Jen n y 0 oo le y - V i r g in i a E v an s

Express Publishing
Published in 1999 by Express Publishing
Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury,
Berkshire RG19 6HW
Tel.: (0044) 1635 817 363
Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463
e-mail: [email protected]
INTERNET http: //www.expresspubIishing.co.uk

â Jenny Dooley - Virginia Evans

Design & Illustration @ Express Publishing

Colour Illustrations: Evan

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by
any means, electronic, photocopying or otherwise, without the
prior written permission of the Publishers.

ISBN 1-84216-368-X (with answers)

1-903128-97-8 (without answers)
Uril 1 Iertet ‹Fieterl frir - finl fririt - lilNr lrir I›................................................6
Irlirili e Itr -irf Iriri Irr - ErDh:I FuIirirlr›...................................................Jf
1JierIi e› - IJ eel» - fDrifiiii›Dr›....................................................................1î

|ef: ie f:e meIi*:D 86

(fill 6i ;

f0rlİlİ0rill› - \'/İ›Je› - ílllJ 6rllei \'/0 ilJ RilIfrl - Urir‹ll html.......................................1 î6

‹Urİls l J›.................................................................................................................... ł

¢lintet lir\irJ \‘ïriJt...............................................................................lłł

deli 1:fAn'+en-V/uf ol|e*f I ef 180

1lirerJice›..................................................................................................................................îJl
hr:ieu lesls..........................................................................................................îìJ
Lr› Ir lfe I zicnzr..........................................................................................îîJ
Grammarway 4 is the fourth book in a four-level grammar series presented in full colour for learners
of the English language at upper-intermediate level. The book is available in two editions - with or
without answers - and is suitable for self-study or classroom use as a supplement to any course at this
level.
The aim of the book is to help learners understand English grammar structures through comprehensive
theory tables and functional examples, accompanied by a wealth of attractive photographs and
illustrations.
The book adheres to the principle that every structure should first be heard, then practised in oral and,
finally, in written form. Based on the use of full-colour visual stimuli, the book encourages learners to
speak before writing, and allows them to practise English structures through a variety of enjoyable and
useful activities.
The book consists of 12 units, each focusing on a particular grammar topic.
A typical unit contains:
• presentation of grammar structures by means of visual prompts
• simple, concise explanations of the grammar structures
• examples in everyday conversational English. together with a few expressions showing
slightly more formal use
• exercises practising the new structures, to help learners use correct, appropriate
patterns in everyday situations
• speaking and writing activities to practise the new structures in oral and written form
• a revision box in each unit
• common mistakes section
• word-formation exercises
A revision unit follows every three units to consolidate material presented in previous units.
Six Progress Tests, each covering two consecutive units, are included at the end of the
book. They may be used to assess students’ progress before the main class test.

The Student’s Book is accompanied by a Teacher’s Book containing:

• guidance on presenting the theory of each unit, with or without Picture Flashcards
• a full key to the exercises in the Student’s Book
• four tests in two separate versions each

The Picture Flashcards which accompany this book can be used for lively, motivating presentation of
the target grammar structures.

Thanks
The authors would like to thank Rania Dunn, Anna Miller, Laura Houston, Jonathan Harrison, Tamzin
Thompson and Steven Davies for their help in producing this book. Many thanks to the Express Publishing
design team, E. Morrison, J. Malls and V. Winston. We would also like to thank those institutions and
teachers who piloted the manuscript, and whose comments and feedback were invaluable in the
production of the book.
 weeklmonthlyear, in he morning/afternoon/
evening, at night, at the weekend, on Mondays,
We use the present simple: etc.

a) for permanent states,

repeated actions and
daily routines.
He words in a
bank. (permanent
state)
He takes the train to work
every morning.
(daily routine’repealed actions)

b) for general truths and

laws of nature.
The sun sets in the west.

for timetables (planes,

trains, etc.) and
programmes.
The plane mom Brussels
arrives at 8.30.

d) for sports commentaries, reviews and narration.

a) Peterson overtakes Williams
and wins the race. (sports
commentary)
b) Mike Dalion plays the pan
ol Macbeth. (review)
c) Then the prince gets on his g • •
horse anD quickly rides away. f
(narration) •

e) to give instructions or directions (instead of the

imperative).
You sprint/e some cheese on the pizza and then you
dake
il. (Instead of: SprinA/e some cheese on ihe pizza
...)
The present simple is used with the following time
expressions: osua//y, often, always, efc., every dayl

6
 I' I —I th L’ lItiIIL!L' L! S

We use the present continuous:

a) for actions taking place now, at

the moment of speaking.
He is giving ihe baby a bath
at the momeni.

b) for temporary actions; that is actions that are going on

around now, but not
at the actual moment of speaking.
’I’m ooh ng for
pa new job these days.

(He is not looking for a job at the

moment ol speaking

with adverbs such as: always, constantly, continually, etc.

for actions which happen very ohen, usually to express
annoyance, irritation or anger.
a) I'm always meeting Sara when I go shopping. (action which happens very o/Yens
You’re constantly interrupting me when

b)

d) for actions that we have already arranged to do in the near

future, especially when the time and place have been
decided.
they’re moving inio their
new house next
week. The rime has been
decided.)

e) for changing or developing situations.“

More and more species are becoming extinct.
The present continuous is used with the following time
expressions: now, at the moment, af present, these days, sfi//,
nowadays, today, fonighf, etc.
We use the present perfect: We use the present perfect continuous:
a) for an action which started in the past and a) to put emphasis on the duration of an action which
continues up to the present, especially with state started in the past and continues up to the present,
verbs such as be, have, especially with time
like, /‹now, etc. In this case, expressions such as for,
we often use for and since. since, all morningldayl
t
Rachel has had the dog for ’ ea e c'
three years. (She got the dog see has deen talking on
three years ago and she still the phone lor half an hour.
has it.) (He 6egan talking on the
phone half an hour ago
b) for an action which has and he is siill talking.)
recently finished and whose
result is visible in the b) for an action which started in the past and lasted
present. for some time. The action may have finished or
She has i usf washed her ha/r. ‘I < may still be going on. w-
(She has now wrapped her hair “ The result of the action
in a towel, so ihe action has finished.) is visible in the
present.
c for an action which happened at an unstated time
in the past. The exact time is not mentioned
because it is either unknown or unimportant.
Her feet hurt. She has
The emphasis is placed on the action.
deen 'a/king a// mornin
The Taylors have doug?it a P (The result of the action
sailing boat. (The exact time visible in the present - her
is unknown or unimportant. feet hurt.)
What is important is the laci
ihat they
now own a sailing boat.) '

d) for an action which has happened within a specific

to express anger, irritation or annoyance.
time period which is not over at the moment of
speaking. We often use words and expressions
such as today, this morning/evening/w'eeA/monffi,
etc.
She has laden fifteen pictures
ioday. (The time period -
ioday - is not over yet. She
may take more pictures.)
.c ”‹'.
BUT: She took twenty pictures yesterday. Somebody
(The lime period - yesterday - is has been giving away
over.) OU' "* F'*
Note: We use the present perfect to announce a piece
of news and the past simple or past continuous (The speaker is irritated.)
to give more details about it. Note: With the verbs live, work, teach and fee/ (= have the
po/ice have finally arresterf Peter Duncan. He a particular emotion) we can use the present
was frying io leave the country when they caugnt perfect or present perfect continuous with no
him. difference in meaning.
I/\/e have lived/have deen living here for fiwenfiy
The present perfect is used with the following time
years. expressions: for, since, a/ready, yet, a/w'ays, jusf, ever, The present perfect continuous is used with
the never, so far, today, this weehlmonth, efc., how long, following time expressions: for, since, flow long, late/y,
/afe/y, recently, sti// {in negafions}, etc. recenf/y.
 8 The teacher ñas Deen correcting/has corrected essays
Note: We use the present perfect to put emphasis on for three hours.
number and the present perfect continuous to put
9 Michael's car broke down last week. so he uses/is
emphasis on duration. rising his father s for the time being.
Compare the examples: 10 It rarely gets/is getting very hot in Britain.
e.g. /’ve typed tour reports so far.
/’ve 6een typing reports all morning.

2 Choose the correct answer.

1 ‘I met our new boss this morning.'

I , C.., him, too. He’s very nice.’
Adverbs of frequency (a/ways, usoa//y, often, A am meeting B have been meeting C have met
sometimes, seldom/rare/y, never, etc.) come before 2 in a hotel?'
the main verb (read, worA, etc.) but after the verb ‘No, but my parents did last summer in Rome.'
to 6e, auxiliary verbs \do, have, etc.) or modal A Have you ever stayed B Did you ever
verbs (can, should, etc.). Adverbs of frequency go stay C Are you ever staying
before the auxiliary verbs in short answers. Who is in that new film?’
e.g. Susan often goes skiing at fhe ‘Well, a young actress the leading role.
weekend. Kim is sometimes rude to A has been playing B plays C has played
other people. You can always call me if ‘Is David at home?’
you r/eed help.
’Do you help your mother with the housework?’ ‘Yes, but he.................a shower at the moment.’
'Yes, I usually do.’ A is having B has been having C has

Expressions such as every day, once/twice a 5 Why are you so upset?’

weeA/month, etc., most mornings/evenings, etc. I..................my favourite ring
go at the beginning or the end of a sentence. A lose B have been losing C have lost
Usually, often, sometimes, normally and occasiona//y 6 Have you found a house yet?’
can go at the beginning or the end of a sentence 'No. I . with my aunt at the moment.’
for more emphasis. A stay B am staying C have stayed
e.g. We go on to//rYay twice a year.
Usually, I finish work at five.
I fee/ bored sometimes. Put the adverts of frequency in the
3p correct position.
The adverbs never, seldom and rare/y have a
negative meaning and are never used with the 1 A: Do you wear sunglasses in the winter?
word not. B: No, I do. (never)
e.g. I rarely go to bed late. (NOT..............................) No, I never do.
2 A: Do you like fishing, Alan?
B. Yes. I go fishing at weekends.
3 A: (sometimes) Do you go to the gym very
1 Underline the correct B: often?
tense. 4 A: Yes, I go. (once a week)
B: How often do you visit your
parents? I visit them. (every
weekend)
1 The plane leaves/bias left at four o’clock. We must be s A: ñave 6een electing a new club
at the airport by two o’clock. B: chairman!
2 It gets/is gelding colder and colder every day. s A: 7 Martha is lindinglhas lound a new
3 Have you seen Linda? I ñave Deen looking/am looking B job. She is starting
for her for almost an hour. 7 A:
4 Sam is a very interesting person. He knows/has Anown B:
all kinds of unusual facts. 8 A:
First, you are heating/ñeat the oven to a temperature a:
of 180° C. 9 A:
6 Have you heard the news? They fiav'e i ust elected/ B
Do you eat in restaurants very often? No, I do. (rarely)
Do you like oysters?
I don’t know. I have eaten oysters. (never) How often do you go on
holiday?
I go on holiday. (once a year) When do you read your post?
I read it on the way to work. (usually) Shall I lock the door?
Of course. You should lock the door when you go out. (always)
You are breaking things! (always) I’m sorry. I don't mean to.

8
 4 identify the tenses, then match them to the correct descriptions.

1 The plane to Sydney leaves at eleven o'clock

actions which started in the past and continue up to the
2 I have written two letters this morning. present
3 They're going on holiday on Saturday action which has recently finished and whose result is
visible in the present
4 Graham has known Errol for five years.
to put emphasis on the duration of an action which
5 You”re always leaving the door open. started in the past and continues up to the present
6 We are rehearsing a new play at the moment. to express criticism or annoyance
timetables and programmes
7 George has bought a new car.
f actions that we have arranged to do in the near future
8 Lisa has been cleaning the house all morning action which has happened within a specific time period
9 Look! Alison has dyed her hair! which is not over at the moment of speaking
h action which happened at an unstated time in the past
10 More and more people are recycling their
changing or developing situations
rubbish j temporary actions

f*u S he verbs in brackets into the correct g a)

Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct tense.

1 A:
Tortoises ... //vc... (live) to be very old
B: Dear Kathleen.
I’ve heard of one which is over a hundred years old
2 A:
Are you still busy? 1 1) .. ’m writing... (write) to tell you my news. My
B: Yes. I (read) this article for an school 2) (choose) me to spend
hour and I still !’ l Ot " ’ | I S h) six weeks at a school in the USA. I m very happy about it!
3 A: More and more people (g”› tO At the moment. 13) ......................................(pack) things
university these days. for my trip. because 14) (leave) next
B: Yes. I think it’s a good thing week. My mother 5).................................(book) the ticket.
4 A: I (have) a party tonight. Do you
1 6) (wait) for this opportunity for
want to come?
ages. so I’m very excited. 1 7) (finish)
B: Yes. What time does it start?
reading two books about the USA and 18)
5 A: Why are your shoes wet? ......... . ........ . (borrow) another one from the school
B: I (wash) the
6 A: What's the matter? car. library. 1 9) .... ..... (become) more and
B: I more nervous every day!
7 A: What do I need to do next? (break) my Well, I must go now. I've got a lot of things to do. I’ll
ankle.
B: You (add) the sugar to the WFite to you from the
mixture and you USA. (mix) it well.
8 A Who (use) my car? Love.
B: I have. Tracy
9 A: Are you new here?
B: No. Actually, I (live) here for almost
ten years. b) Which of the present forms in the text
10 A: Pete is playing his music very loud above are used to express:
B: Again! He (always/do) th‘t! happened at an unstated time in the
11 A: Have you made plans for Saturday yet? 1 actions which
past
B: I (go) to the cinema with Jack. and continue up to
12 A: Mr Collins is a very good teacher. z• 2 actions whiCh started in the past
duration
B: Well, he (teach) Maths for p• the present with emphasis on
twenty-five years, you know. f• 3 moment of
actions happening at or around the
13 A: Are you going to the concert on Saturday night? I’
speaking
B: Yes. Actually, I (already/buy)
the tickets. 4 changing and developing situations
in the near
14 A: Hello, Simon. actions that we have arranged to do
B: Oh! We (aDvays/meet) future
other in this supermarket. each
State Verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than
5 This perfume smells nice. (= has a nice
an action and therefore do not normally have continuous
smell) He is smelling the milk. (= is sniffing)
tenses. These include:
The baby’s hair feels like silk. (= has the texture of)
a) verbs which express likes and dislikes: /iAe, love, She is feeling the baby s forehead. (= is touching)
dislike, Plate, enjoy, prefer, adore, etc. e.g. I love 7 Bob has a Porsche. (— possesses)
chocolate ice cream. He’s having a shower at the moment. (= is taking a
b) verbs of the senses: see, hear, sme//, taste, fee/, shower)
look, sound. We often use can or could with these 8 The chicken weighs 2 kilos. (= has a weight of)
verbs when we refer to what we see, hear, etc. at The butcher is weighing the meat. (= is measuring
the moment of speaking. e.g. Jim musi be at home. I how heavy it is)
can see his car parked outside. This dress fits you perfectly. (= it is the right size)
c) verbs of perception: know, de/ieve, understand, We are fitting new locks. (= are putting in)
rea/ise, remember, forget, notice, recognise, 10 He appears to be nervous. (= seems)
thinh, seem, see (= understand), expect (=think), He is appearing in a new play. (= is taking part)
etc. 11 He is a rude person. (= character - permanent
e.g. I expect they will 6e late. state) He is being rude. (= behaviour - temporary
d) some other verbs such as de, contain, include, situation. usually with adjectives such as careful.
de/ong, fit, need, mafter, cost, mean, own, want, silly, (im)poliie. lazy, etc.)
owe, have (= possess), require, weigh, wish, Aeep
(= continue), etc. e.g. My uncle owns a hotel.
Some of the above verbs are used in continuous Note: a) The verb e• i y can be used in continuous
tenses when they describe actions and not states. tenses to express specific preference.
Study the following examples: e.g. I’m eni ying this party a lot. (specific
1 I think he’s lying. (= believe) preference)
I’m thinking about the plan. (— am considering) BUT: I enjoy going to parties. (I enjoy parties in general.)
2 The food tastes delicious. (= has a delicious flavour)
He is tasting the food. (= is testing the flavour of) b) The verbs /ooA (when we refer to a person’s
3 I can see some people. (= perceive with my appearance), fee/ (= experience a particular
eyes) I see what you mean. (= understand) emotion), hurt and ache can be used in either
I’m seeing my doctor tomorrow. (= am meeting) the continuous or simple tenses with no
4 It looks as if they’ve finished the job. (= appears) difference in meaning.
Mike is looking out of the window. (is directing his e.g. You /ooA/are looking great ioday.
eyes)

Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the present continuous.

1 A: Why ..,arc you smelting . (you/smell) the soap?

8 A: I really (enjoy) home-made food
B: It (smell) lovely. It s like
B: So do I, and I (enjoy) every bit
roses!
of this meal.
2 A: Why (you/taste) the
9 A: Why (you/feeI) the radiator?
soup?
B: It (feel) cold in here. Is
B: To see if it (taste) good. I
the
think it needs more salt.
3 A: I (feel) very heating on?
B: You should go to bed early. tired. 10 A: That famous opera (appear)
singer
4 A: I (see) Andy this at the opera house
evening. tonight. (appear) to be feeling
B: I (see). So, you don't want B: Yes. He
to come to the cinema with me. do you? better after his operation.
5 A: How much 11 A: Chris (be) a sensible person, isn’
(the bag of he?
apples/weigh)?
B: I don't know yet. The man The sky. It ................ (look) as if it’s going to rain.
(weigh) the bag now.
6 A: I . . .. (think) about buying a new car soon
B: Why? I (think) your car is
fine. You don't need a new one.
7 A: What (you/look)
B: at?
B: , but in this case he bedroom today
Y foolish B: Really? (it/fit) that window?
e 12 A: My dad (fit) the old 13 A: My back (hurt)
s living room in my B: Why don't you lie down for a while?
 Where have you been
Pam?

Where
is Pam*
-
She
isn I here.
She's gone to the
supermarket.
I’ve been to the supermarket

‘fi‘ She has gone to the o/lice. (This means she has not come âack yet. She is still a/ the office.)
fi' He has deen to Rome twice. (This means that he has visited Rome twice, he is not there now. He has come back.)

Note: In this case Deen is used as the past participle of the verb fo go.

Fill in the gaps with have / has been

(to} have / has gone (to}. “ 10p Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct present form.

1 A: Hello, Jim! Have you seen Mum? 1 A: Linda .. is learning... (learn) to drive at the moment.
B: Yes. She ... has gone rc... the shops. She’ll be back B: I know. She told me last week
soon. 2 A: Has Alan got a job?
2 A: Where .............. . you today? B: Oh yes. He (be) the
B: I..................................the cinema. manager of a leisure centre.
3 A: Shall we go on a picnic this weekend? 3 A: Do you want to have a break now?
B: Oh, yes! I not on a picnic for B: Not yet. I (write) a report for
ages. tomorrow s meeting.
4 A: I m going to India this year. 4 A: It’s ten o'clock. Have you given the manager his
B: I ... . never..................India. letters?
A: Really? I ....... .. .... ..... there twice before. B: Yes. and I (also/type) six
5 A: Where are the children? reports so far this morning.
B: They ..... ........,..........the park to play football. 5 A: Is Jeff still in the garden?
A: Dad with them? B: Yes He (plant) flowers all afternoon.
B: Of course. Don’t worry! s A: That author is very well-known, isn’t she?
B: Yes. She (write) twenty novels

9 Underline the correct word in so far.

bold. 7 A: You look very happy today.
B: I am. I gust/hear)
1 I always/already do the housework on Saturdays some good news.
2 We haven t booked our summer holiday just/yet. 8 A: What time..................................................(the play/
3 My brother has just/ever joined the football club. start) tonight?
4 Linda has already/ever bought a new dress for the B: Seven o’clock, I think.
party. Have you so far/ever tasted Japanese food? 9 A: Are you new to this company?
6 Joe has been in Paris since/for two weeks. B: Not really. In fact, I (work)
7 I have never/just seen this film before. here for almost two years.
8 The secretary has typed twenty letters yet/so far this 10 A: Are you ready for the concert?
morning. B: Yes. I .................. ...... . (practise) for weeks.
9 I have been working here since/still July. 11 A: Do you do any exercise at all?
10 The Taylors have moved house recently/so far. B: Yes. Actually, I (go) swimming
11 They still/already haven t employed a new supervisor. three times a
week.
 We use the past simple: We use the past continuous:

a) for an action which happened at a definite time in a)

the past. The time is stated, already known or for an action which was in progress at a stated
time in the past. We do not mention when the
action started or finished.
At seven o’clock
yesterday evening they
were having dinner.
{\/Ve do not know
when they started or
finished iheir dinner.)

b) for an action which was in progress when another

action interrupted it. We use the past continuous
They went camping by the lake last monih. (then for the action in progress
did they go camping? Last monih. The fime is (longer action) and the
slated.) past simple for the
action which interrupted
b) for actions which happened immediately one after it (shorter action).
the other in the past.
He was walking down
the street when he ran
into an old Iriend.

c) for two or more

simulta- neous past
actions.

First she paid the driver, then she got out o/ he iaxi. She was fa/king on
her mobile phone
c) for past habits or states which are now finished. In while she was driving
such cases we can also use the expression used to work.

d) to describe the atmosphere, setting, etc. in the

introduction to a story
before we describe the
main events.
One beauti’Iul autumn ”
ahernoon, Ben was sfro/ling
down a quiet country lane.
The birds were singing and
to.
the leaves were rustling in
Kitchens werelused to be very different a hundred years the breeze.
ago.

The past simple is used with the following time

expressions: yesterday, then, when, How long ago ... , The past continuous is used with the following time
last nighf/week/monffi/year/Tuesday, etc., three days/ expressions: while, when, as, a// morning/evening/day/
weeAs, etc. ago, in J997, etc. night, etc.

12
We use the past perfect: We use the past perfect continuous:

a) for an action which happened before another past a) to put emphasis on the duration of an action which
action or before a stated time in the past. started and finished in the past before another past
action or a stated time in the past, usually with
since or for.

She had finished work when she me/ her friends

lor coffee. (She finished work lirst and then she
mei her friends.)
They fiad deen looking for a house lor six months
b) for an action which finished in the past and whose belore they lound one hey liked.
result was visible in the past.
b) for an action which lasted for some time in the past
and whose result was visible in the past.

He was happy. He had signed an important contract.

(The action finished in the past and /fs result was
visible in the past. loo )

Note: The past perfect is the past equivalent of the

present perfect. Last Friday Ron had to fly to New York. His flight was
delayed He was annoyed. He had deen waiting at the
e.g. a) He had lixed the old armchair. It looked brand
airport for three hours. (He waited at the airport for three
new. (The action had lixed- happened in the
hours and the result of the action was visible in the past.
past. The result looked brand new was also
too.)
visible in the past.) Note: The past perfect continuous is the past equivalent
Of the present perfect continuous.
6) He has fixed the old armchair. It looks Drand new.
(The action- has fixed - happened in the past. e.g. a) I had Oeen driving for ten hours. so I Ie/f
The result - looks brand new- is still visible in the exhausted. (The action — had been driving —
lasted present.) for some time in the past. The result leli
exhausted- was also visible in ihe pasi.)
The past perfect is used with the following time
expressions: before, after, a/ready, just, for, since, ti/// b) I have deen driving lor ten hours, so feel
unfi/, w'lien, Dy, by tñe lime, never, etc. exhausted. (The action - have been driving-
Note: We can use the past perfect or the past simple snarled /'n the pasi. The resuli feel exhausted- is
with defore or affer without any difference in still visible in the present.)
meaning. The past perfect continuous is used with the following
e.g. They went out after if had stopped I stopped time expressions: for, since, how long, Defore, until,
raining. etc.
 11p 13) (give) me a fright!’ John exclaimed
A Brian and Ruth w'enf on a day trip
yesterday. Look at the notes below Steve 14) . . (laugh) at him. John
and say what they did, using the 15) (start) to laugh, too. 1 16)
linking words from the list. (think) you had gone to London today,’ he said. No.
17) (reply) Steve. ’Unfortunately
first, ihen, next, after that, laier, finally
18) ..... .. (miss) the train
SI.' F/rsr, they rraxchsd ro Brigs son by brain,

13 Choose the correct answer.

9 15 10:30: travel to Brighton by tFain
10:30 - 11'30: look around shops
11:30 2:30: walk on beach rant
1 ‘Were you expectin9 J£tml3s and Paul to stay for
2:30 2:00: eat lunch at seaside restau
dinner?’
2:00 4:30: visit funfair
No, but I ...A... a lot of food, so it didn’t matter.'
4 30 5:30: have afternoon tea
A had prepared B was preparing
C had been preparing

B Now, in pairs, ask and answer 2 Tony has been singing for years, hasn’t he?’
questions about what Brian and ’Yes. He .. . his first record when he was sixteen.‘
Ruth were doing at the times in the A made B was making C had made
list below, as in the example.
3 There was a power cut last night.’
’I know. I .. some paperwork when the lights
went out.’
A had been doing B was doing
9:30 am 11:45 am 2:30 pm
C had done
11:00 am 1: 15 4 ”Did you see Paul Simon in concert?’
5:00 pm
pm
‘No. I was hoping to get tickets, but they A
had sold out B sold out
Put the verbs in brackets into the past
simple or the past continuous. J4
A The sun 1) .. can shining .. (shine) and the birds
2) (sing) as Mike 3) (drive)
down the country lane. He 4) (smile) ,
because he 5) (look forward) to the journey
ahead. Mike 6).........................(enjoy) driving, especially
when he 7) ...... . (go) somewhere new. Then, suddenly,
the engine 8)...........................................(begin) to
make
a strange noise and the car 9) (stop)
dead in the middle of the road. Mike 10)
(try) to start it, but nothing 11)..........................(happen).
He 12) (sigh) , then 13)
(get out) of the car. As he 14)..........................(push) the
car to the side of the road, Mike 15)
(start) to wish he had stayed at home.

B John 1)....................(enter) his flat and 2)

(close) the door. He 3).........................(hang up) his coat
when he 4) ............ (hear) a strange noise. A tap
5) (run) in the kitchen. He 6)
(walk) into the hitchen and 7) (turn) it off.
Then, he 8).................(freeze). Someone 9)
(stand) behind him. He 10).........................(take) a
deep
breath and 11) (turn) around. His flatmate,
Steve. 12)..............................(lean) in the doorway.
'You
 C were selling out
5 ‘The restaurant was packed last night.’ ‘Yes.
Luckily, I........................a table in advance.’
A was booking B had booked C
had been booking
6 Did you watch the film yesterday?
No. It . ...,.......by the time we got home.'
A finished B was finishing C
had finished
7 Did you stay up late last night?
’No. I...............all day. so I went to bed early.’
A had been working B worked C
was working
8 'Did you enjoy your holiday?'
Yes. We...............most of our time on the beach
A had spent B were spendin9 C spent
9 ‘Kim looked tired this morning.’
I know. She...............all night long '
A studied B had studied C
had been studying
10 ”So what happened?‘
’We through the woods when we heard a
gunshot.’
A had walked B walked C were walking
 2
‘You will soon...............to it.”
A get used B be used C used
How is Sarah?
’She's fine. She...............to life in the countryside.
A got used B used C is getting used
'I' We use used to + infinitive to refer to past habits
or states. In such cases, used to can be replaced 4 Have you always worked as a nurse?
by the past simple with no difference in meaning. No. I................a childminder.'
e.g. They userf to trave//trave/led a lot when they A was used to being B used to be
were younger. (They don't any more). C am used to being
5 Do you remember when we were little?'
'0' We use the past simple, and not used to, in the
‘Yes. Dad...............always read us a bedtime story ‘
following cases:
A was used to B would C got used to
a) to refer to an action which happened at a definite
time in the past. 6 ‘Aren’t you tired?’
e.g. I drove /o work yesterday. (NOT. No. I...............to walking long distances
) A am used B got used C used
b) to say how many times an action happened at a 7 ’Jane had trouble with her job at first.'
definite time in the past. ‘Yes. She...............to working on her own.’
e.g. I wenf to the cinema four times last month. A used B got used C wasn’t used
(NOT. g
‹nentl+.) ‘Did you find your degree course difficult?'
Yes, but I soon ,........, . to it ”
’¥' We use would used to for repeated actions or A used B got used C was used
routines in the past. Do you remember Uncle Danny?'
e.g. We vvouldlused to eat out on Sundays. ‘Yes. He...............always bring us presents.
We do not use would with state verbs. A would B was used C used
e.g. a) they userf fo live in London. 10 ‘Have you ever lived in a flat before?'
(NOT. . ) ‘No. but I will...............to it."
D) I used fo have a pet dog. A be used B get used C used
(NOT. .
11 ‘Why are you so tired?
)
Because I...............to getting up early in the morning.
'0' Be used to + noun pronoun -ing form be A am used B used C am not used
accustomed to, be in the habit of 12 ‘Do you know that man?‘
e.g. a) They are used to the cold. (present) Yes. He...............to work for me
b) I don’t mind walking. I'm used to it. (present) A was used B used C is used
c) She wasn’f used fo living in the country.
(past)
Mary had to move to Italy for her i . At first. she
'0' Get used to + noun pronoun -ing form = become

1ty
accustomed to
found living in a foreign country quite rfifficu/t,
e.g. a) I am getting used to fhe weaffier. (present) but she is s/ow/y getting used to if. Use the
6) He didn’t like using the computer at lirst, 6ut prompts below to talk about how she is
he got usecf fo if. (past) getting along, as in the example.

1 Choose the correct answer.

1 “Sharon looks different now. doesn't she?'

'Yes, She ...P. . to have long dark hair. didn't she?”
A is used B used C would
 The past simple is used for actions which happened in The present perfect is used for actions which
happened the past and are not related to the present. in the past and are related to the present.
We use the past simple: We use the present pertect:
• for an action which happened at a definite time in • for an action which happened at an unstated time in
the the past. The time is past. The exact time is either unknown or
unimportant,
stated, already known and therefore it is not
or implied. mentioned or implied.

Simon Cook painted his SILO I Cook has painted

First picture in 1980. i8 lOi of pictures. {When*
(\/Vhen? In 1980. The Rime We do not know.
is staied.) The exacf time is noi
mentioned or implied.)

• for an action which began and finished in the past. • for an action which started in the past and continues
up to the present.

bientôt!
Mr Clark faught Maths for thirty years.
f/-le is no longer a teacher. /-le has reiired.) Mrs Nelson has taught French for twenfiy years.
(She started teaching French tweniy years ago and she is
• for an action which happened in the past and
still teaching French ioday.)
cannot be repeated.
e.g. a) Mike won more than fiwen fly medals when he was • for an action which happened in the past and may
an athlete. (He is no longer an athlete. He canno! be repeated.
win another medal. e.g. a} Ben is an athlète. He has won more than len
b) I once spoke lo Frank Sinatra. (He is no longer medals. (He is still an athlète. He may win
some alive. I won’t speak io him again. more medals.)
• for an action which happened within a specific time o) I ve spohen io Celine Dion. (She is still alive. I
period which is over at the moment of speaking. may speak to her again.)
e.g. I wrote three letters this morning. (The Rime period • for an action which happened within a specific time
is over. lt is evening or nighi now.) period which is not over at the moment of speaking.
e.g. I ve wriften /wo letters this morning. (The time period
Note: We use the past simple to talk about actions which were performed by people who are no longer alive, even
if the time is not stated. e.g. Charles Dickens wrote 'O/leer Twist. ’

16a Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the present perfect.

A A. 1 1) ... ”›r cn .. (see) this film before.

C A: 1 1) just/hear from)
B: Me too, but I love this actor. He 2)
an old friend of mine.
(play) a lot of good roles.
B: Oh, really?
A: Tom Cruise? 13) (meet) him you know. A: Yes. Jim 2) (write) to me. I
B: Really? When? 3) (get) the letter this morning
A: When 14) (be) in Los Angeles on holiday B: That's nice. When 4)
B A: Who is that man? (you/first,/meet) him?
B: He's an artist. He 1) (paint) a lot of A: He 5) (live) next door
beautiful pictures. to me for three years, but he 6)
A: I think Van Gogh 2) . (paint) the most beautiful (move) away last June and I

16
pictures ever. But his life 3) (be) miserable. 7) (not/see) him since.
'g' The past simple is used for actions ’¥‘ The past continuous is used for ’0 The past perfect is used for an
which happened immediately one a past action which was in action which happened before
after the other in the past. progress when another action another past action or a specific
interrupted it. time in the past.

*ië ” jtlEEftD
0º;;
When Jim came home, they W/?en Jim came home, Mary was When Jim came home, Mary had
wafcfiezf a f//m on /V. (Jim came watching a film on TV. (She was a/reacfy watched the film on TV.
home and then they watched a film sfi// watching the film when Jim (She watched the film f/rs/. Jim
together.) came home.) came home afierwards.)

’¥‘ We can use the past simple, past continuous or past perfect without any difference in meaning with verbs such
as thinh, f›ope, mean, expecf, etc. for things we hoped or wished to do, but didn’t.
e.g. I expecfed/was expecting/haô expecfed him fo call me, öut he didn ’t.

1/y Put the verbs in brackets into the

1
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
correct tense. tense.

1 A:
What ..were you doing... (you/do) at ten o clock When Simon 1) ..arrived. .. (arrive) at the cinema,
dozens of people 2)..............................(queue) outside.
A this morning?
B. I (read) some important They 3) (wait) to see the same film
documents in my office as Simon. Simon, however, 4) ,..............................(buy)
2 A: Why are you so disappointed? a ticket in advance, so he 5) ..... (walk)
B: Because I (hope) that I would straight to the front of the queue and 6)
pass the test. but I didn t. (enter) the cinema. He 7)..........................(feel) relieved
3 A: Have you found your bag yet? that he didn't have to queue. He 8)
B: No, but I (report) it stolen (reach) his seat just as the lights 9)
to the police yesterday (go down) for the start of the film.
4 A: Did you enjoy the play last night?
B: No, even though I (read) B Last weekend. Cathy 1)........................, (hire) a car and
good reviens of it before I bought the tickets.
2) (drive) to the seaside. When
5 A: Have you written your report yet? she 3) (arrive) the wind 4)
B: I just/start) when you
(blow) and the sky 5) (be)
came in. actually
cloudy. She 6) (get out) of
6 A: Sorry 1’m tate
the car and 7) (take) a walk
B: Where have you been? I
along the seafront. Then she 8)
(expect) you an hour ago.
7 A: We (go) to an antique market (decide) to go for fish and chips at a nearby restaurant
yesterday that she 9)..............................(see) earlier and liked the
(you/buy) anything? look of. By the time she 10).................................(leave)
B:
Were you surprised that the factory closed down? the restaurant, it 11) (already/grow)
8 A:
Not really. In fact, I (know) dark. As she 12) (walk) to her car
B:
it was going to happen. it 13)........................................(begin) to rain. However,
Cathy 14).........................................(not/mind) because
9 A: Julia did well in the test. didn’t she?
Yes. She (study) very hard for it. she 15) (have) a wonderful day
19 Identity the tenses, then match them to the correct descriptions.

1 People used to have/had very simple lives in those

a to talk about actions of people who are no longer alive
days.
b action which happened before another past action or
2 She was talking on the phone when her boss came before a stated time in the past
in. Sam was in hospital because he had crashed his actions which happened immediately one after the
car. other in the past
4 They had been studying hard all morning, so they d to put emphasis on the duration of an action which
were tired. started and finished in the past before another past
5 I was cooking lunch while he was pouring the drinks. action
We had been living in the house for a year before we e action which was in progress at a stated time in the
decorated the kitchen. past f two or more simultaneous actions
g action in progress when another action interrupted it
7 Princess Diana did a lot of work for charity. h action which lasted for some time in the past and
8 At two o'clock this afternoon they were having lunch whose result was visible in the past
at work. i past habit or state which is now finished
9 First, she knocked on the door. Then, she went Ï action which finished in the past and whose result was
visible in the past
inside.
10 We had bought the tickets before we went to the
theatre.
Choose the correct answer.

1 He went to bed ...@ .. he had brushed his

2O Underline the correct tense. teeth. A before B after C while
2 I was watching television................the doorbell rang.
1 Lynne was singinglhad sung as she was cleaning the A when B as soon as C while
windows. She hadn’t finished the washing-up when
2 Mr Todd was teaching/had 6een teaching for thirty the guests arrived.
years when he retired.
A yet B just C still
I phoned Jack because I wantedlhad wanted to ask
him a question. 4 We had been walking for hours..................we reached
4 They had walkedlhad 6een walking for hours when the campsite
they stopped for a rest.
5 The shop had Deen sellinglhad so/d the table by the
time I got there.
Joe was happy. He was winninglhad won first prize in A since B for C before
the competition.
7 It was raininglhad rained while they were playing the 5 John was repairing the car .. . Steve was
football match. the garage.
8 Rob was opening/opened the box and looked inside. A while B before tidying C after
Eve was delighted to hear that she w'as getting/had We went to Spain on
holiday

got the job. 15 Elvis Presley sang/fiad sung lots of hit songs.
10 People osed to work/were working very long hours in 16 I opened/was opening the door and stepped
those days. outside.
11 I was running when I s/ipped/was s/ipping on the 17 They had sfood/were standing outside when the
ice. results were announced.
12 They were already belying/ñad a/ready Doc/gfif the 18 Alexander Graham Bell had invented/invented
tickets when they went to the concert. the
13 Carol had Droken/was breaking her arm, so she telephone.
couldn’t write for six weeks. 19 She broke the glass while she had washed/was
14 We had 6een sfaying/sfayed in a hotel by the sea washing it.
last
summer.
 A tomorrow B next year C last year
7 I fell asleep.................I closed my eyes.
A just B as soon as C already
did Jane and Ted get married?
A How long B How long ago C While
9 She hasn‘t seen Jim.................she left school.
A for B just C since
10 He won’t go home . he has finished his work A
how long B until C yet
11 I have lived in Kent ten years now.
A since B for C before
12 We haven't finished work
A yet B until C just
13 did Tina meet Steve?
A How long B How long ago C While

18
 3
Fill in the gaps with an
2/y °’ appropriate pasf form. 4
before the teacher arrived.
5 She to the theatre last
6 My tooth night. for a week
went to the dentist s. before I
7 She cried when she
8 What her driving
9 They got into the car test. when the alarm
and went off?
10 I could tell she away.
the
competition because she couldn’t stop smiling.
11 We .. along the beach when
we heard a cry for help.
12 Tom....................................the piano for years before
One fine morning, a man 1) ..was listing... (fish) he became famous.
in a river. The sun 2)....................................(shine) and
the man 3) . .................................. (sit) on the river
bank. Everything was very quiet and peaceful. The Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct tense.
man
4) .......................... (wait) patiently for several hours
when suddenly he 5)...........................(feel) something
pulling on the fishing line. He 6) ........................ (stand A: Hello, Mark. You 1) ..took... (take) a long time to
up) quickly and 7) ............................... (begin) to take in answer the door.
the line. He 8) just/lift) the huge B SOff . 1 2).........................................(not/hear) the bell.
fish he had caught out of the water when there was a Come in. Tony.
loud splash and it fell back into the river. At first, the man A: 3) What .................... ... . ..... . (you/plan) to do today?
didn't know what 9) .................................. (happen) . B: Well, 14) (think) of going
Then, he 10) ............................... (look) carefully at his for a picnic in the country, but the weather is awful so
I fishing line. It 11) (snap). The poor *).....................................................(change) my
mind
man was so disappointed that he 12) .................... A: Oh dear. Well. yesterday Mary 6)...........................(tell)
(pack) away all his things and went home. me that she 7)..........................(buy) two tickets to see
the Rocking Stars, but she couldn’t go to the concert. So
1 8) (buy) the tickets from her.
b) Which of the past forms in the text because 1 9) . (think) you'd like to go.
above are used to express:
B: Tony, that's brilliant! 1 10) (mean) to
buy tickets for that concert. but they 11)
1 started the duration Of anbefore
action which r (sell out) by the time 1 12) (go) to
emphasis onfinished in the past anothe past
and the booking office.
action or A: Well. it's lucky 1 13)...................(see) Mary, then, isn't it?
a stated time in the past
2 action which happened at a definite time in the past-
time stated, known or implied Put the verbs in brackets into the
3 actions which happened immediately one after the
2Jty correct tense.
other in the past
in the 1 A: Look at Steve! He is soaking wet.
4 to describe the atmospher e, the setting, etc. B: I know. He ...has been washing .. (wash) the car.
introduCtiOF\ tO a StOF'y' 2 A: Why (you/make) so much
food?
past action B: Well, I (expect) guests, but
s action which happened before another
they phoned to say they couldn’t come.
A: Julia performed well at the concert.
B: Yes. She ............................... (practise) for months
beforehand
4 A: (you/ever/go) to Spain?
Complete the sentences using
23 any appropriate past forms. B: Yes. I
5 A: I like your new coat.
(go) last year.

B: Thank you. I (wear) my old

1 While Joanne ... was washing .. her hair. Carl was coat for years, so I decided to buy a new one.
cleaning the house. 6 A: Do you know this town well?
2 I have no idea where I my B: Of course. (live) here for six years.
wallet
 We use the future simple: \Ve use be going to:
a) in predictions about the a) for plans, intentions or ambitions we have for the
future usually with the future.
verbs think, 6e/ieve,
expect, etc.,
the expressions De sure, /'m going to become a
De afrairf, etc., and the /amoos v/ol/n/s/ one day
adverbs probably, (ambition)
Perhaps, atraia we '
certainly, ’f be on time for Now that they've won ihe
thu
lottery, they are going to
g
6uy a big house
(intentionlplan)
b)
b) for actions we have already decided to do in the
near future.
they are going to get
married in three months. ”’
(They have already decided
io do it.)
BUT: they’re getting
married next month.
(They have decided and
arranged to do it)

c) for promises (usually with the verbs promise, swear,

guarantee, etc.), threats, warnings, requests, hopes ^) in predictions when
(usually with the verb hope) and offers. there is evidence that
something will happen
in the near future.
I don't
Look at ihe clouds! It's
undesrand ihis exercise \l\IiIl you help me
' going fo rain.
will› it? (request)

Note: 1) We normally use 6e going fo to talk about

something we intend to do and wi// to give
details or make comments.
e.g. A. I’m going to ñave a party next week. I’ll
Ol course.’ invite all my friends.
I'll explain il to you (otter) B. That’ll de great.
2) We normally use the present continuous rather
than De going to with verbs which express
movement, especially the verbs go and come.
d) for actions/events/situations which will definitely e.g. Sam is going to the market in a lew
happen in the future and which we cannot control. minutes. Sheila is coming io my house
for tea this
The iemperaiure will reach 40”G tomorrow. afternoon.
The future simple and be going to are used with the following time expressions: tomorrow, ffie day aner tomorrow,

20
tonight, soon, nexf weeA/monfh/year, in a weeA/monff›/year, in two/three days/weeks, etc.
We use the future continuous:
We use the future perfect:
a) for an action which will be in progress at a stated
for an action which will be
future time.
finished before a stated future
time.
She will have delivered all /he
newspapers by 8 o’clock.

The future perfect is used with the following time

we ”II be cruising islander’ expressions: defore, 6y, tiy then, 6y ffie time, untilltill.

Note: Untilltill are only used in negative sentences.

a) She will ñave finished the report by
b) for an action which will definitely happen in the tomorrow. (NOT. .. ,. . , ...)
future as the result of a routine or arrangement. b) She won't have comp/eted the report untilltill 5
o'clock.

We use the future perfect continuous:

to emphasise the duration

of an action up to a certain
time in the future.
By the end of next month, she
will have been teaching /or
twenty years.

c) when we ask politely about someone’s plans for the

near future (what we want to know is if our wishes The future perfect continuous is used with: 6y ... for.
fit in with their plans.) Note: After the time expressions dy ffie time, until,
6efore, we use the present simple because they
introduce time clauses. The future perfect and
the future perfect continuous may come either
using ihe photocopier
before or after the time clause.
motor long?
Study the following examples:
a} I won’t have finished cleaning the house unfi/ you
”I need to make come dack.
No. \fi'hy?
some photocopies. b) By file fime they reach York. they wi// have
deen frave/ling lor lour hours.

Note: We can use the future simple, future continuous or future perfect to make a prediction about the present or
past, that is to say what we believe may be happening or have happened.
Study the following examples:
e.g. a) 'There's somebody on the phone for you. ' ‘thai'// de my mother.’
b) Don't call her now — she'II be sleeping.
c) It s seven o”clock. Dad will have left the office by now.

21
 6 A: Are you having a party next weekend?
B: Yes. I hope I (finish)
decorating the house by then.
We use the present simple for future actions when we 7 A: What are your plans for tonight?
refer to programmes, timetables, etc. B: Well, I (meet) Steve at eight
e.g. The bus arrives in Liverpool at 7.30. o’clock,

We use the present continuous for actions we have 8 A: I must buy some bread
decided and arranged to do in the near future. B: You’d better hurry. The shops
e.g. I’m f/ying fo Lisbon tomorrow morning. (close) in half an hour.
9 A: Shall I call you at ten o”clock tomorrow?
B: No. I (leave) for work by then.
10 A: Are you coming to the disco on Friday night?
B: I can t. I . . (study) for my
exam then.
11 A: Are you excited about going to California?
B: Yes! This time tomorrow I (fly)
across the Atlantic.
’¥' We use the present simple or present perfect, and 12 A. It s seven o”cIock.
not future forms, after words and expressions such B: Yes, John (leave) the office
as wfii/e, Defore, affer, unfi//fi//, as, un/ess, wñen, by now
whenever, /f, suppose/supposing, once, as soon as, 13 A: There’s somebody at the door.
as long as, dy tñe time, in case, on condition that, etc. B: Oh. That (be) the postman
e.g. Call me as soon as you get back. 14 A: I’ve left my jacket at home.
(N OT. . ) B: I (go) back and get it for you
15 A: Have you booked a taxi to take you to the airport?
G We use future forms: B: Yes. It (come) at eight o clock
a) with when when it is used as a question word. in the morning.
When it is used as a time word we use the present 16 A: Are you nervous about the interview?
simple. B: Yes. This time tomorrow, I
e.g. W'hen will they get married? (talk) to the managing director.
I’m not sure wñen ihey will visit us.
BUT: I will let you know when I decide.
Fill in the future simple, the
b) with if (= whether) when it is used after
present simple or the present
expressions which show ignorance, uncertainty, perfect.
etc. such as / don’t hnow, I wonder, / doubt, etc.
A My car is being repaired and I don’t know when it
e.g. I don'i know iflwhether he’ll move house.
1) ..4// be. .. (be) ready. I doubt whether 1 2)
I doubt if/whether she’II pass her exams.
(be able to) collect it before the
BUT: II you ca// her, give her my regards. weekend. I wonder if John 3) (give) me
a lift to the party on Saturday. I’ll ask him when he
4) ... (come) home.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
I was calling to ask if you d like to go out after we
B future tense. 1)..................................(finish) work tomorrow or if you
2) . (want) to watch a video instead
Call me back as soon as you 3) (get) in
1 A: Your house is very small I’ll wait until 14) . (hear) from you
B: I know. I ...’m going so more (move) to a bigger
house next year. I will leave the hotel early in case there 1)
2 A: I have got a new job! (be) a lot of traffic. I don’t know how long the journey
B: Wonderful! I (call) Mum and tell 2) . (take) or what time the plane 3)
her the good news. (land), but 1 4)
(call) you as soon as 1 5)
3 A: How old is your daughter?
B: She 4 A: ust phone Julia.
week. I B: Well. don't phone her now. She (sleep).
m
 5 A: Have you been living here long? (be) fourteen
next (arrive) at the airport. Then, I will wait until you 6)
B: Yes. By next month, I
(come) to collect me.
here for ten years.
Paula is drinking tea as she is waiting for Charles. She
wonders if he 1) . . (be) late as usual.
She will wait until the clock 2) (strike)
five and then she will call him in case he 3)
(live) (forget)

22
 “ “ '

We use the future simple:

We use be going to:
• when we make a
• when we make a
prediction based on
prediction based on
what we think,
what we can see
believe or imagine.
(evidence) or what we
In the year 2020 people know.
wi// drive electric cars.
She is going to cut the
sunflowers.

• • for actions we have ,y

for on-the-spot already decided to do
in the future.
Do you like ”
ihis blouse? ”
Allike fhis one Yes. Why?
I'm going fo
better than the give it fo my daughter
as a gift.

13 A: I'm really thirsty after all that hard work.

Fill in the future simp/e or de going to. B: I.....................................................(make) some tea.
14 A: Did you give Steve his present?
1 A: Have you finished your essay yet? B: No. I...................................(give) it to him tonight at
B: No. but I'm sure I ... ’// finish... (finish) it on time. dinner.
2 A: I have decided what to wear for the party. 15 A: Watch out! You (bang) your
B: Really? What................................(you/wear), then? head on the doorframe.
3 A: Why do you need hot soapy water? B: Oh! I didn't realise it was so low.
B: Because I (wash) the car.
4 A: Did you post those letters?
B No, I forgot. I (post) them this
afternoon ›9 Unde rline the correct tense.
5 A: Did you book a table at the restaurant?
B: Yes, but I don't e xp °.Ct i‹ - ( bI2) b US Y A Next Saturday, Daisy 1) is f/ying/I/ies to Paris for a
6 A: I'm hungry. business meeting. Her secretary has already booked
B: Me too. I (make) us something
the flight. The plane 2) wi// leave/leaves at nine
to eat. o clock in the morning and one of her business clients
7 A: What are you doing this weekend?
3) will have met/wi// ge meeting her at the airport
B: Oh. I (probably/visit)
my grandparents. when the plane lands. She doesn t know how long
8 A: Look at that dog! the meeting will last, but she 4) will have returned/wi//
B: Oh yes! It (swim) across the river. have deen return/ng home by Thursday evening.
9 A: Tony is nearly eighteen, isn t he?
B: Yes. He (work) for his father B Florence 1) is going to becomelwill de becoming a
when he leaves school doctor when she finishes medical school. She thinks
10 A: Are you going into town today?
she 2) will probably worA/wi// have pro6a6ly worked
B: Yes. I (give) you a lift if you like.
1J A: Your shirt is dirty. in a hospital for most of her career. This time next

B: Oh dear! I (change) into month, she 3) wi// fiav'e revisedlwill 6e revising hard
another one. for her exams. By the time she gets her degree she
12 A: I hope we (not/arrive) late 4) wi// have deen sft/dying/wi// have studied medicine
for the meeting. for five years. Florence hopes she 5) wi// have
B: Don’t worry. There’s plenty of time. passedlwill pass all the exams with excellent grades.

23
 We use:

G will you ...† to give an order or make a request. We can also express the future with:
e.g. W’i// you stop talking, please? (—— Please stop fi' be to + Inflnltlve (formal English).
talking.) e.g. The President is to visit Poland next Monday.

'6' won't to express unwillingness or an emphatic ” be about to + infinitive/be on the point of + •ing
refusal, even when the subject is not a person. form (to refer to the near future).
e. g. I've told him noi to do that, but he won't listen. e.g. Look! The bus is adouf to leave.
(—— He refuses to listen.)
The company is on the point of closing down.
G be due to + Inflnltlve (timetables).
The washing machine won’t worA.
e.g. Their flight is due to arrive at 6.’ 15.
We use wouldn’t to refer to the past.
4’ verbs such as decide, p/an, intend, arrange, mean
e.g. I asked him to help me, but he couldn’t.
+ fo -infinitive (for plans or intentions).
(—— He was unwilling to help me.)
e.g. We intend to buy a bigger flat.
'6' Shall I/we ... † '6' be sure to/be certain to/be bound to + Infinitive
a) to make an offer. (to express certainty about the future).
e.g. Shall I do the washing-up for you? (—— Do e.g. This plan is sUre to/is 6ound to succeed.
you want me to do the washing-up for you?) The future in the past
b) to make a suggestion. We use the following patterns to talk about things we
e.g. Shall we go out for dinner tonight? intended to do or plans we had for the future.
(= Why don't we go out for dinner ionighi?) a) was going to/was to/waa about to/ was due to +
infinitive
c) to ask for suggestions or instructions.
e.g. Mr Simon was going to resign, but fhe
e.g. 'Where sña// I put the vase?’ 'On the ta0le. ’
manager offered him a better salary. (So he
’What shall we do tonight?' 'We could go
didn’t resign.)
out.'
b) was on the point of - • -Ing form
e.g. They were on ffie point of leaving the house
when the phone rang. (So they didn’t leave.)

30p Replace the words in bold with Wif//WO/3’f O¥'

sha// //we, as in the example. 13
Complete each sentence with two to five
words, including the word in bold.

1 Can you buy me some milk, please? 1 The Queen will open the new sports centre next
... Bill you buy me some milk, oleaae7. week. is The Oueen ... is to open... the new sports
2 What do you want me to do with this shopping? centre next week
2 We are planning to go to Spain next summer.
3 I”ve asked Jane to tidy her room, but she refuses to intend We . Spain next summer.
do it. 3 The guests should have arrived at nine, but they
were late.
4 Can you open the door for me. please? due The guests atnine.but
they were late.
4 Jane was thinking of looking for a new job, but she
5 Do you want me to walk the dog for you?
changed her mind
going Jane a new
6 Why don’t we go to the theatre tonight? job, but she changed her mind
5 The manager will be angry when he hears the news.
7 When do you want me to visit next? bound The manager .
angry
8 Please be quiet! when he hears the news.
6 Hurry up! The bus is going to leave!
about Hurry up! The bus 7 Helen will love
9 Ann is unwilling to talk to me.
24
this present. sure Helen leave!

this present
 , 32 Identify the tenses, then match them to the correct descriptions.

1 I like these shoes. I’ll buy them. a

for offers. promises. threats. etc
2 They will have eaten lunch by two o”cIock this afternoon. b
action which will definitely happen in the future as a
3 I’m going to open my own business in the future.
result of a routine or arrangement
4 This time tomorrow. I II be taking my driving test. c
for plans. intentions or ambitions we have for the future
5 By the time Jack finishes the race, he will have been d
predictions about the future
running for two hours. e
asking politely about someone’s plans for the near future
6 Everyone believes he will win the competition f
action which will be finished before a stated future time
7 I II tell Paul about the party. I'll be seeing him at work g
to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain
anyway.
time in the future
8 Will you be speaking to Rob later? I've got a message h
action which will be in progress at a stated future time
for him. i
on-the-spot decision
9 Look at them! They are going to catch the thieves. j
predictions when there is evidence that something will
10 Since you’re tired I'll cook dinner tonight.
happen in the near future

A Fill in the gaps with an appropriate

tense form. 3@ Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
fUtUfO fOfm.

Dear Lionel,

I m writing to tell you my exciting news. I have won a

competition! I think my life 1) ...will change... (change) a
lot now! 1 2) (meet) the competition
organisers next week to get my prize — a cheque for
£50,000.
B Which of the tense forms in the text As soon as 1 3) ...... .......,............,, (have) the money. I
above are used to express:
4) (buy) a new car, and 15)
(also/redecorate) my house.
I' 1 timetables/pr ogrammes Hopefully, 1 6) ......................... (finish) the 'whole
house by the end of June. Then, on the fifth of July. I
before a Stated
2 aCtiOnS which will have finished 7)(fly) to Tahiti for an exotic holiday
future time in the sun. 18).....................................(return) by the end
of July and then 19)...............................(throw) a big party
e 3 plans or intentions
for all my friends. I hope you 10)............................(come).
future
€' 4 fixed arra ngements in the near Well, it’s almost lunchtime, so 1 11)
(say) goodbye for now. I promise 1 12)
at a stated future
5 actions which will be in progress (send) you a postcard from Tahiti.
time
Best wishes,
!e 6 predictio ns based on what we know Emily
”

2?
 7 ’It’s bad news about Janet crashing her new car, isn t
35a Fill in the correct present or future it? ’Yes. She..........for months to buy it.
forms. A saved B is saving C had been saving
8 ‘There's someone here to see you.’
‘Oh, that...............my sister. Send her in.’
A will have been B was C will be
9 Whose is this earring?’
*I don't know. I found it when I...............the house.'
A was cleaning B had cleaned C am cleaning
10 I...............to reach Jane on the phone all day
‘Don’t you know? She’s gone on holiday ’
A tried B have been trying C have tried
11 ‘I want to visit Katie.’
f you 1) like .. (like) watersports, you
‘Well, don’t visit her before five o'clock. She
A is working B will be working
e) at this unique theme park, you
C will have worked
4) eeted) by visitor hosts
wh how) you to a luxury chalet. 12 ‘That...............like Dad's car.'
Once you n your swimsuit, you ‘It is. He must have finished work early.'
7) able to) enjoy a wide A sounds B had sounded C has sounded
variety of watersports, from swimming to water-skiing. 13 Is that a new jumper?’
You 8)...............................................(find) plenty to do and No. I...............it from Laura yesterday.’
you 9)...................................(have) the chance to try many A have borrowed B had borrowed C borrowed
exciting activities. Aquaworld 10)
14 to the library today?*
(open) at 9 am every day and 11)
’Yes. Would you like me to return your books?’
(close) at 8 pm. There 12)...........................................(be)
A Will you have gone B Will you have been going
special facilities for children and lifeguards 13)
C Will you be going
......................... (supervise) all activities. Visit Aquaworld
for an experience you 14) 15 How is your grandfather?’
(never/forget)! His condition..............day by day ’
A improves B has improved C is improving
16 ‘When did you speak to Sue?’
36a Choose the correct answer. ‘I met her as I...............to work.’
A had walked B was walking C am walking
1 I ...A .. about buying a new car recently.’ 17 Shall we go shopping?’
Really? What sort of car?' ‘I can’t go until the babysitter
A have been thinking B have thought C thought A arrives B will arrive C arrived
2 I haven’t seen Mark for weeks.'
’Well, I him this afternoon. Why don’t you 18
come along?’ 'I've invited Sam to my party.'
A have met B am meeting C meet ‘I doubt if he.................He's studying for an exam.'
A comes B will come C is coming
3 ‘We’d better take a taxi to the station.
19 ‘I’m sorry I m late.'
'Yes. The train...............in fifteen minutes.’
”I . here for over an hour.’
A has left B will have left C leaves
A have been waiting B have waited C was waiting
4 ’Where is the newspaper?’
’I threw it away. I thought you..............reading it.’ 20 ‘I’m having trouble with the car.
A have finished B finished C had finished ‘I'm sure John...............you fix it if you ask him.’
A is going to help B helps C will help
5 I feel very tired
How can you be tired? You ............. a thing all day.’ 21 How long..............James?’
A haven’t been doing B aren’t doing Since we were children
C haven’t done A have you known B do you know
C did you know
6 Cathy doesn t study enough.
‘I know. I m afraid she................her exam.’ 22 You...............a good teacher one day.'
A won’t pass B won t be passing ‘Do you really think so?'
C won’t have passed A were B will be C are being

26
 7When did Mary move to Liverpool?
since How long is it
tO
Study these examples. The second sentence Liverpool?
has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 8 It was the first time I had met a film star.
never
.. a film star
1 I”ve never heard such a sad story. before.
ever It's the saddest story I have ever heard 9 We didn't start tidying up until after the guests had left.
2 He started painting fifteen years ago. before We waited until the guests
been He has been painting for fifteen years tidying up.
3 She hasn t finished decorating the flat 10 Kate was about to leave the house when the postman
yet. still She is still decorating the flat. came
4 I”ve never eaten Chinese food before. point Kate was
first It’s the first time I have ever eaten the house when the postman came
Chinese food. 11 It's four weeks since I spoke to Paul
5 When did they graduate from college? have I for
since How long is it since they graduated from four weeks.
college? 12 When did they announce their
ago How long ago did they graduate from engagement? ago How long
college? their engagement?
6 He didn”t begin talking until everyone had sat down. 13 We haven't played squash for six months.
before He waited until everyone had sat down last We
six months ago.
before he began talking.
14 Kim was on the point of closing the shop when a
7 We haven’t been to the theatre for a year.
customer walked in.
time The last time we went to the theatre was a
about Kim
year ago.
the shop when a customer walked in.
last We last went to the theatre a year ago.
15 He is the kindest man I've ever met.
8 It's two years since I went on holiday
never I have
have I have not been on holiday for two years.
man before.
9 It was the first time they had travelled by boat.
16 They are still discussing the problem.
never They had never travelled by boat before
finished They
10 Jack was about to have dinner when his boss called.
the problem yet
point Jack was on the point of having dinner
17 Mike started studying medicine four years ago.
when his boss called
been Mike
four years
18 The waiter didn't take our order until everyone had
Complete each sentence with two to decided what they wanted.
five words, including the word in bold. before The waiter waited until everyone had
decided what they wanted
1 She began to play tennis when she was 10. our order.
since She has been playing Benn in since... she
was 10. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
2 I bought this coat three years ago. 3@ tO¥sSO.
for \
three years. Kate Teale 1) ...has decided .. (decide) to open her own
3 I haven't finished writing the report yet. restaurant. Yesterday, she 2) ........... ....... ......... (have) a
still meeting with her bank manager and she 3)
the report. (ask) him for a loan. He agreed, so Kate 4)
4 We’ve never seen such a funny film. (be able) to start making plans. In fact, she
ever It's the 5)(already/find) a building for her
seen. restaurant and she 6) (look) at tables
5 He's never played football before. and chairs next week. By the end of the month, work on the
time It’s the first restaurant 7)...............................(begin) and by the summer,
football. everything will be ready. Kate 8)
6 John hasn“t played golf for years. (hope) that her business will be a success. At the moment.
time The golf was she 9) (interview) people to be
years ago. chefs and waiters.
 13 I have seen this film three months before.
14 She hasn't been to a party since she has returned from
her holiday.
• I'll call you when I will finish. /
I’ll call you when I finish. 7
40a Choose the correct answer.
• I have read this book a month ago. /
I read this book a month ago.
1 The play had started ... C... we got to the theatre.
• I have met him two days before. x A while B until C by the time
I have met him before. 7
2 Tom has...............had some good news.
• Take a map in case you will get lost. x A still B yet C just
Take a map in case you get lost.
3 Do you know she had been working there
• When was the last time you have been to the
before she retired?
inemaa?
A when B how long C how long ago
When was the last time you went to the cinema? 7
4 They will have had dinner...............eight.
• I haven't seen him since I have finished school. x
A before B until C by
I haven’t seen him since I finished school. 7
5 I hadn’t cleaned the house when the guests
• I’m learning English since 1996. / arrived.
I've been learning English since A still B yet C just
1996.
• He stopped smoking a year before. / 6 We have been training six months.
He stopped smoking a year ago. A since B for C while
• Sharon found a job last month. She had left school 7did you move to Essex?
six months ago. / A How long ago B How long C While
Sharon found a job last month. She had left school
8 She...............eats beans because they make her ill
six months before.
A ever B never C always
• They still have called us. x
They still haven’t called us. 7 9 I’m tired. I have been working very hard
A so far B just C lately
• He hasn’t still bought a computer.
x He still hasn’t bought a 10 . Paul leaves, he will have typed ten letters.
computer. She still is abroad. / A By the time B By then C Before
She is still abroad. 11 James was washing the car..........Sue was cutting the
• They haven’t reached yet a decision. ,c grass.
They haven’t reached a decision yet. 7 A as soon as B before C while
• They will have returned until noon. x 12 Colin has invited ten people to his party
They will have returned by noon. 7 A yet B ever C so far.
• I used to go to the cinema twice last month.
x I went to the cinema twice last month.
41y Underline the correct preposition.

39a Correct the mistakes. 1 The advantage of/in/over computers is that they can
process information quickly.
1 I’m playing chess since I was eight years old. 2 She accused him for/of/about stealing her bag.
2 I used to eat at that restaurant three times last week. 3 The train arrived at/to/in Manchester at 5,30 pm.
3 They haven’t still delivered my television. 4 Her parents did not approve for/of/about her outfit
4 We haven t read yet his letter. 5 He was aware about/for/of being followed.
5 I have met that man a week ago. 6 Mary agreed to/with/on help me arrange the party.
6 We moved to Glasgow a year before. 7 We were amazed of/at/with how many people attended
7 Mike and Kelly got married last week. They had met the meeting.
each other four years ago. Paul was angry with me about/for/at using his car.
8 I”II make the dinner when I will gei home Sarah is very bad to/for/at Mathematics.
9 Take some food in case you will get hungry. 10 I don’t believe in/on/at ghosts
10 The house will have been built until the end of May. 11 According with/to/by the weather forecast. it will be
11 Peter still is at school. sunny tomorrow.
12 When was the last time you have seen Tony? 12 She blamed me on/for/from the damage to the car

28
 Phrasal Verbs

be after: (tr) 1) want, try to gain, 2) chase

be against: (tr) oppose (opp: be for) Activity
be in for: (tr) expect sth (usu bad) Life has changed a lot in the past century. Look at
be off: (tr) 1) not want/like any more, 2) be the information in the chart and make sentences, as
absent (from school, work, etc) in the example. You can add your own ideas.
be on: (tr) be shown (on TV, at the cinema, e.g. S1: 100 years ago, people atelused to eat simple,
be out of: etc) (tr) not have sth; lack home-made food.
be over: (int) come to an end S2: Today, we eat tinned food and pre-packaged meals.
be up: (int) 1) be awake and out of bed, 2)
stay awahe at night, 3) be wrong or
unusual
break down: tinned food
(int) 1) stop working, 2) lose control of F00d
pre-packaged
break in (int)/ feelings, 3) fail meals
break into (tr): Home-made/simple
1) enter by force, 2) interrupt
break out:
(int) 1) begin suddenly (of war, fire,
etc) Seam
break up: " trains
BUT: a storm breaks, 2) escape
(int) 1) stop for holidays (of schools,
etc), Enterlainment
2) separate; split up
Books theatre

Fill in the correct particle.

SeRlemenW ® 9 cities
Supermarkets
1 War broke . out... suddenly in the country
2 My flat was broken...............while I was VillagesJowns
away.
3 The police are...............the bank robbers. i’II Shopping Small local shops
4 The washing machine has broken
call a repairman.
Many people are.....................the new law.
6 The school will break................for the holidays soon.
7 What's....................? Is something wrong?
8 The supermarket was bread. so I didn’t
get any.
Jack was school last week because he had
the flu
10 Are you yet?' called Mum early this Write an article about life in the future for a magazine
morning. called ‘Millenium’. Write your predictions about food,
11 When she heard the bad news she broke transport, entertainment, settlements and shopping.
and cried. Include words and expressions such as de bound to,
12 After three weeks. the exams are finally de on the point of, expecf, etc.
13 Several prisoners broke..................of prison early food pills - shuttle dus/electric cars - computers/virtual
this readily - space co/onies/onderwafer cities - shopping
morning. via the internet
14 I was................all night because of my bad cough.
15 Government negotiations broke.................last week
IJFE IN- THE FUTURE
I believe that life will be very different in the future. Firstly, scientists are bound to invent food pills which
16 James is................a new bicycle for his birthday.
will replace actual meals. Secondly,
17 Look at the clouds. I think we’re bad
......................."'" ' " '
weather today.
On the whole, I think that life in the future will be very different from life today, as there will be many more changes which w
18 I used to love pizza, but I’m it now.
19 The couple broke got back together.
for a while, but then
20 There is a new play................at the Empire theatre.
21 The secretary broke................on the meeting to bring
us coffee.

29
 e -ing
form/Too-fnougk/éorticiplet
The verb tenses corresponding to the tenses of the
infinitive are as follows:

Verb tenses Infinitive

he works / will work to work

Ken and Nancy he is working / will be working -•• to be working

enjoy gardening. he worked / has worked / had —• to have
They could hire worked / will have worked worked
a gardener, but he was working / has been
they prefer to do working / had been working / -•• to have been
the work will have been working working
themselves.

Forms of the -ing form

Forms of the Infinitive
Active Passive
Active Passive
Simple losing being lost
Present (to) lose (to) be Perfect having having been
Pres. Cont. (to) be losing lost lost
lost
Perfect (to) have lost (to) have been The simple -ing form refers to the present or future.
lost e. g. Swimming is an energetic form of exercise. The
Perl. Cont. (to) have been
losing perfect -ing form shows that the action of the -ing form
happened before the action of the verb. e.g. He denied
having lied to his parents. We can use the simple -ing
Active
present infinitive: refers to the present or future
e.g. He expects fo stay here for a week. ?O
present cont. infinitive: (to) be + -ing
Refers to an action happening now.
e.g. He seems to 6e working hard.
perfect infinitive: (to) have + past participle
Refers to the past and shows that the action of
the infinitive happened before the action of the
verb.
e.g. He claims to have won a lot of money. (First he
won the money, then he claimed that he had won
it.)
perfect cont. infinitive: (to) have + been + -ing
Refers to the past and emphasises the duration
of the action of the infinitive, which happened
before the action of the verb.
e.g. He's got a headache. He claims to ñave Deen
worA/ng on the computer all morning. (We
emphasise what he has been doing all
morning.)
The perfect infinitive is used with verbs such as
seem, appear, Oe/ieve, Anow, c/aim, expecf and moda/
veros.

Passive
'¥' present infinitive: (to) be + past participle
e.g. He hopes to ge oltered a promotion.
d' perfect infinitive: (to) have been + past participle
e.g. She is believed to have Deen kidnapped.
form instead of the perfect -ing form with no difference
in meaning.
e.g. He admitted to having sto/en/stealing the car.

In pairs, ask and answer questions using

the prompts below, as in the example. 1

Has he lost his keys?

2 Has he hurt his finger?Has he been sleeping?

Is he building a house?
Have they been !J Is she painting running?a picture?
 Infinitive/The -ing

to express purpose as a noun.

e.g. Sam went to the bank fo get some money. e.g. Cycling is a popular form of exercise.
after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, after certain verbs (admif, anticipate, appreciate,
hope, p/an, promise, refuse, etc.). avoid, consider, continue, de/ay, deny, discuss,
e.g. He promised fo fie/p us with the decorations. enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (for
after adjectives which a) describe feelings/emotions activities), imagine, invo/ve, keep (= continue),
(happy, glad, etc.), b) express willingness/ mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent,
unwillingness (willing, eager, re/uctanf, anxious, quit, reca//, reco//ect, report, resent, resist, risA,
t/nwi/ling, etc.), c) refer to a person’s character save, stand, suggest, to/erate, understand, etc.).
(mean, c/ever, etc.) and also with the adjectives e.g. They considered moving abroad.
/ucAy and fortunate. He avoided answering my
e.g. I was annoyed to ñear that he had question.
left. He is re/ucfanf to fie/p. after: dislike, eni y, hate, /iAe, love, prefer to
You were c/ever not to believe them. express general preference.
Note: With adjectives which refer to character we e.g. She likes painting.
can also use an impersonal construction. BUT: would likelwould love/would prefer + to -inl
/f + Oe + adjecfive + of + noun/ pronoun. to express specific preference.
e.g. /f was c/ever of you not to believe them. e.g. I wou/d like fo paint your portra/r.
after certain nouns and pronouns such as after expressions such as 6e 6usy, if’s no use, if’s
something, somewhere, anyone, nothing, etc. (no) good, it's (nof} worth, what's the use of, can’f
usually to show that something is necessary or he/p, there’s no point (in), can’f stand, have difficulty
possible. (in), have frot/6/e, have a hardldifficuh fime, etc.
e.g. We've got a /o/ o/ homework fo do. e.g. What's the ose of wailing for an answer?
Take something to drinA on the She is busy writing the wedding
Dus. invitations.
after too/enougñ. after: spend, waste, lose (time, money, etc.).
e.g. She is loo yoong to stay out so late. e.g. We wasfed a lot of time frying /o find a parking
with if + De + adi ecfive/noun space.
e.g. It is important to get here on time. He /osf £100.000 investing in
/f is her ambition fo open her own shop. unsuccessful companies.
to talk about an unexpected event which can be after prepositions.
unpleasant, usually with on/y. e.g. He w’as /ouncY gui//y of lying in court.
e.g. 3he came home to find her sister waiting for after the preposition ‘to’ with verbs and
her. They rushed io the ai’rport (only) to De expressions such as /ooA forward fo, De used to,
informed that the flight had been cancelled. get round fo, odjecf to, in addition fo, prefer
after: de + tñe first/second, etc./next/last/Dest, etc. (doing sfh to doing sth e/se}, etc.
e.g. He was ffie first fo arrive. e.g. She o i ects fo working on Saturdays.
after verbs and expressions such as ask, learn, after the verbs: hear, listen to, notice, see, watch,
lind oot, wonder, want to Anow, decide, exp/ain, and fee/ to describe an incomplete action, that is
etc. when they are followed by question words to say that somebody saw, heard, etc. only a part
(who, what, where, how, etc.). ‘Why’ is followed by of the action.
a subject + verb, not by an infinitive. e.g. I listened to James singing a song. (I listened
e.g. He explained flow to operate the to part of the song. I didn't //sfen to the whole
machine. I don't know why he left. song.)
Note: If two to -infinitives are joined with ‘and’ BUT: hear, listen to, nofice, see, watch, fee/ +
or ‘or’, the ‘to’ of the second infinitive can 6are infinitive to describe a complete
be omitted. action, something that somebody saw,
e.g. He agreed to come and help us. heard, etc. from beginning to end.
e.g. I /isfened to James sing a song. (I
listened io the song mom beginning to
end.)
 e -ing
form/Too-Enougk/Participles
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct

after moda/ verds (can, shield, must, etc.).

e.g. He shou/d apologise fo his parents. 1 Simon was the last person ..to a rrive... (arrive) at the
BUT: Ought is followed by to -infinitive. office.
e.g. She ought to lind a joD. 2 She can’t get used (work) for such
to a large company.
after the verbs let, make, see, hear and feel.
3 It's no use (ask) Paul. He won’t be able
e.g. They saw her talk to the manager.
to help you.
BUT: 6e made, 6e heard, De seen + to -infinitive 4 Peter denied (break) the classroom
(passive). window.

e.g. She was seen to talk to the manager. 5 I will (feed) the dog this afternoon.
When see, hear and watch are followed by an -ing 6 We had (run) or we will miss
form, there is no change in the passive. better the
train.
e.g. I saw her getting into a taxi. 7 It was kind of him (help) me tidy
She was seen getting into a taxi. the house.
canlcould + see/hear + -ing form. She refused (answer) his questions.
e.g. We could see smoke coming out of the He is far too young (stay) out
at night.
building. (NOT. We could see smoke •« ...)
10 Her teacher let her late (bring) her
after had 6etter and wou/d raffier. into the classroom.
e.g. You had lefter see a doctor. 11 I don’t mind lunch (help) you
Ne/p is followed by either the to -infinitive or the homework.
bare infinitive. 12 We don’t allow students with your
e.g. She helped me (to) fill in my appIi’cation form. to each other during
exams. (talk)
13 She dislikes
(wear) suits to work
14 It was a (leave) the door
mistake
2 Put the verbs in brackets into the
*°**** unlocked.
The thieves were (drive) a
infinitive form or the •ing form. 15 seen stolen car.
16 I advise you (look for) a new
1 A: Have you decided where ..to spend... (spend) 17 There’s no point in job. (get) angry
your holiday? him. It’s not his fault. with
B: Yes. I would like (go) to a Greek island. 18 I’ll take a book
2 A: I hate.........................................(clean) the house. (read) on the plane
B: Me too. I wish I could afford
(employ) a cleaner.
Put the verbs in brackets into the
3 A: Jane seems................................(sleep) for correct infinitive form or tAe •ing form.
hours.
B: Yes. She must . (be) very A Sue has decided 1) . .to apply .. (apply) for a new job.
tired.
4 A: What are you doing this weekend?
B: Well, Tom suggested ........... (drive)
Her mother advised her 2)
to the seaside.
5 A: Steve claims (write) to several different companies. Sue would like
(travel) around the
B: Yes. He seems world. (go) to a lot of 3) . (work) for a large company
6 A: It was nice of John places. where she can 4) (meet) new people.
yesterday. (visit) us B Carol is too ill 1) (go) to work today.
B: Yes. I was happy
She has managed 2).......................................(drink)
(see) him.
7 A: I’m sure I've failed my exam some tea and now she wants 3) .....
B: Well, there’s no point in (worry) (sleep). Her husband offered 4)
until you get your results. (call) the doctor, but Carol would prefer 5)......
8 A: We should (tell) Sue about the 10 A: Did you have a nice evening?
party. B: Yes. We had better B: Not really. I arrived home only
(invite) (find) that I’d left my keys at
Tony, too. work.
9 A: Did the police arrest that man?
B: Yes. He admitted to...........................(steal) a
car.
72
 ... (wait) and see if she feels better tomorrow.

C Daniel would like 1)..............................(get) his

teacher a present, but he doesn’t know what 2) ..
(choose). He is thinking of 3)
(buy) her a book because he knows
that she enjoys 4) (read). His sister
will help him 5) (pick) a good one.
 Infinitive/The -ing form/Too-Enou§
D I dislike 1) (shop) because 1 2 She is going to tidy her clothes away. Her mother
can t stand 2) . (be) in crowded places. asked her to do it.
If I have to 3) (go) into town, I avoid Her mother wants
4) ................................... (visit) shops where there are 3 It’s Mary’s turn to do the washing-up. I insist on it.
a lot of people. I insist on
4 Why don’t you come to my party?
E Joan can’t afford 1) . (go) on holiday
this year, but she intends 2).............................(save) I would like

up so that she can manage 3) 5 Mark fell into the swimming pool on his wedding day.
(travel) around Europe next summer. She is looking I’ll never forget that.
forward to 4)...................(visit) a lot of exciting I’ll never forget
places. 6 You have to finish this project
today. I need
7 I don’t think my secretary should attend the
meeting. I don’t want

Rewrite the sentences using for, as in

6p the example.
'0' The subject of the infinitive or the -ing form is
omitted when it is the same as the subject of 1 He shouldn’t play his music so loud. It’s too late.
the main verb. It’s too late ...for him Co play his music so loud...
e.g. I would /iAe to lie/p with the preparations. 2 Barry must go to the bank today. It’s
When it is different, however, it is not omitted. The necessary. It’s necessary
subject of the infinitive can be an object pronoun, 3 They must finish their homework. It’s important.
a name or a noun. It’s important
e.g. I would like fler/Mary/my assistant to help with 4 No one has taken my order yet. I’m still waiting.
the preparations. I'm still waiting
The subject of the -ing form can be an object You should move to the town centre. It will be more
pronoun, a possessive adjective, a name or a convenient.
possessive case. It will be more convenient .............................................
e.g. I remember him/his/Steve/Sfeve’s winning the 6 John should learn a foreign language. That would be a
good idea.
gold medal.
It would be a good idea
4’ We use for + noun/pronoun to introduce the y There are shops in the hotel. Guests can do their
subject of the infinitive in the following cases: shopping.
a) with verbs such as arrange, hope, long, There are shops in the hotel
prepare, asA, wait, etc. The teacher spoke loudly. Everyone could hear him.
e.g. We’ve arranged for tñe plumber to come The teacher spoke loudly enough
tomorrow.
b) with adjectives such as anxious, cñeap, I’ve brought some magazines so that you can read
convenient, dangerous, diftic¢ilt, important, them. I’ve brought some magazines
necessary, etc. 10 Children shouldn’t play with matches. It’s dangerous.
e.g. I'm anxious lor Beth to go to university. It’s dangerous
c) with nouns such as advantage, disadvantage,
demand, disaster, idea, mistake, etc.
e.g. It was a mistake for yot/ to fend him the Complete the sentences, as in the
money. example.
d) with too/enough.
e.g. if vras easy enough for fler fo find a job. The supermarket has a car park for the customers ... to
e) when the to -infinitive expresses purpose. pa rk their ca re in,..
e.g. there are benches for people to sit on in ihe 2 The hotel has a gym for the guests
park. 3 The school has a playground for the children

4 The office block has a restaurant for the staff

Rephrase the following sentences, as 5 The bus has a bin for the passengers
in 6 The plane has lockers for the passengers
the example. 7 The youth club has a cloakroom for the members

1 I don’t think Ann should watch the late film.

I don't want ...A nn ro wa sch the laid film ....
 e -ing
form/Too - Enough/ Porticiples

Underline the correct

10a Choose the correct answer.
item.

