir 441
víäir 468 visk 463
viäja 464 vísligr 467
viär 462, 464 visna 463
víär 465 viss 463
viära 452 víss 467
víf 464 vist 459
vífandi 465 vísundr 463
víg 465 vit 459, 463
vigg 452 viti 464
vígharär 465 víti 468
vígja 465 vitka 468
vígligr 465 vitki 468
vígmaär 465 vitlauss 463
vígr 465 vitr 464
vígsla 465 vitugr 464
vígs‡k 465 víxl 462
vík 466 víxla 462
vika 462 v‡ävi 451
víkva 466 v‡k 442
vil 453 v‡kr 442
vili 453 v‡ldugr 443
vilja 453 v‡llr 445
villibráä 454 v‡lr 445
villidÿr 454 v‡lt 444
villr 454 v‡mb 445
vimpill 454 v‡ndr 446
vin 455 v‡ndull 446
vín 467 v‡r 449
vínbelgr 466 v‡rär 448
vínber 466 v‡rn 449
vínbyrli 466 v‡rr 450
vinda 454–455 v‡ttr 447
vindr 454–455 v‡xtr 439
víndrukkinn 466
vindslot 352 yfir 433
vínfat 467 ykkar 84, 208
víngarär 467 ylgr 474
vínhús 467 ÿlir 205
vinna 455 ÿmiss 272
vinr 455 ynglingr 207
vinstri 455 yppa 435
víntré 467 ÿr 203
viräa 458 yräa 475
virgill 456 yräi 475
virki 457 yrki 476
virkja 457 yrkja 476
vírr 467 ÿskja 475
ÿta 437
524 INDICES
Icelandic
banga 35 pota 293
bulla 62 prik 293
prika 293
dulinn 81
sangr 318
gill 135 skolpa 348
gloppa 137 skríkja 344
skrölta 344
hljóäur 176 skúrr 347
hneikja 179 snorkinn 357
hnissa 180 spaäi 361
hnokki 181 spóla 365
húslaukr 196 strokkr 382
hvella 200
tæja 399
íhvolfr 198 tóa 403
tota 413
lá 232
leäja 231 þél 421
lepja 236
vás 462
maka 257 vinstr 447
maltr 258 vippa 462
mjaäurt 265 vökull 442
moltinn 267 volgr 443
Norwegian
aul 29 glìma 136
glòm 137
baus 40 glora 137
beitel 33 gluma 137
blakra 47 glyra 137
bradd 55 gnadra 137
brake 54 gnarra 138
bringe 55 grymta 140
brusk 59
budda 61 hegn 150
bùsa 65 hendig 159
busk 64
labb 231
digen 72 lygn 250
dott 80
drynja 77 melde 266
dryn 77
flade 105 nòs 289

fnas 109
føyr 96 orre 436
frakkr 111 òs 470
gamp 125 øma 470

gìr 135
glan 135 plug 292
rams 184 splint 365

rand 297 spytta 368
rind 302 st÷ 377
rùsa 310 stìm 378
rust 195 stokka 375
strìpa 382
skadd 331 strak 380
skank 334 strekkja 380
skarra 336 strika 381
skere 335 strop 382
skramp 344 strøypa 381
skravla 342 stùr 385
skrella 344 svabba 389
skrøkka 344 svarmr 391
skvelpa 348 svìma 397
slidra 350 svintoks 415
slump 352 syl 329
slò 352
slùka 352 tot 413
smaul 278 treda 409
smeita 352 treen 410
smele 353 trykkja 427
smolt 353 tvinga 431
snerpa 357 tvisl 414
snópa 358 tvist 414
snòr 359
snott 359 varulf 463
snukka 359 veis 441
snùt 360 vexa 439
søyra 320 vond 446
spit 365
Old Swedish
äljes 15 Gotar 147
Gutar 147
bagn 32
Biari 43 hälith 155
bòþ 52 hela 152
bràdhin 56 hinna 169
bunka 62 hundari 193
hvà 199
dæggia 67 hvàr 199
dìa 72
diunga 70
jæmliker 82
ènlìker 8
koadel 2
fæste 95 krootas 222
fæt 89 krÿsta 221
fina 103
fux 117 läkir 244
læpi 241
gadder 121 liuske 243
gjalla 131 lò 250
glìda 136 lœrikia 234
526 INDICES
molda 275 spana 361

morþ 277 spinnil 364
mòt 274 sprèda 366
mugga 275 staþga 368
stríäa 381
niupa 180 svér 393
oghn 433 trø 409
padda 291 þryskia 426

prang 293 þumi 431
thvìna 432
rita 306
vælla 453
skiuva 339 valmoghe 269
skríva 344 vappel 447
skrunken 344 via 461
smælta 353 víta 468
snoä 358
Swedish
àba 395 mes 256
ag 3 mjöldagg 266
armb÷ge 23 modd 278
myra 268
bark 37
br÷nad 58 nödtharf 282
brind 55
brùsa 60 örtag÷rd 435
dill 70 pamp 291

dodra 78 pipa 292
gäl 131 raka 296

glimma 136 regnorm 300
gnida 138
griopa 140 skofvel 347
skolla 345
hackspick 365 skorf 346
harv 162 skratta 344
hasselnöt 164 skrubba 345
hwìte 202 skuldra 345
smacka 353
jordbær 85 smaka 353
jordnöt 85 söndra 387
strutta 382
knagg 217
kolk 223 törst 430
kulk 223
vase 450
lefverört 245
loppa 251 yrga 476
yster 436
Old Danish
blaa 47 miør 262
blòstr 50 mòs 274
dokke 78 sæxte 322

slum 352
harm 163
valm 444
kvade 227 volm 444
vrath 472
Danish
ær 4 quista 229
bille 46 skrub 344

slaa 348
fald 91 slaatorn 348
smelt 353
gjælle 131
tvige 414
kaa 211
vann 447
Old Frisian
a 4, 10, 17 armboga 23
à 5 àskia 9
àbær 44 àter 10
acht 20 aththa 27
achta 5 axa 12
achtunda 5 axe 5
af 1 axle 5
aga 6
àgbrè 57 bàg 39
àge 29 bàga 44
àk 29 bàken 39
àka 29 balka 34
ald 13 balumon 34
alevna 13 bàm 39
alìknia 248 ban(n) 36
alle 16 band 35
alond 4 banna 36
àn 9 barg 37
and 18 baria 40
andlofta 8 barna 54
andlova 8 basafang 92
andswara 392 bàsafeng 40
andwerda 475 bàt 32
appel 21 bata 38
àr 4 be 44
arbè(i)d 22 bè 46
àre 30 be(i)th 39
528 INDICES
bed 32 blenda 47
bedda 32 blesza 47
bede 45 blì 49
bedrìt 76 blìen 50
bedselma 324 blìka 49
beia 39 blind 48
bek 33 blinda 48
bekward 448 blindia 48
bèl 65 blòd 50
bèn 32 blòdich 50
bend 35 blòdrennand 50
benethe 35 blòdrisne 50
benk 36 blòia 50
ber 36 blòma 50
bera 41, 43, 64 bod 60
berch 42 boda 61
berd 36, 63 bodel 64
berde 64 bodem 61
berfòt 40 bodia 61
bern 37 bòg 51
bernlàs 37 boga 61
bersta 56 bòk 52
bet 38 bòkia 52
bèta 52 bona 36
betere 38 bonia 36
bèthe 52 bord 63
betst 38 borgia 63
beva 45 bòsem 52
biàda 43 bòste 35
biàr 44 bòte 52
bìda 46 bòtlàs 52
bidda 45 bràd 54
bidia 45 bràdgenza 126
bidriàga 75 brand 54
bifella 97 brèd 53
bifesta 95 brèda 57
biginna 132 brède 53
bigrip 142 bregge 58
bihella 191 breid 59
bihòf 181 breida 55
bihòvia 181 breidgoma 59
bijàta 133 breidgomo 146
bileka 240 brein 53
bilìva 247 breka 55
binda 41 breud 53
biseppen 330 briast 56
bìta 46 bringa 55
bitech 406 bròk 57
bithìoda 422 bròlop 59
bitze 33 bròther 57
biwellen 453 brouwa 56
biwolven 200 browen 56
blàt 48 brùka 60
blàu 49 brùn 60
bled 46 brust 59
blèda 50 buckia 61
bùk 64 dwalia 81
burch 63 dwelia 81
burna 56, 58
buwa 52 ebba 1
bùwa 53 edila 27
eft 2
calf 209 efta 2
Crècland 221 efter 2
dàch 69 egg 3
eggia 3
dàd 69 ègin 6
dàf 69 ei 31
damm 67 eide 3
damma 68 ein 6
dàth 70 èk 7
dàw 70 ekker 12
dawa 70 èl 87
dède 72 elde 14
deeg 66 ellemachtich 254
dei 66 elles 15
deiwerch 66 elmechtich 12
del 67 enda 18
dèl 67 endia 18
dèla 67 enfald 8
dele 67 engelsk 19
delga 78 ènich 8
delva 70 enòch 289
dèma 73 enst 21
demeth 271 epen 435
dèpa 69 epenia 435
derve 71 er 203
diàr 71 èr 9
diunk 68 era 23
diure 71 erch 23
dochter 78 ère 11
dol 81 erfnoma 289
dolg 78 erm 24
dòm 73 ern 31
dracht 77 erthe 86
draga 74 erthfall 85
dràm 75 erthfest 85
drentza 74 erva 22
driàpa 76 erve 22
drinka 75 ervia 22
drìva 76 esèn 327
drohten 77 et 26
dugethe 78 èt 88
dumb 79 eta 86
dùne 80 èth 10
dung 79 èthel 290
dùr 68 ethele 27
dure 79 etheling 27
dùs 81 èthma 87
dùst 79 etta 27
dùve 80 evel 433
dwa 73 èvend 2
530 INDICES
evenia 82 flax 104

èzen 7 flecht 108
flett 105
fà 92 flìa 107
fàch 89 fliàga 106
fal 91 fliàta 107
-fald 90 flòd 107
falla 91 fòdia 109
fàmne 90 fòga 109
fana 92 fol 118
fara 93 fola 118
farderva 71 folgia 117
fatia 95 folk 117
fax 89 folwìch 118
fecht 89 fora 119
feder 88 forda 119
federia 88 forma 116
fèla 109 formest 116
feld 97 forsmàia 354
fell 97 forst 116
fella 91, 118 forth 121
felo 98 fòt 110
fenne 92 frà 112
fensze 92 fràse 111
fèr 99 frè 112
fèra 110 frema 111
ferch 100 fremethe 111
fère 110 frethia 115
feria 93 fretho 115
ferost 120 fretholàs 115
ferwe 93 frì 114
fest 94 friaia 114
fèst 118 frìhelse 114
feste 95 friònd 114
festia 94 frist 113
festna 95 fròd 115
fet 95 fugel 116
fethere 102 fùl 121
fethm 95 fulla 118
fià 97 furch 120
fìaern 300 fynd 118
fial 199
fìand 103 gà 128
fiàrda 96 gàd 122
fìf 98 gadia 122
finda 99 gàk 128
finger 99 galga 124
fira 99 game 125
firne 100 gàme 128
fisk 103 gàn 133
fiskia 103 gang 125
fiteria 102 gàra 123
fiuchta 96 garda 127
fiùr 121 garsfelle 91
fiùwer 96 gat 128
flàgia 105 gèja 122
flàsk 104 gelèva 238
gelìk 248 hàs 153

gendze 125 hasa 164
gèr 123 hàst 151
gerdel 147 hat 165
gers 140 hatia 165
gèta 134 hàved 165
gì 206 hàvedlàs 148
gled 135 havek 148
glèd 137 hàwa 167
gles 135 hebba 147
glìa 136 -hèd 151
gliand 137 hèda 196
glìda 136 hède 167, 196
glisa 136 hef 147
glòren 137 hefta 149
glùpa 137 hei 190
gnarren 138 hèia 166
god 145 heil 150
gòd 138 hèl 151
gold 145 hela 168
gòs 126 hèla 152, 160
gràt 141 helde 192
grè 142 helfte 155
grèd 143 hèli 151
greft 139 hèlich 151
grène 143 hèligia 151
grèt 141 helle 156
grèta 144 helm 168
grèva 139 helpa 168
grim 141 helpe 168
grip 142 helpelàs 168
grìpa 143 hemma 158
grìs 143 hemminge 158
gristel 144 hèna 166
grund 144 henda 159
gulden 146 hènde 166
gunga 125 henne 161
hèr 153, 172
hàch 166 hèra 167
had 165 herda 162
hagia 150 herde 162
halda 155 here 163
half 154 hereberge 42
halia 156 hereferd 162
hals 156 herewei 162
halsfang 156 herfst 161
halve 155 herm 163
hàm 152 herne 195
hamer 158 hert 171
hana 161 herte 170
hàna 166 herth 170
hand 159 hèt 153
handelia 159 hèta 153
handlàs 159 hèthin 154
hangia 160 heva 149
hanxt 160 hezil 154
hàp 166 hindera 173
532 INDICES
hinderia 173 hùslàse 239

hingia 160 hùswerda 456
hirifolk 162 hùve 196
hit 172 hwà 199
hlakkia 174 hwarf 198
hlàpa 175 hweder 199
hlèda 178 hwenne 198
hlèdere 174 hwèr 198
hlèf 173 hwerva 200
hlem 174 hwet 199
hlì 177 hwète 197
hlid 177 hwìla 201
hlìda 177 hwìle 201
hlot 178 hwìt 201
hlùd 178
hnìga 180 iat 208
hòd 165 ìdel 203
hòf 181 iechta 205
hof 190 ielne 14
hòk 154 ien 122
hol 191 iertel 206
hold 192 ieva 130
holda 192 ik 83
holt 192 ili 15, 83
homelia 157 in 83–84
hòp 182 inna 84
hòr 182 inra 83
horn 195 inwrèsze 472
horning 195 ìre 86
hors 189 is 86
hotha 196 ìs 204
hòxene 160 ìsern 204
hredda 183 itsil 206
hreg 189
hreil 183 jà 205
hreka 184 jàder 87
hrène 183 jecht 205
hrèra 189 jef 204
hrèràf 183 jeft 130
hriàd 186 jeld 130
hrif 185 jelda 130
hring 185 jelde 131
hriouwa 186 jen 204
hrìs 187 jèr 206
hrìve 187 jernwine 127
hròf 188 jèsel 135
hròpa 188 jèst 123
hrùta 186 jest 127
huà 160 jeve 130
hugia 190–191 jève 133
hund 193 jogethe 207
hundred 193 jung 207
hunger 194 jungeling 207
hungera 193
hunig 193 kald 209
hùs 196 kan 210
hùslàs 196 kàp 211
kapia 211 lèf 243

kàpmon 211 lège 244
kèla 219 legor 240
kella 209 leina 238
kenep 209 leine 250
kenna 210 leither 241
kèra 211 leken 234
kerf 225 lema 234
kerva 213 lemethe 234
kessa 225 lèn 232
kest 226 lena 177
kètha 224 lenden 235
kiàsa 213 lentze 236
kin 212 lèra 233
kining 224 lerna 247
kinn 224 lèsa 239
klày 215 lesa 241
klène 214 lèst 244
kleppa 217 lèt 245
klìva 216 lèta 244
klova 217 lèth 233
knapp 217 lethich 246
knecht 217 letta 237
knì 218 letza 244
knìf 218 lèva 232
kole 223 lià 247
kolk 223 lìa 247
korbirta 226 liacht 242
korbita 45 liàf 241
korn 225 liàga 242
koss 225 liàt 243
kreft 220 libba 245
krenza 220 lìchte 240
kronk 220 lid 245
krùpa 221 lidza 240
kù 219 lìf 247
kuma 227 lìflàs 247
kùth 224 lìk 247
lìkia 248
làd 238 lìkoma 247
làf 237 lìne 248
lagia 231 lippa 241
lamb 234 list 246
lan 236 lith 246
làn 239 lìth 249
land 235 lìtha 248
lappa 236 liude 242
làre 233 livere 245
làs 239 lòch 249
làsta 233 lof 249
laster 232 loga 238, 250
lathia 237 lok 250
làva 232 lokk 250
lèch 244 lom 234
lèda 232 londkàp 235
lède 232 long 235
ledza 231 lotha 252
534 INDICES
lovia 249 mòr 274

lùka 252 morn 276
lungen 251 morth 277
lust 251 morthia 277
morthra 277
macht 254 mòs 274
maga 253 mòt 274
makia 257 mòther 274
malt 258 mùla 278
mana 260 mund 275–276
manich 259 mundele 275
manichfald 259 mùs 278
mann 260 mùtha 276
màr 257
mar 261 nacht 279
màra 257 naked 280
màst 256 nama 280
mèch 269 namelik 280
mede 265 namna 280
mède 272 nàt 282
megith 253 nàthe 287
mei 252 navla 279
mèl 270 nèd 282
mèlia 263, 270 nèda 283
melka 267 nèdbende 282
melok 267 nèdle 287
mèn 255 nèdskìne 282
mèna 255 nèdthreft 282
mène 255 nèi 286
mènèth 255 neil 279
menie 259 nema 284
merg 264 nèn 283
merke 262 nera 281
merkia 262 net 281
merrie 261 nèta 282
merth 261 nette 282, 290
meta 268 neva 283
mèta 274 nevil 283
mete 263 ni 283
mi 83 nì 284
midde 264 niàta 285
middel 264 nift 283
milde 266 nigun 285
min 271 nigunda 285
mìn 83, 273 nìth 289
minnia 268 nither 289
misdède 272 nithera 289
mislìk 272 nithria 289
missa 272 noch 289
mith 268 nògelik 289
mòd 273 nòmia 289
mòdar 273 nose 281
molde 275 nù 289
mòna 270
mònath 270 ofta 433
monia 259 omma 17
monslachta 348 onblè 49
ondser 391 reth 298

ondwarde 475 rethe 298
òne 87 rethia 298
onkel 20 rètza 296
ord 436 riàka 303
òse 433 rib 300
òther 21 rìda 305
oven 433 rìk 305
over 433 rìke 305
ovirbulgen 41 rìkedòm 305
oxa 433 rinna 302
rìsa 306
pàl 292 riucht 301
pand 291 riuchta 301
panna 291 riuchtelik 300
path 291 rìva 305
penning 291 ròd 306
pett 294 ròder 307
pìpe 292 rofe 189
plicht 292 rogga 308
plòch 292 rokk 308
pòl 292 rothe 307
pot 293 rothia 309
rùm 309
quàd 229 rumfara 94
querka 228 ruogie 473
quern 228
quetha 229 sà 397
quik 230 sadel 311
quikfia 230 salt 316
quinka 228 sàm 320
samenia 317
ràd 299 samin 317
ràdrond 297 samnath 317
raeferd 23 sand 318
ràf 298 sanga 318
ràfrèd 295 sannia 318
ràn 299 sanza 318
ràp 296 sàth 320
ràta 187 sax 312
ràvia 298 scàf 336
rèd 295, 304 schedda 345
rèda 303, 306 schep 334
rède 304 scilling 338
rèdieva 303 scipmann 340
rèdjeva 130 scot 346
rèdlàs 303 scrift 344
rein 300 sè 314
reinboga 300 se 329
reise 296 sèburch 314
rèk 299 secht 385
rèka 295, 299 sèd 327
reka 301 sedza 311
rekon 301 sege 311
rèma 309 seil 322
rene 308 seka 314
reppa 184 sèka 360
536 INDICES
seke 315 skera 338

sèl 313 skerd 335, 346
sèla 312 skere 335
sèland 314 skère 340
sèle 314, 389 skern 335
self 323 skerp 335
sella 316 sket 336
selover 328 skete 347
selvirn 329 skètha 331
senda 318 skèthe 332
sèr 313 sketta 347
sèra 313 skiata 339
sèrlik 313 skìd 341
sète 328 skifta 340
seten 319 skilla 338
setta 319 skìna 341
sex 322 skip 340
sexta 322 skipia 341
sì 322 skìre 341
sia 323 skìve 341
sìa 329–330 skòch 342
siàk 326 skome 333
siàtha 326 skrèd 344
sib 320 skrìva 344
sibbe 320 skùl 347
side 321 skulder 345
sìde 329 skùr 347
sielden 323 skùre 347
sigun 321 skùva 347
sigunda 321 slà 348
silràp 328 slagia 348
sìm 330 slei 348
sìn 330 slèp 350
sind 458 slèpa 349–350
sine 329 slìm 351
sinka 325 slìpa 351
sinna 325 slit 351
sinne 386 slìta 351
sitta 325 sliucht 350
siune 322 slùta 350
siunga 324 smaka 352
skaft 331 smakia 353
skalk 332 smel 353
skamia 333 smere 353
skande 334 smìta 355
skàt 337 smith 354
skatha 336 smithe 355
skathia 336 snabba 355
skawia 337 snè 355
skel 332 snède 355
skeld 337 snell 357
skelde 345 snès 356
skène 336 sniewyt 355
skènia 332 snìtha 358
skenka 334 snore 359
skèp 340 snotte 359
skeppa 334 sol 385
song 318 stille 374

sorgia 388 stìth 375
soth 388 stiura 377
spada 361 stiure 377
spàn 364 stò 380
sparia 362 stokk 383
spedelspring 366 stòl 379
spek 365 stonda 371
spera 367 stòr 379
spere 364 stràm 380
spìa 365 strè 381
spinna 364 strekka 380
splìta 365 strèwa 381
sponne 362 strìd 381
spot 368 strìda 382
spreka 366 strìka 382
sprendza 366 strotbolla 62
springa 366 strumphelte 157
sprùta 366 stunde 383
spurna 367 sulik 390
stack 370 sum 385
stall 370 sumur 386
stàn 377 sund 386
stap 371 sunu 388
stàp 373 sùpa 389
stapa 372 sùth 387
stapul 372 sùther 387
stareblind 372 sùthern 387
stark 372 swàger 396
stathe 369 swale 390
stathul 373 swara 392
stavia 368 swarde 391
sted 369, 372 swart 392
stef 368 swenga 391
stei 377 swèr 396
stek 378 swera 391
steka 373 swerd 395
stekk 374 swèria 396
stela 374 swès 396
stèn 369 swèslik 396
stènhùs 369 swester 395
stèpa 373 swèt 390
stera 375 swète 398
stert 376 swethe 392
sterva 375 swiàr 393
stèt 373 swìka 397
stèta 373 swìma 397
stevene 371 swimma 394
stiàpdochter 376 swìn 397
stiàpfeder 376 swinga 394
stiàpmòder 376 swire 395
stiàpsunu 376 swoll 398
stiàrne 377
stìf 378 tàker 399
stifne 373 talia 400
stìga 378 tam 401
stìge 378 tàm 403
538 INDICES
tàne 399 tiàn 404