1 ‘... 8... is very relaxing.'

*I don’t agree. I think it's boring.’
A Fish B Fishing C To fish
2 *I can’t decide what...............to the party.’
’Why don't you wear your blue dress?'
A wear B wearing C to wear
‘Did you go to the cinema last night?’
‘No. My parents made me...........for the exam instead.
A to study B studying C study
4 inside
the month, particularly if it’s a Friday. Some say you must never 3) putlto put up an umbrella ‘Did you
the enjoy
house your holiday?’
or 4) to place/p/ace a pair of new shoes on the table.
over your left shoulder immediately. ‘Yes, but I am glad...............home again.’
A being B to be C be
5 ‘Shall we go to a restaurant this evening?'
‘I’d rather...............at home. I'm
exhausted
A stay B staying C to stay
6 ‘Why did you go to the library?'
*..............some books to read.’
A Get B Getting C To get
7 ‘Why do you want to buy a car?'
‘Because I hate...............for the bus every day.’
A waiting B wait C to wait
‘Do you have any plans for the summer?’
‘Well, Danny suggested . to Spain for a
week.’ A go B going C to go

9 Put the verbs in brackets into the

correct infinitive form or the •ing form.
‘Shall we go for a picnic on the beach?’
'Oh, no! It's far too cold...............to the beach today.
A going B to go C go
1 A:
Is Sue in the office today? 10 ‘What is the matter with Peter?’
B:
Yes. I saw her ... Spring... (type) a report as I ’There's no point in................me. I have no idea.’
2 A:
came in. I walked past the lake yesterday. A ask B asking C to ask
B: So did 1. I stood for a moment to watch some
children . (feed) the ducks.
3 A: Marie is good at playing the piano, isn’t she?
Complete the sentences, as in the
B: Yes. I heard her . ............... (perform) in a 1 example.
concert last week. She was wonderful.
4 A: Is Paul at home?
B: No. I saw him ‘Yes, I’ll wash your car for you,' said Stuart.
(leave) for
as I passed by. work Stuart agreed ...to cash... my car.
2 Julia said to Sam, ‘I didn't eat your sweets.’
5 A: How do you know that Steve took the letter?
B: I noticed him ... .... (put) it in his Julia denied..........................................Sam's sweets.
6 A: briefcase. Did Malcolm wash up properly? ‘I scratched the CD,' said Tom.
B: Yes. I watched him . (do) it Tom confessed to the CD
to make sure. 4 Amanda said, ‘I hate living in the city.’
7 A: Is that Joanne’s fiancé? Amanda complained about........................in the city.
B: Yes. I noticed them ...................................... (hold) 5 Mrs Smith said to the children, ‘You have until
Tuesday hands as they went into the cinema. to finish your projects.'
8 A: Are there any children living next door? Mrs Smith expects the children their
B: Yes. I often hear them (play) projects by Tuesday.
as I'm hanging out the washing. 6 Her mother said, ‘Don't touch the iron!’ but she didn’t
9 A: Did Sarah miss the train? listen.
B: No, she didn’t. I watched her (get on) Her mother warned her the
about the train before I left the station. iron, but she didn’t listen.
 Infinitive/The -ing form/Too- Enoug
G be afraid + to - inf = the subject is unwilling to do sth
e.g. He is alraid to touch fhe dog in case it bites him.
be afraid of + -ing form = (the subject is afraid

that what is described by the -ing form may

4forget + to - inf = not remember happen)
e.g. I have to go out. I lorgot to 6uy a newspaper. e.g. She doesn't want to drive her fafher's car.
forget + -ing form = not recall S/?e’s alraid of crashing it.
e.g. l”Il never forget travelling by plane for he /irs/
time.
4 remember + to - inf = not forget
e.g. Did you remember to ie// Sam about the
meeting?
remember + -ing form = recall
e.g. I remember talking to him belore.
4 go on + to - inf = then
e.g. She introduced herself and went on to fa/A
about her new book.
4 begin. start, continue, propose, bother, intend
go on + -ing form = continue
e.g. He wenf on writing letters until 10.00. We never have two -ing forms together.
e.g. We continued to discuss/discussing the p/ans.
'¢ mean + to - inf = intend to
Don’t 6offier to lay/lay/ng the ta6le.
e.g. She means to 6uy a new car soon. if’s starting fo get cold. (NOT:
mean + -ing form = involve )
e.g. She is determined to gel a ticket for the
concert, even il ii means paying a lot of money. ’g’ advise. allow. permit. recommend. encourage
4 regret + to - inf = be sorry to (it is normally used take the to-infinitive when they are followed by an
in the present simple and is followed by verbs object or when they are in the passive form. They
such as say, te//, inlorm\ take the -ing form when they are not followed by
e.g. We regret to inlorm you that you have failed. an object.
regret + -ing form = feel sorry about e.g. He advised us to 6ook in advance. (object)
e.g. He regrefte¢t selling his house. We were advised to 6ooA in advance.
‘4 try + to - inf = attempt, do one’s best (passive) We advise looking in advance. (no
e.g. We tried to move the heavy branch to the side object)
of ihe road.
4' need require want + -ing form
try -ing form = do sth as an experiment
This construction often shows that it is necessary
e.g. If you can’t go to sleep, try drinking some milk.
to repair or improve something. ‘Need’ can also
'0'stop + to - inf = stop briefly to do sth else be followed by a passive infinitive.
e.g. He stopped to lill the tank with petrol, then e.g. The carpe/ needs hoovering.
continued driving. The carpet needs to De fiooverec/.
stop + -ing form = finish, give up
e.g. He sfoppe¢f drinking coffee because it upset
his stomach.
'fl’be sorry + to - inf = apologise for a present action
e.g. I’m sorry to say this, 6ut your work is rather
unsatisfactory.
12 Put the verbs in brackets into the
be sorry for + -ing form = apologise for an earlier correct tnffinfitlve form or the •ing
action form.
e.g. We are sorry for keeping you waiting. 1 Jane went on .slumping . (sleep) for another two hours.
d' like + to - inf = think that sth is good or right to do 2 He told us his name and went
e.g. I like to pay my bills as soon as I get them. on (introduce) us to his wife.
like + -ing form = enjoy (general preference) 3 We didn’t mean (interrupt) you.
e.g. Tom likes meeting new people. 4 Being a doctor (work) long hours.
would like + to - inf = want (specific preference) means (finish) her homework,
5 She tried
but it was too difficult.
e.g. I would like to go to that new 6 You should try....................................(eat) more fruit.
restaurant. It’s good for your health.
 e -ing form/Too- I?nough/Participles
7 He regrets (argue) with his best 2 A: Do her new shoes fit her?
friend. B: No. They are (small)
8 We regret . (inform) you that 3 A: Have you finished your
tonight’s performance will be cancelled B: homework? I can’t. It s (difficult)
9 Oh, no! I forgot...........................(lock) the front 4 A: Did you hear the announcement?
door. B: No. It wasn’t (loud)
10 I’ll never forget.............................(meet) my favourite
film star.
11 Claire likes (ski) . She says 5 A: Can you open the window, please?
very exciting. it’s B: I can’t. I’m not . to reach it. (tall)
12 I like 6 A: It’s.....................................................in here.
months. (go) to the dentist every B: (hot)
13 I must six 7 A: Why don”t you take your coat off, then?
remember B: Did you enjoy the party last night?
today. (post) these 8 A: No. We were . to enjoy it (tired)
14 I remember B: Why don I you drink your tea?
don I know who wrote letters (read) the It’s not . for me to drink. (sweet)
it.
book, but (forget)
15 I’m sorry for
It was awful of me.
1@ Fill in too or enougñ and one of
the adjectives from the list to
16 I’m sorry your birthday. write sentences as in the example.
the exam. Add an object where necessary.
17 She is (say) that you have
afraid she
falls. failed (climb) the tree

in case
18 Mary never wears her diamond ring. She is afraid heavy, cold, old, quiet, tired, cool, tall, boring
of (lose) it. 1 I went to bed early last night because I was too
19 I have stopped (watch) horror ?/’rcd to stay . (stay) up late.
films because they give me nightmares. 2 The soup is too hot. It isn’t (eat) yet.
20 We stopped (buy) some food 3 She isn’t (reach) the top shelf, so
before continuing our journey. she uses a ladder.
4 The children aren (attend) school yet.
t (go) outside without a coat
5 It’s today.
6 The film was (watch), so we went for
a meal instead.
7 Close the door, please. It (work)
'¥' Too has a negative meaning. It shows that isn't in here.
something is more than enough, necessary or 8 The bag is (carry). Someone else
wanted. It is used in the following patterns: will have to take it.
a) too + adjective/adverb + to -lnflnltlve
e.g. It is too co/d to go swimming.

b) too ... for somebody/something 1 Complete the sentences, as in the example.

e.g. This coffee is too sweet for me.
c) too ... for somebody/something + to -Inflnltive
e.g. this house is too sma// for us to live in. 1 He is very short. He can't be a basketball
player. He is too ...show to be o basketball
'6' Enough has a positive meaning. It shows that player...
there is as much of something as is wanted or 2 She hassaved enoughmoney Shecangoonhoiday
needed. It is used in the following patterns: She has saved
a) adjective/adverb + enough + to -Inflnltlve This tea is very hot. I can’t drink it.
e.g. She is old enough to go out on her own. This tea is
BUT: not + adjective/adverb + enough + to - 4 Daisy is very young. She can't go to school
Infinitive (negative meaning) Daisy is
e.g. He did not run fasf enough to win the race. They have got lots of space. They can have a party.
b) enough + noun + to -lnflnltlvs They have got
e.g. \I\ie’ve got enough room to put you up. 6 Paul is rich. He can buy a
yacht. Paul is
7 It’s hot outside. You can’t wear a coat.
Complete the sentences with too or It’s
enough and the adjective in brackets. Mary is mature. She can make her own
decisions. Mary is
9 This flat is small. We can’t live in it any more.
1 A: Did you go to the beach yesterday? This flat is
 B: No. It wasn’t ... warm enough... to go to the beach. 10 Ron has a lot of patience. He can look after the
children. (warm) Ron has

76
 Infinitive/The -ing form/Too - Enoug

16p Underline the correct word.

1 A: Did you enjoy the horror film?

The participles are: B: No. It was very frigfifened/frightening.
a) present participles (staying, leaving, etc.), 2 A: Mark is always biting his nails
b) past participles (stayed, left, etc.) and B: I know. It's an extremely annoyedlannoying habit.
c) perfect participles (having left, etc.). 3 A: Why doesn’t John study French?
B: He is not interesfecf/interesting in learning a foreign
'¥' Present and past participles can be used as language.
adjectives. The present participle (-Ing) describes 4 A: What did you think of that new restaurant?
what somebody or something is (it answers the B. It was awful! The food was disgusted/disgusting.
question ‘What kind?’). The past participle (-ed) 5 A' Miss Shaw is a wonderful teacher.
describes how somebody feels (it answers the B Yes. She is always encouragecf/encouraging in
question ‘How do you feel?’). her attitude towards the students.
e.g. It 'as an embarrassing situation. 6 A Do you like windsurfing?
(What kind of situation? Embarrassing.) B: Yes. I find it very excitedlexciting.
He was emDarrasserf. (How did he feel? 7 A: Vicky is good at art. isn't she?
Embarrassed.) B: Yes. I was impressed/impressing by her paintings.
Participles can also be used: 8 A: Did you see the fireworks last night?
B: Yes. It was an amazecf/amazing display.
’6' instead of a relative pronoun and full verb.
e.g. the woman waving ai me is my aunt.
(—— The woman who is waving ai me is my Rewrite the sentences using participles.
1
auni.) The new shampoo advertised on /V is
very expensive.
(—— The new shampoo which is advertiserf on 1 Because she was tired. Katie went to bed
TV is very expensive.) .Being Wired, kat/c went *n ürJ
2 He was sitting in the garden and he was drinking his tea.
'g' to express reason.
e.g. Feeling shy, Laura didn’i ialk to Ben. After Janet had made dinner she called the children.
(—— Because she was shy, ..}
Having seen tñe film de/ore, I decided to stay at 4 The boy who is standing by the door is my brother.
home.
(= Because / had seen fhe film 6efore, I
Simon cut his hand while he was chopping some
decided to stay at home.)
wood.
d' to express time.
e.g. After faAing/having taAen ñis Masfer’s cfegree, 6 Donna had a shower before she went to bed.
he applied for a job.
Having taken his Masfer’s cfegree. he applied 7 Because we were late. we took a taxi
for a job.
(—— After he had taken his Master’s degree, 8 Gary opened the window and breathed the fresh air.
he applied lor a jo6.)
be met John while shopping. 9 She was lying on her bed and she was reading a book.
{= We me/ John whi/e we were shopping.)
10 The jewels which were taken by the thieves were very
'¥' instead of the past simple in narratives when we valuable
describe actions happening immediately one after
the other. 11 Amy picked up her pen and started to write the letter.
e.g. Hearing the news, she fainted.
(—— She heard the news and she fainted.) 12 The man who is walking towards us is a relative of mine.
d' to avoid repeating the past continuous in the same j
sentence. After the teacher had explained the exercise, he asked
the students to do it.
e.g. He was walking down the street whisf/ing a tune.
(= He was walking down the street and lie was 14
Because she had forgotten to take her purse. she had
whistling a tune.)
to borrow some money from a colleague
 e -ing
form/Too- Enough/Participles

18p Put the verbs in brackets into the correct

infinitive form or the •ing form. Study these examples. The second sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

Flight Attendant: Welcome I think it’s difficult to raise children nowadays.

aboard, sir. think
raisingI I raising children is difficult nowadays.
hopeIt’s you
tooenjoy
dark to see anything in here.
the flight.
brightIt isn’t bright enough to see anything in here.
Passenger: Thank Sheyou.
made Unfortunately,
him accept fullI*m afraid of for the accident.
responsibility
1) ...wasHe
flying was (fly).
made to accept full responsibility for the accident
Flight Attendant: Don'tCould worry,
yousir. Just
post thisremember 2) please?
letter for me,
mindWould you ( mind posting this letter for me. please?
fasten)
Sheyour
was amused by the story and burst out laughing. foundShe found the story amusing and b
seatbelt and
out laughing.
everything
He had will
difficulty finding her house.
be fine.
difficultIt was difficult for him to find her house.
Passenger: They
I don’t let me watch the rehearsal.
mean
3) allowed I was allowed to watch the rehearsal.
(be) difficult, but I would like
4) The party was so boring that we didn't enjoy ourselves.
(sit) tooThe
next to party was too boring
the window. Is that for us to enjoy ourselves.
alright?
Flight Attendant: Of course. Someone This sawseat
Benisthrow
free.an envelope
You can sitin the rubbish bin.
here.wasBen
Wouldwas youseen
like to throw an envelope
a newspaper in the rubbish bin.
to read?
Passenger: Using the office
No, thank you. I prefer 5) photocopier is not allowed
(read)allowWe
booksdo to not allow anyone to use the office photocopier.
reading newspapers Flight
Attendant: Well, I must 6)...................................(check) on
the other passengers now.
Passenger: Oh. I’m sorry for 7)......................(talk) too
much. I'm just
very nervous about the flight.
Flight Attendant: Just try 8)................(relax)
a little bit, sir. I’ll
stop 9) . . (see) how you are later.
Passenger: Thank you very much. I
hate 10)
(be) so much trouble.

Complete the sentences using an rnfinftive

1@ or an •ing form.

1 They delayed . making...

the decision until they had
read the report.
2 He refused . the
book back to the shop.
We’d rather not.........................with you. We’ll
stay at
home.
4 It’s 5 I' looking forward to theatre on Saturday.
not m 6 Mark was kind the party.
wor
th r
won e
’t a
co ll
me. y

38
Joh t mind Would ..you mind giving,.. me a lift to the 2 The ring was so expensive that he
n to to office, please? couldn’t afford to buy it.
the Completeth 10 They made her the letter too The ring was
part each e 11 She has gone to the again. to buy.
y. sentence of post office some 3 I think it’s interesting to learn about other cultures.
He with two fic
to five stamps.
e, 12 You must . hard learning I think
words, pl
includinge for your exams. interesting.
the word 13 You had better . or you’ll 4 They let Edward go out with his
o in bold. a miss the train. friends last night. allowed Edward
s
14 She spends most of with his friends last night.
e
th 1 her spare time the 5 They heard Fiona quarrel with her brother last
?
piano. night.
e 15 You’re too young......................................
yourself.
y 16 He opened the that the was Fiona
door only room with her brother last night.
o was empty.

af

te

r
7

9 She

59
 lnlinitive/The -ing
6 Mum was annoyed by Tina’s behaviour and sent her to
her room 2 Correct the mistakes.
found Mum
and sent her to her room.
7 This knife is too blunt for me to cut the bread with. 1 You would better stay in bed today.
sharp This knife isn t 2 Mum has stopped to drink fizzy drinks. She is on a diet
to cut the bread with. * This bag is too expensive for me to buy it.
8 He made us help with the cleaning. 4 Smoking it is dangerous for your health.
were We .................................................................... 5 Would you mind to open the window?
with the cleaning. 6 I'd love eating a pizza tonight.
9 She had difficulty reading his handwriting. 7 I stopped at the bakery for to buy some bread.
difficult It was ... They made me to pay for the broken window.
his handwriting. I heard the Taylors to argue.
10 Making personal phone calls is not allowed. 10 I’d better to ask someone for help.
allow We do not ............... . 11 I forgot calling you last night. I’m sorry.
personal phone calls. 12 He left the shop without to pay for the shirt.
11 The pool isn't deep enough for you to dive into. 1 You shouldn’t to be rude to your parents.
shallow The pool . to dive into. 14 He is enough old to drive a car.

house. /

• Eating junk food it is unhealthy. /

Eating junk food is unhealthy.
• I'd better to leave now. x
I'd better leave now. 7
• You would better see a doctor. x
You had better see a doctor. 7
• They made me to reveal the plans. x
They made me reveal the plans.
• He stopped to eat fried food as it gave him
indigestion. x
He stopped eating fried food as it gave him
indigestion. 7
• Did you remember buying some bread?
x Did you remember to buy some bread?
• I'd like going to the cinema tonight. x
I’d like to go to the cinema tonight.
• You must to work harder.
,x You must work harder. 7
• The soup is too hot to eat it.
x The soup is too hot to eat.
• Would you mind to give me a lift? x
Would you mind giving me a lift? 7
• I am enough strong to lift this box.
x I am strong enough to lift this
box. 7
• She left the house without to lock the door.
x She left the house without locking the
door. 7
• I went to the library for to borrow some books. x
I went to the library to borrow some books. 7
• I saw a burglar to break into my neighbour’s
 14 To spending a lot of money on clothes is foolish.
22 Cross out the unnecessary word.

23 Underline the correct preposition.

1 He went to the florist’s for to buy a bouquet of flowers.
2 Emily is not so talented enough to enter the competition.
3 I don’t go for camping very often. 1 Adam complained ofla6outlfor having a sore throat.
4 Mrs Keaton made her daughter to stay 2 She was concentrating of/on/for writing the report
at home during the holidays when the phone rang.
5 I hope that to hear from you soon. 3 The two men were charged for/with/of armed
6 We saw Helen to get into her car and robbery. I take care aboutllorlof my neighbour's cat
drive away at top speed. when she goes on holiday.
7 Bungee jumping it is a dangerous activity. The politician refused to comment on/for/aDouf the
8 She will always remember about cruising the Caribbean. new law.
9 The tickets were too expensive for me to buy them.
6 Sheila’s friends congratulated her on/for/aoout
10 He dislikes to being alone at the weekends.
11 You had better not to leave without your passport. passing her exams.
12 The house needs being painting. 7 Contrary withlollto what had been written in the
13 Children would love being given toys. papers, the three women were proved innocent.
I saw a burglar break into my neighbour’s house. 7 8 The new teacher found it hard to cope adout/for/w/fh the
naughty children.
 e -ing form/Too- Enough/Participles
Phrasal Verbs
bring about: (tr) cause to happen
bring forward: suggest an idea (often passive)
sionBOX
bring on: (tr) cause (usu sth unpleasant)
bring out: (tr) publish; put on the market
bring round: 1) (tr) make sb regain
consciousness;
bring to, 2) (tr) persuade; bring over 25 Choose the correct answer.
(to)
bring 1) (tr) raise a child, 2)
up: mention; introduce a subject 1 ’What do you do for a living?’
‘I ... C... portraits of famous people
call back: (int) return a phone call A am painting B paints C paint
call for: 1) (tr) need; demand, 2) demand
(sth); 2 ‘Did you find Tom?’
ask for
call off: ‘Yes. He.............in his study when I found him.’
(tr) cancel
call out: A worked B was working C works
shout; yell
be carried 3 ‘Where.............when you went to London?’
‘In a small family hotel.'
away: be very excited A were you staying B did you stay C do you stay
carry off: (tr) do sth successfully
4 ’Did you speak to Kate on the phone last night?’
carry on: continue (aher
’Yes, but I............for ages before I finally got
interruption) through.
carry out: (tr) 1) fulfil (order, tasks), 2) conduct A am trying B have been trying
(an experiment) C had been trying
‘Could you take the rubbish outside for me, please?'

2* y Fill in the correct particle.

A have already done B already do
C had already done
1 When the noise stopped, she carried .. on .. as if
Where is your
brother?’
nothing had happened. ‘He.............in the garden, I think.’
2 It’s difficult to bring . children alone. A is playing B plays C played
3 The heavy rains brought ........... severe flooding. 7 ‘Do you see Catherine very often?'
4 My favourite singer has just brought.........................a ‘We.............for lunch twice a
new record. month.’
5 Paul carried . his plan very successfully. g A have met B meet C are meeting
I’m busy now, so I’ll call you . later.
‘What are you doing?’
7 Some excellent ideas were brought . at
‘I.............for the recipe I want to use tonight.’
A looked B look C am looking
the annual meeting.
9 ‘Why is Linda so tired?’
8 Scientists carry experiments in
‘She.............very hard recently.’
their laboratories.
A works B is working C has been working
I'm trying to bring my father.....................to my ideas.
10 This job calls . . knowledge of a foreign language. ‘You're very late. Where have you been?'
1@ *Well, I.....home from work when the car broke down.
11 The audience was carried . by the A was driving B am driving C drove
singer's performance.
12 Janet’s asthma attack was 11 ‘Have you got your exam results yet?’
brought by the smoky ‘Yes. I.............all of them
atmosphere. the doctor. A am passing B passed C pass
13 When their son was ill, they called
14 The children carried ...................... their tasks quickly 15 H v
and quietly. 12
a i
 ng fallen in the river, the woman called for
your homework
help.
yet?’ ‘No, I’m still busy doing
16 Dad brought.............................the subject of holidays
it.’ B Are you finishing
A Have you
finished C Do you
finish
during dinner last night. 13 *Sorry I'm late..............very
17 The football match was called..........................due to long?’
bad weather. ‘No, only five minutes. B Do you wait
18 The nurse used smelling salts to bring the patient A Are you waiting
C Have you been waiting
 Infinitive/The -ing form/Too-finoug

Rev/sion Box Activity

Maria Callas was a famous opera singer. Peter
Jordan is a reporter who is writing an article about
her life. Look at his notes and make sentences, as in
the

26p Put the verbs in brackets into the correct example.

tense. e g She went to Athens to study opera in 1937
1 A I vc scan (see) three films this week.
B I haven t seen any, I'm afraid
2 A Why (you/taste) the stew*
B I think I ve put too much salt in it
3 A Where is Jack*
B He (go) to the park with Paul
4 A I haven t seen Tom for a long time
B I know He (study) a lot since
September
5 A John paid for the cinema tickets last night
B Really* He (be) very generous
these days
6 A The children are exhausted
B They (play) for hours that s why • go to Athens sludy opera in 1937
7 A I had a very bad day at work yesterday • go on petTorm in many opera houses in
B So did I First, the computer America and Europe
(break down) and then I (spill) • people enjoy hear her sing
coffee on some papers • could sing in French German and Italian
8 A Has Arthur retired now* • well-known for sing difficult roles
B Yes He (work) for the same • famous for have bad temper
company tor forty years when he decided to retire
• she be used to appear lamous venues
9 A Where are the children?
• manage earn reputation as excellent singer
B Oh, Stan (take) them to the zoo
and actress
10 A Have the Smiths moved yet*
• spend some time teach opera at Juilliard
B Actually, they (move) next Saturday
• decide give final world concert tour in 1972-73
11 A (you/recognise) that
• retire after perform forty different roles
man over there*
• consider be one of greatest opera singers of
B No I don t think I ve ever seen him before
the 20th century
12 A Shall we stay in tonight*
B Actually, I (go) to my friend s birthday
party
13 A Do you want to come to the cinema with me*
B Yes. but remember I
films
(not/like) horror
gITiy
14 A I found a ring while I (plant) a tree
yesterday
B Really* Can I see it* Peter Jordan is now writing his article about Maria
15 A Life (be) a lot better fifty years ago Callas. Look at the Oral Activity again and complete
B I agree People (have) more fun the article.
16 A I (try) to phone you since this
morning Maria Callas was born in New York in 1923 She
B Oh, I have been out shopping with my sister went to Athens to study opera in 1937 After that. she
17 A Why are you annoyed with Jason*
B Because he (always/forget)
important things
18 A The orchestra played very well last night
B Yes They (practise) together
for weeks before they held the concert S e ed n Pa s n 977
41
 ves - Aclverbs Comparisons

It s a cold day. Life can be very

The people are skiing e•i• yad/e for retired
on the crisp wñ/te people
snow. They have a lot of
spare f/me and
can take up
/nferest/ng
hobbies

'g' Adjectives describe nouns. They have the same form d) well, badly + past participle
in the singular and plural. They go before nouns (e.g. e.g. we//-behaved children, badly-made furniture
a sma// houses but after the verbs ge, look, sme//, G We can also use nouns as adjectives before other
sound, fee/, taste, seem, appear, decome, gel, stay, nouns. In this case the nouns have no plural form.
etc. (e.g. She is Deautifu/. They seem unhappy.) e. g. morning paper - morning papers, coffee table -
4 There are opinion adjectives and fact adjectives. coffee tables
Opinion adjectives such as doring, exciting, etc.
’¥' The following adjectives have a difference in meaning:
show what a person thinks of somebody or
a) He gave her a gold ring. (—— ring made of
something. Fact adjectives such as ta//, thin, new, gold) They walked on fhe golden sand. (——
etc. give us factual information about age, size, sand the colour of gold)
colour, origin, material, etc. b) She bought a sitk blouse. (—— blouse made of
'6' There are also compound adjectives which are silk) This new shampoo promises to give you
formed with: a) present participles e.g. a never- silky hair. (—— hair which leels like silk)
ending journey, b) past participles e.g. a DroAen- c) They walked up the stone paih. (—— path made of stone)
down washing machine, c) cardinal numbers + The man had a stony look on his lace. (—— cold look
nouns - like stone)
e.g. a fhree-hour de/ay (NOT. ),

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
G When there are two or more adjectives in a sentence, they usually go in the following order:
Opinion Fact Adjectives
Adjectives ›ize age shape colour origin material used for/be about noun
It’s a fantastic small new round red Swiss plastic alarm clock
Ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc.) go ’6’ Certain adjectives can be used with ‘the’ as nouns
before cardina/ nt/m6ers (one, two, three, etc.) to refer to groups of people in general. These are:
e.g. the first two weeks (NOT. ) elder/y, midd/e-aged, old, young, blind, dead, deaf,
The adiectives afraid, a/ike, alive, a/one, disabled, living, sick, home/ess, hungry, poor, rich,
ashamed, asleep, awaAe, content, glad, i//, sfrong, unemp/oyed, weak, etc.
pleased, etc. are not followed by nouns. e.g. 7fie young have a lot of energy. (We refer to
e.g. The man was a/ive. Karen is ill today. young people in general.) but: The young peop/e
ol our town are organising a charity concert. (We
The adjectives chief, e/der, e/dest, former, indoor,
reler to a specific group of young people).
inner, main, on/y, outdoor, oufer, principa/, upper
When we talk about one person we say AlThe
are always followed by nouns.
young man/woman, AlThe d/ind manlwoman, etc.
e.g. This is my e/der son.
e.g. The young woman who lives next door is a
We do not usually use a long list of adjectives medical student.
before a single noun. A noun is usually described
by one, two or three adjectives at the most.
e.g. a Deautifu/ d/tie evening dress

42
 bs - Comp•
Adjectives - Adver (old) in the village are upset
4
Underline the opinion adjectives, circle the
1 fact ones, then put them in order. about the new road.
5 They are changing the building to make it easier for
(disabled) to get around.
1 lace blue / beautiful / handkerchief
6 (young) in the audience
.a brauciful blue love la ndkcrch i•i...
cheered loudly at the end of the concert.
2 a(n) stone / ancient / small / cottage
(poor) of our town receive help
3 a(n) English / huge / wooden / wardrobe from the council.
8 Christine is a nurse who looks after
4 a(n) Chinese / amazing / old / (sick).
story 9 (strong) in the group carried
5 a(n) American / new / exciting / film the heavy equipment.
10 (rich) can afford to live in luxury.
6 a pair of / wire / old / reading / glasses

7 a(n) wooden / lovely / old-fashioned / table Make compound adjectives to describe the
following:
8 a(n) white / linen / Irish / tablecloth
1 A walk that takes ten minutes.
9 a chocolate / large / delicious / cake . A scn -m nude walk.
2 A story which is written well
10 a(n) orange / ugly / velvet / sofa
3 A building which has twelve storeys

4 A train which moves tast.

2 Put the adjectives in the correct order.
5 A student who works hard.

Dear Aunt Margaret. 6 An office which has good lighting.

I'm just writing to thank you for the money you sent me
last month. It was very generous of you. I’ve spent it on 7 A holiday which lasts two weeks.
some lovely things for my new house.
For the living room I bought a lovely pair of 1) ...blue 8 A report which has ten pages.
veIves.. (velvet/blue) curtains and for the bedroom I got
a(n) 2) ....
(round/large/antique) mirror. While I was
shopping I found some 3) (silver/
beautiful/tall) candlesticks, which I have put in the dining 5 Underline the correct item.
room. I also bought some 4).................................(soft/cotton/
thick) towets for the bathroom and a 5)
. (green/square/woollen) rug for the guest room. Finally, While Lizzie was tidying the
I went to an auction where I bought a 6) attic of her grandmother’s
.... ........ (oak/fabulous/English) table for the kitchen. house, she came across
Thank you once again for the an old 1) owld
gift. I hope you’ll visit me frood chest. When she
soon. looked inside, she found a
Love, Susie doll wrapped in 2) s//k/si/f‹y
paper.
The doll had 3) gold/golden hair
and was wearing a long 4) woo//en/woo/ coat. She was
beautiful and Lizzie had never seen her before. She sat
3 Fill in: tñe + a i ecf/ve or the + adi ect/ve + down on the cold 5) stony/stone floor to examine the
peop/e.
doll more carefully. She was wearing a real 6) goldf
golden necklace and, underneath the coat, a 7)
1 This charity provides shelter for ...rñe homeless si/ky/si/A dress. The doll had belonged to her
people...
grandmother when she was young. Lizzie carefully
(homeless) of London.
wrapped her up again
2 It is important to look after
(elderly), especially in
winter.
Ambulances took (injured) and placed her gently back in the box.
to hospitals in the
area.
 ves - Adverbs
- Comparisons
'0' The following words end in -ly, but they are
adjectives: e/der/y, cowardly, friendly, /iAe/y,
deadly, live/y, lone/y, si//y, ug/y, love/y, etc.
e.g. She's a live/y child.
We use the words way/manner to form their
adverbs.
e.g. She greeted me in a friend/y way/manner.
He complained in a coward/y waylmanner.
'I' The adverbs loud(/y}, cheap{/y}, quich(Iy),
tight(Iy), fair(1y) and s/ow{/y} are often used
without -ly in everyday English.
e.g. Come here quichlquichly.
'I' Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives.
Sprinters run quickly. They wake up ear/y in ffie These include: hard, fast, free, high, low, deep,
morning and train hard all day. early, fafe, long, near, sfraigfit, right, wrong. Also
flour/y, dai/y, weeA/y, monthly and year/y.
'gr Adverbs usually describe verbs, adjectives, other e.g. The lake is deep. (adjective)
adverbs or sentences. They went deep into the lorest. (adverâ)
'g' An adverb can be one word (carefu//y) or a phrase These âiscuiis are ver hard. (adjective)
(in the morning). Adverbs can describe manner He tried hard in order to succeed.
(how), place (where), time (when), frequency (how (adverâ)
often), degree (to what extent), etc. ’Bella Donna’ is a weeA/y magazine.
(adjective) It comes oui week/y. (adverb)
e.g. a) He drives carefc///y. (How does he drive? 4 The adverbs below have two forms, each with a
Carefully. - adverb of manner) different meaning:
b) Your bag is here. (Adhere is it? Here. -
adverb of • The treasure was buried deep underground. (—— a
place) long way down)
c) They’ll leave tomorrow. (When will they He is deep/y in love with her. (—— very)
leave? Tomorrow. - adver6 of time) • The hoiel guests can use the swimming pool free.
/-ie sometimes goes fishing at the (—— without payment)
weekend. (How often does he go fishing? The animals in the safari park can roam free/y.
Someli’mes. advero of frequency) (—— without limit or restriction.)
e) She is very polile. (How polite is she? \/ery. • The kiie flew high in the sky. (—— atlto a high
adverb of degree) level) He is a highly respected doctor. (—— very
much)
• She arrived /afe for the meeting. (—— not
early) He hasn’t been feeling well /afe/y. (——
Formation of Adverbs recently)
• Which of his songs do you like most’? (——
We usually form an adverb by adding -Iy to the superlative of much)
adjective. I'm most/y interested in modern art. (—— mainly)
e.g. serious - seriously • As he came near, I realised that something was
wrong. (—— close)
Adjectives ending in -Ie drop the -e and take -y. She near/y fainted when she heard the news.
e.g. gentle - genily {= almost)
Adjectives ending in consonant + y drop the -y • He is a prefty strange man. (—— rather)
and take -ily. The bridesmaids were prefti/y dressed in pink. (——
e.g. happy - hapDily in a pretty way)
Adjectives ending in -I take -Iy. • He is working hard these days. (—— with a lot of
e.g. awful - awfully effort) They hardly go anywhere now thai they have
children. (= almost never)
Adjectives ending in -ic usually take -ally.
e.g. dramatic - dramatically But: public - publicly Note: Hardly has a negative meaning and is often
used with: any, anyone, anywhere, anything and
Adjectives ending in -e take -Iy.
ever.
e.g. po//fe - politely But: true - truly

44
 - Comp
Adjectives - Adverts

6p For each gap, turn the adjective into an

ORDER OF ADVERBS
adverb.

Julia was walking 1) .. quickly... (quick) down the street ’¥' Adverbs usually go after verbs but before
when she heard someone call her name 2) adjectives, other adverbs and participles.
(loud). She looked 3) (nervous) e.g. He speaAs soft/y.
behind her, but the street was 4) (complete) She is amazingly Deaufifu/.
empty. There was nobody there. 5) He drove very fast.
(Sudden). she heard her name again. She turned to see Computers are extensive/y t/sed nowadays.
her brother running towards her, smiling 6) Adverbs of manner go before the main verb, after
(cheerful). 'Didn't you hear me?” he laughed the auxiliary verb or at the end of the sentence.
7) (happy). ‘Nick!' gasped Julia. ‘You 8) e.g. She easi/y passed fhe exam.
(near) frightened me to death!' We are eager/y waiting for his letter.
He acted loo/isfi/y.
Adverbs of degree (adso/¢/te/y, comp/ete/y, totally,
Underline the correct item. extreme/y, very, qt/ite, rather, etc.) go before an
adjective, an adverb or a main verb, but after an
auxiliary verb.
1 This is a eft /prefti/y complicated situation. e.g. This is totally
2 They had hardlhardly been home for a minute when unacceptable. They
the phone rang. arrived raffier early.
3 My friends are most/mostly vegetarians. be adso/c/te/y love her sense of
4 Her loose outfit allowed her to move free/free/y. humour. I don‘t quite understand what
5 The shelf was so highlhighly that he couldn't reach it. you mean.
6 John may be late/fate/y home tonight, as he has a lot Adverbs of frequency go after auxiliary verbs and
of work to do.
the verb to De, but before main verbs.
7 The room was prefty/prefti/y decorated.
e.g. He is always ready to help.
Children under five years old travel
sam onen complains about his sa/ary.
free/free/y.
9 Sue has near/near/y finished her homework. Adverbs of place and time usually go at the end of
10 They have been going out a lot late/late/y. the sentence.
11 This college is highlhighly recommended for its e.g. There is a café nearDy.
range of courses. I’ll meet you tomorrow.
12 The miners dug deep/deep/y to find coal
Some one-syllable adverbs of time such as soon,
13 The new supermarket is very near/nearly our house.
now and then, go before the main verb, but after
14 He is deep/deeply involved in the scandal.
the auxiliary verb or the verb to de.
15 We found it hardlhardly to get used to living in a
e.g. She then told him what had happened.
foreign country.
He will soon inlorm us about his
16 Which of Mel Gibson's films do you like
decision.
most/most/y*.
We can put an adverb at the beginning of a
sentence if we want to emphasise it.
e.g. Slowly, he closed the door 6ehind him.
Underline the correct item.
(manner) in the living room, there is an antique
grandfather clock. (place)
It was Lucy’s birthday and she was very 1) sadlsadly. Yesterday, I met the President. (time)
She had been waiting 2) hopefu//hopeft///y all morning for When there are two or more adverbs in the same
the postman to arrive. 3) SuddenlSuddenly, the letterbox sentence, they usually come in the following
rattled order: manner — place — time.
4) gent/e/gently and an envelope fell 5) soft/softly onto e.g. The 6a6y slept quiet/y in his cot a// nigñt long.
the doormat. Picking it up, Lucy noticed 6)
If there is a verb of movement, such as go, come,
miserad/e/miserad/y that it was a bill. There were no
leave in the sentence, then the adverbs come in
cards, no presents and no the following order: place — manner — time.
7) pretty/prettily bouquets of flowers. Lucy 8) near/near/y
e.g. He came to worh dy Dus fñis morning.
burst into tears. Just then, there was a 9) loud/ loudly
knock on the door. Opening the door 10) s/ow/ slowly,
Lucy saw all her friends holding 11) brightlylhright
wrapped gifts and shouting Happy Birthday’. Lucy 12)
immediate/immediate/y cheered up and greeted her
friends 13) warm/warm/y.
ves - Adverbs - Comparisons
Put the adverbs in brackets in the correct place in the sentences, as in the example.

One of the most famous fashion designers of the

20th century was Gianni Versace.
1 At the age ot eighteen, Versace began working for
his mother and learned the skills of dressmaking
and design. (quickly)
At the age of eighteen, Versace began working for E400
his mother and ..q u ie kly... learned the skills of £ J000
fairly quite rather/pretty very
dressmaking and design. expensive expensive expensive expensive
2 He enjoyed designing coloured clothes. (brightly)
G a an + fairly
3 He worked throughout his career. (very hard) e.g. This is a lairly good CD, but it’s not the 6est
they've made.
4 By 1982, he was famous and had won the first of ’0" a) quite + a an (= enough)
many awards. (incredibly) e.g. this is quite a good CD. You ought to 6uy it.
b) quite + adjectives such as horrid/e, ridiculous,
5 His clothes were popular with famous musicians, Dri//iant, amazing, extraordinary, use/ess,
such as Elton John and George Michael. impossible, true, exhausted, certain, etc.
(extremely) (= completely, totally)
. ....... .......................... ... . e.g. This machine is quite use/ess.
He was asked to design costumes for ballets, I'm quife certain about this.
shows and concerts. (frequently) ’0" a) rather + a an OR a an + rather (= more than
usual, more than wanted, expected, etc.)
7 He was respected by other fashion designers. e.g. She has rather a sofi/a raffles soft voice.
I expected fhe 6ook to be 6oring, but i/ was
rather interesting.
Versace died in 1997, at the age of fifty. (sadly)
b) rather + comparative form too
e. g. Ted is rather more experienced than Alec.
She spends rather too much money on clothes.
G a an + pretty (= usually in everyday English)
e.g. He had a prefty nasty accident the other day.
(greatly)

10p Say the sentences in as many ways

as possible, using the adverbs in
brackets.
1 Underline the correct word.
1 I will cut the grass. (on Sunday).
/ +i// cut fhc gra s on Cu nday./Dn Sunday, /
Being a nurse is a quite/prefty stressful job.
2 He has rather/fair/y a funny name.
2 Joanne has been writing leners to her friends. (all
3 Jane is rather/quite more athletic than Susan.
day)
4 She stayed out rather/fair/y too late last night.
3 He has been working. (all day/in his office)
5 That story was quife/rather true.
4 We placed the box. (on the table/carefully) 6 She is quite/fair/y a friendly woman.
5 They bought some fruit. (yesterday/at the market) 7 I didn’t expect to enjoy the film, but it was
6 He walked. (quietly/out of the room/during the film) fair/y/rather brilliant.
7 The party was amazing. (utterly) He is rather/fairly good at his job, but he sometimes
8 We were lost. (completely) makes mistakes.
9 Jenny has been reading her magazine. (all It was a fair/y/quite interesting book, but it wasn’t the
morning/in the garden) best I’ve read.
10 They knew they had lost the match. (then) 10 This tin opener doesn't work. It’s fair/y/quite useless.
11 They have been talking. (in the hall/for hours) 11 It was prefty/rather a long way from the station to the
12 She changed her clothes. (quickly) hotel.
13 I was feeling tired. (extremely) 12 It was rather/pretty a waste of time watering the
14 He is doing his homework. (quietly/in his bedroom) plants. It’s raining now.
15 We watched a film. (last night/at the cinema)

46
 - Comp
Adjectives - Adverbs

The coach is cheap. The train is more expensive The plane is the mosf expensive
It is s/ow, though. than the coach. It is also fasfer. of all. It is also the fastest.
For comparison, adjectives have got two forms: the ’g‘ The comparative of two-syllable adjectives ending in
comparative and the superlative -y is formed by adding -ier and the superlative by
We use the comparative form + than to compare two adding -iest. e.g. easy - easier - easiest (more usua/}
people, things, etc. Also easy - more easy - most easy (less usual)
e.g. Tina is shorter than Pam. d' Some two-syllable adjectives such as: clever,
This chair is more comfortable than the other one. common, stU / *”d, narrow, gent/e, friendly, simp/e,
We use the + superlative form + of in to compare etc. take either -er -est or more most.
one person, thing, etc with more than one person, e.g. common - commoner - commonest
thing, etc. in the same group. We use in when we OR common - more common - most common
talk about places. The comparative of adjectives ending in -ing
e.g. Peter is the smartesf of af/ my students. (interesting), -ed (pleased), -ful (careful) and -less
'Oor/'s’is fhe mosf expensive restaurant in our (careless) is formed with more and the superlative
town. with most. e.g. fhr//ling - more thrilling - most thrilling
The comparative of one-sylla ble adjectives is The comparative of adjectives of three or more
formed by adding -er, and the superlative by syllables is formed with more and the superlative
adding with most
-est. e.g. soft - so/ter - so/fesf The comparative of e.g. intelligent - more intelligent - most intelligent
rea/, right and wrong is formed with more and the
superlative with most. e.g. rea/ - more real - mosf
rea/ Some one-syllable adjectives of abstract
meaning such as c/ear, safe, true, free, wise, etc.
take either
-er/-est or more/most. e.g. clear - clearer - clearest
OR clear - more clear - most clear

adjective/adverb comparative superlative

good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
The comparative and superlative forms of adverbs
are formed in the same way as those of adjectives.
'0' Adverbs which have the same form as the
adjective usually take -er in the comparative and much/many
more most
-est in the superlative. a lot of
e.g. hard - harder - hardest late - /afer - /aresf little less least
far further/farther furthest/farthest
4’ Adverbs formed by adding -ly to the adjective
take more in the comparative and most in the Note:
superlative form. a) further/farther (adv) = longer (in distance)
e.g. Barclays Bank is further/farther away than
e.g. comfortably - more comfortably
Lloyds. further (adj) = more e.g. Let's hope there
-
won’t de any further delays. (NOT: s)
mosf comfortably
b) elder/eldest (+ noun) (adj) = for members of a
family e.g. My elder brother is a doctor.
But: My brother is o/der than me. (NOT:

47
• ves - Adverbs - Comparisons
We use adjectives or their comparative or superlative
3 I can’t hear you. Could you speak a
forms with the following words:
little (loud) please?
a) very + adjective 4 Steven is ..... (tall) boy in the basketball team
e. g. It’s very cold today. 5 This computer is very old. I need
b) even / a lot / much / far / a bit / a little / slightly +
something (modern).
comparative 6 The new library is (close) to my house
e.g. He seems much 6efter today. far than the old one.
c) by far + superlative 7 Jane’s new haircut makes her look
e.g.She's 6y lar he mosf 6eac/fifu/ woman I’ve ever much (attractive).
seen. 8 This jacket was by (expensive) in
d) most + adj/adv = very far
e.g. This is mosf ctnc/sua/. (It is very the shop.
unusual.)
e) any/no + comparative (it is used in questions and 1@ Put the adjectives in brackets into the
negations) comparative or superlative foem, adding
e.g. The days aren't getting any warmer. any necessary words.
I want no more of that kind of behaviour.
Dear Anita, *
Put the adjectives in brackets into the
I’m writing to tell you about the auction I went to last
comparative or superlative form, adding
any necessary words. ' weekend. It was held in 1) ..¢he large‹fit.. .(large) house
in the village and the items being sold were far 2)
1 A: Did you enjoy the film? ................. (beautiful) I had expected.
B: Yes. It was fhc Sunnis s0 . (funny) film I’ve ever I saw 3)......................(pretty) vase I’ve ever seen, but
seen. it was also 4) . (expensive) item there,
2 A: James is very tall. so I couldn’t afford to buy it. I bid for some chairs. They
were
B: Yes. He's (tall) boy in our far 5) (nice) mine, but unfortunately
3 A: Was it a good class. someone made a 6)................(good) offer than me
party? and
B: Yes. I left far (late) I had intended I couldn't afford to make a 7)..........................(high) bid.
4 A: to. Did you like the black dress? In the end, I bought 8)....................(small) item of all,
B: Yes, but it was far (expensive) although it was not 9)..................(cheap) of all! It was a
the blue one. gold locket, which I’m going to give to my 10)
5 A: Why do you want to go to (old) daughter on her 18th birthday. I think it’s 11) ..
B: Spain? Because it s much (warm) England (lovely) necklace I’ve ever seen and it was
6 A: Do you enjoy your job? 12)....................(easy) to carry home than a set of chairs!
B: Oh, yes. It's .. . (good) job I’ve ever I enjoyed the auction very much and hope to go to
7 A: had. If you need any . (far) help, just ask another one soon. Perhaps next time you’ll come with
B: me. Thank you. That’s very kind of you me.
8 A: My teacher is very clever. Write soon and tell me all your news.
B: Yes. She s (intelligent) Love,
woman I’ve ever met. Maggie
9 A: Dinosaurs were (big)
B I know. They were enormous
10 A: How much did you pay for that bag? houses. Write the correct form of the comparative
B: £5. It was (cheap) one I could find. or superlative and complete the sentences
11 A: That exam was really difficult. with your own ideas.
B: I agree. It was a lot (difficult)
I had expected. 1 In my opinion, ..the Signs s fhc most dangerous.
12 A: Have you heard James playing the piano lately? (dangerous) animal of all
B: Yes, but he doesn't seem to be getting 2 is................(nice) place I have ever been to.
(good). 3 (sweet) sugar.
4 I can (good), but I can
.. even ........... ........ (good).
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of
13,y the
5 I think
6
............ (difficult) subject of all
(valuable) rubies.
adjective/adverb in brackets. 7 (healthy) food of all
1 I like living in the country. It’s a lot ...more r a <f‹ / .. (efficient) old ones.
(peaceful) than the city. (intelligent) person I have
2 I felt very ill last week, but I’m (good) ever met.
slightly 4 10
now.
8
(expensive) silver jewellery.
 Adjectives - Adverbs - CóÏÏ?"p

as + adjective + as
not so/as + adjective + as
e.g. She is as tall as I am. for similarities. e.g. She swims /iAe a fish.
It is not so/as hot as /f was yesterday.
twice/three times, etc.‘half as + adjective + as after fee/, /ook, sme//, sound, faste + noun.
e.g. Their car was twice as expensive as oUrs. e.g. It feels like silk.

the same ... as with nouns, pronouns or the -ing form to express
e.g. Your dress is the same colour as mine. similarity or contrast.
e.g. There’s no place like home.
less + (adjective) ... than
No one can sing like him.
the least + (adjective) ... of/in
e.g. The Park Hotel is less expensive than the
Plaza. The King George is the least expensive
of all. to say what sb or sth really is (jobs or roles).
e.g. She works as a tour guide. (She is a tour guide.)
the + comparative ..., the + comparative
Harrison Ford was great as Indiana Jones.
e.g. 7he ear/ier w’e sef o/f, fAe ear/ier we’// arrive.
in certain expressions: as usua/, as ... as, as
comparative + and + comparative
much, such as, the same as.
e.g. The weather is getting warmer and warmer.
e.g. He started complaining as usua/.
after accepf, de hnown, c/ass, descride, refer to,
regard, use.
Fill in the blanks, as in the examples. e.g. He is Anown as fue father of modern medicine.
in clauses of manner to mean ‘in the way that’.
1 The noise got .louder and louder (loud) until e.g. Do as / le// you.
couldn't bear it any longer.
2 . fñc ha rDcr (hard) he works, the more
succes Sfu/ . (successful) he becomes.
3 It rained (hard) until the river
burst
its banks.
(cold) it got,
clothes they had to put on to keep (many) Fllt in the gaps with /iAe or as.
warm
1g,
5 Jake ran (fast) and won the race.
6 (high) he jumped, ... . 1 A: Tara is a wonderful artist.
(loud) the crowd cheered. B:Yes. No one else can paint . like . her.
7 Cars are getting . (cheap) as the years 2 A: I wish Sarah would stop being so immature.
go by. B:I agree. She acts.....................a child sometimes.
8 ......... ...... ....... (young) you are, (easy) a A:How shall I tie my shoelaces?
you find it to learn things. B:Do it.....................we taught you.
(many) people are opening their own 4 A:The play last night was tantastic.
businesses these days. B:Yes. The lead actor was wonderful..........Macbeth.
10 (old) he gets, (tall) he grows. s A: What does Mark do for a living?
B:
He works .... ....... a hotel manager.
Compare the following hobbies using the 6 AÚ
B.What kind of meat is this?
adjectives Irom the list.
I'm not sure. It tastes.....................beef.
7 A:
I've just bought this dress
B:
Gosh! It's exactly the same........the one I bought!
8 A:
I'm sure I know that man.
B:
Me too. He looks..................my old maths teacher.
9 A:
It was far too hot in that room.
B:
I know. It was.....................being in an oven.
10 A:
Eric Clapton is very talented, isn’t he?
B:
Yes. He is known......................one of the greatest
11 A: rock musicians of our time.
What is Peter cooking?
B: I don’t know. It smells fish.

49
 es”- Adverbs - Comparisons
My best friend is two years elder than me.
10 The church is the oldest building of the village.
11 She did her homework more careful than usual
12 His flat is big as mine.
• The coffee is quite strong to drink. / 13 Her new car is quite faster than her old one.
The coffee is quite strong. 7 14 This cake is quite sweet to eat.
• Pam is taller than I. x 15 The green dress is twice cheaper than the black one.
Pam is taller than me. 16 I feel ill very today.
Pam is taller than I am. 17 She laughed happy.
• Jack is not as clever than Mike. x
Jack is not as clever as Mike. 7
Cross out the unnecessary word.
• I'm older than you two years. /
I'm two years older than you. 7
• Dad works hardly. x 1 He is much more taller than his brother.
Dad works hard. 7 2 As time went by, I got the more and more nervous.
• He spoke to me angrler than usual. x 3 I hardly not know anyone in my new job.
He spoke to me more angrily than usual. 7 4 Going on holiday abroad is very more exciting than
staying at home.
• This car is twice more expensive than that one. x 5 This flat is so bigger than the one we saw yesterday.
This car is Mice as expensive as that one. 7 Her brooch is twice as more expensive as mine.
• My sister is five years elder than me. 7 The more time you spend with your children, the more
x My sister is five years older than than they appreciate it.
me. 8 This is the most funniest book I've ever read.
• The Nile is the more longer river in the world. 9 This chewing gum tastes as like cinnamon.
y The Nile is the longest river in the world. 7 10 She invited the most of her friends to a barbecue.
• Tom is a better student from his sister. x Your handbag is the same colour as to mine.
12 He is regarded as like the best author of the century.
Tom is a better student than his sister. 7
13 The weather is becoming hotter and even hotter.
• Mount Everest is the highest mountain of the world. / 14 Talking to him was as like talking to a brick wall.
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. 7 15 It was a quite an interesting lecture.
• Their house is modern as ours. x 16 Paul is as much old as Michael.
Their house is as modern as 17 This ring is by far prettier than the other one we saw.
ours. 18 This house is the less expensive than the others.
• The little girl looked as an angel. x
The little girl looked like an angel. 7 Read the text and fill in the word which
• He smiled friendly. x 2@ best fits each space. Use only one word
He smiled in a friendly way. in each space.
• It is cold extremely today. /
New York City is one of 1) ...she... largest cities 2)
It is extremely cold today. 7
the world. It is also one of the most densely populated, with
• Call me if you need farther information. an estimated 7,400,000 inhabitants. Manhattan is the 3)
x Call me if you need further popular area of the city with tourists and has 4)
information. 7 interesting sights. There is also 5)...............a large number of
• He is a quite tall man. x businesses in this area of the city, including the head offices
He is quite a tall man. 7 of some of the world’s leading companies. New York’s
• The new sofa is quite bigger than the old one. x subway system provides transport for more 6)...............33%
The new sofa is rather bigger than the old one. 7 of the city's work force.
New York is also regarded 7) a centre of
entertainment. Broadway is the scene of many box-office
hits, Carnegie Hall is one of the 8) famous
concert halls in the world and the city is also the home of
19 Correct the mistakes.
several opera and ballet companies.
With 9) ............. choice of food, entertainment and social
1 I'm shorter than you three inches. life than any other city, it is 10) any wonder that
2 Steve is older than l. people flock to New York to experience life in the Big Apple.
3 The little boy sang as a bird.
4 Paul is not as handsome than Tom.
5 She is a quite pretty girl.
6 Sally is the more taller girl in our class.
7 Let me know if you need any farther help.
8 Tracey studies hardly.

70
 Adjectives - Adverbs - Comp •
Phrasal Verbs 9 Ellen is in bed. She’s come...........................the flu.
10 They decided to cut ................ some of the text to
come across: (tr) meet/find by chance; run make it shorter.
across
come along: (int) 1) hurry up; come on, 2) 11 You ought to cut ...................... .... the amount of
appear; arrive by chance sugar you eat.
come (tr) obtain 12 Come..................boys; Let’s get going.
by:
come down with: (tr) become ill; go down with 13 The electricity was cut ............... when they didn’t
come into: (tr) inherit pay the electricity bill.
come off: 1) (int) succeed, 2) leave (sth) 14 I wish Dad would come to the fact
come out: 1) go on strike, 2) (of flowers) that I’m not a child any more.
begin to blossom, 3) (int) be 15 How did you come..............that beautiful necklace?
published; bring out, 4) (news, 16 His new novel has just come .......,....., and it is
truth) be revealed; bring out bound to be a best-seller.
come over: (int) visit 17 The village was cut ........ .... during the heavy
come round: 1) visit casually, 2) (int) regain snowstorm.
consciousness; come to/bring 18 A few problems came..............during the course of
round, 3) change one’s point of view the project.
come up: 1) (int) be mentioned; bring up, 2) 19 He came...................a fortune when his father died.
arise; occur 2 The patient slowly came.............after his operation.
come up against: (tr) encounter (difficulties); run up 21 The builders came ........................ some major
against problems while they were laying the foundations.
come up with: (tr) find; think of (a solution, an
answer, etc)
Underline the correct preposition.
cut down: (tr) 1) cause to fall by cutting, 2)
(int) reduce sth
cut down on: (tr) reduce consumption; cut back 1 This antique table dates back from/to/in 1872.
on 2 There is great demand fromllorlof tresh
cut into: interrupt; break in 3 products. The manager demands respect
cut ofl: 1) disconnect, 2) (usu passive) of/from/to his employees.

cut out: isolate 4 My plants died from/Dy/in lack of water.

be cut out for/ (tr) take out, omit 5 Princess Diana died ollfromlin an accident.
to be: 6 One disadvantage of/to/in smoking is that it is bad
for your health.
be suited for (a
7 There are some disadvantages of/in/to owning a car.
profession)
John is an expert atlonlof the subject of British
history.
9 Mandy is an expert inlwithlon a needle and thread.
2 y Fill in the correct particle. 10 Adam is engaged withltolin a famous actress.
11 Mr Hills is engaged tolinlwith an important meeting.
12 I dreamt of/aOout/for taking my exams last night.
1 The truth came ...out... when the police 13 I often dream from/of/adout travelling abroad.
started their investigation. 14 There is a difference betweenloflfrom being alone
2 I came . . my old school books and being lonely.
yesterday
when I was tidying the attic. 15 He diflers from/of/between his brother in many
3 My house has a beautiful garden. Why don’t you 16 ways. Small children are dependent onlollwith their
come ....................... and see it? 17 parents. A good friend is someone you can
4 I’m sorry to cut....................your conversation, but depend byllorlon in difficult times.
I’d like to ask a question. 18 Having a broken arm, he had difficulty Dy/in/of
5 The private detective came the case dressing himself.
when he couldn't solve it. 19 Jake was disappointed 6ylwithlol his exam results.
6 I don’t think Alison is cut to be a nurse. My parents disapprove wifh/for/of motorbikes.
She faints at the sight of We were dissatisfied vvithlhylol the hotel service, so
blood. 2o
21
7 I was waiting for the bus when Emma came we complained to the manager.
It was a lovely surprise to see her! 22 Kate is experienced of/wifh/in working with children.
8 The boys came . a brilliant idea for 23 There was no excuse of/for/against his
raising money. 24 behaviour. He promised to pay for the damage
25 to/for/of my car. The children were very excited
6yla6outllor the trip.
 es - Adverbs - Comparisons

Study these examples. The second sentence

has a similar meaning to the first sentence. %'gsion Box
Beth is more intelligent than Kate.
as Kate isn’t as/so intelligent as Beth.
less Kate is less intelligent than Beth.
2 Can’t you drive any faster than that? C
fastest Is that the fastest you can drive? a
3 Fiona has received the same number of letters as
me. many Fiona has received as many letters as
me. 1
4 I’ve never read such an interesting book.
the It’s the most interesting book I've
ever read
A always B make
are
5 Nora is the most careful driver of all. alwaysmake
C will always
as No one else drives as carefully as Nora making
does
than Nora is more careful than any other 2
driver.
Nora is a more careful driver than
anyone else.
Nora drives more carefully than
‘
anyone else.
A
6 As she gets older, she becomes more
sophisticated. the The older she gets, B
the more
C
3

‘
t
A

C
4
*I
.............................
B am thinking
my
about
A think about
C thought about
inc
lud
ing
the
wo
Com rd
2@ plet in
e bol
the d.
sent
enc 1 I've never
es heard
with such a
two silly
to
excuse.
five
wor the
ds, tñc silliest
secure...
 I’ve ever heard. a Ben‘Did John visit you last
5 ‘Jenny
2 Jane’s car was s . night?’
has been
cheaper than ‘Yes. I . . on the
writing
Adam’s. S io phone when he arrived
letters all te
morning.’ v
‘Yes. She e
. 6 C
. six a
letters so n
far.' t
A wrote B has been y
writing C has written o
6 ’Bill looks very tired.’ u
’Yes. He.............the house all e
afternoon. at
A has a
been n
cleaning B has y
m
cleaned C
or
had been
e
cleaning
th
7 Ha a
ve n
yo th
u at
se ?
en most A talked B
Ja am talking C
cki Is that was talking
e 11 Joanne is a secretary,
you can isn't she?’
re
eat?
ce
7 As I study
ntl
more, I
y?’ get better
‘N grades.
o. t I get. ‘Yes. She.............as a
I h secretary for seven
ha e years.
ve
n’t T
se h
en e
he
r...............................................May.' m
A since B for o
before r
less Adam e
’s. Pauline always sits by herself.'
Jane’s car Yes, she is too shy .. . to I
3 As we got anyone.’ s
A to talk B talking t
closer, I
u
became d
more y
nervous. the ,
The closer 8 I’ve
we got, never I
I know e
be n k
ca w
such
m 9 Josie
e. an
indep has
4 Tom has bought ‘Peter has the
the same number been enden
same
of sweets as Lucy. spending a t numb
many Tom has lot of money young er of
lately ‘I know. woma CDs
bought Lucy.
5 Ben is smarter He .. a new computer n. as
than Steve. yesterday.’ the David
A has bought B bought .
had bought She’s ............ many
......................
 Josie has A has been working B is working
..................................... C works
.......David. 13
10 Ke ‘Is Katie enjoying her university
ith course?’
is ‘Yes. She.............the lectures very
interesting.’
th
A found B had found
e
finds
be
st ‘Why are you all so excited?'
te ’Dad suggested...........the
nni weekend in the mountains
s A spend B to spend
pla spending
ye
r
of
all.
th
an Keith
...
.
anyone else.

72
 Adjectives - Adverbs - Comp
/¿I R A {
Box “cry You are interviewing people for a position within your company. Look at the information below and

comparisons using the adjectives and adverbs in the

Expand the notes into sentences to list, as in the example.
complete the letter. qua/ified, fluent/y, experienced, re/iaD/e, friendly, fast
e.g. Miss Houston is more qualified than Mr Spencer.
Dear Sir/Madam. Mrs Thompson is the most qualified of all.
• I / write / to you / to apply for / position / of / science gualilications: Bachelor of Aris
teacher / which / advertise / Evening Argus Experience: 3 years in similar
newspaper last Friday position Languages: fluent French
I / graduate / from university five years ago and I / Skills: types 100 words per minute
teach / science / Baker Comprehensive School since Personality: very reliable. quite friendly
then. I / also organise / extra activities / for children /
MiSS HOUStOff
after < school / for / last three years
I / enjoy teaching / and /1 / be very patient / with
young qualifications: 4 A-levels
, children. I / attend / several seminars / on subject / Experience: 1 year in similar position
, teaching science / primary school children. Languages: a lithe French
I / ask / my current employer / for / time off / to Skills: types 80 words per minute
attend interviews / so /1 / be free to / visit your school Personality: not very friendly. quite reliable
if / you / wish to meet me. Mr Spencer
I / hope / hear / from you soon.
Yours faithfully, qualifications: Bachelor of Arts.
Gary Taylor Master of Arts
.. . . -.. .. ........ ..... . - Experience: 2 years in similar
position Languages: working knowledge
Complete the sentences with two to of French Skills: types 120 words per
five minute Personality: very friendly. not
words, including the word in bold. very reliable
Mrs Tho R**^
1 My parents don't allow me to go out alone.
let My parents ...don't lat mv go... out alone
2 The horse isn’t fast enough to win the race.
slow The horse is ]he race.
3 She prefers reading to watching television.
read She
watch television
You now have to write a report for your boss,
4 Would you open the door for me, please?
comparing the three candidates. Look at the Oral
kind Would you be the door
Activity again and complete the report below.
for me, please?
Allchin DATE: 3rd5June
I was so angry that I couldn’t speak.
the position of Personal
too AssistantI was to Head of Sales in France: Miss Houston, speak Mr Spencer and Mrs Thompson. Miss Houston is more qualified than Mr Spencer, but M
6 He spent weeks writing the report.
tookfor the job,
on is the best candidate It .........
as she has all the necessary qualifications. the report
7 We found the news very disturbing.
were We...............................................the news.
8 She has difficulty in making new friends.
difficult It is . new friends.
9 They made me work late last night.
was I...................................................last night.
10 They heard Tom argue with the boss.
was Tom.........................................
with the boss.
 Revision 1 (U«:›n 1 - 3)
18 Jessica Blake............her first novel when she was twenty
Choose the correct answer. A wrote B was written C had written

19 Claire is...............runner on the team.

1 6 . did Susie leave home? A fast B faster C the fastest
A How long B How long ago C While
20 Colin is not...............as Martin
2 I don’t remember..............that shop before. A strong B as strong C stronger
A see B to see C seeing
21 You will soon...............to living in the city.
His car is not...............as mine. A be used B used C get used
A as modern B more modern C most modern
22 I to the supermarket. Do you need anything?
4 The teacher made me...............behind after school.
A go B will go C am going
A to stay B stay C staying
23 We can’t decide what...............for dinner.
5 We couldn’t find anywhere...............the car.
A have B to have C having
A park B to park C parking
24 The athlete...............for hours and he needed a rest.
6 He is thinking about to Spain this summer.
A had trained B was training
A go B to go C going
C had been training
7 to Mike today? I need to ask him something.
A Will you be speaking B Will you have spoken C 25 Mark .... ...... a lot of overtime these days. He must need
Will you have been speaking the money.
A works B is working C worked
He’s............the cleverest boy in the school.
A far B by far C much 26 She...............a film when the telephone rang.
A was watching B has watched
Mr Johnson is regarded............a very successful
C has been watching
lawyer.
A like B so C as
27 She swims...............a fish.
10 I..............my work by 4 o’clock, so I went home. A as B like C SO
A had finished B was finishing C will have finished
2 I haven't been to the library
11 The weather is getting hotter and A yet B until C just
A the hotter B hottest C hotter
29 The man...............near the door is my boss.
12 I haven't played tennis A standing B to stand C stands
I was at school.
A for B since
C just
30 I..............you to the fair unless you behave yourselves.
13 That was...............party I have ever been to. A won t be taking B won't take
A the best B the better C best C won't have taken

14 My new bed is...............than my old one. 31 The film was...............funnier than I expected.
A comfortable B more comfortable A by far B very C even
C most comfortable
32 Janice.............very quiet today. I wonder what's wrong.
15 is a great way to relax. A be B is being C will have been
A Read B To read C Reading
33 I wonder if Sally...............to the disco.
16 There’s no point in angry. He didn't mean to A will come B will be coming C will have come
annoy you.
A get B to get 34 He is used...............alone now.
C getting
A living B to live C to living
17 My new house is much...............than my old one.
A big B bigger C biggest 35 She prefers...............trousers to skirts.
A wear B to wear C wearing

¥4
 Revision 1 (Units J - 3)
36 The meeting.............at nine o'clock. Don’t be
16 A: Do you enjoy playing
late.
tennis? B: Oh, yes. I (play) since
A started B is starting C starts
I was six years old.
17 A: Have you been working here
37 ‘How long..............Tony?' ‘Since we were long?
children.’
A did you know B have you known B: Yes. By next June, I.......................................(work)
C do you know here for ten years.
18 A: It's nine o'clock.
38 The taxi...............here soon. Are you ready? B: Yes. The (deliver)
A will be B is C will have been postman
Mum's parcel by
now.
19 A: I liked your speech.
39 It is difficult a good job these days B: Thank you. I (practise)
A find B to find C finding for hours before I made it.
20 A: Did Martin help you clean the house yesterday?
40 My father...........to be a teacher, but now he has B: No. By the time he got up, (do)
retired. I
A is used B got used C used everything.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct

2p tense.
3p
Underline the correct item.

1 A:
Did you have a good evening? 1 You must Drush/to 6rushlhrushing your teeth twice a
B day.
2 A: Yes, thank you. We ... m‹nr... (go) to see a play.
Cats (wash) themselves. 2 He has decided look/to lookllooking for a new job.
B: 3 Peter enjoys to watchlwatchlwatching adventure films.
3 A: I know. They are very clean
animals. Why are you so dirty? 4 We are tired of five/living/to live in such a noisy area.
B: 5 She claims to ñave repaired/to repair/repairing the
I . (work) in the garden all
4 A: car herself.
B: morning. I want to phone Jane.
6 I would rather eat/to eat/eafing pizza than spaghetti.
Well, don't phone her now. She
(study). 7 We refused lend/to lend/lending him the car.
5 A: You look busy. 8 He was too young go/to go/going to the party alone.
B: I am. I 9 He denied fake/to faAe/taking the money.
(write) a letter to my 10 You really should to spendlspendlspending more
brother.
6 A: I would like a new bicycle. time studying.
B: Me too. My parents
.... .......... (buy) me one
for Christmas.
7 A: What time are the guests arriving? @ Complete the sentences.
B: They . (be) here in ten
8 A: minutes. Are you excited about your trip? 1 It’s cold outside. You can’t wear a T-shirt.
B: Yes. This time next week, (sail) It's ...too cola suss/oc for you to wear a ?-sible.
I across the Atlantic. 2 Sam is clever. He can go to
9 A: I’m going to the university. Sam is
B: supermarket. You’d better 3 She is very tired. She can’t watch the late
be quick, then. It (close) at film. She is
eight o’clock.
10 A: You sounded tired when I spoke to you last night. B: Yes. By the time he arrives, we
B: Well, I . (paint) the house all (have) breakfast.
day.
11 A: What . (you/do) when I called?
B: I.....................................................(water) the plants.
12 A: Have you sent those letters yet?
B: Yes. I . (post) them
yesterday.
13 A: Are there any biscuits left?
B: No, sorry. I.........................................(eat) them
all.
14 A: Why was Julie crying this morning?
B: Because she......................................(hurt) her
leg.
15 A: Paul is going to collect us at ten o'clock.
 4 Mary has a lot of money. She can go
on holiday. Mary has
5 He has bought a lot of sugar. He can
make a cake. He has bought
6 This soup is very salty. I
can't eat it. This soup is
7 This painting is very special. I
can’t sell it. This painting is
8 Carol is very pretty. She could be
a model. Carol is
9 He has got lots of time. He can go to the
cinema. He has got
10 Paul is ill. He can’t go
to work. Paul is
 Revision 1 (u«:› 1 - 3)
11 The weather is warm. We can go for a
10 A: This bag is very cheap.
picnic. The weather is
B: Yes, but look. This one is
12 She is very full. She can‘t eat any even (cheap).
more. She is 11 A. Why are we going this way?
B: Because it s (short) route
to the beach.
Underline the correct item.
5 12 A: The children are so noisy
today. B: I know. I wish they (quiet)
would be
1 I have been working very hard /afe//afe/y.
2 The mountain was so highlhighly that they couldn*t
climb it.
Rewrite the sentences using participles.
3 Hurry up! It is near/near/y time to go.
4 Her books are most/most/y romance novels.
He found it hardlhardly to explain his
1 The boy who is taking photographs is my cousin
problem.
. 7hc boy oak ink pho to graphs is my cousin.
6 That man is a highlhighly respected doctor.
2 Because she felt hungry, Julie bought a sandwich.
Our new house is near/nearly the city
centre.
Which of these dresses do you like mosf/mosf/y?
I had hardlylhard finished cooking when the guests 3 After she had sold her flat, she moved into a house.
arrived.
10 The girls were prefty/pretti/y dressed for the party. 4 He fell asleep while he was watching TV.
11 I got this lipstick free/freely with a magazine.
12 He is always late/lately for work. 5 Paul saw the rain clouds and started to hurry
13 The exam was pretfy/pretti/y difficult, but we all
passed.
14 She was deep/deep/y absorbed in her work and didn’t 6 She was standing at the window and she was looking
hear me call. at the garden
15 Her hair blew free/free/y around her head in the breeze.
7 Because we had finished the job, we went home.
Put the adjectives in brackets into the
6 comparative or superlative form, adding
any necessary words.

1 A: Mark is very confident. Underline the correct preposition.

B: Yes. He is certainly .. mare confident than
(confident) his brother. 1 We found it hard to cope a6outlwithllor such noisy
2 A: Did you enjoy your holiday?
children.
B: Oh, yes. It was (good) holiday 2 The boy complained of/aDout/for having too much
I’ve ever had.
homework.
3 A: You’re late home tonight.
3 The mechanic charged me £50 of/witfi/for servicing
B: I know. The work took (long)
I had expected. my car.
4 He seems to be very anxious forlofla6out the exam
4 A: Did you like the brown shoes?
B: Yes, but they were by far results.
(expensive) shoes in the 5 There was no reason of/for/aDouf him to shout at her.
5 A: shop. Have you put the 6 He was dissatisfied 6ylwithlol his new computer.
B: heating on? Yes. I*m much (warm) now. 7 She dreamt of/for/aDouf being a pop star last night.
6 A: Do you like your new job? 8 According withltol6y the weather forecast. it will be
B: Yes. The staff are (friendly) sunny today.
people I've ever met. 9 My mother took care aDouf/for/of my plants while I
7 A: The new cinema is was away.
B: great. Yes. It’s (big) cinema 10 I am very angry w”ithla6outlat you for disobeying my
I’ve ever been to. orders.
8 A: Your new car looks good. 11 9 A: Thank you for the information.
B: It is. It’s much . . . . .... .. . . .. . .... (fast) 12 B: No problem. If you want any
my old car. 13 (far) information, just ask.

76
I know I can count against/on/for my parents for support. She
accused me of/for/about stealing her necklace.
I don’t always agree at/on/w”/tñ the decisions he makes. One
advantage of/for/aDout living in the country is that it is quiet.
The taxi arrived at/to/in the hotel at half past two.
 Revision 1 (Units 1 - 3)
Could you help me make dinner. please*
Fill in the gaps with the correct particle
9 from the list.
mind Would
me make dinner, please*
down on, for, into, off. on. up, down with, out, 9 He has difficulty in expressing his
down feelings difficult It is
1 We are trylng to cut down on fuel this year It is so his feelings
expensive 10 They heard the boss shouting at her secretary
2 She is not cut to be a teacher yesterday
She has no patience at all was The boss
3 I can t print the files The computer has broken at her secretary yesterday
4 He missed the party because something came Carl has got the same number of videos as Andrew
5 She came a cold and had to cancel many Carl has got
her holiday Andrew
12 Sarah was charmed by the silver earrings and bought
6 The manager brought the subject of
overtime at the meeting them immediately
7 She was found Sarah
all night preparing for the
presentation and bought them immediately
Being an athlete calls 13 This tea is too cold for me to drink
a lot of stamina
9 i-Ie was warm This tea
school for two weeks when
he had measles for me to drink
10 The business deal came 14 He has never travelled by ship before
and the company
made a lot of money the It's
he has travelled by ship
11 The children carried with their work She made me stay In my bedroom
when the teacher left the room 15
was I
12 The stress of the accident brought one
in my bedroom.
of her asthma attacks 16 We haven”t been to the theatre for months
13 There is a good film television this evening
time The
14 He had to break his house because
to the theatre was months ago
he had lost his keys
17 We were on the point of going out when the phone rang
15 The village was cut after the snowstorm.
about We
when the phone rang

10p Complete each sentence with two to

five words, including the word in
18 It was the first time she had driven a car
never She
bold. a car before

1 I got this job three months ago 19 I think it's important to travel to other countries
for I have had this job for three months travelling I think
2 That test was easier than the last one is important
less That test 20 Wearing jeans in the office is not allowed
the last one allow We do not in the office
3 Mark is shorter than Paul
as Mark PaUI
1 1y Cross out the unnecessary word.
4 We haven’t finished decorating the house yet
still We
decorating the house 1 I II make the dinner when I 3zd get home
5 As it got later, I became more tired 2 She went to the market for to buy some fruit
the The later it got,
I heard Michael to phone and book the tickets
I became 4 The question was too difficult for me to answer it
6 Some people say it is bad for your eyes to watch too 5 He left the house without to saying goodbye to me
much TV s He's much more younger than he looks
watching Some people say 7 Bob was feeling the more and more tired
is bad for your eyes g
She spent the most of the day lying on the beach
7 She moved here when she was eighteen 9 He can hardly not see anything without his glasses
since She ‹o Learning to drive it is difficult
she was eighteen 11 You had better to eat all of your dinner
12
Karen made her brother to apologise to her
 ?ticles
Woré Formation

G Nouns are: abstract (love, /reecfom, etc.), proper

Others have different forms:
(Joe, Europe, efc.), group (lamily, feam, crowd,
group, etc.) or common (chair, hat, boy, etc.}. actor - actress king - queen
(Dride) groom - bride monk - nun
'¥' Most nouns which refer to jobs, social status, etc. duke - duchess prince - princess
have the same form for men and women e.g. hero - heroine waiter - waitress
doctor, feacher, efc. host - hostess widower - widow, efc.

Scientists do a lot ol research

in order to lind cures for
various diseases. A lot of
money is spent on equipmenf
eve/y year, but the information
collected is invaluable.

Countable nouns are nouns which we can count. 'g'

Uncountable nouns are nouns which we cannot
They have singular and plural forms. We usually
count. They do not have different plural forms.
form the plural by adding -s. (Look at Appendix 1). Uncountable nouns include:
Irregular Plurals: man - men, woman - women, a) many types of food: flour, yoghurt, butter, meat,
foot - feet, tooth - teeth, louse - lice, mouse - mice, cheese, spaghetti, rice, sugar, etc.
child - children, goose - geese, ox - oxen b) liquids: co/fee, lemonade, oil, petrol, wine, water, efc.
Some nouns have the same form in the singular c) materials: crystal, wood, plastic, silver, china, glass, etc.
and the plural. These are: d) abstract nouns: knowledge, beauty, justice, help,
a) some kinds of animals (sheep, deem and fish freedom, education, love, etc.
(trout, cod, sa/mon, etc.) e) others: research, luggage, baggage, hair,
e.g. A sheep was grazing in the field. Some weather, behaviour, advice, news, accommodation,
sheep were grazing in the field. information, fun, equipment, litter, rubbish,
b) the words aircraft, spacecrafi, hovercraft, etc. furniture, crockery, cutlery, ¡ewellery, machinery,
e.g. One hovercraft was approaching the port. money, etc.
7wo hovercraft were approaching the port. We use the following nouns with uncountable
c) some nouns ending in -s: crossroads, means, nouns to show quantity: a piece of cakelpaper|
series, species, works, etc. newsl advicelinformationlfurniture, a g/ass/dottfe of
e.g. A car is a means o/ fransport. Cars are a means water, a i ar ol jamlhoney, a rasher ol bacon, a
ol transport. pacAet of ricel tea, a loaflslice ol bread, a pot of
yoghurtlhoney, a potlcup of rea, a kilo of meat, a
fuDe of toothpaste, a bar of chocolatelsoap, a can
of soda, a carton of milk, a bowl of sugarlsoup,
erc.

79
Some of the above nouns can also be used with plural countable
nouns.
e.g. a ki/o o/ /omafoes, a 6owI of cherries

58
 Nouns - Ar icles - Word

Countable nouns: Uncountable nouns:

G can take singular or plural verbs. 'g’ always take singular verbs.
e.g. The windoyr is open. e.g. Gold is more expensive than
silver. The windows are open. Mi/A comes from cows.
4 always go with a/an/the/my, etc. in the singular. ’g’ do not go with a/an/one/fwo, etc.
e.g. I paid ffie 6iI1. This is my pen. e.g. Water is good for you.
4 can be used alone or with some/any/many/few in 4’ can be used alone or with some/any/much/lift/e/
the plural. the/my, etc.
e.g. I love app/es. e.g. Don’t forget to buy (some} coffee.
I bought some apples fo make a pie. Note: We use a/an, one/fwo, etc. with uncountable
nouns such as coffee, tea, soda, etc. when we
order something in a restaurant, café, etc.
e.g. We'II have three coffees, please.

Some nouns can be used as countable or G A couple of, severa/, (a} fear, many, a (good, large,
uncountable, with a difference in meaning. great} num6er of and 6oth are used with countable
• \l\fouId you like a g/ass of lemonade? nouns. e.g. a couple of friends. (7oo} much, (a)
Tina can’t see without her glasses. /in/e, a great/goorf deaf of, a sma///large
(spectacles) The vase is made of g/ass. (the amount/quantify of are used with uncountable
material) nouns. e.g. a small amount of money. A lot ol, lots
• He went to the newsagent's /o buy a Paper. of, (hardly) any, some, no, p/enty of are used with
(newspaper) He wrote my phone num6er on a piece countable and uncountable nouns. e.g. plenty of
of paper. (the writing material) friendslmoney
Don’t forget to Dring all the necessary papers.
(documents)
• Susan has got short, dark hair. (all the hair on her
head) There is a hair in my soup!
'g' Compound nouns are nouns that are made of two
• I’ve bought an iron as a wedding gift for Tom and or more parts and are formed as follows:
Jane.
(for ironing clothes) a) noun + noun. The plural is usually formed by
This chair is made of iron. (the material) adding -s/-es to the second noun.
e.g. ticket inspector —• ticket inspectors
• You shouldn't eat too much
chocolate. be gave her a 6ox of b) -ing form/adjective + noun. The plural is formed
chocolates. by adding -s/-es to the noun.
e.g. swimming pool —• swimming pools
• Your room is a mess! e.g. greenhouse —• greenhouses
be haven't got enough room to put you up. (space)
c) noun + in-law. The plural is formed by adding
• The table is made of wood. (the -s to the noun.
material) A lot of wolves live in the e.g. sister-in-law -•• sisters-in-law
woods. (forest) d) noun + adverb. The plural is formed by adding
• Mr Davis has a lot of experience in accounting. -s to the noun.
(length of time doing i# e.g. runner-up —• runners-up
He had a few unpleasant experiences while living e) verb + adverb particle. The plural is formed by
abroad. (events) adding -s to the word.
• I haven’t got any time to lose. e.g. breaMhrough —• breakthroughs
How many limes did Rick phone? (occasions)
 iticles - Word Formation
5 a water
6 a wine
7 a chocolate
8 a crisps
9 a honey
10 a meat
11 a spaghetti
a) nouns which refer to school subjects: economics, 12 a flour
b) physics, mathematics
nouns which (maths),
refer to sports: po/ities, etc.
gymnastics, aft/efics,
bowls, etc.
c) nouns which refer to games: Di//iards, dominoes, Fill the gaps with a, an, or some
where necessary.
darts, draughts, etc.
d) nouns which refer to illnesses: meas/es, mumps,
etc, 1 a) We had .eom< delicious food last night.
e) the word news. b) We had ...a'... delicious meal last night.
e.g. I think physics is a very interesting 2 a) There is.................beauti(uI furniture in that shop.
subject. The news isn’f very encouraging, b) There is..................beautiful table in that shop
I’m afraid. 3 a) I”m thirsty. I need . drink
b) I’m thirsty. I need....................water.
plural nouns when we talk about an amount of 4 a) She's just bought..................expensive clothes
money, a time period, weight, distance, etc. b) She’s just bought . expensive dress.
e. g. Five hundred thousand pounds was donated to 5 a) They booked..................room in advance.
Duild a new hospital wing. b) They booked..............accommodation in advance
group nouns such as i U v . mi/y, team, group, 6 a) The band played..................lovely song
crew, crowd, class, audience, committee, b) The band played..................lovely music.
coc/nci/, army, club, press, government, 7 a) We had..................heatwave last week
company, etc. b) We had..................hot weather last week.
when we mean the group as a unit. But we use 8 a) I can’t do this job alone. I need...............assistant
plural verbs when we mean the individuals who b) I can’t do this job alone. I need..................help.
make up the group. 9 a) He has got..................heavy luggage to carry.
e.g. The i•w is ready to give the verdict. (We mean b) He has got..................heavy suitcase to carry.
the jury as a unit.) 10 a) I need..................cutlery to eat this food with
The i w A re all staying at the Park Hotel. (We b) I need................knife and fork to eat this food with
mean the individual members of the ¡ury.) 11 a) She has got ................. important job to do
b) She has got ........ ..... important work to do.
12 a) He found..................coin on the ground.
nouns such as: c/ofhes, people, po/ice, stairs, b) He found..................money on the ground.
(good) looks, surroundings, outskirts, premises,
earnings, wages, caft/e, pou/try, etc.
Complete the sentences using the noun
e.g. Designer clothes are rather expensive. in brackets in the singular or plural form
nouns which refer to objects that consist of two and a/an where necessary.
parts, such as: trousers, binoculars, shoals, shoes,
g/oves, yiamas, tights, g/asses, earrings, socks, 1 He gave me a box of my favourite . ñoco/arcs..
(chocolate)
scissors, etc.
2 His favourite food is (chocolate)
We do not use a/an or a number with these words. 3 She bought on her way to
We use the phrase pair of ... instead. (paper) work.
e.g. Where are your g/oves? 4 He placed all the
I was given a pair of g/oves. important briefcase. in
(paper)
5 I need some his to write this
on. (paper)
message

Fill in the gaps with an appropriate noun + 6 Hurry up! We don’t have (time)
1
of to indicate quantity. 7 much She has visited us this month.
several (time)
1 a. </p/os p cñ.. orange juice 8 He has no but he is keen to learn
2 a cheese (experience)
a bread 9 She had a lot of exciting during her
4 a coffee travels. (experience)

6O
 Nouns - Articles - Word
10 We went for a walk in
the aRer lunch
(wood)
6p Underline the correct word.
11 His desk is made of (wood)
12 Jane is in her reading a book. 1 A: I have a Physics exam tomorrow.
13 We have got plenty (room) B: Oh dear. Physics s/are a very difficult subject.
of in here. (room) for a party 2 A: My office is three miles from my house.
14 I am going to have my B: Three miles is/are a long way to walk to work.
cut tomorrow.
(hair)
15 There was in my soup.
3 A: My little brother has got measles.
16 I’m thirsty. I need (hair) of water.
B: Oh dear. Measles is/are quite a serious illness.
J7 Susan only wears her (glass)
4 A: Jane looked nice today, didn't she?
reads. (glass) when she
B: Yes. Her clothes w'ere/w'as very smart.
18 This ornament is made of coloured
S A: I ve got two pounds. I’m going to buy a CD
(glass) B: Two pounds is/are not enough to buy a CD.
19 Helen bought....................................in the sale at 6 A: The classroom was empty when I walked past.
the
B: Yes. The class was/were all on a school outing.
electrical store. (iron)
20 The old gate was made of (iron)
7 A: Have you just cleaned the stairs?
B: Yes, so be careful. They is/are very slippery.
A:
Cross out the expressions which cannot be
4
Did you ask John to fix your car?
used with the nouns, as in the B: Yes. His advice was/were that I take it to a garage.
example. 9 A: Did you enjoy your holiday?
B: Yes, thank you. The weather w'as/w'ere wonderful.
1 There are several, many, , plenty of, e 1o As These trousers is/are very old.
things you can do to help. B You should buy a new pair.
2 He has met a couple of , a few, very little, plenty of, 11 A: How is/are the company doing lately?
too much interesting people. B: Great. We opened up two more branches.
3 She earns few, hardly any, plenty of, several, a great 12 A: I am going to travel for two years when I finish
deal of money. B: school. Two years is/are a long time to be away
4 We have got no, many, lots of, a great deal of, a few from home.
work to do.
Don’t worry, there’s a little, plenty of, a couple of,
many, a lot of time.
6 Both, Several, A large quantity of, Plenty of, Too Finish the sentences, as in the example.
much students applied for the course.
1 You need a lot of experience to do this job.
7 He's got no, hardly any, a little, some, a small
A lot of experience ... necdcd in to fhicy b...
amount of qualifications
2 They gave us some interesting
She's got hardly any, several, a little, a few, a lot of
information. The information
experience in dealing with customers.
She likes Maths more than any other
9 There is too much, a lot of, hardly any, few, several
subject. Maths
salt in this soup.
4 We had mild weather this winter.
10 There is a little, many, too much, a great number
The weather
of,
5 We called the police
some traffic on the roads today.
immediately The police
I told them some exciting news.
What do we call the following things
or
people? The news
7 He was irritated because of the bad
traffic. He was irritated because the
1 A person who drives a bus is ...a bus ariver. 9 A brush for your hair is
2 The screen of a computer is 10 Someone who passes by a place or incident is
3 The juice from an orange is
4 A stick for walking with is 11 The keys to your house are
5 A curtain around the shower is
6 Someone who cleans windows is
7 Your husband's mother is your
8 A chair which rocks is
61
 8 I stayed in very
luxurious
accommodation.
The
accommodation
9 The driver took the
luggage out of the
car. The luggage
10 She gave
me very
sensible
advice. The
advice she
gave me
11 These
shorts
are too
big for
me. This
pair of
shorts
12 The hotel is in
magnificent
surroundings.
The hotel
surroundings
13 She
’s
got
long
blon
de
hair.
Her
hair

62
 iticles - Woré Formation

narration.
e.g. One summer, the lamily decided to go to Tahiti.
We use alan: One Tuesday, Kate was walking home from work.
with singular countable nouns when we talk about We can use one day to refer to the future.
them in general. e.g. One day, you vv/// regre/ this.
e.g. I want to buy a dress. (any dress)
We use one or one of ... when we mean one
with the verbs to de and have (gof}. person/thing out of many. It usually contrasts with
e.g. Mary has (got} a dog. It's a German Shepherd. another/ofher(s}.
before Afr/Mrs/Miss/Ms when we refer to an unknown e.g. One bus was full, but the others were empfiy.
person. One ol my colleagues is from Italy.
e.g. A Mrs Jones called you this morning. (A person
We use a an or one with no difference in meaning
that we don't know.)
when counting or measuring distance, weight,
to show: a) price in relation to weight (two pounds time, etc.
a kilo), b) distance in relation to speed (80km an e.g. I paid a/one hundred pounds for this
hour) and c) frequency (fwice a week). bracelet. We boUghf a/one carton of milk.
We do not use a/an: they spenr a/one month cruising down the Nile.
with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns.
We use some instead of a/an.
e.g. We need some mi/k and some f/our.
They Bought some f/owers.
before an adjective if it is not followed by a noun.
e.g. This ring is expensive.
But: This is an expensive ring. We use one in the singular and ones in the plural
to avoid repeating the noun when it is clear what
we mean.
e.g. My house is the one with the red front door.
We use a/an with one when there is an adjective
We use a an to refer to an unspecified thing with before one.
the meaning ‘any one’. We use one when we are e.g. I want ro buy a |acket. I want a leather one.
counting, to put emphasis on number. BUT: I want to buy a jacket. I want one with a fur collar.
e.g. He 6ought a tie. (We are not talking a6out a
specific tie.) We use one/ones with fñis/that.
e.g. He bough/ one lie. (He didn't buy two ties.) e.g. I don’t like this pair of shoes, but I like that one.
We use one with the words day, week, month, year, We use which one(s) in questions.
winfer, morning, night, etc. or with a specific day or e.g. I like the yellow blouse best. Which one do you
month to say when something happened, usually In like?

Fill in a, an, one or ones. 8 of my brothers is .... policeman.

9 I'm looking for ....... dress. I'd like a blue
1 I'm making ...a... sandwich. Would you like ? 10 I heard amusing joke yesterday.
2 There was only . sandwich left. All the 11 I like these three pairs of trousers. Which do
others had been eaten. you like best?
3 We saw ........ ...... . giraffe and....................alligator at 12 Simon enjoys swimming. He goes to his local pool
the zoo. three times.....................week
4 These biscuits are nicer than the I normally 13 I’m tired. I need...................rest.
buy. 14 Mr Green came to see you. He s
5 She paid.......................thousand pounds for her car. waiting in your office.
6 day, I will buy a house of my own. 15 We had exciting holiday. It was better
7 I’d love .................. car like that.................over there. than the....................we had last year.
 Nouns - Articles - Word

with nouns when we are talking about something with uncountable and plural countable nouns when
specific, that is, when the noun is mentioned for a
second time or is already known. In other words, talking about something in general, that is, when
when we can answer the question ‘Who†’ or we cannot answer the question ‘Who?’ or
‘Which?’ *Which?’.
e.g. I bought a shirt and a dress. The dress is blue e.g. Fish live in water.
and the shirt is green. with proper nouns. e.g. Mark lives in Brighton.
with nouns which are unique. with the names of sports, games, activities, days,
e.g. the sun, the Eiffel Tower months, celebrations, colours, drinks, meals and
with the names of cinemas (the Rex), hotels (the languages (when they are not followed by the word
Carlton), theatres (fhe GIo6e), museums (the British ‘language’). e.g. I ohen play chess. We speak
Museum), newspapers/magazines (the Times but: German. but: The German language is difficult to
Time magazine), ships (the Mary Rose), learn.
organisations (the EU), galleries (the Tate Gallery) with the names of countries (Italy, but: the
Netherlands, the Lebanon, the Sudan, fhe Vatican
with the names ol rivers (the Nile), seas (fñe
C/fy}, cities (Paris), streets (Oxford Street, but: the
Caspian Sea), groups of islands (the Canary
High Sfreef, the Strand, the Mall, fñe London road,
Islands), mountain ranges (the Alps), deserts (the
fhe A19, ffie M6 motorway), squares (Trafalgar
Sahara Desert), oceans (the Atlantic), canals (the
Square), bridges (Tower Bridge but: fhe Bridge of
Panama Canal), countries when they include words
Sighs, the Humber Bridge), parks (Hyde Park),
such as state, Kingdom, repuD/ie, etc. (the United
railway stations (Victoria Station), mountains (Ben
Kingdom) and names or nouns with ‘of’ (the Leaning
/Vevis}, individual islands (Tahiti), lakes (Lake
Tower of Pisa)
Geneva), continents (Africa)
NOTE: the equator, the NorthlSouth Pole, fhe north
of England, the southlwestlnorthleast with possessive adi ecfives or the possessive case.
e.g. That is my car.
with the names of musical instruments and dances.
e.g. the piano, fhe tango with two-word names when the first word is the
with the names of families (the Windsors), and name of a person or place Gafwick Airport, Windsor
nationalities ending in -sh, -ch or -ese (the French, Casr/e BUT: the White House (because ‘White' is
the Scottish, ffie Japanese, etc.). Other plural not the name of a person or place)
nationalities are used with or without the (the with names of pubs, restaurants, shops, banks and
Americans, the Greeks, etc.) hotels named after the people who started them
with titles (the King, the Prince of Wa/es, the and end in -s or -’s. (Lloyds Bank, Harrods, Dave’s
President) Pu6 but: the Red Lion (pub) (because 'Red’ is not
the name of a person or place)
BUT: 'The’ is omitted before titles with proper
names. Queen Victoria with the words bed, church, col/ege, court,
hospifa/, prison, schoo/, university when we refer
with adjectives/adverbs in the superlative form.
to the purpose for which they exist.
e.g. He’s the most respected man in the firm.
e.g. Sarah went to school. (She Is a student.)
BUT: When *most’ is followed by a noun, it does not BUT: Her father went fo the scfioo/ to see her
take ‘the*. teacher yesterday. (He went to the school as a
e.g. Mosf cii/dren like cartoons. visitor.)
with the words morning, afternoon, evening and with the word worA (= place of work).
night. e.g. He is at work.
e.g. We eat dinner in the evening. but: at night, at
noon, at midnight, dy daylnight, at 4 a’clock, etc. with the words home, Fafher/Mother when we talk
about our own home/parents. e.g. Father is at
with historical periods/events. the Middle Ages, the home.
Crimean War (6ut: World War II)
with Dy + means of transport: Oy Ous/car/frain/
with the words on/y, /asf, first (used as adjectives). p/ane, etc. e.g. She travelled Dy Dus.
e.g. He was the first person to arrive.
BUT: She leh on the 8 o’cfocA Dus this morning.
with the names of illnesses. e.g. He’s got
malaria. but: flu/ffie flu, meas/es/the meas/es,
mumps/the f7?Uf7?/ S
 iticles - Word Formotion
NOTE:
10a Choose the correct alternative.
’¥' We use tñe with the words deacfi, station, cinema,
theatre, coasf, country(side}, ground, jung/e,
seaside, weaffier, world, shop, library, city, sea 1 Catherine loves cafs/the cafs
(BUT to De at sea = to De sai/ing}, etc. 2 Look at cats/the cats! They are chasing a bird.
e.g. Let’s go to ffie 6each. 3 I don’t like coffee/fhe coffee. but I like tea/the fea
You cut ffie caAe/caAe and I'll pour coffee/the coffee.
LilelThe life will be very different in the future.
1ife/The life of a mayfly is extremely short.
We usually don’t use the with the word te/evision. 7 I enjoy swimming/ffie swimming in the sea.
e.g. I like watching fe/evision in the evenings. Chi/dren/The children usually like playing games.
BUT: Turn on the television, please. (the television ChildrenlThe chi/dren have gone to the park.
set} 10 All peop/e/the people in this room are my relatives.
11 All peop/e/the peop/e should have freedom of speech
7he is optional with seasons. 12 V'i//ages/The vi//ages in this part of the country are
e.g. My favourite season is (the) spring. very beautiful.
We use the + adjective to refer to a group of 13 Breakfast/7fie DreaAfasf is the most important meal of
people usually with the adjectives: poor, rich, sick, daylthe day.
injured, e/der/y, unemp/oyed, ñome/ess, disabled, 14 Paul was only/tñe on/y person who remembered me
young, old, dead, 6lind, deal, handicapped, 15 In Stone Age/tñe Stone Age, people lived in caves.
menta//y i//. 16 I would like to travel to Spainlthe Spain.
e.g. the young are usually impatient. 17 We travelled to London by trainlthe train
18 He is learning to play I/ufe/ffie f/ute.
When we refer to a group of people, animals or
things we use:
1 a/an or fhe with singular countable nouns.
11 Fill in a, an or the where necessary.
e.g. AlThe dolphin is a clever creature.
2 plural countable nouns without a/an or the.
1 A: Shall we go to ...fhe .. cinema tonight*
e.g. Oo/phins are clever creatures.
B: Yes. It’s a long time since I saw.................film
(NOT. .)
2 A: Have you ever been to . . Copenhagen?
B: Yes. I think it s.................prettiest city in Europe.
3 A: Did you see all.................sights in Paris?
B: Yes, but ......... . Eiftel Tower and...............Louvre
were my favourites.
Fill in the gaps with one ot the words from 4 A: What did you have for.................lunch today?
the list adding ‘the' where necessary. Use B: I had .............. sandwich in................office canteen
9 each word twice. 5 A: Do you buy.................newspaper every day?
prison, school. Ded, sea, hospital B: Yes. I usually buy Independent and my
wife reads.................Times
6 A Danny plays.................golf very well. doesn I he?
1 The minute we reached the beach, the children ran B: Yes, he practises every weekend with his friends
into ...¢fi‹ sea .. to swim. 7 A: Which station are you meeting John at?
2 My brother is in the navy. He is at for B: Waterloo Station. It‘s big place.
months sometimes. I hope I find him easily.
I usually go to............................at about 11 pm to get a 8 A: Are you going on holiday this summer?
good night’s sleep. B: Yes. We've booked holiday (or three
4 The cat is sitting on weeks in...................Canary Islands
5 The Prime Minister visited yesterday 9 A: What did you see on your tour today?
and talked to the prisoners. B: Buckingham Palace and Houses
6 The men who robbed the bank are in of Parliament.
now. 10 A: Duponts. who live next door to us. are
7 The ambulance took the injured people to French.
8 I must go to...........................to visit my aunt. She's had B: French are very friendly people, aren t they?
an operation. 11 A: That's.............beautiful dress. Where did you get it*
We saw the children in their classrooms as we walked B: In . . .. ..... summer sale at.............Harrods, actually.
past 12 A: Who is going to open.............new shopping centre?
10 I want to go to university when I leave B: I heard that................Queen is going to do it
 Nouns - Articles - Word o •
4 When in ........ . Rome, do as................Romans do.
2 Fill in a, an or the where necessary. 5 Where there’s ............ will there s................way.
6 You can't teach ...,,......... old dog................new tricks.
7 You can’t get .... .... blood out of................stone.
8 You cannot make omelette without breaking
eggs.
9 . more you get,................more you want.
10 . more................merrier.
11 home is where................heart is.
12 Fire is .............. good servant but................bad master.

1 4,p, Choose the correct alternative.

A 1) I}jy. . football team who have won 2)
World Cup 3) ............ most times is 4)..............Brazil.
They have won 5) competition four 1 Historian/A historian is a person who studies historyl
times. 6) team also hold 7) the history.
record for 8) greatest number of 9) 2 PandalThe panda is a large mammal which lives in
goals scored overall and have played in every one of Chinalthe China. PandaslThe pandas have black and
white fur and eat DamDoo/the Damdoo shoots.
3 We visited wildlife parkla wildlife park last week. It
was inferesfing experience/an inferesfrng experience.
B 1) ............ tallest man in 2) . world was born in
3) USA in 1918. HiS name was 4) 4 Sally s going to buy the new carla new car next month.
Robert Wadlow and 5) She wants one which runs on lead-free petro//ffie lead-
last time he was
measured, in 1940, he had reached a height of 2.72 free petro/.
m. His hands were 32.4 cm from 6). . .wrist to 7) 5 We stayed at hofe/la fiofef by file sea/sea. Room/7fie
room was very comfortable and a viewlthe view was
fantastic.

by 4) .......... train for 5) ......... job interview. However, 7 Susan doesn't believe in ghostslthe gñosts. She thinks
6) ............ train was late and he had been standing that the supernatura/la supernatctra/ is a prodt/cf/
on 7) ............ platform for over 8) . hour. /?fOdt/cf of people's/file people’s imagination.
8 C/offies/7/ie c/ofhes I bought yesterday were very cheap.
bus tO 2) SChool every day. There was sale/a sa/e in one of department stores/the
o I take 1)
house at eight o'clock in 4)
leave 3) department stores in a city centre/the c/ty centre.
morning. It is 5) five-minu te walk fFOlTl Y
journey to
house to 6) b us-stOP. 7)
hour.

1 y Fill in the gaps with a, an, the, or — .

1)...........Queen
next week to open has
been built in 4) 1 A: Have you got ... a.. car?
gent which all local people will B: Yes, I bought . second-hand one last winter.
6) 2 A: How often do you take . holiday?
F 1) .......... Stuart has got 2)............cold. so he has to B: I go to my house in . country about twice
stay in 3) bed. His mother has made him year.
\ 4) ........ bowl of soup and he has got 5).............box 3 A: I can't find shoes I wanted to wear for
of 6) tissues on his 7) bedside table. my party
He will probably spend most of 8)..........day sleeping. B: Have you looked in ......... cupboard in..............hall?
4 A: Did you have fun at . theatre last night?
B: Yes, it was...............enjoyable evening and
play was great.
Read the following proverbs and fill in a, 5 A: That's....................interesting painting.
an, the or — . B: I know. I found it in...........................................attic.
6 A: Did you stay in...................hotel when you went
1 Rome wasn’t built in................day. to
2 . actions speak louder than................words. London?
3 . apple . day keeps..............doctor away. B: Yes. We had.................beautiful room in
King hotel.

61i
 iticles - Word Formation

Prefixes are syllables which we add before certain • verb + ant/ent

words to form new words. The meaning of the new e.g. contest - contestant, study - student
word depends on the prefix that has been used. • noun + an/lan
e.g. republic - republican, library - librarian
anti- against e.g. antisocial
• verb + ee (passive meaning).
bl- two e.g. 6iannual
e.g. train - trainee
co- with e.g. co-driver
ex- = previous, former e.g. ex-husband Nouns formed from verbs
Inter- between e.g. interna//ona/
-age e.g. pack - package
mis- done wrongly or -al e.g. refuse - refusal
badly e.g. misbehave
-ance e.g. accept - acceptance
mono- one e. g. monorai/
e.g. multinational -ation e.g. realise - realisation
multi- many
non- not e.g. non-fiction -enca e.g. O//fer - d /ference
out- more, better e.g. outnumber -Ion e.g. revise - revision
over- (done) to a -ment e.g. enjoy - enjoyment
great extent e.g. overwork -sion e.g. comprehend -
post- after e.g. postc/a/e comprehension
pre- before e.g. prehistoric (verbs ending in -d/-t)
pro- in favour of e.g. pro- -sts e.g. hypnotise hypnosis
re- again government -tion e.g. prescribe - prescription
semi- half e.g. redecorate
Nouns formed from adjectives
sub- under, less e.g. semi-//na/
super- big, more e.g. submarine -ance e.g. important - importance
trans- (travel) from one e.g. superhuman -cy e.g. vacant - vacancy
side, group etc to -ence e.g. competent - competence
another -ion e.g. desolate - deso/ation
under- not enough e.g. transcontinental -nsas e.g. lonely - lone//ness
e.g. undercooked -Qty e.g. lormal - /orma/ity
G The prefixes below are used to express opposite -ty e.g. loyal - loyalty
meanings. -y e.g. modest - modesty
de- e.g. de/ros/, decompose
Adjectives formed from nouns
dls- e.g. dishonest, dislike
in- e.g. indirect, independent -ous e.g. fame - /amous
BUT: II- (before I) e.g. illogical -al e.g. addition - additional
im- (before m, p) -tc e.g. hero - heroic
e.g. immoral, -lve e.g. expense - expensive
impractical ir- (before r) e.g. -ful (with) e.g. care - carefu/
irresponsible 6ut: unreliable, -less (without) e.g. care - care/ess
unreasonable -y e.g. healrh - hea/fhy
-Iy e.g. Iriend - friendly
non- e.g. non-smoker, non-stop
un- e.g. unacceptable, unemployed Adjectives formed from verbs
'0' Suffixes are syllables which we add to the end of -able e.g. like - likeable
certain words to form new words. -ible e.g. defend - defensible
-lve e.g. conclude - conclusive
'6' Nouns referring to people
• verb + er/or/ar Verbs formed from adjectives
e.g. /each - teacher, sa// - sa//or, beg - beggar -en e.g. light - lighten
• noun/verb/adjective + lst -lse e.g. legal - legalise
e.g. motor - motorist, tour - tourist, national -
nationalist
66
 Nouns - Arficles - Word

Add the correct prefixes to the words

in bold.

1 Kate is now doing a ...post... graduate degree. the bonfire we could see that every child wore an 5) ............
2 Mr Bell is an..........-teacher. He retired ten years (express) of great 6) . (happy).
ago.
We are having an 1) (extend) built to our house.
3 This is an ..national company. It has ottices all
The 2) (build) have been working on its 3)
over the world.
(construct) for two weeks and now it
4 Sharon is ..weight fOor her age and height.
looks quite 4) (impress). The extra space will be very 5)
She eats very little.
.............................(use).
5 John is very...........-social. He is often rude to people.
6 The............-finals of the championship are next
week.
7 You can..........book a vegetarian meal on this flight.
8 The men tried to............code the secret message.
9 The restaurant..........charged us by £20 for our
meal,
but we refused to pay until they had checked the bill.
10 When you’ve finished reading, please..........place the
books on the shelves.

Add the correct prefixes to form

1\§, the opposite of the words in
bold.

1 He's an ..un... interesting person. In fact, he's rather

boring.
2 Oriving a car without a licence is.......legal.
3 I m afraid I.........agree with what you just said.
4 I can't do this puzzle. It’s........possible!
5 The cake was.......resistible, so she ate three
pieces.
6 The waiting room is a.......smoking area.
7 He is........literate. He can't read or write.
8 I am........decisive about where to go on holiday.
9 The telephone company ..connected the phone
when he failed to pay the bill.
10 His comment was........relevant to our discussion.

Fill in the correct form of the

words in brackets.

A Sophie can be very 1) . ..ca re.lee s ,.. (care) at times.

Although she tries to be 2)...........(help) and is
always
willing to offer her 3) (assist), more often
than not her 4) (clumsy) causes great 5)
(frustrate) to her family and friends.
The 1) (organise) of the firework display had
been a difficult job, but now the children were
shrieking with 2) (excite)
as each 3) (colour)
4).............(explode) lit up the sky. In the warm glow
of
 7 A lot of children learn the English nowadays.
8 She is seriously ill. She’s got the malaria.
• Both my brother-in-laws work in
9 The most people enjoy spending their holidays by
a bank. x Both my brothers-in-
the seaside.
law work in a bank. 7
• Two aircrafts are flying
in the sky. x Two aircraft
are flying in the sky. 7
• My favourite TV series are
‘Eastenders’. x My favourite
TV series is ‘Eastenders’. 7
• Could you help me carry my
luggages? / Could you help
me carry my luggage?
• What are the
latest news? x
What is the
latest news? 7
• Two kilometres are a long way to go on foot. y
Two kilometres is a long way to go on foot.
• The police is after the escaped
prisoners. / The police are after
the escaped prisoners. 7
• The most of my friends
live nearby. / Most of my
friends live nearby.
• He goes to work
by the train. / He
goes to work by
train.
• The robbers were taken
to the court. x The
robbers were taken to
court. 7

9 Correct the mistakes.

1 We lost our luggages at the airport.

2 We went to Bath by the car.
3 The police is searching for the stolen painting.
4 Twenty kilometres are too far to travel to school.
5 A very reliable means of transport are the train.
6 The criminal was sentenced to ten years in the prison.
7 Two hovercrafts almost collided at sea yesterday.
8 I have three sister-in-laws
9 The most people enjoy listening to music.
10 The news are on TV at six o’clock every evening.

20 Cross out the unnecessary word.

1 She likes all the kinds of films.

2 There is a great film on the TV tonight.
3 Millions of people were killed in the World War II.
4 I spent a week looking for an accommodation.
5 Jason is at the work. He'll be back at six o'clock.
6 I want a new car. I want one car with a sunroof.
 iticles - Word Formotion
14 Don’t forget to do your shoe laces or
you’ll trip over them.
do away with: (tr) 1) abolish, 2) murder 15 Despite months of preparation, their plans fell
do up: (tr) 1) fasten; tie, 2) wrap, 3) repair;...................................at the last minute.
redecorate, 4) make oneself more 16 Jenny’s doing herselt .. . .. at the moment
attractive, dress up because she’s going to a party tonight.
do with: (tr) want; need 17 If you fall ........ with the payments, we may
(tr) live/continue without having take legal action.
do without:
Sb/sth 18 The parcel that was delivered to my house was
done...............with string.
1) (int) (of a bus/train) slow down to 19 You can always fall your skills as a
draw in:
stop, 2) (tr) attract people teacher if you don’t make it as an artist.
1) (of a vehicle) stop, 2) (tr) write 20 I'll fall..................whatever you plan for the weekend
draw up:
sth (a will/a contract, etc)

1) (int) break into pieces, 2) (int)

fall apart:
end in failure
turn to sb/sth for help when other 2 Underline the correct preposition.
fall back on:
plans have failed; turn to
fall behind: (int) 1) fail to keep up with, 2) be late She had never heard for/of from the effects of global
1
(with payment) warming.
fall for: (tr) 1) be deceived, 2) fall in love with 2 Did you hear of/about/from the robbery which took
sb place yesterday?
fall in with: (tr) agree with; go along with 3 I haven’t heard of/about/from Terry since he moved
fall out (with): quarrel to Australia.
4 I am fed up of/for/with tidying up after those boys.
5 She is very fond with/by/of her baby sister.
6 I have forgiven David of/for/from breaking my stereo.
Filt in the correct particle. 7 Eating fruit and vegetables is very good to/of/for
your health.
8 Peter is very good at/to/for Mathematics.
1 This book is so old that it’s falling ..apaJ....
My brother is very good at/to/for me. He always looks
2 We could do . a new washing machine.
after me.
This one is very old. 10 Tom was upset by his failure of/in/with the exam
I think Kate and Peter have fallen 11 Richard Branson failed in/to/with his attempt to cross
They aren’t speaking to each other the Atlantic in a hot air balloon
4 The car drew .................... next to me, and the driver 12 Her car failed in/to/with start this morning, so she had
asked for directions. to call a taxi.
5 The slowest runner fell .. very quickly 13 I am very grateful to/of/for you for all your help with the
after the race had started. arrangements
6 It’s about time the government did 14 That man looks familiar to/with/by me.
housing tax. 15 I am not familiar to/with/of the workings of this
7 We bought an old house last year and now we’re company yet.
doing it 16 He was found guilty about/of/for theft and sentenced
Mike was so handsome and charming that Sarah to three months in prison.
fell ...................... him immediately. 17 She felt very guilty of/about/for lying to her parents
The train drew ... . to the station exactly on 18 Car exhaust fumes are harmful for/to/of the environ-
time. ment.
10 The politician thought that someone was trying to 19 Tony hopes of/for/from a rise in salary and a
do......................him, so he hired a bodyguard. promotion this year.
11 Lots of people fell the conman’s tricks 20 I hope for/of/to travel the world when I finish
before he was caught by the police university next year.
12 The landlord drew a contract for the 21 There is no hope for/of/to finding a solution to this
new tenant. problem
13 Until you can afford to buy a car, you’ll have to do 22 Vincent Van Gogh is famous of/to/for his beautiful
one. paintings.
 Nouns - Articles - Word

W'›/}sion Box
Maxine recently won a competition. The prize was a
free ticket to see her favourite band in concert and a
chance to meet the band. Look at the prompts and say
what Maxine did, using a, an, some or the where
2 3 Choose the correct answer. necessary, as in the example.
e.g. She boughi some neer clothes to vrear to the concert.
1 Sam hopes 8 . an astronaut one day.
A becoming B to become C become
2 I.............you to the airport in my car if you like.
A will take
C have taken
B m going to take
<!
3 Jane's work is.............than Sarah’s.
A good B better C best
4 It's cold. I think I.............another jumper.
A will put on B ann putting on C put on
5 Jake . .. at his friend's house last night.
A stayed B was staying C had stayed
6 They advised her............a new lock for the door.
A buy B to buy C buying wear to / concert
• go to / hairdresser's / to gel / new haircut
7 I have............money than David • arrive at / st tdilJm/ Se t in / front row
A little B less C least dance to / wonderful /TIUSIC / during /
•
Would you like.............to my party tonight? performance
A come B to come C coming be invite / on stage / to meet / band
9 Lisa . the house when her husband came sing / song / with lead singer
home A paints B was painting C has painted *go for / meal / in / expensive restaurant
be drive / home / in / black limousine
10 Sally............by the time I get home tonight.
A is leaving B will leave C will have left
11 Ellen...........all her money by the time the shops closed.
A had spent B was spending C spent ”
12 You should.............the windows more often.
A cleaning B clean C to clean
13 Paul.............for three hours before he left the
disco.
A danced B had been dancing C was dancing
Maxine has been asked to write an account of her
14 This time next month we............for our holiday
A are packing B will pack C will be pack ing evening for a music magazine. Look at the Oral
15 This is the . . day of the year. Activity agaln and complete the article.
A hot B hotter C hottest
16 That dress is rather..............I can't afford to buy it. When I heard that I had won the competition to see
A expensive B more expensive ’Starstruck’, I was very excited. First of all, I bought
C most expensive some new clothes to wear to the concert and I went
17 Dad has finally managed the television
A to fix B fix C fixing
18 The doctor made John.............in bed for a week.
A staying B stay C to stay
19 Jenny seems............very happy these days.
A to be B being C be
20 You had better............now or you ll be late.
A leaving B leave C to leave It was a fantastic evening which I will never forget.
 erbs
'g‘ The verbs can, could, may, might, must, will, would,
the subject in questions and are followed by not in
shall, shou/d and ought are modal verbs. They do not
negations. e.g. Can I say something‘? I couldn’I
take a suffix (-s, -ing or -ed}. e.g. He should stay here.
understand him. Modal verbs do not usually have
They are followed by a bare infinitive, except for
tenses. They can refer to the present or the future.
ought which is followed by a to-infinitive. e.g. They
e.g. I must go now. (present) You must call me early
may come tonight. You ought to get a job. They go tomorrow morning. (future)
before

He was ad/e to
Everyone shou/d
climb up the
recycle their rubbish
tree.

We use must to refer to the present or future.

Can is used in the present and future. Could is the
must = it is your duty/you are oD/iged to do sth
past tense of can. We use be able to to form all the
e.g. You musf listen to your teacher.
other tenses.
have to = it is necessary to do stfi
Can = be able to - ability in the present e.g. We have to ge at the airport at 9 o'clock.
e.g. Tom can play the guitar. We use mc/st when the speaker decides that
will be able to - ability in the future something is necessary. We use have to when
e.g. When you graduate, you wi// 6e a6/e to gel a somebody else other than the speaker has made
jo6. But we use can when we decide now about the decision.
something we will do in the near future. e.g. I must finish the report by tomorrow. (The
e.g. I haven't got any money now, but I can pay you speaker decides.)
tomorrow. (—— I decide now aDout something I I ñave to fini’sh the report by tomorrow. (Somebody
will do tomorrow.) e/se has made the decision.)
Could = used to be able to Must and have to have difierent meanings in
ability in the past (repeated past action) questions.
We can use was*were able to with no difference in e.g. Must I tidy my room? (—— Do you insist that I
meaning. tidy my room?)
e.g. I cou/d/was aD/e to run fast when I was young. Oo I have to tidy my room? (—— Is if necessary
for me to tidy my room?)
was’’were able to = managed to do
ability in the past (single past action) Have got to has the same meaning as have to, and
We use was/were ad/e to to show that someone is often used in everyday speech.
had the ability to do something in a particular e.g. 'I've got to phone Mum tonight.'
situation in the past. We use ñave to when we need to use other tenses.
e.g. Although it was dark, he was aD/e to find his e.g. We had to call for the doctor when Aunt Lucy
way. fainted last night.
We normally use could with the verbs see, hear,
should ought (less emphatic than must)
smell, taste, fee/, understand, guess and remember.
Should and ought express duty.
e.g. She listened carefully and she could hear
e.g. People shou/d takelought to take better care of
people talking in the nexf room.
the environment.
(NOT.........................................)
need = it is necessary to
In negations we can use couldn’t or wasn’t e.g. I\feed I talk to the loss right away?
weren’t able to with no difference in meaning.
e.g. / cou/dn’f/wasn’t aD/e to reach him on the
phone.

7O
NOTE: h/eed can be used as a main verb or as a modal Fill in the gaps with can, can’I could couldn’t
verb with no difference in meaning. When it is used as 1 or was/wasn’t ad/e to.
a main verb it is followed by a to - infinitive and takes
-s in the third person singular. We form questions and 1 I had my hands full, so I ..couldn't/wasn't able to ..
negations with doldoes. e.g. Mike needs to 6oy some open the door.
new clothes. You don’t neerf to do this right now. 2 When I was young, I stand on my head.
I\feed is used as a modal verb mainly in questions and 3 Although he felt ill, he finish all the
negations. e.g. Need I OooA a room in advance? (Also: Do I paperwork.
need to Dook ...?) You needn’t gfve me a lift home. (Also: You 4 Tony is clever. He . speak three languages.
don't need to ...) 5 I . . afford that bag. It’s too expensive.
6 Although it was dark, he . find his
way through the woods.
7 I heard his voice calling me, but I see
8 We’re busy tonight. so we him. come to the
9 When I entered the house, party.
I bread baking. smell fresh
10 I . drive a car. I learnt when I was eighteen.

You Fill in the gaps with musf, musfn’f or

don't nee¢f to look 2p needn't/don't have to.
up his phone number. I’ve got it right here
1 A:
You ...must .. study hard to pass the exams.
B:
I know. I study every evening.
2 A: You . be late for your job
needn't don”t have to don't need to + present B: interview. I know. I'll leave early so as to get
infinitive (present or future) = it isn’t necessary to A: there on time. Shall I collect the children from the
do sth B: party?
e.g. You needn’t/don’t Aave toldon’t need to work No, you..........................collect them. Mrs Shaw is
tonight. (It isn’t necessary for you to work 4 A: giving them a lift home.
tonight.) B: Do you want me to wait for you after work?
No. you . wait. I can walk home by myself.
didn't need to didn't have to = it was not necessary 5 A: You...................interrupt while people are talking.
to do sth B: No. It's very bad manners to do that.
This structure suggests that an action did not 6 A: My dog has been ill all week.
happen in the past because we knew then that it B: Oh dear! You . take him to the
was not necessary. vet. A: It’s Sally's birthday on Wednesday.
e.g. She didn’t need to/didn’t have to take a faxi. (It B. I know. I .. remember to buy her a present.
vvasn'f necessary. so she didn't.) A: Shall I wash the dishes for you?
B: No, you...........................do that. I'll do them later.
needn't + bare perfect infinitive = it was not
necessary to do sth, but it was done Fill the gaps with needn’f have or didn’t
This structure shows that an action happened in need to and the correct form of the verb
In brackets.
3
the past, even though it was not necessary.
e.g. You needn’t have 6ought any 6read. I'd already
Oought some. (It wasn't necessary, but you I ran all the way to work, but I ... needn't hav hurried...
did.) (hurry) because I was the first person to arrive.
2 We . (hurry). so we stopped to have
lunch on the way.
3 I went to college today, but I (go)
as all the lectures were cancelled.
'6' mustn’t/can’t = it is forbidden 4 I................................(ask) the way to Lewes, since I’d
to do sth/you are not allowed been there before.
to do sth/it is against the 5 I...........................(buy) any food, so I didn t go to the
rules/law to do sth supermarket.
e.g. You mustn’tlcan’t drive 6 I..........................(buy) any food after all, because we
over 35 mph. (—— It’s against the had plenty at home.
law. You are not allowed to 7 I . (pack) my shorts, as it rained all week.
drive over 35 mph.) 8 We..........................(pack) many things, as we would
only be away for one night.
 erbs

John
isn'i answering his phone there
can he Det
They’re wearing light clothes.
It must be summer.
II can’f be winter. don know He could be in he manager's o/lic

‘6’ must = I’m sure/certain that sth is true can + present infinitive = general possibility - it is
Must is used in affirmative sentences and theoretically possible
expresses positive logical assumptions. This structure is used in affirmative sentences to
e.g. It is Sunday. He must 6e at home. (I'm sure he show that something is possible theoretically or in
is at home.) general, that is, when we are not referring to a
'0' can’t/couldn’t = I’m sure that sth isn’t true, real, etc. specific situation.
Can't and Couldn’t are used in negations and e.g. This road can get very Dusy.
expresses negative logical assumptions. (In general, not in a specific situation.)
e.g. It is Sunday. He can'tlcou1dn’t 0e at work. (I’m Could/May/Might + present lnflnltlve = it is
sure he i3n’t at work.) possible/it is likely/perhaps
It is used to show that something is likely to
happen in a specific situation.
e.g. The roads cou/d/may/might get very busy
tomorrow afternoon because there is a
demonstration. (NOT. The roads get
...)
lour o lock NOTE: In questions we use can (to talk about
The children should be ought io be home by now. general or specific possibility), could or
might. We do not use may.
e.g. 'I goi a bouquet of flowers, but there was no
card.” ’Who can/cou/d/might they 6e from?'

G should/ought = probably
could/might + perfect infinitive (refers to the past)
Should and ought are used to express that
= it was possible, but it didn’t happen
something is likely to happen in the present or
e.g. Yesferday, I left the car unlocked. It couldlmight
future.
e.g. It’s 10 o'clock. He should 6e/ooghf to be at have Deen sto/en. but luckily it wasn’t.
work.

4 Look at the pictures and answer the questions using must/can’t, as in the example.
e.g. Ho, flip nan’c be fn ch‹fi Eflfi/.

Are they in the city? Do they go fishing often? Did they walI‹ up the Has she be‹es
Are they tired’? Is it winter? kitsrdewlng mountain? the man‘7
Do they know each other? Are they bored? Do they enjoy walking? Is she a reporter?
72
Is the weather very hot? Are thay in an office?
 I'm sure she knows him well.
She must know him well.
Perhaps he will be late. present inf.
He may be late.
It's possible that he’s working late tonight.
He could be working late tonight.
I'm sure she’ll be working tomorrow. present cont. inf.
She must be working tomorrow.
I’m sure he didn’t know the truth.
He can't have known the truth.
Perhaps they have missed the
perfect inf. They might have missed the bus.
bus. It’s possible he had got lost.
He may have got lost.
I’m certain he was sleeping.
He must have been sleeping.
Perhaps she has been lying. perfect cont. inf. She may have been lying.
It's likely they had been hiding. They could have been hiding.

It's likely they have gone to the cinema.

Complete the sentences using must or
can't, as in the example. They
6 Perhaps they are asleep
already. They
1 I'm sure she has gone on holiday.
7 It’s likely he hasn’t been
She . .must: hov gone or holiday . promoted He
2 I”m certain he doesn’t know the 8 It’s possible she called while we were
secret. He out. She
3 I'm certain Mike hasn't got a new 9 It’s likely we will go shopping this
car. Mike afternoon. We
4 I'm sure Susan has paid the phone 10 p e rhaps he is outside in the garden.
bill. Susan
I’m sure they don't live here. 11 It’s possible they didn t” receive our
They message. They
6 I’m sure they left the party 12 Perhaps she is visiting a
early. They friend. She
7 I”m certain he didn't call
me. He
Fill in can, can’t, must, mustn’t, needn't or have to.
I’m certain Marie sent you a birthday card
Marie
I'm sure she has been keeping secrets from 1 A: Is Jason at work today?
me. She B: He ...can’t... be. His car isn't in the car park.
10 I”m certain she is looking for a new 2 A: I can’t do my German homework. It’s too difficult.
job. She B: I'll help you. I.................................speak German.
11 I'm sure David didn't go to the 3 A: I’m going to watch television.
supermarket. David B: Alright, but you . stay up too
4 A: late. We . book a taxi to take us to the
12 I'm certain he is working at the
B: airport. I'll do it now.
library. He
5 A: I didn't know Rachel was in the choir.
Oh yes. She..................................sing beautifully.
Rephrase the following sentences in as 6 A:B: Shall I cook dinner tonight?
6 many ways as B: No, you . We're going to a
7 A: restaurant. Has Tim bought a car yet?
possible.
BE He...............................have. I saw him on the bus
1 It's likely she has forgotten about the meeting.
yesterday.
She ..may/might/could h
She....................................................be very rich.
2 Perhaps he will be home B: Yes. She's got a huge house and an expensive
soon. He 9 A: car. I did the washing-up for you.
3 Perhaps we won’t stay in a B: Oh, you . have, but it was kind of you
hotel. We 10 A: Would you like to come to my party on Saturday
night?
4 It’s possible she has been delayed in traffic. B: I’d like to, but Mum says I visit my
She grandparents.
 erbs
There is a difference in meaning between may
and be a//owed to in questions.
Study the examples:
e.g. a) May I use your phone? (—— Will you allow
me to use your phone?)
6) Are we a//owerf to use the office phone?
(— What is the rule?)

We use could or was were allowed to to say that

we had general permission to do something in
the past.
We use was ‘were allowed to and not could, to
Can /
say that we had permission to do something in a
look at the figures, please?
particular situation in the past.
e.g. I cou/d/was a//owerf to go to parties when I w’as
Asking for permission young. (I was allowed to go to parties in general.)
BUT: I was allowed to go 7o John’s parfiy last night.
’6’ Can/Could/May/Might I ..? = Do you/Would you (NOT. I eeal0 go ... as this is a particular situation.)
mind if ...?
Cou/cf and may are more polite than can. Might is
formal. May and Might are used to ask for
permission when we do not know the other person
very well. We normally reply with: ‘Certainly.'/ ’Of Fill in the gaps with cou/d or was/were
course.’/ ’Why not*’/‘No, I’m afraid you can’t.’ a//owecf to.
e.g. ‘Can I use your pen for a minute?’ ’Of
course.' ‘May I see the manager, please?’ 1 The children ...were allowed to .. go to the cinema on
‘Certain/y.' their own yesterday.

Giving permission 2 When I was young, we wear

whatever we liked to
school.
'0' can/may = you are allowed to do sth 3 Peter . watch a concert on TV
(can - informal, may - formal) last night, although it was on quite late.
4 When we were children, play
May is usually used in writing. we
e.g. You may make a phone call here. outside until it got dark.
bring our favourite
We do not use could or might to give permission. 5 Yesterday,
we toys to
school.
e.g. ‘Could I 6orrow your dictionary?’ ’Yes, you 6 When Dennis lived with his parents,
can.’I
'Yes, you may.' (NOT. Yes, you oeaI0-.) he come in at whatever time he liked.

Refusing permission 9 Underline the correct word(s).

'0' can’t/mustn’t/may not = you are not allowed to do

sth 1 A: Could I sleep at my friend's house tonight?
May not is formal and is usually used in writing. Yes, of course you couldlcan.
e.g. I'm sorry, but you can’tlmustn’t use the tax. 2 A: I cou/d/was a//owed to go to the disco last night.
Customers may not enter this area. Was it good fun?
We do not use couldn’t to refuse permission. 3 A: CanlMight \ have a biscuit please, Mum?
e.g. ‘Com/d I stay a little longer?’ ‘I'm sorry, but you Of course. Help yourself.
can’t.' (NOT: I’m sorry, Out you eealdefi-.) 4 A: Excuse me, sir. May IlAm I allowed to leave the
room?
Yes, but don’t be too long.
Talking about permission 5 A: Musf/Might I borrow these files for a moment. sir?
B: Certainly. Take whatever you need.
'$' We use can and be allowed to to refer to laws or 6 A: regulations.

74
e.g. All citizens over the age of f8 can/are a//owed fo 7 A: Might I use your pen?
vote. (law) Of course you maylmight.
B: May IlAm / a//owed fo park in the company car
park?
Of course you are!

72
 Could
you send
fee be cou/d
samples to my office. have fhe meeting on Tuesday instead
please?

'6’ Shall I/we ...? _ Why don’t we ...?/How about

'I' Can/Could/WIIl/Would you ...? ...?/ I/We can/could " What about ...?/Let’s ...
We use this structure to ask someone to do e.g. ‘Shall we go the theatre tomorrow night?'
something for us. Can and wi// are informal. Would ‘I'd rather not. We can/coo/d go to the cinema
and coo/d are more polite than can and wi//. insfead. '
e.g. Can/W'i// you get me a g/ass of water?
'g' We use sha// in questions when we are asking for
(informal) CouldlWould you fype these letters
suggestions or instructions.
for me, please? (more polite)
e.g. ’Where sña// I put these flowers ’
We normally reply with: ‘Yes, /’d (woo/d} de happy
’In this vase.
to.’lies, /’d 6e glad fo.’ / ‘Certain/y.’/ ‘Of coorse.’/ ‘/’m
sorry, 6tzt I can’t.'
'¥‘ May/Might/Can/Could I ...?
We use this structure to ask for something politely.
Might is formal and is not often used.
e.g. Can/Cot/Id/May I have a piece of that cake,
please?
We normally reply with: ‘Certainly.’I ‘Yes, certain/y.’/
‘Of coorse.’/ ‘Yes, of course.'

You sfio¢t/d always wear a lite j’acket when you go canoeing.

Shall 4 should/ought + present infinitive = I advise you

I explain to/You had better do sth
it again? e.g. if's late. You sfiou/d go/ought to go home as soon
as possible.

’6' I’ll = I’m willing to do something (informal) ‘6’ We use must to give strong advice. Compare the
e.g. You look tired. I'll do ihe ironing for you. examples:
e.g. 'You mctsf follow a healthy diet,’ the doctor said
'¥‘ Shall/Can/Could I/we .? = Would you like me/us to me. (an order which is likely to 6e obeyed)
to ...?/Do you want me/us to ...? e.g. 'You shou/d /o//ovr/octgfif to follow a healthy
e.g. ShalllCanlCould I give you a hand with the diet, my friend said to me. (a piece of advice
preparations? which may or may noi 6e followed)
 erbs
2 Liz bought an expensive jacket yesterday and now she
hasn't got enough money for the rest of the week.
She . (buy) such an
expensive jacket
3 Your sister eats a lot of junk food which is bad for her
The owners shouldn’t health.
ñave left/ought not to You (eat) so much junk food
have left the window 4 Mr Jackson had a stiff back. He lifted some heavy
unlocked. boxes and now his back is worse.
He (lift) those heavy
boxes.
5 Tony always drives too fast. Yesterday, he was
arrested for speeding.
He (drive) more slowly.
6 Sally is clumsy. She is always breaking things.
She (be) more
’g’ should/ought + perfect Infinitive = it would have C t r e fuI.

been better if you had .., 7 Paul didn’t do his homework. The teacher punished
We use these structures to criticise someone else’s h
actions. He ........ .. . (do) his homework
e.g. You should have come/oughf to have come /o 8 Amy borrowed her brother’s car without asking. He
me lor help. (But you didn ’t.) was very angry.
She ...... . (borrow) his car
without asking

Fill in shall or will.

1ty Underline the correct word(s) in bold.
1 A: la//... I help you with the washing-up?
B: No. I can manage by myself.
1 A: I found a briefcase on the train
2 A: . we have pizza for dinner tonight?
B You ought to/can take it to the police station as
B: I’d rather have steak.
soon as possible
3 A: . you carry this for me. please? 2 A: Did you get some money from the bank?
B: Certainly. It looks heavy. B: No, I didn’t need to/needn’t. I had enough in my
4 A: What . we buy for Bob’s birthday? wallet
B: I think he’d like a book. 3 A: Sorry I'm late again
5 A: . you answer the phone, please? B: You should/might wear a watch
B: Of course. 4 A: Couldn’t/May I speak to Claire, please?
6 A: Where we sit in the classroom? B: Just a moment, please. I’ll call her.
B: Next to the window. 5 A: We could/must go out for a meal this evening. if
7 A: . you take the rubbish outside for me, you like.
please? B: Oh. yes. That would be nice
B: Yes, in a minute. 6 A: I wonder if Paul and Jim have got lost
8 A: . we have a barbecue next weekend? B: They can’t/mustn’t have got lost because I gave
B: Yes, if the weather s fine them a map.
9 A: . you babysit for me tonight? 7 A: Could/Would I use your telephone, please?
B: I'm sorry, but I can’t B: Yes. of course.
10 A: . we try this new recipe tonight? 8 A: Was the exam very difficult?
B: Yes. We‘ve got all the ingredients. B Yes. but I can/was able to answer all the questions.
9 A: We mustn’t/needn’t go shopping this week. We've
got plenty of food
Read the situations and complete B: Alright. We’ll go next week instead.
1ty the sentences with shouldlshouldn't, oughf 10 A: Should/May I sit down, please?
to/ought not to and the correct tense of B: Yes, of course. Make yourself at home.
the infinitive.
11 A: When will/shall I visit you next?
1 Your friend didn’t see a film on TV last night. You saw B: You can/must call in tomorrow, if you like.
it and it was very good 12 A: Helen should be here by now.
You ...e lnou !d / ouqh I to ha e seen... (see) the film. B: She ought to/could have missed the train

76
 3 The guests are supposed to arrive at 8 o clock.

4 It wasn’t necessary for Toby to go to school today.

5 I advise you to book a table in advance.

Be supposed to + infinitive (= should)
This structure is used to show that someone else 6 They are obliged to wear helmets at work.
expects us to do something.
e.g. I'm supposed to work this weekend. (My boss 7 You are to wait here until the manager arrives.
expects me to do so.)
8 Steve managed to repair the bike after trying for two
Be to + infinitive (= must) is used to give orders.
hours
e.g. You are to stay here until I return.
This medicine is to De faAen three I/mes a day. 9 Perhaps we will go to Italy for a holiday next summer.
Be likely to + InflnMve/It Is likely that + clause (=
probably - more emphatic than may but less 10 We are obliged to wear a uniform for school.
emphatic than should/ought). They are used to
express possibility. 11 You aren’t allowed to run in the corridors.
e.g. The Austrian racing driver is /iAe/y fo min the race.
It is /iAe/y that fhe Ar/sfrian racing driver wif/ 12 How about inviting some friends over to dinner?
win the race.
is Mary /iAe/y to gel the jo6 she applied for? 13 It isn’t necessary for you to buy me a present.

14 Do you mind if I use your telephone?

15 Would you like me to clean the windows for you?

Match the items in column A to
1 their synonyms in column B. 16 How about going for a walk this afternoon?

A B
1 You mustn't
a You are supposed to 1 Answer the questions using a suitable
2 You can't be b It wasn't necessary for modal verb.
3 You needn't us to (but we did)
c Let s
4 They ought to
d He managed to
5 She didn't need to e They had better
6 You should f It is forbidden
7 May I ...? g I’m sure they are
h Do you mind if I ...?
8 We needn't have
i You are to
9 He was able to j It isn’t necessary for you
10 Shall we ...?
k I’m certain you aren’t
11 You must
It wasn't necessary for
12 They must be her to
Are the men criminals?

Rephrase the following sentences in

as many ways as possible.
1 2 Are they trying to escape?
3 Are they in the countryside?
4 Is it a cloudy day?
1 It is possible that Sue will be late this evening. 5 2 I’m sure David isn’t going to the party tonight.
due may/miqht/could be lat:s this evening./ due is 6
likely ro be laws this evening. 7
Is this their own boat?
Are they going to a hiding place? Are
the police chasing them?

77
 ’erbs

Expressing ability Asking for permission

a) Perry is fweniy years old. He can drive a car. (present) a} Can I ask you a question, please? (informal)
b) \l\Ihen he w'as ten, he cou/d/was ad/e to ride a b) Cou/d I ask you a question, please?(more polite)
bicycle. c) MaylMight I ask you a question, please? (lormal)
{pasf repeated action)
c) Paula 'as ad/e to climb io the top ol the mountain. Giving/Refusing permission
(managed fo do; past single actions
a) You can park your car here. (in/orma//
Expressing lack of ability b) You may park your car in this area. (tormai usually
a) Sue can’t dance. (present) written)
b) He cou/dn’t/wasn’t ad/e fo play chess when he was c) You can’tlmustn’t use this phone. (informal)
younger. /pasf repeated action) d) You may not use this phone. (lormal - usually
written)
c) She couldn’t/wasn't ad/e to linish ihe book. (past single
acrionj Talking about permission

Expressing obligation/duty/necessity a) All students can/are a//owed to use the

library. (regulation)
a) You must attend ihe meeting. fYoo are obliged b) I couldlwas allowed to go out alone when I was 18.
totYou have tolYou need to!/f is necessary.} (general permission}
b) I must attend the meeting. (I t›ave decided ) c) I was a//owed to go out out alone last
c) I ñave to atiend the meeting. (Someone else has night. (permission lor one particular
decided,) action)
d) be ought tolshould respect ihe elderly. (less strong
than must)
e) Nee¢f / duy her a present? (Is it necessary*/ Making requests

a) Can/W’i// you explain this to me? (informal)

Expressing absence of necessity b) CouldlWould you explain this ro met {more po//te}
c) Can I have some water? (informal)
a) She doesn’f need to/doesn’t have to/needn’t do the d couldlMay I have some waier?
(lormal) shopping. I'll do it /a/er. (It isn’t necessary.) e) Might I /?ave some wa/er‘? (very
lormal)
b) She didn’t need to/didn’t have to do ihe shopping as /
had already done it. (It wasn’t necessary lor her to do it.)
c) She needn'f have done the shopping. (/f wasn 't Making offers
necessary for her to do the shopping. Out she did.) a) I'll help you with your essay. (I’m willing io help you )
b) ShalllCanlCould I carry this bag /or you? (Would you
Expressing prohibition like me iolDo you want me fo do it?)
You mustn'tIcan't be late lor work. {it's lorbiddenlyou
aren'i allowed iolit’s against fhe ru/es//aw} Making suggestions
a) Shall we visit Grandma ‹why don‘t we.. .?/How
Expressing certainty ihis weekends a6out.. ..?lWhat about. ?!
a) He must be at home. {positive: I'm sure he is.) b) \I\ie can/cou/d go io ¿6' '$ )
b) He can’t be sleeping. (negafive: I'm sure he isn’t.) a concert tonight.
c) Where shall we go? (that is your suggestion?j
Expressing probability
Giving advice
He ougñf tolshould de in now. (He s probably in.)
a) You oughf tolshould study harder. (I advise you boy
b) You must siudy harder. (I Strongly advise you fo}
Expressing possibility
Expressing criticism
a} It can gel very hoi in July. (it is fheorefica//y possible)
b) \I\ie couldlmaylmight be a little late. fif is possid/e} a) You ought tolshould have been more careful. (It
c) He couldlmight have deen injured. (but he wasn‘t) would have deen Dexter il you had been more
carefu/.J
 Complete the sentences, as in the
Rephrase the following sentences in example. Sometimes more than one
1
as many ways as possible.
answer is possible.

1 You had better ask your teacher to help you with your
studies. Modal Use
. *O u Or/§L L /s h u /6 sL y ur L« GL cr TO Lc/§ yOL/
with yotJr sduties. 1 You ...Cgn .. go to
2 Can you hold this bag for me, please? cinema.
2 You have an
refusing permission
3 Why don t we go for a picnic this weekend? sweets.
£2
4 It wasn’t necessary for John to go to work because it * . £tIk. - g° f°’ £l
making a suggestion
was Sunday.
4 .. I stay at Paul's
asking for permission
We managed to do the puzzle, although it was difficult. house tonight, please?
5 You...........................have
expressing criticism
6 You are to report to the manager as soon as you reach worked harder.
Manchester. 6 You . talk in the
expressing prohibition
library.
7 You are forbidden to enter this area.
7 Sally invite
expressing possibility
8 Do you mind if I take this chair? us to her party.
8 They be lost. expressing a positive
9 You don t need to feed the dog. I've already done it. logical assumption
9 You.......................do your
10 You ought to have locked the doors when you went out. expressing obligation
homework before you go
out.
11 I strongly advise you to take legal action.
10 She . be older expressing a negative
12 We are supposed to obey the law. than me. logical assumption
11 Steve . . walk. expressing lack of
He’s broken his leg. ability

1 Choose the correct 12

fence for you?
. I paint the
making an offer
answer.
1 Shall I make you a cup of tea?
@ Yes, please. B No, you won’t.
2 Would you help me please? My car won't start.
A I’d be happy to. B Yes, I would Rephrase the following sentences in as
many ways as possible.
Could you open the door for me, please?
A Yes, I could. B Of course.
1 Why don't we go to Spain on holiday this year?
4 Can you do the washing-up for me, please? . fVc can/could go ro Spa n on hol day rfi/s \rar.
A No. I may not. B No problem. 2 Perhaps Tony has gone to work early.
5 We could go for a walk this afternoon.
A That’s a nice idea. B No, we might not. 3 Policemen are obliged to wear a uniform while on duty.

6 Could I sit down for a minute, please?

4 Simon managed to climb the mountain, although it
A Yes, of course. B No. you couldn’t.
was steep.
7 Can I get you anything, madam?
A No, you can’t. B No, thank you. I’m just looking. 5 It is forbidden to sound the alarm for no reason.
Can I go and play football now, please?
A Not at all. B Yes, if you like. 6 How about watching a video this evening?
9 Shall I pick you up from work this evening?
A Yes, please B No, you won't. 7 I'm certain Martin heard me calling him.

10 Will you hold this box for me, please? 8 I m sure Paul isn’t an engineer.
A Yes, I may. B Certainly.
 erbs

Choose the correct answer. 8 you open the door for me, please?’
‘Yes, certainly.’
. 8... I borrow your pen? Mine doesn’t work. A Shall B Must C Would
A Needn’t B Can C Ought ‘Ben had a hard time trying to find the leak in the pipe.”
‘But he................stop it. wasn t he?'
2 I................go to the bank. I haven’t got any money.
A was allowed to B was able to C could
A must B mustn’t C may
10 ‘I saw Tina in town last niaht.
Lizzie................spell her name before she was three
‘You have seen her. She’s on holiday in
A might B could C must
Spain.’
4 you help me with the shopping, please? A would B could C can’t
A Must B Shall C Will 11 Where's Colin?’
You................go to the post office. I'll go later. ”I’m not sure. He................be in the study.’
A needn’t B might C must A might B will C ought
6 You................to study hard for your exams. 12 I feel very tired today.'
A need B can’t C shall ‘You................have stayed up so late last night.
A shouldn’t B could C might
You...............to be at work by nine o’clock.
A must B should C are 13 ‘Did you phone Alan yesterday?'
‘No, I..................He came round to see me.’
No reporters ...... .... approach the scene of the A didn I need to B needn’t C have to
accident.
A might have B were allowed to C needn’t 14 you give me a lift to work tomorrow?'
’Yes. I’ll pick you up at eight o’ clock.’
9 We ........,......phone Mary. It’s her birthday today. A May B Shall C Will
A needn’t B ought to C are able to
15 I help you, madam?'
10 What time................I pick you up from work? ‘Yes, I'm looking for the manager.'
A mustn’t B will C shall A Would B Must C May

imagine you’re a detective. You are af the scene

of a crime and have found some clues. Look at
the things you have found and answer the
Choose the correct answer.
questions below using must and can’t.

1 ‘You ...C,.. pay the bills today.

'I know. I promise I won’t forget.’
A would B shall C must
2 we go to the, beach tomorrow?’
‘Yes. That s a great idea
A Shall B Mustn’t C Would
3 I’m going to the cinema. Do you want to come with
me?‘
’No, thank you. I do my homework
A could B would C have to
4 You................put that shirt in the washing machine.‘
I know. It has to be dry-cleaned.'
A must B mustn’t C couldn’I
5 Was your suitcase very heavy?’
Yes, but I................carry it by myself.’
A was able to B can't C ought
1 Were the thieves wearing gloves?
6 you drive?’ . they can’t have been wea ring gloves ...
Yes, but I haven’t got my own car.’ 2 How many thieves were there?
A Might B Should C Can 3 How did they get into the house?
4 Did they have a getaway car?
7 ‘I...............ride a bicycle until I was eight.’
5 Were they looking for something?
Neither could I.’
6 Did they want money?
A couldn’t B could C can’t

8O
 , 10 It wasn’t necessary for him to help me, but he did.
have He me.
Study these examples. The second sentence 11 It’s forbidden to take your bag into the building
has a similar meaning to the first sentence. mustn’t You . into the building
12 I’m sure she understood what I was saying.
1 It’s forbidden to go near the launch pad. have She . what I was saying.
mustn’t You mustn’t go near the launch pad.
13 Perhaps he took the train to work this morning.
allowed You aren’t allowed to go near the launch may He
pad. the train to work this morning.
2 I advise you to send them a letter of apology. 14 Running in the corridors is forbidden
should You should send them a letter of apology. allowed You......................................in the corridors.
ought You ought to send them a letter of apology. 1s Is it possible that Jane is leaving school at the end of
3 I'm certain Andrew didn’t reveal your secret.
this week?
can’t Andrew can’t have revealed your secret.
be Could
4 Let’s discuss this over lunch. at the end of this week?
can We can discuss this over lunch.
16 We’ll probably have a party for Simon’s birthday.
5 Do you think Laura will leave for Chicago earlier than likely It’s
she thought? a party for Simon’s birthday.
likely Is Laura likely to leave for Chicago earlier 17 I”d better start studying for my exams soon.
than she thought?
ought I for my
6 It isn’t necessary for Ron to pay for our tickets.
exams soon.
have Ron doesn’t have to pay for our tickets.
need Ron doesn't need to pay for our tickets.
7 I'm sure Robert realised how wrong he was. Underline the correct word(s).
must Robert must have realised how wrong he
was.
8 It is possible that they will sell their house. 1 A: ShalllWouldlCould \ speak to the manager, please?
may They may sell their house. B: I’m afraid he's busy at the moment.
2 A: The Taylors brought us a bouquet of flowers for our
9 It wasn’t necessary for her to come early, but she did.
anniversary.
have She needn’t have come early.
B: They needn’t/couldn’tlmightn’t have done that, but
10 Everyone is supposed to pay taxes to the government.
it was very kind.
should Everyone should pay taxes to the
3 A: CoutdlMaylShall you tell me where the bank is,
government.
please?
B: Certainly. It s on the corner.
4 A: You mustn’t/needn’tlcouIdn't clean the floor.
Complete each sentence with two to B: Oh, have you done it already?
five words, including the word in bold. 5 A: WouIdlShaIIlWiII we go tor a walk this afternoon?
B: Why not? It's a lovely day.
1 I m sure the books are in this cupboard 6 A: Can/Sha///Would I have a milkshake, please?
must The books .must bc /n this . cupboard B: Yes. of course. What flavour would you like?
2 Let s have lunch in half an hour. 7 A: MaylShouldlWould I borrow your pen, please?
can We . in half an hour. B: Yes, of course. Be my guest.
3 It isn t necessary for you to work on Saturday. 8 A: ShalllWilllWould I pour you a glass of orange juice?
B: Yes, please. CouldlMaylShall you put some ice in
have You . on Saturday.
it, too?
4 I advise you to open a bank account.
9 A: I put your blue trousers in the washing machine.
should You . a bank account.
B: Oh, no! You sfiou/dn’f/mustn’tlcan’t have done that.
5 It is possible that she has forgotten to call.
They have to be dry-cleaned.
may She .................... IO call. 10 A: Where’s Alan?
6 It wasn't necessary for him to buy a gift, but he did. Be Well, it’s five o’clock. He ought/mustn’t/needn’t to
have He . a gift.
be here by now.
7 Perhaps Alice is at the hairdresser s. 11 A: What are you doing on Saturday morning?
could Alice....................................the hairdresser's. B: I ñave to/wi///shoo/d go into the office for a couple
8 I advise you to have your car serviced. of hours.
should You . car serviced. 12 A: I want to get a better job.
9 I’m sure Sylvia didn't mean what she said. B: You didn’t need tolshouIdlneedn’t get some more
can't Sylvia . what she said. qualifications.

81
 erbs

Carl is very anti—..social and doesn't like to be with

other people. • You should to exercise regularly. /
2 The fact that Tony and Sue caught the same plane was You should exercise regularly.
a .. .incidence • I must study very hard last week. x
Simon is ..Iingual — he is fluent in both French I had to study very hard last week.
and English.
• Although he didn’t feel well yesterday, he could finish
4 The thieves managed to ..activate the alarm
his work. /
before entering the building.
Although he didn’t feel well yesterday, he was able to
5 This exam gives you an ..nationally recognised
finish his work.
degree.
6 I forgot to set my alarm and I............slept. • Need I to pay cash for my ticket? x
After the earthquake, the town was slowly............built. Need I pay cash for my ticket? 7
Tara was so nasty to Bob- her behaviour was .. ..for- • The shops can be very crowded tomorrow because
givable. it’s the last shopping day before Christmas. y
Brian had to ..write several chapters of his book The shops could/may/might be very crowded
before it could be published. tomorrow because it’s the last shopping day before
10 Daniel is very ..reliable- he never turns up for ChfiStMaS. 7
£t th
i ’ i '* • uay this letter be from my friend? x
Can/Could/Might this letter be from my friend? 7
Fill in the the blanks with the correct
form of the word in brackets. • ‘Could you lend me some money?’ ‘Of course I could.’
x ‘Could you lend me some money?’ ‘Of course I can.’
1 His ambition in life is to become a famous ..mcjor.. • I could watch the late film on TV last night. x
(act) I was allowed to watch the late film on TV last night. 7
2 The fireworks at the party were very
(impress)
Body language is an important part of
(communicate)
2 Correct the mistakes.

4 He is very . and uses hand gestures

to emphasise whatever he says. (express) 1 ‘Could you help me lift this box?’ ‘Of course I could
5 The . was very proud of his time 2 I Could go to Emma’s party last Saturday.
machine. (invent) 3 Need I to book a table in advance?
6 Many jobs require workers to wear .................... 4 May these flowers be from your fiancé?
clothing. (protect) 5 Although she was exhausted, she could finish the race.
7 The ... from the gas plant took us 6 You should to brush your teeth twice a day.
all by surprise. (explode) 7 I must have my car repaired last month.
8 His most valuable . is a gold 8 The bus can be late today because there is a lot of
traffic. pocket-watch. (possess)
9 Her knowledge of the region is quite
(extend)
Cross out the unnecessary word.
10 She has an amazing of seashells.
(collect)
11 One of the most popular . at the They shouldn’t to have called the police.
funfair is the Ghost Train. (attract) 2 Paul was been able to change the flat tyre by himself.
12 Claire is a . girl and gets upset very 3 She needn’t to have bought such an expensive dress.
easily. (sense) 4 The Prime Minister is to will give a speech at the
13 The audience showed their..................................of the conference tomorrow.
performance by cheering loudly. (appreciate) 5 Jennifer is likely that to look for another job.
14 Although she will be ninety this year, she is still a very 6 How about we driving to the coast?
woman. (act) 7 That can’t to have been Paul. He’s on holiday in
15 These chemicals are . and Jamaica.
should be treated with extreme care. (explode) g Would you mind if my staying here for a couple of
16 We could tell from the on g days? They might have been forgotten about our
his face that he was very angry. (express) 10 meeting Jack has had to see the General Manager
yesterday.
82
 Phrasal Verbs 11 There's no getting .................. paying taxes.
12 What he said really ...... her, and she
get across: (tr) communicate ideas; become
understood got started to cry. ... ...... ....... .... the
13 Despite the cold, they
got
get along (with): be on friendly terms; get on (with) winter without too many problems.
get at: 1) (tr) reach; find, 2) (int) imply 14 Bill got . his illness quickly
get away: avoid capture and returned to work.
get away from: avoid 15 By the time we got home, it was
get away with: (tr) 1) escape punishment for
getting for midnight.
wrong-
doing, 2) escape capture with Stolen 1s The burglars got.....................................the jewellery.
goods 17 After several attempts, I finally got
get by: (int) survive despite difticulties the radio station.
get down (tr) start doing sth seriously 18 No one should get............................breaking the law.
to: get off: 1) (int) avoid punishment, 19 The news got........................................the office fast.
2) start a journey 20 No problem is too big to get
get off with: (tr) not be punished; be treated 21 The thieves managed to get even
leniently though the police were looking for
them.
get on: 1) (int) advance; make progress, 22 I can’t get..........................that box because the shelf
2) become late; get nearer 3) (int) it’s on is too high.
have a friendly relationship with; 23 Susan got....................................the work quickly, so
get along she was able to leave early.
get on with: (tr) 1) be on good terms with; get
along with, 2) continue after an
3@ Underline the correct preposition.
interruption
get over: 1) recover, 2) overcome
get round: (int) to spread (news) 1 I have a high opinion of/on/for Sarah’s teacher.
get round to: (tr) find the necessary time to do 2 Tom refused to join onloflin the football match.
3 I’ve lost my earring. Will you help me look aner/for/at it?
sth
get through: 4 I need someone to look atlafterlfor my children while
1) (tr) finish (a piece of work),
I’m at work.
2) (int) survive through difficult
5 I looked closely after/at/for the man, but I didn't
times,
recognise him.
3) (tr) use up all of sth (supplies,
6 I mistook that woman Iorlofla0out my French teacher.
money, etc), 4) (tr) reach sb by tele- 7 She earns hardly enough money to live on/wftñ/for.
get to: phone; get through to 8 Since the company changed management there has
(tr) have an effect on sb’s feelings been an increase onlollin profits.
9 It is rude to laugh atl vvithllor other people.
29 Fill in the correct 10 What he lacks oflinlto size he makes up for in strength.
particle. 11 Her lack oflinl vvith confidence was the reason she
1 I generally get .on/along girl .. my boss, although we didn t get the job.
disagree sometimes. 12 I have no intention of/for/to selling my car.
2 You really must get . ... . work. The exams 13 There is no need of/adout/for such childish behaviour.
start next week! 14 Some people had objections adot/f/to/for the
3 The teacher tried to get . the main ideas proposed changes.
of the theory to her class without confusing them. 15 The new teacher made a great impression onlbylwith
4 We have to get . early to get to London the class.
on time. 16 The manager was impressed with/on/of the new
5 I haven’t got ........................ ironing those clothes yet. player’s technique.
I'VE been very busy. 17 Jane likes to be comfortable, so she is not keen
6 I earn enough money to get .., but inlatlon camping.
I haven t managed to save much lately. 18 Sam is keen on/to/of join the army when he leaves
SChOO
7 I don't understand what you're getting ................... !
Can you explain what you mean? 19 Take no notice from/for/of Amanda. She's showing off.
8 We get . two loaves of bread a 9 After the phone call, I got . my work.
day.
85
10 Because it was his first offence, he 20 I don’t want to get involved on/aDouf/in this argument.
got a warning from the judge. 21 Julia insisted in/for/on paying for lunch.
22 She is completely ignorant lorlaboutlto computer
technology.
 erbs

VgsionBox
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct A?
tense. B: (you/ever/go) to Spain?
3ty 6 A: No, but Chris (go) there last
B: summer. Were you at home when I called you?
Yes, but I (cut) the grass and
7 A: I didn’t hear the phone.
B: Steve is a famous singer now.
Yes. He (make) his first
8 A: record in 1993.
B: Why did you pay for the meal last night?
Because Joe (lose) his wallet,
9 A: so he couldn’t pay.
B: Why are you in such a hurry?
Because I'm going to the theatre and the play
10 A: (start) in ten minutes.
Shall we go for a picnic tomorrow?
I can’t. My cousins (come)
11 A: to visit tomorrow.
I can’t believe we’re going on holiday in a few days.
Just think. This time next week, we
(ski) in the Alps.

When Simon woke up, he knew it 1) . B .. a good day.