tange 401 -tich 403
tàr 399 tìd 407
tàver 402 tiht 406
te 408 til 407
tèken 399 tilia 407
tèkna 399 timber 404
tele 401 timbria 404
tella 400 tin 407
tèma 408 tiona 405
tera 405 tìre 408
thach 418 tiuna 405
than 415 tò 408
thank 416 tocht 411
thekka 415 togia 411
thekke 415 topp 412
thenne 429 tòth 401
thenza 416 tràst 409
thèr 416 trè 409
therf 421 treda 409
therm 417 triùwe 410
therve 417 trog 410
thervia 417 tros 411
thet 310, 417 tùn 413
thiàch 423 tunge 412
thiàd 423 turf 412
thiàf 422 tusk 412
thianest 419 twà 415
thiània 418 twelef 413
thille 420 twelefwintre 413
thìn 423 twèn 415
thing 420 twi(r)a 414
thingia 421 twìfil 414
thingmon 420 twilifta 413
thinka 429 twìne 414
thiùfthe 422 twispon 362
tholia 428 twist 414
tholl 428
thonkia 416 ùder 436
thor 417 umbe 434
thorn 430 und 434
thorp 430 under 434
thrè 425 unegert 147
thrèd 426 untfruchta 120
thredda 427 unwelde 443
threkk 425 up 435
thrìna 427 uppa 435
throtbolla 427 ur 436
thruc 421 urdrift 76
thu 428 urflòkin 108
thùma 431 ur-heria 163
thuner 429 urliàsa 243
thùsend 431 urskelda 345
thweres 432 urthringa 426
thwinga 431 ùs 460
tia 405 ùt 437
tiàder 405 ùte 437
ùter 437 wertha 457

uva 432 wesa 458
west 459
wàch 440 wèt 441, 462
wada 438 wèta 441, 462
waja 460 weter 451
wakia 442 wexa 439
wald 445 wì 460
walda 443 wicht 453
walla 444, 453 wìd 465
walubera 445 widubèn 464
wam 445 widwe 462
wamme 445 widze 452
wàna 461 wìf 464
wandel 446 wìga 465
wapul 447 wìka 466
wardia 448 wike 462
ware 450 wilde 454
waria 449 willa 453
warld 462 wimpel 454
warm 449 wìn 467
warna 449 wind 454
warte 450 winda 454
wàse 441 wine 455
wax 439 winister 455
waxa 439 winna 455
webb 437 winter 455
wed 438 wirra 457
wèd 460 wirst 472
weddia 438 wìs 467–468
wedel 451 wìsa 468
weder 452 wìsdòm 467
wèg 460 wiss 463
wei 452 wit 464
wein 439 wita 464
wekkria 442 wìta 468
wel 454 wìte 468
weldich 443 wìtgia 468
wemma 445 wìtha 466
wèn 461 withe 464
wenda 446 wither 464
wènia 440 withersaka 315
wènthe 461 wixlia 462
wèpa 470 wlite 469
wèpin 461 wòker 469
wèr 461 wolf 473
wer 463 wolken 474
wera 449 wolle 474
were 457 wonder 474
wergia 476 wongare 446
werk 456 wonia 446, 475
werka 476 word 475
werkia 457 worm 476
werp 457 wòst 470
werpa 457 wràk 470
wersta 457 wreka 471
werth 457, 458 wrèke 472
540 INDICES
wretse 471 wunde 474

writen 473 wundia 474
wrògia 473
wròta 473 zerl 210
zìvia 214
Frisian dialects
arf 25 mieu 256
arve 25 mòt 274
murt 277
balge 33
barwe 38 nau 179
bergje 42 nesk 179
berm 37
bur 64 pol 293
bùsen 65
rafel 294
dafen 66, 415 reaf 294
dìssel 419 remmen 184
driech 76 rìfen 187
dwelm 81 rim 302
rip 306
eandje 4 ripe 306
eitel 10 riuwe 305
fit 103 schakel 332

flake 105 schalk 333
schalm 333
glopp 137 schòjen 340
glor 137 schùl 339
glùm 137 seal 315
glùmen 137 skite 342
glùpe 137 skonk 345
gnatern 138 skrieme 344
grìme 143 skrobb 344
grum 143 sleau 349
grùt 144 slinke 350
gulf 145 slùpe 350
gumi 128 smelte 353
snòpen 358
hall 156 spot 368
hegge 150 steam 376
hel 191 steedfest 368
stek 370
knòjen 219 stekke 370
kükken 222 stigt 377
stìr 378
làsk 234 stìren 379
lìk 247 stjonke 375
lask 237 stönt 383
loaitsje 249 strump 382
suffen 385
marig 261 swarven 391
màl 258 sweifeln 389
meau 256 swine 397
tàge 406 waei 197

terskje 426 waskje 450
todde 411 wether 459
tommeling 431 witlàs 463
tùte 413 wìdte 465
wringe 472
Old English
á 10 andwyrdan 475
abelan 34 áneáe 7
ac 11 ánfeald 8
ác 7 ánféte 8
acan 11 ana 19
ácwern 7 anel 19
ád 6 ánena 126
adela 2 anseta 326
ádiefan 69 ánhende 8
ádimmad 70 ánhlíepe 8
áä 10 ánr≠d 9
áäeótan 418 ánstapa 9
áäercian 421 ánwealda 9
áäexe 4 ánwí 9
áäruten 428 apa 21
áästæf 10 ár 9, 11
áäswara 392 áráfian 295
afirran 99 árencan 297
afol 2 ásánian 313
áfremäan 111 ascian 9
áe 6 áscielfan 332
áen 6 áscilian 332
alác 3 ásláwian 349
ánian 6 áspreótan 366
áh 6 ast 26
ál 7 ástundian 383
alan 12 atol 27
alor 17
alynnan 251 ≠cen 7
ám 7 æcer 12
ambeht 18 æcerceorl 12
ambiht 18 æcerman 12
ambyr 64 ≠cern 12
án 9 æcerweorc 12
ánboren 8 æcs 12
and 18 ≠dre 87
anda 18 æäele 27
ándaa 8 æäelin 27
andbita 46 æäelkund 223
andefn 1 æäelo 27
andfene 92 ≠äm 87
andiet 133 ≠ärot 427
andlan 236 æf 1
andsaca 315 æfäunca 429
ands≠te 328 ≠fen 2
andswarian 392 æft 2
andswaru 391 æftan 2
542 INDICES
æftemest 3 beácen 39
æfter 2 beadu 32
æfterenel 125 beá 39
æfwerdelsa 456 beáhifa 130
æ 11 beald 34
≠ 87 bealdor 33
≠ht 6 bealu 34
≠l 87 beám 39
ælan 7 beán 40
æled 7 beard 36
ælf 13 bear 37
ællyfta 8 bearm 37
ælwiht 15 bearn 37
≠myrie 7 bearnleás 37
≠ni 8 bears 38
≠nlíc 8 bearu 38
æppel 21 bearwe 38
≠r 9 beátan 40
≠rest 9 bece 33
≠rist 304 béce 51
ærn 300 béd 45
ærnan 297 bedd 32
æsc 26 bedíht 126
æsce 26 bedró 75
≠smou 355 been 52
æsp 26 beinnan 132
æt 26 behéfe 172
≠t 88 behófian 181
≠te 10 behwylfan 198
ætr≠pe 139 beldo 34
≠tor 10 bel 33
ætwist 459 belan 41
≠w 10 belífan 247
≠wan 6 bellan 41
≠wisc 6 belle 41
belone 41
bacan 33 bemyldan 275
baäian 39 ben 35
bá 44 bén 52
balca 34 benc 36
bán 32 bencäel 36
bana 36 bend 35
banca 36 bendan 35
bannan 36 bennian 36
bár 33 beó 44, 46
bát 32 beód 43
bæc 33 beódan 43
b≠dan 32 beofian 45
bæä 39 beofor 40
bæähús 39 beór 44
b≠l 44 beorc 43
b≠r 38 beoräor 43
bær 40 beor 42
bærnan 54 beoran 42
bæst 38 beorht 42
bætan 33 beorhtlíc 42
be 44 beorn 43
beornan 56 blío 50
beórsele 44 blód 50
béow 44 blódi 50
bera 43 blódreád 50
beran 41 blódyrnende 50
bere 36 blót 51
beran 37 blótan 51
berian 37 blówan 50
berie 40 blysa 48
berst 56 Boba 51
berstan 56 bóc 52
berÿfan 298 bócian 51
besnyäian 357 bócst≠f 51
bet 38 bod 60
bétan 52 boda 61
betre 38 bodan 61
betst 38 bodian 61
bicce 41 bo 51
bíd 45 boa 61
bídan 46 bóian 51
biddan 45 bold 64
bíetel 40 bolla 62
bían 39 bolster 62
biitan 133 bolt 62
bilewit 45 bór 62
bill 46 bord 63
bindan 41 borda 63
bionot 41 bordäaca 63
birce 42 borian 63
bircen 42 bórian 64
birhtu 42 bósi 35
bita 45 bósum 52
bítan 46 bót 52
bítel 46 brád 53
biter 45 brand 54
bitol 46 brandrád 54
blác 47 brant 54
blanc 47 bræc 53
blandan 47 br≠dan 53, 56–57
blát 47 br≠de 53, 57
bláwan 48 br≠do 53
bl≠can 47 bræd 53
blæd 46 bræen 53
bl≠dre 46 breád 54
bl≠e 50 brec 55
bl≠h(≠)wen 49 brecan 55
bl≠st 49 bredan 55
bleáä 48 bremman 55
bleát 48 breord 55
blédan 50 bréost 56
blédsian 78 bréostbeor 56
blencan 48 breótan 56
blendan 47 breówan 56
blícan 49 brid 55
blician 49 brimlád 57
blíäe 49 brinádl 56
blind 48 brinan 55
544 INDICES
bróc 55, 57 ceápman 211

broä 59 ceápscip 211
bróäor 57 célan 219
bróäorbana 58 cemban 209
bron(e) 58 céne 219
brord 59 cenep 209
brú 60 cennan 210
brúcan 60 ceó 211
brún 60 ceól 213
brúnéäa 58 ceole 212
brÿce 60 ceorfan 213
bryc 58 ceorlfolc 210
brÿd 59 ceósan 213
brÿduma 59 ceówan 213
bryne 58 cépan 219
bryrdan 59 ciern 213
brytan 54 cild 212
brytta 59 cíle 223
bryttian 59 cin 212
bú 65 cínan 214
búan 52 cinbán 212
bucc 61 cinber 212
bucca 61 cipp 214
búan 43 cirm 210
bula 62 citelian 214
búr 65 clam 214
bur 63 clatrun 215
burna 58 clawan 215
bÿan 53 clæfre 215
bycan 61 cl≠ 215
bÿe 61 cl≠ne 214
byht 61 clenan 215
bÿl 65 cleófan 216
byldan 34 cleowe 216
bylan 62 cleweäa 215
byrdan 63 clíäa 216
byre 64 clif 216
byrele 64 clífan 216
byrene 43 clifian 216
byran 63 clifrian 216
bÿrian 64 climban 215
byrne 58 clinan 216
byrst 64 clott 217
bÿsen 65 clufu 216
clút 217
cáf 208 clynian 217
calan 208 clyppan 217
calu 209 cnapa 217
camb 209 cnáwan 218
can 210 cnæpp 217
canne 210 cnedan 218
carian 211 cneó 218
carl 210 cníf 218
ceald 209 cniht 217
cealdian 209 cnotta 219
cealf 209 cnucian 218
ceáp 211 cnuwian 219
cnyllan 219 cynd 224

cnyssan 219 cyneboren 224
cnyttan 219 cynehelm 224
codd 222 cynewiääe 223
cófa 222 cynin 224
cól 219, 223 cynindóm 224
colc 223 cyninríce 224
colt 223 cÿpan 211
cop 224 cyrf 225
corfian 225 cyrtel 225
corn 225 cyssan 225
cornhrycce 189 cyst 226
cornhús 225 cyte 226
cos 225 cytel 211
costian 226
cot 226 daian 66
crafian 220 daroä 68
crammian 220 d≠d 72
cran 220 dæ 66
cranoc 221 dæe 67
cræft 220 dælan 66
cræt 221 dæweorc 66
créas 221 dæl 67
creópan 221 d≠l 67
crimman 221 d≠lan 67
crinan 221 deád 69
cró 220 déaä 70
crop 222 deáädæ 70
cruma 222 deáf 69
cryb 222 deáh 69
crypel 222 deall 79
cú 219 dear 68
cúä 224 delfan 70
cuman 227 delu 70
cumbol 223 déman 73
cunnian 224 Denamearc 68
cwánian 226 dencan 68
cweddian 226 denn 70
cweäan 229 deóp 71
cwelan 227 deóplíc 71
cwellan 227 deór 71
cwéme 230 deorc 71
cwén 230 deóre 71
cwéne 228 deorf 71
cweorn 228 deorfan 71
cweornstán 228 dile 70
cwic 230 dim 70
cwice 230 docce 78
cwide 227 dóhtor 78
cwidu 227 dol 81
cwiä 230 dol 78
cwildtíd 227 dóm 73
cwincan 228 dómhús 73
cwis 229 dón 73
cÿäan 224 dór 79
cÿääu 223 dosen 80
cyn 224 dott 80
546 INDICES
dox 80 ä≠r 416

draan 74 äæt 417
drán 76 äeáh 418
dr≠fan 74 äearf 417
dræe 74 äearfa 417
dreám 75 äearfian 417
dréfan 77 äearflíc 417
drencan 74 äearm 417
dréo 76 äeccan 415
dreóan 75 äefian 418
dreópan 75–76 äeen 418
dreór 75 äeenilde 418
dreósan 76 äel 419
drepen 75 äencan 416
drif 76 äenden 416
drífan 76 äenel 416
drincan 75 äennan 416
drince 75 äéod 423
dróf 77 äeódcynin 422
dropa 77 äeóden 422
druncen 77 äéodisc 422
druncnian 77 äeódland 422
drupian 78 äeódwe 422
dryht 77 äeóf 422
dryhten 77 äeóh 423
drync 77 äeón 421
dryre 77 äeorf 421
dúfan 80 äéot 430
dúfedoppa 80 äeótan 423
duuä 78 äeów 419
dumb 79 äéowe 419
dún 80 äeówian 419
dun 79 äerscan 426
dúrustod 79 äerscwold 426
dúruweard 79 äicce 419
dust 79 äican 418
dwala 81 äífä 422
dwalian 81 äífefeoh 422
dwellan 81 äíht 421
dweor 81 äilian 420
dwild 81 äille 420
dwínan 81 äín 423
dwolema 81 äin 420
dÿfan 80 äinian 421
dynce 79 äinstede 420
dyne 79 äirran 417
dynian 79 äísl 421
dynt 79 äistel 419
dyrst 79 äoft(e) 428
dyttan 80 äóhe 416
äóht 429
äan 415 äolian 428
äanan 416 äoll 428
äanc 416 äorn 430
äancian 416 ärafian 424
äæc 415 ärá 424
äæder 418 äran 424
äráwan 426 eádi 28

är≠d 426 éadocce 5
äræft 424 eáäfynde 28, 118
äræan 424 eáäete 28
äræs 424 eafora 2
äræsce 425 eádúru 28
äréat 425 eáe 29
äreáwian 425 eahta 5
ärece 424 eal(l)hwít 12
äreótan 426 ealce 16
ärí 425 ealceald 16
äridda 427 eald 13
ärinen 427 ealddóm 13
ärinan 426 ealdor 14
äríste 427 ealdordæ 14
ärítan 425 ealdorlæ 14
äróh 424 ealh 14
äroht 427 eall 16
ärostle 425 eallbeorht 16
ärotu 427 eallmihti 12
ärúh 427 ealluna 16
ärustfell 428 ealmihti 13
äryccan 427 ealu 16
ärÿä 428 ealubenc 17
ärymm 427 ealuhús 17
äú 428 ealwealda 13
äúf 431 eánian 4
äúma 431 ear 4, 29
äunor 429 eard 23
äunrian 429 eáre 30
äunwan(e) 429 earfe 25
äurh 421 earfoä 22
äurst 430 earfoäian 22
äúsend 431 earfoäwielde 443
äwan 431 ear 23
äwéal 431 earh 23
äweán 431 earm 24
äweorh 432 earmbéa 23
äwínan 432 earmheort 24
äwirel 432 earmlíc 24
äyle 428 earn 24
äÿmel 431 earneáp 129
äyncan 429 earneát 133
äynne 429 earnian 31
äyrne 430 ears 25
äyrnen 430 earte 25
äyrre 430 ease 30
äyrred 430 eást 30
äyrs 429 eástan 30
äyrstan 430 eáster 30
äys 430 eástern 30
eáwan 28
eá 5 eax 5
eác 29 eaxel 5
eáca 29 ebba 1
eád 28 éce 11
eáden 28 ec 3
548 INDICES
ecan 3 erfe 22
edcerr 82 erian 23
edwít 468 esne 26
eääa 86 ést 21
éäelturf 291 etan 86
efen 82 etol 86
efes 432 ettan 27
efesian 1 éwestre 31
efnan 1
efnlíc 82 fácen 90
eeäe 3 fácenstæf 90
eenu 3 fáh 89
eesa 3 falod 91
elan 4 fám 90
éland 4 fana 92
ele 4 fan 92
ellen 15 faran 93
ellenwód 469 faru 94
elles 15 f≠cne 90
elm 83 fæder 88
eln 14 fædera 88
elnboa 14 fæäm 95
elnian 15 fæämian 95
énd 18 f≠ä 89
ende 18 f≠e 89
endeleás 18 fæen 88
endian 18 fæenian 89
endleofan 8 f≠mne 90
ened 21 f≠r 102
ene 19 fær 93
Enle 19 f≠ran 102
enlisc 19 færeld 92
eodor 82 f≠rlíc 102
eofor 82 fæsl 94
eóh 203 fæst 94
eoh 83 fæstan 95
eolh 14 fæstian 94
eom 458 fæstlíc 94
eorcnanstán 84 fæstnian 95
eoräburh 85 fæt 95
eoräbyr 63 f≠tan 103
eoräcund 85 feald 90
eoräe 86 fealdan 91
eoräfæst 85 fealh 91
eorähnutu 85 feallan 91
eorähús 85 fealu 91
eoräwe 86 fearh 93
eóred 83 fearm 93
eorl 85 fearn 94
eormencyn 85 fearr 94
eormenrund 85 feáwa 96
eorp 85 feax 89
eorre 86 fédan 109
eosul 25 fédesl 109
eóten 86 féäa 99
eówd(e) 31 feäer 102
eówu 31 feäerfóte 96
feäerhama 102 fl≠c 104

féan 109 fl≠sc 104
feht 89 fleá 105
fela 98 fleax 104
félan 109 flédan 107
feld 97 fleóan 106
fell 97 fleóe 106
fellen 97 fleohta 106
felt 97 fleón 107
fen 92 fleót 107
fen 92 fleótan 107
fenhóp 182 flet 105
féoaä 103 flicce 107
feoh 97 fliéte 106
feoheorn 97 flint 107
feohhús 97 flóc 108
feohtan 96 flocan 108
feól 103 flocc 108
féolan 97 flód 107
feónd 103 flóh 108
feóräa 96 flohtenfóte 106
feorh 100 flór 108
feorhifa 100 flot 109
feorhr≠d 100 flota 109
feorhseóc 100 flotian 109
feorr 99 flówan 108
feortin 101 fluol 108, 116
feówer 96 flye 108
feówerscÿte 96 flyht 108
féran 110 fnæs 109
fere 110 fnésan 109
ferian 93 fola 118
fersc 115 folc 117
féted 110 folcdryht 117
fetel 95 folcland 117
fetian 95 folde 117
fetor 102 foldwe 117
fiäere 102 folian 117
fiersn 101 foloä 117
fíf 98 folm 118
fíffeald 98 fón 92
film 97 fór 119
finc 103 ford 119
findan 99 fordemman 68
finer 99 fordwilman 81
finn 103 forä 121
fión 103 foräian 121
firen 100 fóre 119
firenian 100 forewitol 464
firenweorc 100 for≠an 122
firen 99 forht 120
fisc 103 forhylman 191
fiscian 103 forleósan 243
fitt 101 formyrärian 277
fláh 104 forn 119
flán 104 forstemman 371
flaxe 105 fóster 110
550 INDICES
fósterbróäor 110 fÿsan 119

fósterfæder 110 fÿst 118
fósterland 110
fósterleán 110 ád 122
fóstermódor 110 ál 122
fóstersweostor 110 alan 124
fót 110 álscipe 122
fótspor 110 amen 125
fox 117 amnian 125
fram 111 amol 125
framian 111 án 133
franca 111 an 125
fræc 111 anan 125
freá 112 ánian 126
frec 113 ár 123
freca 113 ára 123
frécne 116 át 123
frenan 113 ædelin 122
freht 113 ærsréne 140
fremäe 111 ≠st 123
freó 114 æst 127
freóäo 113 ≠ten 123
freóan 114 -é 128
freólsefa 114 é 206
freónd 114 eác 128
freóndlaäu 237 eáä 128
freósan 113 ealdor 124
frídhenest 115 eala 124
friä 115 ealtréow 124
friäian 115 ealla 124
friäleás 115 ealtbor 125
fríols 114 eap 129
fród 115 eár 206
froa 116 eard 126
frost 116 earn 127
frox 116 earnwinde 127
frum 116 earu 127
fuol 116 earwe 127
fúl 121 eat 128
full 118 eæäelian 28
fullian 118 ebann 36
fulwian 466 ebæte 33
furh 120 ebedda 32
furhwudu 120 eberan 41
fús 119 ebirhtan 42
fyld 91 eblond 47
fyllan 91, 118 ebroc 58
fyllu 118 ebrot 59
fÿr 121 ebyrd 63
fyrest 120 eclofa 217
fyrhtan 120 ecor 226
fyrhtu 120 ecwéme 229
fyrmest 116 edafen 66
fyrn 101 edafenian 66
fyrnmann 120 edéfe 73
fyrst 113 edræ 73
edrep 75 eóhhol 205

edríf 76 eoht 206
edwolen 81 éolmónaä 205
eäancmetian 268 eolu 131
eäawenian 418 eómor 206
eäiedan 422 eon 204
eäiédan 422 eond 205
eäot 430 eon 207
eäweran 432 eonlin 207
efara 94 eorn 132
efeón 96 eótan 133
efeterian 102 erád 304
efiäerian 102 er≠dan 295
eflo 108 erieäre 303
efr≠e 113 erúna 310
efylce 118 es≠llíc 327
elédan 137 es≠te 328
en 122 esceaft 331
erind 141 esceap 334
erip 142 escÿ 342
eheáw 167 escyrded 335
ehendan 159 esíä 325
ehlencan 175 esleccan 349
ehror 190 esnid 358
ehyd 190 esod 388
elíc 248 esóäian 319
elíca 248 espann 362
elífan 238 esprant 366
eloccian 250 espr≠ce 367
elonda 235 esteald 370
emaca 257 estealla 370
em≠d 254 estun 383
em≠ded 254 estyr 384
em≠lan 270 esund 386
em≠ne 255 eswele 390
emenifealdan 91 eswell 394
emet 268 eswiria 395
emierce 262 etal 400
emimor 271 etene 401
emun 275 etímian 408
emynd 275 etÿne 413
én 122 etyrfan 413
en≠an 286 ewæe 460
en≠man 287 ewealc 444
eneah 279 ewéne 461
eneát 282 eweorp 457
enan 126 ewesa 459
ene 125–126 ewild 443
enó 289 ewis 463
enyht 289 ewuna 447
eó 207 ewyrce 476
eoc 207 ewyrde 475
eocian 207 ewyrht 476
eócor 206 eþÿde 423
eóuä 207 iccan 207
eóhheldæ 205 icel 206
552 INDICES
iefi 121 ós 126