The sun was shining through the curtains and he felt
strangely 2) . Today was 3) . day he had been
waiting for. Six weeks 4) , Simon had taken his school
exams. He had been 5) nervous, but he had told
himself, 16)..........for months and I know I can pass. I'll
stay
calm and, by the time the exam finishes, I’ll have
answered every question as 7) as I can.'
And now the day when Simon would 8)..........his results
had come. He ran down the stairs and picked up the
Put the verbs in brackets into the large envelope which 9) on the mat. His hands were
correct tense. shaking as he read the results. He 10) with top marks!

A is going to be B was going to be C will be

1 A: What does Tony do for a living? 2 A excited B excite C exciting
B: He ... sorts... (work) for a large company in London. 3 A one B the Ca
2 A: Are you busy this evening? 4 A since B before C after
B: Yes. I (meet) some friends at 5 A very B far C much
eight o’clock. 6 A have been studying B had been studying
3 A: Mum .. (bake) all morning. C was studying
B: I know. She ...... (make) a lot of cakes. 7 A good B well C best
4 A: Is Simon going io school today? 8 A to get B getting C get
B: No. He (feel) ill all week, so he's 9 A was lying B lies C is lying
going to stay in bed. 10 A passed B had passed
C has
passed

84
 4egsionBox
Look at the pictures and the prompts below and,
in pairs, ask and answer questions using appropriate
modal verbs, as in the example.

34 Underline the correct word. e.g. SA. Is he happy?

SB: He can't be happy. He must 6e angry, etc.
1 Tony’s new job involves trave/ling/to frave/ around the
country.
2 David is eighteen. He is too old to join /i i•i ng the 1 Is he happy?
youth club.
2 Is he a businessman?
3 We considered to go/going to France. but then we
Does he want
decided fo go/going to Italy.
someone to help him?
4 Sarah learnt how to sew'/sewing when she was eight.
4 Is he worried about
5 The thief finally confessed to steallstealing the jewels. something?
6 I regret to speaA/speaking so angrily to my brother.
7 Try eat/eat/ng more fruit. You will feel much healthier.
8 Mary is busy to c/ean/c/eaning the house.
9 He would like going/fo go to the cinema this evening
10 Gary opened the door only fo fincf/tinkling that there
was nobody there. 1 Have they
jumped out of
a plane?
Complete each sentence with two to
3@ five words, including the word in bold. 2 Are they
frightened?
1 We haven‘t been on holiday for five years. 3 Do they
since It s ...// e years since we mans .. on holiday. enjoy doing
2 The last time she went to a party was three months ago. this?
been She 4 Will they land
a party for three months. safely?
I’ve never heard such a funny joke.
funniest It s . I ve ever heard.
4 How long ago did you take your driving test?
took How long 1 Is he at school?
your driving test? 2 Is he enjoying himself?
He hasn't tidied his room yet. 3 Is he jumping up and
still He . his room. down?
6 No. I didn’t take your wallet, the young man said. 4 e be told off by his
denied The young man parents?
my wallet.
7 Mark is more energetic than his brother.
as Mark’s brother isn’t
Mark.
8 He is interested in literature. That's why he buys so
many books 1 Has she been
finds He
2 Is it late at
That’s why he buys so many books.
night?
9 Sally is the most graceful dancer of all.
3 Has the phone
as No one else
call woken her
Sally does.
up?
10 They made me reveal the secret.
4 1s it an
was I.....................................................the secret.
emergency?

90
 ssive - Hove Some hing Done

The Forbidden Cify is situated in the cenfre of

Beijing. It was built as the Imperial Palace for
the emperors ol China. It was named the
Forbidden C//y because no common or foreign
person was allowed to go inside without special
permission.

We form the passive with the verb to be and the past participle of the main verb.

Active Passive

Present Simple He delivers the parcels. The parcels are delivered.

Present Continuous He is delivering the parcels. The parcels are being delivered.
Past Simple He delivered the parcels The parcels were delivered.
Past Continuous He was delivering the parcels. The parcels were being delivered.
Future Simple He will deliver the parcels. The parcels will be delivered.
Present Perfect He has delivered the parcels. The parcels have been delivered.
Past Perfect He had delivered the parcels. The parcels had been delivered.
Future Perfect He will have delivered the parcels. The parcels will have been delivered.
Present Inflnitive He must deliver the parcels. The parcels must be delivered.
Perfect Infinitive He must have delivered the The parcels must have been
Simple -ing form parcels. I object to his delivering delivered. I object to the parcels
Perfect -ing form the parcels. Having delivered the being delivered. The parcels having
Modals + be + p.p. parcels, been delivered.
He should deliver the parcels. The parcels should be delivered.

’6’ The present perfect continuous, the future '6' We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to de
continuous, the past perfect continuous and the in everyday speech when we talk about things that
future perfect continuous are not normally used in happen by accident or unexpectedly.
the passive. e.g. Four people got hurt in the car crash.
(—— Four people were hurt ...)

We use the passive:

b) when the action itself is more important than the
a) when the person who carries out the action is person who carries it out, as in news headlines,
unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context. newspaper articles, formal notices, instructions,
e.g. a) My flat was 6roken into last week. (We do not advertisements, processes, etc.
know who broke into the flat.) e.g. a) The new hospital will 6e opened by ffie
b) Coffee Deans are grown in Brazil. (It is not Oueen on May 15th. (formal notice)
important to know who grows he co//ee.} b) Then, the milk is taken fo a factory where it is
c) My car was serviced yesferday. (It is obvious pasteurised. (process)
that a mechanic serviced it.) c) when we refer to an unpleasant event and we do
not want to say who or what is to blame.
e.g. A lot ol mistakes have deen made. (instead of
’You have made a lot ol mistakes’.)
 The
Passive - Have Somet in È• -
'0' Object pronouns (me, you, him, etc.) become
subject pronouns (I, you, he, etc.) in the passive.
e.g. active: They arrested him.
passive: He was arrested.
*o change a sentence from the active into the passive:
With verbs which take two objects such as bring,
a) the object of the active sentence becomes the tell, send, show, teach, promise, buy, throw, write,
subject in the passive sentence. award, hand, sell, owe, grant, allow, feed, pass,
b) the active verb remains in the same tense, but post, read, take, offer, give, pay and lend we can
changes into a passive form. make two different passive sentences.
c) the subject of the active sentence becomes active: Patrick gave Laura some f/owers.
the agent, and is either introduced with the passive: a) Laura was given some flowers ây
preposition by or omitted. Patrick. (more usual)
b) Some f/owers were given to Laura
Dy Patrick. (less usual)
subject verb object
When the verb of the active sentence is followed
by a preposition, the preposition is kept in the
active Tom invited me. passive sentence as well.
e.g. active: They presented him with a medal.
passive: /-ie was presenferf with a medal.
subject verb agent
When we want to find out who or what did
passive was inviteö by something, then the passive question form is as
Tom follows: Who What .. by?
e. g. Who was Australia discovered by?
Only transitive verbs (verbs followed by an What was the tire caused 6y?
object) can be changed into the passive.
e.g. active: Grandma knitted my i umper. The verbs hear, help, see and maAe are followed
(transitive verb) by the bare infinitive in the active but by the to-
passive: My jumper was knifted by Grandma. infinitive in the passive.
But: They fraveffecf lo Lisbon last e. g. active: They saw him leave the building.
summer. (intransitive verö) passive: He was seen to leave the building.
Some transitive verbs such as have, fit, suit, da Vinci.
resemd/e, etc. cannot be changed into the passive. b) A new law has Deen passed 6y the government.
e.g. I have a shower every morning. (NOT. A-
efiewe+

We use by + agent to say who or what carries out

the action. We use with + instrument material
ingredient to say what the agent used.
e.g. The pancakes were made dy C/aire. They were
made with eggs, hour and milh.

The agent is often omitted in the passive sentence

when the subject of the active sentence is one of
the following words: people, one, someone
somebody, they, he, etc.
e.g. active: Somebody has rearranged the
furniture.
passive: The furniture has been rearranged.
But: The agent is not omitted when it is a specific
or important person or when it is essential to the
meaning of the sentence.
e.g. a) The 'Mona Lisa’ w'as painted by Leonardo
 But: hear, see, watch + -ing form (active and
passive)
e.g. active: They saw him running down the stairs.
passive: He was seen running down the stairs.

The verbs think, oe/ieve, say, report,

know,“ expect, consider, understand,
etc. are used in the following passive
patterns in personal and impersonal
constructions.
active: People 6e/ieve that he lied in court.
passive: a) It is ge/ievecf (that) he
lied in court.
(impersonal
construction)
6) He is believed fo have
lied in court.
(personal
construction)
active: They expecf him fo arrive soon.
passive: c) lt is expecfed (thafj he will arrive soon.
d) He is exRecfeg to arrive soon.
 ssive - Hove Something Done
What happens in Luigi’s restaurant defore it
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
1 opens for the evening* Look at the prompts
and make sentences using the present 4 passive tense.
simple passive, as in the example.
1 the carpets/vacuum 6 the food/prepare
. *h careers are 7 the ovens/heat
vacuu met.... 8 the flowers/arrange/in
2 the tables/wipe vases
3 the cutlery/polish 9 the salt and pepper
4 the places/set pots/fill
5 the menu/check 10 the candles/light

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct

passive tense.

1 A: That’s a lovely shirt. Is it new? The Academy Awards Presentation 1) . was first
B: Yes. It .. was bout Int:... (buy) for me by my organised... (first/organise) in 1929 and since then, it 2)
grandmother. (hold) every year. The presentation 3)
2 A: When do you have to have this report ready? (attend) by those at the top of the film industry and 4) ..........
B: Well, it (must/hand in) by (watch) on TV by millions of viewers who want to see who
3 A: Tuesday. Did you read the newspaper this 5) (present) with the golden statue which
B: morning? 6)..........................(desire) by everyone in the motion picture
No. It ................. .... . (not/deliver) by the time world.
4 A. I left for work, The voting for the Academy Awards 7)
B: Where is your car? (conduct) secretly and the results 8) ........ (not
5 A: At the garage. It (repair). reveal) to anyone until the envelope 9)
B: Do you know your exam results yet? (open) on stage in front of the audience. Awards 10)
6 A: No. They (not/announce) yet. (give) for the best individual or collective
B: Are you going to make dinner tonight? work and 11).....................(separate) into different
No. It....................................(make) by Simon. He categories.
7 A: promised to do it. Up to five nominations 12)...........................(make) in each
B: Have you finished your homework yet? category. The awards, which 13).............................(know) as
8 A: No, but it (finish) by eight o’clock. Oscars, 14) (consider) to be the
B: Who waters your plants for you when you’re highest honour anyone in the film industry can 15). .(give)
away? They (water) by my neighbour.

3p Rewrite the newspaper headlines as 5 Rewrite the sentences in the passive, where
possible.
complete sentences.
1 Her mother drives her to school every day.
TO BE HELD
1 glvE-DAY STRIKE 4 SHOPPING
CENTI2E 2 Paul drives to work every day.
ERS
BY CUSTOIgS OFFIC TO BE OPENED BY
MAYOI? TOMOftftOW 3 I woke up late on Sunday morning
2 MONEY BEING RAISED
FOR CHILD’S OPERATION 5 4 Her mother woke her up at seven o’clock.
IN AMERICA
5 Sue asked the waiter to bring some water.
D p t0k //0E 6 F*MILY RE9OUED
AB0I’T FROM BURNING 6 David asked for some help.
H0U8E L 8t NI']flt
yE¥ EXAM /$STERDAY
7 Simon is moving house next month
1 A five-key etHka la to be I›eId @ cuafioma offlcoro. 6
2
3
4
5
 8 Michael moved the boxes out of the way.

9 Sandra walks on the beach regularly.

10 The boys walk the dog every day.

 The Possive - Hove Somei
6 Fill in ay or with.
Complete the sentences, as in the example.

1 She was woken up ..by a loud noise.

1 It is said that this orchestra is the best in the world
2 The parcel was tied up......................string.
This orchestra ... s saw to be like bell in //Ie world
3 John was told oft......................his mother.
2 It is believed that the thieves have left the country.
4 This picture was painted......................a famous artist.
The thieves............................
5 The chair was covered ...... . . a woollen blanket 3 The fire is reported to have started by accident.
6 The walls were decorated......................posters. It
7 My car was repaired......................my father. 4 He is known to be making a lot of money.
8 This dessert was made......................fresh cream. It
It is expected that they will arrive in time for dinner.
They .....
Rewrite the sentences in the passive. She is said to know a lot about gardening.
Omit the agent where possible. It ..,,............
7 H is thought that he will be attending the meeting
1 Do they sell clothes in this shop?
It s believed that we are able to win the competition.
Arr clothes sold in th is show 7..
We
2 Someone is cleaning the windows. The company is thought to be mahing a big profit.
it
3 She tapped him on the hand with her pen. 10 Th reported that the government has reached a decision
Et t
4 I don t like people laughing at me. 11 It i s d that t hey”were respo”n”sibIe fo”r”the damage.
They
5 People spend a lot of money on food. 12 She is expected to break the world record.
It
6 Is Sue washing the car? 13 He is known to have several foreign bank accounts.
It
7 Who made this mess? 14 They are reported to have financial problems.
It
8 Grandfather is going to tell the children a story.

9 They will open the new sports centre soon.

9 Underline the correct answer.

10 They made him confess to the robbery.

11 Liz showed me some holiday pictures

12 Sam remembers his friend telling him about the party.

13 They heard him calling for help.

14 Who broke this mug?

15 The jury will have reached a verdict by the morning.

16 The teacher will mark the essays.

17 People make jam from fruit.

18 They sent for the doctor.

19 Clive hasn’t cut the grass yet.

20 They may not repair the car this week.

89
 ssive - Hove Something Done
Rewrite the following passages in the
passive.
10y 11 Rewrite the sentences in the active.

A Yesterday afternoon, the school held a sports day.

John’s teacher entered him for the 100m race 1 Her excuse may not be believed by her parents
because people thought John was the fastest runner . Her parents may not believe her excuse....
in the school. John’s teacher blew the whistle and the 2 The painting has been valued by an expert.
race started. Loud cheers filled the air as John's
friends cheered him on. John overtook all the other 3 He likes being given presents
runners and. as people had expected, John won the
race. The headmaster gave him a trophy as a prize. 4 The bill must be paid immediately.

5 Hot water is provided by the hotel 24 hours a day.

6 Our newspaper is delivered by a boy every morning

7 Her wedding dress will be made by a designer in Paris.

8 The meeting was attended by several important art critics.

9 Preparations are being made by the event organisers

B Do you think that people will ever use electric cars? 10 An interesting book has been published by the
Someone has already invented the electric car, but at company.
the moment they are too expensive for most people
to buy. Also, you have to recharge their batteries
frequently. However, if people drove electric cars
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
instead of the cars we use today, the air we breathe 1/y passive or active tense.
would be cleaner, as they would not pump exhaust
fumes into the atmosphere.
Coffee 1) a egl/ .. (say)
to originate from Kaffa in
Ethiopia and most species of
coffee
plant
n
the tropics of the
Eastern
Hemisphere. The
spesies which 3)
......
(think)
to be the earliest
C Last week, the Prime Minister visited Dawston. The coffee
plant 4)............................................(ever/cultivate) by man is
Coffea arabica. Today it 5)...............................(grow) mostly
in Latin America.
Mayor of the town greeted him when he arrived and h e 6 £t he
gave him a tour. He introduced the Prime Minister to 8-10 etree ahdL ’ b) ’ ' ' I............“(have) hit scehted
some important businessmen and took him to lunch 9) wers. It ’ ed ‘ ed truit which
in 8)
a local restaurant. In the afternoon, the Mayor held a . (call) a cherry. Th hee 1‹
meeting and the Prime Minister addressed the ............... (contain) two seeds which 11)
citizens of Dawston. He told them that he had join) together. These seeds, which 12) ........................................
enjoyed his visit very much. (also/know) as beans, 13)....................................(first/roast)
and then they 14)...............................(grind) to make coffee.
The grounds 15).......................................(then/process) in a
variety of diflerent ways. Sometimes they 16) ... ..........................
(filter) and sometimes they 17) ................................ (soak) in
water to make the drink which is popular with so many people.
Coffee is available as grounds or as instant coffee powder and
18) .......................... ... (drink) by one third of the world’s
population.
 The Possive - Hove Somei

We use have + object + past participle to say that we

have arranged for someone to do something for us.
e.g. I/\ie had new cupboards made 6y the carpenter.
(\ e didn't make ihem ourselves. The carpenter made
them for us.)
’¥' Questions and negations of the verb have are
formed with do/does or did.
e.g. Did you have your car serviced'?
G We can also use have something done to say that
something unpleasant happened to somebody.
e.g. Paul had his 6iAe sto/en yesterday. (——
Paul’s bike was stolen.)
‘¥’ We can use the verb get instead of the verb have
Simon is having his temperature taAen. only in informal conversation.
His mother is taking his temperature. e.g. You must get/have your hair cut this week.

present simple He paints the house. He has the house painted.

present continuous He is painting /he house. He is having the hoose
painted. past simple He painted the house. He had the house painted.
past continuous He was painting the house. He was having tñe house painted.
future simple He wi// paint the house. He will have the house painted.
future continuous He will de painting the house. He wi// de having the loose painted.
present perfect He has painted the house. He has had the house painfecf.
present perfect cont. He has 6een painting /he house. He has deen having the ñouse painted.
past perfect He had painted the house. He had had the house painted.
past perfect cont. He had 6een painting the house. He had deen having tñe house
painted. infinitive He must paint the house. He must have the house painted.
-ing form It’s worth painting the house. It’s 'orth having the house painted.

13 Write a correct sentence for each picture, as in the example.

. aui

1 Jack / paint / fence 2 Melanie / take / picture 3 Paul / fill / tooth 4 Helen / mop / floor
back i painting Lhc

5 Jane/ paint / nails 6 Tim / prune / tree

 ssive - Hove Something Done
Connie moved to a new town last weeA. Sñe
1@ Anows nothing adoof the town, so this morning 6 A printer has printed party invitations for Emma. What
has Emma done?
she has decided to have a look at file sñops.
Look at the pictures and the prompts 7 Diana is at the hairdresser’s. The hairdresser is cutting
below and say what Connie thinks when her hair. What is Diana doing?
she sees the signs, as in the example.
8 Robert is taking his car to the garage for a service
e.g I can have md garden t.ioied by them.
tomorrow. What’s he going to do?

A 9 Their roof has a hole in it. What should they do*

10 Tracey’s bicycle has got a puncture. What should she

do?

Complete the following conversation using

goraeni
iS t O O $tg OI' Ü fT\OIl
H0 T e
1@ dave someffiing done.

A: 1 1) . ’m ño Ing an extension bu ill .. (an extension

• I can / garden / tidy by • I can / my living room / build) on my house this week.
them design here B: That’s nice. When it's finished, 2)
................ (it/decorate)?
c o A: No, I’m going to do that myself. First, though, 1 3)
(double glazing/fit)
SALON A: 4)
B: I’m not sure yet. How about you? 5)
(carpets*Iay)?

’FAST Low Frices

(you/your curtains/deliver) last week?
,CLEAMNGSERVICE A: Yes. They re really nice. I also 6)
(the carpets/clean), so everything
• I will/my suits/clean here • I will/my hair/ cut here looks lovely now

E F
Rewrite the sentences using have someffiing
1/y rfone.

1 His teeth are checked twice a year.

He has his seefh checked Price a year....
2 Her skirt is being cleaned at the moment.

3 My hair is trimmed once a month.

• I can / new locks / make / • I will my clothes / mend
for the house here here 4 Central heating is going to be installed in our house
next month.

5 Sam’s burglar alarm was fitted last week.

Read the situations, then write sentences
using f›ave something done. 6 My car is being repaired at the moment.

1 John’s suit is dirty. It has to be dr y-CI e t f°le d. w h It 7 The band s new single has just been recorded.
should he do?
.He choula have his suit d -plea ned
8 Our new furniture is going to be delivered tomorrow.
2 All Linda’s clothes are made specially for her. What
does she do? 9 Their new house is being decorated at the moment.

3 They arranged for their house to be painted last week. 1o The windows will be cleaned.
Now it has been done. What have they done?
11 A new jumper has been knitted for me.
4 Malcolm’s car was broken into last night. What
happened to him? 12 The lock has to be fixed
5 Her bag was stolen yesterday. What happened to her?
13 A new pair of glasses is going to be made for him
 The Possive - Hove Somet in *• -
Rewrite the sentences using ñave something
1 done. Study these examples. The second sentence
has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
1 Their windows need to be cleaned.
1 It is known that the explosion caused major damage
.They need to have their windows cleaned....
to the buildings.
The hairdresser was styling Mrs Brown's hair.
have The explosion is known to have caused
major damage to the buildings.
3 She told her son to carry the shopping to the house 2 The Lumiére brothers invented the first film-making
equipment.
4 Dad is going to arrange for someone to cut the grass. was The first film-making equipment was invented
by the Lumiére brothers.
5 They used to employ a cleaner who cleaned the 3 Bob doesn’t like people asking him questions about
house. his job.
being Bob doesn’t like being asked questions
6 Did the mechanic repair Paul's motorbike? about his job.
4 They hired a famous architect to design their house.
7 The boss asked his assistant to type the letter. had They had their house designed by a famous
architect.
A plumber fixed the dripping tap for Joe 5 Someone stole his bike while he was in the bank.
had He had his bike stolen while he was in the
Have you told the secretary to make some photo- bank.
copies? 6 They will punish you if you go on causing trouble.
get You will get punished if you go on causing
10 The chef was cooking Tom’s lunch. trouble.

11 Did you tell the shop to deliver the sofa to you? Complete each sentence with two to
1@ five words, including the word in bold.
12 My purse was stolen last Friday.
1 The boss will shout at you if you're late again
13 Did you employ a painter to decorate your house? get You ...will get shouted ar if you re late
again.
14 The builders are putting a new roof on Adam’s house 2 People say that a problem shared is a problem halved.
at the moment. be A problem shared
a problem halved.
15 She asked the maid to polish the silver. 3 John repaired the fence after the storm.
was The fence John
16 The man had asked the porter to take his luggage to after the storm.
his room. 4 Ann likes people listening to her when she is talking.
being Ann
17 Did you ask Jenny to arrange the flowers for you? ................ when she is talking.
5 Mum will tell you off if you don I stop fighting.
18 When will your glasses be made? will You
if you don’t stop fighting.
19 I hired a professional to cater for my party. 6 Daniel hasn’t locked the doors yet.
been The doors yet.
20 Did you ask anyone to sweep the chimney? 7 Are the local artists organising a new exhibition this year?
organised Is a new exhibition
the local artists this year?
21 She asked him to do the shopping
8 They expect the police to be present at the demon-
stration.
22 Their house was burgled last night.
expected The police
at the demonstration.
23 He employed a carpenter to build the fence. 9 Janet needs someone to teach her how to drive.
be Janet needs ... how to drive.
24 Julie s housekeeper irons all her clothes. 10 Someone should tell Pauline about the new
arrangements.
25 His shop's windows were smashed in the riot. be Pauline
about the new arrangements.
 ssive - Hove Something Done
11 Colin is mending the broken
table. by The broken table
12 Someone told us about the party
were We . the party.
13 She will get a famous designer to design her wedding • The photocopier has serviced recently. /
dress. The photocopier has been serviced
recently.
have She will by • a famous TV star is resembled by Steve. /
a famous designer.
Steve resembles a famous TV star. 7
14 Two of his teeth were broken in a
fight. had He broken • This omelette was made by eggs and cheese. x
in a fight This omelette was made with eggs and cheese.
15 They will give Lily a pay rise this 7
month. • Who was this portrait painted? x
be Lily . a pay rise this
month. Who was this portrait painted by? 7
• The woman was heard scream. /
The woman was heard to scream. 7

20p Fill in the gaps with the correct form of • He is said he has stolen some money. /
the word in brackets. He is said to have stolen some money.
7
It is hard to tell the ...d/V‹rcnc ... between the twins, • How often have you your house painted? y
as they are identical. (differ) How often do you have your house
painted?
2 I received a large . in the post this
morning. (pack)
3 I value my..............................highly, and so I enjoy
living alone. (independent)
4 There was a very high ......... at 21a Correct the mistakes.
yesterday’s meeting. (attend)
5 The . was a great success £t d the
audience enjoyed themselves. (perform) ’l 1 He is said he has been promoted.
6 We spent a very 2 This pie was made by shortcrust pastry.
in the country. (please) weekend
3 Who was this cake made?
7 She gives the.................................of being shy, but 4 Have you your car serviced often?
in fact she is quite self-assured. (impress) 5 Green clothes are suited by Katie.
My father is very fit and leads a 6 The man was seen hit the police officer.
lifestyle. (health) 7 The house has decorated recently.
9 I have received no....................................from David
since he moved away. (correspond)
10 She was...........................................of the fact that air
pollution can cause so many health problems. (ignore) 22 Cross out the unnecessary word.
11 The teacher made . to a book
we had been studying. (refer) 1 Valerie was being sent on an important mission last
12 The noise from outside spoilt his month.
of the performance. (enjoy) 2 She doesn't mind to having her house photographed
13 His ................ . was noticed by the manager. for interior decoration magazines.
(absent) 3 The famous star is believed to have been signed a new
14 We apologise for any . this delay multi-million dollar contract.
will cause. (inconvenient) 4 This car it is expected to be very popular with the
15 Great ............... is placed on exam results younger generation.
in this school. (important) 5 She was seen to entering the Plaza Hotel late last
16 The police discovered vital .......................... which night.
led to the arrest of the thief. (evident) 6 The painting was disappeared from the owner's house
17 His . was proved in court and he yesterday.
was set free. (innocent) 7 Did you have had the food provided by a caterer?
18 The . . of the headmaster made 8 The Prime Minister is said that to be thinking of
the children nervous. (present) introducing a new tax.
19 Scenes of ..... ................... on television can have a 9 You should to have an extension built as soon as
negative effect on children. (violent) possible.
20 The invention of personal computers was one of the 10 She insists on having been her breakfast brought to
greatest . . of this century. (achieve) her room at nine o'clock sharp.
 The Possive - Hove Somei
Phrasal Verbs Pam isn”t in today She s gone the flu.
7 When their supplies gav the team
give away: (tr) 1) reveal sth; betray sb, 2) lose or decided to abandon their trip.
waste (sth) 8 He has gone some difficult periods this year.
give in: 1) (int) surrender, 2) (tr) hand in 9 They had a difficult childhood — they often had to go
give off: (tr) emit (heat, fumes, smell, etc.) . things they needed.
give out: 1) (int) come to an end, 2) (tr) 10 Please could you go...................what you said again?
distribute, hand out 11 My alarm went.....................at 6 o'clock this morning.
give up: (tr) 1) stop/abandon an attempt, habit, 12 The fraud team are going . the matter
etc. 2) surrender; offer oneself as a thoroughly.
prisoner, 3) stop doing or having sth 13 Robert has decided to go
his plan to change jobs this year.
go ahead: continue 14 Things are going fine at the moment.
go along: (int) advance; make progress; go on There are no problems.
go along with: (tr) 1) agree with sb/sth, 2) advance 15 House prices are going .......... .. . .. which is
With Sth good news for buyers.
go back: (int) date back IO 16 Someone is giving secret information.
go back on: (tr) break a promise or agreement 17 Did you go the poetry competition?
go by: (int) 1) (of time) pass, 2) (of a chance) 18 Go with the project since you have
let it pass without taking it already started it.
go down: (int) 1) be reduced, 2) (of the sun/ 19 This fire gives..........................a lot of heat, doesn’t it?
moon) set 20 Time goes . very quickly when you're
go down with: (tr) become ill enjoying yourself.
go in for: (tr) take part in (a competition) 21 The electricity went................when there was a power
go into: (tr) investigate thoroughly cut this afternoon.
go off: (int) 1) (of a bomb) explode; (of an 22 Is there enough coffee to go or shall I
alarm) ring, 2) be switched off, 3) (of make some more?
food) go bad 23 She gave...................her chances of promotion when
go on: (int) 1) happen, 2) make progress, she shouted at her boss.
3) be turned on 24 The thieves gave themselves ..... and were taken
go out: (int) stop burning, be extinguished to prison.
go over: (tr) 1) examine details, 2) repeat 25 The records in the office go...........................ten years.
go round: (int) 1) be enough for everyone to 26 The teacher gave.......................the exam papers after
have a share, 2) visit; look round, everyone had sat down
3) (of news, a disease) spread; 27 The accountant went the receipt book
circulate to try to find the mistake.
go through: (tr) 1) examine carefully; go over, 28 Put the milk in the fridge. otherwise it will go
2) (of money, food, etc.) use up; spend, 29 I hope he doesn't go . his promise.
3) experience; endure /0 The news went..................................the office quickly.
go through with: complete sth in spite of opposition;
carry out
go up:
go without:
(int) rise (in price); increase
(tr) endure the lack of sth; do without
2@ There are eight unnecessary words in
the text below. Cross them out.

1Ten-year-old Martin Witts, who was been rescued

2 g Fill in the correct particle. 2from a fire at his home last week, has to
3been discharged from hospital today. He is said
1 They went ...throug h... the survey results carefully. 4by to be fully recovered from his injuries. The
The price ot petrol has gone . again; the cost of 5fire it was started by accident when a
running a car is increasing 6pan was knocked over. Smoke was seen to
You mu’st give your assignments at the 7coming from the house by Mr. Steven Free, who
end of the week. did broke down the door and rescued Martin
4 Let's sit and watch the sun go from your 9 and his parents, who they were not seriously
balcony. 10 injured. Mr Free was awarded a medal for
The candle went when a gust of wind 11 the bravery.
blew through the window.

9!7•
 ssive - Hove Something Done

2 Underline the correct preposition.

May I pay 6ylforlin cheque, please?

2 He offered to pay dy/for/at dinner, but I wouldn’t let him
3 We paid dy/for/in cash when we bought our television.
4 She persists onlinlto playing that dreadful song again
and again 26 Correct the mistakes.
5 We had the pleasure of/for/in meeting the CO ’I
dUCt * ” 1 Sally knows Jim for about six months
after the concert. 2 At ten o’ clock last night, I am baking an apple pie.
6 He was very pleased of/for/with his new stereo. 3 Pollution in cities becomes a serious problem.
7 This group are very popular in/with/for young people. 4 Who are you talking to just now?
8 I prefer reading ofltolwith watching television. 5 Julie writes five letters so far.
9 John has a preference of/to/for milk chocolate rather « This time next week, Claire is flying to America.
than dark chocolate. 7 We have visited our cousins last weekend.
10 The police surrounded the bank to prevent the robbers e The train from London is arriving at 1.15.
of/to/from escaping. g Shall you open the door for me, please?
11 Rachel prides herself on/fo/in being the cleverest girl 1o I’m tired. I had been working hard all day.
in the class. 11 She was used to play tennis when she was younger.
12 Mary takes pride of/fo/in being a brilliant musician. 12 I will call Sam when I will have finished my homework
13 We were very proud onlinlol Martin when he won the 13 We have done the shopping by the time the shops
competition.
closed.
14 The government provided the victims of the earthquake 14 She talks on the telephone at the moment.
ollwithl6y temporary shelter. 15 Susan can walk the dog when she will come home.
15 Sam is not qualified of/for/to such difficult work. 16 He had waited for half an hour before his friend arrived
16 Jane is always quick at/dy/for answering the teacher s 17
questions. Paul will finish writing the report by lunchtime.
18
17 Her reaction fo/for/of the news was most surprising. 1» I am walking to school every day.
18 He has a reputation for/on/Dy doing excellent work. 20 Last night, I am watching TV when the phone rang.
19 The headmaster referred fo/at/wifh a famous poem By the end of June, I will be working here for six
during his speech.
months.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
20 Tim is regarded of/Dy/as the best lawyer in the area.
21 What is the relationship between/wifh/to Tony and
2}§, infinitive form or the •ing form.
Claire?
22 Did you know that Ruth is related tollorlin a famous
musician?
23 Steven has an open relationship between/with/to his
parents.
24 That information is hardly relevant to/for/of this subject.
25 I must remind Simon aDoot/on/from tomorrow’s
meeting.
26 The management will not be held responsible ofllroml
for any damage.
27 Who knows what will result in/from/of his irresponsible
behaviour?
28 Such careless driving is certain to result of/from/in an Chris Weaver is thought 1) ...so 0c .. (be) one of the best modern
accident. artists in the world. 2)..........................(painl) and 3) .
29 His successful career was the result ofllromlin hard (make) statues are his favourite types of art but he also enjoys
work. 4)........................(draw). So far, he has managed 5)
30 He had a lot of injuries resulting from/of/in the accident. (sell) his best pieces to collectors and galleries all over the world.
31 I’ve had this cold for weeks. I can’t get rid from/of/Oy As a result, he has made a lot ol money. At the moment, he is
it. planning
32 She feels great pity on/to/for the homeless. 6).........................(hold) an exhibition. He would like 7) .
33 The woman took pity on/fo/for the stray dog and gave (have) it at the National Gallery in London, but he isn’l sure
it some food. whether he can 8)......(do) that or not. As well as 9)
34 There is no reason for/with/to her to be angry with me. (plan) his exhibition, Chris is also busy 10).........................(work on)
35 It is impossible to reason for/with/to Steve when he his latest statue, which was ordered two months ago by a famous
loses his temper actress for her new mansion in Miami.
96
 The Possive - Hove Somei

@v/sionBox Activity
Look at the prompts below and make passive sentences
about the Forbidden City, as in the example.

2 Rewrite the sentences in the e.g. The construction of the Forbidden City eras completed
passive. in 1420.

1 They gave us very expensive gifts

The gifts ...we mere given +‹rc c cxpcn iv’‹.
2 Many people watch the
news. The news
3 You need a lot of wool to knit a
jumper. A lot of wool
4 The gardener planted some
flowers. Some flowers
We spent a lot of money at the
supermarket. A lot of money
6 Most children enjoy
cartoons. Cartoons
7 The resort offers excellent
accommodation. The accommodation
8 She washed the clothes and hung them out to dry.
The clothes
• construction of Forbidden City / complete / in 1420
9 They examined the information before writing the
• protect high walls and a moat on all Tour sides
article. The information
• country govern from the Forbidden City lor nearly 500
10 She told the police about the years
robbery. The police
• in 1924 / Forbidden City /’ rename ,’’ Palace Museum and
11 We entertain guests in the living
open .' to public
room Guests
• visit / thousands of people every year
12 The optician repaired and cleaned her
• use .’ as .' set for / film The Last Emperor’ ’’ which /
glasses. Her glasses direct / Bernardo BertoluCci
• might use again in future for similar project

2@ Underline the correct word.

1 A: Jane works very quickl quickly. doesn’t she?

B Yes. but if she worked s/ow/s/ow/y she might not
be so care/ess/care/ess/y.
2 A: It's so peacefu//peacefu//y here.
B: It certain/certain/y is. I’m having a wonderfu//
won- derfu//y holiday. Now write a passage about the Forbidden City using
3 A: This film is so sad/sadly. I can't watch any more. passive sentences, as in the example.
B Oh, you should. I m sure it will end happylhappily.
4 A: Close the door carefu//carefu//y. We don t want to e.g. The Forbidden City is situated in Beijing, China.
wake the children. .................................. ..............................................
B: Don’t worry. I'm being as quief/quiet/y as I can. .................................................................................
5 A: Tom behaved (erri6/e/terriD/y today. He was very ....................................................................... ....
rudelrudely to his teacher.
B’ Oh dear! He knows he should speak po/Pte/po/Pte/y
to other people.
6 A: I wish you would discuss this serious/serious/y. It
isn t lunny/funnily.
B: I m sorry. I'm only trying to be cfieerfu//cheerfu//y.
7 A: Gary left rather suddenlsuddenly last night
B: I know. He doesn’t enjoy talking to people he hardl
hardly knows.

91
 RevisiOn 2 (Units 1 - ó)
18 We go shopping because we had plenty of
Choose the correct answer. food.
A needn't have B didn't need to C need to
1 You ..A... write and thank Aunt Louise tor your
present. 19 She spends...............of her income on clothes.
A must B need C can A a large amount B many C a large number

2 No announcement about the results.............so far. 20 The football team which he supports a large
A has made B has been made C was made fan club.
A have B is having C has
He.............his teeth checked once every six months.
A is having B has had C has 21 The news................at six o'clock last
night.
4 You...............wear a coat. It is very warm outside. A announced B were announced
A must B needn’t C could C was announced
22 Could you get me two..........of bread from the bakery.
I can’t come to the cinema tonight. I..............work. please?
A could B needn’t C have to A loaves B packets C kilos

6 The children are at............school at the 23 He always catches 8 o’cIock train to work.
moment. A a B the C
A — B a C the

7 She got...........of presents on her birthday. 24 It was very dark, but he.............find his way.
A several B a great deal C a great number A was able to B could C couldn’t

I brush my teeth twice..............day. 25 She.............be on holiday. I saw her this morning

A a B the C one A can’t B would C must

9 The play was said ............. because the lead actor was ill. 26
Two months...............a long time to wait for a reply.
A to be cancelled B to have been cancelled A are B were C is
C to have cancelled 27 help me with my homework, please?
A Will B Shall C Must
10 He was very nervous. He . for this moment all
his life. 28 Steve fell asleep on...............sofa last night.
A had waited B had been waiting A a B the C one
C has been waiting
29 She.............her hair cut yesterday afternoon.
11 The advice you gave me..............really useful.
A will have B had C has had
A were B are C was

12 I read ........... interesting article in the newspaper today. 0

. ......... day, I will buy a big house with a
A a B an C the garden. A One B A C The

13 No information................to the new staff yet. 31 Matthew is busy..............for his interview.

A has given B has been given C was given A prepare B to prepare C preparing

14 It’s late. Mark have forgotten about the 2 A lot of children.........to boarding school in the old days
meeting. A are sent B is sent C were sent
A might B will C ought

15 He..............be at work. His car isn’t outside his 17 Sam...............carry the box. It was too heavy.
house. A couldn’t B could C can t
A would B can’t C must

16 we have lunch in the garden

today? A Shall B
Mustn’t C Would

98
33 Simon is.............friendly than Jason
A the least B as C less

34 She heated up a..............of soup for her dinner.

A bar B tin C plate

35 Her feet ache. She.............all day.

A has stood up B has been standing
up C had been standing up
 Revision 2 (Units J - 6)
J6 Be careful. This saucepan is
hot. 5 We will have finished the project by next Friday.
A much B by far
C very
6 Having posted the letters, John went back to the office.
J7 Paul is not...............as Charles.
A as handsome B more handsome 7 What did they open the safe with?
C most handsome
8 You must inform the contestants about the rules of the
J8 A lot of people..............by this company last year. game.
A hired B are hired C were hired
9 She had made all the beds.
39 Oueen is going to visit this town next month.
A A B An C The 10 Has Danny written a poem for you?

t0 Cathy is..............the fastest runner in the school. 11 The children were feeding the dog.
A much B by far C very
12 She locked all the doors before she went on holiday.

13 Is Mark repairing my bicycle ?

2 Complete the sentences.
14 Dad decorated the living room last week.
1 He told me a wonderful story.
The story ... ñr to/d mv was wond‹rYu/.... 15 People believe that he should be given a medal.
2 She was angry because of the man’s rudeness
She was angry because the 16 They heard him making the arrangements.
3 She bought some very expensive luggage.
The luggage 17 Everyone knows that she is a successful businesswoman.
4 His secretary had booked his accommodation.
His accommodation 18 Who broke this teapot?
5 These trousers are too small for me now.
This pair of trousers 19 We expect him to arrive early in the morning.
The house is surrounded by beautiful gardens.
Beautiful gardens 20 Why did they pull down that building?
7 She's got short brown hair.
Her hair 21 People say that he is a very wealthy man.
8 You need a lot of patience to be a
teacher. A lot of patience 22 When will they repair my car?
9 They cooked us a delicious
meal The meal
10 She likes chocolate more than any other
food. Chocolate
11 They had great weather during their
4 Fill in the correct form of the word in
brackets.
holiday. The weather
1 The ...construction .. (construct) of the new shopping
12 He called the fire brigade
centre is almost complete.
immediately The fire brigade
2 You must be very (care) not to break these
glasses.
3 He always ofters his ............... (assist) when he sees
Rewrite the sentences in the passive.
3 Omit the agent where possible.
someone in trouble.
4 She has some very ............... (colour) flowers in her
garden.
1 Jack must have sent this letter. 5 He is just giving some directions to a................(tour).
. this letter must have been :fient: by back.... 6 She changed the.................(arrange) for the outing at
2 He should plant some more flowers. the last minute.
7 The wedding (receive) was held in a small
3 I object to her using my computer. hotel.
8 He gave the policeman a (describe) of the
4 Does she train all the new staff? thieves.
Revision 2 (Units 1 - 6)
9 That author is a distant
(relate) of mine. 18 It’s forbidden to smoke in the waiting room
10 I’m sorry I didn't mean to
(fright) you mustn’t You in the
11 He couldn t contain his
(excite) about the waiting room
coming holiday 19 Claire needs someone to show her to the dining room
12 Lucklly, no one was injured in the (explode) be Claire needs the
13 He had a worried (express) on his face dining room
throughout the exam 20 It wasn’t necessary for him to lock the door
14 Some of the paintings we saw were very have He the door
(impress)
15 He has made a very (attract) offer for our
house
Rephrase the following sentences in as
many ways as possible.
Complete each sentence with two to
five words, including the word in 1 Perhaps she has got a new job
bold. the may/might/cou/d have got a new )ob
2 I'm sure he isn t a policeman
1 Wearing jewellery to school is forbidden
allowed You are not allowed to wear jewellery
to school 3 It is likely that they will move house this month
2 Someone should invlte Kerry to the party
be Kerry tO the party 4 I’m certain she made this cake herself
3 I’m sure Michael has been
promoted must Michael pr Omo ted 5 It s possible he posted the letters yesterday
4 They will sack you If you are caught making
personal 6 Perhaps we have won a prize
calls
be YOu you are
caught making personal calls 7 I’m sure they don t eat meat
5 I advise you to mend those trousers
ought You those trousers 8 I'm certain she lives with her parents
6 Sally cleaned the house before the guests arrived
was The house before @ t is likely that I will be late for work tomorrow
the guests arrived
7 Perhaps she has gone on holiday 10 Perhaps he has gone to the doctor’s
may She on holiday
8 I spilt my coffee when I knocked the table 11 I'm sure we haven’t missed the bus
got My coffee when I
knocked the table 12 It s possible they have been invited to the party
People say that Martin is a good
sportsman be Martin a good
sportsman
10 I’m sure he hasn’t forgotten your birthday Cross out the expressions which cannot
can’t He your birthday be used with the nouns.
11 It isn I necessary for you to attend the meeting.
have You the meeting 1 Both, Severa/, of, f,
12 I’d better go and tidy my bedroom employees were made redundant last year
should I my bedroom 2 She’s got hardly any, severa/, a /ift/e, a few, a lot of
13 Steve likes people to ask him about his work. spare time these days
being Steve about his work 3 There is too much, a /of of, hardly any, few, many
14 Dad hasn t tidied the garage yet noise in here.
been The garage yet 4 There s a /ift/e, p/enfy of, a coup/e of, many, a lot of
15 We’ll probably go to visit my parents at the weekend Soup left Would you like some*
likely It is to visit my 5 He passed no, hardly any, a lift/e, some, a sma//
parents at the weekend amOunt of exams at school
16 People think that he will be discharged from hospital 6 She owns few, hardly any, p/enty of, a great dea/ of,
tomorrow severa/ property
thought It will be 7 There is a /ift/e, many, too much, a great numder of,
discharged from hospital tomorrow some ice on the roads today
17 Perhaps David has been held up in traffic 8 There are several, many, mucA, p/enty of, very /ift/e
could David in traffic ways to solve this problem
 Revision 2 (Units 1 - 6)

t Underline the correct preposition. 10 Cross out the unnecessary word.

1 He is completely ignorant for/adouf/to British history 1

I would love to be able to speak French
2 D d you hear of/aDouf/from Clive’s new obj 2
He needn’t to have bought me a present.
3 She prides herself on/fo/in keeping the house clean 3
He might have been missed the train
and tidy 4
Mark has had to take his car to the garage last week
4 We must remind the staff adout/on/from the new policy 5
She eats all the kinds of food.
5 She is very pleased of/for/with her new flat 6 I need a new bike. I want one bike with lots of gears
6 Will you help me look at/after/for my contact lens, 7
You can't to have seen Jane She is in America
pleased 8 We are likely that to be moving house soon
7 He can afford a holiday He earns more than enough to 9 The team were been able to win the game after all
live on/with/for 10 I don't mind to lending you the money
8 I haven t heard of/adout/from my friend for weeks 11 How about we watching a vldeo this evening*
9 The children took no notice from/of/for the new teacher 12 He insists on having been his hair cut every three
10 Sandra is keen on/to/for join the choir. weeks.
11 My next-door neighbour is related for/with/fo a famous 13 Mike is in the hospital He has broken his arm.
actor 14 Sue was being sent a bunch of flowers yesterday
12 His lack in/witñ/of money meant that he had to sell his 15 She shouldn’t to have spoken to me like that.
car
13 I cannot forgive him adouf/to/for insulting my brother
14 He felt very guilty of/for/aDout forgetting her birthday Rewrite the sentences using have something
15 This restaurant is regarded of/by/as one of the best in 1@ done.
the country
1 Her hair was cut by her best friend
the had her heir cut by her best friend.
2 Tony's car will be taken to the garage tomorrow
9 Fill
frominthe
thelist.
gaps with the correct particle
3 Jane’s bag was stolen last night
on, away with, behinD, up. ofi, in, back on
4 Paul s jaw was broken in a boxing match
1 The manager drew up a contract for the new
employee 5 The new lock will be fitted on Monday
2 Please give your assignments at the end of
the lesson 6 His passport has just been stolen
I have never really got with my next-door
neighbours 7 Their house is decorated every year
4 She has given eating chocolate in order to
lose weight 8 Our rooms were cleaned by our mother this morning
5 It is a good idea to have some savings to fall
in difficult times 9 Sally s wedding dress is going to be made next month
6 The school is going to do . the old uniform
7 My brother s hobby is doing old cars 10 My salary is deposited in my bank account every month
8 He has fallen with his school work recently.
g The fire was not giving enough heat to warm 11 Our grass is cut by the gardener
the room
10 It was unfair of him to go his promise to help 12 My window was broken during the storm
me
11 The thieves panicked when the burglar alarm went 13 His photograph will be taken by his lriend

12 He thought he would get

parking on the 14 His case was carried to the car by the chauffeur
double yellow line
13 The meeting until after lunchtime 15 Their windows are cleaned once a month
went to the bus station and we all
14 The bus drew 16 How often is your eyesight checked by the optician*
got off
15 The boys got with a warning from the police,
but they had learnt their lesson
 peech
like will
have io spe/›d a lot of money on the construction ol thèse ldin

We can report people’s words by using direct

speech or reported speech. Direct speech is the
exact words someone used. We use quotation
marks (‘ ’) in direct speech. e.g. ‘I’m tired,’ Helen
said. Reported speech is the exact meaning of
what someone said, but not the exact words. We
do not use quotation marks in reported speech.
We can either use the word that after the
introductory verb (say, fe//, etc.) or we can omit it.

Personal pronouns, possessive adjectives/

possessive pronouns change according to the
meaning of the sentence.
e.g. Helen said {ffiaf} she was tired.

What did Mr Lee tell his partner yesterday?

We can report someone’s words either a long time
He iold his partner, f'¥’e will have fo spend a /of of money
on after they were said (out-of-date-reporting) or a short
tñe construction ol ffiese buildings. ’ time after they were said (up-to-date reporting).
OR
He told his partner (that) they would have to spend a lot
ol money on ffie consrrucfion of ffie buildings.

’> Fill in the gaps with say or te// in the correct

tense.

We can use the verbs say and fell both in direct ‘This sugar-free chocolate is delicious’, 1) .sa/d
Sandra. ’I can't 2) the difference between
A and reported speech. this chocolate and the one containing sugar.’ 'I like it.
too , 3).............Mark. ”I wish someone had 4)
’g’ Say is used with or without a personal obtect.
me about it sooner. I could have lost so much
When used with a personal object, it is always
weight’” ‘To 5)..you the truth, I don't think you should
followed by the preposition to (said to me).
lose weight,’ 6).............Sandra. ‘I like you just the way
e.g. He said, ’I'm cold.'
you are,’ she 7).............him.
He said (that) he was cold.
He said to me, 'I'm cold.'
He said to me (that) he was cold. ’I saw Paul in town today’, Steve 1) . Louise.
i 2 good afternoon to him and I noticed
’g' Tell is always followed by a personal object (told that he'd had his h iiF cut. I shou\d have 3)
me). e.g. He to/d me, 'I'm cold.’ something about it, bUt it looked awful, SO I didn’t
He to/d me (that) he was cold.
mention it'. ‘You did the right thing’ , Louise
than
4) .....,....., him. ‘lt’s better to s)..............nothing
to s) . a lie.'
Expressions with say and tell:
At Alison’s wedding reception, her father stood up and
say good morning/afternoon etc, something/nothing 1) ...... . the guests that he would like to 2).............a
etc, a prayer, so, a few words, etc. tew words. He started to 3)...........a story about when
Alison was young. Alison felt embarrassed, but she
tell the truth, a lie, a secret, a story, a joke, the time,
didn't 4) so. Then, her father 5) . the
the difference, sb one’s name, sb the way, one
guests some jokes, which everyone found very
from another, one's fortune, sb so, etc.
102
funny. Finally, he 6) . . a
prayer for the happy couple.
 Reporte

When this/these are used in time expressions,

they change to that/those.
e.g. this week • that w'eek, these days • those days
Verb tenses and time expressions change in When this/these/that/those are not used in time
reported speech: expressions, they change as follows:
a) when the introductory verb is in a past tense. a) they change to the when used as adjectives,
e.g. ’I'm moving to a new IIat next week,’ she that is, when they are followed by a noun.
said. She said (that) she was moving fo a e.g. ’This film is 6oring,’ Claire told me.
new flat the fo/lowing week. Claire told me (that) fhe lilm was 6oring.
b) in out-of-date reporting. b) they change to it or they 'them when used as
e.g. (Monday 2 May) Mike said, ’I borrowed pronouns, that is, when they are not followed
some money from my parenfs. ’ by a noun.
(Thursday S May) Mike said (that) he had e.g. ‘This is an unusual situation,' Dad said.
borrowed some money from his parents. Dad sa/"d (that) it was an unusual
c) when we consider what the speaker says to be situation.
untrue.
e.g. ’Paula and I are best friends, Jack said to Certain modal verbs change as follows:
me. Jack said to me that /?e and Paula will * would
were hest friends, 6ut Paula had never He said, 'One day I'll be able to aftord a car.'
actually mef him. He said (that) one day he w'ouId be aD/e to a/ford a
The tenses change as follows: car.
can * could
present simple • past simple
He said, ’I can speak French.’
’I need a new car, Greg said.
He said (thai) he could speak French.
Greg said (that) he needed a new car.
can • could/would be able to (future reference)
present continuous * past continuous
He said, ‘be can meet tomorrow.’
’He's s/eeping,’ she said.
He said (that) we couldlwould de a6/e fo
She said (that) he 'as s/eeping.
meet the next day.
present perfect * past perfect
may • might
’I’ve already seen this film,' he said.
He said, 'I may ca// yoU.’
He said (that) he had already seen the
He said (that) he might call us.
lilm. past simple • past simple or past
shall * should (asking for advice)
perfect 'I got up /are, Tonia said.
* offer (expressing oflers)
Tonia said (that) she (had) got up late.
He said, 'then shall I come?'
past continuous • past cont. or past perfect cont.
He asked when he should
’I was working af /our o' c/ock,' Tim said. come. He said, 'Sha// I help
Tim said (that) he was worhinglhad deen working at you?'
tour o' clock. He offered /o help me.
future (will) * conditional (would) must • must/had to (obligation)
I’ll call you tomorrow,’ Pea said. He said, ‘You must finish this.’
Rea said (that) she w'ouId ca// me the following day. He said (that) I mustlhad to tinish if.
The past perfect and past perfect continuous needn’t • needn’t/didn’t need to/didn’t have to
remain the same. He said, ‘You needn’t pay in cash.’
Some words and time expressions change He said (that) I needn’t/didn’f need toldidn't have
according to the meaning of the sentence: to pay in cash.
now • then, at that time, immediately Would, could, might, should, ought, had 6efter,
today, tonight • that day, that night used fo and mustn't do not change. Must does
yesterday * the day before, the previous day not change when it expresses a logical
tomorrow * the next day, the following day assumption.
this week • that week e.g. a) ’I might talk to her,’ Danny said.
last week • the week before, the previous week Danny said (that) he might talk io
next week • the week after, the following week her.
two days ago • two days before b)’You must be tired, Paul told Susan.
here • there Paul told Susan (that) she must be
come • go tired.
In Type 1 conditionals tenses change in reported
speech as follows: the present simp/e becomes
past simp/e in the if-clause and will becomes 103
would in the main clause.
e.g. ‘It you ask Liz, she’II help you,’ he said.
He said (that) if I asAe¢f Liz, she wou/d he/p
me.
 peech
In Type 2 and Type 3 conditionals tenses do not Turn the following sentences into reported
change. 3 speech.
e.g. a) 'II I had more time, I woct/d lake up a hobDy,'
Eric said to me. 1 Robert said, This film is very funny'.
Eric told me (that) i/ he had more time, he . Robso. said {rñac/ rñe film was ver funny,.
would take up a ho6hy. 2 'I m starting a new job next week.’ she said
6) ’If I hadn’t parAed my car on a dou6le yellow
line, I wouldn’t have gof a ticket, Sam said. 3 ‘I got my exam results last week,’ he told them
Sam said (ihat) if he hadn't parked his car on
a double yellow line, he wouldn't have gof a 4 ”I can’t afford to buy this dress.’ said Sally.
ticket.
The verb tenses remain the same in reported 5 ‘I would buy a car if I had enough money,’ he said to her.
speech when the introductory verb is in the
present, future or present perfect. 6 Frank said, ‘That’s the house where I was born.
e.g. Mum says, ‘Dinner is reaöy. ’
7 ‘That was a wonderful party.’ said Jill.
Mum says (that) dinner is ready.
The introductory verb is in the present tense: 8 ‘Oranges grow in hot countries. the teacher said.
a) when we pass on messages. e.g. De66ie says
she needs the car tonight. b) when we report the 9 ’A lot of people visit museums,’ he said
content of a letter, article, etc. while reading it.
e.g. The artic/e says that people use too much water. 10 'This is a very famous statue, the tour guide told us.
c) when we refer to something someone says
very ohen. e.g. Mum often says ihat I shouldn’i talk 11 ‘I don t like that jacket, said Bob
to strangers.
12 l’m lost, the boy said. (up-to-date reporting)
The verb tenses can either change or remain the
same in reported speech: 13 I may be a little late this evening, she said.
a) in up-to-date reporting.
b) when reporting a general truth or law of 14 ‘You’d better clean up this mess.’ Mum said to Claire.
nature.
e.g. The teacher said, ’Paris is the capital of 15 I’ve already done the shopping,’ she said. (up-to date
France.’ The teacher said (that) Paris is/was reporting)
the capital of France.
16 ‘I found this note under the sofa, said Sue.

17 ’I won’t be late again,’ he said to us.

Ruth met lots of students when she went to visit a
2 university fast monfh. Read their words, then 1e ‘ii I finish work early, I’II call you, she said.
report what they said.
e.g. 1 Sarah hold her (I had) she h@p ppp 19 ‘I've been training hard recently. he told the reporters.

20 'Shall I make some tea? said Zoë

1 4
I’ve made
The teachers 21 ’We must go home now,” said the man to his children
lots of friends.
(Sarah) are very
friendly. 22 Those are the boys who chased me.’ Sarah said
(Simon)
23 ‘I m going to a party tonight,‘ Lynne told her friends (up-
2 The to-date reporting)
5 I will
li huge. always remember
(Tina) my time here. 24 ‘I used to have long hair. Laura said
(Elaine)
3 25 There is too much violence on TV. said Grandad
I'm learning 6
lots of interesting I’m 26 You ought to make a decision soon, Andrew told her.
things. (Paul) taking my final
exams next
month. (Roger)

104
 Reporte
Complete the sentences with your own 15 ’It is raining hard today.” she said
4 ideas using reported speech, as in the
example. 16 They said, We”ve never travelled by plane before

1 ‘I bought a new dress yesterday.” 17 We might go to the cinema tonight,‘ they said
Did you? But you told me ...you hnd boughI t roueere
.’ 18 Mum always says. ’You should wear warmer clothes.
2 ”Bill is moving house on Saturday
Is he*
3 I like Chinese food a lot.'
Do you? Lucy’s grandmother was a famous actress. how
4 ”Tom can speak German fluently that6p she has retirerf, she is showing Lucy reviews
Can he? from some of the fi/ms she made. Using the prompts
below, make sentences, as in the example.
5 I haven t seen Anna for months.‘
Haven’t you?
6 ’Sam is working for his father at the moment.’
”Is he?
7 I m afraid I have to work this weekend.
’Do you?
8 ‘Janet knows about the surprise party.
Does she?

Turn the sentences into reported

5X speech. In which of the following
sentences do the tenses not change? In
which do they not have to be changed?
Why?

1 The instructions say, ‘The camera needs two batteries.'

the inc t runt ions say (I haI) the ca mera needs two
batteries. e.g When I otarraâ In Ee I.ovc Affalr’ In f952,
Th e fe n new ‹fiiO n OI c ma n ge bee a U c e I h e I n I rOD Uc IO
'Movie World’ aald that I n'as gn
verb is in rhc present simple.
cx:trcmcly talantad actroae. ’The Stars’
2 I’ve finished the letters you asked me to write. Jill said.
ould their ...

3 Pandas live in China.” the teacher said. ‘The Lov6 Affair’ — 1952
• 'Frances Garner is an extremely relented actre**-’
4 Dad says, It's time for bed Movie World
g .earner gi›”e gn isma2ing Perfiirm8RCP fn this fi -‘
5 I have to tidy my bedroom now.’ Toby said. the SfarS

6 The article says, ‘There has been an increase in the ’Over the Moon’ — 1958
number of university students • ’Warner brings any character to life.’ Film Siars
• ’Frances Liamer is al»ass a pleasure to watch.’
7 Mr Brown says, ’My son is going to work abroad.”
Movie News

8 I should have bought her a present.‘ he said. ‘The S»•‹ et House’ — g m ‹› TI screen.’
1961
e ’

9 ’I'm never going to have a pet.’ my sister always says 5-rim weekly
• '(,arner has @ lift K* '' is " - rare•’ Movie Ti mes
10 Alison says. ‘The taxi is here

11 Mr Collins says. ‘You needn t work late this evening.

‘Only for You’ — 1963
12 I’ll pick you up at eight o’ clock,' she told me • ‘Frances Carner hus made this film a sucrose.’
Film World
13 ”Coal is found underground,’ he said. • *Garner trul› i* a star ‹if the screea.' Screen Play

14 ‘You ought to go to the doctor’s.’ she said to her son.

107
 peech
7 ‘What do I have to do for homework?’
8 'When will the report be typed?’
9 'Will you be able to deliver the flowers today?’
10 Can I make an appointment to have my hair cut?’
Why are
you mixing fhe
liquids?
Turn the following into reported questions.

6 ‘May I look at the menu, please?’

Shaft we
tate notes?

Yesterday, they carried out an experiment.

One student asAed the teacher why fie was mixing ffie
liquids.
The other student askecf the teacher if/whether they
should taAe notes.
+ Reported questions are usually introduced with
the verbs ask, inquire, wonder or the expression
want to know. The verb is in the affirmative. The
question mark and words/expressions such as
please, we// ..., ofi, etc. are omitted. The verb
tenses, pronouns and time expressions change
as in statements.
e.g. ‘What did you make for dinner yesterday?' Bob
asked me.
Bob asked me whaf I had made for dinner the
day Defore.
4' When the direct speech begins with a questlon
word (who, where, how old, how long, when, why,
what, etc.), the reported question is introduced
with the same question word. When the direct
question begins with an auxiliary (is, do, ñave) or
a modal verb (can, may, etc.), then the reported
question begins with K or whether.
e.g. 'Why do you want to leave your job?'Pam asked
me. Pam asked me why I wanted to leave my
job.
‘Oo you like rock music?' he asked us.
He asked us if/whether we liked rock music.
'Can you ride a motorcycle?’ Ben asked David.
Ben asked David if/whether he could ride a
motorcycle.

Turn the questions into reported speech.

Begin each one with I asAecf the ...
and give the name of the person who
does the job, as in the example.
1 ‘Do I need another filling?
. / askeo ¢fie denlist if / needed another filling....
2 ‘How much does this blouse cost?’
3 ’How many tablets should I take each day?’
4 Can I borrow the book for another week?'
5 Will it cost very much to repair the television?'

106
1 ’What is your name?’ he asked me.

2 'Where are your parents?’ Uncle Bill asked us

3 'Will you help me carry the box, please? Dad asked.

4 ‘What time will you be home? Mum asked me.

5 ’Can you play the guitar?’ he asked her.

6 'Who was at the door?’ David asked Janet.

7 Where is the post office?' they asked us.

8 ‘When will you do your homework?' Meg asked me.

9 The boss asked me, Have you finished those reports?

10 John asked Sam. ’Do you like computer games?’

11 ‘Will you give me a lift to work, please? he asked her.

12 ’Where is your jacket?’ she asked him.

Yesterday, Simon interview'ed a famous acfor. f-ie

ashed him the following questions. Turn them into
reported questions.
9p
1 ‘Do you enjoy being famous?’

2 ‘What is the best part of your job?’

3 ‘What do you find difficult about acting?’

4 ‘How many films have you starred in?’

5 What is your favourite film?’

6 Have you met many other famous people?’

7 ’Where would you most like to make a film?'

8 ‘Have you visited many interesting places?’

9 ‘What are your plans for the future?’

10 Are you happy with your life?'

107
 Reporté
7 He said to them, Please. please don't hurt me.'

The policeman said to the thieves, ‘Put your hands up!'

The man said to the waiter. ‘Can you bring me some

Inform water, please?
the manager Lei's call the computer
immediately expert. 10 Jason said to his father, Please, please let me go to
the party.’

11 The librarian said to the boys. ’Don”t make so much

noise.

12 The chef said to me, ‘Put the cake in the oven

First read, then report what the teacher

11 told the students before the exam.
Please don’i te// anyone
about I

Lorna asked them not to Ie// anyone a6out //.

Peier to/d fhem fo inform fhe manager right away.
Jim suggested calling the computer expert.

o To report commands. instructions. requests or

suggestion s in reported speech, we use an
appropriate introductory verb (ask, orcfer, geg,
soggesf, fell, etc.) and the to-infinitive, -ing form or
that-clause depending on the introductory verb
(see page 109). Answer all the questions
e.g. a) 'Stop hhe car!’ the policeman said to him. Please leave your bags at the front
The policeman orcferecf him to slop the car. of the room
D) ’Put all the ingredients in a bowl, ’ she said to me. Don't
She fo/d me fo put all the ingredients in a bowl. forget to write your name at the top of the page.
c) ‘Will you please hold this 6ag for me?’ Laura said Don’t
Check
/o He/en. talk during the exam
Jr answers again before you hand the
Laura asAed He/en to hold rhe bag for her. Raise
paper in
your hand if you need anything
d) 'How about going to the cinema?' I said to them.
I suggested going to the cinema.

Turn the following sentences into reported g

1@ speech. Write
your answers
Please
leave quietly when ]
1 The teacher said to the student. ‘Come and see me in pen.
after the lesson.'

he› air the lesson.. the fnonk af the

2 He said. 'Shall we go out for dinner?’ room....
2
3 Colin said to Dave. ‘Please hold this book for me.’
3
4 He said to her, ‘Close the door, please. 4
5
5 Father said. ‘How about going to the beach?'
6
6 She said. ‘Let s watch the game on TV.' 7
you f›nish.
' •• peech
Study the speech bubbles, then complete 9 My father said to me. ‘Don’t be late.’
12 they sentences below using reporfezf speecA,
as in the 10 ‘Tom has already left,’ said Pam to us
example.

11 Who's there?’ said Joe.

Hurry uo!
Let’s go fo the
We’ll discuss
theatre. 12 What colour skirt did you buy?‘ she asked me.
it /arer.
13 They said to him, ‘We’re leaving early in the morning.’
I won’t be home (up-to-date reporting)
Can I have a
tonight, Dad.
biscuit,
14 ‘Don't go near the fire,’ Dad said to the boys.
Be please, Mum?
quiet!

Will you be/p me

with these Dags,
I'm going to bed.

14 Choose the correct answer.

1 It was very late, so I ...said I was going to bed...

2 Clare was planning to stay with friends, so she 1 She said that it was going to be a wonderful party
a ’It was going to be a wonderful party
3 I was hungry, so I ‘It’s going to be a wondertul party.’
2 He said the bus might be a little late that day.
4 The shopping was very heavy, so Sarah
a ’The bus was a little late today ’
b The bus might be a little late today.’
5 Mark wasn’t ready for school, so his brother
3 She told him that he should study harder.
6 The children were shouting, so the teacher a ‘You should study harder.’
b ‘You should have studied harder.’
7 Susie wanted to watch a play, so she 4 He said that the fire had done a lot of damage to the
building.
8 Pam was busy when I asked for some advice, so she a The fire had done a lot of damage to the building
b The fire has done a lot of damage to the building.’
5 He said that Michael was the best student he had ever
taught.
Turn the following sentences into
1t\,y reported speech.
a ‘Michael is the best student I have ever taught.
b Michael was the best student I have ever taught.'
1 Where are you going?’ she said to them. 6 She told us that the new furniture had been delivered
C’ne asked them where they were going.... the day before.
2 'I’m going shopping.’ said Anna. (up-to-date reporting) a ‘The new furniture had been delivered yesterday ”
b ‘The new furniture was delivered yesterday.
3 ’Go away!' said his friend.
7 They said that the manager would inspect the office
the following day.
4 She asked me, ‘Are you ready to leave?’
a ‘The manager will inspect the office the following
5 ‘I’ll pick you up at five o’clock,’ he said to her. day.’
b ‘The manager will inspect the office tomorrow.
6 It's time for lunch, Ruth says. 8 He said that if we hadn't acted so quickly, the accident
would have been even worse
7 ‘When did you arrive?’ asked Marilyn. a ’If you hadn’t acted so quickly, the accident would
have been even worse.'
8 ‘The meeting started ten minutes ago, she said. (up- to- b “If you haven t acted so quickly, the accident would
date reporting)
be even worse.’
 Reporte

introductory verb
direct speech reported speech

+ to - Inf
agree
‘Yes, I’ll lend you the He agreed to lend me the money.
* claim money ‘I saw the robbers.’ He claimed to have seen the
demand *Give me the money.' robbers. He demanded to be given the
offer
*Would you like me to help money. He offered to help me.
* promise He promised to return the book to me
you?’ ’l”ll return the book to you
refuse soon.' ’No, I won't call her.’ soon. He refused to call her.
* threaten He threatened to punish her if she didn’t stop shouting.
‘Stop shouting or I’ll punish you.’
+ sb + to - Inf
advise
‘You should eat more fruit.’ He advised me to eat more fruit.
allow
‘You can go to the party.’ He allowed me to go to the party.
ask
‘Could you do me a favour?‘ He asked me to do him a favour.
beg
Please, please don’t hurt me.' He begged them not to hurt him.
command
‘Put your hands up.’ He commanded them to put their hands up.
forbid ‘You mustn’t stay out late.' He forbade me to stay out late.
invite ‘Will you come to my wedding?' He invited me to (go to) his wedding.
order ‘Go to your room!' He ordered me to go to my room.
* remind ’Don't forget to buy some milk.’ He reminded me to buy some milk.
warn ‘Don’t touch the iron.’ He warned me not to touch the iron.
+ -Ing form
accuse sb of He accused her of committing/having committed
‘You committed the crime.'
the crime.
’ admit (to) He admitted (to) giving/having given away my
’Yes, I gave away your secret.’
secret.
apologise for He apologised for being late.
‘I’m sorry I’m late.’
” boast He boasted about/of being the best student in his
‘I’m the best student in my class.'
about/of class.
*I have noisy neighbours.' He complained of having noisy neighbours.
‘ complain to sb of He denied using/having used my computer.
‘No, I didn’t use your computer.’
* deny He insisted on me/my finishing by Friday.
‘You must finish by Friday.’
” insist on He sugges!-d going out to dinner.
‘Let’s go out to dinner.'
* suggest
That’s how it works.’ He explained to us how it worked
explain to sb + how

+ that • clause She explained that she didn’t like him because he
‘I don’t like him because he's
explain rude.' was rude.
He informed us that the results would come out the
inform sb ‘The results will come out next day.
tomorrow.' He exclaimed/remarked that it was a glorious day.
exclaim/remark ‘What a glorious day!’

“ Note: The verbs marked with an asterisk can also be followed by a that - clause in reported speech.
e.g. He claimed that he had won a prize. He boasted that he was very rich.
/-Ie promised that be would call. He comp/ained that he didn't earn enough money.
He ffireafened that he would leave. He denied that he had taken the money.
He reminded me that I had a meeting that afternoon. He insisted that I (should) work on Saturday.
He admitted that he was wrong. He soggesfed that we (should) take out a loan.
 peech
11 ‘Don’t go near the edge of the cliff,' Dad said to them
Complete the sentences. Dad . them not to go near the edge
of the cliff.
12 ’You must do your homework before you go out,‘ she
1 ‘You should spend more time studying.' said to us.
The teacher advised . mc r s cr›d vio^< 4rnc She.........................on us doing our homework before
we went out.
2 'Don’t forget to lock the door before you leave.'
Sam reminded
I'm sorry I forgot to call you.’
Jim apologised Turn the sentences into reported speecA
1 using an appropriate introductory verb.
4 ’You never listen to me, Stuart.’
Mary complained
5 ‘Shall we go bowling this evening?’ 1 ’No, I won’t do your homework for you,’ she said to me.
Mark suggested . E ne refu eD to do my homework for me.....
2 You lied to me,' Dennis told Ann.
6 ‘You mustn’t play near the road.’
Father forbade
3 ‘1 promise 1 won't tell anyone your secret.’ Tara said to
7 ‘This man stole my wallet!'
Diana,
Mr Brown accused
8 ‘I’m the best basketball player in the school.’
4 'Don’t forget to post the letters,’ Mum said to me.
Steve boasted
Yes, I took the letter.’
5 I'm sorry I ruined your shirt,' Sarah told Frances.
Claire admitted
10 ‘You must stay for lunch, Sarah.’
6 ‘No, I didn't use Tim s computer,' George said.
Mrs Stamp insisted
11 ‘Please. please. let me borrow your bicycle.
7 ‘Don’t get too close to the fire,' Mike said to the children.
Martin begged
12 ‘Don’t touch the oven. It’s hot.’
8 ’Let’s have a party,’ Simon said.
Mother warned
9 ‘I'll punish you if you behave badly,' Mum told the twins.
Fill in the gaps with one of the introductory
verbs from the list below in the past simple. 1o ”It was me who broke the vase,’ she said.
deny suggest 6oast agree
11 ‘Could I use your phone, please*'"David”asked”me” ”
insist accuse promise complain
advise threaten warn remind
12 ‘Yes, I’ll help you with the washing-up,’ Sandra told me.
1 I'm the fastest runner on the team,’ he said
He ... bcasr ed... about being the fastest runner on the 13 *Everyone stop talking!’ Mr Jones told the class
team.
2 ‘I didn't take your jacket,’ he said to her. 14 Please, please, don't tell anyone about this, he said
He . taking her jacket. IO Us
3 ‘You should go to the doctor's,' Mum said to me.
Mum . me to go to the doctor’s. 15 ‘You should go to the dentist's,' she told her brother.
4 ‘I'll call you next week,’ she said to him
She . to call him next week. 16 ’Children, sit down!' the school bus driver said.
5 ’Yes, I'll set the table for dinner,' he said to her.
He . to set the table for dinner. 17 ‘Throw down your weapons!' the policeman said to the
6 ‘He always forgets my birthday,' she said. robbers.
She . that he always forgot her birthday.
7 Let s go for a walk,’ she said. 18 No, you may not stay out late tonight,' Dad said to
She . going for a walk. Louise.
8 Leave, or I'll shoot,’ the man said to them.
The man . to shoot them if they 19 ‘You must wash your hands before eating dinner,' she
didn’t leave. told the children.
9 'Don't forget to feed the cat,’ she said to him.
She . him to feed the cat. 20 ‘That's the most beautiful necklace I've ever seen!'
10 ‘You broke my CD player,' she said to him. Amanda said.
She him of breaking her CD player.

110
 Reporte

In dialogues we' use” a mixture of statements,

questions, commands, requests, etc. In reported
We use the verbs exclaim/say that to report speech, we use: and, as, adding that, and {lie/she}
exclamations which begin with ’What a/an ...’ or added that, because, 6ut, since, and ffien (helshe)
’How ...’ in direct speech. went on to say (that), while, then, etc. to link the
e.g. 'that an unusual design!' he said.
sentences in a dialogue. We can also use
He exclaimed/said that it was an unusual design.
introductory verbs in the present participle form
He exe/aimed/sa/d that the design was unusual.
(offering, legging, explaining, etc.).
But with exclamations such as ’Splendid!’, ‘Great/',
‘Good!’, ‘Exce/lent/’, ‘Oh!’, ’Oh dear!’ etc. we use
the expression give an exclamation of delights
dlsgust/ rellef/surprise, etc. a ’/'m exhausted, she said to him. ‘Can you make
e.g. ’Wow!' he said as he unwrapped his gift. me a cup of tea?’
He gave an exclamation of surprise as he She exclaimed that she was exhausted and asked
unwrapped his gift. him to make her a cup of tea.
Study the following examples:
e.g. a) They said, ‘Thanh you.' • They thanked us. b ‘I’ll take a taxi home. //’s getting late’, he said.
b) 'You foo//' she said. • She ca/leaf him a fool. He said that he would take a taxi home as/
c) ‘Happy Birthday!' we said to Tamzin. because/since it was getting /a/e.
• We wished Tamzin a happy birthday.
d) 'Congrafu/afions!’ they said to us.
• They congratu/ated us. c Mr Adams: Can I talk to Mr Stephens?
Secretary: I’m sorry, but he's not here. Would
Yes/No short answers are expressed in reported
you like me to take a message?
speech with subject + appropriate auxlllary verb/
Mr Adams. No, thank you. I need to see him in
introductory verb.
person.
e.g. ‘Will you help me decorate the cake?'she asked
him. Mr Adams asked to talk to Mr Stephens. His
‘Yes, be said. secretary said that he wasn't there and offered fo
She asked him to help her decorate the cake take a message. Mr Adams declined, exp/aining
and that he needed to see him in person.
he said he wouldlhe agree¢f.
Question tags are omitted in reported speech. We
use an appropriate introductory verb to convey the
Turn the following sentences into reported
same meaning.
e.g. 'You won't tell anyone, will you‘d' she said to
1@ speecA.
him. She aske¢t him not to Ie// anyone.
Turn the following sentences i ’e e
1 ‘I'm hungry.’ she said. ‘I haven't eaten all day.
speech.
. Sñ ea id that she was hung . ffiK/laining ChoL

1 ‘Will you call me?' he asked. ‘Yes, of course,' she said. 2 ’Let s go to the cinema.' he said. ‘We haven't seen a
He asked her t.o ca II him anD she sai4 s/ ^ ” “' film for months.'
2 ‘Wow!' they said as the fireworks exploded in the sky.
3 Tim: Dave is ill. He can’t come to the party.
3 ‘You II try to visit John, won't you? he said to
Mike: What's wrong with him?
us.
“ Tim: He’s got flu. He has to stay in bed.
4 How delicious! she said as she tasted the dessert.

5 ‘What a surprise!' he said when he saw the present.

4 ‘You're early,‘ he said to her. ‘I’m not ready yet.’
6 ’Amazing!' she said when she saw the magician's act.

7 ’Well, good luck, then,' she said to him. 5 *Hurry up!' she told him. ‘We re going to miss the bus

8 ’Can you do this puzzle?’ she asked. ‘No,’ he 6 ‘Have you got your key? she said. ‘I've forgotten mine.”
said.
111
 peech
7 ‘I’m going out.' Colin said. ’I might be back late.’
8 we have to leave in five minutes Sally said can you call
us a taxi
8 Sally: I've bought a car. It’s being delivered tomorrow
John: What kind of car is it?
9 did you go to the library today Sean asked me
Sally: It’s a sports car. It was very expensive.
10 Daniel said stop talking I can’t concentrate

9 ’I”m sorry I'm late. I overslept, he said to them

10 Martin: Can you help me? I need some advice. 2@ Turn the following sentences into direct
speecA, as in the example.
James: What’s the problem?
Martin: I don't know what to buy my mother for her 1 He threatened to tell the headmaster if we didn t
birthday. I want to get something special. behave properly.
’I’ll well the headman ter if you don't behave.
properly,’ he said..
2 She invited me to go to the cinema with her.

3 He offered to help me clean the house.

4 We explained that we were late because we had

missed the bus.

5 She advised me to see a professional.

We put the speaker’s words in quotation marks
and we capitalise the first word of the direct 6 She admitted to reading my diary.
speech. When the speaker is mentioned 6efore
the
direct speech, we put the comma outside the 7 She agreed to help me interview the candidates.
quotation marks. When the speaker is mentioned
after the direct speech, we put the comma inside 8 He accused me of breaking his
glasses. the quotation marks.
e.g. He said, ‘I love Paris in the winter.' 9 We apologised for missing their dinner party
OR: 'I love Paris in the tinier, fie said.
If the direct speech is a question and the person 10 Edward complained that the children were always
being spoken to comes after it, we put a question disturbing him.
mark and not a comma.
e.g. ’Shall we go now?’ he askecY her.
OR: He asked her, 'Shall we go now?’
Turn the following sentences from direct
into reported speecA or vice versa.

2@ necessary
Punctuate the following, making any other
changes. 1 What are your plans for the weekend?’ he asked her.
He asked her what her plans for the wee.kend
1 would you like a drink she asked me. were...
.’Woc lo you like a drinks’ she asked mv.... 2 Malcolm suggested that they go fishing that afternoon.
2 shall we go out tonight Bill asked
3 Simon denied having damaged the car.
3 David said shut the door please
4 ‘Could you open the door for me, please?' Kate asked
4 why are you crying Steve asked Jenny Harry.

5 I’m sorry I'm late he said I was stuck in traffic 5 Julia claimed to have met Kevin Costner.

6 Rachel said I’m afraid I can’t help you 6 ‘You never listen when I’m talking to you,' she said

7 I don't want eggs she said to her mother I'd rather have 7 The instructor said, This is how you open the a
steak parachute.

112
 Reporté
8 I promise I won t lose your necklace she told her friend
I\\ I\\ l\
9 Stuart begged his parents to let him go to the disco
• She told to me that she was late /
10 His father said to him No you can t go to the concert She told me that she was late 7
• Colin said. ‘I met them last week
11 Yes. you may stay out late on Saturday. said Mum
Colin said he had met them last week /
Colin said he had met them the
12 The man demanded to speak to his lawyer
week before/the previous week
13 I m afraid there are no tickets left, he said to us. • This is a mistake, she told me
She told me that that was a mistake /
14 The path is very slippery the guide said to the climbers She told me that it was a mistake 7
• ‘Derek must be very rich,' Samantha told me
15 He asked her to write to him while she was away
Samantha told me that Derek had to be very
rich / Samantha told me that Derek must be
very rich 7
• Peter says. Everybody is in the garden
Peter says that everybody was in the garden ¥

2/ty Turn the following into reported speech. Peter says that everybody is in the garden 7
Use appropriate introductory verbs. • Where did you find this ring* Karen asked me
Karen asked me where had I found the ring /
Karen asked me where I had found the ring

Lucy Ann
Sam 2 Correct the mistakes.
Tom
1 Anna says that lunch was ready
2 They told me that that was a photograph of their family
3 Brian told to me that he had a new car
4 Linda said she had seen the film last month
5 Tim asked me where had I been on holiday
6 Alan told me that John had to be in the office
1 Sam’ *We’re having trouble finding a good sales
assistant.’
Tom complained thas Th y wore hevtng firoublo 25a Cross out the unnecessary word.

2 Dave: ‘We've been interviewing people for two 1 Our friends told us that we had better to avoid the city
weeks.’ cenfre
2 Annabelle asked Tony where he was being going for
3 Lucy’ ‘Why don’t you contact the Job Centres’ his holidays
3 They asked me if I would like to buy her a gift and I said
4 Ann: ‘I think that Julie Smith is looking for a job.' I would so
4 Paul suggested that they should to inform the police as
5 Tom. ‘Yes, right. We forgot that she has been soon as possible
looking for a /ob.’ 5 Rebecca told to her husband that the postman had
delivered a parcel for him
6 Dave: ‘Actually, Julie might be perfect for the job. 6 The man wanted to know if where the nearest post
Ann, do you have her phone number?’ office was
7 Melissa promised that to call us as soon as she reached
7 Ann: ‘Yes, I do I’ll give her a call if you like.' Madrid
8 The teacher told us do not to make any noise
8 Sam ‘Don’t forget to ask her if she can work 9 Rhonda asked me that what I would like for my birthday
flexible hours.’ 10 He insisted on that we should tell the truth about the
incident
•• peech
1’
Complete each sentence with two to five ‘I’ll give you a lift to the station,’ Mike said to me.
2@ words, including the word in bold. to Mike a lift
to the station

1 I feel very ill,’ he said to her. 19 ‘You should save some money every month,’ Rita told
her son
complained He ..complained of feeling... very ill advised Rita some money
2 ’I promise I’ll send you a postcard,’ Julie said to Mike. every month
promised Julie . . Mike 20 ’I’ve got the fastest car of all my friends,’ Daniel said
a postcard.
boasted Daniel . the fastest
3 ’I will send you to your room if you don’t apologise, car of all his friends
she said to him. 21 ‘I don’t suppose you can lend me thirty pounds. can
threatened She .. to his you?’ Caroline said to me.
room if he didn’t apologise. whether Caroline wanted to know
4 ’Would you like to come to dinner on Friday?’ they said her thirty pounds.
to us. 22 ‘I saw who broke into the flat.’ Mrs Reeves told the
invited They
police.
to dinner on Friday. claimed Mrs Reeves
5 ‘What an amazing garden!* said Marie. who broke into the flat.
exclaimed Marie 23 ”Where is my purse?’ she asked herself.
an amazing garden. wondered She . was
6 *I’m sorry I interrupted the meeting,' he said to her. 24 ‘Why are you so upset?’ Diana asked Fiona.
for He was Diana asked Fiona
the meeting. so upset.
7 ‘You must finish that report by five o'clock,’ she said to
me.
on She
the report by five o clock. Underline the correct preposition.
8 ‘No, I won’t give you any more pocket money,’ Dad
said to Steve.
refused Dad 1 Colin searched everywhere atll Ion his missing keys.
any more pocket money. 2 I am quite satisfied aDouf/witA/Dy my new television.
9 ‘Let’s go for a picnic this afternoon,’ Mum said. 3 We hurried through the storm in search for/of/at
going Mum shelter.
that afternoon. 4 The judge sentenced the thief to/of/for five years in
10 I didn’t leave the tap on,’ she said. P’i SO ’!
denied She . the tap on. 5 The teacher shouted to/af/agouf the naughty children.
11 *Don’t forget to pack your swimming costumes,’ Mum 6 The boy shouted atltoltor his friends that he was going
said to us. home.
reminded Mum . our 7 This dress is similar to/with/for the one Sally bought.
swimming costumes. 8 Toby iS a doctor who specialises inloflat allergies
12 ’I took your new skirt,* my sister said. 9 The lifeguard saved the old lady of/Dy/from drowning.
admitted My sister 10 They spent all their money for/on/at computer games.
my new skirt. so they had to walk all the way back home.
13 ‘You drank the last can of lemonade,’ Sue said to Jane. 11 Sam hopes to succeed in/at/of becoming captain of of
Sue . the last can the football team.
Of lemonade. 12 Paula suffers fromlwithlof hay fever every summer.
14 ‘Why don’t we organise a party for Lucy’s birthday? 13 I am not sure aDout/of/on where to go on holiday this
Dave said. y e £‹ t
should Dave ......................................... organise 14 She is always suspicious withloflat people who refuse
a party for Lucy’s birthday. \O IOok her in the eye.
15 ‘Ok, I'll give you a chance,' she said. 15 The police suspect her for/a6out/of commiting a
agreed She robbery.
£I Chance. 16 I Sympathise tolwithllor you over the loss of your job.
16 ‘Drop your gun!’ the policeman told the man. I’M OUt Of Work, toO.
ordered The policeman 1/ Although he is sympathetic tolwithllor the hardships
his gun. Of the homeless, he doesn’t do anything to help
them.
17 ‘Why are you making such a fuss?* Mum asked me. 18 We’re in a difficult situation, but I hope we’ll find a
was Mum wanted to know SOlution for/at/to our problem soon.

such a fuss
 Reporte
Phrasal Verbs 11 The joke was so funny that Jake couldn't hold
his laughter.
hold back: 1) (tr) control (tears, laughter), 2) 12 Sally buys a newspaper every day to keep
(tr) delay, 3) (tr) keep secret, 4) (int) the news.
be reluctant to act 13 You mustn’t hold secrets if there's
hold in: (tr) restrain; keep under control something I ought to know.
hold on: (int) to wait (esp on the phone) 14 I've had a few problems. but I m going to keep
hold out: (int) 1) persist; not give way, 2) last trying until I succeed.
hold up: 1) (tr) delay, 2) (tr) use violence in 15 This skirt is too short. I'll let it a bit.
order to rob, 3) (int) last; hold out 16 I think our water supplies will hold for
keep away (from): (tr) stay away another four days.
keep back: (tr) conceal 17 Simon held . because he wasn't sure if
keep behind: (tr) make sb remain after others it was the right thing to do.
have left 18 You ve put on weight! I’ll have to let the
keep (oneself) from: (tr) 1) prevent from, 2) avoid waist of your trousers for you
keep off: (tr) 1) make sb stay away from, 19 When Jane had measles. her mother kept her
2) avoid (food, a habit, etc); keep school for two weeks.
away from 20 The demonstrators held . for three weeks
keep on: 1) (int) continue in spite of before ending their protest outside the factory.
difficulties. 21 I'm counting on you. Please don't let me
keep out of: 2) (tr) continue doing sth: carry on 22 Don’t walk so fast. I can’t keep..............................you!
keep up: (tr) stay away from (trouble) 23 George keeps . watering the tree in the
(tr) 1) maintain sth at the same garden, but I'm sure it’s dead.
level, 24 The noise from the party kept me..........................until
keep up with: 2) keep sb out of bed, 3) keep sth in the early hours of the morning.
good condition
(tr) 1) proceed at an equal pace
with,
2) continue to be informed (news, 25 While we re away, please try to keep trouble.
events)
let down: (tr) 1) (of clothes) lengthen (opp:
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of
let oft:
take up), 2) disappoint 2§y the words in brackets.
(tr) 1) not punish, 2) make sth
explode (fireworks)
let out: (tr) 1) (of clothes) mahe wider, (opp: A Making a cake does not require much 1) ...Infielllgenca.
take in), 2) say sth (usu a secret) (intelligent). All you have to do is follow the 2)
unintentionally (instruct) in the recipe book. If you pay
3).............................(attend) to the recipe and are 4)
................................(care) to measure the ingredients
2@ Fill in the correct particle. accurately, then you should end up with a 5)
(wonder) cake.
1 The house is becoming too expensive for them to keep ”" ” ”
B The ’Spice Girls’ are a very
2 You shouldn't hold your anger. It will band. Their 2)
only make you feel worse. 3)(lash ion) image and their
has many fans4)
who WatCh
I m keeping chocolate for a while in an (enjoy) music. The band )
attempt to lose a little weight. each new 5) .... (develop with interest.
4 I didn't mean to let the secret
It was an
accident. C I have a great deal of 1) .... .. ....... (admire) for
We were held in traffic. That’s why we doctors and nurses. Their work demands 2)
arrived late (commit) and, of course. 3)
6 Our business is holding quite well, (concentrate). They make difficult 4)
despite the economic crisis. (decide) every day and treat all kinds of illnesses and
7 The young man was let because he "
had never been in trouble before.
D Our trip to the theatre last night was rather a 1)
8 The secretary asked me to hold until
(disappoint). A woman in the audience
Mrs Harris was ready to take my call. caused a 2) .... (distract) by coughing loudly
9 Kate is trying to keep her grades at the ... (perform). It totally
throughout the 3)
same level. spoilt our 4) ........ (enjoy) of the play as we
10 The jury thought that one of the witnesses was keeping ((un) bear)
found the noise 5)
some important information
 peech

ResionBox
15 That film was brilliant.”
30y * hoose the correct answer. ‘Yes. It was..............film I’ve ever seen
A funniest B the funniest C the funnier
1 I'm going to take Louise to a restaurant tonight.” 16 ‘Grandpa wants to go to university!’
'Well, you ..@... book a table in advance You're never..............old to do something like that.
A shall B ought to C may A very B enough C too
2 How is Brian today?’ 17 We...............in the country
He..............a little better, thank you When did you move to the city?’
A felt B is feeling A are living B used to live C use to live
C has been feeling
3 Mr Jones won't be free for at least half an hour.’
‘That’s alright. I don‘t mind 31p ^ h•° •• ’ h e correct answer.
A wait B to wait C waits ng
4 . fruit is good for your health. ,
‘I know. I eat an apple every day.' It was very 1) ...B... at night
A Eating B To Eat C Eat and Susan was fast 2)
5 'What is happening over there?” in bed. Suddenly. she 3)
A new supermarket by a loud noise. She sat up
A is building B is built C is being built and turned on the light She
t. 4) hear faint noises
6 ’This room looks very nice 5) from downstairs
Thank you. We . last week '« Someone was in the house
A have it decorated B had it decorated Susan was very scared. but
C are having it decorated * she decided to go and
7 You look tired 6) what was happening
I am. I think I need..............holiday.’ She wouldn't let her house
A the B an Ca 7) burgled. She didn’t
want to have all her
8 I bought these trousers from a wonderful shop.
Really. What was..............name of the shop? belongings 8)
A the B an Ca Pulling on her
dressing- gown, she
9 ‘That s a beautiful painting. crept slowly down the
'Yes. It..............by my sister.’ stairs. As she opened the
A painted B was painted C is painted door to the
10 ’Sarah is in a good mood today.’ kitchen she came face to face with her brother. He 9)
Yes. She looks very downstairs to get something to eat, but he had dropped the
biscuit tin on the floor. They both laughed and 10)
A happily B happy C happier went back to bed
11 ”David s car isn’t here
No. He..............be at work 1 A later B late C lately
A should B will C must 2 A asleep B sleepy C sleeping
3 A was waking up B woke up C was woken up
12 ‘Do you know Steven?
4 A can B could C couIdn”t
'Yes. I . him for years.”
5 A coming B come C to come
A know B knew C have known
6 A to see B see C seeing
13 ‘John is a lovely person 7 A being B to be C be
Yes. I consider him the nicest person I know.' 8 A stolen B steal C be stolen
A to be B being C be 9 A was going B went C had gone
14 You’re up very early today 10 A then B after C next
I know. I don’t want to be.......................................................for my interview.’
A late B lately C later

116
 Reporté

te'gsionBox Activity
Mr Houston has recently opened a local museum which
shows the history of his town. Yesterday, he was
interviewed by a reporter for the local newspaper.
Complete each sentence with two to
3ty five words, including the word in bold.
Look at the questions and answers below and then
report what was said, as in the example.

1 I”m sure he didn’t go to the cinema last night. e.g. The reporter asked Mr Houston why he had decided
have He ... can’t have gone ru .. the cinema to open the museum.
last night. Mr Houston answered that he thought everyone
2 It wasn t necessary for him to give me a lift because I should have access to the town's history.
had my own car.
need He
me a lift because I had my own car.
3 I advise you to be more careful.
should You more careful.
4 I”Il cut the grass for
you like Would
the grass for you?
5 Let s go for a drive in the countryside.
about What
in the countryside?
6 It wasn t necessary for her to buy me a present, but
she did
bought She
me a present.
7 You mustn't interrupt the teacher when she s
talking. allowed You
the teacher when she s talking.
8 It’s possible that you left your keys at
home. have You
your keys at home.
9 You are not allowed to play football in the
house. mustn’t You
in the house.
10 It wasn't necessary to go shopping, so we didn’t.
need We .. go
shopping.
11 She will probably go to university.
likely It
go to university.
12 It wasn’t necessary for her to clean the windows. but
The reporter is now writing an article about Mr
she did.
Houston and his museum. Look at the Oral Activity
needn*t She
again and complete the article below.
the windows.
13 It’s possible that they will sell their house.
may They . . . .. . their house. Yesterday, I met Mr Houston, who has recent/y opened a
14 I am certain Philip proposed to Mary last night. local museum which shows the history of our town. I
must Philip asked Mr Houston why he had decided to open the
to Mary last night. museum and he said ...
15 You ought to reconsider your ................. ................................... . .
decision. better You ..... .
your decision
16 What a spectacular view!' said Virginia.
exclaimed Virginia
The museum is open from 9am-5pm, Monday fo Saturday
was spectacular.
and is well worth a visit.
 iss Inversion
b) Greg updated the tiles.
What Greg did was (to) update the files.
Question word + ever (usually shows surprise)
e.g. Who ever told you I was getting married?
\4/fiere ever did you find thi’s old map?
Which and whose are not used in this case.
e.g. Whose idea was it? (NOT: ...)
Note: Ouestion words + ever (except for wAy) can
be written as one word. e.g. Whoever told you ...
We also use ever to put emphasis on negative
sentences.
e.g. No6ody ever explained this to me.
I haven”I seen this man ever de/ore.
We use do does did + bare infinitive in the
present simple, past simple or the imperative to
It was Steven Spie/Derg wholthat directed Eand ’Jurassic Park.'
give emphasis.

We can put emphasis on certain words or parts of a e.g. a) She De/ieves in supernatural powers.
sentence with: She does De/ieve in supernatural powers.
b) /-ie went to fñe reception.
G It is/was ... who/which/that
He did go to the reception.
e.g. a) Shei/a is planning flowers in the garden.
c) Stay a little longer.
It is Shei/a who/that is planning flowers in the
Do stay a little longer.
garden. (emphasis on the subject —— Sheila)
b) Sheila is planting I/owers in the garden.
It is f/owers fAaf Sheila is planting in the
garden. (emphasis on the o6|eci —— flowers) Rewrite these first aid instructions using
c) Sheila is planting flowers in the garden. 1 what as in the example.
It is in fhe garden that Sheila is planning
flowers.
(emphasis on the adverbial phrase —— in fee 1 You should remember to stay calm
garden) . YhaT you hould rr.member i.e fo fny en Inn.
d) The dog’s Parking di’dn't wake me up, ihe 2 You need to act quickly.
alarm clock did.
It wasn't the dog’s barking whichlthat woke me s You have to call an ambulance
up, it was the alarm clock.
Note: We use who, which o that to put emphasis 4 You must concentrate on helping the victims
on the subject. We normally use that to put
emphasis on the object or the adverbial 5 You need to check that the injury is not serious
phrase.
G All (that) = the only thing 6 You should not allow anyone to move the injured people
e.g. All (that) she cares about is money.
AI1 (that) he did was call me to say goodbye. 7 You should remember to keep the victims warm
'g' What
e.g. a) logging keeps me in shape. (su6jeci) 8 You have to keep the injured people calm
What keeps me i’n shape is jogging.
OR Jogging is what keeps me in shape.
b) / need a holiday. (oâjecl)
What I need is a holiday. 2 Change the sentences, as in the example.
OR A holiday is what I need.
'6' What ... do (to put emphasis on verbs) 1 I don't need a pencil. I need a pen.
e.g. a) Sharon designs clothes.
What Sharon does is (to) design clothes.
2 Sam isn”t a policeman. Daniel is
 Emphosis - n •
3 I don”t like carrots. I like potatoes.
Rewrite the sentences putting emphasis
5 on the highlighted words.
4 He’s not eating sweets. he s eating fruit.
1 Lydia stole the papers from the ottice
5 We didn't watch a film, we watched a play. lr no Lydia who/that stole the papers from the

6 I don't speak French. I speak German. 2 Alison made the bridesmaids” dresses.

7 They don”t want a house. they want a flat 3 Where did you meet Jason?

8 l didn't break a window, I broke a mirror. 4 Who gave you this expensive necklace?

5 Are you going to buy that cake for the party?

Rewrite the sentences in all possible
3 ways, as in the example. 6 Steve decorated the living room.

1 Jane moved to Italy in 1986. 7 What made you react like this?
.. . It wae Jane who/that moved fio Italy in 19B6.
It cae› Italy that Jane moved fio in f986.... 8 Why did you phone the police?
.In was In 19BD staC Jane moved to /tzi/y..
2 Paul sold his old car last week. 9 Why don’t you remember my birthday?
3 Sarah lost her keys this morning
4 David made dinner last night. 10 We received the letter this morning.
5 Simon published his latest novel last month
6 I met a film star last week.
7 Alan repaired the fence this afternoon Rewrite the sentences using emphatic
8 Catherine tound a kitten on Monday. 6y constructions, starting with the words
given.
Read the information, then rewrite it
4 emphasising the words in bold.
1 John set off the fire alarm.
It was ...Ro.in who/that set of Ohe h’re ala rm....
2 Come in!
Do
3 Why did they close the shop?
Why ever
4 She needs a pay rise.
What
5 She promised to call him.
She did
6 When did you get married?
When was
7 What have you done?
Whatever
8 I told you to be quiet
1 Victor Fleming directed ‘Gone With the Wind.' I did
. IN waa Ylcfior Flcmlng who/that dlrccfiod ’Gone 9 Annie opened the windows.
K’/sh she Wnd.’. It was
2 Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh played the lead parts.

3 Margaret Mitchell wrote the original novel. Complete the sentences, using your own
ideas.
4 The film was released in 1939.
1 All I want is .. to be hDQ¢ .
5 The tilm was first shown in Atlanta.
2 What I would like is
3 What I really need is
6 The film became a huge success soon after its re-
4 What I enjoy is
lease.
5 What I hate is
7 The tilm won nine Oscars in 1940. What I don t understand is
7 What I would like to know is
8 What I like most is

119
 is - Inversion

c) with so, neither. nor. as to express agreement.

e.g. 'I love chocolate ice cream.' ”So do I. ’ (We use
'so to agree with an affirmative statement.)
'I can’t stand violent films.
JVeither/J\for can /. ’ (We use 'neitherl nor’
to agree with a negative statement.)
/\/o sooner had they She was a talented musician, as was her sister
arrived at the srafion land so was fler sister.
than the train pulled in.
d) with should. were. had when they come at the
beginning of an if-clause instead of ‘if’.
e.g. Type 1: Should lie ca//, tell him I’m out.
(= If he should call ...)
Type 2: Were I you, I wouldn’I trust her.
(—— If I were you ...)
Type 3: Had I 6een told, I would have
offered my help.
(—— If I had deen iold ...)

2) main verb + subject

There are two ways to invert the subject and the verb.
It is used in the following cases:
1) be/have/modal/auxiliary verb + subject -i- main
a) after verbs of movement or adverbial
verb
expressions of place when they come at the
It is used in the following cases: beginning of a sentence.
a) in questions. e.g. Outside the house was a sports car.
e.p. is Peter taking an exam today? On the sofa sat an old man.
b) after the following words or expressions, Here comes the Dride.
when they come at the g of a sentence. There goes the 6us.
Seldom Only in this way If the subject is a pronoun, there is no
Rarely Only then inversion.
Little Hardly (ever) ... when Here she comes. (NOT.'
Barely No sooner ... than .) Up you
Nowhere (else) Not only ... but (also) gel. (NOT. .)
Never (before) Not until/till
b) in direct speech when the subject of the
Not (even) once In no way
introductory verb is a noun.
On no account In/Under no
circumstances Only by Not since, etc. e.g. 'I don't like this hotel,' said f4enry.
(OR.....Henry said.)
e. g. Jgever (Defore} have I seen such a ’I'll call you a taxi,’ said the doorman.
beautiful woman.
(OR. . the doorman said.)
Not only did they maAe a donation Dut they
(also) promised to Duild a shelter for the But: 'What can I do for you?' she asAed.
homeless. (NOT.’ aake0-abe-, because the su6¡ect of
Se/dom do we go out since the 6a6y was the introductory ver6 is a pronoun.)
born.
But: I/lie se/dom go out since ihe 6ahy was
born. (There is no inversion because ihe word
seldom does not come at the beginning of the
sentence.) Fill in the gaps, as in the example.
Note: When the expressions on/y after, on/y dy,
only il, only when, not unti1ltiII come at the 1 I have a terrible cold.‘
beginning of a sentence, the inversion is in So...do /. I feel really bad.’
the main clause. 2 I didn't go to the party last night.’
e.g. Only after she staned working was she ’Nor . I stayed at home Instead
a6Ie to save some money. 3 We went shopping yesterday
On/y if you IoIIow my advice wi// you So . We bought lots of things
succeed. 4 I’ve got some good news!’

120
‘SO I've got a new job’
 Emphosis -
5 I didn t win a prize 10 he police didn t know that the man was a criminal
Nor I was very disappointed Little
6 I II send Kim a card 11 I haven t been to the beach since last summer
So I II buy one tomorrow Not since
7 I went skiing last year 12 If I had known about the party I would have gone
So I had a lovely time Had
8 We re not going on holiday this year 13 We haven I had such a wonderful time anywhere else
Neither We can t afford it Nowhere
9 I can play the guitar 14 If I were you I would look for a new job
So but not very well Were
10 I m not going to work tomorrow 15 He had barely entered the office when the manager
Neither My boss has given me called him
the day off Barely

Chris Young is a fashion cfesigner. He is talking

11p
9 Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the to his staff adout keeping the designs for his next
words in bold. show a secret. Put the verbs in brackets
into the correct form.
1 The rain came down

2 The birds flew away

3 My house is at the end of the road

4 The actors came onto the stage

5 The aeroplane rose up into the sky

6 The Grand Hotel stands at the foot of the mountain

7 The policeman walked down the street Under no circumstances 1) should you full (you/should/
tell) anyone about (he plans for the show next week and in no
8 The wlndow cleaner climbed up the ladder way 2) (you/must/give) our competitors any
clues about our designs Not until the day after the fashion
show 3) (you/will/be able to) talk to
reporters about the clothes Only in this way 4)
(the show/will/be) a success If you all follow
10p Rewrite the sentences using the words/
phrases given. these orders. not only 5) (you/will/get)
a large bonus after the show. but you will also be given some
time off
1 I have seldom eaten at such an expensive restaurant
Seldom have I cahon at such an expensive
rms touranL Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or
2 She had no sooner fallen asleep than the telephone phrase.
rang
No sooner 1 Never . blare had she seen, such a beautiful dress
3 We not only got lost. but our car broke down 2 No sooner than there was a
Not only knock at the door
4 I have never heard such a terrible story before 3 Only by did we finish the
Never before report on time
5 We realised only then that the jewels had been stolen 4 On no account arrive
Only then late on Monday morning
6 Business has rarely been so good 5 Not only my wallet
Rarely but my watch was missing. too
7 The boss has not once given him a bonus 6 Only when did I realise
Not once I had been asleep
8 You should not enter this room under any circumstances 7 Not since I was young
Under no circumstances such an enjoyable day
9 I got to hnow Peter only after meeting him several times Under no circumstances
Only after be informed of this agreement

121
 • is - Inversion
Look at the following text and write
1ty inverted 15p Complete each sentence with two to
five words, including the word in bold.
sentences using the words/ phrases in bold.

Alexander Fleming discovered America. It

penicillin in 1928. He had no
sooner noticed an interesting
mould growth in one of his
glass dishes than he knew that
it was something important.
He only later realised what a
differ- ence it would make to
our lives. There had never
been a drug like this before.
Patients with infections could
only be successfully cured by
taking
penicillin. Penicillin not only advanced medical tech-
nology, but also saved thousands of lives. People
rarely die from infections these days.
1 ..Ha oooncr had he noticed an lnfiorcatlng
mould
growth In one of hla glaa6 dlatioa when he know'
that Is w’aa aomathlng Important. .

........... . . ... .. ...........

.. . ... .. . . . .

Rewrite the sentences, as in the

example.

1 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.

It .. was Alexander Graham Bell who/that invented
¢hc telephone.
2 Vincent Van Gogh painted beautiful pictures.
What ....
3 The only thing Mozart cared about was his music
All
4 The Wright Brothers made the first aeroplane flight.
It
5 Writing gave Charles Dickens great pleasure.
What . .
6 The only thing Emily Pankhurst wanted was equal
rights for women.
All
7 Tobacco was first discovered in
122
 You will get there on time if you leave now. We could only get there on time by taking a short
will Only if you ...hams now wi// you... get there cut. could Only by taking a short cut
on time. there on time.
2 As soon as I got into bed, I fell asleep 10 She’s a brilliant actress and a talented writer as
sooner No well only Not
into bed than I fell asleep. actress, but she’s also a talented writer.
We didn’t notice the time until it was too late. 11 Don’t open the door on any account while I'm
did Not until it was out. should On no account
the time. the door while I m out.
4 It was only after I drank the milk that I realised it was sour. 12 If I had realised how late it was, I wouldn’t have
did Only after I had drunk the milk stayed so long.
it was sour. realised Had
If I were you, I would buy a computer. was, I wouldn t have stayed so long.
you Were 13 I haven’t eaten such delicious food
buy a computer. anywhere else Nowhere
6 I only noticed the scratch on my car when I looked such delicious food.
closely 14 You must not open this box under any
notice Only when I looked closely circumstances. no Under
the scratch on my car. this box.
7 They had no idea it was the wrong train. 15 I had never seen such a fierce dog
know Little before. before Never
it was the wrong train such a fierce dog.
8 There’s no way I can meet him at the airport. 16 I remembered my keys only after I had closed the
can In no way door. remember Only after I had closed the door
at the airport. my keys.
8 Margaret Thatcher became the first female Prime 17 We rarely had sweets when we were young.
Minister of Britain. have Hardly ever
It we were young
 Emphosis - - •
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the
18y words in brackets.

The plants flourished in the warmth of the green-

• Rarely they travel abroad any more /
house (warm)
Rarely do they travel abroad any more
2 Suddenly we caught of the glittering blue
• Hardly had she left the house than it started raining / sea (see)
Hardly had she left the house when it started raining 3 Animals in the wild have to fight for
• Not only she is arrogant but also rude / (survive)

Not only is she arrogant but also rude 4 I lost my keys. but my neighbour
has a spare set (fortune)
• Only after had he finished his work he had a break / 5 My brother is a very talented (music)
Only after he had finished his work did he have a 6 We should treat all creatures with
break 7 kindness and respect (life)

• I en oy going to open-air concerts So I do / 7 The aircraft reached a of 35.000 feet (high)

I enjoy going to open-air concerts 'So do I g The company have received several
about their latest product (complain)
• She is a lively person. as her brother /
She is a very driver and never exceeds
She is a lively person. as is her brother
the speed limit (caution)
• Where did you buy this rug* asked he / 10 Taking a computer course has been
to my career (benefit)
Where did you buy this rug* he asked 1.1 She has made useful contacts
throughout her career (number)
12 I prefer to wear clothes which are made from
fibres (nature)
13 Modern supermarkets offer a large Of
16y Correct the mistakes. products (choose)
14 is a good quality to have (honest)
1 I love chocolate biscuits ' So I do 15 To Rick's his painting won

2 What have you been doing*' asked she the competition (amaze)
3 Hardly had Melissa gone to bed than the telephone
rang
19p
4 Not only he is lazy. but also stubborn Fill in the gaps with the correct form of
5 He is a mechanic as his father the words in brackets.
6 Seldom she goes to the theatre
7 Only after had he closed the windows he left the house

1. 7 Cross out the unnecessary word.

1 Do you come in please

2 What I would really like it is a long holiday
3 Only by you getting a job will you be able to pay oft
your debts
4 Marion en]oys travelling abroad and so does enjoy her The Riverview is an 1) ...sxtcneIvc . (expense) hotel on
sister the shore of 2) . (peace) Lake Bead The
5 It was Angela who she told me about your accident hotel is very 3) . .. ... (attract) and is set in
6 If were I you. I would think twice before accepting his 4) (beauty) surroundings. It has over a
proposal hundred 5) (space) rooms which are
7 All he did it was mumble an excuse very 6) (luxury) Lots of 7)
8 Only when did I talked to him in person was the matter (fame) people have stayed there in order to enjoy the
settled 8) .... (private) that the hotel offers them,
9 Rarely ever do we go to the opera since there are 9) (secure) guards to
10 No sooner had we finished our meal than when a fight keep photographers and reporters out.
broke out

123
is - Inversion

11 I looked your telephone number in the

telephone book
look after: (tr) take care of 12 This school is looked as being one of the
look down (tr) have a bad opinion of sb; disapprove best in the area
on: of sb/sth (opp: look up to) 13 The doctor looked the patient carefully
look for:
look forward (tr) search for before giving his diagnosis.
to: look into: (tr) anticipate (with pleasure) 14 The shoplifter was making the door when
look on: (tr) investigate the security guard stopped him.
look on/upon: watch (instead of doing sth) 15 They gave him a free meal to make
(tr) regard as; consider the bad service he received
look out for: (tr) be alert in order to see/find sb/sth 16 I’ll make..............................the cheque to you. shall I*
look over: 1) examine carefully; go through, 17 We re really looking .. your birthday party.
2) revise briefly and quickly g
Clive made . an excuse for his being late.
look round: examine (an area, place, etc.) 19 I am looking
(tr) 1) look at quickly, 2) study sth care- a new house at the moment.
look through: 2
fully Most of her clothes are passed . from her
1) (tr) look for sth (such as an address, older sisters.
look up: 21 Look . the contract before you sign it
etc) in a book or list, 2) visit sb (spe- 22
cially sb living far away) The jeweller tried to pass the ring solid
look up to: gold even though it wasn't.
(tr) respect (opp: look down on) 23 The man made....................with cash from the till. but
make for: (tr) move in the direction of was caught by the police a short time later.
make off: (int) run away; escape; make away 24 I was in the area so I thought I'd look you
make out: (tr) 1) see sb/sth clearly, 2) we haven't seen each other for such a long time.
understand; work out, 3) write out; fill 25 Please lend me your car this weekend. I’ll make it
make sth up you later, I promise.
in
to sb: 26 The crowd looked . as the athlete finished
make up: the race in record time.
compensate sb for sth
1) (tr) invent; think up, (a story, an
excuse, etc.) 2) (tr) put cosmetics on, 27 The police are looking the burglary.
3) (int) become friends again, 4) (tr) 28 All Arthur s employees look him and respect
compensate, 5) form as a whole him very much
make up for: compensate; repay sb for 29 They had an argument yesterday. but I think they’ve
made.......................now.
pass away: (int) die
pass off as: (tr) pretend to be sth/sb else successfully
pass on: (tr) give sth (usu clothes) to younger/ Underline the correct preposition.
smaller member of family 21
pass out: (int) lose consciousness

20a Fill in the correct 1 Sandra has wonderful taste of/in/at clothes.
2 This tea tastes ollinlat strawberries
particle.
3 I was thankful adouf/of/for all his support.
4 The burglar threatened the woman at lollwith a knife.
5 John threw the ball at/to/of me, but I dropped it.
Jo threw the ball af/fo/of the coconut and won a prize.
They looked round... the village before setting off down 7 She is tired from/of/6y doing the same Ihing every day.
the mountain. 8 He was tired from/of/Dy working in the garden all day.
2 Fred passes . at the sight of blood. 9 The trouble oflwithlabout computers is that they are
3 The actress made herself .... , before she very expensive.
went on stage. 10 This wet weather is typical of/from/on England
4 Nurses look . patients in hospital. 11 Cathy was upset agouf/from/of missing the train.
5 Look . the turning, I don t want to miss it. 12 We tried to warn him adout/for/from the icy roads but
6 Two members of staff and eight parents make he wouldn’t listen.
the school committee. 13 He wastes all his money for/to/on computer games
7 What does this word say? I can't make the and magazines.
handwriting. 14 The performance was worthy of/for/from an award
8 He looks people who are less privileged. 15 These vouchers are valid in/to/from all good record
Julie looked the book quickly in the shop shops.
before she bought it. 16 This ticket is valid of/for/from three months.
10 Sadly. the chairman of the club passed 17 I have to translate this poem for/info/af English for my
last weekend homework
J24
 Emphosis -

sionBox
10 You want your friend to carry your bag for you
22a Choose the correct answer. A Need you carry my bag for me*
B Would you carry my bag for me*
C Shall you carry my bag for me*
Your teacher has told you to write a story for your
homework You tell your parents
A I should write a story 2f y Fill in a, an or the where necessary.
B I may write a story
C I have to write a story
Mr Webb is 1) . rñe. manager of 2) large company
You put some petrol in the car, even though your father
He owns 3) expensive sports car which he drives
didn’t ask you to
to 4) office every morning By the time he arrives
A You needn t have put petrol in the car
at 5) work. his secretary has opened 6)
B You ought to have put petrol in the car
mail and made 7) pot of coffee for him In 8)
C You can I have put petrol in the car
morning, Mr Webb usually has meetings with 9)
You want to use your mobile phone on a plane, but the important clients He has 10) break for 11)
stewardess tells you it isn t allowed lunch at twelve o clock and in 12) afternoon he
A You needn I use your mobile phone on the plane spends 13) hour or two catchlng up with 14)
B You mustn t use your mobile phone on the plane paperwork When he goes 15) home in 16)
C You won't use your mobile phone on the plane evening, he watches 17) television or spends 18)
4 You have a headache Your friend gives you some quiet evening with his family
advice
A You should take an aspirin
B You may take an aspirin
C You might take an aspirin 2@ Rewrite the following sentences in the
passive.
5 Chris didn t speak to you You are sure he didn't see
you 1 My secretary opens the mail every morning
A Chris can t have seen me The mall ie opcnaâ @ my aocrc fiary over morn/ng.
B Chris should have seen me 2 A firefighter rescued the young girl
C Chrls might not have seen me
6 An old man is trying to carry a heavy box up the stairs 3 A gardener is watering the flowers
You offer to do it for him
A Shall I carry the box for you* 4 Caroline walks the dogs every morning
B Must I carry the box for you*
C Couldn I I carry the box for you* 5 Heavy rain had caused the flood
7 You and your friend quarrelled about something
unimportant Your mother says it was wrong 6 Police officers were examining the evidence
A You couldn’t have quarrelled
B You must have quarrelled 7 A spokesperson gave an interview to the reporters
C You shouldn’t have quarrelled
8 An official will take you to your seat
A parcel arrives at your house. You are sure it is from
Uncle Peter
9 We are going to announce the results on Friday
A It can I be from Uncle Peter.
B It might be from Uncle Peter
10 The new manager has made some changes
C It must be from Uncle Peter
You offer to do the ironing, but your mother says it isn t 11 The students are making the arrangements for the party
necessary.
A You must do the ironing 12 They clean the windows every week
B You could do the ironing
C You needn I do the ironing

12f•
 3etter/Pould 9otker- Unreal Rast

Condltlonals are clauses introduced with If. The main When the main clause comes before the if-clause, then
types of conditionals are: Type 0, Type 1, Type 2 and no comma is necessary.
Type 3.
if - clause main clause
Conditional clauses consist of two parts: the If - clause
(hypothesis) and the main clause (result). When the if- e.g. If the weather is good tomorrow, we will go to the beach.
clause comes before the main clause, the two clauses We will go to the beach tf the weather is good tomorrow
l
are separated with a comma. main clause if - clause

! u ent si p e | pre e s p e If + past simple or ) would could might +

past continuous | present bare infinitive
They are used to express something which is always
true. We can use when (=whenever) instead of if. They are used to express imaginary situations which
are contrary to facts in the present and, therefore, are
unlikely to happen in the present or future. They are
also used to give advice.

IflWhen ii rains,
the roads get slippery
and dangerous.

If - clause Main clause

If + present simple present cont. present perfect present
futureperfect cont.can may might must
imperative
should could + present bare infinitive

They are used to express real or very probable

If clause Main clause
situations in the present or future.
If + past perfect past ( would could might +
perfect continuous | perfect bare infinitive

They are used to express imaginary situations which

are contrary to facts in the past. They are also used to
express regrets or criticism.
II we
work hard, we’II Simon mode a big mi
linish the project on stake because he wasn’I
tii)›e care(uI.

126
•
 had been more
careful, I wouldn 't
have made such a big
mistake.

127
 Conditionals - Wiskes - Had Better/¥/ould 9al
Note: Type 1 and Type 2 Conditionals refer to the
’¥' We do not normally use will, wont/d or should in an
present or the future. The use of Type 2
if-clause. However, we can use wi// or would after if
Conditionals suggests that the situation is less
to make a polite request or express insistence or
probable, impossible, or imaginary. Compare
uncertainty (usually with expressions such as I don’t
the examples:
hnow, / doubt, I wonder, etc.} In this case, if means
e.g. a) II I meet Brad Pitt, I'll asA him about his next film. whether. We can also use should after if to talk
(comment made by a reporter who is going to about something which is possible, but not very
Hollywood) likely to happen.
/f / met Brad Pitt, I would asA for his autograph. e.g. a) II you will wait a minute, Mr Carrington will be
(comment made by a teenage fan) able to see you.
b) II I win the money, I'll Duy a new car. (comment (Will you please wait ... - po//fe reqUesf}
made by a contestant on a TV game show) b) II you will go on making so much noise, I'll
/f / won the money, I would Duy a new car. send you out.
(comment made by a member ol the audience) (If you insist on making ... - insistence)
c) I wonder if he'II call me tomorrow.
We use if to show that something might happen. (I wonder whether ... -
We use when to show that something will uncertainty)
definitely happen. d) II Paul should turn up, tell him to wait for me.
e.g. ff Sfeve calls, tell him I’ll be 6ack in /en (I don't really expec/ Paul to turn up.)
minutes. (Steve might call.)
l/rfien Steve calls, tell him I'll be back in ten ’¥'We can use were instead of was for all persons in the
minutes. (It is certain that Sieve will call.) if-clause of Type 2 conditionals.
We can form conditionals by using words/ e.g. II Andrew was/were taller, he could be a basket-
ball player.
expressions such as un/ess (7ype Conditiona/s},
We use /f / were you ... when we want to give
providing/provided fhat, so/as long as, on
condition (fhaf}, wfiaf if, suppose/supposing, advice.
e.g. /f / were you, I wouldn‘I travel on my own.
otherwise (= if not}, gut for, and, or (e/se}, even if,
in case of/in the event of, etc.
e.g. a) Un/ess you be/p me. I won’t finish on //me. We can omit if and use inversion in Type 1, 2 and 3
(= If you don't help me, ..) Conditionals. This structure is more common in
b) I’ll water the plants providing/provided (that} formal English.
I have time fhis afternoon. (... if I have fime e.g. a) Should lie fail to be re-elected, it would be a
...} great disappointment for him.
So/As long as you promise /o be âack by Were lie more careful, he would make fewer
midnight, you can go to the party. misfakes.
(If you promise ...) Had she been asked, s/?e would have given
d) He agreed io work Saturdays on condition her permission.
that he was paid overtime.
(... if he was paid ...)
e) ’I’ll lake Dad's car tomorrow night.' ‘What il
he needs ii?’ (—— Whaf will you do if he 1 Fill in the gaps with if or w’hen and a verb in
the present tense, as in the examples.
needs it?)
f) Suppose/Supposing you were fired,
1 We might go for a walk tomorrow. .../f wr go. we will
what would you do? (—— If you were
take the dog with us.
fired, ...)
2 The guests will arrive soon. .. than they a rrive,... we
g) \Ne’d better leave now. Otherwise vre’// miss will greet them at the door.
our Ilight. (If we don't leave now, we'll miss
3 I am going to phone Sam in a
our Ilight.)
minute. him, I want you to leave the
h) But for your advice, I wouldn't have been room.
aDIe to so/ve my problems.
(If you hadn’t advised me, ...) 4 I might visit Pamela party.
i) Do that again and tomorrow. will buy her a
I’ll punish you. (If you do present.
Don 'r do that again or (e/se} that again The bus comes at eight
I'll punish you. ...) o’clock. will all get on it.
6 She might invite us to her
her. I we
I wouldn’t go to the pany even if they invited we will go.
me. 7 The film will start soon. I will record it
I) In case oflln file event of a fire, sound the 8 Mark may lend me some some
alarm. (If there is a tire, ...) money. money, I will buy that
jacket.
•• s - is\es - Had Better/¥/ould RatLer- Unreal Past
Match the items in column A with In pairs, ask and answer questions
those in column B in order to make about what you would do in each of the
correct Type 0 conditional sentences, following situations, as in the example.
as in the example. Use your own ideas.

A B
1 Wash woollen clothes a They die.
in hot water. 1 . you / see / someone committing a robbery
b It becomes ice.
2 Put food in the fridge. 2 you / find / a lot of money
3 Don’t water plants. c It gets rusty. 3 . a fire / start / in your home
4 Put water in the freezer. d They shrink 4 . you / have / a headache
5 Leave metal out in the 5 . you / see / a stray dog outside your house
rain. e It falls to the ground 6 . your boss / shout / at you
6 Drop something. f It stays fresh for
7 Throw a pebble into
the sea. longer. g You get green. Read the headlines and make a conditional
8 Mix blue and yellow. h It Sinks. sentence for each, as in the example.

A friend of yoL/rs is going to Monaco. You have eg II' Who prisoner hadn't oacaped, ha wouldn’t have
robbed thc bank.
6een there 6efore. What information do you
pive hislher? First, match the items in
column A to the ones in column B, then
OSTUDENTS’ HARD I¥0RK
make sent- ences, as in the example. RAISES THOUSA 8DS FOR
ROBS CHARITy

F / BALLER nows O ACTItES/ IN CAft

WITH I ANAGER AND ACCIDENT FILMING
QUITS TEAM DELAYED

HEAVY RAINS CAUSE

BRAVE TEENAGER FLOODING OF
SAVES CHILD FROu CREEK VALLEY
DROWNING
A
1 stay at a five-star hotel ...g. ..
2 dine out
3 visit a museum
6 Underline the correct form of the verb.
4 see a play
5 watch athletics events
6 see beautiful flowers My brother Kevin has always been a fitness fanatic. He
7 observe wild animals believes that if you 1) /ooA after//ooAed after your body. it
8 go shopping will look after you. Whenever anyone is ill, he 2) says/wi//
say. If they had taken care of themselves. they 3) woti/dn’t
get,• wou/dn’f have got ill. And the same thing 4) happens
B /wi// ñappen to me if 1 5) didn’t heep litldon’t keep lit.' \
a Princess Grace Rose Garden (open every day) would often say to him, ‘If I were you, Kevin, 1 6) would
b the Oceanographic Museum (popular with tourists) fry/wou/d have tried to slow down a little bit. You will wear
c the Casino Square (designer shops) yourself out.” Last month, however, I went to the doctor’s
d André's Restaurant (French food) and he told me that I was unfit. He said that if 17) don’f
e the Louis II Stadium (international startldidn’I sfart taking regular exercise, 1 8) would
competitions) f the Zoological Gardens (recently De/wou/d have deen in danger of becoming ill. I started
modernised) g the Hotel de Paris (very going to the gym with Kevin and, after a week, I said to
luxurious) him, I feel better already. If I
9) knowlhad hnown how good it feels to exercise, I
h the Fort Antoine Theatre (open-air performances)
10) would startlwould have started years ago!’
 Conditionals-Wiskes- Had Beffer/PouId 9ot
Put the verbs in brackets into the O
7 tense. ° ’”’ 9p
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
tense.

1 She would have come to dinner if we .. had invited. . 1 A: If you ...lass . (pass) a bakery,
(invite) her. (you/buy) some bread. please?
2 If you had locked the door, the B: Yes, of course. How much do you need?
burglars (not/get) in. 2 A: Did you invite Tim to the party?
3 Were I you. (put on) some B: No, but when I................................(speak) to him,
I clothes. warmer I (invite) him
4 Joan (be able to) come to the 3 A: May I go out now, please?
party if she wasn t B: Yes, provided you (do) your
working. (tell) you homework.
5 Had I heard any news. 4 A: Mum seems very busy at the
I immediately. moment.
6 Paul (ruin) his shirt if B: Were I you, I . (offer) to help her.
climbs that 5 A: Hurry up. or else we . (miss) the
tree. he (be) younger, he could B: train I know, I'm being as quick as I can.
7 If Mark 6 A: Unless you (work) hard, you
the join
army.
She would have stayed at home if she (fail) the exam.
(know) there would be so much traffic. B: I know. I've been studying every evening.
9 Should he . (get) this job, he will be able 7 A I forgot to ask Simon for his phone number.
to buy his own flat. B: If I (see) him today,
10 If you . (put) your keys in your I (ask) him for you.
pocket, you wouldn't have lost them A: Peter won t help me with my homework
11 She will be here at eight unless she B: I'm sure he (help) you if
(lose) her way. he (have) the time.
12 If I were you. (not/go) out in this 9 A: I’m not going to tell him what happened
I weather. B: What if he (find out) on his
13 Emily (call) me if she had changed 10 AQ own? If I (not/buy) that lottery
her mind. ticket.
I (never/win) all this money!
14 If you like Tom Cruise. you (love) B: I know. Isn’t it
this film. 11 A: amazing! Unless you (go) to bed now. you
15 Dave (be) home at six (be) tired in the morning.
o’clock, B: I know. I’m going.
provided he catches the five o'clock bus
12 A: I need some wrapping paper.
B: Well, if I (find) any at the
Underline the correct word or expression. shop. I (buy) some for you.
13 A: Can I have some chocolate cake, please?
B: Well, as long as you..........................(eat) all your
I'll lend you the money on condition that/on/ess
dinner, you can have some chocolate cake
you pay it back soon. 14 A: I hate going into town.
2 Even if/Bot for her help. I’d be in trouble now. B: So do l. Whenever I (go) into
UnlesslProvided it stops raining, we won't be town, I (come back) with a
going to the park. 15 A: headache.
4 I couldn't lend them the money even if/or I wanted to. You'd better apologise. otherwise he
5 Try to be here on time, anct/otherwise we'll miss B: (never/speak) to you again.
the beginning of the film. You're right. I will.
6 ‘I II wear Mum’s necklace for the party.’
’W'haf if/Otherwise you lose it?’
7 Supposing/Provicfing we went to London — what 1 Choose the correct answer.
could we do there?
Be late again provided/and you’ll have to see the
manager. in case of/On condition that an emergency, call this number.
1 ‘I can’t find my wallet.' A would look B will look C am looking
*If I were you, I ... A... in my jacket pocket.’
10 You can go to the party in case of/as long as you 2 ‘Where is my bank book?’
are home before 11 pm. ‘If you...........in the drawer, you'll find it.’
11 Don’t shout or/what if you'll wake the baby. A had looked B look C looked
• • s - isÈes - had Beltef/Would Rat\el - Unreal Past
3 ‘..............we get up on time, we will catch the train.'
‘I will set my alarm clock.’
A Supposing B Providing C Unless
4 ‘Can I go and play football, please, Mum?’
If you .... your homework, you can go and play.' We can form mixed conditionals, if the context
A finished B had finished C have finished permits it, by combining an if - clause from one type
with a main clause from another.
5 Dad shouted at me today.’
‘Well, if you the window, he wouldn’t have
shouted at you If - clause Main clause
A didn t break B hadn’t broken C don’t break
6 ‘Why is the baby crying?’ Type 2 Type 1
babies are tired or hungry, they cry.’ II she got back /afe last she won’f come to work
A When B Providing C Supposing night, today.

7 ‘When ice melts, it . .. water.'

Everyone knows that!’ Type 2 Type 3
A becomes B will become C would become If you were more you woufdn’f have
8 ‘l'm going to a party tonight.’ sensiöle, spoken fo your boss
If I wasn’t ill, I...............with you ’ //’ke that.
A come B will come C would come Type 3 Type 2
we miss the bus, what will we do?’ If she hadn’t missed the she would be here
‘Call a taxi.' now. bus,
A Supposing B Providing C When
10 ‘If I were rich, I...............around the world.’
‘Perhaps you will one day.’
A will sail B can sail C could sail
1/y Rewrite the following as mixed conditional
sentences.
11 ‘Have you seen Daniel recently?’
‘No. If I have time, I...............him tomorrow.’
A would visit B might visit C visit 1 She didn’t study hard. She won’t pass the exams.
.If she haa eLudied ha rd, she would pa ec th.
12 ‘Paul lost his watch.' exams...
Well, if he had looked after it. he...............it.’ 2 You didn’t wake me up. Now I’m late for my appointment.
A wouldn’t lose B won't lose C wouldn’t have lost
3 She isn't well-qualified. She didn't get the job.
13 you hurry, you will be late for school.’
‘I’m nearly ready now.’
4 We didn’t go to the restaurant. We don’t like fast food.
A Unless B Providing C Supposing
14 ‘If you hadn’t watched that film. you .. . nightmares.’ 5 She didn’t bring her umbrella. Now, she’s getting wet
‘You re right.’
A wouldn’t have had B won’t have C don’t have 6 I don’t know them very well, so I didn’t 9 to the party.

7 He isn’t at the lecture because he wasn't told about it.

Complete the following sentences 10 If you had tried harder,
1@ with an appropriate conditional
clause.

1 Were I you, .. / ’d go to 8he roller. .

2 If I hadn’t met her,
3 Only if you work hard,
4 If they had been more careful,
5 If I won a lot of money,
6 Unless it rains,
7 I would have told you earlier,
8 But for your suggestions,
9 Should Annie phone,

170
 8 They didn’t take a map with them. They're lost now.

9 The driver isn’t careful. He crashed his car into a wall.

10 I didn’t buy tickets. We can’t go to the theatre tonight

11 He didn't reserve a table. He has to wait for an hour.

12 Sue forgot to go to the bank. Now she can't go shopping.

13 They missed their flight. They won’t arrive until tomorrow.

131
 Conditionals - WisLes - had Bettef/¥/ould Rot ef- •
Match the items in column A with those in
1§y column B to make complaints using
wouldlwoutdn't. Then, decide which person
from the list is making each complaint.
shopkeeper, businessman, traftic warden, flight
'g' We use the verb wish and the expression if only to attendant, docior, campsite owner, lifeguard
express a wish. /f only is more emphatic than /
w'ish.
'g' wish/If only + past simple/past continuous
This structure is used when we want to say that we
would like something to A B
be different in the present.

1
1 I wish my staff a take their medication
properly
/ wish//f 2 If only drivers
’J only I didn’I have
b be more polite
to c not light fires in the
take ihe train fo 3 I wish passengers
work forest

4 If only the customers ... d park illegally

'I' wish/If only + past parfem
This structure is used to express s I wish campers e get to work on time
regret that something happened
f follow the safety
or did not happen in the past. 6 If only patients regulations
g put their luggage in
I wishllf
7 I wish bathers the lockers
only I hadn’t sfo/en
the motorbike.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct

1*\y tense.
'6' wish/It only + would
This structure is used: a) for a polite imperative. 1 A: I wish Paul . . would cm/ .. (tell) me what is wrong
with him.
b) to express our desire for a change in a situa- tion or someone*s be- haviour.
B: Yes. He seems very upset. doesn't he?
I wish 2 A: I wish I (not/shout) at the
you would pay more anenfion/ children like that.
B: Why? They were being very naughty.
3 A: I wish you (tidy) your room more
B: often. Sorry. I’ll try to.
4 A: 1 wish I (practise) harder
before the concert.
B: I thought you pertormed very well.
I wishlll only he wouldn’I give me so much 5 A: If only Stuart (call) me.
work B: Don t worry. I m sure he'll phone soon.
6 A: I wish I . (be) back at school
B: again Those were great days, weren t they?
7 A: I wish Mark.......................(stop) playing his music
so loudly.
B: Why don’t you ask him to turn it down?
J After the subject pronouns / and we, we use cou/¢f 8 A! If only I (buy) those shoes
instead of wou/d. we saw today.
e.g. I wish / cou/d fravel aDroad. (NOT: B: B:
9 A:
Note: We can use were instead of was after w'ish
or if only. B:
e.g. I wish he were/was more careful. 10 A:
Why not go back and buy them tomorrow?
I wish you.............................(try) harder with your
Maths homework.
Sorry. I find it very difficult
If only we (go) to France last
summer. We could go this year if you like.
• • s - is\es - had Belter/Would RatÈer - Unreal Past
11 A:
I wish I . (afford) some new Fill in the gaps with an appropriate auxiliary
B:
CDs. Would you like to borrow some of mine?
12 A: If only it
16p vezb.
(stop)
raining.
B: Yes. Then we could go for a walk.
1 I don’t know many people, but I wish I ..
13 A: Are you going to Joanne's party on Saturday?
2 He can't drive, but he wishes he
B: No. I wish I (go), because I’m
3 We didn’t move house, but we wish we
sure it will be fun.
4 I’m not very wealthy, but I wish I
14 A: I wish you (help) with the
5 She probably won't help me, but I wish
housework more often.
she He hasn’t got any pets, but he wishes
B: What would you like me to do?
he
7 They don’t go out very often, but they wish they
15 A: I’m bored. I wish I (arrange) to g He won’t listen to my advice, but I wish he
go out this
evening.
B: I’m going to the cinema. Why don't you come, too?
17y Read the text and complete the sentences
below using Type 3 Conzfftionafs, as in the
Look at the pictures and complete the example.
wishes. Also make mixed conditional
sentences, as in the example.

I should have
1 öroUgh/ mm U/T›öre/la
.‘ '

“’ I wish / tao brough0 my

umbrella. (not / be I so wet)
/f / had üroughr my um br•lla, /

2
I should dave
• booked a
I wish room. Thc Titanic' was a British luxury passenger liner which
sank duriny its maiJcn vt»uyc tr‹›m S‹›uthampt‹›n t‹› New
Yt›rk in
(have / somewhere to stay) IfiU. On 14th April. the Titt‹nic' hit an icchcrg in the
Atlantic Occan. Distress signals v.’erc scnt ttJ the
‘Californian‘, a ship *fJ miles away. hut their radio t1peratt›r
wijs off dUtv and the signals were not received. Some t›f the
passengers got into lifebc›ats. but. althuuyh the ’Titanic' was
I shouldn 't have eateiJ so much chocolade
luxurious. it Jid not huvc en‹›uyh lif¢hcats tt›r all the
I wish
passcnycrs ‹›n h‹›ard. As a rcsult, the l‹›ss ‹›t life ’as yrcat.
(not feel ,’’ so ill)
Many pccplc digd hccausc the sca was wn/ cold. Luckilv.
another ship, the Carpathia’, rescued scme of the
passcnyers. As •t resull ‹›l” this disastcr, new rulcs werk
made it› ensure thal sca YtJYa ¢s w‹›uld bc sa\”er in
futurc. It is n‹» hclie\’cd lhat the Titanic’ sank xc quicklv
I shouldn ”t have ioucheö lie iron hccausc it \vaS tc‹J largc.

1 If the ship had not hit an iceberg, .../t wouIdn’t hevc dunk.,..
I wish
2 If the ‘Californian's’ radio operator had been on duty,
(my hand / not hurt so much)
3 If the ‘Titanis’ had had enough lifeboats,
I wish
I should have go! up earlier

112
4 If the sea hadn’t been so cold, e ‘Titanic’ had not sunk,
6 If
5 If the ‘Carpathia' had not arrived, th
(not be / late now)
7 If the ‘Titanic' had not been so big,
 Conditionals - Wis8es - had Better/Udould 9at er- • '•
Answer the following questions using
woulcf rather ...... because and your
own ideas.
1 Your parents have oflered to take you to Rome on
holiday and your best friend has invited you to join
’g' Had better + bare Infinitive (= should/ought) him/her in Majorca. Where would you prefer to go?
This structure is used to give advice or to say e.g. ... I’d rather go to Majorca because I love being
what the best thing to do in a particular situation by cñc s‹a..
is. 2 You have received two invitations. One is for a film
e.g. You hadl’d lefter Dook your flight early. premiére and one is for a rock concert. Which would
I'd lefter not take out a loan; I won’t be able to you rather go to?
pay it Oack. You have recently won the lottery jackpot. Would you
Had better is more emphatic than shouldlought rather have all of the money at once. or a set amount
fo, every month?
but it is not as emphatic as must.
4 You need some extra money. Would you rather
e.g. You must see a lawyer. (strong advice)
spend your evenings babysitting or get a paper round
You had lefter see a lawyer. (less emphatic
in the mornings?
than must)
5 Your parents have offered to buy you a present.
You sfiou/d/ougfif to see a lawyer. (less em-
Would you rather have some new clothes or a pair of
phatic than had Defter)
roller- blades?
'6‘ Would rather (= would prefer to) expresses 6 You have lost the watch which your parents bought
preference. you and you know they will be angry. Would you
When the subject of wou/d rather is also the rather buy yourself a new watch and pretend nothing
subject of the following verb, we use the has happened, or tell your parents the truth?
following constructions:
a) would rather + present bare Infinitive
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
(present/future) 1@ form.
e.g. I'd rather do my shopping tomorrow.
b) would rather + perfect bare Infinitive (past)
e.g. I'd rather not ñave gone ro the dinner pany 1 A: I’m going out in a minute.
last night. B: So am I, so you'd better ...soke... (take) your keys
would rather + bare Infinitive + than with you.
(+ bare Infinitive) 2 A: Do you watch much television?
e.g. I’d rather watch a comedy than (watcfi} a B: No. I prefer (read) books to
thriller. (watch) television.
3 A: I didn’t enjoy the concert much.
When the subject of won/d rather is different
from the subject of the following verb, we use
the following constructions:
a) would rather + past tense (present/future) B: Nor did I! I would rather they (play) more
e.g. /’d rather Xate stayed with us tonight. modern music.
b) would rather + past perfect (past) 4 A: Shall we go to that new restaurant this evening?
e.g. I'd rather Sam hadn’t tahen his father’s car B: Good idea. We had better ............ (book) a
yesterday. table.
5 A: Shall I tidy your bedroom for you?
We can also use prefer in the following B: I'd rather you...................(not/tidy) it. I'll do it later.
constructions to express preference: 6 A: Shall we go for a walk this afternoon?
a) prefw+ -Ing f‹xm + to + -Ing fr¥wi (general B: No. I would prefer ................. (stay) here and read
preference) a book.
e.g. I prefer p/aying tennis fo p/aying squash. 7 A: My brother prefers (play) computer
b) prefer+ full Inflnklve + rather than + bare lnflnltlve games to (do) his homework
(general preference) B: So does mine
e.g. / prefer to eat fish rather than (eat} meaf. 8 A: Did you enjoy the play last night?
prefer+ noun + to + noun (general preference) B: No. I’d rather...................(go) to the cinema
e.g. He prefers DaskefDa// to footDa//. 9 A: I’d rather you (not/make) so much
d) would prefer + full lnflnltlve + rather than + bare noise.
infinitive (specific preference) B: Sorry. I’ll try to be quiet
e.g. a) I'd preler to walh home rafter than faAe the bus. 10 A: You had better...................(work) hard at your new
6) I'd prefer to have juice rather than (have) Coke. job.
B: I will. I want to make a good impression.
 • s - isles - H0d Better/Would Rattef - Unre0l P0st
11 A: Paul has bought Tania a present
B: Yes. but we’d better (not/mention) it. li 2@ Underline the correct tense.
might be a surprise.
12 A: Did you en jOO'y’ the party last night?
B: Yes, but I would rather we ......... ....... (stay) a little 1 I’d rather you didlhad done your homework before you
longer. go out.
13 A: Shall we spend the evening together? 2 Supposing you had heardlhad deen heard telling me.
B: Well, actually, I d prefer (spend) some what would have happened?
time alone. 3 He acted as if he ownslowned the house.
14 A: That meal was terrible. I'd rather (eat)at I wish I wentlhad gone to the library yesterday.
home. I would have made a cake if I hnowlhad Anown you
B: It was very expensive, too. were coming.
15 A: It’s the company’s office party tomorrow. 6 It’s about time we emp/oyed/ñad employed some
B: Yes. To be honest, I d rather..................(not/go). new staff.
7 If she had won/won the competition, she would have
had a party.
I’d rather you didn't interruptlhadn’I inferrupfed me
when l”m talking.
Suppose you sawlhad seen a crime being committed.
what would you do?
10 If only you told/ñad fold me, I would have understood
The pasf simp/e can be used to refer to the present 11 He would have sent a card if he realised/f›ad rea/ised
(unreal present) when we talk about imaginary, unreal it was your birthday.
or improbable situations which are contrary to facts in 12 If you met/had mef John now, you wouldn’t recognise
the present. him.
The past perfect can be used to refer to imaginary, 3 It s high time you /earnf/had /earnf how to drive.
unreal or improbable situations which are contrary to 14 I’d rather you hadn’t misdefiaved/didn’t misbehave at
facts in the past (unreal past). the party last night.
The past simple is used with: 15 They spoke as if they hnewlhad hnown each other for
• Type 2 Conditionals years.
e.g. II he had the money, he would Duy a new car.
• suppose/supposing
e.g. Suppose/Supposing he sfood you up, Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
whai would you do? form.
• wish/if only
e.g. I wishllf only I had a De/fer/od. 1 Would you rather ...come. (come) shopping with me
• would rather (present) or stay at home?
e.g. /’d rafñer Nick drove me to the station. 2 If only I (not/confide) in her:
• as if/as though now everybody knows my problems.
e.g. Mary talks as if/as though she knew everything. Amy says she would rather (organise)
the event herself.
$
• it’s (about/high) time
e.g. If’s (aboutlhigh) time you went to 4 I'd rather you (get) a full-time job than
bed. a part-time job.
The past perfect is used with:
• Type 3 Conditionals 5 Supposing I invited you to a party,
e.g. II she hadn’t fa//en dow'n the stairs, she wouldn’t (you/accept)?
have 6roken her arm. 6 I wish I ...... (ask) my parents for some
• suppose/supposing
advice before I made up my mind.
e.g. Suppose/Supposing you had deen inv”ited, would 7 Suppose you (meet) a film star,
you have gone? what would you say?
• wish/if only e.g. /4e had never 6een abroad, 6ut he spoke about
e.g. I wishlll only I hadn't argued wiih him.
• would rather (past)
e.g. I’d rather you had kept if a secret.
• as if/as though
114
She didn’t understand the question, but she looked as
116
118
 though she . .. . ......... (understand) it.
9 Liz studied Art at university, but she says she would
rather ....... . (study) History
10 I wish Alan . (not/move) away. as I
miss him a lot.
New York as if/as though he had deen there many 11 It seemed as if she (forget) about
times. the meeting
12 If you hadn’t left early, you (meet) Tie
 Conditionals -Wis3es - had Bettei/PouId éat er - •
4 I want to have a party. but my flat isn”t big
enough. wish I
Study these examples. The second sentence big enough for me to have a party.
has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 5 You shouldn't go out tonight; you have to go to school
tomorrow.
1 I don’t think it's a good idea to lie to your parents about
better You ... out
what happened. tonight; you have to go to school tomorrow.
were If I were you. I wouldn’t lie to my parents g
John would prefer to eat pizza rather than chips.
about what happened.
rather John .. pizza than chips.
2 If you sit next to the tireplace. you'll get too hot.
7 Jane regrets spending all that money on new clothes.
else Don’t sit next to the fireplace or else
wishes Jane
you’ll get too hot.
all that money on new clothes
3 It rained heavily all day, so they didn't go out.
It's a pity I didn’t make it to your wedding
for But for the heavy rain, they would have
wish I . it to your wedding.
gone out.
Colin wishes he hadn't missed the bus: now he is late
4 If you don't act quickly, you may find yourself in
for work
trouble. unless You may find yourself in
missed If Colin.............................................the bus,
trouble unless
he wouldn’t be late for work.
you act quickly.
10 If the weather gets better, we'll go on a sailing trip
5 Sam ran out of time; that's why he didn’t go
tomorrow.
shopping. would If Sam hadn’t run out of time,
he would provided We’ll go on a sailing trip,
have gone shopping. .... better tomorrow.
1 1 You should write a letter to your pen-friend.
6 If Helen gets a grant, she will be able to continue her
studies. better You . to your pen-friend.
provided Helen will be able to continue her 12 Samantha wants to be a model. but she isn’t tall
studies provided she gets a grant. enough wishes Samantha
7 Tony wants to buy a new car, but he hasn’t got to be a model.
enough money. 13 Why don't you wipe your feet when you come back
wishes Tony wishes he had enough money to from the park?
buy a new car. would I . your feet
Jack would prefer to learn Italian rather than learn when you come back from the park.
German. 14 If you don't stop being naughty. I will tell the
rather Jack would rather learn Italian than headmaster.
German. else Stop being naughty,
Mary regrets not studying hard for her exams. the headmaster.
wishes Mary wishes she had studied hard for her 15 Sam would prefer to go out rather than stay at
exams. home. rather Sam
10 You should join a gym than stay at home.
better You had better join a gym. 16 It's a pity I didn’t go to that party.
11 Why don’t you make an effort to improve your life? wish I
would I wish you would make an effort to that party.
improve 17 I didn't know your address: that’s why I didn’t send
your life. you a postcard.
12 It’s a pity I missed your graduation. would If I had known your address, I
you a postcard.
2 Complete each sentence with two to
five 1s He wouldn’t have finished his report if you hadn't
helped him
p words, Including the word in bold.
for But.........................................., he wouldn’t
1 You will be late for school unless you leave now. have finished his report.
if You will be late for school If you exceed the speed limit, you’ll have to pay a
leave .. now. fine. else Don’t exceed the speed limit,
2 If you touch the iron, you will burn your ......... . .... have to pay a fine.
fingers. else Don't touch the iron, 20 If you don”t practise daily, you will never learn to play
burn your fingers. the piano.
3 I don’t think it’s a good idea to buy that jacket. unless You will never learn to play the piano
were If I wouldn't buy that . ..... ........................................... daily.
jacket.
• • s - is\es - Had Betteri¥/ould 9ai\er - Unreal Past
Fill in the gaps with the correct form
the words in brackets.

1 She has lost a lot of .. weight .. recently. (weigh)

2 Due to his . . to add up properly, he de
I • If you will finish early, give me a call. ,x If
a big mistake in the accounts book. ((in) able)
you finish early, give me a call. 7
3 I . with what you are saying. In fact.
• Unless we don’t pay the bill, the phone will be cut
I am of the exact opposite opinion. (agree)
4 He has made many successful off. x
investments. (finance) Unless we pay the bill, the phone will be cut off. 7
5 That man is involved in lots of activities. • I wish we would buy a bigger house. /
but the police can‘t prove anything at the moment. I wish we could buy a bigger house.
(legal) • We’d better to cut down on our expenses x
6 A mistake in this chemical formula could be We’d better cut down on our expenses. 7
(disaster)
7 I don t want him to babysit for me. He s too • You’d not better talk to him about it. /
(responsible)
8 Tom is very and works hard to achieve You'd better not talk to him about it. 7
his goals. (ambition) • We would better leave now. x
The project is There is no way we We had better leave now. 7
can make it work. (practical) • I’d rather Greg goes to medical school. X
10 He doesn't speak very good French. which is why he I'd rather Greg went to medical school.
the woman's question. (understand)
11 Mr Webb is a very . man in the business • It’s high time you redecorate your flat. /
world. (influence) It’s high time you redecorated your flat.
12 It’s . that the plan will go ahead. since there
is very little money available at the moment. (likely)
13 I am often of the water in foreign
countries. (suspicion) 25a Correct the mistakes.
14 It must be wonderful to be (wealth)
15 His good background helped him to
1 You d not better be late for your interview.
get the job. (education) 2 We would better go soon.
16 We found his collection of modern paintings quite
3 It's high time you tidy your bedroom
He even possessed a genuine
Picasso! (impress) 4 We’d better to do the washing-up.
5 I’d rather the guests come at eight o’clock.

2@
Fill in the gaps with the correct form py 6 Unless you don’t study, you won t pass the exams
the words in brackets. 7 I wish we would afford a new car.
8 If you will need any help. just call me
A Tom made the1) ...docIs/on.. (decide) to have a party.
He sent 2).....................(invite) to twenty of his friends
and all of them came, with the 3)......................(except)
Cross out the unnecessary word.
of David. who had already made 4)
(arrange) for that evening.
1 You'd better to apply to a university in your country.

B Alison attended a job interview last week and the 2 As long as you will book early, you won’t have a
company made her a very 1) problem finding a seat.
offer. She has just written a letter of 2) (attract)
3 I wish if someone would do something about it.
(accept) to the 3) 4 John would rather his sister had made less noise every
(manage) of the
company and she hopes to receive 4) time she comes back from a party
(confirm) of her (e mp|oy) Soon. 5 It’s time Paul had stopped acting like a child
5) 6 They won’t let you in unless you will wear a suit and tie
7 Unless you not ask him, he won“t come.
My aunt collects 1) .. (value) paintings. It 8 Even if he offered to lend me the money, or I wouldn’t
is a rather 2) (expense) hobby. but she take it.
considers each picture she buys to be an 3) 9 I prefer playing cards than to playing board games
(invest). If she ever sold her 4) IC ! Ie Ct)' 10 Had if we been there. we would have offered to help (E UR)
it would make an 5) b e! i e * e ) 11 Emma would rather to study Medicine than Chemistry
amount of money. 12 If they will practise hard. they may win the match

136
 Conditionals -WisLes - Had Bettef/PouId Rat ef - • ’•
Phrasal Verbs 14 Gordon vowed to pay Steve........................for what he
had done to him.
pay back: (tr) 1) return money owed, 2) get revenge 1/ We put going on holiday because I was very
on sb busy at work.
pay for: (tr) receive punishment for a wrongdoing 16 The drama group are putting their first
performance next month.
pull down: (tr) demolish a structure 17 Alice said to Jane. ‘You’ll pay this one day.'
pull in: (int) (of trains, etc) arrive, draw in (opp: jg The young soldiers were put strict
pull out) training in the first few weeks.
pull through: (int) survive 19 His house was put ... for sale after he lost his job.
pull ^P: (int) slow down and stop 20 He put............a deposit of £100 when he booked the
put aside: (tr) save; put by holiday.
put away: put sb into prison or mental hospital 21 He borrowed £20 from me but he still hasn't paid it
put back: (tr) cause to be delayed
put down: (tr) 1) make a note; write down, 2) pay 22 I'll put you for the night if you can't find
a deposit for sth a hotel.
P t down to: (tr) attribute sth to sth else 23 It was a serious operation, but the patient pulled
put off: (tr) 1) postpone, 2) discourage sb from

put liking sth 24 If you don’t stop eating sweets, you'll put
(tr) 1) dress oneself in, 2) increase (in weight.
weight), 3) switch on, 4) pretend, 5) 25 I don't want to put you but could you babysit
cause to take place (show/pertormance) for me tonight, please?
put out: (tr) 1) extinguish (fire, etc) . 2) Cause 2s All the old buildings in this area are going to be pulled
inconvenience to sb
put (tr) 1) connect by telephone. 2) make 27 Put the television . if you’re bored.
through: sb undergo or suffer sth 28 The public called for the criminal to be put
(tr) 1) offer sth for sale 2) (of prices) for a long time.
put up: increase, 3) offer hospitality (put sb up)
tolerate; bear
put up with: Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition
from the list. Some prepositions can be
used more than once.
Fill in the correct particle.
at. by. lor, in. on, out of, off, under, to. with

1 The train pulled ..in... at the station and hundreds of

people got off. 1 She wrote the report ..by... hand, as the computer
2 The taxi pulled .. outside my house. I paid wasn’t working.
the driver and got out. 2 You look worried. What's . your mind?
3 Put your ideas.............................on paper and I'll look 3 Tim's surprise. his boss gave him a bonus.
at them laier. 4 Passengers must check in . arrival at the airport.
4 I'll put you to the correct department. 5 He s saving money..................a view to buying a car.
6 Don't e got everything..................control
madam
7 He was..................breath after running for ten minutes
Put ........ .... your gloves. It s very cold outside.
8 I think I II have a sandwich..................second thoughts,
6 Walter’s parents tried to put him . becoming
I”II have a salad.
an artist.
Steve has not been..................touch with us recently.
7 She put her tiredness..........................the fact that she
10 We must put out the fire..................all costs.
had been working very hard.
11 People living in developing countries are
8 Ignore James. He’s not really he s just putting it
need of our help
12 Where have you been? I ve been waiting..............ages.
9 That shop has put . its prices again. 13 James is . a bad mood today.
10 Kelly is trying to put some money every 14 Medicine should be kept . ........,....,, .. reach of children.
week for her summer holidays 15 This hotel is the cheapest on the island . far.
11 The firemen put the fire . very quickly. 1s Her name is Joanna. but we call her Jo................short.
12 You’ll just have to put ............. ....... the noise until the 17 She searched..................vain tor the missing money.
repairs are finished, I m afraid. 18
13 The snowstorm caused the team‘s expedition to be put I don I believe in love..................first sight.
a few days.
 isFes - Had Better/¥/ould RotFer - Unreal Post

ResionBox

29a Choose the correct answer.

30a Choose the correct answer.

1 'You ...@... talk during the exam

'I know. I”Il be quiet.'
A needn’t B mustn’t C must
2 you carry this bag for me, please?
Yes. of course.
A Must B Shall C Can
3 ‘James shouting at me ’
apologised ‘That’s
good.’
A at B to C for
4 I’ll give you.............your book tomorrow.
‘Okay. I don t need it at the moment.'
A back B off C out Last weekend, Mark 1) ..@... through the
5 ‘The roads are clear now.' countryside when he heard a strange noise and
'Yes. The snow..............by the Council this morning. the car engine stopped. He tried again and again,
A is cleared B was cleared C cleared but it 2) ........ start, so he decided 3) . and
look for help. As he was walking, it 4) to rain
6 ’Dinner..............by Mark tonight.’
Mark was getting wetter and 5)..............Suddenly,
‘That’s very kind of him!’
A cooked B is cooked C will be cooked he saw what he had been looking 6).............It was
a small house, and he could see light 7)
7 What is Jeff worried .... ?’
out from one of its windows. He walked towards it
I don’t know.’
A with B of and, 8).............he reached the door, he rang the
C about
bell. A woman answered the door and Mark
8
'They own a yacht.'
explained his problem to her. She invited him
”I know. They..............be well-off.‘
inside and told him to sit down. As they talked, the
A can B can’t C must
woman’s husband 9).............in from the kitchen.
9 I think the milk has gone When Mark’s clothes had dried a little, the man
Throw it away, then.’
suggested 10) Mark back to his car. Mark
A off B out C after asked the man if he could take him home instead,
10 The doors and said that he 11) and collect his car
‘Good. Let's go to bed, then 12)
A have been locked B were being locked
C locked
11 'Is Peter good..............Science?’
1 A drove B was driving C had driven
Yes. he‘s the best in the class
2 A wouldn't B couldn t C wasn t able to
A for B at C in 3 A getting out B to get out C get out
12 That parcel...............yesterday.' 4 A was starting B had started C started
’I wonder who it’s from.’
5 A wet B wettest C wetter
A was delivered B is delivered C are delivered 6 A for B after C at
13 ’I . clean the house today. It’s dirty.’ 7 A shine B shining C to shine
I’ll help you this afternoon.’ 8 A when B while C before
A must B can C mustn't 9 A would come B had come C came
14 'You ........,... make a noise in the library.’ 'I 10 A driving B drive C to drive
know. People are trying to read.‘ 11 A will go back B would go back C went back
A can B mustn‘t C won t 12 A tomorrow B next morning C the next
morning

158
 Condilionals - Wiskes - Had Better/Pould 9at

Rev/sion Box Activity

Answer the questions below using / wish ..., then
justify your answer using the correct conditional type,
as in the example.
Turn the following sentences into reported
31 speech.
1 Which country in the
1 Why are you in such a hurry?’ she asked me. world would you most
like to visit?
2 I met some triends in town. Brian said. (up-to-date e.g. I wish I could visit
reporting) India. It I ever visited
India. I would visit the
3 ’Where did you go last night?’ he asked her. Taj Mahal.

’I would go out tonight if I didn’t have to work.’ she

said

2 What object would

5 ’You should ask your teacher for help,' he told her.
you most like to own?
e.g I wish I had ...
6 ’Clean up this mess! he said to them.

7 Birds make nests in trees, he said to me.

Belgium is a small country,' he told us.

3 Who would you most

I”II help you paint the garage, he said. (out-of-date
like to meet?
reporting)
eg I wish I could meet

10 ”You can visit whenever you like.” she said to him

(up-to-date reporting)

Write sentences using have something 4 What talent would yt

done, as in the example. you most like to have?
e.g. I wish cou
1 Josie s mum is going to cut her hair for her.
Josie in going to ha r her hair c.uL by her mum.
2 We must ask the carpenter to mend those cupboards.

5 What period in history

3 Ask Sam to do the shopping for you.
would you most like
to have lived in?
4 Tony's tooth was taken out yesterday.
e.g. I wish I had lived

5 The doctor is examining Claire s broken leg

6 James asked for the parcel to be sent first-class.

7 We didn”t go out. We asked for a pizza to be delivered. 6 What do you regret

having done?
8 Frank asked the shop assistant to wrap the gift for him. e.g. I wish I hadn ’I

139
 Revision 3 (Units J - 9)
19 The boys admitted................the window.
1 Choose the correct A smash B to smash C smashing
answer.