ienan 122 óshafoc 126
ielde 124 otan 147
iellan 131 rafan 139
ielp 131 ram 139
ielpan 131 ránian 140
iernan 132 ranu 140
ierwan 127 ráp 139
if 204 rápian 142
ifan 130 r≠d 142
ifol 130 r≠di 142
ífre 134 ræf 139
ifstól 130 ræfe 139
ift 130 ræft 139
ifu 130 r≠ 142
ild 130 ræs 140
ilda 131 r≠tan 142
ildan 130 reát 141
in 134 remettan 140
ínan 134 remian 140
ísel 135 réne 143
íslian 135 rennian 140
ist 206 reót 141
it 208 rétan 144
íuli 205 ríen 141
ladian 135 ríhund 141
læd 135 rim 141
lædlíc 135 ríma 143
l≠m 135 rimlíc 141
læs 135 rindan 141
leám 135 rípan 143
léaw 136 ripe 142
léd 137 rísan 143
lida 136 ristbitian 45
lídan 136 ristel 144
lisian 136 rost 144
líw 136 rówan 143
lóf 137 rund 144
lóm 137 rundleás 144
lówan 137 rút 144
naan 137 úä 146
nást 138 úäbord 146
næt 138 úäfana 146
nídan 138 úähwæt 146
ód 138 uma 146
od 145 und 146
odfyrht 144 ÿcer 207
ódlíc 138 yldan 146
odweb 145 ylden 146
óian 128 ÿman 128
old 145 ÿme 128
oldbeorht 145 ypiend 134
oldhroden 145 yrdan 147
oldsmiä 146 yrdel 147
óma 139
or 146 habban 147
orst 147 haca 154
hacele 154 h≠re 172

hacod 154 hærfest 161
hád 151 hærfestmónaä 161
hádor 151 hærn 185
hafoc 148 hæsel 164
haa 150 hæselhnutu 164
haosteald 150 h≠st 151
hál 151 h≠st(e) 151
hálian 151 h≠tan 153
háli 151 hætt 165
hálstán 172 hé 172
hálwende 151 heaäudeór 165
hám 152 heaf 147
ham 158 heáfod 148, 165
hamelian 157 heáfodbeá 148
hámettan 152 heáfodbeor 42
hámfaru 152 heáfodleás 148
hamor 158 heáfodweard 148
hana 161 heáh 166
hand 159 héahbeor 165
handbana 159 heáhheort 165
handle 159 heáhsele 166
handlian 159 heáhstede 166
handmæen 159 heála 166
handseax 159 heald 155
handweorc 159 healdan 155
handworht 159 healf 154–155
hanian 160 healfdeád 154
hár 153 heálic 166
hara 164 heall 156
hás 153 healm 156
hasu 164 heals 156
hát 153 healsfan 156
hátan 153 héan 166
hatian 165 héap 166
hatol 164 heard 162
háwian 337 hearde 162
h≠äen 154 heardheort 162
h≠äendóm 153 heardlíc 162
hæfen 147 heardr≠d 162
hæfer 148 hear 164
hæft 149 hearm 163
hæftan 149 hearma 163
hæftnian 149 hearmian 163
hæ(e)l 150 hearpe 163
hæäorn 149 hearpestren 163
hætesse 150 hearpslee 163
h≠l 151 heáwan 167
h≠lan 152 hebban 149
hæle(ä) 155 heden 148
h≠lsian 152 hefe 148
h≠lu 151 hefi 148
h≠man 152 he 167
hæn 161 hee 150
hænep 159 héla 160
hæpse 164 helan 168
h≠r 172 hélan 182
554 INDICES
hell 156 hleahtor 173

hellerúne 155 hleápan 175
hellewíte 156 hlec 240
helm 168 hlehhan 173
helma 168 hlenca 174
help 168 hleóäor 176
helpan 168 hleór 176
hemman 158 hleótan 176
hemmin 158 hléow 177
henest 160 hlid 177
hentan 161 hlíä 177
heofoncund 169 hlimman 175
heofonleóma 169 hlinian 177
heofontunol 169 hlíwä 177
heolstor 191 hlot 178
héopa 171 hlówan 177
heordan 167 hlúd 178
heorä 170 hlutor 178
heorot 171 hlÿdan 178
heorra 171 hlyn 178
heorte 170 hlyst 178
heoru 171 hlyt 178
here 163 hlÿwan 177
herefolc 162 hnáh 179
heremann 162 hn≠can 179
herew≠d 162 hn≠an 138
herew≠pen 163 hn≠an 179
herewe 162 hnæpp 179
herewóp 163 hnæppan 179
herian 163 hneáw 179
herian 167 hnesce 179
hete 165 hnían 180
hettan 165 hnipian 180
hider 172 hnítan 180
híean 167 hnitu 180
hierde 169 hnocc 181
hiere 172 hnora 181
híhäo 166 hnutu 181
hild 168 hóc 154
hildlata 237 hód 165
hilt 168 hóf 181
hincian 169 hof 190
hind 169 hofer 190
hindan 172 hoa 191
hinder 173 hoian 191
hindrian 173 hóh 160
hion 169 hóhsinu 160
hit 172 hól 182
hitt 173 hol 191
híwisc 173 holc 191
hladan 175 hold 191–192
hláf 173 hólian 182
hland 174 holm 191
hláw 174 holt 192
hlæd 173 hón 160
hlæder 174 hoppian 194
hl≠ne 174 hór 182
hórcwene 182 húfe 196

hord 196 hulc 191
hóre 182 hund 193
horn 195 hundred 193
hornboa 195 hunor 194
hornfisc 195 huni 193
hornunsunu 195 huniswéte 193
hors 189 hús 196
horsc 195 húsel 194
hose 195 húsian 197
hráca 187 hwá 199
hrára 183 hwæder 197
hramma 184 hwæäer 199
hrán 183 hw≠ 197
hratian 184 hwæl 197
hráw 183 hwænne 198
hr≠can 187 hw≠r 198
hræä 185 hwæs 198
hræfn 182 hwæt 199
hræel 183 hw≠te 197
hreác 185 hw≠tecorn 197
hreám 185 hw≠temelu 197
hreáw 185 hwealf 197–198
hreddan 183 hwearf 198
hréä 188 hwearfian 198
hréäi 189 hwelan 200
hremman 184 hwelp 200
hreód 186 hweoäu 201
hreóf 186 hweól 199
hreól 183 hweorf 200
hreósan 186 hweorfan 200
hreówan 186 hwer 200
hréowe 187 hwésan 201
hréowlíc 186 hwettan 199
hreppan 184 hwíl 201
hréran 189 hwirfan 198
hridder 187 hwít 201
hríä 188 hwítan 202
hrif 185 hwítel 202
hrím 187 hwópan 202
hrímceald 187 hwósan 202
hrin 185 hwósta 202
hrinan 186 hwóstan 202
hrine 186 hwurful 200
hrís 187 hwÿ 201
hrisel 187 hycan 190
hrissian 187 hÿd 196
hróc 188 hÿdan 196
hróf 188 hye 190
hróp 188 hyeäanc 190
hrópan 188 hyerún 190
hrór 189 hyldan 157, 191
hrúäe 190 hyldu 192
hrúm 190 hyll 191
hrútan 186 hymele 192
hryc 189 hÿnan 166
húäe 194 hÿnä 166
556 INDICES
hynran 193 lahslit 351

hype 194 lamb 234
hÿran 167 land 235
hyrd 194 landsidu 235
hyrdan 162 lane 236
hÿre 171 lan 235
hyrne 195 lanian 236
hyrst 195 lanlífe 235
lár 233
ic 83 láwerce 234
ídel 203 læccan 234
ides 72 l≠ce 244
íäan 30 l≠dan 232
íäe 30 l≠ä 244
íeäe 30 l≠fan 232
ierfa 22 l≠n 232
í 4 læppa 236
iil 203 l≠ran 233
ildan 14 l≠s 244
ildu 14 l≠st 233
ile 83 læst 244
ilfetu 13 l≠stan 233
in 84 læt 237
inca 84 l≠tan 244
incer 84, 208 l≠wan 245
inn 83 leád 238
innan 84 leáäor 239
innanweard 84 leáf 237–238
inne 83 léa 238
innera 83 léah 238
inwid 451 leahter 232
inwidda 451 léan 232, 239
inylfe 433 leápp 239
irä 23 leás 239
íren 204 leássaol 311
irfan 22 leásun 239
irfenuma 289 leax 232
irfeweard 22 lecan 231
irman 24 leäer 241
irnan 302 leäerhose 241
ís 204 léf 243
is 86 leer 240
ísceald 204 lemian 234
ísensmiä 204 lenan 236
ísern 204 lenä 236
íw 203 lenu 236
leód 242
lác 233 leódan 242
lácan 232 leóä 243
lácnian 244 leóäian 243
lád 232 leóäsan 243
láä 233 leóf 241
laäian 237 leóflíc 241
láäwende 233 leóan 242
láf 232 leóht 240, 242
lau 231 leóma 242
león 247 lús 252

leornian 247 lust 251
leów 231 lustsumlíc 251
lesan 241 lútan 252
lettan 237 lybb 249
líc 247 lyft 249
liccian 245 lyen 250
lican 240 lystan 251
líchama 247 lysu 237
lícian 248 lyt 251
lícmann 247 lytel 248
lid 245
liä 246 má 257
líä 241, 249 macian 257
líäan 248 maäa 264
líf 247 máäum 256
lífan 238 maa 253
lífdæ 247 mau 253
lifer 245 máh 254
lifian 245 mál 254
lífleás 247 man 259
líflíc 247 mán 255
lí 238 mánáä 255
línan 238 mánfull 255
líhtan 241 manian 259
líhtan 243 manian 259
lim 246 mani 259
lím 248 manifeald 259
limhál 246 mann 260
limpan 240 manncynn 260
lín 248 mannfaru 260
lind(e) 240 mannian 260
líne 248 mannleás 260
linnan 246 mannlíca 260
lippa 241 mánswara 255
lísan 239 mára 257
list 246 máse 256
líste 248 mást 256
listhendi 159 máwan 269
líxan 242 máxwyrt 256
loc 250 mæc 257
locc 250 mædere 252
lócian 249 m≠ä 271
loäa 252 mæäel 263
lof 249 mæälan 263
lofeorn 249 mæ 252
lofian 249 m≠ 269
ló 249 mæä 253
lóh 236 m≠ä 269
loppe 251 mæen 253
los 251 mæenian 253
losian 251 mæenweorc 253
lox 250 mæer 253
lúcan 252 m≠l 269–270
lundlaa 251 m≠le 270
lunen 251 mælsceafa 258
558 INDICES
m≠nan 255 midd 264

m≠ran 270 middaneard 264
m≠räu 270 midde 264
mære 262 middel 264
m≠re 255, 270 midl 268
mæst 263 midlian 265
m≠te 271 míäan 273
m≠w 256 mierran 262
mé 83 mían 272
meaht 254 milde 266
meahti 254 mildéaw 266
meahtleás 254 milisc 266
mealmstán 258 miltan 258
mealt 258 min 271
mearc 262 mín 83, 273
mearcian 262 mirce 268
mearcland 262 miran 276
mearä 261 misbyrd 272
mearh 261, 264 miscian 272
mearu 262 misd≠d 272
mec 83 mislíc 272
méce 269 missan 272
medema 265 missere 272
meduærn 265 mist 271
medume 265 mistel 271
meduwyrt 265 misteltán 271
méäe 274 mite 273
melcan 266 mód 273
meld 258 módewinna 455
melde 266 módi 273
meltan 267 módor 273
melu 267 módsefa 273
mene 260 moääe 278
meniu 259 molda 275
mennisc 260 molde 275
meodu 265 moldwe 275
meolc 267 móna 270
meolcian 267 mónaä 270
meord 272 monu 260
meós 269 mór 274
meówle 254 morä 277
mere 261 moräor 277
merece 262 moräweorc 277
mereswín 261 more 276
merien 276 moren 276
mersc 261 morenifu 276
metan 268 mós 274
métan 274 mos 277
mete 263 mót 274
metebæl 263 múä 276
meteleás 263 múäa 276
metian 263 múa 278
metod 268 mund 275
micel 265 murnan 277
micellíc 265 mús 278
miclian 265 myce 275
mid 268 mycern 127
myne 276 níwe 284

myr(i)e 276 noräan 289
myrära 277 noräwe 289
nose 289
naca 280 nú 289
nacod 280 nytt 290
nafela 279 nyttian 290
nafu 279
nafuár 279 óäer 21
nama 280 óäian 18
nán 283 ofdæle 67
nasu 281 ofen 433
nata 281 ófer 290
n≠dl 287 ofer 433
nædre 286 ofer≠te 88
næl 279 oferblice 49
næss 281 oferapian 126
n≠tan 280 oferitol 133
ne 283 oferian 432
né 283 oft 433
neádiness 282 óhsta 290
neáh 286 óht 20
neáhfreónd 286 ókian 29
neáhm≠ 286 on 17
neáhwest 286 onbidian 45
nearu 281 onbyran 63
neát 282 oncn≠we 218
nebb 279 onéan 290
néäan 281 onhaian 150
nefa 283 onn 435
nemnan 280 ons≠e 312
neoäan 287 open 435
neoäera 289 openian 435
neós(i)an 284 ór 290
neótan 285 or 436
nerian 281 ord 436
neriend 281 oríete 134
nesan 284 orteard 435
nest 284, 287 orwíe 465
nestan 284 ós 21
netele 281 ósle 17
nett 281 óst 26
nette 282 oter 436
nicor 287 oxa 433
níd 282
nídäearf 282 pád 291
niä 289 pál 292
níä 289 panne 291
niäer 289 pæä 291
niäere 289 penin 291
niäerian 289 píc 292
níedan 283 pinn 291
nift 283 pípe 292
nioäa 285 pleón 292
nion 285 pliht 292
niht 279 pló 292
niman 284 pól 292
560 INDICES
posa 293 rídan 305

potian 293 ríä 306
pott 293 rífe 305
preón 293 rift 304
prician 293 riht 300–301
pricu 293 rihtan 301
pun 293 rihtun 301
pytt 294 rím 305
rima 302
rá 295 rinc 302
raca 296 rind 302
racca 297 rípan 299
racente 296 rípe 306
racu 296 rísan 306
rád 295 rocc 308
ranc 297 ród 306
rand 297 róäer 307
ráp 296 rofen 303
rárian 296 rómi 304
r≠can 295 rót 307
ræcc 297 rów 307
r≠d 304 rówan 306
r≠dan 303 rudu 307
r≠dbana 303 rúh 309
r≠de 295, 304 rúm 309
r≠den 295 rún 310
r≠difa 303 rúnstæf 310
r≠dleás 303 rust 309
r≠dsnotor 304 ryddan 307
ræfter 294 rye 308
r≠pan 296 rÿhe 309
ræpsan 294 rÿman 309
r≠ran 296 ryne 308
r≠san 304 rÿne 310
r≠w 295 rysc 309
reád 299
réafian 298 sá 312
réc 299 sacan 314
récan 299, 307 sacian 315
reccan 296 sacu 315
recen 301 sáda 312
ren 300 sadol 311
renboa 300 sadolboa 311
renian 294 sau 311
renscúr 300 sál 313
renweard 294 sala 316
renwyrm 300 salu 316
reócan 303 samen 317
reód 302 samnian 317
reódan 302 samod 317
reóma 303 samwist 317
reótan 303 sámwyrcan 328
repan 305 sand 318
rest 298 sandcorn 318
ribb 300 san 318
ríce 305 sápe 313
rícedóm 305 sár 313
sárbót 313 scearu 335

sárlíc 313 sceát 337
sáwan 327 sceáta 337
sáwel 314 sceatt 336
s≠ 314 sceáwian 337
s≠bur 314 sceääan 336
sæcc 315 scelfan 337
sæd 310 scellan 333
s≠d 327 scelle 333
s≠déor 314 scencan 334
s≠dtíma 327 sceó 341
s≠fisc 314 sceófan 339
sæen 311 sceolh 338
s≠lan 312, 327 sceorfan 339
s≠land 314 sceót 339
sælä 315 sceótan 339
s≠lä 327 sceran 338
s≠mann 314 scíd 341
s≠ne 313 sciftan 340
sæp 319 scild 337
s≠t 328 scildan 337, 345
s≠te 328 scildbur 337
s≠we 314 scildhreóäa 185
sc≠nan 332 scilfe 337
sceacan 332 scilfisc 332
sceacel 332 scilian 338
sceaca 331 scill 332, 338
sceádan 331 scillan 338
sceadd 331 scillin 338
sceadu 331 scíma 341
sceadwian 331 scimian 340
sceáä 332 scimrian 340
sceaäa 336 scínan 341
sceaäian 336 scíne 336
sceáf 336 scinu 340
scéafa 331 scip 340
sceafan 330 scipfird 340
sceáffót 331 scipmann 340
sceaft 331 scippan 334
sceaftto 411 scipsteóra 341
sceaa 331 scír 341
sceal 332 scíran 342
scealc 332 scirian 335
sceala 332 scítan 342
scealu 333 scofl 347
sceam 333 scóan 342
sceám 339 scóh 342
sceamian 333 scóhäwan 342
sceamleás 333 scop 346
sceamu 333 scorf 346
sceanca 334 scorian 346
sceáp 340 scort 346
scear 335 scoru 346
sceár 340 scot 346
sceard 335 scotian 347
scearn 335 scrád 343
scearp 335 scrallettan 344
562 INDICES
scrapian 344 seleweard 315

scræf 334 self 323
scréad(e) 344 self≠ta 88
screpan 344 sellan 316
scríäan 344 séman 360
scriäe 344 sencan 318
scrífan 344 sendan 318
scrift 344 senan 318
scrincan 344 séoc 326
scrúd 345 seód 326
scrybb 344 séoäan 326
scrÿdan 345 seofoäa 321
scúfan 347 seofon 321
sculdor 345 seolfor 328
scúr 347 seolforsmiä 329
scúwa 347 seolfren 329
scyld 345 seolh 323
scyldfrecu 113 seón 323, 330
scyldhete 153 seonu 329
scyndan 345 seonuwealt 444
scyrte 346 seoräan 325
scyte 347 seówan 329
scytel 347 serc 319
scytta 347 sess 325
se 310 set 325
seáä 320 seten 319
sealf 315 setl 326
sealfian 315 settan 319
sealh 315 sibb 320
sealma 324 sibbian 321
sealt 316 síc 330
sealtan 316 síd 329
sealtfæt 316 síde 329
sealtstán 316 sidian 321
seám 320 sidu 321
seár 320 síä 325, 330
seárian 320 síäian 325
searo 319 sife 328
seáw 320 sían 329
seax 312 siäe 322
sécan 360 sie 322, 328
sec 312 siel 385
secan 311 siorian 322
secróf 307 síma 330
sédan 361 simble 324
seddan 311 sín 322, 330
séäan 318 sinc 325
sefa 311 sincan 325
séfte 318 sind 458
sel 322 sinder 324
selian 322 sinan 324
seht 312 sinréne 324
seldan 323 sittan 325
seldlíc 323 six 322
seldsíne 323 sixta 322
sele 315 sláh 348
seleist 315 sláhäorn 348
slápan 350 snearu 356

sláw 349 sneel 357
sl≠ 348 snell 357
slæc 349 sneówan 358
sl≠d 348 snér 359
sl≠p 350 snícan 358
sleán 348 sníäan 358
slec 348 sníwan 358
slee 348 snód 358
slídan 351 snoru 359
slidrian 350 snot 359
slíäe 351 snotor 359
sliht 348 snúd 360
slím 351 snyäian 359
slincan 350 snÿtan 360
slinan 350 snytru 359
slípan 349 sócn 360
slipor 351 sóä 318–319
slítan 351 sóäcw≠de 229
slíw 351 sóälíc 319
sloca 352 sóäword 319
slop 352 sol 385
sluma 352 sóm 360
slúpan 350 sopa 388
smacian 353 soppe 388
smæcc 352 sor 388
smæl 353 sorian 388
sm≠te 352 sorhfull 388
smeáan 353 sót 360
sméah 353 spáca 361
smelt 353 spada 361
smeócan 354 spanan 361
smeortan 353 span 361
smeoru 353 spann 362
smerian 353 spannan 362
smicer 354 spanu 362
smiä 354 sparian 362
smiäbel 354 spær 362
smiääe 355 spearca 362
smiäian 355 spearhafoc 363
smirels 354 spearwa 363
smirwan 354 sped 361
smítan 355 spelc 363
smittian 354 speld 363
smocc 355 spell 363
smolt 353 spellian 363
smúan 354 spennan 362
snaca 356 spennels 362
snacc 356 spere 364
snáw 355 spic 365
snáwhwít 355 spíc 365
sn≠d 355 spild 363
sn≠dan 355 spildan 364
sn≠din 355 spinel 364
sn≠s 356 spinnan 364
sn≠san 356 spír 365
snear 356 spíwan 365
564 INDICES
spiwe 365 steópcild 376

spón 364 steópdohtor 376
spor 367 steópfæder 376
spora 368 steópmódor 376
spornan 367 steópsunu 376
spówan 364 steór 377
spræc 366 steorfa 375
spr≠dan 366 steorfan 375
sprecan 366 steórmann 376
sprenan 366 steorra 375
spreót 364 steort 376
sprin 366 stepe 371
sprinan 366 sticca 374
sprota 367 stice 378
spyrd 367 stician 378
spyrian 367 stíä 375
spyrnan 367 stíeran 377
staca 370 stíf 378
staca 369 sti 377
staäol 373 stí 378
stafian 368 stían 378
stam 370 stiráp 377
stamerian 371 stílan 369
stán 369 stíle 369
stánboa 369 stillan 374
stánbur 369 stille 374
standan 371 stincan 375
stáni 369 stinan 374
stapa 372 stípan 373
stapol 372 stocc 383
starian 372 stód 379
stæä 372 stod 382
stæääan 373 stódhors 379
stæf 368 stódmere 379
stæ 369 stofa 382
st≠er 369 stól 379
st≠nan 370 stór 379
stæppan 372 storc 384
stær 372 storm 384
stærblind 372 stów 380
steall 370 stówian 379
steám 376 strand 380
steáp 373 stran 380
stearc 372 stræc 380
stearn 375 str≠l 381
steartlian 376 streám 380
stede 369 streáw 381
stedefæst 368 streáwian 381
stedeleás 368 streccan 380
stefn 368, 373 stren 380
stefna 371 strenlíc 380
stefnan 371 strícan 382
stefnian 373 strídan 382
stela 374 stund 383
stelan 374 stunian 383
stencan 371 stunt 383
steópbearn 376 stycce 383
styntan 383 swenc 391