20 I don't mind In fact, I quite enjoy it.

1 If you . .C... your room, you can go out to play.
A iron B to iron C ironing
A tidied B had tidied C have tidied

21 He..............me not to go near the river.

2 Alan apologised for...............Jane s birthday.
A forgetting B to forget C forget A exclaimed B warned C demanded

3 You report the burglary to the police. 22 Nothing will stop her from...............out.
A cant B might C ought to A move B to move C moving

4 If I feel better tonight, I...............to the party.

23 He was the.............person in the competition. He knew
A would go B might go C go
all the answers.
A cleverest B clever C cleverer
5 Malcolm hates so he often eats out.
A cook B cooking C to cook 24 If the temperature rises above 0° C. ice
A melts B would melt C might melt
6 That picture................by someone very famous.
A painted B is painting C was painted be friends. They never speak to each
25 They
other.
7 Sam..............for his wallet for hours before he found it.
A would B could C can't
A has been searching B had been searching
C had searched
26 If you to open the box, you wouldn’t have
8 They advised me broken it.
for some help.
A asking B ask C to ask A didn't try B hadn't tried C haven't tried

9 They are identical twins and I can’t ............... one from 27

He enjoys..............time by himself.
the other.
A to spend B spending C spend
A told B tell C say
28 I take your order now, madam?
10 That office block is much...............than this one. A Should B Must C May
A taller B tall C tallest
29 You............finish that exercise before you leave today.
11 They had lots of potatoes so they.............buy any more.
A didn’t need to B mustn’t C couldn’t A must B can’t C would

12 . the bank is closed, what will we do? 30 You..............close the door. I like to leave it open.
A Unless B Providing C Supposing A couldn’t B must C needn’t

13 Jack broke his leg while he last winter. 31 you leave now. you won't miss the start of the
A is skiing B was skiing C skiied film
A Supposing B Providing C Unless
14 If you in such a hurry, you wouldn't have
forgotten the file.
A hadn’t left B didn't leave C haven’t left 32 If you had arrived earlier, you.............dinner.
A wouldn’t have missed B won’t have missed
15 If I were you, I................a letter of complaint. C won’t miss
A write B will write C would write
33 If he had some money, he...............on holiday.
16 Melissa...............in a very busy office now. A could go B can go C will go
A works B has worked C was working
34 He that she was the most beautiful girl he”d

17 He denied ever seen.

A break his mother’s vase.
A warned B denied C exclaimed
B breaking C to break

18 . he’s with his friends, he's very talkative. 35 They................on paying for the meal.
A Providing B When C Supposing A claimed B demanded C insisted

140
 Revision 3 (Units 1 - 9)
Complete each sentence with two to
five words, including the word in bold. 19 If I had realised what time it was, I wouldn’t have called
realised Had
was, I wouldn't have called.
1 ’You must pay for the tickets by Friday,' he said to me. 20 ‘What a fantastic view!’ they said.
on He i’nsisrcd on my paying .. for the exclaimed They
tickets by Friday. a fantastic view.
2 I didn’t see the car until it was too late.
did Not until it was
the car. 3 Turn the following sentences into reported
speech.
3 You will miss the bus unless you leave now.
if You will miss the bus 1 Be quiet!” the teacher said to the boys
now. ...The teacher ordered the boys to be. quiet ...
4 I want to go on holiday, but I can't afford it. 2 ‘Would you like to come to my party?’ she said to hlm.
wish I tO
go on holiday. ‘I’m the fastest runner in the school.’ Paul said
5 If I were you, I would apologise.

you Were ..................... ........ .......... apologise. 4 *I'll phone you every week while I’m away,’ she said to
6 Don't forget to lock the car door, Dad said to Bill. him.
reminded Dad
the car door. 5 ‘Don't go near the waterfall,' he said to us
7 She had no idea she had gone to the wrong house.
know Likle ‘Could you lend me some money? she said to her
had gone to the wrong house. brother.
8 If you wake up early tomorrow, we’ll go shopping
together. 7 Everyone wait outside! the boss said to his employees
provided We’ll go shopping together
early tomorrow. g ‘Can I borrow your pen? she said to the man.
9 I broke Jane’s doll,’ the boy said
admitted The boy ’Would you like to help me make dinner? Mum said to me.
Jane's doll
10 If you don’t stop shouting, I will tell the 10 ’I didn’t borrow your football,’ he said to Tom
teacher. else Stop shouting,
the teacher. 11 ‘Don t forget to water the plants, Mum said to me.
11 If you don't study hard, you won't pass your exams.
unless You won't pass your exams 12 ‘I’m sorry I was late, he said to her
hard.
12 Don't touch anything while I'm away on any account. 13 ’Let s go for a walk,‘ Linda said.
should On no account
anything while I’m away. 14 I’ve got toothache. Adam said
13 I don’t suppose you know where Alison is, do you?’ Liz
said to me.
15 ”Please, please help me, she said to him.
whether Liz wanted to know
Alison was.
14 They had never heard such an interesting story before.
before Never Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
such an interesting story. tense.
15 Ruth would prefer to stay at home than go to the party.
rather Ruth 1 I wish I ...hadn't broken... (not/break) my favourite toy.
than go to the party. 2 If only she................................(listen) to what I tell her.
16 ‘I didn t leave the gate open,' he said. 3 I wish I...........................(not/go) to bed late last night.
denied He .............................. ....... the gate open. 4 If only Linda (apply) for that job.
17 Caroline regrets shouting at her friend yesterday. 5 If only the boys . .. (not/arrive)
wishes Caroline .... so late last night.
at her friend yesterday. 6 If only we . (have) enough money
18 I rarely went to the cinema before I got married. to buy a car.
O £t eF e

g he dtye a before I got married. If ooh we (be) old enough o !I be aI ne.

 Revision 3 (Units 1 - 9)
9 I wish my neighbours
(not/have) 4 A I’ve been feeling very tired recently
parties every weekend
B You couldn’t/ought to have a holiday
10 If only I
(apologise) for my 5 A Would/Could you tell me where the accounts
bad behaviour
department is. please*
yesterday
(not/make) such a big mistake B. It’s on the third floor
11 I wish I
(not/borrow) 6 A Can/Must you cook*
12 I wish my brother
B Not very well, although I enjoy it
my favourite
(remember) to post 7 A Why are you working late*
clothes
B I ought to/have to finish updating the files by
13 If only
Trevor the
letter
14 If only I (invite) more people to the party tomorrow morning
15 Tara wishes she (know) more 8A There were lots of fast runners in the race, weren I
people in the there+
area B Yes. but Alex was able to/could finish second

Rewrite the sentences using the words/ 9 A. Shall I take the rubbish outside*
phrases given. B No, you didn’t need to/needn’t I’ll take it in a
minute
1 A I phoned Jill and Martin, but there was no answer
1 He not only dropped the eggs, but he slipped on them
B They must/can have gone to the supermarket
11 A Barbara’s late I wonder where she is
B She could/should have got stuck in traffic
2 She has seldom been to such a good party
12 A Might/May not I speak to Miss Andrews, please*
Seldom
B One moment, please I II see if she s available
3 I have rarely met such polite people
Rarely 13 A Will/Shall we rent a video this evening*
4 They have not once visited the museum In the town B That’s a good idea
Not once 14 A You should/must wear protective clothing in here
It’s a rule
5 I realised only then that the window was broken
Only then B Yes, I know
6 I not only took the picture, but I developed it 15 A Where is Angela*
Not only B She may/can be in her bedroom. studying
7 They have never taken such an important exam before
Never before
Rewrite the sentences in the passive.
8 I had no sooner closed the door than Bill opened it
again No sooner
9 He has seldom heard such an amusing 1 The police found the missing jewels
joke Seldom
10 They have rarely taken a day off 2 A wealthy businessman donated the money
work Rarely
11 He has not once ashed us to help him 3 Scientists made an important discovery fast weekend
Not once
12 They had no sooner sat down than the film
4 Who painted Susan's portrait*
started No sooner
13 He noticed only then that the music had stopped
Only then 5 Simon paid the deposit for the new flat
14 She has never attended an audition before
Never before 6 They did the washing-up before they watched TV
15 I not only broke the glass, but I cut my flnger on it
Not only 7 Jenny made the arrangements for the school trip

8 What destroyed the village*

6 Underline the correct word(s) in
bold. 9 Melissa ate all the fruit

10 Mother decorated Jim s birthday cake

1 A Should/May I speak to you in private, please*
B Of course Come into my office 11 Gordon introduced me to the managing director of the
2 A When shall/will we meet to discuss the plans*
company
B Next week
3 A Those files mustn’t/couldn’t be moved
12 The cat broke the vase in the dining room
B Alright I’ll leave them where they are

142
 Revision 3 (Units 1 - 9)

Underline the correct preposition. 10a Cross out the unnecessary word.

1 Rarel do I go to the theatre.

1 He was sentenced to/at/for two years in prison for his
2 Tony likes horror films and so does like Marilyn.
crime.
3 You'd better to tell the boss what has happened.
2 Your sister is very similar with/for/to a girl I used to
know. 4 I wish if they would stop giving me so much work to do.
3 Is James worried? He seems to have something 5 All they did it was to move the furniture.
in/on/ off his mind. 6 It was Brian who he borrowed the bicycle.
4 Alison sufters from/of/for lots of allergies. 7 No sooner had he locked the door than when the phone
5 He was very upset of/for/aDot/t failing the exam. rang
6 That entry wasn’t worthy tolofllor winning first prize What I really like to do it is eat out with my friends.
7 It s typical for/of/from Lilian to be late 9 He said that everyone should to sign the card
8 I’m not sure on/for/adout the answer to that question. 10 I asked her that what she would like to drink.
She has terrible taste in/from/of clothes. 11 Do you help yourself to coffee and biscuits. please.
10 You should be suspicious af/of/for anyone who you 12 If you will get up early, you may catch the early train.
don’t know well 13 Jack prefers reading magazines than to reading novels.
11 Her novels have been translated for/fo/into twelve 14 She told to him that she had made a mistake.
languages 15 Mum told me do not to touch the oven
12 The fire brigade soon had the blaze into/t/nder/ot/f of
control
13 They emptied all the cupboards in search for/of/to the
rill in the correct form of the word in
money. 11p brackets.
14 You waste too much money on/for/with sweets and
magazines.
1 My uncle knows lots of ...famous .. (fame) people.
15 AtlTolBy my surprise. he bought me flowers.
2 Have you made a ............ ...... . (decide) about
which job to take yet?
3 The sunflower grew to a (high) of two
rill in the gaps with the correct particle
from the list. metres.
4 He is well-known for his (kind) to others
Everyone who knows him admires his
a ay o o back, up, up o , (generous).
6 He passed the exams because he had done a lot of
1 The fact that the house was very isolated put me (revise).
of .. buying it 7 Gunpowder is a highly (explode)
2 The car pulled outside the house and a man substance.
got out. I have no (complain) about the service
3 The criminals were put for five years after in that hotel
they were found guilty. 9 Sarah's (impatient) makes her
4 The man asked me to hold . while he answered unpopular with lots of people.
the door. 10 She felt a sense of (relieve) when
5 I”m tired of telling him to do things. He she realised that she hadn't lost her bag.
keeps ignoring me. 11 The sports car was so . (expense) that
6 You must tell me everything. Don't keep anything he needed a loan to buy it.
7 Keep . from the main road. It’s very dangerous. 12 My contacts in the business world have been
8 Do you think the wood supplies will hold . until (benefit) to my career.
the spring? 13 Our neighbours have had a large
9 Annie looks . . her older sister. (extend) built on their house.
10 She thought of a way to pay him for his 14 This document requires a (sign)
11 It's too dark in here. I can”t make lies. from the manager.
light switch is where the 15 The (compete) was won by a
12 This skirt is too tight. I'll ask Mum to let it.............for me. young boy from the village.
13 The prices in the supermarket have been put 16 New technology makes (communicate)
this week. between countries very easy these days.
14 The thief made . with the money from the safe. 17 Sarah has always been a.....................(sense) girl. She
15 I'll look . John s telephone number in my rarely takes risks.
address

144
book 18 Kerry has a very (act) lifestyle. That's why
she’s very fit.

141
 Words

restaurant.
They had dooked
tickets 6efore they
went fo the cinema.
They will go home
when the IiIm is
over.

'6' We use the following time conjunctions to

introduce time clauses.
when • as - wAi/e - before - affer - since - untilltill -
whenever - as long as - Dy the lime - as soon as -
the moment that - no sooner ...than - hardly ...
when
- once - immediate/y - fhe first//asf/next time etc.

'0' When the time clause precedes the main clause, a

comma is used.
e.g. Whenever he is in town, he visits us.
time clause main clause
He visits us whenever h is in to n.
main clause time clause

Sequence of Tenses

'¥' Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of

tenses. That is, when the verb of the main clause
is in a present or future form, the verb of the time
clause is in a present form. When the verb of the
main clause is in a past form, the verb of the time
clause is in a past form too.

Main clause Time clause

present .’ future ’’ present simple or
imperative present perfect
She fakes off her shoes the momenf that she gets
home.
I’ll call you as soon as I get to my hotel.
Turn aft the lights 6efore you leave.
past simple ’ past simple or
past perfect past perfect
He took a s/?ower after he had finished painting
the room.
They had reserved a table Defore they went /o the
'6’ ago - before

ago = before now

e.g. My parents got married fwen/y years ago.
(—— twenty years belore now)
before = before a past time
e.g. Helen and Mike got married last month.
They fiad mef six months 6efore. (—— six
months belore last month)
'6' until/till - by the time

until/tlll = up to the time when

e.g. You must stay in the o/lice untilltill you finisñ/have
finished the report.
(—— up to the time when you finish the report)
They’II be ai iheir summer house untilltill
Sunday. (—— up /o Sunday)
by the flme + clause = not later than the moment
something happens
e.g. I will have sei the ta6le Dy the time you come
home. (—— before, not later than the momeni
you come home)
by = not later than
e.g. I’ll let you know my decision 6y Friday. (—— not
later than Friday)
Note: a) not ... until/till
e.g. I won’t have finished my work untiIIti1ll
defore Thursday.
b) Both until/I/If and before can be used to say
how far away a future event is.
e.g. There's only one week unti//tif//6efore
my summer holidays.

'6’ during - while/as

durlng + noun = in the time period
e.g. We learnt several interesting lacts during tñe
lecture.
while/as + clause = in the time period
e.g. We learnt several interesting facts whi/e/as we were
listening to the lecture.
'g' when = (time conjunction) + present tense
e.g. We'll order some pizzas when our friends get here.
when = (question word) + will/would
e.g. .I'm not sure when his next 6ook will De published.
 (blouses - Linking ••
Fill in the gaps with dy, unfi/, wf›i/e, Underline the appropriate time phrases
defore, hardly ... when, as soon as, when, as 3p and put the verbs into the correct tense.
long as or by the time.

1 You can keep those CDs for ...as long as... you like. 1
2 I can't do any washing . the washing 2 I'll call you wfii/e/the moment I .qef .. (get) home.
machine is repaired You can visit me wheneverltill you
3 We saw the smoke we turned into our 3 (want) to.
street. We went for a walk afterluntil we
4 We had . gone to bed .................. there 4 (eat) breakfast.
was a knock at the door. Once/Before he (read) the
manual, he knew how to operate the machine.
Sarah parked the car Paul dashed into 5 I was doing the ironing duringlwhile he
the bank. (wash) the car.
I have to finish these letters I can leave 6 They didn t get married untillby the time they
the office. .............. (save) enough money for their honeymoon.
7 Wait here I get back 7 I’ll write to you as soon as/immediate/y \
8 I was washing my hair . the phone rang. (have) the results.
9 You must be home . eleven o’clock tonight. 8 I got to the station ti///just as the train
10 Sue reached the bank. it had closed. (pull in).
9 We won t move to a new house since/defore the
Put the verbs in brackets into the children ......................... (leave) school.
2 tense.
They had fixed the roof untillby fhe time John
(come) back
11 The students don't know when/ti// the results
A: \ must tell Steve the good news.
(announce).
B: Don”t worry. I . '// full... (tell) him when ..see .
(see) him
2 A: How did your tear your dress?
B: I (step) on it as I
4 Complete each sentence with two to five
words, including the word in bold.
(get)
out of the car.
3 A: Have you finished with the newspaper? As soon as he woke up, he jumped out of bed
B: Almost. You can have it after I (read) moment He jumped out of bed ..¢ñe moment hc
the sports section woke... up.
4 A: When will they announce the results? 2 She did some research before she wrote her report.
B’ They (not/announce) them after She wrote her
until they (mark) all the papers. report some research
5 A: When did you realise you had been burgled? I had no sooner entered the house than the phone rang.
B: I knew it the moment I (arrive) home. hardly I had
6 A: You should be in bed by now. the phone rang
B: I (go) to bed as soon as I 4 Simon hurt his leg climbing a tree.
(finish) this chapter. while Simon hurt his leg . a tree.
7 A: Has your boss signed the contract yet? We can't go. We have to wait for the taxi to arrive.
B: No. I'm not sure when he...........................(sign) it. until We can't go . arrives.
8 A: Have you spoken to Uncle John? 6 We opened the gate. The dog ran towards us.
B: Yes. I (phone) him before I sooner We had . than the
(leave) the house dog ran towards us
9 A: Did your friends organise a surprise party for your 7 The shop will open at nine o'clock. The staff will have
birthday? come in to work by then.
B: Yes! No sooner (I/open) the door time The staff will have come in to work
than all my friends jump) out to the shop opens.
surprise me! 8 Moira bought the ring only after she had made sure it
10 A: Do you see Catherine very often? was solid gold.
B: We meet whenever she (have) the time. before Moira made sure the ring was solid gold
11 A: Can I borrow your dictionary. please? it
B: You can have it once I (finish) with it. 9 Her phone card ran out during her conversation with
12 A: Has Lee cleaned his room yet? her mother.
B: No. but he will have done it by the time Mum while Her phone card ran out
(get) home. her mother.

14¥
 érds
5 Fill in so, such or such a/an.

1 The party next door last night was .so. loud that I
couldn’t sleep.
2 They sell lovely things in that shop
3 I bought lot of shopping that I couldn‘t
carry all the bags
4 It was late when I got home that I didn't
have dinner.
5 She dresses elegantly that everyone
admires her.
6 I had . bad headache yesterday that I had
to leave work and go home.
7 I’m . hungry that I could eat anything
for lunch.
Dolphins are so appea/ing (that) it is hard not to like them. 8 He had put little salt in the soup that it was
They are such infe//igenf creatures (that) they can tasteless.
communicate with each other. It was......................amusing film that I laughed all the
Clauses of result are used to express the result of way through.
something. They are introduced with the 10 They have got . fashionable furniture in
following words/expressions: their house that it is often photographed for magazines
11 She is . interesting person that I could
as a resu/f - therefore - consequently/as a
spend hours talking to her.
consequence - so - so/sucñ ... that etc.

'6' as a resultAherefore/consequently
Complete each sentence with two to
e.g. The president was taken ill and, as a resu/f/
therefore/consequent/y the summit meeting
6 five words, including the word in bold.
was cancelled.
The president was taken ill. As a result/therefore/ 1 I had a lot of homework to do. so I couldn't go out.
consequently, the summit meeting was cancelled. so I had . so much homework. to do that
'6' so e.g. It was hot, so I turned on the air-conditioning. couldn’t go out
2 The bus was very late. We decided to take a taxi
'6' such a/an + ad)ectlve + singular countable noun
so The bus was
e.g. It was such an interesting 6ooA (that) I couldn’I
put it down. we decided to take a taxi
3 He was sleeping soundly. We couldn t wake him
'6’ such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun so He was
e.g. They are such good friends (that) they’ve never
we couldn't wake him.
had an argument.
4 It was very exciting news and I couldn’t wait to tell
It was such expensive jewe//ery (that) it was kept
everyone.
In a safe.
such It was
'$‘ such a lot of + plural/uncountable noun I couldn't wait to tell everyone.
e.g. She invited such a lot ol guests fo her party that 5 She is a very clever girl and her parents are very proud
there wasn't enough room for all of them.
of her.
He has such a lot of money (that) he doesn't
such She is
know what to do with it.
her parents are very proud of her.
fi' so + adjective/adverb 6 Jane doesn’t spend much time studying. She may fail
e.g. He is so devoted that he deserves praise. her exams.
He speaks so quicA/y that I can't understand him. little Jane spends
'6' ao much/little + uncountable noun she may fail her exams.
so many/few + plural noun 7 Peter did a lot of work yesterday, so he has nothing to
e.g. There is so much traffic that we won’t be on time. do today.
He pays so fift/e aftent/on to what I say that it much Peter did
makes me angry. yesterday that he has nothing to do today.
He made so many mistakes that he failed. His luggage was heavy. He decided to call a porter.
There are so few wo/ves left that we have fo such He had
protect them. that he decided to call a porter.

146
 Clauses - Linking ••
Rewrite the sentences using the word(s)
in brackets.

1 She went to bed because she was tired. (since)

. Ehe went Lo bed since she was hired..
Traffic is getting 2 The singer cancelled her appearance. She was
worse because/as feeling unwell. (on account of)
more people
are buying cars. She hadn I eaten all day, and therefore she was hungry.
Traftic is gelding
(as)
worse on
account of the
4 He was rude and. as a result, the teacher punished
fact that more
him. (because of)
people are
buying cars.
5 The reason why the Prime Minister did not attend the
press conference was that he was out of the country.
(for)

6 He has passed his exams, so his parents are

pleased with him. (now that)

Clauses of reason are used to express the reason for 7

something. They are introduced with the following The job was very dangerous. so she turned it down
words/expressions: (the reason for)
because - as/since - he reason for/why - because 8 His car ran out of petrol. so it wouldn't move. (due to)
of/on account of/due to - now that - for efc.

because e.g. I took a taxi 6ecaose if was raining. He was late. He took a taxi. (since)
Because it was raining, I took a iaxi.
as/since (= because) e.g. They bought him a gih
as/since it was his birthday. AslSince it was his Complete each sentence with two to
birthday, they hought him a gih. five words, including the word in bold.
the reason for + noun/-Ing form
the reason why + clause 1 It was very cold. so I wore my coat.
e.g. The reason lor his resignation was (the fact) as I wore my coat ...as it cas .. very cold
that he had 6een offered a defter job. 2 We didn’t go for a walk because it was
The tact that he had Oeen offered a better job raining. account We didn“t go for a walk
was the reason for his resigning. the rain
the reason why he resigned was (the fact) that 3 He didn't tidy his room. As a result. his mother shouted
he had been oitered a Defter job. at him.
because His mother shouted at him
because of/on account of/due to + noun
because of/on account of/due to the fact that + his room
clause 4 She didn't close the gate. As a result, the dog
e.g. All flights were cancelled because ollon escaped. due The dog escaped
account ol the thick log. she didn't close the
All flights were cancelled due fo file thich log. gate. The reason why she got a lot of presents was
He asked for a few days off because oflon that it was her birthday
account of ffie lact that fie was exhactsfed. for The fact that it was her birthday was
He asked for a few days off due to fñe lact that a lot of presents
be was exhausted. 6 We didn't understand the lecture, so we asked the
now (that) + clause e.g. Now (that) they ñave tutor to explain.
children, they have less free time. since We asked the tutor to explain,
the lecture
for = because (in formal written style) 7 The car skidded on the road because it was icy.
A clause of reason introduced with lor always due The car skidded on the ice.
comes after the main clause. road
e.g. The citizens of Harbridge were upset, for a new 8 I couldn I sleep because it was
factory was to 6e built near their town.
noisy of I couldn't sleep
noise.
 ords
Clauses of purpose follow the rule of the sequence
of tenses, like time clauses (page 144).
e.g. He 6orrowerf some money so that he could pay
his phone 6iII.
Note: We can express negative purpose by using:
They met in a
calé fo discuss a) prevent + noun pronoun + (from) + -ing form
their holiday. e.g. She covered the sofa with a shee/ to prevent
They met in a it (from) getting dirly.
café so that ffiey b) avoid • -ing form
cou/d discuss e.g. They set oil early in the morning to avoid
their holiday. getting stuck in trailic.

9 U ¥* ’' ¥* ’’ ” •• ct • •a.
Clauses of purpose are used to express the purpose e i e e O O
of an action. That is, they explain why someone does
something. They are introduced with the following It was three o’clock on Saturday
words/expressions: afternoon and Ben was in the
to - in order fo/so as to - so thatlin order that park. He had taken his sister,
- in case - for etc. Katy, with him 1) so tfiaf/ for she
could play on the swin9s. While
to -infinitive they were playing, Ben noticed
e.g. She weni shopping to look for some new clothes. that a small bird was sitting
’ near a tree. He walked towards
" it 2) in order to I so fhaf have a
In order to/so as to + inflnltfve (formal) closer look. He walked slowly and
e.g. He dld a postgraduate course in order to/so as quietly 3) not to / so as not to
to widen his knowledge of international politics. frighten it. The bird had a broken
wing, so Ben and Katy went home
In negative sentences we use in order not to or so
as not to. We never use not fo alone. and got a box 4) for/to carry it in.
e.g. He wrote the number down in order not to/so as “” When they had put it in the box,
not to lorget it.
so that + can/will (present or future reference)
e.g. Emma has 6ooked a first-class ticket so that they took it to the vet 5) to / for treatment. The vet was
she can travel in comfort. very gentle 6) in order to/ so that he wouldn’t hurt it.
so that + could/would (past reference) The bird recovered a few weeks later and the vet
e.g. He recorded the match so that he cou/d watch it released it in the park again.
later.
Note: in orger fhaf has the same structure as so Join the sentences using the word(s) in
that. However, it is not used very often as it is 1O brackets.
formal.
e.g. We will send you he /orms in order that you can purpose or function of something)
make your application. e.g. We use a spade lor digging.
In case + present tense (present or future
reference)
in case -r past tense (past reference)
In case is never used with wi// or wou/cf.
e.g. Take your credit card in case you run out ol
cash. He took a jumper in case it got cold.
for + noun (when we want to express the purpose
of an action)
e.g. He went to the doctor’s lor a check-up.
for + -ing form (when we want to express the

148
1 He got the car out of the garage. He wanted to wash it.
Isa thatl

2 I always lock the doors and windows. I don’t want to be

burgled. (avoid)

The doctor examined the patient. He wanted to find out

what was wrong with him. (so as to)

4 I’ve taken out a loan. I want to buy a car. (to)

5 We’ll take some food with us. We might get hungry. (in
case)
 - Linkin@
Clauses
6 She is studying medicine. She wants to become a
doctor. (so that)

7 He put his keys in his briefcase. He didn’t want to

lose them. (in order not to) Exclamations are words or sentences used to express
admiration, surprise, etc.
8 They will take some magazines with them. They may To form exclamatory sentences we can use whaf
get bored. (in case) (alan), how, such, so or a negative question.
6 so + ad)ectlve/adverb
She set her alarm clock. She didn’t want to
e.g. This cake is so fasfy!
oversleep. (so that)
He works so hard!
10 We put the letters on the table. We didn't want to '6' such + a/an (-I- ad]ectIve) + singular countable noun
forget to post them. (so as not to) e.g. This is such an original design!
‘6’ such (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural noun
e.g. You gave me such vafuad/e information!
She's wearing such e/eganf clothes!
Complete each sentence with two to
11p five words, including the word in bold. '6' what -i- a/an (+ adjective) + singular countable noun
e.g. What a lovely view!
What an unusua/ pattern! What a day!
1 We took a taxi. We didn't want to be late.
'6' what (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural noun
not We took a taxi ... so as not to. .. be late.
e.g. what expensive furniture!
2 Tony is employing more staff. He wants to expand What comfortable shoes!
his business.
that Tony is employing more staff ’¥’ how + adjective/adverb
his e.g. How c/ever he is! Now well she behaved!
business. ’g’ negatlve question (+ exclamation mark)
3 Take your mobile phone. It is possible that someone e.g. isn’t she a graceful dancer!
may call you
case Take your mobile phone
. you.
4 We use a microwave to cook food 12 Fill in w'hat (a/an}, flow, so or suct› (alan).
quickly. for We use a microwave
food quickly. 1 . How .. sweetly she sings!
We took a camera. We wanted to take some photo- 2 . scary film that was!
graphs. 3 She’s .. . pretty!
that We took a camera 4 . loud music!
some photographs 5 .. clever man he is!
6 She applied sunscreen. She didn't want to get 6 This is...............................great news!
sunburnt. not She applied sunscreen 7 . tired they look!
sunburnt. 8 He behaved ............. . rudely!
7 I did my homework. I didn’t want the teacher to be 9 . awtul thought!
angry with me. 10 It's ......... tiring journey!
that I did my homework 11 . lazy of you to stay in bed all
not be angry with day! 12 He is amazing musician!
me. Mark called John. He wanted to ask him for
some advice. Rephrase the sentences in as many ways
tO Mark called 1 as possible, as in the example.
John for some advice.
He checked his answering machine. There may have
1 What delicious food!
been a message for him.
.How delicious Chis food is! this is such oe/icious Food!
case He checked his answering machine
this food is so deliciouifi! isn’t this food ¿delicious!..
message for 2 This is such an interesting story!
him.
3 How young he looks!
10 She put her jewellery in the hotel safe. She didn’t 4 He’s so handsome!
want it to get stolen. 5 Don't they have a lovely house!
prevent She put her jewellery in the hotel safe 6 Doesn’t she look happy!
stolen.

149
 érds
14 Choose the correct answer.

1 . the heavy snow, we managed to get to the office.

A In spite of B However C While
2needing a rest, the team continued to work.
He prefers to make A In spite B Despite C Although
things by hand 3 I like peaches. I don’t like bananas,
a/ffiough/even A whereas B on the other hand C though
though he could use
a machine. 4 The film was good,............it was also very frightening
A despite B but C in spite
5 Paul drives a car,............Charles rides a motorbike.
A whereas B even though C despite
6 . she isn't fond of classical music, she went to
Clauses of contrast are used to express a contrast. the concert.
They are introduced with the following A However B Even though C While
words/phrases: 7 . being hungry, Sally didn’t eat anything.
A However B Yet C In spite
6ut - althoughleven thoughlthough - in spite of
of/despite - however - whi/e/whereas - yet - 8 The alarm went off,............he didn’t wake up.
nevertheless - on the other hand A whereas B yet C while
but e.g. It w’as cold, but she wasn’t wearing a coat. 9 . we left the house early, we still missed the
bus.
although/even though/though -I- clause A Although B Despite C In spite oJ
Even though is more emphatic than a/ffioc/gh. 10 He wasn t wearing a coat,............it was very cold.
Though is informal and is often used in everyday A whereas B even though C despite
speech. It can also be put at the end of a sentence.
e.g. A/though/Even thoughlThough it was summer,
it was chilly.
15 Complete the sentences.
It was chilly a/fhougfi/ev'en thoughlthough il
was summer.
/r was summer. It was chilly, fhough. 1 In spite of the rain, the football match took place
Although ..i¢ was raining, the football march look
in spite of/despite + noun/-ing form place...
e.g. In spife of/Oespite his qualifications, he 2 Even though we were late, we stopped to have
couldn’t get a ¡ob. something to eat.
/-Ye couldn’t get a joD in spite ofldesR” te (his) Despite
° e i °g «• a ›' f' e d 3 Even though they are good friends, they argue a lot.
in spite of/despite the fact that -I- clause In spite
e.g. in spite of/despite the facf that he was qUa/ified, 4 In spite of having a lot of money, they are very mean
he couldn’t get a |ob. Although
however/nevertheless A comma is always used 5 In spite of winning the competition, he wasn’t
after however/nevertfie/ess. satisfied Even though
e.g. The man fell off the ladder. 6 Even though he woke up early, he was late for his
However/Nevertfie/ess, be wasn’t hurt. appointment.
Despite
while/whereas
e.g. She is tall, whi/e/whereas her brother is rather
short.
1 Rewrite the sentences using the word(s) in
yet (formal)/still brackets.
e.g. The fire was widespread, yet no properly vras
damaged. 1 I live in London. Sarah lives in Manchester. (while)
My car is old. Still, it is in very good condition. . I live in London while Sarah lines in Manchester..
2 We went to the party. We were very tired. (though)
on the other hand
e.g. Cars aren't environmentally friendly.
On the offier hand, bicycles are.IBicycIes, on tñe 3 She doesn t earn much money. She works very hard
offer hand, are. (in spite of)

1!7O
 Clauses - Linkin@
4 He was ill. He went to work. (despite)

5 This appliance is very expensive. It is impractical. (yet)

6 The teacher explained the question in detail. I didn t

understand it. (still)

7 I drank a bottle of water. I was still thirsty. (even though) They look as if/as
though they are in a
8 The tilm was boring. We continued to watch it. (in spite hurry.
of}

9 David can't play football. He is good at basketball. (on

the other hand)
Clauses of manner are introduced with as if/as though
10 It was very late. The guests didn t leave. (nevertheless)
and are used to express the way in which something
is done/said, etc.
11 Lisa went shopping. She didn’t buy anything. (but)
'g' We use as if/as though after verbs such as act,
12 The boy tell off his bicycle. He wasn't hurt. (however) appear, Oe, dehave, fee/, look, seem, sme//,
sound, fasfe to say how somebody or something
13 He was tired. He couldn t sleep. (although) looks, behaves, etc.
e.g. He is acting as if/as though he’s had bad news.
14 Brian is good at Maths. His sister is good at Science.
We also use as illas though with other verbs to say
(whereas)
how somebody does something.
e.g. She fa/As as if/as fhough she knows everything.
15 Janet is clever. She finds some subjects difficult. (still)
We use as if/as though + past tense when we are
16 He is rich. He is not happy. (despite) talking about an unreal present situation. Were
can be used instead of was in all persons.
e.g. He spends his money as if/as though he
was/were a mi//ionaire. (But he isn’t.)

1/y Rephrase the sentences using the words

in brackets, as in the example.
He behaves as if/as though he owned the
place. (But he doesn't.)
Note: We can use //ke instead of as iflas though in
1 Dennis is tired. He doesn t want to go to bed. (although, spoken English.
despite)
e.g. She looks /iAe she’s going ro faint. (informal
spoken English)

2 It was a lovely day. They stayed inside. (however, in

spite of) 1¿, Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
tense.
3 Martin is a good cook. He rarely cooks for his friends.
(still, though)
1 She was wandering up and down the street. She
4 The house is in bad condition. They paid a lot of
looked as though she ... was .. (be) lost.
money for it. (even though, nevertheless)
2 Although he had a degree in French, it sounded as
5 The lecture was very important. Few students attended.
though he (not/speak) it well
(despite, yet) 3 The sky is dark. It looks as if it.............................(rain)
6 There wasn‘t much food in the fridge. We managed to 4 There is a strange smell in the kitchen. It smells as
make a meal. (although, however) though something (burn).
7 She hadn't slept well. She looked fresh and lively. 5 Tom is twenty-five years old, but he sometimes acts as
(still, in spite of) though he (be) a child.
8 His parents are very rich. He never asks them for 6 Colin was out of breath. He sounded as though he
money. (nevertheless, yet) (run).
9 I had seen the film before. I enjoyed watching it again. 7 Jim has only just learned this game, but he plays it as
(though, despite) if he....................................................(play) it for years.
10 Celine Dion is my favourite singer. I haven’t been to 8 We had never met before. but she greeted me as if we
any ot her concerts. (even though, however) ................... .... (know) each other all our lives.
 ords
We usually avoid using prepositions before
relative pronouns.
e.g. a) The person to wñom the money will be
entrusted must be reliable. (lormal English
unusual siruciure)
6) The chair that you are sitting on is an
antique. (usual structure)
c) The chair you are sining on is an
antique. (everyday English)
Which can refer back to a whole clause.
e.g. He helped me do the washing-up. Thai was kind
ol him
He helped me do the washing-up, which was
A camel is an animal w'hichlthat lives in hoi kind of him. (Which refers Dack io ihe whole
countries. A computer is something whichl that we clause. That is, it relers io the lact that he
use for storing inlormaiion. helped the speaker do ihe washing-up.)
A firefighter is someone who/that pt/fs out lires and
whose jod is very risky. We can use the structure a///most/some/a
few/dia/f•’ none/two, etc. + of + whom which.
Relative clauses are introduced with a) relative e.g. a) He invited a lot of people. All ol them were
pronouns (who(m), which, whose, that) and b) his friends.
relative adverbs (when, where, why). He invited a lot of people, all ol wñom were
his friends.
We use:
b) He has a num6er of watches. Three of them
'6' who/that to refer to people. are solid gold.
'6' which/that to refer to objects or animals. He has a numDer o/ watches, three ol
Who/which/that can be omitted when it is the which are solid gold.
object of the relative clause; that is, when there is That is never used after a comma or preposition.
a noun or subject pronoun between the relative e.g. a) The Chinese vase, which is on the coflee
pronoun and the verb. It cannot be omitted when iable, is very expensive.
it is the subject of the relative clause. We can use (NOT. ..jJae{ is on the co/fee ia6le ...)
whom instead of who when it is the object of the D) The 6ank in which the money was
relative clause. Wñom is not often used in deposited is across the street.
everyday English. (NOT. The 6ank in bthe money ..)
e.g. a) I saw a friend. I hadn 't seen lor years.
We use that with words such as all, every(ffiing),
I saw a Iriend (wholwhomlth t) I hadn’t seen some(thing), any(thing), no(thing), none, few, lift/e,
for years. (Wholwhomlthat is the object, much, on/y and with the super/ative lorm.
therefore it can De omitted.) e.g. Is this all that you can do for me? (more natural
b) I mei a woman. Shh was from Japan. than ... all which you can do ...)
I met a woman wholthat was mom Japan. The only thing that is important io me is my
(Wholthat is the subject, therefore it cannot lamily. li‘s fhe desf song that I’ve ever heard.
De omitted.)
whose instead of possessive adjectives (my, your,
his, etc.) with people, objects and animals in who/that subject cannot be omitted
order to show possession. (people)
e.g. a) T ) e 6oy h bicycle was stolen
I3 te .di who/whom/that object can be omitted
That’s the Doy whose bicycle was stolen (people)
yesterday.
6) T ) s tde building windows were which/that subject cannot be
h omitted (objects, animals) objectcan be
e omitted
That's the building wñose windows were
smashed. whose (people. possession cannot be
omitted objects, animals)

172
 Clauses - Linking • •
10 Name the city...............the Hunchback of Notre Dame
lived.
A Paris B Prague

We use:
where to refer to place, usually after nouns such Complete the sentences with wño,
which or where.
as p/ace, house, sfreef, fown, country, etc.
It can be replaced by which/ffiaf + preposition
and, in this case, whichlthat can be omitted. • The Coca-Cola Company, 1) ... n'hlch. was founded in
1892, is famous all over the world.
e.g. The house where he was born has Deen
• The company, 2) produces many
demolished. soft drinks, is based in Atlanta.
The house (whichlthat) he was Oorn in has • John S. Pemberton, 3) . invented
been demolished. Coca-Cola, intended the drink to be used as a cure
when to refer to time, usually after nouns such as for common illnesses
time, period, moment, day, year, summer, etc. It • Frank Robinson, 4) worked
can either be replaced by fhaf or can be omitted. for John Pemberton, chose the name Coca-Cola.
• Fanta, 5).................................was originally produced
e.g. That was the year when she in Germany. was boughj by the Coca-Cola Company.
graduated. That wos the year (that) • Sprite, 6).................................was introduced in 1961,
she graduated.
is also made by the Coca-Cola Company.
why to give reason, usually after the word • The US Patent Oftice, 7) . the
reason. It can either be replaced by that or can trademark ’Coca-Cola' was registered, has also
be omitted. registered the trademark ’Coke’ and the glass Coca-
Cola bottle.
e.g. The reason why she lefi her jo6 was that she
• In America. 8)...............Coca-Cola was first produced.
didn’t get on with her Ooss.
there is a large soft drink industry, but the Coca-
The reason (that) s/?e left her |o6 was that she
Cola Company is the most successful.
didn't get on with her 6oss.

Fill in the correct relative

pronoun/adverb. If it can be omitted,
19p
How much cfo you Anow adout fi/ms* Fill in the
gaps with who, which, whose, where or when,
21p put it in brackets.
then answer the questions.
1 When did you buy the jacket ...(which/that) .. you are
wearing?
1 Name the actor ... who... plays Mr Bean. 2 Is that the girl sent you a Valentine's
Rowan Atkinson B Rolph Harris The reason card? John is successful is
2 Name the US president..............was first an works very that he
actor. hard.
A James Carter B Ronald Reagan What did you do with the I
3 Name the US city..............Hollywood can be found. money you?
A Los Angeles B Las Vegas 5 Sam is mending the gave he
chair yesterday.
4 Name the film tells the story of a strong 6 Is this the place broke
mythical character. 7 Have you met the
A Aladdin B Hercules people door to you? you lost your jacket?
5 Name the character..........nose grows when he tells I’ll never forget the day live next
lies. born.
A Pinocchio B Peter Pan 9 Claire is reading the book my daughter was
6 Name the year ... the first studio was built in yesterday.
she bought
Hollywood. 10 I’ve been running. That’s . I m out of breath.
A 1991 B 1911 11 This is the town . my favourite singer lives.
7 Name the Titanic was released. 12 What is the name of the woman .
year A 1998 B 1988 works in the chemist’s?
8 Name the superhero 13 Is this the boy.......................parents own the factory?
lives in Gotham
14 I’ll never forget the time . she fell into
A Superman City. B Batman
the swimming pool.
9 Name the place The Lion X/ng ”is 15 Where are the baI| broke our
A Africa set.
B America children window?
 Words

22a Fill in who, which, w'lose, where or why.

24 Join the sentences, as in the example.

1 My brother has lots of friends Many of them are in his

class
My brother has love of friends, many of whom n re

2 My tather has a large collection of coins Many of them

are foreign

I baked lots of biscuits yesterday Very few of them are

left now

4 She knows lots of people at work A few of them are

One of the most famous buildings in the world is the White
from New Zealand
House 1) notch is the official home of the US president The
White House is in Washington DC. 2) there are many
5 I have four aunts None of them are married
other important buildings and monuments The city 3)
was founded in 1790 was deliberately planned as a national 6 There are thousands of trees in the forest Some of
capital George Washington, 4) was the first US them are very old
president and 5) name was given to the city,
wanted it to be the place 6) the nation s
government would permanently reside
The White House 7) was originally named Executive
Link the sentences in order to produce
Mansion was built in pale grey sandstone The colour of the one sentence. The beginning is given.
stone
8) was so different from the surrounding red
1 The coach was packed wlth tourists The coach was
brick buildings. was the reason 9) the mansion became
driving around London The tourists had gone there to
known as the White House The main building 10) many
see the sights
presidents have lived, is part of a large complex J 1)
The coach which was fuvi nq a found London, wa e
consists of over 130 rooms packed wit:h tourist s who had gone there to see the
People find the White House fascinating and that is the sighte.
reason 2 I went to the dentist’s He is a friend of mine I met him
12) the parts of the complex 13) are open to at university
the public are toured every year by one and a half million The dentist
people
14) want to see the place 15) their president lives
and works

2/y Complete the pairs of sentences, as in 3 A song won the competition It was written by a
the examples. schoolboy He was thirteen years old
The song
1 Tom is playing football with a boy The boy is his cousin B The writer
A The boy who/whom Tom is olaynq foofba II with 5 I lent my jacket to Pam The jacket is made of
in his you min. leather A The jacket
B The boy Tom is play ng football with is his cousin. B The jacket
2 Sam has gone to a party The party is at his friend s
house
A The party
B The party
3 I was talking to a woman The woman is my boss
A The woman
B The woman
4 She works for a writer The writer is very famous
A The writer
4 helped someone with his homework His name is Alec
and he s a classmate of mine
I helped

5 Elaine s house is going to be pulled down She is looking for

a new flat
Elaine

6 The book is a bestseller It s written by Nathan Davis He

has written ten novels
The book,

174
 Linkin@
Clauses -
Non-identifying relative clauses are introduced with:

'6' who, whom. which. They cannot be omitted or

replaced by fhaf.
e.g. a) Jenny Ladd is my favourite author. (The
meaning of ihe sentence is clear.)
There are two types of relative clause: identifying
Jenny Ladd, who has written a lot of
re/alive clauses and non-identifying re/alive c/auses. successfu/ 6oohs, is my favourile author.
An identifying relative c/ause gives necessary (The relative clause gives extra information.)
information and is essential to the meaning of the
My cousin Peier is a docior. (The meaning of
main sentence. It is not put in commas. A non-
the sentence is clear.)
identifying re/ative c/ause gives extra information and
My cousin Peter, who(m) you have i usf mef,
is not essential to the meaning of the main sentence.
is a doctor. (The relative clause gives extra
It is put in commas.
information.)
Identifying relative clauses are introduced with: c) His flat is modern and spacious.
His flat, which fie Doughf fwo years ago. is
G who, which, that. They can be omitted if they are modern and spacious.
the object of the relative clause. ’g' whose. where. when. They cannot be omitted.
e.g. a) People are prosecuted. (Which people? We e.g. a) The Dride looked stunning. (The meaning of
don’t know. The meaning of the sentence is the sentence is clear.)
not clear.) The bride, whose wedding dress was
People wholthat lie in court are prosecuted. designed by Valentino. looked stunning.
(Which people? Those who lie in couft. The
(The re/at/ve clause gives extra information.)
meaning of the sentence is clear.)
b) The papers are missing. (Which papers? We Stratford-upon-Avon is visited by thousands
don't know. The meaning of the sentence is of tourists every year.
not clear.) Stratford-upon-Avon, where Shakespeare was
The papers (whichlthat) you gave me to 6orn. is visited 0y thousands of tourists
check are missing. (Which papers? The ones every year.
you gave me to check. The meaning ol the The besi time to vi’sit the island is in May.
sentence is clear.) The best lime fo visit the island is in May, when
it isn’t too crowded.
'6' whose, where, when, (the reason) why. Wñose
cannot be omitted. Where can be omitted when
there is a preposition. When and why can either
be replaced by ffiat or can be omitted. Fill in the relative pronoun or adverb.
Put commas where necessary. Write I
e.g. a) The man was angry. (which man? We don't for identifying, NI for non•identifying
know. The meaning of the sentence is not and say whether the relative can be
clear.) omitted or not.
The man wñose car was damaged was
angry. (Which man? The one whose car was 1 Paul. .. close... birthday is on Friday, is ha ing a party
damaged. The meaning of the sentence is tonight. (NI, cannot be omitted)
clear.) 2 My office . is very big is on the first floor.
b) The shop is near my house. (Which shop?
3 Martin ... works in the library writes
We don't know.)
poetry in his spare time.
The shop where I Dougfif this shirt is near 4 That s the house was burgled
my woman
house. OR The shop I bought this shirt from last week. I left school was hot and sunny.
is near my house. (Which shop? The one I
5 The day ................. I knew at university is
Dought this shirt from.)
6 Sarah Jones
The day was the happiest day of my life.
a doctor letter was printed in
(Which day? We don't know.) now.
The day (whenlthat) I got married was the 7 This is the the I bought yesterday is
happiest day ol my ///e. (Which day? The
girl
day I got married.)
newspaper. awful.
d) I was upset. This is the reason. (The reason
This CD lives next door is a wonderful
for what? We don't know.)
I was upset. This is the reason (whylthat) I Tina cook. play musical
10 People instruments are
called musicians.
didn’t ca// you. (The reason I didn't call 11 The café..............we had lunch served delicious food
you.) 12 This is the reason............................I haven‘t finished
 • - inking Words
13 My friend Peter
has just moved to Wales sent
me a long letter
14 My boss
office is next to mine is on
holiday at the moment
15 London
the Houses of Parliament are Linking words show the logical relationship between
is the capital of England
sentences or parts of a sentence.
16 My favourite time of the year is summer
the weather is hot Positive Addition
17 The woman won the lokery gave an and, both and, too, besides (this/that), moreover, what
interview to the newspaper is more, in addition (to), also, as well as (this/that),
furthermore etc.
She is dofh intelligent and beautiful.
Complete each sentence with two to
five words, including the word in bold. Negative Addition
neither nor, nor, neither, either
1 This is Mark His sister is a famous author Neither John nor David goes /o university.
whose This is Mark close sister is a famous
author Contrast
2 This is the motorbike I repaired it myself but, although, in spite of, despite, while, whereas, even
that This is the motorbike though, on the other hand, however, yet, still etc
myself Sarah is kind but not very reliable.
Mr Smith owns the company. He is a wealthy
businessman Giving Examples
who Mr Smith, such as, like, for example, for instance, especially, in
is a wealthy businessman particular etc
4 I m afraid of water That s why I never swim in the sea All the food was delicious, 6ut the steak in parfico/ar was
which I’m afraid of water, excellent
swim in the sea Cause/Reason
5 You were talking to a girl She is my niece as, because, because of, since, for this reason, due to. so.
whom The girl as a result (og etc
is my niece I stayed in 6ed Decaose I felt ill.
6 The boy broke the window He said he was sorry
who The boy Condition
said he was sorry if, whether, only if, in case of, in case, provided (that).
7 Bath is the city he lived in when he was young providing (that), unless, as/so long as, otherwise, or (else).
where Bath is the city on condition (that) etc
he was young. We took an umbrella with us in case it ra neck.
People should be punished if they commit crimes
who eople Purpose
should be punished to, so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that. in
9 The best time to go shopping is in the morning The case etc
shops are not very busy then I took some paper and a pen so that I could make notes
when The best time to go shopping is in the
morning, Effect/Result
are not very busy such/so . that, so, consequently, as a result, therefore, for
10 He lent me some money That was very kind of him this reason etc
which He lent me some money. It was so cold fhaf we decided to light a fire.
of him
11 Michael lives next door to me He is an architect. Time
who Michael, when, whenever, as as soon as, while, before, until/till
to me, is an architect after, since etc
12 This is the suit. I bought it last week. It doesn't fit me We did not leave untilltill the daDysiffer arr/vect
which Thls suit
doesn't fit me Place
13 She interviewed a man He is my father where, wherever
whom The man We can't decide where to go on holiday this year
is my father

126
 Clouses - Linking • •
3 I was tired. I watched the late film. (despite)
Exception
except (for), apart from 4 John did his homework. His brother tidied the kitchen
The parfi/ was good fun, apart from the problem with the (while)
stereo.
5 Tom likes football. Stuart likes basketball. (whereas)
Relatives
who, whom, whose, which, what, that 6 He fell asleep. The phone rang. (as soon as)
That’s the horse whichlthat won the Grand National.
7 She brushed her teeth. She went to bed. (then)
Listing Points/Events
To begin: initially first, at first, firstly, to start/begin with, 8 We went to the shops. We had lunch. (after that)
first of all etc.
First ol all, we greeted the guests. 9 I enjoy reading books. I enjoy watching TV. (as well as)
To continue: secondly, after this/that, second.
afterwards, then, next etc. 10 Jason doesn't like tomatoes. Paul doesn’t like
Tñen, we offered them drinks. tomatoes. (neither)
To conclude: finally, lastly, in the end. at last, eventually
etc.
Finally, we served them the meal.
Join the sentences using a suitable
word 30a • r phrase from the list.
Summarising
in conclusion, in summary, to sum up. on the whole, all in neither ... nor, as well as, afler, provided (that). in
all, altogether, in short etc. order to, which, as a rest/f, so that, even
To sum up, I firmly believe that animals have the right to a though, where
happy life.
1 I enjoyed the party. I didn’t know anyone there.
. I enjoyed the pmrt y, even I tough I didn’t know
Read the sentences and underline the o nyone there...
correct linking wor¢f/phrase. 2 She invested some ot her money in bonds. She
wanted to increase her income.
I’ve never been here before as/dut my friend has.
2 You can have some friends over, apart from/as long 3 He is a good sportsman. He is a talented writer.
as you play quietly.
Afterwardslln conclusion, I think that Mark is the best 4 Sandra can't cook. Louise can’t cook.
person for the job.
4 I went to the bank in case/in order fo get some money. 5 I Will drive you to school. You are ready on time.
5 We took a taxi in short/because we were late.
6 This house is beautiful. In addition fo/However, it is in 6 That's the house. My uncle built it.
poor condition.
7 I was tired, so/for examp/e I went to bed early. 7 She left the taps running. The bathroom flooded.
8 All in aI1lAIthough she felt ill, she didn’t call a doctor.
We laughed then/when we heard the funny story. 8 They did the washing-up. They had eaten lunch.
10 Some foods, moreover/such as chocolate, are very
fattening. 9 It was very hot. We decided to go for a swim
11 Everyone attended the meeting whereas/apart from
Steve, who was on holiday. 10 This is the restaurant. We had lunch here.
12 I typed the reports despite/wAi/e Joanne interviewed
a client.

Join the sentences using the correct word(s)

Join the sentences using the word(s) in 3 in brackets.
2@ brackets.

1 He was hungry. He bought a sandwich. (so) 1 Computers are very useful. You can use them to store
.He Wa e hu ng , e O he bO u‹j In I a ma nd Win h.. . . information. (for example/whereas)
2 Claire is very tall. She is very thin. (what is more) .Computers are very ue›efuI. For exa mph, you can
use them to afore information...
 • - inking Words
2 Simon is often invited to parties. He is a popular person
(for example/since) Replace the words in bold with appropriate
3@ synonyms from the list.
3 I had a great holiday. It rained all the time. (and/even
though) while, at last, until, in short, in order thai, sc long
as, for instance, apart from, provided that, due to
4 Paul is a builder. Robin is a plumber. (whereas/too) the fact that, whai is more, that

5 We had salad for lunch. We both want to lose weight. Don’t make the announcement before I arrive.
(in addition/because) .Pon’t make the announcement until / arrive....
2 Everyone passed the exam except for Paul. who hadn’t
6 My teacher is very kind. She can be strict at times. revised.
(then/on the other hand)
3 In summary. we had a wonderful time at the concert

Fill in the correct word/phrase from the 4 That’s the dress which I got for my birthday.
32 lists.
5 Finally, the group was ready to leave.

a on the who/e, finally, firstly, furthermore, 6 I II give you a lift, providing you are ready on time.
wherever, so
7 Steve is very clever. For example. he got top marks in
a mobile phone.
There are many advantages to owning all his exams.
t) .j=/ tty,... people can reach you immediately with
8 I bought some stamps so that I could post some
important news, 2) you happen to be. letters.
3) " , you can call for help in an
emergency , 4) ........... a mobile phone is 9 She was hungry because she hadn’t eaten all day.
important for personal safety. 5) .... , if you
are late for an appointment, you can use a mobile 10 Jane likes classical music, whereas Susan doesn”t.
phone
to call and explain. 6) I think
should have a mobile phone. everyone
11 You”ll be on time. as long as you hurry.

12 Moreover, the problem affects our customers

b /o sum up, to begin with, however. because.
so as noi to, as a result, whenever

I have been playing the guitar for ten years. 1) ....... 35 Choose the correct answer.
.... I found it very difficult 2).........................I wasn’t
used to playing a musical instrument. 3)
I soon became quite good and, 4)..................................I There are many reasons for visiting the city of Rome
was asked to play in a local restaurant. I practised all the 1) ..C..., it is a city with an interesting history. 2) it
time 5) ................... ...................... make a mistake in was the capital of the Roman Empire. 3) , Rome is very
public. 6)............................................I performed, people beautiful, 4) ,. its many palaces, churches and squares.
would always applaud. 7)..............................................I 5) .., many of the city's classical monuments have
became a very popular musician. been preserved, 6) it is possible to see how the city
used to be. 7) , many people travel to Rome every
year 8) I believe that, 9) a trip to Rome may be
expensive, it is well worth visiting such a wonderful city
33 Underline the correct word/phrase.
1 A Since B On the whole C Firstly
2 A Secondly B Finally C Therefore
The party was a disaster. 1) AlthoughlTo Degin with, there 3 A In order to B Moreover C All in all
were hardly any people there. 2) All in alllAs a resu/I, there 4 A due to B because C so
wasn’t a very exciting atmosphere. 3) After thatlln addition. 5 A Apart from B However C In addition
the stereo had broken, 4) because/so there was no music to 6 A because B so C and
dance to. 5) On tñe who/e/in tñe end, we all watched a film 7 A Because B But C For this reason
on television. I left 6) Defore/as soon as I could. 7) In shortl 8 A To sum up B Although C For example
/\fext. it was a terrible evening 9 A moreover B although C due to

1!?8
 Clauses - Linking • •
6 Having forgotten her birthday. Tom apologised.
because Tom apologised
udy these examples. The second sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
her birthday.
7 The photograph published in that magazine was not
e man waving at me is my cousin Stewart.
genuine.
oThe man who is waving at me is my cousin Stewart.
which The photograph
e got up early because she wanted to do some shopplng before she went to work
in that magazine was not genuine.
She got up early so as to do some shopping before she went to work.
atShe got up early so that she could do some shopping before she went to work. Although she was hurt. she didn‘t say anything.
spite
e jewellery kept in that safe belongs to my mother. whichThe jewellery which is kept in that safe In
ongs to my mother. she didn't say anything
e party was a success. so we all stayed very late. suchThe party was such a success that we He
all has decided to give up his job and there’s nothing
yed very late. you can do to stop him
ving missed the last bus. Laura had to walk all the way home. prevent You can’t
cause Laura had to walk all the way home his job
cause she had missed the last bus. 10 Her feet hurt because her shoes were too tight.
hough he is hardworking, he is not paid well. spiteIn spite of his being hardworking. he is so Her shoes were
t paid well. her feet hurt.
ldren growing up in cities often get very little exercise. 11 It was snowing heavily. so the village was cut off
oChildren who grow up in cities often get due The village was cut off
y little exercise. it was snowing heavily
at s the café where we used to go when we were students. 12 She looked like she was going to explode when she
That s the café we used to go to when we were students. heard his remarks.
if She looked
to explode when she heard his remarks
13 The hotel was rather expensive. so we decided to look
for accommodation elsewhere.
such It was
we decided to look for
accommodation elsewhere.
14 Have a spare key cut: you may lose the original
case Have a spare key cut
the original
1s Always make a shopping list if you don‘t want to forget
anything important.
avoid Always make a shopping list
anything important.
16 She invited a lot of people to her party. She knew most
of them from work
Complete each sentence with two to five whom She invited a lot of people to her party.
words, including the word in bold. she knew from work
17 He missed his flight, so he was the only one who didn’t
1 He didn t say anything because he didn t want to spoil attend the conference.
the surprise. consequently He missed his flight
He didn‘t say anything ...no as nor to the only one who didn‘t
spoi/ .. the surprise. attend the conference
2 That s the theatre where he gave his first performance. 18 Someone must have put too much sugar in my coffee if
in That s the theatre My coftee tastes
his first performance .too much sugar in it
3 Her room was in a mess. so she had to spend hours 19 She introduced me to all her friends. This was very
tidying it up polite of her.
such Her room was in which She introduced me to all her friends.
she had to spend hours tidying it up. ot her,
4 Drivers parking in this area will be fined. 20 This is John Daniels. His novel became a best seller.
who Drivers whose This is John Daniels,
will be fined. .a best seller.
5 The woman driving that car is a famous journalist 21 People living abroad often miss their triends and family.
who The woman who People
.. is a famous journalist. often miss their friends and family.

179
 ords
10 Is she the woman who she lives next door to you?
11 You d better take a jumper in case it will be cold.
12 The town where I grew up in has changed a lot.

• This is the wallet which I bought it yesterday. /

This is the wallet which I bought yesterday. 7 38a Cross out the unnecessary word.
• Is he the man who he stole your bag? x
Is he the man who stole your bag? 1 Take your credit card with you in case you will want
• My car, that cost me a fortune, was badly damaged in to do some shopping.
the accident. ¥ 2 They held a sponsored parachute jump in order that to
My car, which cost me a fortune, was badly damaged raise money for the disabled people.
in the accident. 7 3 It was such an awful weather that it ruined our holiday.
4 Andrew, who he is my friend. has been promoted.
• Carol found a job last week. She had started looking 5 She has always wanted to visit the place where her
for one a month ago. y parents were born there.
Carol found a job last week. She had started looking 6 Despite of the traffic, I got to the station on time.
for one a month before. 7 That’s the boy whose his father is a surgeon.
• When he’ll call, I'll give him the message. x 8 When you will finish your work, we can go out.
When he calls, I’ll give him the message. 7 9 She called Marie for to invite her to her birthday party
• He gave me so helpful advice that I was able to 10 What an expensive furniture you’ve got here!
solve the problem. x 11 You can go out after you will have finished cleaning
He gave me such helpful advice that I was able to your room
12 He went to the bank so to withdraw some money.
solve the problem.
• He took a taxi not to be late. x
He took a taxi so as not to/in order not to be late. 7 Add the correct prefixes to the beginning
of the words to form the opposites.
• You'd better book a lable in case the restaurant will
be busy. X 1 It was very ...unkind of you to laugh at Emily‘s haircut
You'd better book a table in case the restaurant is 2 Many people .approve of violent films and
busy. 7 television programmes.
• Despite of her wealth, she is still unhappy. x 3 We became........patient with the slow service.
Despite her wealth, she is still unhappy. 4 It is .legal to leave school before the age of 16 in
many countries.
• He often speaks as if he is an expert on every 5 He was sacked due to his........professional behaviour.
subject. x 6 The nurse who treated me was gentle but........personal
He often speaks as if he was/were an expert on 7 Some frozen food does not have to be .frosted
every subject. before cooking.
• This is the man who’s dog attacked me. x 8 My homework was wrong because I ..understood
This is the man whose dog attacked me. the instructions.
9 Dave was........successful in his attempt to climb Mount
• The hotel where we stayed at was very luxurious. x
Houghton.
The hotel where we stayed was very luxurious. 7
10 You can t trust him to do anything. He is very
The hotel (which) we stayed at was very luxurious. 7
.responsible.

3 Correct the mistakes.

40p Fill in the correct form of the words in
brackets.

Running a business involves many 1) ...di1cu/fies. (difficult)

1 He ran down the road not to miss the bus.
It’s 2) (benefit) to have some 3) (know) of
2 Despite of his talents, he is very shy.
management, but you could employ a 4) . (manage)
3 This is the girl who s parents own the hotel
instead. Of course, you must make a 5)................(commit) to
4 She often acts as if she is better (han everyone else.
the business and that will mean working for very long hours
5 She mal‹es so delicious food, she ought to be a chef.
at the beginning. You may need to get some 6)
6 When I’ll see her, I’ll invite her to the party. (finance) support to start your business, and you must be
7 His house, that is very old, is opposite the post oflice. able to make the 7) (repay) regularly. It is 8)
8 This is the book which I borrowed it from the library. (essence) to have loyal 9) (employ) to work for you.
9 Jane finished writing the letter at 8 o’clock. She had Eventually, your business could be a great 10)
started writing it an hour ago (succeed).

160
 Clauses - Linking • •
Phrasal Verbs 11 The politician ran great opposition in his
election campaign, but he still managed to win.
run across: (tr) meet sb/find sth by chance 12 He s going to see the rest of his contract.............., and
run away: (int) escape (from home. duty, etc); then leave the company.
run off 13 They ran...............some difficulties when the jeep got a
run away with: (tr) steal sth and leave with it flat tyre while they were on safari.
run down: 1) (tr) knock down and damage or 14 We saw Linda at the airport. and then went
wound (with a vehicle), 2) (tr) speak home.
badly of sb/sth, 3) (int) (of a clock/
15 Neil ran from home when he was 17, but
batteries) stop working
regretted it when he saw how hard life could be.
run into: (tr) 1) meet sb unexpectedly,
16 We’ve run milk again. I'll go and buy some
2) collide with sth in a vehicle,
more.
3) experience (difficulties)
(tr) no longer have a supply of sth 17 It isn t nice to run people all the time. You
run out (of):
run over: 1) (tr) knock down and damage or ought to be more tolerant.
wound (with a vehicle); run down, 18 Lucy saw.................the man’s tricks immediately.
2) (int) overflow 19 He lost control of the car and ran.................a tree.
run through: (tr) repeat: practise 20 The farmer saw the boys his land. and told
run up: (tr) allow (debts, bills, etc.) to them not to come back.
increase 21 His parents saw him the difficult year, and
run up against: (tr) face, (difficulties, problems, etc.) gave him all the support they could.

see about: (tr) make enquiries about or Fill in the gaps with the correct
arrange- ments about sth preposition from the list. Some
see off: (tr) 1) accompany a traveller to prepositions can be used more than once.
his/her plane, train. etc., 2) make
at. 6y. for. in. on. out of, oft. under. from, without
sure that sb leaves (one's property.
etc.)
see out: (tr) last until the end of (a period of 1 That style of skirt went ........ ,...., fashion years ago.
2 We heard about the earthquake...............the news.
time)
see through: (tr) 1) not be deceived by sb/sth. 2) 3 This must be finished by five o clock..................fail.
support sb in difficulties 4 Paul and I arrived at the party.................the same time.
see to: (tr)care for sb 5 We were the impression that they were
moving to France.
Crime is.................the increase in many cities.
7 The knock at the door took me.................surprise.
41 Fill in the correct particle. 8 He erased his project from the computer and had to
start.................scratch.
1 I ran . into .. an old teacher of mine last weekend at 9 my opinion, he is the greatest musician of
the supermarket. our time.
2 Be careful crossing that road. I don't want you to get 10 I don't know certain, but I think she’s gone
run on holiday.
3 The bath water ran because Dean forgot to 11 You're looking a bit colour are you feeling
turn off the taps. alright?
4 ‘The baby's crying again. ‘Don’t worry. I’ll see 12 The ceremony is being held honour of the
him this time Pope s visit.
5 Henry ran ............... a huge telephone bill and then he 13 He put salt in his tea.................mistake, thinking it was
couldn't afford to pay it. sugar.
6 You II never guess what I ran . at a car boot 14 I can”t stop and talk. I'm.................a hurry.
sale yesterday. 15 She waved until the car was.................sight.
7 The garage roof is leaking. I must see ............. getting 16 We always stay in. Why don’t we go out a
it fixed. change?
8 The actor ran his lines once more on the 17 He told us the plan brief and didn't go into
night of the opening performance. detail
9 One of the employees ran the money from 18 I mustn’t eat any chocolate. I’m.................a diet.
the till. 19 Peter has gone to London.................business
10 The alarm clock isn t working. I think the batteries must 20 She selected a CD.................random and put it in the
have run CD player.

161
 ords

W'gsionBox
4J/,y Put the verbs in brackets into the 7 They let me go to the rock concert last Saturday.
correct tense. allowed I .. to the rock
concert last Saturday.
A:
You had better ...gon us... (get up) early tomorrow. 8 He began to play the guitar when he was seventeen.
B:
I know. I have to be at the audition by eight o'clock. since He has . he was
2 A:
The teacher shouted at me today. seventeen.
B: 9 He was annoyed by her behaviour and left the party.
Well, if you . ...... (do) your homework,
she wouldn’t have shouted at you. found He . and left the party.
3 A: 10 Someone should tell David about the changes we've
Stop making that noise, or else I
(send) you to your room. made.
B: I'm sorry, Mum. I’ll be quiet. be David the changes
4 A: I wish Sam................(help) more around the house we’ve made.
B: Why don’t you ask him? 11 It wasn’t necessary for her to do the washing-up. but
5 A: Did you enjoy your steak? she did.
B: Not really. I’d rather..........................(eat) pizza. have She.......................................the washing-up.
6 A: I wish I 12 ‘Why are you so angry?' Anne said to Michael
(not/forget) my purse.
B: It doesn’t matter. I’ll lend you some money. was Anne wanted to know
7 A: I don t think Louise liked the film. so angry.
B: Well, she looked as though she 13 The question was so difficult that I couldn’t answer it.
(enjoy) it.
8 A: I’d rather you too The question . to
(not/play) your answer.
14 Martin is repairing the car.
music so loudly. by The car Martin.
B: Sorry. I'll turn it down. 15 We had no idea the car was stolen.
9 A: Supposing you were rich, what know Little.................................the car was stolen.
(you/buy)? 16 He can't carry that box. He is too weak
B: A big house and a sports car. enough He . to carry that box.
10 A: I would have worn an evening dress if I 17 Someone sent us a large parcel.
(know) it was a formal occasion were We...........................................a large parcel
B: It doesn’t matter. You look lovely 18 You had better phone your parents.
ought You your parents.

Fill in the gaps with the word which best

Complete each sentence with two to
4*\y five words, including the word in bold.
fits each space. Use only one word in
each space.

1 I’ve never travelled by aeroplane before. One of 1) ...rhe... greatest tennis players 2)
first It s ..rhc fireT time... I’ve travelled by the 20th century was Frenchman René Lacoste, 3)
aeroplane. success in the sport reached its peak in the 1920s.
2 Is this the fastest you can type? He 4) . several tennis championships. both
faster Can’t than this? in Europe and in America, and 5) nicknamed
3 We will probably have a dinner party next weekend. ’The Crocodile due 6) . his method of playing
likely It...............................................have a dinner the game. He never attacked at the start of a match.
party next weekend. Instead he would wait 7) his opponent had a
4 ’Alright, I'll help you with your research,’ he said to me moment of weakness and he would win the match.
agreed He . my research In 1929, Lacoste retired from tennis. Some years later, he
5 Someone stole my bag while I was shopping brought 8) a range of sports and leisure
had I . while I was clothing with his own crocodile emblem. These designs
shopping. quickly became popular 9).......................people all over the
6 I’ve never heard such a wonderful song world and today ‘Lacoste' is still 10) of the
the It’s I’ve ever heard. favourite labels on the market.

162
 - Linkin@
Clouses

icy c
Mr Blythe is a teacher at a secondary school. His
class want to put on a play in order to raise money for
charity. Look at the prompts below and make sentences
Put the verbs in brackets into the
46p present simple or the present
using relative pronouns and adverbs, as in the
continuous. example.
1 A: e.g. The schoo/ hall is the place where we hope to
B: That suitcase looks heavy! stage the play.
2 A: It is! It ... weighs... (weigh) nearly thirty
B: kilos! My feet...............................(ache).
Sit down and put them up, then.
3 A:
This tea.............................(taste) awful.
B: Oh dear. I think the milk has gone off.
4 A: What are you doing?
B: I . (weigh) the ingredients for a
S A: cake. Have you been to Peter's house before?
B: Yes. but I (not/remember)
how to get there. He|
6 A: Who is that woman?
B: I (think) she works in the bookshop.
7 A: I love this music!
B: I (not/see) how you can like it.
It's awful!
8 A: Why (you/taste) the soup?
B: To see if it needs more
9 A: salt. Are you busy this
evening?
B: Yes. I..................(see) some friends at eight o'clock
10 A You look happy.
:
B: I am 1 (think) about my holiday

4@ There are ten unnecessary words in

the text below. Cross them out.

What’s in a Name? 14 object, why not to stop and think about where its name
15 came from? You might be surprised!
1 Many everyday objects are being given their names for
2 a reason. The Biro (a ballpoint pen) was invented
by
3 Georg and Josef Biro, so that it was named after
them.
4 The sandwich, on the other hand, it was named after
the
5 4th Earl of Sandwich in 1762. Despite of the fact that
the
6 idea of eating slices of meat between slices of bread
was
7 not a new one, the Earl of Sandwich made it
popular. He
8 would ask to be served this dish at his card table so
that
9 he could play the all day. Morse code (the use of
long
10 and short sounds to send the messages along a wire)
was
11 been invented by Samuel Morse in 1844 and Bermuda
12 shorts were so named because they at first became
popular
13 in Bermuda. So, next time you will use an everyday
Mr Blythe is now writing a letter to the place where we hope to sfage the play. 15th June is
headmaster to ask for permission to put on
the play. Look at the Oral Activity again and
use your notes to complete the letter
below.
I hope you will allow us fo put on the play, as it
Dear Mr Johnson, would be both educational and enjoyable for the
I am writing to request permission for c/ass, as well as beneficial to our chosen charii:y.
my class to put on a play in order to raise Yours sincerely, ]
money for charity. The school hall is the

167
 »e»ives - Demonstrotivet - Iguontiliert
'¥' In short answers and after as and than we use an
odject pronoun (informal) or a subject pronoun +
auxiliary verg (formal).
e.g. ’I hate jazz.’ OR ‘Me too.’I‘I rfo foo.’
She spends more money than melthan I do.

Fill in the blanks with the correct subject

1p or object pronoun.

1 Joe’s late. Has ...hs... called? It's not like.....to be late.

2 Nick is lucky. . has a good job and . earns
much more than...........do
3 Marie works hard, because wants the boss to
give...........a pay rise.
This is Mr Branson's c/ass. /•/e is writing an 4 ‘Where is Sarah?’ ‘Isn't that..........over there?
examDle on the board. The students are reading 5 She's older than...........am, but I’m taller than
it. 6 ‘I’m sick and tired of this job.’ ‘ . too.’
f4e will ask them some guestions /afer. 7 ‘John gave ............. a great idea.’ ‘ . is so
inventive. isn't ?'
Personal Pronouns
subject pronouns: I , you, he, she, It, we, you, they
object pronouns: me, you, him, her, It, us, you, them
Su• l• ct pronouns go before verbs as subjects and 2p Fill in the gaps with there, it or one.
object pronouns go after verbs or prepositions as
objects. e.g. / like him a lot.
1 A: Did you enjoy the party?
’g' We do not use a noun and a personal pronoun B: No. .. fherc... weren't many people there.
together. e.g. Jim is at vrork. (NOT: ›fib he is ...)
was boring.
’g’ We use there + be to mention something for the 2 A: is someone on the phone for you. I think
first time or to say that something or someone is David.
exists. We use It + be to give more details about B: Hold on. I’ll be there in a minute.
something or someone that has already been 3 A: Was that a Ferrari going past?
mentioned. We also use it to refer to a person B: I didn’t see
when we are identifying him or her. 4 A: Look! . is your
e.g. 7here is a message for you. It is from your B: friend! Oh yes! s Ian.
boss. ‘Who’s on the phone?' ’It’s Mr Fox.’ 5 A: When did you last see a film?
(NOT: Mr Fox.) B: I haven't seen...........for months.
'6' We can use It as the subject to talk about weather, 6 A: Have you got your umbrella with you?
distance, temperature and time and also with: /f B: No. ......... wasn’t raining this morning, so I left .........
seems/appears thatllt is said that, It cfoesn’t matter, at home.
It looks like, etc. 7 A: Did you sleep late yesterday?
e.g. It’s a ten-minufe drive to the station. It’s 23 °C B: Yes. By the time I woke up,...........was lunch time.
outside. 8 A: Have you got a computer?
It seems that there are some problems with the B: No. I had..........., but I sold
new management. OR There seem to 6e some 9 A: Look at this mess! . are toys
problems with the new management. B: everywhere. Sorry. I’ll tidy up.
'6' We use it to talk about something that has already 10 A: Did you visit the Acropolis?
been made clear. We use one when it is not clear B: No............wasn’t enough
which thing in particular we are talking about. 11 A: time.
e.g. I can’t find my wa//ef. Have you seen it? (The B: Could I have the bill, please?
speaker is talking a6out a specific wallet.) 12 A: Certainly. I’ll bring...........at once.
I haven’t got any nice jumpers,' I need ro buy B: seems to be a mistake in this report.
one. (The speaker is not talking about a 13 A: Oh, sorry. I’ll type...........again.
specific jumper.) B: Josie is very pretty.
Yes. doesn’t matter what she wears, she
always looks good.

164
 Pronouns - Possessives - Demonstratives -
Note: its = possessive adjective
The car is licking its paw.

e.g. It's (it is) raining. It’s (it ihas} goi one room.

The possessive case can be used to talk about

ownership or the relationship between people. It is
formed in two ways:
1 with 's ' for people or animals
• singular nouns + s e.g. Bob's dog
• plural nouns ending in -s + ' e.g. my parents' car
• plural nouns not ending in -s + 's e.g. the men's department
This is Melanie. She is sitting at fler desk. She is • compound nouns + s e.g. my sister-in-law”s family
giving a life to Tier colleague, Samantha. The tiles
behind her are hers. Melanie's boss asks her to update • We use 's after the last of two or more names to
them every week. show common possession.
e.g. JacAie and George’s camera. (The camera
Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns belongs to both oI ihem.)

my our mine ours • We use s after each name to show individual

possession. e.g. Peter’s and MiAe’s cameras.
your your yours yours
(Each boy has his own camera.)
his his
her their hers theirs 2. with of for inanimate things
its
• of + inanimate thin9 Or Abstract noun
Both possess ive a dject ive s and posse ssive e.g. ihe vrhee/s ol ihe car, the price ol tame
pronouns can be used to talk about ownership or • a the this that + noun + of + possessive
the relationship between people. Possessive e.g. She’s a co/league of mine. 7fiaf friend of
adjectives are followed by nouns, whereas Pame/a’s is a docior.
possessive pronouns are not.
Note: When we refer to a certain place or time, the
e.g. This is her Oag. //'s hers.
possessive case is formed as follows:
We normally use possessive adjectives with parts • phrase of place (shop home business, etc ) + s
of the body and clothes. e.g. at the chemist's ('e mean the shop),
e.g. Lucy fiwisied her ankle. ar Susan’s (house)
He put on his jacket and his hat and left. • phrase showing length of time specific moment or
event + s
We use the and not possessive adjectives with
e.g. a year’s savingsltwo hours’ driveltoday’s news
prepositional phrases mostly when we are talking
about things that happen to parts of people’s • We can use either *s or of when we talk about
bodies, for example blows, pains, etc. Verbs places or organisations.
usually used in this pattern are: hit, punch, s/ap, e.g. Rome’s population OR the population of Rome
dife, touch, pat, sting, etc.
e.g. She pafted him on the shou/cfer.
He’s got a pain in the chest.
We use the word own in the following structures
to
emphasise the fact that something belongs to 3 Connect the nouns using -’s, -' or ...of... .
someone.
noun + of + my your. etc. + own 1 husband/sarah ...Sarah’s hueband
my your. etc. + own + noun 2 teacher/the children
e.g. I wish I had a room ol my own. 3 coats/sally and Jane
OR I wish I had my own room. 4 the Prime Minister/England
5 CDs/my sisters

16\*
 ssessives - Demonstratives - Quantifiers
the end/the road
books/the students
the owner/the building

1
2 My new bike is great. ../r’s... got lots of gears on it.
Fill in the correct possessive acfjective or The house next door has got a fence around
pronoun. garden.
Let's go home. . getting late.
4 I love this shop. . got lots of lovely things in it.
1 A: Why did you lend Alf ...your .. jacket? 5 the most beautiful house I’ve ever seen.
B: Because he forgot............and it was cold. That dog has got a white patch over . eye.
2 A: Chloe looks upset. . eyes are very red.
B: Yes. She had an argument with............best friend.
Rewrite the sentences using the correct
3 A: Tom looks nice. . new clothes suit him. possessive form.
B: Yes. I like............new shirt.
4 A: Have you met............new boss yet? 1 He put his briefcase on the car — the roof.
B: No, but I have met............secretary. He put his bHHcaac on the roof of the car.
5 A: Mr and Mrs Ford must be rich. car is very 2 The walk to school takes ten minutes.
expensive.
B: Yes. and it’s much faster than We are going on holiday two weeks from now.
6 A: I like............dress.
B: Oh, it’s not . . My sister lent it to me. 4 She received the parcel in the post — this morning.
7 A: Celia enjoys............job.
B: Yes, and she gets on very well with .......... colleagues. s Paul never pays attention to his parents — the advice.
8 A: Have you seen............keys?
B: Yes. They're on the table beside 6 That girl on the stage is a friend — my.