styria 384 swenan 391
styrian 384 sweora 395
styrman 384 sweord 395
sú 389 sweordberende 395
súcan 388 sweorfan 395
súäan 387 sweostor 395
súäerne 387 swér 393
sufel 385 swerian 391
súan 388 swic 396
suu 385 swícan 397
sum 385 swicn 393
sumer 386 swicol 396
sumerlan 386 swíä 394
sund 386 swíäan 395
sundor 386 swíälíc 394
sundrian 387 swífan 397
sunne 387 swíma 397
sunor 387 swimman 394
sunu 388 swín 397
súpan 389 swincan 394
súr 389 swinan 394
súreáede 28 swínhyrde 397
súríe 29, 389 swipe 396
súsl 326, 388 swót 398
swá 397 swylt 398
swaäu 392 syflan 385
swamm 391 sÿl 389
swán 390 syll 394
swan 391 symbel 386
swápan 390 symerinwyrt 386
swát 390 syn 386
sw≠lan 396 syndrian 387
sw≠r 396
sw≠s 396 tacan 400
sw≠slíc 396 tácn 399
sw≠tan 390 tácnian 399
swealwe 390 tácor 399
sweard 391 táhe 399
swearm 391 talian 400
sweart 392 talu 401
swebban 389 tam 401
swefan 392 tán 399
swefel 392 tan 401
swefen 392 tare 402
swefnian 393 taru 402
swé 397 tát 400
swéan 397 t≠cnan 399
sweel 393 tæl 398
sweer 393 tæl 400
swele 385 t≠l 406
swehor 393 tælan 406
swelan 393 tæppa 402
swelc 390 t≠san 400
swelan 394 t≠tan 400
swellan 394 te 408
sweltan 390, 394 téafor 402
566 INDICES
teá 403 treów 409–410

teaor 398 treówan 410
teám 403 treówä 410
teár 399 treówe 410
teárihleór 399 treówen 410
teld 404 treówloa 250
tela 404 treppan 409
tellan 400 trí 409
temian 401 trod 410
tendan 401 tro 410
tenan 401 trúä 411
teóäa 403 trum 411
teohh 403 trúw 411
teón 405, 407 trúwian 411
teóna 405 tú 415
teors 405 tumbian 411
teran 405 tún 413
teter 405 tune 412
tiber 406 tune-ärum 427
tíd 407 tunol 412
tierwe 405 turf 413
-ti 403 tusc 412
tían 403 twá 415
tiht 406 twéen 415
til 407 twelf 413
tilian 407 twelfta 413
till 407 twelfwintre 413
tíma 408 tweó 414
timber 404 tweóne 414
timbran 404 twi 414
tín 404 twin 414
tin 407 twisla 414
tínan 405 twislian 414
tind 404 twist 414
tinneä 405 twiwa 414
tír 408 tyel 411
tiran 402 tyht 411
titt 407 tynder 412
tó 408
tóä 401 úder 436
tóäleás 401 úf 436
toian 411 ufan 432
tóh 401 ufera 432
tóhlídan 177 ufeweard 432
tól 408 úhthlem 174
tóm 408 úle 436
topp 412 uncúä 224
tordwifel 413 und 434
torht 413 under 434
torn 413 undern 434
tot 413 undernmete 434
totrida 304 underwr≠del 473
towhús 408 unecoren 225
tredan 409 uneleáf 237
treddan 408 unilde 131
trea 409 unhírlíc 171
trem 409 unholda 192
unl≠d 244 wæl 443

unlíne 238 wælcyre 442
unnan 435 wældreór 442
uns≠l 327 wælfeall 442
uns≠le 327 wæltan 444
up 435 w≠pen 461
uppe 435 w≠penleás 461
úr 437 wær 447, 450
úrifeäera 437 w≠r 461
ús 460 wærlíc 447
úser 435 wæscan 450
út 437 wæsp 438
útan 437 wæstmb≠re 44
úte 437 w≠t 462
útor 437 w≠ta 462
útsiht 385 w≠tan 462
w≠te 462
wá 440 wæter 451
wác 440 wæterel≠t 244
wacian 442 wæterwrite 473
wáclíc 440 wé 460
wacol 442 weá 441
wacor 442 weád≠d 440
wacu 442 wealcan 444
wadan 438 wealcian 444
wadu 438 weald 443, 445
wáä 441 wealdan 443
wá 440 weal 443
waian 439 wealh 444
walu 444 wealhhafoc 443
wamb 445 wealhhnutu 444
wamm 445 weallan 453
wan 446 wealte 444
wana 447 weard 448
wand 446 weardian 448
wandian 446 weardmann 448
wan 446 wear 448
wane 447 weartreów 448
wanhál 445 wearm 449
wánian 440 wearn 449
wanian 446–447 wearp 450
wápe 441 weart 450
wapol 447 weax 439
warenian 449 weaxan 439
warian 449 webb 437
waru 449–450 webbian 438
wáse 441 weccan 442
wát 441 wec 439
w≠can 440 wecan 438
wæcnan 442 wédan 469
wæd 438 wedd 438
w≠d 460 weddian 438
w≠dian 460 weder 452
w≠äan 441 wederdæ 451
w≠fan 440 wederian 452
w≠ 460 wéäe 470
wæn 439 weäer 459
568 INDICES
wefan 451 wíf 464

we 452 wifel 451
wean 452 wí 465
wefarende 452 wían 465
weleás 452 wíbedd 466
wenest 452 wíheard 465
wel 454 wímann 465
weld≠d 453 wíh 466
weler 456 wiht 452–453
weli 453 wilddéor 454
wéman 470 wilde 454
wemman 445 wílisc 444
wén 461 will 444, 453
wénan 461 willa 453
wendan 446 willan 444
wenian 447 wilm 444
wenn 447 wilwan 445
weorc 456 wimpel 454
weorcdæ 456 wín 467
weorchús 456 wínbel 466
weorcmann 456 wínberi()e 466
weorä 457–458 wínbyrele 466
weoräan 457 wind 454
weoräian 458 windan 454
weorälíc 457 wíndruncen 466
weorold 462 windwian 456
weorpan 457 wine 455
wépan 470 winestra 455
wer 449, 463 wínfæt 467
weräeód 463 wínhús 467
werewulf 463 winnan 455
werena 461 winter 455
werian 449–450 wíntreów 467
wéri 470 wír 467
wesan 458 wirdan 448
wesend 463 wiran 448
wesle 459 wirä 448
westan 459 wirman 449
wéste 470 wirrest 457
westerne 459 wirs 457
wíc 466 wirsa 457
wícan 466 wís 467–468
wic 452 wísa 468
wicu 462 wisc 463
wíd 465 wísdóm 467
wíde 465 wíse 468
wídfæäme 465 wísian 468
wídanol 126 wíslíc 467
wídscriäol 344 wisnian 463
widu 462 wist 459
widuwe 462 wit 459
wiääe 464 wita 464
wiäer 464 wítan 468
wiäerbreca 55 wíte 468
wiäerweard 464 wítea 468
wiäobán 464 wíteian 468
wiella 453 witer 464
witi 464 wríäan 473

witleás 463 wriian 471
witod 464 wrinan 472
witt 464 wrist 472
wíxlan 462 writ 472
wlátian 469 wrítan 473
wlisp 469 wrót 473
wlítan 469 wrótan 473
wlite 469 wulf 473
wód 469 wull 474
Wóden 469 wund 474
wóh 447 wundian 474
wolcen 474 wundor 474
wóm 469 wundorséon 474
wóp 470 wunian 475
word 475 wynn 475
wordian 475 wyrcan 457, 476
wordi 475 wyrd 475
wordwís 475 wyran 476
worä 476 wyrm 476
wós 470 wyrmeard 476
wracu 471 wyrpel 450
wráä 471 wyrt 476
wran(a) 471 wyrtwalu 445
wræc 471 wÿscan 475
wr≠c 472
wr≠ä 471–472 ÿä 435
wr≠ne 470 yfel 433
wr≠stan 471 ymb 434
wrecan 471 yppan 435
wreccan 471 ysel 436
wréan 473 ÿtan 437
Middle English
báre 44 flake 105
bendel 35
bléwe 48 glenten 136
brim 5657 gloume 137
budde 61
busch 64 helpless 168
busche 64 herne 170
hoors 153
houseleek 196
cake 208
cleat 215
knagge 217
cnak 217
knarre 217
cob 222
cwéd 229 léske 243
love 249
depthe 71
dinen 70 male 257
doder 78 mawen 257
drift 76 móne 274
driten 76 mót 274
droppe 77 muteren 278
570 INDICES
nére 285 sparre 363

nippen 180 sprenten 366
spúten 368
padde 291 sterten 372
pocce 293 stilte 374
prange 293 stocken 383
stolpe 383
rapen 184 stripe 381
rash 297 strut 382
reken 301 strút 382
rowe 189 stubbe 382
rowne 189 sumertid 386
ryppen 309 sweigh 389
swépen 390
scéthen 332
schífe 341 tim 158
schrìken 344 tip 405
schrillen 344 tyke 407
shreame 344
shrimp 344 wappen 447
sloppe 352 wase 450
slúghe 352 welde 445
snípe 358 whìte 202
snówen 356 wippen 462
snúte 360 wráh 470
someren 386
English
bang 35 note 290
bar 37
bloat 47 oam 7
brake 54
quack 227
cag 208
calf 209 rot 309
clammer 215
saw 311
dab 66 sleet 349
snub 359
fledge 108 spink 365
fleet 107 squack 348
fud 116 stacker 370
swab 389
gnarr 138 swoop 397
gnatter 138
ted 398
hull 191 tether 405
hump 193 thaw 418
tod 411
leer 236
wack 442
mood 273 whiting 202
mother 278
mud 278
Old Saxon
abal 2 apo 21
àband 2 appul 21
abuh 2 apuldra 21
adali 27 aran-fimba 31
à-dòmian 73 arbelgid 34
àäum 87 arbèth 22
af 1 arbèthi 22
afheldian 157 arm 24
afseffian 311 armlìk 24
aftan 2 arn 24
aftar 2 aro 25
agana 3 ars 25
aha 5 aru 25
ahar 4 arut 25
ahaspring 366 às 21
àhlùdian 178 ask 26
ahorn 5 ast 26
ahsla 5 at 26
ahto 5 àt 88
ak 11 athrotan 426
akkar 12 athumzuht 411
akus 12 avaro 2
al 16 awerdian 448
àl 87
alah 14 badu 32
alahwìt 12–13 bàg 44
alamahtìg 12 bak 33
alathioda 12 bald 34
alawaldand 16 balu 34
alawaldo 13, 443 baluwìso 468
ald 13 ban(n) 36
aldar 14 baneäi 35
aldarlagu 14 bank 36
alèthian 234 bannan 36
àlòsian 239 bano 36
alu 16 bar 40
alund 16 bàra 38
alung 16 barm 37
ambaht 18 barn 37
ambùsan 65 baron 40
an 17 barug 37
anafang 92 bath 39
anawàni 461 be 44
and 18 bed 32
ando 18 beda 45
andsaco 315 bèdian 32
andwurdi 475 beginnan 132
andwurdian 475 beki 33
angar 19 beldian 34
àno 87 belgan 41
anst 21 bèn 32
answebbian 389 bendi 35
antkennian 210 beniwunda 35
antlang 236 beran 41
anud 21 berg 42
572 INDICES
bergan 42 blòth 48
berht 42 blòthì 48
berhtlìk 42 bodal 64
beri 40 bodo 61
berka 43 bodom 61
bero 43 bòggebo 39, 130
bèrswìn 33 bògian 39
bet 38 bòk 52
betaro 38 bòka 51
bèthia 52 bòkan 39
bewò 44 bòkia 51
bìa 46 bòkstaf 51
bibòn 45 bollo 62
bìdan 46 bòm 39
biddian 45 bòna 40
bidelban 70 bord 63
bidòbian 69 borda 63
bidòdian 69 boròn 64
bidòn 45 bòsom 52
bidriogan 75 bòta 52
bidwellian 81 bòtian 52
bifelhan 97 Bòvo 51
bigetan 133 bràdo 57
bihlìdan 177 brakòn 54
bihullean 191 brand 54
bihwelbian 198 branderèda 54, 295
biklìban 216 brèd 53
bilemid 234 brèdian 53
bilìban 247 brekan 55
bill 46 bressemo 53
bilùkan 252 brestan 56
bindan 41 bringan 55
binet 41 brinnan 56
bini 46 bròd 54
biod 43 bròthar 57
biodan 43 brùd 59
biril 42, 64 brùdigomo 59
birka 42 brùdloht 59
bisenkian 318 brugdun 55
bìtan 46 bruggia 58
bitengi 401 brùkan 60
bittar 45 brunnia 58
biwellan 453 brunno 58
blad 46 brùnròd 60
blàdara 46 bù 65
blào 49 bùan 52–53
blèk 47 buggian 61
blek 49 bùla 65
blì 49–50 bùland 65
blìkan 49 bùr 65
blind 48 burdian 63
blindi 48 burg 63
blìthi 49 bursta 64
blòd 50
blòdag 50 dàd 72
blòjan 50 dag 66
blòmo 50 dagwerk 66
dal 67 èld 7
danna 68 eldì 14
dar 68 elina 14
dèl 67 elira 15
dèlian 67 ellean 15
derbi 71 elleban 8
dilli 70 ellifto 8
diop 71 èn 9
diupi 71 èndago 8
diuri 71 endi 18
diuritha 71 endilòs 18
diurlìk 71 endion 18
dòan 73 ènfald 8
dòd 69 engi 19
dòg 69 engitha 19
dohtar 78 ènhard 8
dokka 78 ènig 8
dol 81 ènlòpe 8
dòm 73 èo 10
dòpian 69 èr 9, 11
dor 79 erbi 22
dosan 80 erbiward 22
dòth 70 erian 23
dragan 74 erida 23
dràn 76 èrist 9
drìban 76 erit 25
drinkan 75 eriwit 10
driopan 76 erl 85
driosan 76 ertha 86
dròbi 77 erthhùs 85
dròbian 77 es 203
drohtìn 77 èscon 9
dròm 75 esil 25
dropo 77 etan 86
dròr 75 èth 10
druhtfolk 77 ethili 27
dùba 80 ettho 86
dumb 79 èttor 10
dung 79 evurspiot 364
dunian 79 ewi 31
dwalm 81
fà 96
èd 6 fadar 88
ed 82 fagan 88
edor 82 faganòn 89
èdstaf 10 fàhan 92
ef 82, 204 fahs 89
efni 82 fal 91
eft 2 -fald 90
ègan 6 faled 91
eggia 3 fallan 91
egisa 3 falu 91
egitha 3 fano 92
egithassa 4 faran 93
ehuskalk 83 fardwolon 81
ei 11 farflòcan 108
èk 7 farliosan 243
574 INDICES
farlust 251 flòd 107

farm 93 flòkan 108
farman 259 flotòn 109
farskundian 345 flugi 108
farsturian 384 fluht 108
farthrot 427 fòdian 109
farùtar 437 fògian 109
farwarht 476 fohs 117
farwurht 476 folda 117
fast 94 folgon 117
fasta 95 folk 117
fastnòn 95 folo 118
fastunnia 95 fora 119
fat 95 -ford 119
feäara 102 forht 120
fedarhamo 102 forhtian 120
fègi 89 fòrian 110
fèh 89 formo 116
fehtan 96 forth 121
fehu 97 fòt 110
fehugiri 132 frà 112
fèkan 90 fram 111
fèkni 90 fremithi 111
feld 97 fremmian 111
fell 97 frèsa 111
fellian 91 frèthi 111
fèmea 90 frithòn 115
feni 92 frithu 115
ferah 100 frithusam 317
ferian 93 friund 114
fernun gère 100 friuthil 114
ferr 99 fròd 115
fersna 101 fròho 112
festian 94 fròkni 116
fìf 98 frost 116
fifaldra 98 frùa 112–113
filu 98 frumì 116
findan 99 fugal 116
fingar 99 fugalklovo 217
fìond 103 ful 118
fioräo 96 fullian 118
firihos 100 fullon 118
firina 100 furi 119
firinwerc 100 furia 120
firrian 99 furist 120
first 113 fùs 119
fisk 103 fùst 118
fiskòn 103
fittea 101 gabala 121
fiur 121 gaduling 122
fiwar 96 galgo 124
flaka 105 galla 124
flehtan 106 galm 125
flèsk 104 galpòn 125
flet 105 gaman 125
fliohan 107 gàn 133
fliotan 107 gang 125
gangan 125 ginist 284

gard 126, 129 ginòg 289
gardo 127 giotan 133
garu 127 giràdi 304
garwian 127 girnian 132
gast 127 girùni 310
gat 128 gìsal 135
geba 130 giscaft 331
geban 130 gisellian 316
gebreuuan 56 gisìd 325
geder 87 gisidòn 321
gegin 122 gisìthi 325
gehan 205 gisiuni 323
gèl 122 giskerpian 335
geld 130 gisund 386
geldan 130 git 208
gelp 131 gital 400
gelu 131 gitiunian 406
genòt 282 gitriuwid 410
gèr 123 giwaragean 448
gern 132 giweldig 443
gersta 132 giwennian 447
gèst 123 giwerthon 458
gèt 123 giwirki 457
gì 206 giwit 464
giarmod 24 giwono 447
gibeddio 32 glas 135
giberan 41 glasa 135
gibilla 130 glau 136
giblòthid 48 glìdan 136
gibod 60 glìmo 136
gibrennian 54 glìtan 136
giburd 63 glòian 137
giburian 64 -gò 128
gidròg 74 gòd 138
giervan 22 god 145
gifagiritha 89 godforoht 144
gifòlian 109 gòdì 138
gifòri 110 godkund 223
gifràgi 113 gòdlìk 138
gigengi 126 godowebbi 145
gihònian 166 gold 145
gihugd 190 goldwivil 451
gihungrian 193 gòma 128
gihwervian 198 gòmian 128
gikunnon 224 -gòt 129
gilìk 248 gràdag 142
gilòbian 238 graf 139
gimako 257 gram 139
gimalan 257 gras 140
gimarkòn 262 gravan 139
gimèd 254 gremi 140
gimèni 255 grim 141
gimerki 262 grìma 143
gimet 268 grimman 141
gìnan 134 griot 141
ginesan 284 grìpan 143
576 INDICES
grìs 143 hèli 151

gròni 143 hèlian 152
gròt 141 heliähelm 168
gròtian 144 helith 155
grund 144 hellia 156
gùdfano 146 helliwìti 156
guldìn 146 helpa 168
gumo 146 helpan 168
gund 146 helsian 157
gùthea 146 helta 168
hèm 152
hàf 158 hème 152
haft 149 hèr 153
hagal 150 herdian 162
hagin 150 herevart 162
hago 150 heri 163
hagustald 150 heriberga 42
hàhan 160 heriòn 163
hako 154 herth 170
hakth 154 heru 171
halba 155 hèt 153
haldan 155 hètha 154
half 154 hèthin 154
halla 156 heti 165
halòn 156 hètian 153
hals 156 hildi 168
hamar 158 hindan 172
hamustra 158 hindi 169
hand 159 hindiro 173
handbano 159 hiopo 171
handlon 159 hirdi 169
handmagan 159 hirot 171
handwerk 159 hìwa 173
hangon 160 hìwiski 173
hano 161 hlamòn 174
hanup 159 hlanka 174
hàr 172 hleo 177
hard 162 hleor 176
harm 163 hlid 177
harmo 163 hlinòn 177
harpa 163 hliotan 176
hathu 165 hlòt 175
haton 165 hlùd 178
hatulo 164 hlust 178
havuk 148 hluttar 178
he 172 hnapp 179
hebantungal 169 hnègian 138
hebbian 147, 149 hnìgan 180
hebig 148 hnìtan 180
hèd 151 hòba 181
hèdar 151 hòbid 165
heftian 149 hòbidband 35
heil 151 hòbidmàl 270
hèl 151 hòd 165
hèlag 151 hòf 181
hèlagòn 151 hof 190
helan 168 hofstedi 190
hòh 166 hwessi 198

hòhì 166 hwethar 199
hòi 167 hwèti 197
hol 191 hwì 201
hold 192 hwìla 201
holm 191 hwìt 201
holt 192 hwolvo 198
hòn 182
honig 193 ic 83
hònitha 166 ichilla 206
hòp 166 ìdal 203
hord 196 idis 72
hòrhùs 182 igil 203
hòrian 167 ìh 203
horn 195 in 84
horsk 195 ìn 83
hosa 195 inca 84
hrao 185 inna 84
hrèni 183 innan 84
hrènian 183 inwid 451
hrènkorni 225 irminman 85
hrèu 183 irri 86
hreuwan 186 irrian 86
hrìdra 187 ìs 204
hring 185 is 86
hringa 186 ìsarn 204
hriod 186 ìsarnsmith 204
hrìpo 187 it 203
hrisian 187
hriuwi 187 jàr 206
hròä 188 ju 207
hròpan 188 juguth 207
hròr 189 juk 207
hròrian 189 jukkian 207
hros 189 jung 207
hruggi 189 jungling 207
hrùtho 190
hùd 196 kald 209
huggean 191 kalf 209
huggian 190 kamb 209
hugi 190 kanna 210
huldi 192 karm 210
hund 193 karòn 211
hundrod 193 kembian 209
hungar 194 kìmo 214
hurth 194 kìnan 214
hùs 196 kind 212
hùva 196 kiol 213
hwal 197 kiosan 213
hwan 198 kip 214
hwàr 198 kitilòn 214
hwarbòn 198 klè 215
hwarf 198 klèni 215
hwat 199 klibon 216
hwè 199 klif 216
hwelp 200 knecht 217
hwerban 200 knevil 217
578 INDICES
knio 218 lìf 247