7 Sarah — David — bicycles are being repaired.

Fill in a possessive adjective or ffie. 8 Simon lost a week of pay when he was ill

1 We always wash ...our... hands before eating anything. The girl shook the man — the hand.
2 Wipe............feet before you come in

3 She looked him in ....... eye and told him the truth. 10 Can I see the menu —for today, please?
4 I trapped . finger in the door.
He lost............jacket at the party 11 We had a barbecue in Bob-Marie-garden.
6 Julia says that Mike pulled............hair.
7 He hit............knee on the table. 12 The inspector looked at the passengers —the tickets.
8 She felt something tap her on............shoulder.
9 The branch snapped back and hit him in............face.
10 I like............shoes. I wonder where she bought them
9 Fill in the correct pronouns or possessives.

Fill in the gaps with of where necessary, Deof Ca£Ol

BWd IN , OUF GFCI OWING Thank you for 0 your last letter. I really enjoyed
reading ZI Hove S chllcten started
1 If they had a garden ...aI I hair own..., they could grow . . ............. new school yet? I’m sure 0 will
flowers.
enjoy 6I very much once they settle in
2 John is lucky. He has got a computer
and make new friends. Mary and John asked
3 Don’t treat me like a child! I ve got a mind
4 I don’t need a lift to work. I ve got..........................car.
me for
5 They hope to set up........................business one day. 7) ............ new address, so I gove 8J to
6 Haven't you got...........................book? You’re always 0 .. . I hope OF . . don't mlnd. I saw Anne
taking mine. last week. She said 10..............would phone you
this
week to tnv(te you to ID............birthday party. Well,
7 Their new house is big. so Harry can have a room Im golng to 0 aerobics class now. Please
write to t4I................soon.
8 We’re saving up to buy a flat Love,
You can’t eat my sweets. Buy some
Rachel

166
 Pronouns - Possessives - Demonstratives -

'g’ Each other means one another. Study the following

examples:

Subject Reflexive Subject Reflexive

pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns
I myself it itself
you yourself we ourselves
he himself you yourselves
she herself they themselves

We use reflexive pronouns: They are feeding They are feeding

tftemse/ves. each other.
with verbs such as 6efiave, 6urn, cuf, enjoy, hurt,
introduce, kiI1, looh at, teach, etc., or with prep-
ositions when the subject and the object of the But we always say dry myself.
verb are the same person. We do not use
reflexive pronouns aher prepositions of p/ace.
e.g. Sara (subject) ñas taught fierse/f /?ovr fo p/ay
the guitar.
Yoo look pleased with yourse/f.
BUT: She looked 6ehind fler because she
heard footsteps. (NOT: She looked behind h f
...)

with the preposition by when we mean alone =

1) without company = on one’s own,
2) without help
e.g. Dad fixed the roof 6y himself.
(—— No6ody helped Dad fix the roof.)
He hates travelling by fiimse/f/on his own.
(= He hates travelling alone, without company.)
in the following expressions: enjoy yourse/f (have a
good time), behave yourse/f (be good), be/p
yourself (you are welcome to take something if you
want).
to emphasise the subject or the object of a
sentence.
e.g. I spoke to the manager himse/f. (I spoke to the
manager, not somebody else.)
Note: 1) We do not use reflexive pronouns with the
verbs concentrate, fee/, meet and re/ax.
e.g. I feel nervous. (NOT: I feel elf nervous.)
2) The verbs dress, wasñ and shave are not
normally followed by a reflexive pronoun.
However, we can use a reflexive pronoun
with these verbs when we want to show
that someone dld something with a lot of
effort.
e.g. She washed, dressed and then
had breakfast.
He had a broken arm, 6ut he managed
to
shave himse/f.

167
 Complete the sentences using
verbs from the list below and
a reflexive pronoun, as in the 1@
example.
lix, make, organise, teach, paint,
decorate, dress, grow
1 Annie didn’t buy her wedding dress. She ..made ir

2 Do you like these flowers? I

3 Look at this picture. My son
4 What a beautiful room! Did you
5 I didn t call the plumber to fix the pipe.

6 He didn't have piano lessons. He

7 My son is only three, but I don’t dress him. He

8 Nobody helped Julie with the party. She

Fill in the appropriate reflexive

pronoun or eacñ ofher/one 1ty
another.

1 A: Who built your shed for you?

B: No one. We built it ...ourselves..
2 A: Will you keep in touch with Lucy
when she moves? B: Oh, yes. We will
write to
3 A: Paul and Sue don’t get
on very well. B: No.
They’re always arguing
with
4 A: Did Mum help Jane to
cook dinner? B: No. She
did it all by
5 A: Why are you and Marie going into town?
B: We are going to buy................some new clothes.
6 A: Did you switch the heating on?
B: No. It switches . on every morning.
7 A: Help . to coffee
and biscuits. B: Thank you. I will.
8 A: How is Sarah?
B: I don’t know. We haven’t seen . for months.
9 A: What’s the matter with Steve?
B: I think he wants to be by for a while.
10 A: Do Mark and Ellen work well together?
B: Oh, yes. They often help...............with their work.

168
 - ssessives - Demonstrotives - Quontifiers

This, fhese, that and ffiose are used as demonstrafiv'e I The children are
actjecfives when they are followed by a noun and as
pronouns when they are not followed by a noun. somewhere outside the
building. There aren't
e. g. 7fiis vase is made of crystal. (demonstrative any chairs. The teacher
adjective) That is made of g/ass. (pronoun) is writing someffiing on
the boârd. Everybody is
this/these are used: looking ai the board.

'¥' for people or things which are near us.

e.g. 7his is my favourite painting.
'g' for present or future situations.
e.g. My cousin is staying with me this week.
’¥’ to refer to an idea we are about to mention. Countable some any not any no
e.g. Listen to this. It’s really funny. Uncountable
G to introduce oneself on the phone or to introduce People someone/ anyone/ no one*not
people. somebody anybody anyone
e.g. ’Hello? This is Helen.' Mum, ffiis is Kate.' nobody not
'g' when the speaker is in or near the place he/she is anybody
referring to. e.g. 7his room hasn't goi enough light. Things something anything nothing
not anything
that/those are used:
Places somewhere anywhere nowhere’not
4' for people or things which are not near us. anywhere
e.g. That man over there is waving at you.
G for past situations. e.g. That was a great party. We 12 Hello, this is Alan. Who's
enjoyed ourselves. please?’
’g' to refer back to something mentioned before.
e.g. ‘She lost her |o6. That’s awful.'
G when speaking on the phone to ask who the other
person is. e.g. ’Who’s that speaking?'

12 rill inthegaps with this, that these or

fhose.

1 . that... car over there belongs to the mayor.

2 . people over there are waiting for the bus
3 We’re moving house ... month.
4 ... diamond earrings here are priceless.
5 ”I’ve got a new job.’ s wonderful news.
6 ’Mum, . is my teacher, Miss Jones.’
7 . are my holiday photographs. Would you
like to look at them?
8 Hello. . is Jane Black speaking
9 . house here was built in 1500.
10 The day I got married was wonderful. I will remember
day for ever.
11 I had a wonderful childhood. We did things differently
in........................days.
Some, any and no are used with uncountable nouns
(rice, fea, etc.) and plural countable nouns (toys, DooAs,
etc.).
e.g. some rice, some toys
Some and its compounds (someone/somebody,
something, somewhere) are normally used in
affirmative sentences.
e.g. l need some advice. He's got something in his
pocket.
Any and its compounds are also used in Interrogative
sentences. Not any is used in negatlve sentences.
e.g. Are there any vegetables in the fridge? There isn’t
anybody in the oflice.
Any and its compounds are also used with negative
words such as without, never, se/¢fom, rare/y, hard/y,
etc.
e.g. I can do this without any help.
I have never seen anything like that.
No and its compounds are used instead of not any in
negatlve sentences.
e.g. She hasn’t gof any money. lshe’s got no money. He
didn’t give me anything. He gave me nothing.
We use a singular verb with compounds of some. any
and no.
e.g. There is something wrong with the computer.
 Pronouns - Possessives - Demonsfrafives -
Fill in the gaps with everyone/everybody,
Some and its compounds are also used in
interrogative sentences when we expect a
14p everything or everywhere, and the correct
form of the verbs in brackets.
positive answer, for example when we make an
offer or request. 1 The meeting was a success. ...Eve ñ ng want (go)
e.g. a} This place is crowded. Shall we go well
somewhere 2 (learn) a foreign language at this school.
else? ('be expect the answer yes.) 3 The film is a box-office hit. (talk)
b) 'Would you like something /o drink?’ (offer) about it.
’Yes, please. Can I have some lemonade?’ 4 We are going on holiday next
(request) week. (be) arranged
5 On Friday afternoon, (leave) the office
When any and its compounds are used in early.
affirmative sentences, there is a difference in
meaning. Study
the following examples: 6 Mark is a very popular boy. (like) him.
a) You can come any day you 7 After the snow had fallen, (be) white.
want. (li doesn't matter which.) 8 I'm glad we came to the (have)
b) AnyonelAny6ody can take part i’n the quiz beach. a wonderful time.
show. (It doesn't matter who.) We wanted to go to a restaurant, but
c) You can //nd anything you want in this (be) full.
shop. (It doesn't matter what.) 10 I dropped my bag and (fall) out.
d) I’ll hnd you anywhere you 11 We can’t make the announcement
go. (It doesn’i matter until
where.) (arrive) .

Every is used with singular countable nouns.

e. g. Every employee must clock in anc/ out.
1 Fill in the gaps with some, any, no or
one of their compounds.
The pronouns everyone everybody, everything and
the adverb everywhere are used in affirmative,
interrogative and negative sentences and are 1 A: Is there ...angling,.. good on television tonight?
followed by a singular verb. B: I don t know. Look in the newspaper.
e. g. Everybody/Everyone has a right io a lair trial. 2 A: Would you like...........................to eat?
(NOT.........................) B: No. I don”t want............................thank you
3 A: There is...........................here to see you
Who is it?
B:
I went to Jane s house. but there
4 A: was at home.
Bi// has lost his Aeys. Read the dialogue
1 and underline the correct item.
B. Perhaps she has gone...........................nice for the
weekend.
5 A: I have...........................time to do all this work
A: There is 1) nofftin///someffting more annoying than B: Is there...........................I can do to help?
losing 2) something/anything. 6 A: Was the party good last night?
B: What have you lost? Not really. There were hardly
B:
A: My keys. They must be 3) anywhere/somewhere in people there.
the house. but I've got 4) no/any idea where. I can't I have to go shopping. but I don t
7 A:
find them 5) nowhere/anywhere. have money.
B: Are you sure you haven't left them 6) somewhere/ B: I’ll lend you if you like.
nowhere by mistake? 8 A: Have you seen
A: Of course not. They can t be 7) somewhere/anywhere B: Michael No. I haven’t
seen him.
else but here. 8) No one/Someone must have hidden af Calm down. It’s 15) some/no use getting angry about
them te 16) anything/something like this. Look! There are
B: Why would 9) no one/anyone hide your keys? There is rn 17) no/ some keys on that
10) any/no reason for 11) anyonelno one to do o chair. A: They”re mine! Oh. I feel
12) nothinglsomething so silly. o so silly!
A: Well, I need 13) some/any help to find them. I have to n.
go 14) anywhere/somewhere important this B:
 9 town
The A: facilities
w What would you do if you were lost?
B: a I would ask............................for directions.
s Is there............................you would like to go this
10 A: weekend?
B: v I'd like to go............................nice and quiet.
11 A: e Is ,............................wrong with Paul?
r No. there’s wrong with him. He’s
B: y just tired.
12 A: B:
b
u
s
y

t
o
d
a
y
.

T
h
e
r
e

w
a
s

t
o

p
a
r
k
.
T
h
e
y

s
h
o
u
l
d

b
u
i
l
d

p
a
r
k
i
n
g
 ossessives - Demonstratives - Quontifiers

G The adverb e/se means ‘other, different’, or ‘more’. '6' Every and each are used with singular countable
It is used after some6ocfy, anybody, nothing, every- nouns. We normally use eacñ when we talk about
where, etc. and who, what, w'hy, wñen, where and two people or things. We use every when we talk
how. It is followed by a singular verb. about three or more people or things.
e.g. a) Can I get you anything e/set e.g. He was holding an ice cream in each hanD.
b) Kim hasn’t arrived yet Dut everybody e/se is here. (NOT.. .)
c) 'I've 6een to List?on twice this year.’ ‘Really? Every pan o/ my body hurt a/ter the IalI.
Where e/se have you been?’ (NOT......................................)
d) 'I 6ought a love/y rug from the market.' 'Wha’
e/se did you 6uy?’ e Every one and each (one) can be followed by of.
e.g. It was the twins’ birthday yesterday. I gave a
Anything (e/se} and noffiiing (efse/ can be used present to each (onej of them.
with but. I've seen all of Me/ Gi6son's lilms and I liked
e.g. I haven’t got anything /e/se} ro offer hM my every one of them.
advice.
G We use every when we are thinking of people or
’0' The possessive of else is else’s. things together, in a group to mean ‘all’, ‘every-
e.p. I have taken somebody else’s book by body/everything’.
mistake.
e.g. Every employee is enf///ed to twenty days off.
'6' Or else means ‘otherwise’, ‘if not’. (all employees)
e.g. Hurry up or e/se we'II miss our flight. We use each when we are thinking of people or
’g’ Elsewhere is formal and means *somewhere else'. things separately, one at a time.
e.g. If you are no/ satisfied with the service in fhis e.g. Each employee in turn will tell the manager
restaurant, you can go e/sewfiiere. when he wishes to take /?is holiday.
‘6’ We use every to show how often something
1£¿y Fill in the gaps with e/se, e/se's, or e/se or
e Se h e e
’ •
happens.
e.g. There is a fra/’n every fwenfy minutes.
I have to attend a meeting every fwo months.
1 He is ill. Why ...e/so... would he go to the doctor's?
2 The postman has delivered someone . mail G We use every but not each with words and
to our house. expressions such as a/mosf, near/y, pracfica//y
3 She must be at work. Where . could she be? and wifhouf excepfion.
4 I love it here. I wouldn’t want to live anywhere e.g. She has invited every person she knows, without
5 This hotel is full. We will have to stay..................... . exception. (NOT:.............................................)
6 Don't shout . you will wake the baby.
7 What . do we need to take with us?
8 This jacket isn’t mine. It's somebody
1@ Fill in the gaps with each or every.

Complete the sentences using e/se as in

1 the example. 1 We have two cars and ...each... of them is
blue. one
1 Hurry up, James, ..every body e/se .. (all the other 2 There were lots of sweets and she
ate of them
people) has left. (a different thing) to do.
2 If you can’t help me, I’ll
ask (another person).
3 The manager isn't in his office. He must
be
(another place)
4 Have you invited
person) to the
party?
5 If you’ve finished your work, I can give
you
3 . of the two boxes has 6 He is wearing a different colour sock on . foot.
bottles inside. 7 I’ve got.......................book that author’s ever written
4 The teacher gave one book to . (one more 8 I have seen almost . episode of this programme.
student. 9 Almost . T-shirt she owns is a designer label
5 She gave . of the children an 10 The Olympic Games are held . . four years
ice cream 11 I eat an apple.......................day.
6 I only have the ironing to do now. I‘ve done 12 She bought of her friends a
(all the other things) souvenir from Paris
 Pronouns - Possessives - Demonstrafives -

mi Li l‹tr•Ll› (\'t‹•lq

Laura has got a few Lucy has got (very)

few peaches. She can make peaches. She can't
make
some jam. any jam.
There aren”t many cherries. but there are
a /of of sfrawderries.
Is there much pasta? Yes. there is a lot.

A lot ofJots of are used with both plural countable

and uncountable nouns. They are normally used in
affirmative sentences. Of is omitted when a lot/lots
are not followed by a noun.
e.g. There were a lot of/lots ol peop/e at the concert.
There is a lot of/lots of yoghurt in the fridge.
Have you got many books Yes, I've got a lot.
N'luch and many are normally used in Simon has got a /ift/e paint. Rick has got (very} /itt/e
interrogative and negative sentences. Much is He can paint the door. paint. He can’t paint the
used with uncountable nouns and many with door.
plural countable nouns.
e.g. Is there much sugar in the
’6‘ A few/few are used with plural countable nouns
cupboard? There isn’t much sc/gar in
(f/owers, letters, etc.).
this cake.
Have you got many COs‘? I haven't gof many A few means not many, dut enoctgh.
COs. e.g. There are a few fiofe/s in this town. You'II
How mc/ch and how many are used in questions probably find a room to spend the night.
and negations. Few means hardly any, a/most none and can be
How much + uncountable noun ' amount used with very for emphasis.
How many + countable noun * number e.g. There are (very) few cupboards in the kitchen.
e.g. 'How much money have you got?' ’Not much. There's not enough room to store my plaies and
’ ’Ho w' many stamps do you need?' 'Six.'
Too many is used with plural countable nouns. t gla S ses.
has a negative meaning and shows that there is
more of something than is wanted or needed. work.
e.g. You ea/ too many sweefs. Your teeth will rot. duf: Mosf peop/e like parties.
Too much is used with uncountable nouns. It has
the same negative meaning as too many.
e. g. I've got too much worh to do. I can't go out.
We use most/some/anylmanylmuchl(a) fewl(a)
/itt/e/severa//one, two, etc. + of when a noun
follows, preceded by this, that, these, those, a, fhe
or possessives.
e.g. /Uosf of he peop/e at the parfi/ were mom
’g‘ A Ilfile/Il«Ie are used with uncountable nouns
(mi/A, I/me, etc.).
A little means not much, dc/f enough.
e.g. There is a little petro/ in ihe tank. It will
get us to the next town.
Little means hardly any, a/most none and
can be used with very for emphasis.
e.g. There's (very} /ift/e coffee leh. We need
to 6uy some more.
 ossessives - Demonstrotives - Quontifiers
I’m sorry. I‘II try to be quiet.
19y Fill in many, much how many, how much or a
lot {of}.

1 A:
Shall we go out tonight?
B:
I can't. I don’t have ...mcci money, I’m afraid
2 A:
Can you help me, please?
B:
I’m sorry. I haven’t got time at the moment.
3 A:
potatoes are in that bag?
B:
Seven, I think. Why?
4 A:
What did you do on your holiday?
B:
Well, I read . and I relaxed on the beach.
5 A:
There isn’t .... ....,.......milk left.
B:
Well. I'll buy some later this afternoon.
6 A
homework have you got?
B:
Quite..............................I'd better start now.
7 A:
Did you enjoy your dinner?
B:
Yes. I ate ...... and I*m very full.
8 A:
Mark is a wonderful athlete.
B:
Yes. He has won.................................competitions.
9 A:
Are there..............................flowers in the garden?
B:
Yes. and they are beautiful too
10 A
Are you very busy?
B:
No. I haven’t got to do today
11 A:
She has got............................clothes.
B:
I know. She wears something different every day
12 A:
times have you seen this film?
B:
Three times, but I always cry at the end.
13 A.
food should we take on the picnic?
B:
Oh, enough for all four of us
14 A:
Have you travelled to..................................places?
B:
Yes, I go to a different country every year.

20y Fill in the gaps with too much or too many.

1 A:
Would you like to spend the weekend with us?
B:
I can t. I have .. too many . things to do
2 A:
Shall we go to London tomorrow?
B:
No. It takes.....................................time to get there.
3 A:
I had a terrible nightmare last night
B:
That’s because you watch horror
films.
4 A:
red meat is bad for your health.
B:
I know. I rarely eat red meat
5 A:
There are.................................people on this train.
B:
I know. It's very crowded
6 A:
I have spent . money this month
B:
You should have been more sensible.
7 A:
This sauce tastes awf vI.
B.
I think I put . salt in it.
8 A:
I made...............................food for the party.
B:
I know. There is a lot left over.
9 A:
There are books in this bag
B: I know. It s very heavy. isn t it?
10 A:
You are making . noise. I can t concentrate.
B:
 the party. I hope there will be 8 One................her books has won an award.
21a Underline room for them all 9 I have hardly any................free time at the moment.
the correct item. 7 I don't have many/match/few 10 A few................the guests arrived early.
time at the moment. I’ll talk to
1 I have a lot of you later.
records. but very 8 I have had a few/very few/very
few//ift/e/very /rft/e success in my search for a
/itt/e CDs. job.
2 We 9 There are muchla /of of/a /ift/e
have reasons why he should go to
very university
little/v 10 I’d love to come to the beach. I
ery just need a few/a /ift/e/ many
few/fe minutes to get ready.
w 11 There are mucñ//ift/e/few people
spagh who are as hard- working as
etti, James.
so I 12 I have /ift/e/a /ift/e/a few work to do before I
can’t can leave.
make 13 I made a lot/a /ift/e/a few
Spag biscuits this morning. Would
hetti you like to try one?
Bolog 14 There weren’t few/much/many
nese. people in town today It was
3 I’m tired. I didn’t very quiet
get 15 There is a /ift/e//ift/e/a few
manylmuchlfew chance of his getting the job. He
sleep last night. has no experience.
4 I've
made
many 22a Fill in many, lew much or little.
lmuc
hla
lot of Claire pushed the door open a
notes 1) ./’ff/c. and looked inside. The
, but I house was small and there was not
2)
have
furniture. There were a 3) chairs and a
n’t
table. but there were very 4)
writte
. signs of
n my
comfort. There was not 5) . light, but
essay
Claire could see that there were not
yet
6) . pictures
5 This
or ornaments. It was as though the
coffe
owner of the house spent very 7)
e is
time there. After a 8)
bitter.
It
need more moments, she quietly closed
sa the door and walked away
few/a
/ift/e//
ift/e 2§y Add of where necessary.
more
sugar 1 A lot ...of .. people have mobile phones
. these days.
6 I have 2 Many................her books are very old.
invite 3 Most................children enjoy watching
da cartoons.
few/a 4 I’ve met several . . his colleagues.
lot 5 A few................birds were singing in the
of/mu tree.
cñ 6 Have you ever seen any................Bruce
peopl Willis' films?
e to 7 Some................my friends live abroad.
 Demonstfatives -
Pronouns - Possessives -

Both the motorcycle and the bicycle have go( handlebars. All of these are means ol transport.
Both ol ihese have /wo wheels. /\lone of ihese can frave/ across
Neither of these haslhave room for luggage. waier. All of these can carry
hleifher the motorcycle nor the passengers.
bicycle is convenient in winter.

Both refers to two people, things or groups. It has '0'

a positive meaning and is followed by a plural None of refers to more than two people, things or
verb. groups and has a negative meaning. It is used
e.g. Both men work ai the 6ank. with nouns or object pronouns and is followed by
Boffi of ffiem cosf a lot of money. either a singular or plural verb.
Neither refers to two people, things or groups and e.g. None of my friends bias/have frave/led a6road.
has a negative meaning. Neither of + plural noun G But: ‘How many books did you buy?' ’None.'
phrase can be followed by either a singular or Either refers to two people, things or groups and
plural verb in the affirmative. is followed by a singular countable noun.
e.g. Neither ol fhe lilms has/have won an award. e.g. You can paint the walls blue or
Neither of tñem is/are working at the moment. green. Either colour is fine with me.
Bul: Neiffier dress is long enough. Either of + plural noun phrase can be followed by
All refers to more than two people, things or either a singular or plural verb.
groups. It has a positive meaning and is followed e.g. Either of these two dresses suitslsuit you.
by a plural verb. But: Eifñer dress suits you.
e.g. All the actors were brilliant. We can use not ... elther (of} instead of neither (of}.
All ol them are well-qualified. Eifher can also be used at the end of a negative
sentence.
Both/All can go: a) after the verb to be, b) after the e.g. I saw two plays, but I didn't like eitñer of
auxiliary verb, but before the main verb. them. My sister can‘t drive, and I can’t either.
e.g. They are bothlall excited. They have 6othlaII
signed the contract. Both ... and is followed by a plural verb.
e.g. Both Mark and Sam worh here.
Whole is used with singular countable nouns. We
Neither ... nor/Either ... or take either a singular or
use a/the/this/my etc. + whole + noun.
plural verb, depending on the subject which
e.g. He was hungry, so he ale ffie wño/e pie.
follows nor or or.
Also: He was hungry, so he ate all the pie.
e.g. Eiffier Mum or Dad is going to pick me up.
We don’t use who/e with uncountable nouns.
e.g. She spent a// the money you gave
her. (NOT..........................)
All + day/morning/week/ year = the whole + day/
morning/week/year
e.g. He's been making phone calls all morning/fhe
wño/e morning.
 ossessives - Demonstrotives - Quontifiers
Underline the correct items.
Rewrite the sentences using both...and›
26p neither...nor oc either...or.
Oliver has got two jobs, but 1) neñfier/neñher of them pay
very well He has had more jobs already than 2) mosf/mosf 1 Beth hasn’t got a car Lucy hasn’t got a car, either
of people have in their whole lives, but 3) none/none of Neither Oeth nor Lucy has got: a car.
them really suited him It is a shame, because he spent 4) 2 Harold wears glasses Helen wears glasses, too
several/ severa/ of years at college and has got 5) some/any
good qualifications 6) Either oflBoth his parents are very
3 Kerry is cleaning the house, or maybe Joe is
proud of him for getting a good education, but 7) eacñ
of/ne/tñer of them can understand why he can’t find a
4 Clive can't speak French. Bill can’t speak French
suitable job He buys
either
8) severa//mosf newspapers every week and looks
carefully through 9) each of/every one of them to see if 10)
5 Kim loves chocolate Laura loves chocolate. too
any/no good jobs are being advertised He applies for 11)
every one of/every available position, but often receives
12) some/no reply He still believes that he will find his 6 Simon needs a haircut Mike needs one, too.
ideal job one day
7 Daphne doesn t eat meat Jayne doesn’t either

2 Choose the correct answer. 8 Scott is washing the car, or maybe Jim is

9 Debbie goes to school Hannah goes to school, too

1 'How many brothers do you have*
‘Two. and C of them are older than me
A either B all C both 10 Henry repaired the fence. or maybe Todd did
2 ’There were a lot of people at the party
I know But of them were strangers to me 11 Beth can’t play the piano Doug can t either
A all B neither C either
Mum, did you wash my blue shirt** 12 Pam will water the plants, or else Carl will
‘Well, I washed two shirts, but of them was blue
A both B neither C either
4 ‘You can't be lonely You have lots of friends Fitl in the gaps with the correct missing
Yes, but of them can come to visit today word(s).
A none B all C both
’Have you seen any James Bond films* A Can you give me 1) some advice. please*
I ve seen two of them were very B Of course Is 2) worrying you*
good A Either B Both C All A. Well, yes I've had 3) problems at
6 ‘Why didn't you buy anything* university recently
‘Because . of those clothes were very nice B Maybe there s 4) I can do to help you Tell
A both B either C none me what's wrong and I II see if there’s 5)
I can do
7 ‘Both of those dresses are beautiful ' A Well. the main problem is that I have work
‘Yes, but I don’t think of them will fit me 6)
to do for my exams and I don't
have 7)
A either B neither C all time left to study I’ve left it very late and so far I haven t
8 You have lots of CDs, don’t you*' done 8) revision
“Yes, and of them are in my room B I see How 9) time do you have until
A none B all C both the exams*
9 'Did you read both of those books*' A Three weeks I should be studying 10) day
Yes, but I didn’t enjoy of them but I don't know where to start I have so 11)
A neither B all C either subjects to study Also. I don t really have 12)
10 Did you watch a comedy last night* to sit in peace and quiet Our house is always
noisy

174
 No We watched two films but of them were B Well, if you want 13) quiet to work,
comedies why don’t you go to the library* It's always quiet
there and
A either B neither C both there are 14) useful books there which you
could use in your revision
11 ‘Do you have many pen-friends*’
‘Yes, and of them live abroad A That's a great idea Thank you very much You've been
A all B either C none very helpful
 Pronouns - Possessives - Demonstrotives -
Note: We can use they them their to refer to a
person whose sex is unknown.
e.g. Suppose a lriend of yours asked you to lend
them some money, what would you do?
another = additional, an extra one. It is used with (Also: ... to lend him or fler some money
singular countable nouns. less usual)
e.g. Would you like another cup of feat Compare:
These apples are delicious. Can I have another My grandmother celebrated fler 70th birthday
(one)? /as/ week.
another + few/Mo, three etc. + noun We also use they/them/their after words such
e.g. We re going to stay for another lew as somebody, anybody, no6ody, whoever, no,
dayslanother each, every, a person.
four days. e.g. If anybody ca/is while I’m out, ask ffiem ro
other/another = different, besides this/these leave a message.
e.g. Have you got any other d/ouses in black? ‘\Vfioever told you that? They must have
I don't like this tie. Can you show me another one? âeen lying.’

other/others When other is used with a noun, it has

no plural form.
e.g. Where are the other fi/es* (NOT. ... o files?)
But: I've got some files here. Where are the others?
2@ Fill in the gaps with the correct pronoun or
possessive adjective.
Note: Ofhers can also be used to mean (the} other
1 Someone called for you today, but .. they .. didn't
peop/e. e.g. Some people enjoy playing goll, others
leave.....................name.
hate it.
2 If you saw a person in trouble, would you help ?
each other = one another 3 Somebody has parked . car across the
e.g. We don't visit each other very ohen. drive. I can’t get out.
4 My aunt left bag here when she
every other = every second
visited us this morning.
e.g. We go to the supermarket every other Friday. 5 If a colleague of mine got promoted. I'd be happy for
the other day = a few days ago
e.g. Jack called me the other day, he said he w’as
coming home the following week.
6 Everyone brings own lunch to work with

7 My brother has car. It is at the

Fill in another, (the} other(s}, each other or crashed garage now.
every other. He told each person to order
whatever wanted
1 Can I have ...anot.lner... cup of coffee. please? 9 The police inspector asked everybody in the room to
2 This book is mine and . are Dave's. give........................names.
3 Frank and Barbara have had an argument. They
aren’t talking to........................today.
4 This magazine comes week. 30 Underline the correct item.
out are silver.
5 That watch is gold; two days to register for
6 You have 1 He ate the wholelall cake by himself.
2 is/Are everyone ready to begin the exam?
the
course.
7 Some people work during the
3 You must sign every/each one of these letters
day, work at night.
4 I’ve never met no one/anyone I like more than Jonathan.
8 We usually with ou
5 I”ve been working hard a///every day and now I”m
help
exhausted.
homework. month. 6 Either//Veitfier Sam or John will give you a lift.
9 I have my hair cut biscuit? 7 No/None of those books is interesting.
10 Would you like 8 I’ve been to Paris twice and I went to the Eiffel Tower
11 Brothers and sisters look after
12 Jack works the night shift . go?
week.
13 I saw Mark .. day. He looked
well.
14 That cake was lovely. Can I have piece?
15 Where are . children?’
‘Outside.”
16 Are there any . questions before we
 doth/a// times.
9 Neither/Either Mary nor Sue went to the
beach last Saturday.
10 He was so thirsty that he drank fhe
wño/e/a// the water in one go.
 ssessives - Demonstratives - Quantifiers

31a Correct the mistakes.

• There's somebody on the phone. He must be Sam. x

1 We can watch the comedy or the thriller. Either films is
There’s somebody on the phone . It must be Sam.
fine with me.
• She earns a lot more than I. x 2 I have very few time. You d better make it quick
She earns a lot more than me. 3 The childrens' area is run by experienced staff.
She earns a lot more than I do. 4 There isn’t nothing good on television this evening.
• The ball hit him on his head. / 5 The boy had a cut on every knee.
The ball hit him on the head. 6 We have rarely been somewhere as beautiful as this.
• Don t sit on that chair. One of it’s legs is broken. / 7 He works a lot harder than I.
Don't sit on that chair. One of its legs is broken. 8 What have you told the others staff?
g The cupboard was right next to himself.
• This car is my brother’s-in-law. x
10 Don’t drink the whole lemonade by yourself. Offer
This car is my brother-in-law’s. 7
some to your friends.
• Those are Ben and Tim’s bicycles. x 11 She spent all the day talking to customers.
Those are Ben’s and Tim’s bicycles.
12 We all have been invited to Samantha’s party.
7
13 The teacher patted her on her head.
• Relax yourself and put your feet up. / 14 That dog is hurt. One of it’s paws is bleeding.
Relax and put your feet up. 7 15 These are Jane and Claire’s school bags
• I have rarely met someone as polite as Greg. x 16 All my clients files are on the desk.
I have rarely met anyone as polite as Greg. 17 I’ve visited nearly each house on this list.
• The girl was wearing a bracelet on every wrist. / 18 This jacket is my father s-in- law.
The girl was wearing a bracelet on each wrist. 7 19 There s someone here to see you. She must be your
sister.
• I’ve seen nearly each film he has directed x
20 Feel yourself free to ask any question you like.
I've seen nearly every film he has directed. 7
• They all have been to France before. x
They have all been to France before. 7
• We spent the all week lying on the beach. x Cross out the unnecessary word.
We spent all week lying on the beach.
We spent the whole week lying on the beach.
1 The teacher wants all of students to participate in the
• She seems to be talking on the telephone the whole
concert at the end of term
time. x
2 She concentrated hersel( on the exam questions.
She seems to be talking on the telephone all the
3 Neither of the coach nor the players were happy with
time. 7
their performance in the game.
• There isn’t nothing in the fridge. It’s empty. x 4 They spent the all morning looking for a place to put
There isn’t anything in the fridge. It's empty. up their tent.
There is nothing in the fridge. It's empty. Please,don’t hesitate to call any one time you want.
• The womens’ department is on the second floor. A There it seems to be something wrong with the alarm
The women’s department is on the second floor. system
• All my friends bicycles are better than mine. x 7 Every one citizen has to pay taxes.
All my friends’ bicycles are better than mine. John’s sister she got engaged to a young doctor last
week.
• The phone book is right in front of yourself. x
There she is a woman at the door. It’s our new
The phone book is right in front of you.
neighbour.
• We have very few milk left. We need to buy some. x
We have very little milk left. We need to buy some. 7 10 These jumpers are Quite expensive, but the others
• You can buy a sports car or a jeep. Either cars are ones are cheap.
fine with me. x 11 Some people enjoy playing golf, while others people
You can buy a sports car or a jeep. Either car is fine find it very boring.
with me. 7 12 She bought a lots of decorations for the party.
• Where have you put the others bags? x 13 The meeting was attended by a very few people, and
as a result no important decisions were made.
Where have you put the other bags?
14 If anyone person reveals anything to the press. they
176
will be fired
 Pfonouns - Possessives - Demonsfratives -

3§y Complete each sentence with two to Fill in the gaps with the correct form of
five the words in brackets.
words, including the word in bold. 3,¿,
1 The only person he didn’t send an invitation to was 1
It is ..encouraging.. to see so many young people
Margaret.
reaching a high level of .. . in school.
everyone He sent ..an invifa tion I weapons ...
(encourage, achieve)
except Margaret. 2 Brian has a very .. mind, and all his
2 He didn’t pay any attention to her work shows great . . (create,
complaints. no He original)
to her complaints. The high . of children at the
3 I asked Emily about the missing ring and I asked her came as a...........................surprise. (attend, perform,
brother too. please)
both I asked 4 The..........................have invested in an
about the missing ring. campaign aiming at..........................................young
4 He s got little patience with young people from smoking. (govern, advertise,
children. much He discourage) Her . from the office this
patience with young children. week has caused a great deal of..................(absent,
inconvenient)
5 Helen wasn’t happy with my idea and Peter wasn't, either. 6 He could barely contain his ............................... at the
nor Neither Helen ........................ of moving to London. (excite, think)
. .. .. happy with my idea. 7 The..........................stood behind a
6 When he first saw her, she was sitting alone on a screen during the experiment, in case there was an
bench. by When he first saw her, she unexpected..........................(invent, protect, explode)
on a bench. 8 James is the . of an
7 There are only a few people who can speak art which includes some very
Hungarian. many There paintings. (own, extend, collect,
can speak Hungarian. value)
She spent all day watching soap
operas. whole She spent
watching soap Fill in the gaps with the correct
operas. 3§y preposition from the list. Some of the
He took another person’s briefcase by prepositions can be used more than
mistake. someone He took once.
by mistake.
at, 6y, for. in, on, out of, off, under, within, before,
10 She was able to put her clothes on although her
mom
arm was bandaged.
dress She was able to 1 We met Alice ... y... chance when we were shopping
although her arm was in town.
bandaged 2 I hadn't seen Mark for years, but I recognised him
11 People don't understand me when I speak sight.
Arabic. myself I can‘t
when I speak Arabic. 3 You should never take your friends................granted.
12 I hope you have a good time at the party. 4 In her jeans and T-shirt. Kate felt...............place in the
yourself I hope expensive restaurant.
at the party. 5 This room is................limits to students.
13 It takes me an hour to drive from my house to the airport. 6 We called the police and they arrived
drive It is minutes.
from my house to the airport. 7 Policemen usually wear uniforms when they are
14 He said that I could borrow whatever I wanted as long.............................duty.
as I returned it. 8 She wants to be by herself................the time being.
anything He said that 1 9 She put her jewellery in a locked drawer................safe
as long as I returned it. keeping.
15 It was clear that the three boys knew nothing about the 10 We walked up the stairs, as the lift was...............order.
theft. 11 He used to live in the city centre but now he lives
of It was clear that........................................................................the suburbs.
knew anything about the theft. 12 The teacher gave us our exam results the
16 I enjoy spending time alone sometimes. beginning of the lesson.
on I enjoy spending 13 I can see smoke in the sky. Something must be
sometimes................................fire.
17 John will help you, or else Martin will. 14 I lent Adam my car condition that he drove
or Either will help carefully.
you.
 ossessives - Demonstrotives - Quantifiers
15 Stuart never feels ease when his boss is in 3
Michael takes his mother. They've both got
the room.
brown hair and green eyes.
16 I promise to be more careful................now on. 4 lan's wife stood.................him when he lost his job two
17 It’s getting late. We will have to leave..................long. months ago.
18 He didn’t have any cash with him, so he paid 5 Once the cold weather sets................, we'll be glad of
cheque. the fire in the living room.
19 This product has only been ............... the market for a s Lesley’s business is really taking...................She’s had
few months. lots of orders.
20 John is in bed. He is feeling.................the weather.
7 The chef set................some strawberries to put on top
of the cake.
Phrasal Verbs 8 The letters UN stand.................United Nations.
(tr) save for a special purpose; set I have decided to take aerobics because I
set aside:
by want to get fij
set in: (int) (of weather) start and seem 10 I’m sorry. I take everything I said about this
likely to continue restaurant. The meal was delicious.
set ff: (int) start a journey 11 The group set on their journey, wondering
set out: 1) (int) begin a journey, 2) intend what adventures lay ahead.
(to do sth) 12 Of all the essays, that one stands.................because it
set up: (tr) start a business is very well-written
stand by: (tr) support sb esp in difficulties 13 The teacher took.................the boy’s football and put it
stand for: (tr) be an abbreviation for in the cupboard.
stand in for: (tr) replace sb temporarily 14 No one was taken.................by her clever lies.
stand out: (int) be noticeable 15 He stood me ......, last night, so I'm very angry
stand up: fail to meet (sb) with him.
stand up for: (tr) support sb or sth 16 By the end of the day. Jack had done everything he set
stand up to: (tr) resist; defend oneself against to do
(sb) without fear 17 You ought to stand your boss. I’m sure he
take after: (tr) look or act like a relative; will respect you for it.
resemble 18 I took him . his dinner invitation, and we went
take away: (tr) 1) remove, 2) seize from people to a lovely restaurant.
take back: (tr) admit saying sth wrong 19 When their camping trip was over. the girls
take down: (tr) separate into pieces so as to took their tent and put it away carefully.
repair or remove 20 The factory is taking.................more employees at the
take in: (tr) make clothes narrower (opp: let moment.
out)
take off: 1) (tr) remove clothes (opp: put on), 21 Work takes.................most of my time these days.
2) (int) (of planes) leave the ground, 22 Amanda has recently set her own
3) (int) start to improve accountancy business
take time be allowed not to go to work for a 23 I bought this skirt but it’s too wide. Could you take it
off: short period of time a little bit, please?
take on: (tr) employ
24 My husband took me.................for a meal last night to
take out: (tr) remove; extract
celebrate our anniversary.
take sb out: (tr) take sb to a restaurant, etc.
25 I took.................my jacket and hung it in the wardrobe.
take over: (tr) gain control of sth
take to: (tr) like 26 You ought to stand.................yourself. Don’t let anyone
take up: (tr) 1) begin a hobby, sport, job, intimidate you.
2) fill (time, space) 27 The company is being taken by a very large
take up on: (tr) accept sb’s ofler or invitation firm.
be taken aback: be strongly surprised 28 I m taking some time next month. I need a
be taken in: be deceived holiday.
29 Jenny hasn’t really taken her new school.
She's not at all happy.

36 Fill in the correct particle. 30 Alex was taken.................when he heard the news.
31 I offered to stand Emily yesterday, because
she was ill.
178
1 The dentist took ... our . one of my teeth last month. 32 If you’ve finished lunch, I’ll take your plate
2 Tom set .... on his voyage. full of excitement. 33 The plane sped along the runway and took

179
 Pronouns - Possessives - Demonstrafives -

&gsionBox
A restaurant critic Is comparing two Italian restaurants
— ’The Capri’ and ’Marco's’. Make sentences from
the prompts below, using Both or Neither, as in the
Join the sentences using the word(s) example.
3/y in brackets. e.g. Both ‘The Capri' and ‘Marco's serve a variety of dishes.
Neither ...
1 Liz gave Tom a map. Then Tom could find her 6) . owns the centre. ‘The sky is the place
house. (so that) 7).........................I like to be most of all,’ she says. ‘That’s
Liz gave Tom a map so that he could find her 8)........................I started the centre- so that I can do my
hobby for a living
2 I always lock the doors and windows. I don't want to
be burgled. (avoid)

3 I went to the bank. I wanted to withdraw some

money.
(tO)

4 Let’s take an umbrella. It may rain. (in case)

5 The bus was late. They had to take a taxi. (so ... that)

6 It was an expensive dress. She couldn’t afford

it. (such ... that)

7 I went to a party. I stayed up very late. (and as a

result)

8 Stuart has no money. He can”t go to the concert.

(since)

9 They are rich people, They don’t have to

work. (such ... that)

10 Pauline doesn I wear a watch. She is often late.

(consequently)

11 She felt lonely. She was surrounded by lots of

people. (although)

3 y Fill in where, why, who, which or whose.

Lionel Robson, 1) ...wlno,.. is 50, loves his job. He works

at a centre 2).................people learn how to do
parachute
jumps. The centre. 3) opened ten years ago, is
very popular with people of all ages 4)....................want
to
take up an exciting hobby. Lionel first became interested
in parachute jumps while he was at university. His
wife,
5) hobby is flying planes, is the person
 a meal
• have several special
offers every month 7

• serve a
variety
of
dishes
• serve much
vegetarian food x
• have a lot
of regular {I I T I /'\/
customers
• receive very iii c y
few complaints
The restaurant critic is writing an article for a local
7
newspaper. Look at the Oral Activity again and
• employ many people y complete the article.
• nee
da I recently dined in ‘The Capri’ and also in ‘Marco’s ,
little both of which are popular Italian restaurants in the city
centre. Both 'The Capri’ and 'Marco’s’ serve a variety of
rede
dishes, although neither
cora
ting
• charge
much for To conclude, I strongly recommend both these res-
taurants for an enjoyable and affordable meal.
 s and Answers- Words olten flonlused

’How many
people are ihere
in fee picture?’
‘is she a scientist?' 'Five.’
‘Yes, she is.’ ‘l4/here are they?’ ‘In
‘Ooes she work the kitchen.'
hard?’ ‘What are ihey doing?’
‘Yes, she does.' 'They're having lunch.’

Questions with Yes/No answers begin with an Wh- questions begin with a question word such as
auxiliary or modal verb (is, are, do, does, can, who, what, where, when, etc. We put the auxiliary or
etc.) which is followed by the subject. We usually modal verb before the subject.
answer these questions with Yes or No.
e.g. ‘Are you upsef?' Yes, I am.' question word auxiliary modal subject
‘Need I say more?' ‘No, you neecfn’f.’
• Who is used without a noun to ask about people.
When the main verb of the sentence is in the
e.g. ’Who called while I w’as out?’ ’Your mother.'
present simple, we form the question with do or
• Whose is used to ask about possession.
does. When the main verb is in the past simple, we
e.g. ‘Whose is ihis carlcar is ihis?' ‘It’s Ted's.'
form the question with dld.
• What is used alone or before a noun to ask
e.g. ‘Does Peter go out often?’ ‘No, be doesn’f.'
about things.
’Did you talk /o Joint' ‘Yes, / did.’
e.g. ‘What caused the fire?' 'Faulty
We use short answers to avoid repetition of the wiring. ’ ‘What size shoes do you
question asked before. Positive short answers are wear?’
formed with Yes + personal pronoun + auxiliary What is also used to ask about people, animals or
verb. Negatlve short answers are formed with things when there is an unlimited choice of
No + personal pronoun + negative auxiliary verb. answers.
e.g. ‘Have you finished?’ 'Yes, I have.' e.g. ’What mus c do you prefer listening to?' (There
‘Did you see that film?' ‘No, I didn’t.’ are many kinds of music io choose from. —
unlimited choice)
• Which is used alone, or before nouns, one/ones
or of, to ask about people, animals or things.
Write questions andf answers for the
1 following statements, as in the
e.g. Which is your house?lWhich house is yours?
’Which one do you wan/ /o buy?' ’the red one. ’
example.
Which of those âoys is your son?
Which is normally used when there is only a limited
1 Sam was hunpry when he reached the restaurant. choice of answers.
. \Mos Ham hung ry when he reached tho e.g. 'Which hofe/ are you going to stay at — fhe
restaurants ‘Park Hotel’ or the ‘King’s Hotel’? ( There are
has, he was,... only two hotels io choose from. — limited
2 They should concentrate in class. choice.)
Which is also used with comparative and
3 She can't speak any foreign languages. superlative forms.
e.g.Which is faster, a cheetah or an
4 They have to work overtime. ostrich? Which is the dest thing to do?
• Where
5 The boss was angry when Stuart arrived late.
e.g. ‘I4’here have you put my shoes?' ‘Under your bed.'
• When
The children didn’t enjoy the film.
e.g. ‘k/fien will you be Dack?' ’Next week.'
• Why
7 She wanted to go to the supermarket.
e.g. ‘Why did you throw away the milk?' ‘Because it
The train leaves at half past six. had gone off. ’

J8O
” "*““”
 Questions
and Answers - Words o fan •
• How is used alone or before an adjective/adverb.
e.g. a) ’How was the party?' ‘Excellent.'
b) ‘How old is your daughter?' ’She’s three.’ 3p Write questions to which the words in bold
are the answers.
c) ‘How far can a kangaroo jump?' ‘A long way.’
• How long 1 They live near the beach.
e.g. 'How long does it tahe you to get to work? .Wlnere do they /i vsZ. ..
’Twenty minutes.' 2 It takes ten minutes to drive to the supermarket.
• How long ago
e.g. ’How long ago did he graduate?' 3 George is selfish.
‘Six years ago.'
• How often 4 Mary is tall, with dark hair and green eyes.
e.g. *How often do you exercise?’ ‘Every day.’
• How much is used with uncountable nouns. 5 I go swimming twice a week.
e.g. 'How much money did he spend?’ ’A lot.’
• How many is used with countable nouns. 6 The joke made them laugh.
e.g. ‘How many discuñs did you eat?' ’A whole packet.’
7 They are Miss Drake’s books.
Note
We use what + be ... like to ask for a description
8 The shoes cost twenty pounds.
of somebody’s character.
e.g. ‘What is Emily /iAe'?’ ‘She's p/easan/ and
9 The film starts at 7 pm.
friendly.' We use what + do . look like to ask for a
description of somebody’s physical appearance.
10 Mr Samson wants to open a shop.
e.g. ‘What does Emily look like?' ’She's tall, with
blonde hair and blue eyes.’
11 Todd has been to Spain.

12 She is happy because she has won the competition.

Fill in who, whose, what, which, where, when, 13 Alan is a very serious person.
flow long, how onen, what time, why flow
much, how many or how long ago. 14 They moved here six months ago.

1 ‘ . How ohm... do you play football?’ ‘Twice a week.’

2 . does the train leave?' ‘Nine o’clock.'
3 . is Martin?’ *In the garden.’
4 . is it?’ ’Half past ten.’ 4p Write questions to which the words in bold
are the answers.
5 . does he earn?' ‘£1,000 a month
6 . sisters have you got?’ ‘Two.’ Louise is eight years old. She lives in Brighton, England,
7is this book?’ ‘£5.’ and she has lived there since she was two years old.
8..............................................did he call?’ ‘To invite me Louise goes to school every day and her favourite
out to dinner.’ subjects are English and History. She has two brothers.
9 is the new driver like?' Their names are Steven and James. Louise has several
‘He’s very friendly.’ hobbies, such as collecting wild flowers and playing the
10.............................................shall we do this evening?’ violin. She practises the violin every evening. Her mother
’Let’s go out.’ enjoys this, because she likes listening to music.
11 is the office party?’ ‘On Saturday.’
12................................................have you been waiting?' e.g. 1 ...How old ie› L ou/se 7 ..........
’About half an hour.'
13 is that briefcase?’ ‘I think it’s Tom’s.’
14 of these rings do you
prefer?’ ‘The gold one.’
15 spilt coffee on the desk?’ ‘I did. Sorry.’
16...................................................did you get your exam
results?’ Last Friday.’
17 did you meet Jessie?' ‘Two years ago.'
18 is the easiest way to get
to the cinema?’ ‘Go through the city centre.'

181
 7 and Answers -
Words often Confused
7 Stacey has bought a new bag.

8 I like the blue jumper best.

9 The roof was blown off in the storm.

’¥' Subject questions are questions we ask when we
10 I ran into Jason the other day.
want to know the subject of the sentence. These
questions usually begin with the words who, whose,
11 I spoke to the manager’s secretary about my complaint
what or which. The verb is in the affirmative form.
e.g. Wño fo/d you the news?
12 The Ethiopian runner won the 1500m race.
(NOT. .)
W'hose house was droken into last night?
What made that noise?
Which cosfs more - the package holiday or ihe
cruise? 6 Complete the questions.
subject
verb object
Emma 1 Ryan won two races.
called Peter.
a ‘Who ...won two races...*' ‘Ryan.’
b *How many ...races dia Ryan win...? 'Two.'
Who called Peter? 2 Stanley goes swimming three times a week
a ‘Who ....? Stanley.
‘g' Object questions are questions we ask when we want
b ‘How often ?' ’Three times
to know the object of the sentence. These questions
a week
usually begin with the words who, whose, what or
3 There are two shirts. The yellow one is mine.
which. The verb is in the interrogative form.
a ’Which .?' The yellow one.
e.g. Who did you ask for information?
b ‘Whose ?’ 'Mine
Wñose is this )acket?
Whaf are you going to 6uy? 4 Steven has broken Jim’s mug
Which magazine are you reading? a ‘Whose +” Jim's.
b ’Who .?’ 'Steven.
subject verb object
5 Linda is going to the theatre this evening
Emma called Peter. a ‘Who ?” ’Linda.‘
b 'Where .. .. ..... . ........? To the theatre.
Who “ 6 Anne bought Ralph a present yesterday.
did Emma call?
a ’Who .?' ’Anne
Note: In object questions if a verb is followed by a b Who * Ralph
preposition, the preposition usually comes at the end 7 There are two bags. The one on the chair is Fay’s.
of the question. a ‘Whose +' Fay’s
e.g. Where does Kevin come tram? b ‘Which .? The one
\fiIhat are you most interested in? on the chair.

Use the prepositions in brackets to write

questions to match the statements.
5V Write questions to which the words in
bold are the answers.
1 She bought some flowers. Who ..did she buy rh<m
1 Mark is decorating the living room Work... (for)
IV* ar 's \JarL drcorat ings. 2 I got an invitation this morning. Who
2 She found Steven’s wallet. ? (from)
3 Pedro comes from Spain. Where exactly
3 Mum made these cakes. * (from)
4 I read an interesting article yesterday. What
4 Fiona’s dress was ruined at the party ? (about)
5 Lisa is excited. What .. . . . .. . ........ . . ? (about)
5 Melissa is wearing a blue dress. 6 Linda played tennis. Who.............. ......... ? (with)
7 Sam wrote a letter. WhO . * {to)
6 Bob is the older of the two brothers. 8 I went to a restaurant last night. Who
? (with)

182
 and Answers - Worés often
Questions

Negative questions are formed with not, but there We use indirect questions when we ask for
is a difference in the word order between the full information politely. The word order in indirect
form and the short form. questions is the same as in statements (subject +
Full form: auxiliary + subject + not + verb verb). Indirect questions are introduced with question
e.g. Oid I nof Ie// you not to talk to strangers? words (who, what, where, etc.) or with illwhether.
Short form: auxiliary + n’t + subject + verb e.g. a) Direct question: Where is the post oflice?
e.g. Oidn’t I Ie// you not to talk to strangers? Indirect question: Cou/d you tell me where ffie
We use negative questions in speech ROSt office is ?
b) Direct question: /-Yas John Deen invited?
a) to ask for confirmation e.g. Isn’t Tom going on
Indirect question: Do you know iflwhether John
holiday this week? and b) to express:
ñas deen invited?
• surprise. e.g. Oon'f you Anow where Nick is?
• admiration. e.g. fsn’f she a great hostess! Indirect questions are usually used after the following
• annoyance. e.g. Can’t you De on time just lor once! expressions: I don’t know ...//'rf like to Anow ...II
wonder .../iVe need to lind out ...//’d /iAe to find out ...
as well as: Oo you know ...?lCan you fe// me ...?
lCouId you fe// me ...?lCouId you exp/ain ...?lHave
yoc/ any idea...*
Write the short form ot the
following negative questions. If the indirect question is part of a question, we put a
question mark at the end of the sentence. If it is part of
1 Has she not replied to your leiter yet? a statement, we put a full stop.
. Horn 'I cds replica to you r letter yet ?, e.g. a) Direct question: How does this machine work?
2 Do they not live here any more? Indirect question: Cou/rf you explain how fñis
machine works*
3 Can she not drive a car? b) Direct question: Should I call a lawyer?
Indirect question: / wonder if/whether / sfiou/d
4 Does he not understand what he has to do?
call a lawyer.
5 Do you not know the answer to this question?

6 Did he not offer you anything to drink?

10a Turn the following into indirect questions.
7 Have we not got any milk left?

8 Could you not do anything to help him? 1 Who left this bag here?
Do you know ...who let th in bag here? ..
2 Who is that
woman? We need
9p Make negative questions using the
words given, as in the example.
to find out
3 What time does the next train
leave? Can you tell me
1 A: I’m really tired today. 4 How much does this dress
cost? Could you tell me
B: Why? ...Didn’t you go... (go) to bed early last night? Where does Mary live?
2 A: (know) what time the I don't know
film starts? 6 Are the police investigating the
B: No, but I’ll phone the cinema and ask now. robbery?
Have you any idea
3 A: Let’s go to see the new Brad Pitt film tonight. 7 Did the caller leave a message?
B: (already/see) it? I’d like to find out
4 A: (help) me make dinner? Is he the manager?
B: No, sorry. I’m very busy at the moment. I’d like to know
5 A: . (type) the reports yet? Who reported the crime?

183
 B: No, sir. I’ll finish them before I go home, though. Do you know
s A: (cold)? 10 How did they find the missing jewellery?
B: No. Actually I think it's quite warm in here. Have you any idea
 ?*and Answers - Words
olten £onlused

We use:
‘6' so + auxiliary verb + personal pronoun/noun to
show that we agree with a positive statement.
’¥‘ We can use so to avoid repeating a clause after the
e.g. 'They're painting their house this week.’ ”So are following verbs: de afraid, de/ieve, expect, guess,
we.’ (We are painting our house too.)
hope, imagine, suppose, think, ”it seems/appears, etc.
‘Janes passed her exams.’ ’So did Diana.' (Oiana
e.g. ’Is he going fo be late?’ ’I'm alraid so.
passed her exams, too.)
(—— I'm afraid he is going to be late.)
G nelther/nor + auxiliary verb + personal pronoun/
noun to show that we agree with a negative state- ’g' We can form negations in two ways:
ment. a) negative verb + so (I don’t expect so)
e.g. ‘Kate doesn'f like red meat. ’ ‘Neither/Nor do /.’ b) positive verb + not (I guess not)
( I don’t like red meat either.) • The negatlve of the verbs appear, 6e/ieve, seem
‘Paul can't play the guitar.’ 'Neither/Nor can and suppose is formed in either way.
7im.’
e.g. ‘Is he leaving tonight? 'I don’t suppose so. ’ OR
(Tim can't play the gui/ar e//her.}
’/ suppose not.'

1ty Decide if the statement after

• The negative of the verbs expect, imagine and
think is usually formed with negative verD + so.
each exchange is true (T) or false
g.g. 'Is Helen working upstairs?' ’I don’t think so.
1 Mark: (F).
Paul: • The negative of the verbs 6e alraid, guess and
I love playing football ñope is formed with positive ver6 + not.
2 Lucy: So do I. e.g. ’Are you going on holiday this year?’
Paul loves playing football ’I’m alraid not.’
I don't enjoy watching horror films.
Jessica: Neither do I
Jessica enjoys watching horror films.
3 Simon: I have never been to America before.
Steven: Neither have 1. Fill in the blanks with phrases using the
Steven has never been to America before.
1f\,y verbs given and so or not.
4 Richard I have got a lot of pen-friends.
Julia: So have I 1 A: Are they going on holiday this year?
Julia hasn’t got a lot of pen-friends. B: . / don’t imagine so... (imagine). They haven’t
5 Belinda: I am going to take the bus to school. saved any money.
Lucy: So am I 2 A: Is Debbie ill?
Lucy is going to take the bus to school. B: (think). I saw her in
town this morning
3 A: Did John fail his exams?
1 Fill in the gaps with appropriate B: (afraid). He'll have
to take them again.
responses.
4 A: Will you be finished soon?
1 A: I didn't go to the party last night. B: ............................... (expect) I haven’t got
B: .. NeiT her/No r §i$ /.. . .I wish I had, though. much left to do
2 A: I enjoyed that film. 5 A: Can you come to the meeting after work?
B: It was brilliant. B: (think). I haven’t got
3 A: I don’t like omelettes any other plans.
B: I think they*re horrible. 6 A: Have they sold their house?
4 A: I'm not looking forward to this exam. B: (appear). There s a
B: I'm sure it will be very difficult. ‘sold’ sign up outside.
5 A: I’m going to York next weekend. 7 A: Has he got a new car?
B:.......................................! Perhaps I’ll see you there. B: (believe). I saw him
6 A: I’ve just bought a new car. driving a different one last week
B: . Mine is a Rover. 8 A: Could you lend me some money, please?
7 A: I haven’t got any pets B: (afraid). I haven’t got any.
B: I used to have a dog, though. 9 A: Are you going anywhere nice this weekend?
8 A: I was quite ill last week. B: (suppose). My boss
B: . I had the flu wants me to work.

184
 Questions ond Answers - Words o fen •

G When we are sure of the answer and

expect agreement, the voice goes
down in the question tag.
e.g. This isn’t a cal, is it?

'g’ When we aren’t sure of the answer

and want to check information, the
voice goes up in the question tag.
Question tags are short questions at the end of e.g. This is a donkey, isn't it?
statements. They are mainly used in speech when
we want to confirm something or when we want to
find out if something is true or not.
Question tags are formed with the auxiliary or Fill in the correct question tags and short
modal
verb from the main sentence and the appropriate 14
answers.
subject pronoun. When the verb of the sentence is in
the present or past simple, we form the question tag
1 A: You”ve seen that film, do rn'r y‹o‹ .?
with do, does or dld and the subject pronoun.
B: Yes, / have....
e.g. a) Uike lives in California, doesn’t fief 2 A: They want to go skiing this year. ?
b) They so/d their house, didn't they? B: No. . They want to go on
A positive statement is followed by a negative an adventure holiday.
question tag, and a negative statement is followed 3 A/ He”II probably be hungry when he comes in,
by a positive question tag.
e.g. She looks beautiful, doesn’t shed B: Yes. I’ll make him some
You don’t eat meal, do you? sandwiches.
When the sentence contains a word with a negative 4 A: She likes going to the cinema, ?
B: No. She prefers going
meaning like never, hardly, seldom or rarely, the
to the theatre.
question tag is positive.
5 A: You’ve been to
e.g. She never goes anywhere alone, does she?
university. B: Yes.
Some verbs/expressions form question tags differ- 6 A: I’m a bit younger than Sally.
ently. Study the following examples: B: Yes,

I am ’ aren't I? / am younger ihan you, aren’t 7 A: They aren't moving,

IN Imperative ' will/won’t you? Close the door, wi///won’f B: Yes.
A: You won't forget to call me, ?
you? B: No,.....................................................Don't
worry.
Don't * will you? Don'i move, wi// you* s A: You took some photographs at the ceremony,
Let s * shall we? Let’s dance, shall web v
I have (got) ' haven't I? He has got his own business. B: Yes......................................They’re in this album.
hasn’f lie* 10 A: He knows I'm planning a party for him, ..?
B: No, . He doesn’t suspect a
thing.
I have ' don’t I? Everyone/Someon You have a lot on your mind,
e/ Anyone/No one don’t you?
There is/are ' isn’t/ * they? There are many shops in the area, aren’f there?
aren’t there? That's your wife over there,
This/That is ' isn’t it? isn’t if?
Everyone enjoyed the party, didn'i they?
 11 A: 15 A n.
They :
have
boug Y
ht a o
new u
car,
d
i
.. d

? B:
t
Yes,
h
e
. It's
a
Volv w
o. a
12 A: He works for his s
father, ? h
B: i
Y n
e g
s, -
u
Hi p
s ,
fa
th ?
er
o B
w :
n
s Y
a e
la s
rg ,
e
c
a
o
n
m
d
p
a
n I
y
13 A: I'm not c
late, l
e
? a
B: No, . You’re n
on time. e
14 A: d
They
”ll be t
here h
in a e
minut
e,
k
.? B:
i
Yes.
t
We d
c
bette
h
r tidy
e
up.

187
 s ¢i*nd Answers - Words often Confused

1 Underline the correct answer.

1 A: " I’m really helpful, am I not? /

re new here. are you/aren’t you*
B: You
Yes. I started work here yesterday. I’m really helpful, aren’t I?
A:
Ah. Well, you‘ve met everyone in the office, hadn’t • Bob is keen on sports, isn’t Bob? x
B: youlhaven't you? Bob is keen on sports, isn’t he?
Yes. There are a lot of people working here, aren’t
theylaren'I here? • Everybody is coming to the party, isn’t they? /
2 A: You will remember to lock all the doors when you Everybody is coming to the party, aren’t they?
leave. will youlwon't you* • Stay here, don’t you? X
B: Of course. I m not stupid. am //aren I /? Stay here, won’t you? 7
A: No. But you torgot to lock the doors last week,
didn't youldid you? • He rarely visits you, doesn’t he? x
B: You’re noi going to let me forget that, aren’f youl He rarely visits you, does he?
are you? • Who did win the competition? x
3 A: You haven't seen Linda lately, have you/haven’t
Who won the competition? 7
B: you? I saw her today. I told you did lldidn't /?
A: Oh. yes! She didn't mention ihe pany. did she/¢fidn’t • Could you tell me where is the bank? x
Could you tell me where the bank is?
sñe?
B: No. she didn t. It s tomorrow night. is if/isn’t if? • ‘Jack is leaving soon.' ’So I am ’ x
‘Jack is leaving soon.’ So am l.’
• ‘Helen doesn’t like rock music. ‘Neither I don’t,' X
Fill in the question tags, then read the Helen doesn’t like rock music. ‘Neither do I.“
sentences aloud with the correct
intonation.

sure not sure

1 Correct the mistakes.
1 You haven“t gol any money,
1 ‘Paul doesn t like going to the theatre.' 'Neither I don t.
2 Sally is good at Maths. isn’t Sally?
3 She never writes to you, doesn’t she?
4 ‘Mark is going to the supermarket.' ’So I am.'
3 She will be here on time,
5 Who did make all this mess?
* 6 Could you tell me when does the bus leave?
4 Mum can give me a lift. 7 Come back soon, don't you?
? 8 She seldom receives visitors, doesn”t she?
5 You know my brother, 9 Everybody is here now, isn't they?

6 They live together, Cross out the unnecessary word.

7 We have plenty of time,

1 Who did gave you this wonderful ring?
2 That was Martha's sister, wasn't it she?
8 That boy is very clever, 3 How far is it the sports centre?
? 4 You don’t really mean that, do you mean?
9 You have a car, 5 Didn’t they not pay for the damage?
6 Don*t forget to give him a call, will you not?
7 How long ago have you been studying Japanese?
10 The train will arrive soon, 8 Have you any idea what time does the train leaves?
......... . 9 They haven’t got a green car, do have they?
11 He has finished his homework, 10 ‘Is Tom going away this weekend?' ’I’m not afraid so
11 Didn’t we tell you to not watch that film?
12 That s my wallet, 12 We need to find out where does Bob lives.
13 Who did travelled to Portugal last month?
" 14 What is Rod look like? He s generous and kind

186
 Questions and Answers - Words olten •
Phrasal Verbs 13 That washing powder doesn‘t work......................grass
stains. You'll have to use something stronger.
turn away: (tr) not allow sb to enter a place 14 Sam turned . . on the doorstep at midnight
turn down: 1) (tr) refuse an offer; reject, 2) (tr) in the pouring rain.

turn sb in: reduce volume etc (opp: turn up) 15 The old lady turned the thief she had caught
turn into: (tr) give sb to the police the police.
turn off: (tr) change into, become 16 We turn about ten thousand of these cars
(tr) switch off (opp: turn on) every month.
turn on: switch on 17 The family were turned . of their flat by the
turn out: 1) (tr) produce. 2) (int) prove to be landlord when they couldn’t pay the rent.
in
the end; result, 3) (tr) force sb to 18 The tennis player gradually wore his
leave 4) (tr) empty (one’s pockets, opponent. until he finally won the match.

turn handbag, etc) 19 That music is very loud. Could you turn the volume
over: turn to a new page: change TV please?
channel 20 The children were turned from the cinema
turn sb over to sb: (tr) deliver sb (to the because there were no tickets left.
police, 21 This arrangement has worked very well
authorities)
turn to: (tr) go to sb for help, advice for everyone.
turn up: 1) (int) arrive or appear 22 Turn . the page and look at exercise ten
(unexpectedly), 2) (tr) increase 23 If you’re no longer watching TV, why don’t you turn it
(volume. pressure)
wear sb down: (tr) make sb gradually weaker 24 The vacuum cleaner is worn We need to
buy a new one.
wear off: (of feelings) disappear gradually
wear out: 1) (tr) use until no longer service-
able, 2) (tr) exhaust Fill in the gaps with the correct
preposition from the list. Some of the
work on: (tr) have an effect on 2@ prepositions can be used more than
work out: 1) (tr) find the solution to a problem once.
by reasoning or calculation, 2) (int)
develop successfully at, Dy, for, on, out of, oft, under. against. from
work up: (tr) develop, increase 1 They tried to get closer to the stage at the concert, but
there were too many people ...in... the way.
2 I try to keep fit. instance, I go jogging every
morning.
1@ Fill in the correct particle. The secretary signed the letters behalf of the
manager.
4 Colin has been...................work for a week with flu
1 I m worn ...out... ! I've been working hard all day long.
He has had no training. He has learnt..........experience.
2 We turned the heater because the IOO fTI
was cold. 6 The proposed changes to the company are

3 The policeman asked him to turn discussion at the moment.

his
pockets so he could examine the contents 7 Sarah's calendar was.................date, so she bought a
new one.
4 The effects of the anaesthetic the dentist gave me are g The soldier was leave for a week. so he
gradually wearing visited his family.
5 He had to his courage before asking for
work 9 .............. the time I got home, it was already dark
10 I gave him my jacket exchange for his
a pay rise.
6 They turned . the burglar to the police when solution to the maths problem.
they caught him in their house. 11
7 I”ve got a problem and I don t know who to turn ......... 12
for help. 1s
8 Anna was offered the job, but she turned it 14
It turned . to be the wrong road, so we had no 1s
idea where we were. 1s
10 The class was silently trying to work . the 17

187
walkman. .................. the whole, I am very satisfied with my life.
I like Martin, but he can be very annoying..........times. The rescue team arrived...................the nick of time.
We waited.................the queue to get into the theatre. It is...................the law to drive a car without insurance.
He buys old furniture, then sells it................a profit. He is six years old. He should be able to read
now.
11 I can‘t hear the news. Please turn the volume 18 Many young people find themselves work
on the TV. when they leave university.
12 Our neighbours have turned their garage a 19 He tore his shirt....................purpose. but he said it was
study an accident.
* - s and Answers - Words often I?onfused
2\y Fill in the blanks with the correct form
of the words in brackets. visionBox
1 The ...oJ/ss... got.................reviews from the
critics.
(art, impress)
2 The police placed great.................on the

3
2/y Complete each sentence with two to
five words, including the word in bold.
£ tn eye -w: a Who t! ad t o h E ” h/ d' not' been
party to the act of (innocent, e Se t
” ’ l ' 1 If you leave the cake in the oven too long, it will burn.
violent)
else Don’t leave the cake in the oven too long
4 You must be very.........................as this
.or also iS oil/... burn.
substance
2 You can’t leave. You have to tidy your desk first.
can be............................(care, harm) until You can’t . your desk.
5 Lots of .... .. ...... . .. . find in
this
part of the town. (tour,
3 I don’t think it’s a good idea to wear that
peace) accommodate,
dress. were If
6 She is ................ that her....................investments I wouldn’t wear that dress.
were..............., as she is now a very
4 I want to buy a car, but I haven't got enough
woman and owns . properties
money. wish I
throughout the country. (luck, finance, success, enough money to buy a car.
wealth, number) 5 Although he is poor, he likes giving people
presents. spite He likes giving people
presents
Fill in the blanks with the correct form poor.
of the words in brackets. 6 The lesson was cancelled. The teacher was
ill as The lesson was cancelled
. ....................... ....
7 You shouldn’t go outside without a coat; you
might catch a cold.
better You.............................................outside
without a coat; you might catch a cold.
8 She took some money. She thought she might want
to buy something.
case She took some money
to buy something.
9 The match was cancelled. The weather was very
bad. of The match was cancelled
............................................ bad weather.
10 Carol would prefer to make a cake herself rather
than buy one.
rather Carol
a cake herself than buy one.
Ian Fleming is famous for writing the extremely
1) ...aucccaal'ul... (success) James Bond novels, which
are packed with 2)..........................(act) and adventure. But 24 Rewrite the sentences in the passive.
Fleming himself had quite an 3).........................(adventure)
life which has been recorded in several biographies. 1 David will wash the dishes.
He tried a career in banking but did not find it 4) .The dishes wtll be washed @ David....
.............. (interest) enough. In May, 1939, he joined the 2 When did the postman deliver the parcel?
intelligence service and carried out several 5) ...........................
(danger) missions during the war. He planned clever 6) 3 Emily is telling them a joke.
................ (operate) and lived a life not unlike that of
his famous hero, James Bond. 4 Did they announce the results on the radio?
In 1952, he began to write a novel. Casino Royale was the
first of the James Bond novels, all of which became 7) 5 Tina can’t stand people interrupting her.
£2d 6'
8) ' ' (i’ I ibusual) li e'andhee oe d" edtuhe 6 He expects his father to give him a lift.
*’
Fleming died in 1964 at the age of 56.
188
 Questions and Answers - Words often

ResionBox Act iv ity

It is Charlotte’s first day at school and Ian is showing
her around. Use question words from the list and
the prompts below to ask and answer questions, as in
25 Choose the correct the example.
answer. how, how long, how much, how many, where, when,
why, whichlwhat
1 ‘This is a nice room.”
‘Yes. It's the one ....B ... we’ve just e.g. Charlotte: How long have you been at this school?
redecorated A whoB which C when Ian: Since I was seven years old.
2 Did you know that Ted is getting
married?' ‘Yes. He . . me last week
A tell B said C told
*Have you seen your brother
recently?' ‘Yes. I saw
............................yesterday.'
A it B her C him
4 ‘There is someone here to see you,
sir.’ ”Good. Send.......in.'
A they B them C their
5 ’I’m afraid I can’t come to your party.'
’Oh no! You..............to come ages ago!'
A promised B refused C denied
6 ‘What a beautiful day!’
1 1 you / be at this school ? since /1 / be / seven years
‘Yes, it is, but it’s.............colder than yesterday. old
A little B a few C a little , 2 I '’ put my coat ? in cloakroom
7 Did you ask Harry about the missing children / be / in my class ?
money?' ‘Yes. He to having taken it. twenty we / have exams ? once
A agreed B accused C admitted a year
8 ’This cake tastes very sweet. homework the teachers give us ? not too much
I think I put..............sugar in it.' we /’ have lunch ? at twelve o”cIock
A too much B too many C a lot 7 the teacher / take register ? make sure
9 ‘Do you know that man?’ everyone / be / here
‘Yes. He's the man...........sister lives next door to 8 I , get to my classroom? I ,’ take you there
me.’
A why B whose C which
10 ‘Shall I take my coat with me?’
‘Yes. Take it.............it gets cold later.’
A in case B in spite C whereas
11 *What did the doctor tell you?'
‘He..............me to go on a
diet. Charlotte also asked lan some other questions. Look
A suggested B advised C explained at the prompts and write out her questions and
suggest suitable replies.
12 *The sun is very bright today.’
‘I know. That’s.............I’m wearing sunglasses.' • play / during / break?
A where B why C when • eat / in classrooms?
13 is your house?’
‘It's the one with the red door.’
A Where B Who ‘ en, that must be the reason happy.’
14 ‘Laura is getting engaged next week. T A which B why
h
189
C Which • eat
lunch?
• your
she looks so C who
favour
ite
subjec
t?
• class /
you /
be in?
• your /
favour
ite
teach
er?
• the /
head
maste
r’s /
name
?
• school
/
finish?

190
UNIT 12
Words often Confused

ago • before good • well

ago (adv) before now good (adj) well-behaved, not naughty
e.g. Sandra left school six months ago. e.g. Their children are always good
when they go out.
before (adv) before a past time
e.g. She washed her hair Defore she well (adv) in a skilful or good way
went to the parfi/. e.g. He speaks Russian very we//.
well (adj) healthy
e.g. I don’t feel we// today.
1p Fill in ago or defore.

@ Fill in good or well.

1 They moved to this neighbourhood two
years
2 I have seen this film
1 If you’re .... at school today, we’ll go to the
3 In 1996 she finished the degree which she had park
started later.
four years 2 They sing very.............,.. together, don’t they?
4 He took up cycling ten years 3 Be a..................girl at school today.
4 After eating four burgers, he didn’t
beside • besides feel 5 Did Adam do ..........,. in the test?
beside (prep) next to hard • hardly
e.g. The sofa is 6es/de the fireplace in
my house. hard (adj) difficult, vigorous
besides (prep) also, in addition to e.g. Tom found the exam very hard,
e.g. Besides buying us dinner last and that’s why he failed it.
night, he paid for the theatre hardly (adv) barely
tickets. e.g. It was so hot last night that I hard/y
slept at all.

2p Fill in gesirfe or Desirfes.

5p Fill in hard or hardly.
1 Put the book on the table.......................the vase.
2 My house is......................a big park. 1 Eric always works
3.........................a tent, you’ll need a sleeping bag. 2 I have........................any free time these days.
4 He’s taken seven other tests......................this one. 3 They could . hear each other because
the music was so loud.
after • afterwards 4 If you train , you'll win the race on Saturday.
after (prep) following in time it’s • its
e.g. He called me after I had finished
work.
afterwards at a later time it’s it is or it has (short form)
(adv) e.g. They went to the cinema and e.g. /t’s time to go to bed!
afterwards they went home. /t’s been two months since I last
saw him.
its (poss adj) of a thing/animal
e.g. The cat curled up in its basket and
3p Fill in after or aftenvards.
went to sleep.

1 Let’s go out....................................work this

evening. 6 Fill in if’s or its.
2 She ironed the clothes
and she put them away.
3 They went to the meeting and ........... ............ - - 1 . eight o'clock already! We’re going to be
 late! they drove home. 2 Their house is huge. . got fifteen rooms.
4 ............... ...... ..... they had eaten, they did the 3 The dog buried..................bone in the garden
+ “t Sh i ’I n-U s 4 The plane lowered .............wheels just before landing
 UNIT 12
Words often Confused

quite • enough 3 Famous people can .. the lives of young people.

quite (adv) fairly, but not very 4 The polluted water had a serious.............................on
e.g. The party we went to was quite the fish in the river.
good.
enough (adv) sufficient, satisfactory besides • except • but • except for • apart from
e.g. The sofa was Dig enough lor lour
people. besides (adv) in addition, moreover. including. as well
e.g. It's too late to go out now.
Besides. it's going to rain.
Fill in quite or enough. except (prep) not including. apart from (in the
middle of a sentence)
1 I enjoyed the meal. It was ....... tasty. e.g. Everyone in the company got a
2 She wasn't tall....................to become a model pay rise except James.
3 The test was......................difficult. I hope I did well. but (conj) not including, apart from (never at the
4 Is the room warm.....................for you? beginning of a sentence)
e. g. I cleaned every room but the
used to • be used to kitchen.

used
to refers to past habits and states except for (prep) not including. apart from (usually
e.g. I userf to exercise every day. but I followed by a noun or ing torm)
don't any more. e.g. Except lor the security guard,
fhe building was empty.
be used to refers to an action which has been done
so often that is very familiar to the person apart from (prep) not including (usually followed by a
involved noun or -ing form)
e.g. Joan is userf to getting up early in the e.g. Apart from washing the car.
mornings. what else have you done today?