kò 219 lìflòs 247
kòp 211 liggian 240
kòpian 211 lìhan 247
kòpstedi 211 lìhtlìk 240
korn 225 lìk 247
kornhùs 225 lìkhamo 247
koston 226 likkòn 246
kraft 220 lìkon 248
krano 220 lìn 248
kùäian 224 lindia 240
kuman 227 lìnòn 247
kumbal 223 liodan 242
kuning 224 liof 241
kuningdòm 224 lioflìk 241
kuningrìki 224 liogan 242
kunni 224 liohtian 243
kus 225 liomo 242
kussian 225 list 246
kust 226 lìth 249
kùth 224 lìthan 248
lìthi 241
lagustròm 231 liud 242
lahan 232 lobon 249
lahs 232 lòf 237
lakan 234 lof 249
làki 244 lògnian 238
làknòn 244 lohs 250
lam 234 lòk 239
lamb 234 lokk 250
land 235 lòkon 249
landsidu 235 lòn 239
landskuld 235 lòs 239
lang 235 lòsian 251
langòn 236 lòswaurd 239
lappo 236 lotho 252
làri 236 lubbi 249
lastar 232 luft 249
lat 237 lugina 250
làtan 244 lungannia 251
lathian 237 lungar 251
lèba 232 lust 251
lèdian 232 lustian 251
lèf 243 lustsam 251
legar 240 luttil 248
leggian 231 luva 249
lèhan 232
lèmo 233 mag 252
lèra 233 màg 269
lèrian 233 magath 253
lesan 241 magu 253
lèstian 233 mahal 263
lèth 233 mahalian 263
lettian 237 màho 269
lèvian 232 maht 254
lèwerka 234 mahtig 254
libbian 245 màki 269
makòn 257 middilgard 264

maldar 257 midgarni 127
maldia 258 mik 83
màlòn 270 mikil 265
malsk 258 mikilan 265
malt 258 mikilì 265
man 260 mildi 266
manag 259 milidou 266
managfald 259 miluk 267
mangòn 259 mìn 83, 273
mankunni 260 mindil 268
mannisc 260 minnian 268
màno 270 mirki 268
manòn 259 misdàd 272
manslahta 348 mislìk 272
mansterbo 375 mist 271
mànuth 270 mìthan 273
marg 264 mòd 273
màri 270 mòdag 273
màrian 270 mòdar 273
màritha 270 mòder 274
marka 262 mòdsebo 273
maska 262 mòr 274
masur 263 mordwerk 277
mat 263 morgan 276
matho 264 morha 276
mè 257 mornian 277
mèda 272 morth 277
mèdom 256 mòt 274
megin 253 mòthi 274
melm 267 mòtian 274
melo 267 muggia 275
mèn 255 mund 275
mènèth 255 mùs 278
mènful 255 mùth 276
mèngiwito 464
mènhwàt 199 naba 279
meni 260 nabugèr 279
mènian 255 nàdla 287
menigi 259 nàdra 286
merca 262 nagal 279
merì 262 nàh 286
meria 261 naht 279
meridior 71 nahthraban 182
meriswìn 261 nako 280
mèro 257 namo 280
merrian 262 naru 281
mersc 261 nàtha 287
mèsa 256 nàthian 281
mèst 256 neba 283
metilòsi 263 nebal 283
metod 268 nebo 283
mì 83 nec 283
mid 268 neglian 279
middi 264 nemnian 280
middia 264 nèn 283
middil 264 nerian 281
580 INDICES
neriand 281 quellian 227

netti 281 quena 228
ni 283 querna 228
nigun 285 quethan 229
nigundo 285 quidi 227
niman 284 quik 230
nìth 289 quirnstèn 228
nithana 287
nithar 289 ràd 304
nitharòn 289 ràdan 303
nithiri 289 ràdgebo 303
niusian 284 raka 296
niuwi 284 rand 297
niwian 284 rasta 298
nòd 282 rath 298
nòdian 283 reäiòn 298
nòdthurft 282 regan 300
noh 289 reganwurm 300
nu 289 regera 183
nutti 290 rèho 295
reht 301
òbian 290 reka 301
òd 28 rekkian 296
òdag 28 rennian 297
òdan 28 respian 294
òäar 21 rethia 298
òäarlìk 21 ribbi 300
ofar-drepan 75 rihti 301
ofskerran 339 rihtian 301
òga 29 rìki 305
ògan 28 rìkidòm 305
ohso 433 rinda 302
òk 29 rink 302
opan 435 rinnan 302
opanon 435 riomo 303
òra 30 rìpi 306
ord 436 rìsan 306
ordrenkian 74 rìth 306
òstana 30 ròbon 298
òstròni 30 ròd 299
òthi 30 ròda 306
òthil 290 ròf 298
ovana 432 roggo 308
ovar 433 rok 308
ròk 299
pàl 292 ròkian 307
panna 291 rost 309
pant 291 rùm 309
pèda 291 rùmian 309
penning 291 rùna 310
pinn 291 rùwi 309
plegan 292
quàn 230 sad 310

queddian 226 sàd 327
quelan 227 sahs 312
quellan 227 Sahso 312
saka 315 sinc 325

sakan 314 sincan 325
sakk 315 sind 458
salba 315 sinder 324
salbòn 315 sinewa 329
sàläa 327 singan 324
salt 316 siok 326
saltfat 316 sittian 325
sama 317 siu 329
samad 317 siun 322
saman 317 siuwian 329
samanunga 317 skaft 331
samnòn 317 skàla 339
sàmo 328 skalk 332
sàmquik 328 skama 333
sand 318 skap 334
sang 318 skàp 340
saro 319 skapo 334
scal 332 skàra 340
scathòn 336 skard 335
scìmo 341 skarp 335
scòni 336 skatho 336
scrìkon 344 skatt 336
sculthètio 153 skawòn 337
sebo 311 skèdan 331
segal 322 skèf 331
seggian 311 skenkian 334
sehan 323 skeppian 334
sehs 322 skerian 335
sehsto 322 skèth 332
sèl 313 skilling 338
seldlìk 323 skìnan 341
self 323 skio 341
seli 315 skiotan 339
selitha 315 skip 340
selmo 324 skìr 341
sèm 313 skìva 341
sendian 318 skòf 336
sèo 314 skòh 342
sèola 314 skokka 346
sèr 313 skolo 345
sèrian 313 skònì 337
sethal 326 skotòn 347
settian 319 skrìban 344
sibbia 320 skrìdan 344
sibbio 321 skuddian 345
sibondo 321 skuld 345
sibun 321 skundian 345
sìä 325, 330 skùr 347
sìäòn 325 slahan 348
sidu 321 slak 349
sigi 322 slàp 350
silubrin 329 slàpan 350
siluvar 328 sleckian 349
simla 324 slegi 348
sìmo 330 slegibràwa 57
sìn 330 slèu 349
582 INDICES
slido 350 stath 372

sliht 350 stedi 369
slìtan 351 stèfdohtor 376
slìthi 351 stèffader 376
slòpian 349 stèfmòder 376
slund 352 stèfsun 376
smal 353 stehli 369
smàwort 354 stekan 373
smeltan 353 stekko 374
smero 353 stelan 374
smith 354 stemmian 371
snegil 357 stemna 373
snell 357 stèn 369
snèo 355 sterban 375
sneppa 358 sterro 375
snìäan 358 stìgan 378
sniumi 357 stiki 378
sò 397 stil 378
sògian 320 stilli 374
sòkian 360 stillian 374
sòmi 360 stòd 379
sorga 388 stokk 383
sorgòn 388 stòl 379
sòth 318–319 storm 384
soth 388 stòtan 373
sòthlìk 319 stràla 381
sòthword 319 strang 380
sou 320 strìd 381
spado 361 strìdian 382
spàh 364 strò 381
spàlìk 364 stròm 380
spanan 361 strota 427
sparòn 362 strotòn 382
sparro 363 stukki 383
spartalòn 366 stunda 383
spèka 361 sù 389
spèkaldra 361 sùäròni 387
spekk 365 suga 385
spel 363 sùgan 388
spelta 97 suht 385
sper 364 sùl 389
spildian 364 sulik 390
spinnila 364 sum 385
spott 368 sumar 386
sprekan 366 sumarlang 386
spurihelti 157 sumbal 386
spurihunt 367 sundar 386
staäal 373 sundargift 130
staf 368 sundia 386
stamn 371 sunno 387
stamp 371 sunu 388
stamuròn 371 suoti 398
stàn 377 sùrògi 389
standan 371 sùthon 387
stanga 371 sùval 385
stank 371 swala 390
stark 372 swan 391
swàr 396 thing 420

swart 392 thinghùs 420
swàs 396 thingòn 421
sweban 392 thiod 423
swellan 394 thiodan 422
sweltan 394 thiodkuning 422
swèn 390 thiof 422
swerd 395 thionòn 418
swerian 391 thionost 419
swèslìk 396 thiorna 419
swestar 395 thiubda 422
swèt 390 thiudisc 422
sweval 392 thiwi 419
swibogo 61 thòh 418
swigli 385 tholian 428
swìkan 397 thorn 430
swìn 397 thorp 430
swìnhirdi 397 thràd 427
swìth 394 thràsian 425
swòti 398 thràwerk 425
thrìa 425
tal 400 thrida 427
tala 401 thrimman 425
talòn 400 thringan 426
tam 401 thrìst 427
tand 401 throsla 425
tanga 401 thu 428
tanstuthili 382 thùmo 431
te 408 thunar 429
tegotho 403 thunkian 429
tehan 404 thunni 429
tèkan 399 thurft 429
tellian 400 thurh 421
tèn 399 thurst 430
thagian 415 thurstian 430
than 415 thwahan 431
thanana 416 thwerh 432
thank 416 thwingan 431
thankòn 416 tìd 407
thàr 416 -tig 403
tharbòn 416 timbar 404
tharbon 417 timbro 404
tharf 417 timbròn 404
tharod 416 tinnong 429
that 310, 417 tiohan 405
thistil 419 tiono 405
thegan 418 tìr 408
thekkian 415 tò 408
thenkian 416 tòm 408
thennian 416 tòmian 408
theo 419 torht 413
therbi 421 torn 413
thìhan 421 trada 409
thikki 419 tregan 409
thili 420 trego 409
thimm 420 treulogo 250
thìn 423 treuwa 410
584 INDICES
trio 409 waldàd 443

triuwi 410 waldan 443
tròstian 409 wam 445
trùòn 411 wamlòs 445
tùn 413 wan 446
tunga 412 wàn 461
tungal 412 wand 446
twà 415 wang 446
twè 415 wanga 447
tweho 414 wànian 461
twelif 413 wankon 447
twène 415 wanon 446
twìflian 414 wàpan 461
twio 414 war 447
twist 414 wàr 461
twò 415 wara 450
waragtrèo 448
ubil 433 ward 448
ùder 436 warda 448
ùhta 435 wardòn 448
umbi 434 warg 448
und 434 warm 449
undar 434 warmian 449
undbètian 33 waron 449
undorn 434 warp 450
ungimak 257 warta 450
unhiuri 171 watar 451
unhiurlìk 171 watho 451
unholdo 192 wè 440–441
unnan 435 webbi 437
unrìm 305 wedar 452
unti 434 weddi 438
unwìglìk 465 wèg 440
ùp 435 weg 452
uppa 435 wegan 452
ur 436 weggi 439
urspannane 362 weggian 438
ùs 460 wehsal 462
ùt 437 wehslòn 462
ùta 437 weiäa 441
ùtan 437 wèk 440
utbislotenun 350 wekkian 442
ùthia 435 wela 454
uvil 433 wendian 446
wènon 440
wàd 460 wepsia 438
wàdian 460 wer 463
wàg 460 werd 456
waga 439 weräan 457
wàga 460 werian 449
waganlèsa 233 werk 456
wagian 439 wermòda 449
wahs 439 werpan 457
wahsan 439 werr 449
wahta 440 werth 457–458
wakon 442 wesan 458
wald 445 westan 459
westròni 459 wìsa 468

wèt 441 wìsdòm 467
wethar 459 wìsian 468
wethil 451 wìslìk 467
wì 460 wìsòn 468
wìd 465 wiss 463
widerlàga 244 wist 459
wìdo 465 wit 459
widohoppa 462 withar 464
widowa 462 wìti 468
wìf 464 wliti 469
wigg 452 Wòden 469
wìgman 465 wòdian 469
wìgsaka 465 wolkan 474
wìh 466 wòp 470
wìhdag 466 wòpian 470
wìhian 465 wòrag 470
wìhitha 466 word 475
wika 462 wordwìs 475
wildi 454 workian 476
wilgia 453 wòsti 470
will 453 wràka 472
willio 453 wrekan 471
wimpal 454 wrènio 470
wìn 467 wrèth 471
wìnberi 466 wrèthian 471
wind 454 wrisilìk 472
windan 454 wrìtan 473
winding 455 wrògian 473
windskùfla 347 wulf 473
wìngardo 467 wund 474
wini 455 wunda 474
winilioth 243 wundar 474
winistar 455 wunnia 475
winnan 455 wunòn 475
wintar 455 wurd 475
wirs 457 wurgil 456
wirsa 457 wurm 476
wirsista 457 wurt 476
wìs 467 wurth 476
Middle Low German

achtende 5 are 25
ackerman 12 armbòg 23
ackerwerk 12 arnen 31
adel(e) 2 asche 26
àdere 87 asse 5
ag 3
alf 13 backen 33
alman 12 badestove 39
alwàr 16 balch 33
angel 19 balke 34
angest 19 bàre 44
annàme 286 bast 38
arch 23 bate 38
586 INDICES
beduven 80 bucht 61
behòf 181 buck 61
behòven 181 bucken 61
beitel 33 bùk 64
belle 41 bulge 62
bende 35 bunge 62
bendel 35 bunken 62
bendsel 35 busch 64
bèr 44
betame 406 cove 222
bète 33
bever 40 dà 416
bìl 46 dack 415
billen 41 dagen 66
binge 41 dam 67
blanc 47 damp 68
blasen 49 dapper 68
blecken 47 dare 417
bleie 50 darm 417
blèken 47 das 415
blenden 47 dèch 66–67, 423
blinken 47 delf 70
blöden 50 delle 67
bloot 48 dèpede 71
blòtrisene 50 derschen 426
blouwen 48 desele 419
bπtel 40 dètwech 422
bòch 39, 51 dèver 286
bòde 52, 65 dichte 421
boden 61 dieden 422
bogel 61 dinkman 420
boken 39 dìsel 421
bòken 52 dòf 69
bole 62 doget 78
bolte 62 dolk 78
bor 62 dolle 428
bordinc 63 donern 429
borelòs 64 dorre 430
borgen 63 dorsch 430
börgen 63 dosen 81
borke 37 douwen 418
borst 59 dracht 74
bòse 40 draf 73
bòve 51 drammen 424
braden 57 dranc 424
bragen 53 dreck 425
brak 53 drengen 424
brake 54 dreskeleff 426
brank 54 drift 76
brède 53 drìve 76
brek 55 drömel 427
brink 56 dröpen 75
bròk 55, 57 dròt 425
bròsch 54 drù 427
brouwen 56 drunk 77
brùsche 56 drunken 77
brùsen 60 drusen 77
ducht 428 gedrang 424

dùden 422 geisel 123
dùm 431 gel 131
dumben 412 gelike 248
dùmelink 431 gelit 246
dust 79 gellen 131
dwal 81 gelt 124
dwerch 81 gelte 145
gelve 131
eckeren 12 genanne 280
edelinc 27 gerade 298
egelen 4 gère 123
ègenen 6 gesniumen 358
eggen 3 gest 206
eggestèn 3 getròst 409
eilant 4 gève 133
einòge 7 gevel 130
eisch 6 gewelde 443
èken 7 giften 130
èkeren 7 gilde 131
ele 83 glar 135
ellenboge 14 glàren 136
elve 13 glat 135
èmere 7 glede 136
engelsch 19 glisen 136
enkel 8, 20 glòd 137
entvrömeden 111 glùpen 137
erdfal 85 gnagen 137
erdfast 85 gniden 138
erve 22 gòk 128
erwete 25 goltsmit 146
esch 26 gor 146
èse 6 gòs 126
espe 26 graft 139
etten 27 grèn 141
ever 82 grìnen 143
gristel 144
falke 91 gròde 143
farn 94 gròpen 141
fìle 103 gruntlos 144
filt 97 gruntvast 144
finne 103 grùt 144
flas 104
flèt 107 haf 147
flòten 106 hagedorn 149
fòder 109 hàl 172
fòster 110 halm 156
halsbèn 156
gaddere 121 ham 158
gaden 122 ham(m)e 158
galle 124 hamel 157
gange 125 hank 161
gapen 126 hantel 159
garn 127 harsch 164
garnwinde 127 hase 164
garst 127 haselnote 164
gedrach 73 haspe 164
588 INDICES
havene 147 kinnebèn 212

hechte 149 kip 214
hegenen 150 kippen 214
hehòfte 181 kiven 214
heidendom 153 klampe 215
heist 151 klave 214
helfte 155 klàver 215
helm 168 klei 215
henne 161 klimmen 215
herde 162 klùt 217
herewàde 162 knacken 217
herschilt 162 knagge 217
herte 170 knap 217
herwech 162 knapp 217
hèsch 153 knìf 218
hilde 168 knìpen 218
hinderen 173 knoke 218
hinken 169 knotte 219
hòk 154 knuppe 218
homele 192 koder 222
hòre 182 kòl 219
hòren 182 kol 223
horninc 195 kolk 223
horst 195 kolsen 209
hòste 202 kolve 223
hover 190 kòne 219
hòvetlòs 148 kop 224
hùden 196 kòpman 211
hùken 196 kòpschip 211
hulk 191 kot 226
hulse 191 krabbeln 220
hup 194 krammen 220
huppen 194 kranek 221
hùslòk 196 krangh 220
krank 220
ìne 6 krap 221
inster 84 kratsen 222
ìskolt 204 krepen 221
krimpen 221
jene 205 kringel 221
krink 221
kà 211 kròch 220
kane 210 kroden 222
kar 212 krome 222
karsch 211 krop 222
kèl 208 kroppel 222
kele 212 krouwel 222
kelp 212 krübbe 222
kenninge 210 külde 223
kèp 208 kùle 226
kerle 210 kùren 226
kerne 213
ketel 211 lak 234
keuwen 213 lantkòp 235
kìl 214 lasch 237
kimme 212 lè 243
kimmel 212 lèch 244
ledder 174 mìre 268

leder 241 mischen 272
ledich 246 misse 272
lègede 244 missen 272
lemede 234 mist 271
lengde 236 mìte 273
lenge 236 mòien 274
lenken 175 mòne 274
lèsche 243 morden 277
lèste 233 more 277
lever 245 morgengave 276
leverwort 245 mos 277
lìk 247 motte 278
lìm 248 mùde 276
lindeworm 241 mùl 278
line 248 mullen 275
lint 240 murren 277
liste 248
lìt 177 nacke 179
lo 238 naket 280
lòd 238 nàmàge 286
lòge 238 narwe 281
lòp 175, 239 nat 281
lòs 235 navel 279
lot 178 nebbe 279
loten 178 necker 287
luchten 249 neden 180
lùken 252 neien 286
lùs 252 nemede 280
madre 252 nère 285
mage 253 nes 281
mager 253 nèsen 180
màl 270 nest 287
male 257 nète 180
mall 258 neten 179
man 260 nèten 280
manlòs 260 nettele 281
mare 262 netten 282
mark 262 nichte 283
marschalk 261 nòdbende 282
mast 263 nòdech 282
mechte 253 noetschyn 282
mede 265 nòmen 289
medewurt 265 norden 289
mèl 254 not 181
melde 266 nouwe 179
melk 267 nuck 181
melken 267 nutsam 290
melten 258
mèn 255 òke 29
mersch 261 òken 29
mesche 256 orète 88
mèse 255 öse 21
mève 256 ösele 436
middelen 265 òsen 30
mìgen 272 òst 26
590 INDICES
otter 436 regenboge 300

oven 433 reiger 183
òver 290 reiken 295
overen 432 reken 301
ovese 433 rèn 296
rèp 296
padde 291 rèpen 296
pat 291 reppen 184
pìpe 292 rèten 303
pipen 292 rétin 299
plagge 292 richt 301
plet 292 rige 295
plicht 292 rigen 305
plòg 292 ringe 302
plugge 292 rìs 188
pòl 292 risten 187, 304
pors 293 rìten 306
pot 293 rìve 305
prange 293 rocken 308
prèn 293 rode 307
punge 293 roden 309
putte 294 ròder 307
ròf 188
rogen 189
quaken 227 ròk 188
quàt 229 ròke 307
quere 229 roke 308
querke 228 roken 299
querken 228 ròm 303
quèse 227 ròpen 299
quest 227 roppen 309
quicken 230 ròr 299
quist 229 ròten 299
quisten 229 rove 189
ròve 306
rà 294 ròwe 307
raem 184 rùch 309
rafter 294 rucken 308
raken 297 rusch 309
ram 184 rùse 310
rame 297
ramese 184 sadel 311
ramp 184 sadelboge 311
rank 297 sage 311
rapp 184 sagen 311
ràren 296 sap 319
ràs 304 sàt 327
rasch 297, 471 schade 331
ràsen 304 schal(l) 333
rat 185, 294 schalc 333
ràte 187 schale 333
rave 183 schamelòs 333
ràwe 307 schamen 333
rèbok 295 schande 334
recke 297 schar 335
rède 295 schare 335, 339
reff 304 scharf 334
scharn 335 sèlen 312

scharren 336 sèman 314
schart 335 sengen 318
schèle 338 sèpe 313
schelen 338 sete 326
schelle 332 setel 326
schellen 332 seve 328
schellvisch 332 sèvisch 314
schemede 333 sibbe 320
schèmeren 340 sik 323
schene 340 sìk 330
scher 335 sìt 329
schiften 340 skèn 337
schilt 337 skeren 338
schipman 340 slach 348
schippen 341 slage 348
schipvart 340 slagge 348
schìt 342 slank 349
schiten 342 slè 348
schode 336 slèdorn 348
schœten 337 slengen 349
schòien 342 slèt 349
scholen 348 slete 351
scholpe 345 slì 351
schòpe 342 slìden 351
schore 346 slìk 351
schorf 346 sliken 351
schorte 346 slim 351
schòt 337 slìm 351
schote 337 slingen 350
schöte 347 slinken 350
schòve 342 slìpen 351
schrà 344 slipper 351
schramme 344 sloke 352
schrèken 344 slömen 352
schricken 344 slot 352
schrimpen 344 slù 352
schrobben 345 slùken 352
schròt 344 slump 352
schùl 339, 347 slùpen 350
schulden 345 smacken 353
schulder 345 smak 353
schulle 345 smalt 353
schùm 345 smede 355
schuren 346 smeden 355
schutte 347 smeren 354
schütte 347 smìde 355
schuven 339, 347 smiten 355
schùwe 347 smitten 354
seden 326 smuck 355
sège 312 snabbe 355
segede 322 snake 356
segelen 322 snar 356
sèkedòm 326 snare 356
sel 323 snateren 357
selden 323 sneppel 358
sele 328 snèse 356
592 INDICES
snèwìt 355 stadigen 368

snigge 357 stak 370
snòde 357 stake 370
snoderen 359 staken 370
snòk 358 stal 370, 374
snoppe 359 stàl 369
snòr 359 stam 371
snore 359 stampen 371
snotte 359 stapel 372
snouw 357 star 372
snucken 359 starblint 372
snùf 360 starren 372
snùt 360 staven 368
snuten 360 stech 377
sòd 320 steden 373
sœmen 320 stedevast 368
sœren 320 stedich 368
sol 385 stege 377
solt 316 stèger 369
solten 316 stegerèp 377
sòm 320 steken 374
somerdach 386 stèlen 369
someren 386 stellinge 374
somertìt 386 stelte 374
sonderen 387 stènen 370
sòne 360 stènhùs 369
soppe 388 stèr 377
sòr 320 sterne 375
sòt 360 stert 376
spàde 364 stevene 368
spalden 361 stevenen 373
spàn 364 stìde 375
spange 361 stìf 378
spanne 362 stìl 378
spannen 362 stinken 375
sparke 362 stìren 379
specht 365 stiure 377
speen 363 stìvel 378
spellen 363 stolpe 383
spennen 362 stonen 383
spiè 365 stòp 373
spìle 365 stor 384
spinnen 364 stork 384
spìr 365 stormen 384
spit 365 stòt 373
splinte 365 stove 382
splìten 365 stòwen 379
spòle 366 strak 380
spor 367 stram 380
spore 368 strand 380
spotten 368 strank 380
sprèden 366 stricken 380
sprengen 366 striden 382
sprote 367 strìden 382
sprunk 367 striken 382
stach 369 strìpe 382
stade 369, 373 strump 382
strunk 382 tìen 72

stubbe 382 tìke 407
stùke 384 til 407
stùr 385 tin 407
stùren 377 tind 404
stùrmann 376 tinne 405
stùt 385 tip 405
stùve 384 titte 407
stùven 376, 384 tò 403
suke 326 togel 411
sul 394 togen 411
sulte 385 tòm 403
sunt 386 tömen 403
sùpen 389 tònen 28
sùr 389 tote 413
sùwele 329 touwen 403
swabben 389 tover 402
swad 392 trame 409
swàger 396 trappen 409
swam 391 tredden 408
swank 391 treden 409
swarde 391 troch 410
swarm 391 tròst 409
sweimen 389 tròstlòs 409
swelgen 394 tuder 405
swengen 391 tüdern 405
swepe 396 tunder 412
swèten 390 turf 412
swìm 397 tùte 413
swingen 394 twelefwintre 413
swümmen 394 twernen 414
twìch 414
tà 401 twìfel 414
tacken 400 twil 414
tagel 398
tagge 398 ule 436
talmen 400 unden 434
tange 401 uppen 435
tappe 402 ùr 437
tappen 402
tasche 402 varre 94
tè 399 vasel 94
teche 403 vedemen 95
tège 406 veet 90
teke 407 vèhùs 97
tèkenen 399 vere 93
telge 404 verten 101
telt 404 vinster 420
tengen 401 vist 101
teppen 402 vlak 105
tere 405 vlège 106
tergen 402 vlegen 106
ters 405 vleke 106
tertlik 402 vlèn 104
tèsen 400 vlicke 107
ticht 406 vlins 107
tìden 407 vlintstèn 107
594 INDICES
vlo 105 wèl 199

vloch 108 welk 453
vlocke 108 welle 453
vlote 109 wellen 444
vlundere 108 welsch 444
vœted 110 wene 447
vohe 117 wènic 440
volden 91 werkdag 456
volkwìch 118 werken 457
vorderven 71 werkman 456
vore 120 werwulf 463
vorget 133 wese 441
vorgetel 133 wesele 459
vorsch 116 west 459
vort 101 wetten 199
vòtspor 110 weven 451
vrak 111 wìdde 465
vredelòs 115 wìde 468
vrì 114 wie 468
vridel 114 wìgelse 465
vrisch 115 wìk 466
vùl 121 wìlen 201
vunke 119 winde 455
vunt 118 wìnfat 467
wìnhùs 467
wacker 442 winne 455
wade 438 wippen 462
waden 438 wìre 467
wagen 440 wìtink 202
wake 442 witlòs 463
wale 444 wittich 464
walnut 444 woker 469
walvisch 197 wolte 444
wamme 445 worpel 450
wàpenlòs 461 wòs 470
wardehùs 448 wrange 471
ware 449 wrank 471
wàre 461 wrechten 471
warnen 449 wrède 471
wartman 448 wrèdel 473
wase 450, 470 wrimpen 472
wat 438 wringen 472
wedden 438 wrist 472
wede 464 wroge 473
wedebèn 464 wulle 474
wederdage 451 wunsch 475
wèger 460 wünschen 475
weiden 441
Low German
banes 35 dalgen 67
bank 36 diopitha 71
brüsch 59 döle 73
budde 61 dott 80
drangsal 424 mùlen 278

drönen 77 nippen 180
nückel 181
eorid 83 nucken 181
flag 104 pùse 294
fòstarmuoder 110
schake 339
gemikilon 265
schakel 332
glùm 137
schanke 334
gnarren 138
scheften 331
gnatte 138
schräkel 343
gnetern 138
schulpen 348
grand 140
schunk 346
grann 140
slagòn 348
halsmeni 156 slidderen 350
hummer 192 snuppen 359
humpe 193 stòri 379
stackern 370
irhòen 166 stern 375
ìsjack 206 stevenen 371
swarven 391
kat 211 swπgen 397
klateren 215
klimp 216 targe 402
klinker 216 tasen 402
klunder 217 tikken 407
knacke 217
ùr 437
leen 174
löne 178
lütt 251 wàle 444
want 447
min 271 wappen 447
mòt 273 wròte 473
Middle Dutch
amme 17 canefbeen 209
amper 17 cavele 208
ankel 20 clingen 216
ast 26 cloot 215
atel 27 cnateren 217
cnosen 219
baert 36 coon 211
bequame 229 crat 221
bète 45 cronen 221
betemen 404
blaken 47 dabben 66
blanden 47 daes 69
boge 61 deger 72
bolster 62 demster 420
bræyen 57 dorren 417
bul 62 dra 424
bullen 62 drìten 76
bùsen 65 drom 427
596 INDICES
droten 425 hode 196

dutsch 422 hoesten 202
duun 80 hogede 166
dwale 81 honichsoet 193
dwellen 81 hune 196
dwìnen 81 husen 197
ebbe 1 ingroene 143

ederkauwen 203 innewert 84
elle 15
els 15 jaertal 206
eng 19
enn 18 kalu 209
erdbere 85 kerven 213
erdnote 85 klak 215
esch 26 kleem 214
evel 433
lade 175
fniesen 109 lec 240
lippe 241
gamel 125 lisp 469
gate 128 littel 248
gedenke 416
gediede 423 margen 276
gelande 235 melken 266
gelten 124 mère 255
gemeinen 255 moude 275
genge 125
geswelle 394 namelìke 280
gevedere 102 nesch 179
gherde 132 nocke 181
giel 134 nodigen 282
gift 130 nose 281
giselen 135 noten 282
goudbant 145
grapen 142 oncont 224
grasgroene 140 ongethes 402
grau 142 onghehiere 171
grepe 139 ontset 328
grisen 143 openbaer 44
groom 143
gurdel 147 poke 293
hael 156 queke 230

haessene 160
haghetisse 150 rædloos 303
hasel 164 rehtlìk 300
hees 153 remmen 184
hegge 150 rieken 303
hemmen 158 rive 187
henxt 160 riven 187
herman 162 roge 189
hersene 170 rooc 185
het 172 rot 309
hède 167 ruc 308
hiel 160 ruten 310
hille 192 ruum 309
salu 316 turven 413

schemen 340 twalefde 413
schoppen 346
schorten 346 unmildi 266
schotsch 347 vademen 95
schrapen 344 vee 89
schraven 342 vergoeden 138
schrepen 344 vergouden 146
schrift 344 vermenen 255
schrinken 344 verwe 93
schùte 348 vetel 95
scop 346 veteren 102
seltsiene 323 vinke 103
set 325 vitten 102
sien 330 viveltere 98
silversmit 329 vlacken 105
sindegrœn 324 vlecken 106
sìpen 330 vloeden 107
slabben 348 vloer 108
sleep 349 vlot 109
slooye 352 voetsel 109
smerten 353 vrec 113
snare 356 vrien 114
sneeuwen 356 vriesen 113
snellen 356 vroede 115
soop 320
spaer 362 wac 442
spengen 361 wackeren 442
sperren 363 waien 460
sporen 367 walc 444
spot 368 walken 444
spriet 364 wanden 446
stiepkind 376 wederlijc 452
strene 381 weiven 440
stroopen 381 welle 444
stugge 383 werchuus 456
stupen 384 werp 457
suken 388 wesent 463
sweer 393 wey 197
sweger 393 wicht 453
wicken 200
talch 400 wide 464
teet 400 woet 469
tesuwe 404 wolde 445
tort 413
Dutch
baden 39 festi 95
bonk 62
gijl 134
dodder 78 glimmen 136
dooi 418 glop 137
dori 79
dromen 75
598 INDICES
haaf 172 slodderen 352

hoep 182 slooien 352
holster 191 smelt 353
smieken 354
knar 217 snappen 356
kossem 225 snoepen 358
kuis 225 spalk 363
spuiten 368
laan 236 steg 377
stelpen 370
maal 270 stoom 376
machteloos 254
mistel 271 todde 411
modder 278 top 412
moet 274 toppen 412
mot 278 tornen 413
muik 278 tortwevel 413
prangen 293 vacht 89

voos 96
rafel 294
rijm 187 waas 462
wapperen 437
schalm 333
schooien 340 zeeland 314
slegge 348
Old High German
aba 1 àhta 20
abafirmeizan 256 ahto 5
abalàgi 244 ahtodo 5
àband 2 al 16
ablàz 245 àl 87
Abo 1 alamahtìg 12
abskelli 338 Alaman 12
abuh 2 alawàri 13, 16
abwart 448 alb 13
abwert 456 alles 15
ackar 12 alt 13
ackarman 12 altar 14
ackus 12 alttuom 13
adal 27 alunt 16
àdra 87 ambaht 18
affo 21 ameiza 256
aftan 2 amma 17
after 2 amsla 17
agana 3 an 435
àgèal 133 ana 17, 20
àgez 133 anagengi 126
aha 5 anairswàrèn 396
ahil 5 anakundì 224
ahorn 5 anaseigi 312
ahsa 5 anatrift 76
ahsla 5 anawàni 461
ander 21 àz 88
angar 19 azklìban 216
Angil 19
ango 19 bachòn 33
angul 19 backan 33
angust 19 bad 39
anka 20 badahùs 39
ankala 20 badastuba 39
anko 20 badòn 39
ano 20 bàen 44
ansi 21 bàg 44
anst 21 bàgan 44
ant 18 bàgèn 44
antfang 92 bah 33
antfengi 92 bahho 33
anthluogi 178 bal 34
antlìi 469 balco 34
anto 18 bald 34
antwirten 456 baldì 34
antwurten 475 balg 33
antwurti 475 balo 34
ànu 87 ban 36
anut 21 banc 36
anutrehho 301 bannan 36
apful 21 bannòn 36
araweiz 10 bant 35
arawiz 25 bar 38, 40
arbeit 22 bàra 38
arbeitòn 22 barm 37
arbeitsamì 317 barn 37
arg 23 bars 38
argì 23 bart 36
arm 24 barta 37
armboug 23 barug 37
armèn 24 bast 38
armherz 24 batu 32
armherzì 24 baz 38
armherzida 24 bède 52
armilìh 24 bein 32
arn 24, 31 beinreft 304
arnòn 31 bèiro 38
aro 25 bèisto 38
ars 25 beiten 32
art 23 beiza 33
aruz 25 beizen 33
asc 26 belgan 41
asca 26 belihha 34
asni 26 bentil 35
aspa 26 bèr 33
ast 26 beraht 42
àtar 87 berahtì 42
atto 27 beran 41
àtum 87 berg 42
auhhan 29 bergan 42
avalònti 2 beri 40
avur 2 bero 43
az 26 berren 37
600 INDICES
beta 45 biwifen 467

betti 32 bìzan 46
bettigàht 126 biziht 406
bì 44 bizog 411
bìa 46 blàen 49
bibar 40 blaha 47
bibèn 45 blanc 47
biblìhhan 49 blantan 47
bidebben 415 blào 49
bidriozan 426 blas 48
biet 43 blàsan 49
bigatòn 122 blàst 49
bigèan 133 blat 46
biginnan 132 blàtara 46
bigoumida 128 blecken 47
bihagon 150 bleh 49
bìhal 46 bleih 47
bihamalòn 158 bleihha 47
bihniutit 180 bleihhen 47
bikranken 220 blenten 47
bil 45 blìdèn 49
bilìban 247 blìdi 49
bilùhhan 252 blint 48
bini 46 blintì 48
bintan 41 blìo 50
binuz 41 bliuwan 48
bìo 45 blòden 48
biogan 43 blòdi 48
bìòn 45 blòdì 48
bior 44 bluoen 50
biotan 43 bluomo 50
biquàmi 229 bluomòn 50
birca 42 bluostar 50
bireiten 295 bluot 50
biril 42, 64 bluotag 50
birin 43 bluotagòn 50
birkìn 42 bluotenti 50
biruohhen 307 bluozan 51
biscrìtan 344 bluozhùz 50
bisengen 318 boc 61
biskìzan 342 bodam 61
bisliozan 350 bogo 61
bislìtan 351 bolla 62
bismàhòn 354 bolòn 62
bismìzan 355 bolstar 62
biswellen 390 bolz 62
biswihhil 396 bòna 40
bìtan 46 bora 64
bitelpan 70 borgèn 63
bitil 45 boròn 64
bittar 45 bort 63
bitten 45 borto 63
biwaròn 450 bòsi 40
biwelben 198 bot 60
biwellan 453 boto 61
biwemmen 445 boug 39
bougen 39 burdì 64
bouhhan 39 burg 63
boum 39 burst 64
boumgart 126 busc 64
brahsmo 53
brant 54 chìmo 214
brantereita 54
brart 55 dagèn 415
brastòn 54 dah 415
bràtan 57 dàha 416
bràto 57 dahs 415
bràwa 57 dampf 68
brehhan 55 dan 415
breit 53 danana 416
breiten 53 danc 416
breitì 53 dancbàri 44
brennefriscing 54 danta 416
brennen 54 dàr 416
brestan 56 darba 417
bresto 56 darbèn 417
brettan 55 darbo 417
bringan 55 darf 417
brinna 56 darm 417
brinnan 56 darra 417
brocko 58 daz 310, 417
brod 59 decka 415
brom 58 decken 415
bronado 58 degan 418
brort 59 dehsala 419
bròt 54 Denemarca 68
brugga 58 denken 416
brùhhan 60 dennen 416
brùhhi 60 derb 421
brùn 60 derh 421
brunna 58 derren 417
brunno 58 dicki 419
brunst 58 dickida 419
bruodar 57 dickòn 419
bruoh 55 dìhan 421
bruohhàh 160 dìhsala 421
brust 59 dil 419
brùt 59 dili 420
brùtigomo 59 dilla 420
bùen 53 dìn 423
bùh 64 ding 420
bulla 65 dinghùs 420
bullòn 62 dingman 420
bungo 62 dingòn 421
buog 51 dingstat 420
buoh 52 dinsan 421
buohha 51 dinstar 420
buohstab 51 diob 422
buosum 52 dioh 423
buoza 52 diohbruoh 423
buozen 52 dionòn 418
bùr 65 dionòst 419
602 INDICES
diorna 419 ebanòn 1, 82

diot 423 ebur 82
diozan 423 edili 27
distil 419 ediling 27
diu 419 edo 86
diutisc 422 èen 27
dofta 428 egì 3
doh 418 egida 3
dolèn 428 egidehsa 4
donar 429 egilen 4
donaròn 429 egiso 3
dorf 430 ehir 4
dorn 430 èht 6
douwen 418 ei 11
dràen 426 eid 10
dràsen 425 eigan 6
dràt 427 eigenèn 6
dregil 424 eih 7
dreskan 426 eihhìn 7
drì 425 eihhurno 7
dringan 426 eimuria 7
driscubli 426 ein 9
dritto 427 einboran 8
drizo 76 einfalt 8
dròa 427 einfaltlìh 90
dròsca 425 einharti 8
dròscala 425 einhenti 8
dròzen 425 einlif 8
drucken 427 einlifto 8
drùh 427 einougi 7
drum 427 einràti 9, 304
drùsten 428 einstrìti 382
dù 428 einwìgi 9
dùmo 431 èisca 26
dùna 80 eiscòn 9
dunken 429 eit 6
dunnen 429 eitar 10
dunni 429 eiz 10
dunst 79 elaho 14
dunwengi 429 elbiz 13
durft 429 elina 14
duris 429 elinbogo 14
durri 430 elira 15
durst 430 ella 15
dursten 430 ellen 15
duruh 421 ellinòn 15
dùsunt 431 elm 83
dwahal 431 eltì 14
dwahan 431 enèr 83
dwerah 432 engen 20
dwingan 431 engi 19
dwiril 432 engida 19
enkil 20
èan 86 entòn 18
eban 82 er 203
ebanlìh 82 èr 9, 11
ebanmèòn 268 èra 11
erbi 22 feginòn 89
erbo 22 fèh 89
ercan 84 fèhen 90
erda 86 fehtan 96
erdberi 85 feigi 89
erdburg 85 feihhan 90
erdbùwo 65 fèil 95
erdfal 85 feizen 90
erdhùs 85 fel 97
erdnuz 85 felahan 97
erin 31 fellen 91
eringrioz 133 fellìn 97
erl 85 fendo 99
ero 86 fenni 92
erpf 85 fera 102
erren 23 ferah 100
erstorchenet 384 fereheih 100
èrwackar 9, 442 ferren 93
esil 25 ferro 99
essa 26 fersana 101
etar 82 ferzan 101
èwida 11 festen 95
festì 95
fadam 95 festinòn 95
fadamòn 95 fìa 101
fagarì 89 fìant 103
fàhan 92 fìèn 103
fahs 89 fìfaltra 98
fal 91 fihu 97
falawisca 92 filu 98
falco 91 filuèal 86
fald 91 filz 97
faldan 91 fimf 98
fallan 91 finc 103
falo 91 findan 99
-falt 90 fingar 99
fano 92 fìòn 102
far 93 fior 96
fàr 102 fiordo 96
faran 93 fiorscòzi 96
farawa 93 firgiften 130
farlos 251 firina 100
farm 93 firinòn 100
farn 94 firliosan 243
faro 93–94 firmanèn 259
farro 94 firmeinen 255
fasal 94 firmonen 276
fasta 95 firni 101
fastèn 94 firòden 30
fastlìh 94 firren 99
fasto 94 firsinnan 325
fater 88 firspurnan 367
fatureo 88 firswelgan 394
faz 95 firwerten 448
fèara 102 firwesen 458
fèaròn 102 firz 101
federa 102 fisc 103
604 INDICES
fiur 121 fridu 115

flada 105 friduman 115
flah 105 frìhals 114
flahs 104 frìhalsì 114
flasca 105 friosan 113
flec 106 frisc 115
flediròn 105 frìten 115
flèhen 104 friudil 114
flehta 106 friunt 114
flehtan 106 friunthold 114
flèi 105 frò 112
fleisc 104 fror 116
flewen 106 frosc 116
flins 107 frost 116
flioga 106 frouwa 112
fliogan 106 fruohhan 116
fliohan 107 fruot 115
fliozan 107 fruoten 115
flocko 108 fruotì 115
flòh 105 fuhs 117
flòzzen 106 fùl 121
flug 108 fuli 117
fluoh 108 fullen 118
fluot 107 fullì 118
fluz 109 funco 119
fò 96 funs 119
fogal 116 fuogen 109
fogalrarta 299 fuolen 109
foha 117 fuoren 110
fol 118 fuotar 109
folc 117 fuotareidì 10
folcurni 225 fuoten 109
folgèn 117 fuoz 110
folgida 117 fuozgengil 125
folkwìg 118 fuozspor 110
folla 118 furh 120
follòn 118 furi 119
folma 118 furisto 120
folo 118 furiwarna 449
fora 119 furt 119
foraha 120 fùst 118
forahta 120
forhana 119 gàa 128
forsca 120 gabala 121
frad 112 gaganen 122
fram 111 galan 124
framrucken 308 galgo 124
framstrah 380 galla 124
frawalìh 112 galm 125
freh 113 galt 124
frehhì 113 galtar 124
freidi 111 galza 145
freisa 111 gaman 125
fremiden 111 gang 125
fremidi 111 gangan 125
fremmen 111 gans 126
frì 114 ganz 126
garawen 127 gifiskòn 103

garawì 127 gifleckòn 106
garawida 127 gift 130
garn 127 gifuori 110
garnwinta 127 gigleifit 135
garo 127 gihelden 157
gart 129 gihemmen 158
garto 127 gihòhen 166
garùni 310 gihugt 190
gast 127 gijàzen 206
gataro 121 gil 134
gatiling 122 gilang 236
gatwalòn 81 gilangòn 236
geba 130 gilanto 235
geban 130 gilàwen 245
gebigì 121 gileibo 174
gegin 122 gilepphen 236
geil 122 gilìh 248
geisila 123 gilìhhinòn 248
geist 123 gilimpfan 240
geiz 123 gilòn 131
geizìn 123 giloub 237
gellan 131 gilouben 238
gelo 131 gimah 257
gelpf 131 gimahala 264
gelstar 131 gimahlìh 257
gelt 130 gimarki 262
geltan 130 gimeinen 255
gengi 125 gimeini 255
gèr 123 gimeinì 255
ger 132 gimeino 255
gern 132 gimeit 254
gernì 132 gimunt 275
gèro 123 ginàda 287
gersta 132 ginah 279
gescin 340 ginanno 280
gestre 132 ginanto 134
gibaròn 40 ginesan 284
gibelgen 34 gingèn 134
giberaht 42 ginist 284
giberan 41 ginòz 282
gibil 130 ginuht 289
gibilla 130 ginuog 289
gibiz 45 ginuogen 289
gibor 62 ginuogi 289
giburt 63 ginuogida 289
gidancòn 416 giozan 133
gidillòn 420 gìr 135
gidrang 424 giràti 304
gidweran 432 girehtsamòn 317
gièn 134 gireihhen 295
gifagan 88 gireiti 295
gifang 92 girennen 297
gifederi 102 girì 132
gifèh 89 girìhhen 305
gifehan 96 girùno 310
giferti 93 gisal 135
606 INDICES
gisarawi 319 gluot 137

gisàzi 328 gnagan 137
giscaft 331 gneista 138
giscuohi 342 gnìtan 138
gisind 325 gold 145
gisindi 325 goldbant 145
gisiuni 323 goldsmid 146
giskaffòn 334 gommankund 223
giskehan 337 gomo 146
giskellen 333 gor 146
gisliz 351 gotawebbi 145
gismìdi 355 gotforht 120
gispan 362 goufana 129
gispurren 367 gouh 128
gistallo 370 gouma 129
gistrengen 380 goumen 128
gistuden 382 gouwi 128
gistuomi 379 -gòz 129
gisunt 386 grab 139
gisweifen 390 graban 139
gìt 134 grana 140
gitouben 69 grào 142
gitriuwi 410 gras 140
gitriuwida 410 gràtag 142
gitriuwo 410 grebil 139
gitrog 74 greifa 139
gitròst 409 gremi 139
gitròsti 409 gremìòn 140
giunnan 435 gremmen 140
giwàgi 460 grennan 140
giwahst 439 grennòn 140
giwaht 439 grìfan 143
giwalchenemo 444 grim 141
giwaltìg 443 grimmen 141
giwanèt 446 grimmida 141
giwar 447 grìmo 143
giwaralìh 447 grìnan 143
giwennen 447 grinnen 140
giwera 451 grint 141
giwerf 457 grioz 141
giwerì 449 griozan 142
giwìèn 463 grìs 143
giwis 463 Griuzing 142
giwissì 463 gròz 141
giwiz 463 grubilòn 144
gizàmi 406 grunt 144
gizengi 401 gruoba 143
gizouwa 403 gruonen 143
glan 135 gruoni 143
glas 135 gruozen 144
glat 135 grustila 144
gleimo 135 guldìn 146
glìm 136 gundfano 146
glìtan 136 gunt 146
glìz 136 guot 138
glìzan 136 guotì 138
gluoen 137 guotlìh 138
gurt 146 harto 162

gurten 147 harug 164
gurtil 147 hasal 164
hasalnuz 164
hàal 165 hasan 164
habèn 147 haso 164
habuh 148 haz 165
hacka 154 hè 172
haft 149 heffen 149
hag 150 heften 149
hagal 150 hefti 149
hagan 149–150 hegga 150
hagandorn 149 hehara 172
hagustalt 150 hehhit 154
hàh 160 hei 154
hàhan 160 heida 154
hahhul 154 heidan 154
hàhsina 160 heidantuom 153
halb 154–155 heil 151
halba 155 heila 151
halbbrunnan 154 heilag 151
halbtòt 154 heilant 151
haldòn 157 heilen 152
hàli 172 heilida 152
halla 156 heilìgòn 151
halm 156 heilisòn 152
halòn 156 heim 152
hals 157 heima 152
halsbein 156 heimina 152
halsòn 157 heimisc 152
haltan 155 heimòdilis 152
hamal 157 heis 153
hamar 158 heisar 153
hamf 158 heisti 151
hamila 158 heit 151
hamo 158 heitar 151
hamustra 158 heiz 153
hanaf 159 heizen 153
hangèn 160 helan 168
hano 161 helfa 168
hant 159 helfan 168
hantag 159 helid 155
hantagì 159 hella 156
hantalòn 159 hellirùna 155
hantbreita 53 helm 168
hantilla 159 helza 168
hantlam 159 hemera 169
hantwerc 159 hengist 160
hàòn 165 henna 161
hàr 172 hèr 153
harm 163 herberga 42
harmèn 163 herbist 161
harmida 163 herbistmànòd 161
harmo 163 herd 170
harpfa 163 heri 163
hart 162 herifart 162
hartlìh 162 herihorn 162
608 INDICES
heri-hunda 194 hònen 166

heriman 162 hòni 166
heriòn 163 hònida 166
heriskif 162 hòren 167
herten 162 horn 195
herza 170 hornung 195
herzblìdì 49 horsc 195
hewi 167 horsclìhho 195
hìa 173 hort 196
hilt(i)a 168 hosa 195
himilzungal 169, 412 houbit 165
hincan 169 houf 166
hinta 169 houg 165
hintana 172 houwan 167
hintar 173 hraban 182
hintaròn 173 hrad 185
hirni 170 href 185
hirniscala 170 hregil 183
hirsi 170 hreinida 183
hirti 169 hrèo 183
hiruz 171 hrìfo 187
hiufo 171 hring 185
hiuri 171 hriot 186
hìwisci 173 hrìs 188
hladan 175 hriusu 186
hlahtar 173 hroc 308
hlanca 174 hrogo 189
hlina 177 hros 189
hlinèn 177 hruggi 189
hliodarsàz 176 hruoh 188
hliozan 176 hruoren 189
hliumunt 176 hùba 196
hloc 173 huf 194
hloufan 175 huggen 190–191
hluoen 177 hugu 190
hlùtar 178 hulden 192
hlutarì 179 huldì 192
hlùten 178 hulla 191
hluz 178 hullen 191
hneigen 179 hulsa 191
hniuwan 180, 285 hungar 194
hodo 196 hungaren 193
hof 190 hunt 193
hòh 166 huntari 193
hòhì 166 huoba 181
hòhida 166 huof 181
hòhlìh 166 huon 182
hol 191 huor 182
hòla 166 huoròn 182
holco 191 huosto 202
hold 192 huostòn 202
holdo 192 huot 165
holì 191 hurd 194
holòn 192 hurnen 195
holz 192 hurst 195
holzwang 446 hùs 196
honag 193 hùsbrehho 55
hùslouh 196 irwarmen 449

hùssàza 328 ìs 204
hùt 196 ìsarn 204
hwal 197 ìsarnnagal 204
hwanne 198 ìsarnsmid 204
hwar 198 ist 86
hwas 198 ìtal 203
hwaz 199 itawìz 468
hwèen 199 itis 72
hweiòn 201 itlònòn 82
hweizi 197 iz 203
hwel 200
hwer 199–200 jàr 206
hwìla 201 jàrmànòd 206
hwio 199 jehan 205
hwìz 201 jenèr 205
jesan 206
ibu 82, 204 jiht 205
igil 203 joh 207
ìgo 203 johhalmo 168
ih 83 jù 207
ihha 83 jucken 207
in 83–84 jugund 207
in rihti 301 jung 207
indenki 416 junglìh 207
ineihhan 6 jungo 208
inkennen 210
inna 84 kà 212
innan 84 kalb 209
innaro 83 kalba 209
innovili 433 kallòn 209
insàniu 327 kalo 209
insebben 311 kalt 209
insnerahan 357 kaltèn 209
inswebben 389 kamb 209
inwart 84 kann 210
inwit 451 kanna 210
io 10 kar 212
ir 206 karl 210
irerben 22 karòn 211
irgeilèn 123 kèil 211
irhelzen 157 kelh 212
irhenken 160 kemben 209
irlenken 175 kembil 212
irlòsen 239 kepì 121
irlouben 238 kepic 121
irminsùl 85 kerno 213
irqueban 226 kerran 213
irren 86 kìi 214
irretten 183 kìilòn 214
irri 86 kìl 214
irrida 86 kìnan 214
irskeinen 332 kind 212
irsliofan 350 kinnibein 212
irsòrèn 320 kiol 213
irsturen 384 kiosan 213
irswarzèn 392 kipfa 214
610 INDICES
kistorchenen 375 kuo 219

kiturst 79 kuolen 219
kiuwan 213 kuoli 219
klàwen 215 kuoni 219
klàwido 215 kuonì 219
kleb 216 kus 225
klebèn 216 kussen 225
kleim 214 kust 226
kleini 215
klenan 216 ladòn 237
klèo 215 laffan 236
klimban 215 làga 244
klioban 216 lah 232
klobo 217 lahan 232
klòz 215 lahhan 234
klubba 216 làhhi 244
klunga 217 làhhin 244
knapo 217 làhhinòn 244
knebil 217 lahs 232
kneht 217 làì 237
knetan 218 lam 234
knio 218 lamb 234
knobel 219 lang 235
knopf 218 langlìb 235
knòt 218 langlìh 235
knussen 219 langmuotì 235
kol 223 lant 235
kolbo 223 lantbùwo 235
kopf 224 lantscaf 235
korn 225 lappo 231
kornhùs 225 lastar 232
kornwist 225 laz 237
kostòn 226 làzan 244
kouf 211 lazòn 237
koufen 211 lebara 245
koufman 211 lebèn 245
koufskif 211 lecken 240
kracko 220 leckòn 246
kraft 220 ledar 241
kranc 220 ledarhosa 241
krano 220 lèen 237
kranuh 221 leffur 241
kràòn 222 lefihefil 149
kratto 221 legar 240
krimman 221 leggen 231
krimpfan 221 lèhan 232
krònen 221 leib 173
kropf 222 leiba 232
kumbalboro 223 leiben 232
kumft 231 leid 233
kunawid 223 leiden 234
kund 224 leih 233
kunden 224 leim 233
kuning 224 leist 233
kuningrìhhi 224 leisten 233
kunnèn 224 leita 232
kunni 224 leitara 174
leiten 232 lob 249

lemmen 234 lobagernì 249
len 246 lobòn 249
lengen 236 loc 250
lengì 236 lockòn 250
lenten 235 lodo 252
lentì 235 lòh 238
lèra 233 loh 250
lèren 233 lohèen 250
lèrihha 234 lòn 239
lesan 241 lòs 239
letto 231 lòsì 239
lìb 247 loub 237
lìba 177 louf 175
lìban 177 loug 238
lìben 177 louga 238
lìblìh 247 lougan 238
lid 246 lougnen 238
lìd 249 louh 239
lìdan 248 luba 249
lidelòs 246 lubbi 249
liduscart 335 lucka 250
liggen 240 luft 249
lìh 247 lugì 250
lìhan 247 lugina 250
lìhhamo 247 luhs 250
lìhhen 248 lùi 251
lìhhèn 248 lùil 248
lìhhòn 248 lunda 251
lìhten 241 lunga 251
lìhti 240 lungar 251
lìhtlìh 240 lungun 251
lìm 248 luog 249
lìna 248 luogèn 249
lìnbruoh 57 lùs 252
lindi 241 lust 251
lindwurm 241 lustòn 251
lingan 240 lustsam 251
linta 240 lùt 178
liob 241
liod 243 mado 264
liogan 242 mag 252
liohhan 252 màg 269
liohsan 242 magad 253
lioht 242 magar 253
liohtsam 317 magaren 253
liotan 242 magarì 253
lirnèn 247 mago 253, 269
lisp 469 maguzogo 253
list 246 mah 257
lìsta 248 mahal 263
lìta 177 mahalen 263
liublìh 241 mahhòn 257
liudòn 243 maht 254
liuhten 243 mahtig 254
liut 242 màl 270
liz 246 malaha 257
612 INDICES
malan 257 merren 262

màlòn 270 metamo 265
maltar 257 metu 265
malz 258 metuwurz 265
man 260 mez 268
manag 259 mìdan 273
managfalt 259 mieta 272
managfaltòn 91 mih 83
managì 259 mihhil 265
manalìhho 260 mihhilì 265
mankunni 260 mihhillìh 265
màno 270 mihhilòn 265
mànòd 270 militou 266
mara 262 milsca 266
marahscalc 261 milti 266
marahstal 261 miltì 266
marc 262 miltida 266
marca 262 miluh 267
marcòn 262 milzi 267
marg 264 min 271
marì 262 mìn 83, 273
màrì 270 mindil 268
màrida 270 mios 269
maro 262 mir 83
masar 263 misken 272
masca 262 mislìh 272
mast 263 missen 272
matra 252 missi 272
maz 263 missitàt 272
màz 271 mist 271
mèan 268 mistil 271
megin 253 mit 268
meil 254 mitiganga 126
mein 255 mitti 264
meineid 255 mittigarni 127
meinen 255 mittiltag 265
meinfol 255 mìza 273
meinlìh 255 molta 275
meisa 255–256 moraha 277
meist 256 mord 277
meizan 256 morgan 276
meizil 256 morgangeba 276
melc 267 mornèn 277
melcan 266 mos 277
melda 258, 266 mugga 275
melm 267 mùla 278
melo 267 mullen 275
menni 260 multen 275
mennisc 260 mund 276
mèr 257 munt 275
merc 262 muntar 276
mèren 270 muntrì 276
meri 261 muodar 274
meriha 261 muodèn 274
meriswìn 261 muodi 274
merken 262 muodì 274
mèro 257 muoen 274
muor 274 nìd 289

muos 274 nidana 287
muot 273 nidar 289
muoter 273 nidari 289
muotigì 273 nidaro 289
muoz 274 nìden 289
murden 277 nift 283
murdiren 277 nìgan 180
murdreo 277 nihhus 287
murgfàri 276 nioro 285
muruwi 277 niosan 180
mùs 278 niozan 285
mùsdrec 425 niun 285
mutilòn 275 niunto 285
mùwerfo 278 niusen 284
niuwen 284
nàa 282 niuwi 284
naba 279 niuwòn 285
nabalo 279 niuwunga 285
nac 179 niz 180
nackot 280 noh 289
nàdala 287 nord 289
nagal 279 nordana 289
nàh 286 nòt 282
nàhen 286 nòtdurft 282
nàhgengo 126 nòten 283
nahho 280 nòtnumeo 289
nàhlìhho 286 nòz 282
naht 279 nu 289
nahtfogal 279 nùi 290
nahtwahha 442 nùisam 290
nàien 286 numft 289
namalìhho 280 nuoen 181
nàmi 286 nùòn 290
namo 280 nuz 181, 290
napf 179
narwa 281 oba 432
nasa 281 obaro 432
nàtara 286 obaròn 432
naz 281 obasa 433
nebul 283 oben 432
nèen 282 òdi 30
negilen 279 offan 435
nèi 282 offanòn 435
neihhen 179 oh 11
nèila 281 ohso 433
nein 283 òra 30
neizen 179, 280 orrehano 436
neman 284 ort 436
nemnen 280 ortwas 436
nemnida 280 òstana 30
nenden 281 òtag 28
nerien 281 ottar 436
nest 287 ouga 29
nevo 283 ougatora 28
ni 283 ougen 28
nibu 283 ougenen 28
614 INDICES
ouh 29 ràvo 304

ouhhòn 29 ràwa 307
ouwa 4 ràza 187
ouwi 31 reckegerna 471
ouwiti 31 recken 296
ovan 433 reda 298
redan 186
pfad 291 redòn 298
pfàl 292 ref 186
pfanna 291 refsen 294
pfant 291 regan 300
pfeit 291 reganbogo 300
pfenning 291 reganwurm 300
pfìfa 292 Reginfrid 294
pfin 291 rèhboc 295
pflegan 292 rehhan 471
pfliht 292 rèho 295
pflihta 292 reht 301
pfluog 292 rehtì 301
pfoso 293 rehtlìh 300
pfùa 294 rehtunga 301
pfuol 292 reid 471
purren 64 reiden 471
quàt 229 reif 296
quec 230 reigaro 183
quecka 230 rein 296
quedan 229 reinen 183
quelan 227 reinherzi 183
quellan 227 reini 183
quellen 227 reinì 183
queman 227 reinisòn 183
quena 228 reino 470
quenaman 228 reisa 296
querca 228 reita 295
quetten 226 reiz 471
quicken 230 reizen 296, 471
quiltiwerc 227 rèren 296
quirn 228 reskì 471
quirnstein 228 ribbi 300
quist 229 rìdan 473
quiti 227, 230 ridil 473
rìf 306
rabo 183 riga 295
rad 298 rìhhi 305
raha 294 rihten 301
rahha 296 rìhtuom 305
ràhha 472 rinc 302
rahhinza 296 ringa 186
ram 184 ringan 472
ràm 304 ringi 302
rama 297 rinna 302
rant 297 rinnan 302
ràsen 304 rinta 302
rasta 298 riob 186
ràt 304 riohhan 303
ràtan 303 riomo 303
ràtgebo 303 riozan 303
rìsan 306 saga 311

riso 472 sagèn 311
rìtan 305 sahha 315
rìtera 187 sahhan 314
riuten 302 sahs 312
riuwan 186 Sahso 312
riz 473 sal 315
rìza 473 salaha 315
rìzan 306, 473 salba 315
roc 308 salbòn 315
rod 307 sale 316
rodòn 309 sàlida 327
roffèen 308 salo 316
roggo 308 salz 316
ropfòn 309 salzan 316
ròr 299 salzfaz 316
rost 309 salzòn 316
ròt 299 salzstein 316
ròtbrùnpfellìn 298 samalìh 317
rotèn 307 saman 317
ròto 299 samanòn 317
roub 298 samant 317
roubòn 298 samanunga 317
roufen 298 samawist 317
rouh 299 samfti 318
rouhhen 299 sàmiheil 328
roum 303 samo 317
ròz 299 sàmo 328
ruc 308 sandòn 319
rùdo 190 sang 318
ruf 189 sant 318
rùh 309 saro 319
rùhì 309 sat 310
rùm 309 satul 311
rùmen 309 satulbogo 311
rùmi 309 scaba 331
Rùmliuti 309 scado 336
run 308 scadòn 336
rùna 310 scàf 340
runs 308 scaffo 334
rùnstab 310 scaft 331
ruoba 306–307 scaften 331
ruodar 307 scal 332–333
ruof 188 scala 333
ruofan 188 scàla 339
ruofen 188 scalc 332
ruog 473 scam 333
ruogen 473 scama 333
ruoh 307 scamalòs 333
ruota 306 scamèn 333
ruowa 307 scanc 334
rùsa 310 scanta 334
rùzan 186 scara 335
rùzen 310 scàra 340
scarbo 334
sac 315 scaro 335
saf 319 scato 331
616 INDICES
scaz 336 seifa 313

scazpfung 293 seih 330
scefti 331 seil 313
sceidan 331 seim 313
scerran 339 selah 323
schæhe 339 selb 323
scif 340 selbselbo 323
sciffart 340 selida 315
scifman 340 sellen 316
sciltburg 337 seltan 323
scìmo 341 seltsàni 323
scina 340 senawa 329
scioz 339 senken 318
scìra 342 senten 318
scìt 341 sèola 314
scollo 345 sèolant 314
scòni 337 sèr 313
scònì 337 sèren 313
scòòn 347 sèrhalzì 157
scopf 346 sèrlìh 313
scora 346 sertan 325
scorf 346 sez 325
scoub 336 sib 328
scouwòn 337 sibba 320
scoz 346 sibbi 320
scraz 344 sibbòn 321
screiten 343 sibun 321
scrift 344 sibunto 321
scrit 344 sìd 330
scròt 344 sìen 325
scròtan 344 sìgan 329
scuft 345 siginòmo 289
sculd 345 sigu 322
sculdòn 345 sih 323
scult 345 sìha 330
scultra 345 sìhan 330
scùm 345 silabar 328
scunten 345 silabarsmid 329
scuoba 342 silberìn 329
scuoh 342 silo 328
scuohen 342 sìn 330
scùr 347 sinawerbal 200
scurz 346 sinawerf 200
scutten 345 sind 325
scùvala 347 sindòn 325
scùwo 347 singan 324
scuz 347 singruoni 324
sè 312, 314 sinkan 325
sèal 326 sint 458
secka 315 sintar 324
sedal 326 siodan 326
sèen 319 sioh 326
segal 322 siohtuom 326
sehan 323 sìta 329
sehs 322 sitìg 321
sehsto 322 sitòn 321
seid 312 situ 321
situlòs 321 smac 353

situsam 321 smàh 354
siu 329 smal 353
siuhhì 326 smalasàt 327
siuwen 329 smalz 353
skaban 330 smeckar 354
skadal 336 smelzan 353
skarpf 335 smer 353
skeida 332 smerzan 353
skelah 338 smid 354
skellan 338 smìda 355
skemmen 333 smidòn 355
skenken 334 smieròn 353
skepfen 334 smirwen 354
skeran 338 smitta 355
skerien 335 smoccho 355
skerten 335 snagga 356
skìba 341 snahhan 356
skilihen 338 snaraha 356
skilling 338 snazo 357
skilt 337 sneggo 357
skìnan 341 snegil 357
skioban 339 sneiten 355
skiozan 339 snel 357
skìri 341 snellì 357
skiteri 340 snèo 355
skokka 346 snepfa 358
skolo 345 snerfan 357
skrìban 344 snìdan 358
skùo 347 sniumen 358
slachta 348 sniumi 357
slàf 350 sniwit 358
slàfan 350 snottar 359
slag 348 snuor 359
slagòn 348 snura 359
slah 349 snuz 359
slahan 348 snùzen 360
slangen 349 sò 397
sleffar 351 sod 388
slèha 349 soffòn 388
sleht 350 sol 385
sleif 349 sorga 388
slèo 349 sorgèn 388
slèwòn 349 sou 320
slìfan 351 souf 320
slìhhan 351 sougen 320
slihten 351 soum 320
slìm 351 spàhi 364
slimb 351 spàhì 364
slingan 350 spaltan 361
slintan 349 spàn 364
slìo 352 spanan 361
slito 350 spanga 361
slìzan 351 spanna 362
sloufen 349 spannan 362
sloz 352 spanunga 362
slunt 352 spar 362
618 INDICES
sparalìhho 362 stapf 371

sparèn 362 stapfal 372
sparo 363 starablint 372
sparro 363 starc 372
spàti 364 starèn 372
spec 365 staro 372
speh 365 stat 369
speha 363 stata 369
spehòn 363 steg 377
speht 365 stega 377
speihha 361 stegereif 377
speihhaltra 361 stehhal 378
spel 363 stehhan 373
spelza 97 stehho 374
spennen 362 stehhòn 374
sper 364 steiga 369
spilden 364 stein 369
spinnan 364 steinag 369
spinnila 364 steinbòzil 40
spioz 364 steinmeizo 256
spìwa 365 steinòn 370
spìwan 365 steinovan 369
spiz 365 stelan 374
spor 367 stelza 374
spornòn 367 stemmen 371
sporo 368 sterban 375
spot 368 sterbo 375
spottòn 368 sterno 375
spràalòn 366 stero 376
spratalòn 366 sterro 375
sprehhan 366 sterz 376
spreiten 366 stetìg 368
sprengen 366 stìg 378
sprenzen 366 stìga 377
springan 366 stìgan 378
sprìtan 367 stih 378
spriuzen 366 stil 378
spròo 367 stillen 374
sprung 367 stilli 374
spuola 366 stimna 373
spurihunt 367 stingen 374
spurnen 367 stinkan 375
spurt 367 stioban 376
stab 368 stioffater 376
stabòn 368 stiofkind 376
stad 372 stiofmuotar 376
stadal 373 stiofsun 376
stahal 369 stioftohter 376
stal 370 stior 377
stam 370–371 stiura 377
stammèn 371 stiurren 377
stampf 371 stoc 383
stampfòn 371 storah 384
stàn 377 storrèn 384
stanc 371 stouf 373
stanga 371 stouwen 379
stantan 371 stòz 373
stòzan 373 swalawa 390

stòzòn 373 swam 391
strach 380 swan 391
stràl 381 swanur 387
strang 380 swàr 396
strecken 380 swàrì 396
strenglìh 380 swàrida 396
streno 381 swarm 391
strewen 381 swarz 392
strih 381 swàs 396
strìhhan 382 swàslìh 396
strìt 381 swebal 392
strìtan 382 swegala 393
strou 381 swegalòn 393
stroufen 381 swehur 393
stroum 380 sweif 390
stuba 382 sweifan 390
stubbi 382 swein 390
stucki 383 sweiz 390
stùhha 384 sweizen 390
stunta 383 swellan 394
stuol 379 swelli 394
stuolsèo 326 swelzan 394
stuorren 379 swenken 391
stuot 379 swerban 395
stuotros 379 swerren 391
stùri 385 swert 395
sturm 384 swester 395
sturmen 384 swìen 396
sturo 384 swigar 393
sù 389 swìh 396
sùfan 389 swìhhan 397
sùfil 385 swimman 394
sùgan 388 swìn 397
suht 385 swìnan 397
sùl 389 swingan 394
sulih 390 swìnhirte 397
sulza 385 swinòn 396
sum 385
sumar 386 tàen 72
sumpf 398 tag 66
sundana 387 tagawerk 66
sundòstròni 30 tagèn 66
sundròni 387 tàha 72
sunna 387 tàht 423
sunta 386 tal 67
suntar 386 tanna 68
suntaròn 387 tapfar 68
sunu 388 tar 68
suohhen 360 tart 68
suohnì 360 tàt 72
suona 360 teig 66
suozi 398 teil 67
suozì 398 teilen 67
sùr 389 teilida 67
sùrougi 29, 389 tenar 70
swàger 396 tenni 70
620 INDICES
thanatrib 76 trùt 78
tharòt 416 trùwa 411
tila 70 tùba 80
tilli 70 tugund 78
tiof 71 tuld 79
tior 71 tumb 79
tiufì 71 tumbòn 412
tiuri 71 tunga 79
tiurida 71 tuola 73
tiurlìh 71 tuom 73
tocka 78 tuomen 73
tòd 70 tuomstuol 73
tohter 78 tuon 73
tol 81 turi 79
tolg 78 tusin 80
tor 79 twàl 81
torwarto 79 twalm 81
tòt 69 twelan 81
totoro 78 twellen 81
tou 70 twerg 81
toub 69
toufen 69 ubargrif 142
toug 69 ubargulden 146
traga 74 ubarlit 177
tragan 74 ubarmaganòn 253
tranc 74 ubarwehan 465
trata 409 ubil 433
treffan 75 ùf 435
tregil 74 ùfen 435
tren 76 ùhta 435
tretan 409 umbi 434
tretten 408 unbiruoh 307
trìban 76 unda 435
trincan 75 ungifuora 110
triofan 76 ungihab 147
triogan 75 unhiurlìh 171
triuwa 410 unholda 192
trog 410 unkund 224
tropfo 77 unmàzi 271
tròr 75 unsèr 435
tròren 75 unsih 460
tròst 409 unt 434
tròsten 409 untana 434
tròstlìh 409 untar 434
tròstlòs 409 untardiuten 422
troufen 75 untarn 434
troum 75 unterburgen 63
troumen 75 unti 434
trùèn 411 untorn 434
trugil 410 unwàgi 460
truht 77 unzi 434
truhtìn 77 uoben 290
trunc 77 uodil 290
truncanì 77 uohaldì 157
trunkanèn 77 uppa 435
truoben 77 ur 436
truobi 77 urdrioz 426
urhab 147 wàr 461

urla 231 wara 450
ùro 437 wàra 461
urrist 304 warba 198
urspring 366 warbòn 198
ustar 436 warf 450
ùvo 436 warg 448
ùwila 436 wàri 461
ùz 437 warm 449
ùzan 437 warnòn 449
ùze 437 wàrspello 363
ùzgiswìman 397 wart 448
uztribo 76 warta 448
wartèn 448
wàar 451 warthùs 448
wadil 451 wartman 448
wado 451 warza 450
wàen 461 wascan 450
wàfan 461 wassì 198
wàg 460 wat 438
waga 439 wàt 460
wàga 460 wata 438
wagan 439 watan 438
waganleisa 233 wàten 460
waganso 438 wàzan 201
wagòn 439 wè 440
wahhal 442 weban 451
wahhèn 442 webbi 437
wahs 439 wecken 442
wahsan 439 wedar 199
wahsen 439 wefsa 438
wàhspràhhi 367 weg 452
wahst 439 wegalòs 452
wahta 440 wegan 452
wal 443 weganest 284, 452
wala 442 weggen 438
walagòn 443 weggi 439
walahisc 444 wehha 462
walbo 198 wehsal 462
wald 445 wehsalòn 462
walfisc 197 weibòn 465
walhhabuh 443 weida 441
waltan 443 weidòn 441
walza 444 weih 440
walzan 454 weihhen 440
wambo 445 weinòn 440
wan 446 weiz 441
wàn 461 weizen 441
wanaheil 445 welc 453
wanast 447 welf 200
wancòn 447 wella 453
wandel 446 wellan 453
wànen 461 wellen 444
wanga 447 welzen 444
wànida 461 wènag 440
wanòn 447 wenten 446
wantònti 446 wentilsèo 446
622 INDICES
wer 449, 463 winta 455

werah 456 wintan 454
weralt 462 wintar 455
weraltfloum 106 winting 455
werban 200 wintòn 456
werben 198 wìntruncan 466
werchùs 456 wintruncan 77
wercòn 457 wìo 468
werd 457–458 wipfòn 462
werdan 457 wir 460
werdlìh 457 wirbil 200
werdòn 458 wirden 458
werfan 457 wirdida 458
werien 449–450 wirsiro 457
wermuota 449 wirsisto 457
wertisala 456 wirt 456
wesan 458, 467 wirz 457
wesanèn 463 wìs 467
westar 459 wisa 441
westròni 459 wìsa 468
wetan 451 wisant 463
wetar 452 wìsen 468
wetti 438 wìsì 468
wèwa 441 wìslìh 467
wìb 464 wìso 468
wibil 451 wìsòn 468
wid 464 wist 459
wìda 468 wìstuom 467
widar 459, 464 wisula 459
widarbellan 41 wìt 465
widarfluohhan 108 wìten 465
widarsahho 315 wìto 465
widarwert 464 witta 464
wìglìh 465 witu 462
wìgman 465 wituwa 462
wìh 466 wìzag 468
wìhen 465 wìzago 468
wìhhan 466 wìzagòn 468
wìhida 466 wìzan 468
wìi 464 wìzen 202
wildi 454 wìzì 202
wildtior 454 wìzi 468
wìlèn 201 wola 454
willo 453 wolatàt 453
wimpal 454 wolcan 474
wìn 467 wolf 473
wìnberi 466 wolla 474
wìnfaz 467 wonèn 475
wìngarto 467 worb 476
wìnhùs 467 wort 475
wini 455 wreh 472
winistar 455 wulpa 474
winken 455 wunna 475
winna 455 wunsc 475
winnan 455 wunsken 475
winne 455 wunt 474
wint 454 wunta 474
wuntar 474 zellen 400

wuntarsiun 474 zelt 404
wuntòn 474 zeman 404
wuodi 470 zemmen 401
wuof 470 zeran 405
wuofan 470 zers 405
wuofen 470 zesawa 404
wuohhar 469 zeso 404
wuorag 470 zetten 398
wuosti 470 zi 408
wuot 469 ziga 406
Wuotan 469 zìhan 407
wuoten 469 zil 407
wuotì 469 zimbar 404
wurfil 450 zimbaro 404
wurgen 476 zimbaròn 404
wurken 476 zin 407
wurm 476 zinna 405
wurt 475 zint 404
wurz 476 ziohan 405
ziotar 405
zagal 398 zisamanegiwalbòn 198
zàh 401 zìt 407
zahar 399 zittaròn 407
zal 400 zi-weiben 440
zala 401 zogòn 411
zàla 406 zòha 403
zalòn 400 zopf 412
zam 401 zoraht 413
zand 401 zotto 411
zandlòs 401 zoubar 402
zanga 401 zoum 403
zantero 401 zouwa 406
zapfo 402 zowen 403
zarga 402 -zug 403
zart 402 zugil 411
zata 398 zuht 411
zebar 406 zùn 413
zèha 399 zunga 412
zehan 404 zuntara 412
zehanto 403 zunten 401
zehha 403 zuo 408
zehho 407 zweho 414
zeihhan 399 zwei 415
zeihhanen 399 zwelif 413
zeihhur 399 zwelifto 413
zein 399 zwène 415
zeina 399 zwìfal 414
zeisan 400 zwìg 414
zeiz 400 zwirnèn 414
zeizo 400 zwiròr 414
zelga 404 zwò 415
624 INDICES
Middle High German

abe 2 dìchte 421
alwalte 13, 443 dìen 72
alwaltende 16 dòsen 418
andùht 429 dràm 424
anke 20 drengen 424
ansboum 20 dròz 425
antsæze 328 duht 78
apfalter 21 duz 431
balden 34 ecke 3
bane 36 eckestein 3
bar 36–37 einnehte 9
behac 150 eitstap 10
behuof 181 elten 14
beizel 33 end 18
bellen 41 endelòs 18
bende 35 ensten 21
benden 35 erleswen 237
benuomen 289 erwergen 456
beschelken 333
beschnotten 358 far 94
bicken 41 færen 102
biel 46 fram 111
bil 46
bilwiz 45 gàbe 133
bismien 354 gæbe 133
blæjen 49 gaffen 126
bliuc 48 gàgen 122
blòz 48 galle 124
bluost 50 gampf 125
bole 62 gàn 133
boten 61 garst 127
bòzen 40 gastgebe 127
brach 53 gebeize 33
bræjen 57 gebette 32
braken 54 gel 131
brant 54 geleichen 232
brehen 55 gelpfen 131
briezen 56 gengen 126
brimmen 55 genou 179
briuwen 56 gerat 298
brùsen 60 geschaf 334
brùtlouft 59 gest 206
buchen 39 getelle 79
bücken 61 gevüere 120
bulge 62 gewalt 443
büllen 62 gewerke 457
buobe 51 gewürke 476
buode 52, 65 geziune 413
butze 64 giergen 23
giwagen 440
dehsan 419 glan 135
dèfte 422 glast 135
dimpfen 68 glau 136
diuten 422 glìfen 136
glìmen 136 kìben 214

glitzern 136 kìchen 214
glùren 137 kirre 229
gotevorhtec 144 kiver 212
gràpen 142 klammer 215
grasegrüene 140 klapf 215
grien 141 kleinòt 28
grif 142 klemberen 215
grit 142 klotz 217
grìt 143 knoche 218
grob 144 knochen 218
güeten 138 knotze 219
guome 139 knüllen 219
knützen 219
hab 147 knùz 219
habene 147 kobe 222
haft 149 krinc 221
hahse 150 kroten 222
hamal 157 krouwel 222
hamel 158 kùle 226
hamme 158 kunde 223
handelòs 159 künten 224
hatele 148 kuose 225
hebec 148 kùren 226
hebede 148
heimen 152 lade 175
heinen 150 læge 244
hel 155–156 lære 236
helfelòs 168 lancræche 235
hellewìze 156 lantschult 235
helse 157 lantsite 235
herschilt 162 leise 233
herwec 162 lemede 234
heswe 164 lenken 175
hetzen 165 lìbelòs 247
honecsüeze 193 lidec 246
hornboge 195 lint 241
houbetlòs 148 lohe 250
hover 190 lòt 238
hùchen 196 lòte 238
hundert 193 loube 238
hupfen 194 lüften 249
hùsen 197
hùslòs 196 machtlòs 254
màl 270
ingrüene 143 malzen 258
ìskalt 204 mannen 260
mart 261
jàn 206 màt 271
jànen 126 màwen 257
jiuch 206 meidem 256
jouchen 206 meisch 256
jungeling 207 menz 259
misse 272
karsch 211 mitte 264
kennunge 210 mitteln 265
kerben 213 moder 278
626 INDICES
mùhen 278 schrimpf 344

multe 275 schrimpfen 344
mündel 275 schùlen 339
muoz 274 schuofe 342
muoze 274 schuor 342
schùr 347
negen 138 scint 338
nesten 284 scòze 337
nòtec 282 seilen 312
nòtegen 282 seine 313
selken 324
ost 30 senen 329
òsen 30 seten 311
sigelen 322
pflock 292 siule 329
pfluoc 292 sìfen 330
pfnùsen 109 slampen 349
phifen 292 slanc 349
phrengen 293 sleize 349
slìch 351
quast 227 slotern 352
slòz 349
raen 184 slumen 352
rampf 184 slùr 352
ràtlòs 303 smalnòz 353
reben 300 smeizen 352
rechen 301 smelha 353
regen 300 smelhe 353
rìf 306 smirle 354
rìhan 305 smiugen 354
rœzen 299 smollen 355
rot 307 smougen 353
ruch 308 snal 356
rugelen 308 snappen 356
rump 308 sneise 356
rùzen 186 sneisen 356
snellen 356
sagen 311 snèwìz 355
scharren 336 snittel 358
schart 335 snœde 357
scharz 335 snouwen 357
schelch 338 snuderen 359
scher 335 snupfe 359
scherpfen 335 soppe 388
scherzen 335 sòt 320
schilten 337 spellen 363
schimmen 340 spen 362
schlùchen 352 spengen 361
schopf 346 spennen 362
schozwort 346 spìl 365
schòte 336 spìr 365
schòz 337 splìzen 365
schraffen 344 sporte 367
schramme 344 spreckel 366
schreit 343 sprinzen 366
schreiten 343 spùtzen 368
stache 370 tunc 79

stahelen 369 türre 80
starren 372
stætelòs 369 umbeswif 396
steinhùs 369 umbeweif 440
sterre 372 unsivel 321
sterzen 372 uober 290
stiurman 376 uover 290
stìf 378 usele 436
stìm 378
strìfe 382 vade 96
stroe 427 værlic 102
stroen 382 veiz 90
strumpf 382 veize 90
strunc 382 verderben 71
strùz 382 vere 93
studel 382 vergìseln 135
stunz 383 verlust 251
suc 385 verne 100
süeme 360 vert 101
süemen 360 vertemmen 68
sumeren 386 verwepfen 198
sumerlanc 386 verworht 476
sumertac 386 vìle 103
sumerzìt 386 vìsen 104
sùf 389 vist 101
sùte 388 vladern 105
swade 392 vlüeten 107
swanc 391 vluor 108
swart 391 vort 121
sweibeln 389 vridelòs 115
sweim 389 vriden 115
sweimen 390 vrien 114
swertveel 395 vunt 118
swifte 396 vut 116
swinde 395
swint 394 waberen 437
walm 444
tagelanc 66 waltschreckel 343
tam 67 weideman 441
tappe 66 wellen 444
teic 67 wercman 456
teile 67 werktac 456
telken 78 wernagel 449
telle 67 werwolf 463
tengen 68 wesel 458
touwen 70 wester 459
tòtbant 69 wètàt 440
tràbe 408 weterleich 452
trenken 74 wetertac 451
trìbe 76 wetten 438
troll 410 wift 452
trüllen 411 wìge 465
trumpfen 411 wirs 457
tùfede 71 witeren 452
tuft 78 wìtsweif 390
628 INDICES
wordwìs 475 zicken 407

worten 475 zipf 405
wurht 476 zipfen 406
wurmgarte 476 zitze 407
zorn 413
zar 402 zwir 414
zaspen 402 zwirn 414
zàch 406 zwiselen 414
zepfen 402 zwist 414
zic 406 zwìvelòn 414
German
Banse 35 lehne 174
befiedern 102 listig 246
bestätigen 368 murren 277
Blei(h)e 50
blutrot 50 quaken 227
Bucht 61
Bügel 61 Sandkorn 318
bunken 62 Schellfisch 332
schimmern 340
erdfest 85 schlittern 350
Seemann 314
Finne 103 spade 361
Stiege 378
Gellinghanf 124 stier 378
gelzen 124 stieren 379
gnättern 137
tappen 66
kerne 213
kippen 214 wabelen 437
Kleck 215 wägen 191
Knack 217
knacken 217 zergen 402
knattern 217 zupfen 412
Koder 222
Krüpel 222
Langobardian
gìsil 135 waregang 461
wintingas 455
lagi 231
zàwa 406

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A HANDBOOK OF GERMANIC ETYMOLOGY

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© Copyright 2003 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands

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   

usually in reconstruction), Old Norse (or other Old Scandinavian), Old

quent—fact is noted in the corresponding unpreﬁxed entry. It was also

B - B, E. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Paris-Heidelberg:

C - C, D. Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese.

Festschr. Heinzel - Abhandlungen zur germanische Philologie. Halle: Niemeyer, 1898.

F AND - F, E W. Altdeutsches Namenbuch. I–II. Bonn: Hanstein,

G - G, N V. Sravnitel’nyi etimologicheskii slovar’ russkogo iazyka. Tiﬂis:

J IEW - J, A. Isländisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bern:

KSB - Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung. Berlin, 1858–1876.

L MLW - L, E. Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen. Tübingen: J.C.B.

N Thesaurus - N, G H F. Thesaurus linguae prussi-

Perspectives - Perspectives on historical linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1982.

REA - Revue des études anciennes. Bordeaux, 1899.

SL - Studia Linguistica. Lund, 1947–.

T Rem. - T, O N. Remeslennaia terminologiia v slavianskikh iazykakh.

W NP - W, W. Nomina Postverbalia in den altgermanischen Sprachen. Göt-

Alb - Albanian MIr - Middle Irish

acc. - accusative comp. - comparative

deverb. - deverbative pl. - plural

S-P); J LBd LX *afaròn sb.m.: Goth afara ‘descendant’,

‘behind’). S Bibel I 484 (Goth H AEEW 89; W-H

and other continuants of IE *a˚- ‘sharp’. *awja-lan¶an ~ *axwja-lan¶an sb.n.:

*axiraz ~ *axuraz sb.m.: Dan ær Z Gutt. 188; B 260;

based on the unattested *aixtra- = Gk *akranan); T-F 1; H

ON ein-borinn ‘only begotten’, OE án-boren Compound of *ainaz and *xar¶uz. C

‘lifespan’, Gk aﬁ≈n ‘vital power’, Lat 324–325; T-F 1; H

*ala-wal¶az ~ *ala-wal¶òn sb.m.: ON ‘river-bed’, MHG rvn. Elbe. Usually con-

OE ealce id. Of unknown origin. L *al(l)un(òt) adv.: ON ‡llung-is ‘alto-

*anwjaz. F 13; V ANEW 682; S I 258–261; K-S

id. H AEEW 86; P I T-F 18; W-H I 62;

241–242). F KZ I 495; 297; L GED 45; B

(D VW I 78; G Got. 10; F 61; H AEEW 8;

501; K-S 599; B P I 89; B IEL 181;

Grundriß II/2 820–821; T-F 270; bead’, OE béd ‘prayer, supplication’

B 971–972; T-F 280– ‘foliage, branch, bow’); L Studien 96

ﬂammation’. Derived from *brennanan. move strongly’, see *brewwanan. T-

ON borä-þak ‘covering of planks’, OE *bur¶janan wk.vb.: ON byräa ‘to em-

mach, womb’. A descriptive formation. T-F 275; H AEEW 41;

XLII 66 (to IE *dheb- ‘thick’); T-F *¶ankwaz ~ *denkwaz adj.: ON d‡kkr

112–113; P I 259; F 333–334; H NTS XV 410–411;

*¶rù¶az sb.m.: OHG trùt ‘friend, H IF LXXXVIII 94–95; L

*erþa-weaz sb.m.: ON jarä-vegr ‘earth’, W-H II 628–629; K

*faanòjanan ~ *faenòjanan wk.vb.: 797; V ANEW 114; Z II

FB 83–86; T-F 239; S 531–532; P I 788; V ANEW

*al¶az). T-F 229; H C SGGJa I 58; P I

 AEEW 101; W-H II Gk pãlkow: phlÒw, Hes.); G

*fenraz sb.m.: Goth ﬁggrs ‘ﬁnger’, ON 808–809; M II 210–211; V

*fòriz adj.: ON fœrr ‘able, capable’, OE *fòstran sb.n.: ON fóstr ‘fostering’, OE

test’. Alternatively can be reconstructed XXXIX 327–339; H AEEW

*frija-xalsa-ebòn sb.m.: ON frjáls-gjaﬁ priyà ‘own, dear, beloved’, Av fem. fryà

OE frécne ‘horrible, savage, audacious’, *frustan ~ *frustaz sb.m./n.: ON frost

OE ædelin ‘companion’, OS gaduling to Lith gagù, gag∏ti id. (M Language

230; K-S 297; B *ans-xabukaz sb.m.: ON gás-haukr

 I 344; P I 444; F 167; H 233; K-S

Gliederung 207; P IF LIII 38; unexpected *-ì- probably explained by

and other continuants of IE a˚- ‘sharp’. awja-lan¶an ~ *axwja-lan¶an sb.n.:

axiraz ~ axuraz sb.m.: Dan ær Z Gutt. 188; B 260;

based on the unattested aixtra- = Gk akranan); T-F 1; H

ON ein-borinn ‘only begotten’, OE án-boren Compound of ainaz and xar¶uz. C

ala-wal¶az ~ ala-wal¶òn sb.m.: ON ‘river-bed’, MHG rvn. Elbe. Usually con-

ﬂammation’. Derived from brennanan. move strongly’, see brewwanan. T-

XLII 66 (to IE dheb- ‘thick’); T-F ¶ankwaz ~ *denkwaz adj.: ON d‡kkr

faanòjanan ~ faenòjanan wk.vb.: 797; V ANEW 114; Z II

fòriz adj.: ON fœrr ‘able, capable’, OE fòstran sb.n.: ON fóstr ‘fostering’, OE

OE frécne ‘horrible, savage, audacious’, frustan ~ frustaz sb.m./n.: ON frost

ON gœla ‘to comfort, to soothe’. Con- rabjaz ~ rabjan sb.m./n.: ON grefr

u¶(a)-lausaz adj.: Goth guda-laus ‘god- A BB XX 256 (to eutanan);

xam(a)lòn. T-F 74 (to Gk kãmaj xan¶u-banòn sb.m.: ON hand-bani

sublime’, OE heá-lic ‘high’, OHG hòh-lìh xaulaz ~ xaulòn sb.m./f.: ON haull

xunruz ~ xunxruz sb.m.: Goth þanan. T-F 70; H

S IF XLVIII 72 (from manxwuz, marxjòn sb.f.: ON merr ‘mare’ (partly

Grundriß II/1 237 (secondary masc.); nasjanan ~ nazjanan wk.vb.: Goth

Slav nî ‘not’. W-H II nèxwa-mèaz sb.m.: ON ná-mágr ‘near

sajanan ~ saènan. K NB II S 384; L GED 206;

-j- in Goth); B 1753–1754; seuka-¶òmaz sb.m.: ON sjúk-dómr ‘ill-

snappènan ~ snappòjanan. T-F  AEEW 305, 425; V ANEW

alternative reconstruction is stikanan. MLG stellinge ‘rack’. Derived from stell-

from þurènan. H ASNSL XCIV þurskaz sb.m.: ON þorskr ‘codﬁsh’,

kuzjòn (from keusanan). T-F thing’, OE weald ‘powerful, mighty’,

Related to wasjanan ~ wazjanan. *westrò sb.f.: MHG wester ‘baptismal