Fill in used to or De used to in the correct

0 Fill in Besides, except, Duf or apart.

1 They . .. live by the sea. but now 1 We got cards from everyone............................for Alec
they live in the city. 2 . from the singing of the birds. everything
2 We........................................meet for lunch every day. was quiet
but we don't any more. 3 I didn t like the idea of working for that company;
3 They being on their own. . the salary wasn”t good enough.
4 Tom working night shifts now. 4 She locked every door.............................the fire exit.
although he found it hard at the beginning. s . from Pauline, everyone at the meeting
agreed with the plan
affect • effect 6 Let's get a taxi since it s raining
we've already missed the last bus.
affect (v) to influence sth/sb 7 Every guest came on time ........... Claire
e.g. The closing down of the factory
8 . going shopping. what else shall we do
affected many lam/lies in the town.
on Saturday?
effect (n) result; change produced by an action or 9 I'm going to bed because I m tired a ... it's
cause. very late
e.g. The effects of po//Ufion can 6e seen
all over the world. bring • take
o e sales figures.
n
9 Fill in affect or effect.

t
1 You shouIdn”t let her comments..................you
h
2 The advertising campaign had a good
bring (v) take (v) e?
move sth
towards
sb/sth else
e.g. Bring me
those files,
please.
move sth
away mom sb
e.g.
W
i
l
l

y
o
u

t
a
k
e

t
h
e

r
u
â
6
i
s
h

o
u
t

w
h
e
n

y
o
u

l
e
a
v
e
,

p
l
e
a
s
UNIT 12
Words often Confused

listen • hear
1 Fill in dring or take in the correct
form. listen to (v) to hear intentionally
e.g. They listened to the news broad-
cast on the radio.
1 Please.....................this box outside to the garden.
2me a chair from the kitchen, pJease.
3 He the children to play in the park hear (v) to perceive sounds with the ears
yesterday evening. e.g. Susan heard someone calling for
4 Will you ................ me the dishes from the dining help.
room, please?

until • by 1*y Fill in listen or hear in the correct form.

until (prep) before the time when something happens

and not after it 1 You must....................................carefully or you won't
e.g. He worked for fhis company until know what to do.
he retired. 2 I think I . a noise outside.
3 Please speak louder, I can’t...................................you.
by (prep) no later than a specified time 4 Tom . to music every evening to
e.g. You must finish t/?e report 6y Friday help him relax.
afternoon.
on time • in time

on time neither late nor early, at the correct time

e.g. I always make sure I get to work on
12 Fill in unfi/ or 6y.
time.
in time not late
1 We waited at the station...................the train came. e.g. I hope I’ll get to the airport in lime to
2 I’ll be in the office..................6 o’clock. Call me before watch the plane land.
then.
3 You must return the library books...............Wednesday.
4 Sam will knaw his exam results.....................the end of
July. 15 Fill in on time or in time.
5 We can't announce anything to the public
we get the Prime Minister’s consent.
1 Bill is always late. He’s never for work.
2 I woke up just to see the sunrise
since • for this morning.
since (prep) from a specified time in the past until a James we were at school together.
later past time or until the present
e.g. /-ie’s 6een on holiday since last
Friday.
for (prep) indicating a length of time
e.g. They’ve been working here for ten
years.

1 g Fill in since or for.

1 They have known each other...................many years.

2 He hasn’t heard from Alice......................last summer.
3 Janet hasn't written to John.....................January.
4 I have been waiting for the train.....................an hour.
5 I have been good friends with
3 We’re having guests tonight so make sure you're
home .. . to welcome
them.
4 If we hurry, we’ll get to the
station to catch the train.

Expressions with Do
one’s best/worst, business with sb, a crossword, damage
to, one’s duty, an exercise, a test, an experiment, good,
one’s hair, harm, one’s homework, the housework, a job,
sth for a living, research, right/wrong, the shopping, a
translation, the washing-up, work, etc.

Expressions with ñfaAe

an appointment, an arrangement, the beds, a cake,
changes, coffee, a decision, a discovery, an effort, an
excuse, a fortune, an impression, a joke, a mess, a
mistake, money, a noise, an offer, peace, preparations,
progress, sure, trouble, war, up one’s mind, etc.
 UNIT 12
Words often Confused

2......................................., the work was interesting, but

1@ Fill in do or make in the correct form. now I find it boring.
3 It was a difiicult situation, but
everything worked out
1 James...........................an exercise in his book nicely.
when 4 There is a revision
his pen ran out. chapter of the book.
2 She lots of mistakes in her homework. She didn’t know anyone
3 We could a fortune if we sold all but then she made lots of friends.
this jewellery. 6 of the week, the weather was awful,
4 I like . the washing-up straight after dinner. but then it improved.
5 Sam.................................the shopping for me on his 7 The big new supermarket is
way home yesterday. of the street.
6 She . a joke but nobody laughed. The story has a tragic beginning, but fortunately
7 They . progress with the building. everything turns out well
8 Just a small slice of cake won’t . any nothing grew on the land, but it is
harm. covered with trees now.
9 John is going to . an appointment
to have his hair cut.
10 If you’re going to a job you should do any way in any manner
it properly. e.g. They couldn’t find any way to get
11 Mum is busy . preparations for the party. out of the building.
12 Will you.................................your beds now,
anyway (adv) anyhow, in any case
please?
e.g. The coat was expensive, but I bought
13 Could you . a translation of
this article for me, please? if anyway.
14 I don’t mind if you fail the test, so long as you
your best.
15 Yesterday we an offer on the
we want to house
buy. 1 Fill in any may or anyway.
at the beginning • in the beginning
• at the end • In the end
1 Is there . I can help you?
2 You can do this...................................you think best.
at the at the place or time at which sth starts 3 I wasn’t keen on the idea of going to the party, but I
beginning e.g. There is a contents page at fhe went
beginning of the 6ook. 4 It wasn”t raining, but I took my umbrella with me

in the initially. This suggests further change. 5 You can’t treat people . you want;
beginning e.g. He thought German was hard in you must always take their feelings into
the beginning, but now he finds consideration.
it easy.
all ready • already
all ready everyone prepared
at the end at the furthest or last part of sth e.g. The children are all ready to go.
e.g. At fhe enc/ of the day I like to
relax
in front of the TV. already (adv) by this time
e.g. By the time I got there, the train had
in the end at last, finally, when everything is a/ready left.
taken
into consideration
e.g. I was going to take the bus home,
19 Fill in af/ ready or already.
but in ffie end I got a taxi.
 1 The teams are , so the competition
can begin.
1 Fill in at the beginning, in ffie beginning, at ffie 2 When you are . we can leave.
end or in flue end. 3 They've.......................................finished ali the work.
4 I ve...............................done the shopping this week.
1 She didn’t feel very confident 5 The children had put on their costumes and they were
of her career, but she has changed a lot since to go on stage.
then.
Revision 4 (Units J - 12)
18 That is the right answer, ..?
1 Choose the correct answer. A isn't it B wasn’t it C is it

1 ...C... time have we got before the train leaves? 19................painted this beautiful picture?
A How B How many C How much A Who B What C Where

2 He cut his finger while he..............some wood. 20 If you had studied more, you..............the exam.
A chopped B is chopping C was chopping A would pass B will pass
C would have passed
3 She was very tired, . she couldn't sleep.
A although B despite C yet 21 He can’t decide who to his birthday
party. A to invite B invite C inviting
4 is that letter I wrote? Have you seen
it? A Where B Who C What 22 I tried on two pairs of trousers, but.........of them fitted
me.
5 When we lived by the sea, we..............to swim every A both B neither C either
morning.
A were used B got used C used 23 ‘I don’t like bananas.’
A Neither I do B Neither do I C So do I
6 I love roses,
my sister loves
A when 24 He’s tired. He..............properly for days.
carnations. B whereas
C wherever A hasn’t slept B didn’t sleep C doesn't sleep

7 She..............get a job as a teacher. She loves

children. 25 They own a motorboat, .. .?
A ought B can C might A do they B they don't C don't they

We waved goodbye..............the car was out of sight. 26 If I had a bigger flat, I..............a party.
A while B until C by the time A have B will have C would have

9 He slept for eight hours,..............he was still tired. 27 He be famous. I’ve never heard of
A in spite B but C although him. A must B can't C
mustn’t
10 ’I love going to the beach.' ‘
A Neither do I B So do I C So I do 28 I have..............received a letter from my pen-friend.
A just B yet C still
11 I’ve made.............biscuits. Would you like one?
A some B any C no 29 When I opened the door, there wasn't.............there.
A someone B no one C anyone
12 We go out to dinner, if you like.
A should B could C might 30 Chris is the..............person I have ever met.
A patient B more patient C most patient
13 I think..............has been reading my diary.
A no one B someone C anyone 31 I live in the city, so I..............to busy traffic.
A am used B get used C used
14 They haven’t finished building the new
supermarket. 32 I'm hungry. I haven’t had..............to eat all day.
A still B ye C just A something B nothing C anything
t

15 By the time the rain stopped, we ............ two pots of ** When I buy a new house, I............every room myself.
coffee. A paint B will paint C would paint
A have drunk B had
C had been drinking drunk 34 We must run to the cinema. The film in five
minutes.
16................we have a barbecue this evening? 17 We’re going to the theatre..............a play.
A Shall B Will C Mustn’t A see B to see C seeing
 A starts B is starting C will start

35 It’s no use.............about the exam results. You'll

know
soon enough.
A worry B to worry C worrying
 Revision 4 (Units 1 - 11)
36 We are thinking about..............a new car.
A buy B to buy C buying Write questions to which the words in
bold are the answers.
37 He was dirty because he..............in the garden.
A had been working B had worked 1 Andrew has been to New York.
C has been working
2 He is sad because his bicycle is broken.
38 She has lots of T-shirts, but of them are
FI th e
wash. 3 Sarah is tall with blonde curly hair.
A both B all C either
4 Barry is very generous.
39 Tom is three years..............than his brother.
A old B older C oldest 5 Claire is in her office.

40 We live in...............large block of flats. 6 The play starts at eight o’clock.

A a B one C the
7 He bought that car two months ago.

8 Jonathan wants to go on holiday.

Rewrite the following sentences in the
passive. 9 We got to the island by boat.

10 That is Joanne’s book

1 People say that she owns several companies.
. /¢ in said that she owns severe/ companies/Sh is
said to own several companies. Rewrite the following sentences using
2 Dad is cleaning the floor at the moment. 4p have something done.

3 The phone company cut off our telephone yesterday.

› The gardener cuts their grass once a week.

4 You must do the washing-up after dinner.

2 They will ask the porter to carry their bags for them.
5 She will have typed all the letters by five o’clock.
3 I must get someone to clean the windows.
6 They are interviewing two candidates at the moment.
4 His fence was built by a carpenter.
7 He has torn his shirt again.
5 The hairdresser is styling Lucy’s hair.
Mark feeds the dogs every morning
6 The doctor has bandaged his arm for him.
9 We shouldn't reveal anything to the press.
7 The dentist was checking Tom’s teeth.
10 Where have they sent those parcels to?
8 The cleaner had washed the floor for me.
People think that he will win the race.
9 It's worth asking someone to repair the roof.

12 I object to her taking my books without permission.

10 The builders will be building the wall for him.

13 They had sold all the tickets by the time we arrived.

14 People make jam from fruit. Complete the sentences.

15 They saw him talking to the manager.

1 He is very ill. He can't go to work.
16 Who took that beautiful photo? He is ...too /.’/ tr go to +crk...
2 She has got a lot of time. She can have a cup of tea.
17 When did they open their shop? She has got
3 This meat is very tough. I can't cut it.
This meat is
 Revision 4 (Units J - J2)
4 These bags are very heavy. He can't carry
8 ‘I'm the prettiest girl at the party', said Emma.
them. These bags are
We have got a lot of money. We can go out to dinner. 9 She said to him, ‘Open the window,
please.’ We have got
6 I have made a lot of food. I can feed all the 10 ‘Don't forget to set the alarm', Mary said to Liz.
guests. I have made
7 Sarah is beautiful. She could be a 11 ’You ruined my dress’, she said to her sister.
model. Sarah is
Adam is very young. He can't drive a 12 Karen said, ‘You should do some revision.’
car. Adam is .
9 It’s very cold outside. You can't wear 13 ’It was me who crashed the car’, Sophie said.
shorts. It’s
10 Peter is very clever. He can pass his 14 ‘Children, stand up!’ said the headmistress.
exams. Peter is
15 ‘Don’t touch this button’, the scientist said to them.
Rewrite the sentences using the words/
phrases given.
Underline the correct form of the infinitive.
1 She had barely woken up when the telephone rang.
Barely ...had she woken up when I:he telephone
rang.... 1 It is considered to 6e/6e/6eing unlucky fo walklwalkl
2 I haven't seen such beautiful mountains anywhere walking under ladders.
else. 2 I hate go/to golgoing out in the rain.
Nowhere else ................................................................. 3 She went for a walk gel/fo get/getting some fresh air.
3 If I were you, I would get a 4 I don’t want wafcfi/to watchlwatching this film.
cat. Were 5 He was happy De/to De/Deing home at last.
4 The policeman didn't realise that the thief had 6 My father made me tidylto tidyltidying my bedroom.
already escaped. 7 Sam agreed he/p/fo helplhelping me with my home-
Little work.
5 He hasn't had an ice cream since last 8 The man confessed sfea//fo sfea//fo sfea/ing the
summer. Not since documents.
6 She not only broke the glass, but she cut her 9 My boss expects me linisfilto linishllinishing this work
hand. Not only before six o'clock.
7 We have seldom seen such a well-kept 10 He warned them about swim/fo swimlswimming in
garden. Seldom that river, but they took no notice.
8 They have never stayed in such a wonderful hotel 11 The children complained about miss/fo miss/missing
before. Never before the party.
9 He has not once apologised for his appalling 12 Carl denied 6reaklto 6reak/breaking the computer.
behaviour. Not once 13 We could hear the choir sing/to sing/singing as we
10 I only noticed the broken window after the children had passed the church.
left. Only after ........................................ 14 I don't know what do/to doldoing about this problem.

Rewrite the following sentences in 15 SkilTo skilskiing is a very exciting sport.

reported speech.
9 Rewrite the sentences using participles.
1 ’Be quiet, or I’ll send you to bed', she said to them.
. the threatened to send them to bed if they were
not quick.... 1 The woman who is serving the tea is my aunt.
2 ‘He always makes too much noise', she said. ... fhe woman serving rhs rna is my run r....
2 Because we were tired, we stayed at home.
3 ‘Yes, I’ll lend you the money', I said to her.
3 After the boss had explained the problem, he asked
4 ‘That was a delicious meal!' said Julia. the employee to solve it.
. . . . . . . .. . ...... .
5 He said, ‘Shall we go shopping?’ 4 Katie locked the doors before she went to the shop.

6 ‘I didn’t break your stereo’, he said to me. 5 Because he felt ill, Stuart went to the doctor’s.

7 He said to her, ’Please, please don't go without 6 The boy who is wearing a hat is Nicholas.
me.’
196
 Revision 4 (Units 1 - 1Ž)
7 The files which were stored on that disk were very
Fill in the gaps with some, any, no or
important
1ty one of their compounds.
8 After Caroline had made the beds, she went to work.
1 A: Are you doing ...uniting ... at the weekend?
9 Because he had overslept. he had to take a taxi to the B: No, I haven’t made any plans yet.
oftice. 2 A: I think there’s..........................else in this envelope.
B: Take it out and see what it is.
3 A: Are you off work next week?
10 Robin got oil on his shirt while he was fixing his bike. B: Yes. but I’m not going I’m going
to stay at home.
11 Rachel picked up a book and started to read. 4 A: The meal was a great success last night.

12 Oliver was sitting on a bench and he was watching the B: I know. There was....................food left over, either.
football match. 5 A: Where's David?
B: He’s gone.......................................with his brother.
6 A: Did you enjoy your visit to the museum?
Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct B: Yes, but there was.............................to tell us about
the exhibits.
1@ tense. 7 A: There’s ....................... at the door for you.
B: Who is it?
1 If only I ...had done . . (do) some of this work yesterday. 8 A: Is...................................wrong?
2 I wish I (afford) to buy some new B: Not really. I’m just very tired.
clothes. 9 A: The bus was really crowded today. There was
3 If only he (talk) so much to sit.
4 I wish she . (not/leave) so early last night. B: I know. I wish I had my own car.
5 I wish they (visit) more often. 10 A: Can I borrow......................sugar from you,
6 If only we . (not/miss) the train. B: Yes, of course. How much do you need?
7 If only you (ask) me to help you before.
8 I wish I (have) more free time. Underline the correct answer.
13
9 If only we ... . .. . .......... . (not/have) to go to work today.
10 I wish she (tell) me what is wrong.
1 Tñere//f/One were lots of people at the opening
ceremony last night.
Put the verbs in brackets into the 2 He’s faster than I am, but I'm cleverer than lie/ñim/his.
11p correct tense. 3 They always take off theylthemltheir shoes before going
upstairs.
1 I ...mm going.. (go) to the beach tomorrow. Would you 4 The ball bounced up and hit her on the/her/ — head
like to come? 5 Our neighbours designed their house fhemse/ves/
2 We............................................(think) about moving to ourse/ves/fhey.
the city recently. 6 This/7Aaf/7hese man over there is my teacher.
3 Hurry up! The lesson (start) in 7 Your room is a mess! Put
five minutes. everywhere/everyone/every- thing away immediately!
4 I”m starving! (not/eat) a thing 8 I haven”t got many/litt/e/much money. so I won't go out
I all day. tonight.
5 I m afraid you (not/get) the job
unless you look smart.
6 Don't make too much noise when you come in. We 1 Underline the correct preposition.
(sleep).
7 I saw David as I (do) the shopping. 1 This flat is small, but it will do lromlby r the time being.
He looked well. 2 He gave a speech in/on/for behalf of the class.
He said he (help) me with my 3 AtllnlBy the end of the concert, the orchestra took a bow.
homework if he has time. 4 I will give you the job on/in/under condition that you
9 How long (you/work) as a work hard.
waiter?' ‘Since I was 5 Your assignments must be given in tomorrow af/under/
sixteen
10 We can’t leave until the taxi (arrive) without fail.
11 Mum.................................(make) a cake this morning. 6 This calendar is octt/out of/of date. I need a new one.
Would you like some? 7 The policeman wasn't atlinlon duty, but he still helped us.
12 (you/go) to the library today? 8 It's too late to go to the cinema. The film will have
I need to return some books. started Dy/for/from now.

197
 Revision 4 (Units 1 - 12)
9 He has been out of/of/out work for six months now. 6
I invited Sam to the party. I also invited Andrew.
10 It is against/for/dy the law to leave school before the
both I invited
age of 16.
to the party.
11 I found this book otflbylwith chance when was 7
Take some money with you. You might want to buy
tidying the attic.
something.
12 She takes her parents for|offI6y granted.
case Take some money with you
13 It was raining and the sun was shining in/at/for the
to buy something.
same time.
She stayed up late because she wanted to finish some
14 I don’t know Dy/in/for certain, but I think the boss is on
work.
holiday.
SO She stayed up late
15 He deleted the file from the computer on/at/Dy mistake.
............................................ .. some work.
Fill in the gaps with the correct particle There were many people at the meeting. Some of them
were important clients.
15¿y from the list.
whom There were many people at the meeting,
............................. were important clients.
up, in, down, off, out, for, on 10 This is Andrea. Her parents live in Spain.
whose This is Andrea
1 When the plane eventually took ...of..., the passengers in Spain.
cheered. 11 The river had flooded because of the heavy rain.
2 I hear your company are taking................new staff. due The river had flooded
3 My watch had run.................so I was late for work. .. ....................... heavy rain.
4 HRH stands.................Her Royal Highness. 12 He has little time in which to relax.
5 Can you turn.................the television? I can’t hear it. much He....................................in which to relax.
6 The children worked .............. a great deal of
excitement before the party. 13 He went to the theatre alone in the end.
7 We saw the happy couple...........on their on He went to the theatre
honeymoon, ................................................ in the end.
then went home.
8 She had to take ....... ...... her skirts and trousers after 14 There are only a few people waiting for the train.
her diet. many There
9 Leaving all the lights on is a sure way to run waiting for the train.
a huge electricity bill. 15 Having run to school, Steven was out of breath.
10 I've been working hard all day and I’m worn ...... because Steven was out of breath
11 Clive has taken................jogging in order to keep fit. to school.
12 He was whistling as he set.................on his journey. 16 We spent all afternoon printing those files.
13 Can you turn................the lamp? It's getting dark. whole We spent
14 The dark clouds gathered and the rain set printing those files.
15 The man in the dark suit turned to be our 17 The film was so funny that we laughed all the way
new boss. through.

Complete each sentence with two to such It that we

five words, including the word in laughed all the way through.
bold.
18 I find people dropping litter disgusting.
that I find.........................................disgusting.
19 No one understood me when I tried to explain the
1 I hope you will behave well at the party.
problem.
yourself I hope ..you wilf behave your:field... at the
myself I couldn't
party.
when I tried to explain the problem.
2 I saw Louise walking alone in the park.
20 It seemed that the two women knew nothing about the
by I saw Louise
incident.
in the park.
It seemed that
3 He looked like he hadn't eaten for days.
knew anything about the incident.
if He looked
eaten for days.
4 It takes half an hour to walk from my house to the Fill in the correct form of the word in
office. 1 ¿,
bra• ckets.
walk It is
from my house to the office. in That's the hospital......................................,..
5 That's the hospital where I was born. 1 was born.
198
1 Being a doctor is a very demanding ..occupat:ion...
(occupy).
2 It is very..................................................of you to mind
the baby for me. (help)
 Revision 4 (Units 1 - IN)
3 We were woken up by a 3 e invite Liz and Tony for dinner tomorrow?’
in the street. (disturb) ‘Yes. Let’s ask Keith and Lesley, too.'
4 Seeing his best friends at the party increased his A Would B Will C Shall
of the evening. (enjoy)
Eating more fresh fruit would be 4 ‘That man is my biology teacher.’
to your health. (benefit) ’He...............be a teacher. He looks much too young.’
6 My father is a very businessman. A needn‘t B can’t C mustn’t
(succeed)
7 I am running out of ........ ...... ..... ... with you! (patient) 5 ’I think this plant is dying and I don t know what to do.
8 The . of the block of flats ‘You...............water it more often, I think.’
took less than a week. (destroy) A would B might C should
He is in hospital having a minor......................(operate)
10 It was very . of you to visit me in 6 ‘Would you like to come to the cinema tonight?'
hospital. (thought) Sorry, I can’t. My boss says I..............work late tonight.
11 The manager has reached a A have to B mustn’t C might
about which candidate to employ. (decide)
12 Winning the competition was quite an 7 I help you, madam?’
for him. (achieve) ‘Yes. I’m looking for the customer service department.'
13 She has to wear clothing when A Should B Must C May
she is working. (protect)
14 Despite his firm I still think he 8 I see you in my office, please?’
is guilty. (deny) ‘Certainly, Mrs Simpson
15 It would be to be more careful A Must B Could C Would
in future. (advise)
16 Michael won second prize in the school art ‘Shall I get some more salt at the supermarket?’
(compete) ‘No, you.................There’s plenty.'
A needn’t B mustn’t C couldn’t

1 Cross out the unnecessary word.

10 ‘Did you post that card to Matthew?’
’No, I.................He came to see me so I gave it to him
then!’
1 Despite it being hungry, I didn't eat anything. A mustn’t B didn't need to C needn't
2 Didn’t he not help you make dinner?
3 She spent the all night worrying about the exam. 11 ‘I’m leaving now. I take this parcel to the post
4 That was Mark you were talking to, wasn’t it he? office.’
5 Every one employee must report to the manager. ‘I know. The boss told me he’d asked you take it.’
6 That s the girl whose her mother is an actress. A have got to B don’t need to C mustn’t
7 I phoned Mum for to ask her for some advice.
8 Don't forget to feed the cat, will you not? 12 I borrow your calculator, please?’
9 There it seems to be a problem with the computer. ‘Of course. It's on my desk.'
10 Who did sent this parcel? A Would B Must C Can
11 Where is it my watch?
12 The children are making a lots of noise. 13 ’Can you still speak Russian?'
13 These glasses are pretty. but the others ones are awful. ‘No. I . when I was young, but I've forgotten it
14 When I will finish my homework, I will tidy my room. now!’
15 There she is a woman on the phone for you. A can B couldn’t C could

14 ‘I've lost my passport.’

‘You..............report it to the police.'
9 Choose the correct answer. A oughtn't to B ought to C might

15 you pick me up from work today, please?’

1 ‘Did you speak to Carol before she left?'
‘Yes. I’ll be there at 5 o’clock.’
‘No, but I ... B... leave a message with her secretary.
A Will B Shall C May
A couldn’t B was able to C would

2 ‘What shall I do with this application form?’

‘You..............fill it in and return it to the office by Friday '
A must B would C needn’t
Infinitive Past Past Participle Infinitive Past Past Participle
be was been let let let
bear bore born(e) lie lay Iain
beat beat beaten light lit lit
become became become lose lost lost
begin began begun make made made
bite bit bitten mean meant meant
blow blew blown meet met met
break broke broken pay paid paid
bring brought brought put put put
build built built
burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned) read read read
burst ride rode ridden
burst burst
ring rang rung
buy bought bought
rise rose risen
can could (been able to) run ran run
catch caught caught
say said said
choose chose chosen
see saw seen
come came come
seek sought sought
COSt COSt COSt sell sold sold
cut cut cut send sent sent
deal dealt dealt set set set
dig dug dug sew sewed sewn
do did done Shake shook shaken
draw drew drawn Shine shone shone
dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) ShOOt shot shot
drink drank drunk ShOW showed shown
drive drove driven ShUt shut shut
eat ate eaten sing sang sung
sit sat sat
fall fell fallen sleep slept slept
feed fed fed smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled)
feel felt felt speak spoke spoken
fight fought fought spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled)
find found found spend spent spent
fly flew flown spill spilt spilt
forbid forbade forbidden split split split
forget forgot forgotten spoil spoilt (spoiled) spoilt (spoiled)
forgive forgave forgiven spread spread spread
freeze froze frozen spring sprang sprung
get got got stand stood stood
give gave given steal stole stolen
go went gone stick stuck stuck
grow grew grown sting stung stung
strike struck struck
hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged)
swear swore sworn
have had had sweep swept swept
hear heard heard swim swam SWUM
hide hid hidden
take took taken
hlt hit hlt
teach taught taught
hold held held
tear tore torn
hurt hurt hUft
tell told told
keep kept kept think thought thought
know knew known throw threw thrown
lay laid laid
understand understood understood
lead led led
wake woke woken
learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned)
wear wore worn
leave left left
win won won
lend lent lent
write wrote written
 Appendix 1

resent Simple
3) Verbs ending in -I, double the -I and take the -ing
1) Most verbs take -s in the third person singular. suffix.
I run - he runs quarel - quarellii›g
2) Verbs ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x and -o, take -es. 4) Verbs ending in -ie, drop the -ie and take
I kiss - he kisses, I 6rush - he brushes, I teach - he -y + ing.
teaches, I fix - he fixes, I go - he goes lie - lying
3) Verbs ending in a consonant + y, drop the -y and Pas Simple
take -ies.
/ my - he fries 1) Verbs ending in -e, take only -d.
4) Verbs ending in a vowel + y, take -s. improve - improvecl
I play - he plays 2) Verbs ending in a consonant + y, drop the -y and
take -ied.
PPreesseenntt CConnttiinnuuoouuss fy - tried
3) Verbs ending in a vowel + y, take -ed.
1) Verbs ending in -e, drop the -e and take the -ing pray - prayed
SUffÏX. 4) Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two
starve - slarvii›g 6ut see - seeing consonants, double the last consonant and take
2) Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two ed.
consonants, double the last consonant and take rub - ruooed 6ut open - opei set
the 5) Verbs ending in -I, double the -I and take -ed.
-ing suffix. travel - travelled
ruö - rubbing but open - opening

Appendix 2

Present Simple Present Continuous Future Simple

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative

I clean I don’t clean I am cleaning I’m not cleaning I will clean I won’t clean
You clean You don t clean You are cleaning You aren’t cleaning You will clean You won’t clean
He cleans He doesn't clean etc. He is cleaning He isn't cleaning etc. He will clean He won’t clean etc.
She cleans She will clean
Interrogative She is cleaning lnterrogative
It is cleaning Interrogative
It cleans It will clean
We clean Do I clean? We are cleaning Am I cleaning? We will clean Will I clean?
You clean Do you clean? You are cleaning Are you cleaning? You will clean Will you clean?
They clean Does he clean? etc. They are cleaning Is he cleaning? etc. They will clean Will he clean? etc.

Future Continuous Future Perfect

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative

I will be cleaning I won't be cleaning I will have cleaned I won't have cleaned
You will be cleaning You won’t be cleaning You will have cleaned You won't have cleaned
He will be cleaning He won t be cleaning etc. He will have cleaned He won t have cleaned etc.
She will be cleaning Interrogative She will have cleaned Interrogative
It will be cleaning It will have cleaned
We will be cleaning Will I be cleaning? We will have cleaned Will I have cleaned?
You will be cleaning Will you be cleaning? You will have cleaned Will you have cleaned?
They will be cleaning Will he be cleaning? etc. They will have cleaned Will he have cleaned? etc.

203
 Future Perfect Continuous

Affirmative Negative

I will have been cleaning I won’t have been cleaning

You will have been cleaning You won't have been cleaning
He will have been cleaning He won't have been cleaning etc.
She will have been cleaning
Interrogative
It will have been cleaning
We will have been cleaning Will I have been cleaning?
You will have been cleaning Will you have been cleaning?
They will have been Will he have been cleaning? etc.
cleaning

Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative

I have cleaned I haven't cleaned I have been cleaning I haven't been cleaning
You have cleaned You haven’t cleaned You have been You haven’t been cleaning
He has cleaned He hasn't cleaned etc. cleaning He has been He hasn't been cleaning etc.
She has cleaned Interrogative cleaning She has been
It has cleaned Interrogative
cleaning It has been
We have cleaned Have I cleaned?
cleaning Have I been cleaning?
You have cleaned Have you cleaned?
We have been cleaning Have you been cleaning?
They have cleaned Has he cleaned? etc.
You have been cleaning Has he been cleaning? etc.
They have been cleaning

Past Simple Past Continuous

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative

I cleaned I didn't clean I was cleaning I wasn’t cleaning

You cleaned You didn’t clean You were cleaning You weren't cleaning
He cleaned He didn’t clean etc. He was cleaning He wasn't cleaning etc.
She cleaned She was cleaning
Interrogative Interrogative
It cleaned It was cleaning
We cleaned Did I clean? We were cleaning Was I cleaning?
You cleaned Did you clean? You were cleaning Were you cleaning?
They cleaned Did he clean? etc. They were cleaning Was he cleaning? etc.

Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative

I had cleaned I hadn’t cleaned I had been cleaning I hadn’t been cleaning
You had cleaned You hadn’t cleaned You had been cleaning You hadn’t been cleaning
He had cleaned He hadn’t cleaned etc. He had been cleaning He hadn't been cleaning etc.
She had cleaned Interrogative She had been cleaning Interrogative
It had cleaned It had been cleaning
We had cleaned Had I cleaned? We had been cleaning Had I been cleaning?
You had cleaned Had you cleaned? You had been cleaning Had you been cleaning?
They had cleaned Had he cleaned? etc. They had been cleaning Had he been cleaning? etc.

204
 Appendix 3

Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions

absent from (adj)

ahead of (prep) apply to sb for sth (v)
accompanied by (adj) aim at (v) approve of (v)
according to (prep) allergic to (adj) argue with sb about sth (v)
account for (v)
amazed at/by (adj) arrest sb for sth (v)
accuse sb of (v)
amused at/with (adj) arrive at (a small place) (v)
accustomed to (adj)
angry at what sb does (adj) arrive in (a town) (v)
addicted to (adj)
angry with sb about sth (adj) ashamed of (adj)
advantage of (n)
angry with sb for doing sth ask for (v) (but: ask sb a question)
(but: there’s an advantage
(adj) annoyed with sb about assure (sb) of (v)
In - (have) an advantage
sth (adj) (in) answer to (n) astonished at/by (adj)
over sb) attached to (adj)
anxious about sth (adj)
advice on (n)
(be) anxious for sth to happen attack on (n)
afraid of (adj) attend to (v)
(adj) apologise to sb for sth (v)
agree to/on sth
(make an) appeal to sb for sth (un) aware of (adj)
(v) agree with sb
(n) appeal to/against (v)
(v)
benefit from (v) bored with/of (adj)
• bad at (adj) (but: He
bet on (v) borrow sth from sb
was very bad to me.)
beware of (v) (v) brilliant at (adj)
base on (v)
(put the) blame on sb bump into (v)
basis for (n)
(n) blame sb for sth (v) busy with
beg for (v)
blame sth on sb (v) (adj)
begin with (v)
boast about/of (v)
believe in (v)
collide with (v)
call at/on (phr v)
comment on (v) contact between (n) (but:
call for (= demand) (phr v)
communicate with (v) in contact with)
campaign against/for (v)
compare with (v) (how people and content with (adj)
capable of (adj)
things are alike and how they are contrary to (prep)
care about (v)
different) contrast with (v)
care for sb (v) (= like)
compare to (v) (show the likeness contribute to (v)
(take) care of (n)
between sb/sth and sb/sth else) convert to/into (v)
care for sth (v) (= like to
comparison between (n) cope with (v)
do sth)
complain of (v) (= suffer from) correspond to/with (v)
careful of (adj)
complain to sb about sth (v) count against (v)
careless about (adj)
(= be annoyed at) count on sb (phr v)
cause of (n)
compliment sb on (v) cover in/with (v)
certain of (adj)
comply with (v) covered in/with (adj)
change into (v)
conceal sth from sb (v) crash into (v)
characteristic of (n/adj)
concentrate on (v) (have) a craving for sth
charge for (v)
(have) confidence in sb (n) (n) crazy about (adj)
charge sb with (v)
confusion over (n) crowded with (adj)
cheque for (n) congratulate sb on sth (v) cruel to (adj)
choice between/of connection between (n) cruelty towards/to (n)
(n) clever at (adj) (but: in connection with) cure for (n)
(but: It was very
conscious of (adj) curious about (adj)
clever of you to buy connect to/with (v) cut into (phr v) (= interrupt
it.) consist of (v) sb/a conversation)
close to (adj)
collaborate with (v)
 Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions

• damage to (n) depend on/upon (v) discouraged from (adj)

date back to dependent on (adj) discussion about/on (n)
(v) date from describe sb/sth to sb else disgusted by/at (adj)
(v) deal with (v) (v) description of (n) dismiss from (v)
dear to (adj) die of/from (v) dispose of (v)
decide on/against (v) die in an accident disqualified from (adj)
decrease in (n) (v) differ from (v) dissatisfied with (adj)
dedicate to (v) (have) difference between/of distinguish between (v)
definition of (n) (n) different from (adj) divide between/among
delay in (n) difficulty in/with (n) (v) divide into/by (v)
delight in (v) disadvantage of (n) (but: there’s do sth about (v)
delighted with (adj) a disadvantage in doing sth) doubtful about
demand for (n) disagree with (v) (adj) dream about
demand from (v) disappointed with/about (adj) (v)
depart from (v) disapprove of (v) dream of (v) (=
departure from (n) discharge sb from (v) imagine) dressed in
(adj)
eager for (adj) escape from/to (v)
efficient at (adj) example of (n)
(put) effort into sth excellent at (adj) experienced in (adj)
(n) emphasis on (n) exception to (n) experiment on/with (v)
engaged to sb/in sth exchange sth for sth else (v) expert at/in (sth/doing sth) (n)
(adj) engagement to sb excited about (adj) (= person good at)
(n) enter into (= start) exclaim at (v) expert at/in/on (sth/doing sth) (adj)
(v) enthusiastic about excuse for (n) (= done with skill or involving
(adj) envious of (adj) excuse sb for (v) great knowledge)
equal to (adj) expel from (v) expert with sth (n) (= good at using
sth) expert on (n) (= person
face up to (phr v) knowledge- able about a subject)
familiar with (= have knowledge o§
fail in an attempt (adj) famous for (adj)
(v) fail to do sth fed up with (adj) forgive sb for (v)
(v) fill sth with sth else fortunate in (adj)
failure in (an exam) (n) (v) finish with (v) friendly with/to (adj)
failure to (do sth) (n) fire at (v) frightened of (adj)
faithful to (adj) fond of (adj) full of (adj)
fall in (n) forget about (v) furious with sb about/at sth (adj)
familiar to sb (= known to sb)
(adj)
good at (adj) (but: He was
very good to me.)
generosity to/towards grateful to sb for sth (adj) guilty of (adj) (but: he felt
(n) genius at (n) guess at (v) guilty about his crime)
glance at (v)
glare at (v)
hear from (v) (= receive a letter)
hear of (v) (= learn that sth or sb
happen to (v) exists) heir to (n) hope for (v)
happy about/with (adj) hint to sb about sth (v) (but: hint at hope to do sth (v)
harmful to (adj) sth) (no) hope of (n)
hear about (v) (= be told) hopeless at (adj)
 Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions
idea of (n) increase in (n) independent of (adj) indifferent to (adj) inferior to
identical to (adj) quarrel (adj) information about/on (n)
ignorant of/about (adj) about (be) informed about (adj) insist on (v)
ill with (adj) sth/wit insure against (v) intelligent at (adj) intent on (adj)
impact on (n) h sb
impressed by/with (adj) (v/n)
(make an) impression on sb join in (v)
(n) improvement in/on (n)
incapable of (adj) keen to do sth (adj) kind to (adj)
include in (v)

jealous of (adj) leave for (v) (= head for) lend sth to sb (v)
listen to (v) live on (v)
knock at/on (v)
know about/of (v) mention to (v) mistake sb for (v)
keen on sth (adj)
nervous about (adj) new to (adj)
lack in (v) nice to (adj)
lack of (n)
laugh at
(v) obvious to (adj) occur to (v) offence against (n) operate on (v)
lean on/against (v)

pleased with (adj) (take) pleasure in (n)

married to
(have the) pleasure of (n) point at/to (v)
(adj) mean to
(im)poIite to (adj) popular with (adj) praise sb for (v) pray for
(adj)
sth/sb (v)
prefer sth to sth else (v) (have a) preference for (n) prepare for (v)
name after (v) present sb with (v) prevent sb from (v)
necessary for
(adj) need for (n)
qualified for (adj)
neglect of (n)

obedient to (adj)
object to (v)
objection to (n)
obliged to sb for sth (adj)

part with (v)

patient with (adj)
pay by (cheque) (v)
pay for (v) (but: pay a
bill) pay in (cash) (v)
peculiar to (adj)
persist in (v)
(but: insist on)
(take a) photograph of (n)
picture of (n)
pity for (n)
take pity on sb
(exp) pleasant to
(adj)
(h v b to (v) involve in
av ) (v) irritated by (adj)
e
no i
joke about (v)
) n
int v
en a key to (n)
tio s knowledge of (n)
n i
of o
(n n long for (v)
) look after (phr v) (= take care
int o o§ look at (v)
er f look for (= search for)
es
t (
n (v) mix with (v)
in
(n )
)
i i nominate sb (for/as sth) (v)
n n (take) (no) notice of (n)
t v notorious for doing sth (adj)
e e
r s
e t
opinion of/on
s (n) opposite
t i
n of/to (n)
e
d
(
i v
n ) (take) pride in (n)
pride oneself on sth/on doing
( i (v) prohibit sb from doing sth
a n (v) prone to (adj)
d v protect against/from
j i (v) protection from (n)
) t protest about/at (v)
a
proud of (adj)
i t
provide sb with (v)
n i
punish sb for (v)
t o
puzzled abouVby (adj)
e n
r
f t
e o
quick at (adj)
r
e (
n
w )
i
t i
h n
/ v
i i
n t
e
(
s
 Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions
react to (v) related to (adj) respond to (v)
reaction to (n) relationship between (n) (but: a good responsiblity for (n)
ready for (adj) relationship with sb) responsible for (adj)
reason for (n) relevant to (adj) result from (v) (= be the
reason with (v) rely on (v) consequence o§
rebel against remind sb of/about (v) result in (v) (=
(v) receive from remove from (v) cause) result of (n)
(v) replace sth with sth else resulting from
(keep) a record of (v) reply to (n/v) (adj) rich in (adj)
(n) recover from (v) report on (n/v) (get) rid of (phr)
reduction in (n) reputation for/of (n) rise in (n)
refer to (v) research on/into (n) (make) room for (n)
(in/with) reference to (n) respect for (n) rude to (adj)
regard as (v) respected for (adj) run into (phr v)
regardless of (prep)
shy of (adj) stand for (phr v)
safe from (adj) sick of (adj) stare at (v)
same as (adj) silly to do sth (adj) (but: it was silly strain on (n)
satisfied with (adj) of him) subject to (adj/v)
save sb from (v) similar to (adj) submit to (v) (but: submit for publication)
scared of (adj) skilful/skilled at (adj) subscribe to (v)
search for (v/n) slow in/about doing sth/to sth succeed in (v)
(be) in search of (n) (adj) smell of (n/v) suffer from (v)
sensible of sth (adj) (= aware smile at (v) sufficient for sth/sb (adj)
of sth) solution to (n) superior to (adj)
sensitive to (adj) sorry about (adj) (= feel sorry for sure of/about (adj)
sentence sb to (v) sb) (but: I’m sorry for doing sth) surprised at/by (adj)
separate from (v) speak to/with sb about surrender to (v)
serious about (adj) (v) specialise in (v) surrounded by (adj)
share in/of sth (n) specialist in (n) suspect sb of (v)
shelter from (v) spend money on sth (v) suspicious of (adj)
shocked at/by (adj) spend time in/doing sth sympathetic to/towards (adj)
shoot at (v) (v) split into/in (v) sympathise with (v)
short of spy on (v)
(adj) shout
at (v)
thank sb for (v) tired from (adj)
thankful for (adj) tired of (adj) (= fed up
take sth to sb/sth think about/of (v) with) translate from ... into
(v) talent for sth (n) threat to sb/sth of sth (n) (v) tread on (v)
talk to sb about sth threaten sb with sth (v) trip over (v)
(v) (have) taste in (n) throw at (v) (in order to trouble with (n)
taste of (v) hit) typical of (adj)
terrible at (adj) throw to (v) (in order to catch)
terrified of (adj) (make) use of (n)
uneasy about (adj) used to (adj)
unaware of (adj) upset about/over sth (adj)
understanding of (n)
value sth at (v)
valid for (length of time) vote against/for (v)
(adj) valid in (places) (adj)

wait for (v) weak in/at (adj) worthy of (adj)

warn sb against/about/of wonder about (v) write to sb (v)
(v) waste (time/money) on worry about (v) wrong about (adj)
(v)

208
 Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions

at the age of at first sight at present

at the airport at a glance at a profit
at the beginning of at a guess at the prospect
(when sth started) (but: at hand at random
in the beginning = at heart at any rate
originally) at at home at one’s request
breakfast/lunch etc at/in a hotel at the same time
at the bottom of at ... km per hour at school
at the bus stop at last at sea
at church at the latest at the seaside
at the corner/on the at least at short notice
corner at all costs at liberty at/in the station
at the crossroads at a loss at sunset
at dawn at the match at the
at one’s desk at midnight table at
at the door at the moment the time at
at the end (= when sth is at most times
finished) (but: in the end at night (but:in the night) at the top of (but: on top of}
= finally at all events) at noon at university
at fault at once at the weekend
at first at peace/war at work
at first hand at 4 Rose St.

• by accident by day/night
by nature
by all accounts by degrees
by now by
by appointment by the dozen
oneself
by the arm/hand by far
by phone
by birth by force
by post/airmail
by bus/train/plane/ by hand
by profession
helicopter/taxi/ coach/ by heart
by request
ship/boat/sea/air/car etc by invitation
by (the/one’s) side
(but: on a/the bus/plane/ by land/sea/air
by sight
train/coach/ship/boat by law
by surprise
in a taxi/car/helicopter/plane) by luck
by the time
by chance by marriage
by the way
by cheque by means of
by one’s watch
by correspondence by mistake

• for ages
for hire for one’s sake
for breakfast/lunch/dinner
for for the sake of
for certain
instance for sale
for a change
for luck for short
for ever
for life for the time being
for fear (o§
for love for a visit/holiday
for fun (= for
for nothing for a walk
amusement) for good
for once for a while
for granted
for the rest of
for safe keeping

209
 Ve bs Adje tives Nouns with P epositi ns
in action in general in place of
in addition to (+ -ing in good time in politics
form) in advance (o§ in half in pounds
in agreement (with) in hand in practice
in aid of in haste in principle
in all (all in in good/bad health in prison
all) in answer in honour of in private/public
to in an in the hope of in all
armchair in hospital probability in
in a good/bad in a hotel progress
temper in bed in a hurry in a
in the beginning in ink/pencil/pen queue in
(= originally) in sb’s interest reality in
in a book in length/width etc return
in brief in all sb’s life in the right/wrong
in any in a line in a row/rows
case in in the long in ruins
cash run in love in safety
in the centre (with) in in
of in charge luxury season
(o§ in code in the in secret
in colour meantime in a in self-defence
in comfort mess in short
in common in the middle in sight (o§
in comparison with of in a mirror in the sky
in conclusion (to) in a moment in some respects
in (good/bad) condition in a good/bad in stock
in confidence mood in the mood in the streets
in control in the morning in succession
(o§ in the in name only (= not in in the
country in reality) in need of suburbs
danger in the news in the sun/shade
in the dark in a newspaper in good/bad taste
in debt in the name of (= on behalf in tears
in demand o§ in the nick of time in theory
in detail in the north/south in a tick
(be) in difficulty in a nutshell in time
in the direction in oils in no
of in doubt in the open time in
in a ... dress in one’s opinion touch in
in the end (= finally) in orbit town
in exchange for in order of/to in tune
in existence in other words (with) in turn
in fact in pain in
in fashion in pairs two/half
in favour in the park in uniform
of in in in use
flames in particular in vain
the flesh in the past in view of
in one’s free in person in a loud/low voice
time in fun in pieces in a way (= in a
in future manner) in the way
in writing
in a word
 Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions

on account of on duty on the outskirts

on a ... afternoon/evening on earth on one’s own
on the agenda on edge on page ...
on the air on an expedition on parade
on approval on a farm (but: in a field) on the pavement
on arrival on fire on the phone
on average on the (4th) floor (o§ on a platform
on bail on the floor on principle
on balance on foot on purpose
on the beach on the one hand on the radio/TV
on behalf of on the other hand on the right
on one’s birthday on holiday on the River Seine
on board on horseback on sale
on the border on impulse on schedule
on business on the increase on the screen
on call on an island (but: in the mountains) on second thoughts
on a campsite (at a on a journey on sight
campsite) on one’s knees on the sofa
on the coas on leave on this street/on the street(s)
on condition on the left on strike
on the contrary on loan on good/bad terms
on credit on the market (= available to the public) on time
on a(n) cruise/excursion/ on one’s mind on top of
trip/tour on that morning on the trail of
on (a ...) day on the move on a trip
on demand on New Year’s Day on the way (to) (= as I was going)
on a diet on the news on the whole
on the dole on order

out of breath
out of out of reach
out of character
focus out out of
out of condition
of hand season out
out of control
out of luck of sight out
out of danger
out of order of step out of
out of date
out of the stock out of
out of debt
ordinary out of tune out of
out of doors
place turn out of
out of fashion
out of practice use out of
out of print work
off air out of the question
off colour
off the record
off duty
off the ofl the road
off limits
map off off school/work
the peg off
under age the point
under arrest
under pressure
under one’s breath
under repair
under control
under discussion under the weather
under the impression
under orders
 Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions
Against against the law

Ahead ahead of schedule

Before before long

Behind behind schedule, behind the times

From
from time to time, from now on, from experience, from memory, from
Into
scratch into pieces
To
to one's astonishment, to one's surprise, to this day, to some
With
extent with regard to, with a view to (+ -ing form)

Within within minutes

Without without delay, without fail, without success, without warning

Prepositions of Time

AT IN ON
at 10.30 in the on Monday
at Christmas/Easter morning/evening/afternoon/night in on Easter Sunday etc.
at noon/night/midnight the Easter/Christmas holiday(s) on Christmas Day
at lunch/dinner/breakfast (time) in January (months) on Friday night
at that time in (the) winter (seasons) on July 30th
at the moment in 1992 (years) on a summer afternoon
at the weekend (on in the 19th century on that day
the weekend: Am. in two hours (two hours from now)
English)

We never use at, in or on before yesterday, tomorrow, next, this. last, every. She’s leaving next Sunday.
 Progress Test \ (Units 1-2)
Complete each sentence with two to five
1 Choose the correct answer.
words, including the word in bold.

1 *Kate.............hard
15 This soup is too cold tor me to eat.
recently.’
enough This soup .
‘Yes. She is taking
for me to eat.
her exams next
16 We haven’t
month.’ A has been to the
been studying theatre for
studied C studied months.
2 ‘I must go to the library.’ time
‘I..............there this The
afternoon. I’ll give you a to the theatre was months
lift.’ ago.
A have been B am 17 The car was so
going C go expensive that he
couldn’t afford it.
is very good for you.’ too The car
‘Yes. It’s my favourite form of to afford.
exercise.’ 18 I haven’t written to Paul yet.
A Swim B t
Swimming C To swim P
19 Someone saw him leave the building.
4 *We'd better run to the
was He
stadium.’
. the building.
‘I know. The game............. 20 Food is not
minutes.’
allowed to be
A is starting B has
eaten in the
started C
library. eat
starts
5 'I’m very hungry.’ People
‘I'm not surprised. You food in the library.
all day.’ 21 He was
A haven’t been bored by
eating the film
don’t eat and fell
asleep.
6 I can’t decide what.............. found He
lunch.'
and fell asleep.
‘Why don’t you buy a 22 She began playing
sandwich?’
the piano when
A have B she was eight.
having C to
since She
have
has
7 ‘Why did you go to the she was eight.
shop this morning?’ 23 Telling lies is very bad.
to It...........................................
24 She didn’t go to bed
until she had finished
her homework.
some bread. before t
We had run o
out.’ finished
A Get B b
Getting C e
To get d

*How did you hurt your very tiring.’

hand?’ ‘Yes. I’m very glad.............here
*I cut it as I.............some at last.’
vegetables.' A being B to be
A chopped B am
chopping C was chopping 10 ‘Let’s go for a walk.’
‘We can’t go out until the rain
9 *The journey here was A stopped B will stop
stops c ind) that
Put the e there
verbs in o were no
brackets nl tickets
into the
y left.
correct
infinitive (f 3p
11 ‘I want to call Simon '
form or the She is too old............................(take up)
•ing form. ‘Well. don’t call him before eight windsurfing.
o’clock. He ......... ’ After . (take) his
A will sleep B will be degree, he looked for a
25 She was unwilling sleeping C is sleeping
(help). job. They tried............................(locate) the
12 ‘Would you like to watch the president, but he was on holiday.
26 Tom had difficulty film with me?'
.............
(unscrew) the lid. ‘No thanks. I’d rather 34 Did he mention anything
............................................. about....................................................
27 I
would A read B 35 I’m sorry
reading C to to do this, but could you
rather
read possibly work late tonight?
(eat)
Chine 36 It was kind of you
13 ’He..............a famous me flowers.
se writer one day.’
37 In addition to
food ‘Yes, I think you’re
tonigh right.’
t. 28 . . (miss) the bus. she also
A was B
Mary will be C is lost her umbrella.
stopp being 38 Did you remember
..........
21!2
ed
14 ’What are you doing ......... .. (thank) Aunt Hilary
on Saturday?’ for her present?
(buy)
‘Well, Paul suggested 39 You shouldn’t .
a
................................................ (believe) everything he
news
A go B says.
paper going C 40 He wasted valuable time
on her way to to go (talk) on the phone.
work.
29 He admitted to
(lie) to the police.
30 T
h
e
y

c
a
l
l
e
d

t
h
e

t
h
e
a
t
r
e

b
o
x

o
f
f
i
 Progress Test 2 (Units 3-4)
1,p Put the adjectives in brackets into the
Underline the correct item.
comparative or superlative form, adding 3
any necessary words.

1 A:
David is ....................................................... (old) 19 We had hardlhardly left the house when the storm
Steve, isn’t he? broke.
B: Yes. David is 14 and Steve is 12. 20 I haven’t got much free times/time these days,
2 A:
Do you like being at university? because I'm taking French lessons.
B: Yes. It's . (interesting) 21 Maths was/were George’s least favourite subject
when being at school. he was at school.
3 A: Did you enjoy the meal? 22 His ambition is to swim across ffie English Channell
B: Yes. It was ............. ... ....... (delicious) Eng/ish Channe/.
meal I've ever eaten. 23 Tfie Oueen/Queen is going to address the nation this
4 A: Laura is a lovely person. evening.
B: Yes. She’s .................................................... (nice) 24 Most/The most people enjoy spending their holidays
person I know. on the beach.
5 A: Did you get a good grade in the exam? 25 Henry is looking for a/one bigger flat, as his wife is
B: Yes. It was much ..................................... expecting their new baby.
(good) I had expected. 26 I’ve been working very hard late/y/late so I'm planning
6 A: Did you buy that jacket? to take some time off.
B: No. It was far . ................................ 27 These tomatoes cost £1.20 althe kilo.
(expensive) I had thought. 28 The plane landed at fhe JFKIJFK Airport.
7 A: Do you like my new dress? 29 Bears/7fie dears love honey.
B: I love it! It's 30 Mrs Houston went to co//ege/the co//ege to pick up
(beautiful) dress I've ever seen. her husband.
8 A: It was a great party, wasn't it? 31 The secretary has near/near/y finished typing the
B: Oh yes! It was report so you can have it in a few minutes.
(good) party I've ever been to. 32 The cattle was/were grazing in the field.
9 A: Why are you so tired? 33 Three years are/is a long time to be out of work.
B: The meeting finished much
(late) than I had expected.
10 A: Mark is very clever.
Complete each sentence with two to five
B: Yes. He's..............................................(intelligent) words, including the word in bold.
boy in the school.
34 I've never had such a bad day.
the It's
Complete each sentence using the noun in I’ve ever had.
brackets in the singular or plural form and 35 Meg is the fastest typist of all.
a/an where necessary. than Meg

11 The wind blew all the important anyone else.

off my desk. (paper) 36 Tim is more imaginative than Alan.
less Alan
12 I can't talk now. I haven't got much . ...................•.... Tom.
(time) 37 Lucy spent the same amount of money on clothes as
13 Travelling around the world was ............. .... • • • • ’ Laura.
I will never forget. (experience) much Lucy spent .
14 There is not much ....................... in this office. (room) on clothes as Laura.
15 These ............................... are delicious. Would you 8 Can’t you do any better than that?
like one? (choColate) best Is that
16 I have seen this film several you can do?
before. (time) 39 As he gets older, he becomes less tolerant.
17 We had booked . in a hotel before the The older he gets,
we arrived. (room)...................................................................................................................................... he becomes.
18 He has plenty of ...... ..... ..... ..... ........ in this kind of 40 Rita is prettier than Sheila.
216
 work. (experience) as Sheila................................................Rita.

Progress Test 3 (Units 5-6)

1 Choose the correct answer. 2 Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

1 You . . tell the police about the burglary.

20 Someone broke into their flat last night.
A would B shall C must

2 This room...............last week. 21 Steve hasn’t opened the mail yet.

A was decorated B will be decorated
C decorated 22 Are they inviting many people to the party?

3 we go for a picnic tomorrow? 23 Jake painted the house last week.

A Shall B Should C Would

4 The Marathon...............by a famous athlete. 24 Paul hates people interrupting him

A has been won B was won C won
25 People consider him to be the greatest composer of
5 You .. . wear jeans to the interview. our time.
A must B mustn't C couldn't
26 The reporter asked the candidate several questions.
6 swim until I was five years old.
A couIdn”t B could C can't
27 No one said anything about the matter.
7 I took the bus to work because C £t T £ th e
t ’•y ! 28 Do they allow you to receive phone calls at work?
moment.
A was being serviced B is being serviced
29 They are organising a protest march
C is serviced

Mum..............have gone shopping. 30 They say she will take part in the negotiations.
A might B will C ought

9I my hair cut yesterday. Complete each sentence with two to five

A had B have had C have words, including the word in bold.
A is having B has C will have
10 I help you, sir?
A Should B Must C May

11 Bob................be on holiday. I saw him yesterday.

A would B could C can't

12 John...............his car stolen last night.

A has B has had C had

13 You..............have eaten so many sweets.

A shouldn’t B should C might

14 I..............water the garden. It rained this morning.

A didn’t need to B needn’t C have to

15 He..............solve the problem, although it was difficul(.

A was able to B could C couldn’t

16 The new bridge...............next week.

A was opened B will be opened
C is opened

17 Laura................her tonsils taken out last week.

A has had B has C had

18 you do me a favour, please?

A Should B Could C Need

19 Janice................her house painted at the moment

217
31 We will probably go to Spain this
summer. likely It
go to Spain this summer.
32 I advise you to take notes during the
lecture ought You
during the lecture.
33 I'm certain Martin doesn’t work
in York. can’t Martin
in York.
34 Perhaps David has missed the train.
could David...........................................the train.
35 It is possible that she has forgotten the
arrangements. may She
the arrangements.
36 I advise you to study for the
exam. should You
for the exam.
37 It isn’t necessary for you to work late
tonight. have You
late tonight.
38 I broke my glasses when I fell down the
steps got My glasses
down the steps.
39 Let’s talk about this later.
can We.......................................................later.
40 I’m sure Susan has already left.
must Susan....................................................left.

218
Progress Test 4 (Units 7-8)
19 ‘I don’t suppose you can help me with my homework?'
1p Complete each sentence with two to five Jim said to me.
words, including the word in bold. whether Jim wanted to know
.............. .... with his homework.
1 ‘I haven’t got any money', he 20 I rarely have time to watch
said. complained He
television. have Hardly ever
any money. . ........... to watch television.
2 You’ll be able to go on holiday if you save some
money. will Only if you
........................................... Turn the following from direct into
be able to go on holiday. reported speech, using an appropriate
‘You should be more careful’, she told introductory verb.
him. advised She
21 ‘I promise I won’t forget to call', Julie said to Tim.
more careful.
4 ‘Why don’t we buy Mark a present?’ said Paul.
22 ‘No, I didn’t break the dish', Martin said.
should Paul
buy Mark a present.
23 ‘No, you may not watch the late film’, Dad said to us.
As soon as I reached the station the train
arrived. sooner No
24 ‘That's the best cake I've ever tasted!’ said Joanne.
the station than the train arrived.
6 If I were you, I would apologise. 25 ‘You should go to the doctor’s’, Mum said to Peter.
you Were...................................apologise.
7 ‘Sit down!’ the teacher told the 26 ‘Let’s go for a walk’, he said.
children. ordered The teacher
sit down.
It was only when I arrived at work that I realised I had 27 ‘Please, please, take me with you!’ he said to
her. forgotten my briefcase.
did Only when I arrived at work 28 *Everyone be quiet!’ the teacher said to the class.

that I had forgotten my briefcase. 29 ‘Yes, I'll give you a lift into town’, she said to him.
9 ‘Don’t forget to lock the door', Mum said to me.
reminded Mum . the door. o ‘I'll send you to your room if you misbehave', Dad said
10 ‘You took my favourite CD’, Jane said to Oliver. to
Jamie. of Jane
her favourite CD. 31 ‘Could I have a cup of tea, please?' Pam said to me.
11 He's a wonderful musician and a great artist as
well. only Not 32 ‘It was me who spilt the coffee,' he said.
musician, but he’s also a great
artist. 33 ‘Don’t forget to do the shopping', she said to him.
12 Don’t leave this room until I call
you. should On no account
.................... this room until I call you. 34 ‘Put your hands up!’ the policeman said to the thieves.
13 ‘Why are you baking a cake?’ Dave asked Lisa.
was Dave wanted to know 35 ’You must stay for dinner', we said to them.
.................... ..... ........... a cake.
14 If I had been asked, I would have
helped. asked Had
I would have helped. Rewrite the sentences using emphatic
15 ‘I'm sorry I was late’, he said. constructions starting with the words given.
for He.................................................late.
16 ‘You must tidy your room before you go out', he said 36 Colin left the door open.
to Sally. It was
on He 37 She needs a new house.
her room before she went out. What
17 We had no idea she was a famous actress. 38 Be quiet!
know Little Do
she was a famous actress. 39 When did you move to London?
18 I had never eaten such delicious food before. When was
before Never 40 He promised to write to me.
such delicious food. He
 Progress Test S (Units 9-10)
20 . the car broke down, what would we do?

1 Choose the correct answer. A Supposing B Providing C When

1 If you had got up earlier, you..............the bus. Complete each sentence with two to five
A wouldn't miss B wouldn't have missed 21 words, including the word in bold.
C won’t miss
2 Yesterday I went to the cinema and 21 Why don’t you listen to
dinner with a friend. had
me? would I wish to me.
A all in all B as a result C after that 22 It was Sunday, so the shops were closed.
due The shops were closed,
If she............her umbrella. she wouldn't have got it was Sunday.
wet 23 I think it would be a good idea to get a mobile phone.
A take B had taken C would take were If . get a mobile
4 Carol,..............parents own this shop, is very clever phone.
A who B whom C whose 24 This is Mark. His mother is a teacher.
whose This is Mark, a teacher.
5 you study hard. you will pass your 25 If you go too near the river you will fall
exams. A Supposing B Providing in. else Don't go too near the river
C Unless fall in.
6 Mark is kind..............funny. 26 There were a lot of people at the meeting. I had
A as a result B as well as C all in all
never met some of them before.
7 This computer game, I bought yesterday, is whom There were a lot of people at the meeting
really boring I had never met before
A which B that C who 27 I missed the train, so I was late.
result I missed the train..........................was late.
you wear warm clothes. you will catch a cold. 2g The weather was bad so it wasn't the perfect
A Unless B Providing C If
holiday. for But
If I finish work early tomorrow, I........go to the cinema. would have been the perfect holiday.
A would B might C should 29 If you don’t work hard, you won’t get promoted.
unless You won’t . you work
10 I like to go out,..............Steve likes to stay in. hard.
A due to B whereas C whenever 30 He forgot to lock the door. This was very careless of
11 If I won the lottery. I..............whatever I liked. him. whichHe forgot to lock the door,
A will buy B can buy C could buy ................................... of him.
31 Sue would prefer to eat chocolate rather than eat
12 You can take the car.....you promise to drive salad. rather Sue
carefully. .............................................. eat salad.
A as long as B as soon as C such as 32 I was having fun. I stayed longer than I should have
13 If he were more polite, he.............more popular. done. such I was having
A will be B would be C can be longer than I should have done.
33 She looked like she was going to cry.
14 This is the jacket.............I got for my birthday. if She looked to cry.
A which B who C when 34 Although it was cold, we sat outside.
spite In......................................, we sat outside.
15 Our new boss is very friendly, but ............. he can be 5 If Martin buys a car, he will be able to drive to work.
quite strict.
provided Martin will be able to drive to work
A moreover B on the other hand C also
a car.
16 If Jessica calls,.............her I’m out. 19 Bob didn’t attend the meeting, and . the boss was
A will tell B would tell C tell angry with him.
A all in all B because C as a result
17 Jack is saving money.............buy a new car.
A in order that B so that C in order to
18 If I were you, I.............professional advice.
A would seek B will seek C can seek
36 I regret arguing with my best friend
wish I...................................with my best friend.
37 He went to the bank to get some money.
so He went to the bank.......................money.
38 You should lock all the doors before
you leave. better You
................. all the doors before you leave.
39 Take a torch. You might need it.
case Take a torch it.
40 I was upset, that’s why I didn’t say anything.
would If I hadn’t been upset, . something.
Progress Test @ (Units Ï Ï- J2j
20 Mary goes to the library..............Monday.
1 Choose the correct answer. A every other B each other C the other

1 She s really bossy,............? Write questions to which the words in bold

A is she B was she C isn’t she 2 are the answers.
2 Robert hurt..............while he was climbing up the
tree. 21 Susie is wearing a dress.
A him B himself C oneself
22 Daniel is washing the car.
‘Would you like..............ice cream?’ ‘Yes, please.’
A some B any C no 23 Peter goes to college every Wednesday.
4 She has been to nearly..............European capital.
24 She is sending a parcel to her sister.
A each B every one C every
Let’s call it a day,............? 25 I am”going shopping because I want some new clothes.
A shall we B will we C won’t we

6 We didn’t go to the shops because ............. wasn’t 26 She has been living here for two years.
enough time.
A there B it C we 27 They went to work by bus.

7 Sharon says she would do..............for her children. 28 Simon is going to the cinema
A nothing B something C anything

8 Penny and I call..............almost every day. 29 Claire is matching television.

A ourselves B each other C us
30 This suit cost E80.
9 There's very..............time left. We need to hurry
up.
A a little B few C little
Complete each sentence with two to five
10 The ball hit Paul in..............eye. 3p words, including the word in bold.
A one B the C his
11 ....... would you rather be, an actor or an autho ” 31 The only thing she hasn't eaten is the cabbage.
A Which B What C Who everything She
12 There are people in this room. We can hardly the cabbage.
move. 32 He really had a good time at school today.
A too much B too many C a lot himself He really today.
33 She is going on holiday alone this
13 Everyone..............that the sun rises in the east. year. by She is going on holiday
A knows B know C have known ............................................... this year.

14 Come and sit beside.............; there's plenty of 34 We could see that the two girls were very
room. happy. of We could see that
A me B myself C my . were very happy.
15 ‘Did ............. leave a message for me?’ ‘Yes. Here it is.’ 35 She didn't give any explanation for her absence.
A anyone B someone C everyone no She....................................her absence.
A imagine so B don't think so
16 Jill and Emma are my friends, but............of them C suppose so
lives
near me.
A both B neither C none
17 Some people are not upset by violence, but.........are.
A another B the others C others
18 ‘Is Sue coming with us?’ ‘I................She's pretty
busy
these days.'
36 There are only a few seats left on the bus. 38 I visited Paul today. I visited Stuart, too.
many There are...............................on the bus. both I visited.........................................today.
37 Mum said that I could go wherever I liked as long as 39 Helen doesn’t like loud music. Chris doesn't
I was home before dark. either. nor Neither
anywhere Mum said that I as likes loud music.
long as I was home before dark. 40 The shop sent me another person’s order by mistake.
19 ‘Eva is Swedish.' ‘ is Ingrid. someone The shop sent me
A So B Neither C Nor by mistake.
 Grommorwoy 4 - Word List
A D
abandon calculator dash
absorbed calendar deal with
accountancy cancel debts
accurately candidate decoration
advance candlestick degree
affect carnation delay
aim at delete
cater for
alarm system deliberately
ceremony
anniversary demanding
chairman
announcement demonstration
chalet
annual densely populated
championship
answering machine deposit
charity
appalling developing countries
cheer
applaud discharge
cheer sb on
appliance discourage
chest
assignment disgusting
childminder
asthma attack display
chimney
at top speed distress signals
choir
at the sight of disturbing
chop
attempt documents
cinnamon
attend donate
cloakroom
attic doorframe
close down
auction double glazing
clue
available clumsy doubt
coal dozens of
B collective drama group
bandage collide dreadful
bather come face to face with sb dressmaking
be bound to commit dripping
be fast asleep committee drive
be in a good mood company
be made competitor E
redundant be party complex Earl
to complicated earn a reputation
beans condition edge
beforehand conduct efficient
bid conference elect
bid for confess election campaign
bin con man embarrassed
bleed consent emblem
blind contact emergency
blunt contact lens encouraging
boarding school contain engagement
bonds contestant ensure
bonfire contract equipment
bounce convenient erase
box-office hit country lane essay
branch creep estimate
bravery cruise evidence
breeze cry exceed
brick wall cultivate
exhaust fumes
bridesmaid culture
exhibit
bring to life currency
exhibition
brooch current
expand
burst its banks custom
expedition
cutlery
experiment
Grommorwoy 4 - V\lord List
explode mayfly
identity
extension
immature mean
eye-witness
impractical measles
impress medication
F in mild
facilities advance miner
fasten one’s seatbelt in one go moat
fiancé in public modernise
fibres income motion picture
fierce independent mould
filling individual mumble
fine infection
fireworks inhabitant N
firm innocent
inspect nasty
fishing line
inspector naughty
fizzy drink
install navy
flat tyre
instant coffee powder needle
flexible hours
insult negotiations
flock
flooding intelligence service nickname
flourish nightmare
interior decoration
nomination
for the time being intimidate
formula inventive
fortune invest O
found investigation oak
fraud investment objection
fuel irritated off duty
offence
gas plant office block
gasp official
jury open
genuine
gesture open-air
give sb a fright
L operate
glittering label operation
global warming laboratory opponent
govern lace opposition
graceful lay the foundations optician
greet lead-free petrol originate from
grind leak ornament
grounds lecture out of breath
gust licence outfit
linen outing
literature overtake
hang out overtime
hardships loan
locker oyster
have access
locket
hay fever
heatwave lose one’s temper pale
hesitate loss paperwork
honour parachute jump
hopefully M particularly
hydrofoil maiden voyage passenger liner
make a fuss patch
make it quick patent office
malaria patience
identical paw
manners
peaceful
manual
mat
mature
 Grommorwoy 4 - Word List
pebble review sponsor
pedornance riot stain
permanently roast stall
personal route stamina
ppe row steep
plañorm ruby stew
policy runway stiff
power cut rusty stone
premiere stop dead
presentation S stop off
preserve storey
sack stray
press safety regulations
press conference stressful
sandstone
priceless strike
scented study
privileged
scratch suburbs
process seafront
profits subway
seashell sunscreen
properly
seed supernatural
property
self-assured superstition
propose sell out
protest supervise
sensible
prove supplies
sentence
provide surgeon
set
prune surroundings
settle
put up settle in
survey
suspect
settlement
sweep
severe
qualifications
quarrel
sharp
shed T
question shelter tablecloth
quit shift take a bow
shoot take a short
R shortcrust pastry cut take action
radiator show off take out a loan
radio operator shriek take register
range shrink tap
rattle shrub tax tear
reach its peak sigh tenant
react skid testify
receipt book skill thoroughly
recharge sleep soundly thread
reconsider slightly throw a party
recover slippery till
recycle smash time off
reflect smelling salts tolerant
snap tournament
refreshments
region soak trademark
register soaking wet traffic warden
soft drink transport
rehearse
solid gold treatment
reliable
sore throat trim
remark
sour trophy
research
reside
specially tropics
species tutor
resident
spectacular
respected
spoil
reveal
spokesperson
 Grommorwoy 4 - Word list
u
unique wander
unwilling weapon
utterly wear oneself out
well-kept
V well-off
vacuum Will
valley wire
valuable withdraw
value workforce
velvet workings
venue
verdict
viewer
vital
voting
voucher

224
 UNIT 1: Tenses
2 is getting
7 has found b) 1 present perfect (2, 5, 7, 8)
1 3 have been 8 has been 2 present perfect continuous (6)
looking correcting 3 present continuous (3)
4 knows 9 is using 4 present continuous (9)
5 heat 10 gets 5 present continuous (4)
6 have just elected

7 smells
2 2 A 3 B 4 A 5 C 6 B
2 are you tasting, tastes
3 feel/am teeling
4 am seeing, see
5 does the bag of apples weigh, is weighing
2 Yes, I sometimes go fishing at 6 am thinking, think
weekends./ Yes, I go fishing at 7 are you looking, looks
weekends sometimes. 8 enjoy, am enjoying
3 Yes, I go once a week. g are you feeling, feels
4 I visit them every weekend. 10 is appearing, appears
5 No, I rarely do. 11 is, is being
I don't know. I have never eaten oysters. 12 is fitting, Does it fit
7 I go on holiday once a year. 13 hurts/is hurting
8 I usually read it on the way to work.
9 Of course. You should always lock the
2 have ... been, have been to
door when you go out.
10 You are always breaking things! 3 have ... been
4 have ... been to, have been
5 have gone to / Has ... gone
2 g present perfect
f present continuous
2 yet 6 for 10 recently
4 a present perfect
9 3 just 7 never 11 still
5 d present continuous 4 already 8 so far
6 j present continuous 5 ever 9 since
7 h present perfect
8 c present perfect continuous
9 b present perfect
10 present continuous 2 is 9 have been
1O t am writing working/have
have been have also typed worked
9 have been
reading,have 5 has been planting 10 have been
living/ have lived
not/haven’t 6 has written practising
10 is always doing
finished 7 have just heard 11 go
11 am going
3 are going 8 does the play
12 has been
4 am having start
5 have been teaching/has
taught
washing 13 have already A S2: Then, they looked around the shops.
have broken bought 1\y S3: Next, they walked on the beach.
7 add, mix 14 are always S4: After that, they ate lunch at a seaside
8 has been meeting restaurant.
using S5: Later, they visited the funfair.
2 has chosen 6 have been waiting 4 am leaving 8 have borrowed
3 am packing 7 have finished 5 has booked 9 am becoming
227
 S6: Finally, they had afternoon tea.
B SA: What were Brian and Ruth
doing at 11:00 am?
SB: They were looking around the shops.

228
 SA: What were Brian and Ruth doing at A 2 has played C 1 have just
11:45 am? 1 3 have met heard from
SB: They were walking on the beach. 4 was 2 wrote
SA: What were Brian and Ruth doing at 3 got
1:15 pm? B 1 has painted 4 did you first
SB: They were eating lunch at a seaside 2 painted meet
restaurant. 3 was 5 lived
SA: What were Brian and Ruth doing at 6 moved
2:30 pm? 7 haven’t seen
SB: They were visiting the funfair.
SA: What were Brian and Ruth doing at 1 was reading 6 expected/was
5:00 pm? 1 2 hoped/had expecting
SB: They were having afternoon tea. hoped/was 7 went, Did you
hoping buy
A 2 were singing 8 began 3 reported 8 knew
1 3 was driving 9 stopped 4 had read 9 had studied
4 was smiling 10 tried 5 had just started
5 was looking 11 happened
forward/ 12 sighed A 2 were 7 felt
looked 13 got out 1 queueing 8 reached
forward 14 pushed/was 3 were waiting 9 went down/were
6 enjoyed pushing 4 had bought going down
7 was going/ 15 started 5 walked
went 6 entered
B 1 entered 10 took B 1 hired 10 left
2 closed 11 turned 2 drove 11 had already
3 was hanging 12 was leaning 3 arrived grown/was
up 13 gave 4 was blowing already growing
4 heard 14 laughed 5 was 12 was walking
5 was running 15 started 6 got out 13 began
6 walked 16 thought 7 took 14 didn’t mind
7 turned 17 replied 8 decided 15 had had
8 froze 18 missed 9 had seen
9 was standing
1 past simple
2 A 4 A 6 C 8 C 10 C 19 2 g past continuous
3 B 5 B 7 A 9C 3 j past perfect
4 h past perfect continuous
5 f - past continuous
2 A 5B 8B 11C
6 d past perfect continuous
C 6 A 9 A 12 B
7 a past simple
B 7 C 10 B
8 e past continuous
9 c past simple
S3: She still hasn’t got used to being away 10 b past perfect
15 from her family and friends.
” S4: She wasn’t used to speaking Italian, but 2 had been 11 slipped
she is used to it now. 2 teaching 12 had already
S5: She wasn’t used to using a new currency, 3 wanted bought
but she is used to it now. 4 had been walking 13 had broken
S6: She wasn’t used to new customs, but she 5 had sold 14 stayed
is used to them now. 6 had won 15 sang
S7: She still hasn’t got used to driving on the 7 was raining 16 opened
other side of the road. 8 opened 17 were standing
S8: She wasn’t used to hot weather, but she is 9 had got 18 invented
used to it now. 10 used to work 19 was washing
 2 A 5A 8 B 11 B A 2 will be able B 1 finish/have
2 3 C 6C 9 C 12 A 2/§, to finished
4 C 7B 10 B 13 B 3 will give 2 want
4 comes 3 get
a) 2 was shining 8 had just lifted/ 4 hear
22 3 was sitting was just lifting C 1 is D 1 will be
4 had been 9 had happened 2 will take 2 strikes
waiting 10 looked 3 will land 3 has forgotten
5 felt 11 had snapped 4 will call
6 stood up 12 packed 5 arrive
7 began 6 come

b) 1 past perfect continuous (4)

2 are you going to 9 is going to work
2 past simple (5, 10, 12)
3 past simple (6, 7)
28 wear 10 will give
3 am going to 11 will change
4 past continuous (1, 2, 3)
wash 12 will not/won’t
5 past perfect (8, 9, 11)
4 will post arrive
5 will be 13 will make
Suggested answers)
2§y 2 have left 8 happened
6 will make
7 will probably
14 am going to give
15 are going to
3 hurt 9 drove visit bang
4 had been waiting 10 had won 8 is going to swim
5 went 11 were walking
6 had been hurting 12 had been
7 failed playing A 2 leaves B 1 is going to
29 3 will be become
2 didn't hear 9 thought meeting 2 will probably
2 3 were/are you 10 meant/was 4 will have work
planning meaning/had returned 3 will be revising
4 was thinking been meaning 4 will have
5 (have) changed 11 had sold out been
6 told 12 went studying
5 will pass
7 had bought 13 saw
8 bought What shall I do with this shopping?
30 I’ve asked Jane to tidy her room, but she
2 did you make/have you made, was won’t do it.
2 expecting 4 Will you open the door for me, please?
3 had been practising
4 Have you ever been, went
3 5
6
Shall I walk the dog for you?
Shall we go to the theatre tonight?
5 had been wearing 7 When shall I visit next?
6 have been living/have lived 8 Will you be quiet!
9 Ann won’t talk to me.
2 will call 9 will have left
2 3 will be 10 will be studying 2 intend to go to 5 is bound to be
4 will be sleeping 11 will be flying 3 3 were due to 6 is about to
5 will have been 12 will have left arrive 7 is sure to love
living/will have 13 will be 4 was going to
lived 14 will go look for
6 will have finished 15 is coming
7 am meeting 16 will be talking
8 close
 1 i future simple 7 since Mary moved
32 2 f future perfect 8 had never met
3 c- be going to 9 had left before we started
4 h- future continuous 10 on the point of leaving
5 g- future perfect continuous 11 have not spoken to Paul
6 d- future simple 12 ago did they announce
7 b- future continuous 13 last played squash
8 e- future continuous 14 was about to close
9 j- be going to 15 never met such a kind
10 a- future simple 16 haven’t finished discussing
17 has been studying medicine for
A 2 18 before he took
leaves 5 will be beginning
3@ t stops off 6 is going to stay
is going to be/ 7 is flying 2 had 6 is going to look
will be 8 will have visited 3@ t asked 7 will have begun
was able 8 hopes
B 1 present simple (2, 3) 5 has already 9 is interviewing
2 future perfect (8) found
3 be going to (6)
4 present continuous (1, 7) 1 I've been playing chess since I was eight
5 future continuous (5)
6 be going to (4)
3@ years old.
2 I ate at that restaurant three times last
week.
2 am meeting
3 They still haven’t delivered my television.
34 t have 4 We haven’t read his letter yet.
will/am going to buy 5 I met that man a week ago.
5 will also/am also going to 6 We moved to Glasgow a year ago.
6 redecorate will have finished 7 Mike and Kelly got married last week.
7 will be flying/am flying They had met each other four years
8 will have returned before.
9 will/am going to throw 8 I’ll make the dinner when I get home.
10 will come 9 Take some food in case you get hungry.
11 will say 10 The house will have been built by the
12 will send end of May.
11 Peter is still at school.
2 will love 9 will have 12 When was the last time you saw Tony?
3 arrive 10 opens 13 I have seen this film before.
4 will be greeted 11 closes 14 She hasn't been to a party since she
5 will show 12 are returned from her holiday.
6 are 13 supervise
7 will be able to 14 will never forget 2 C 5 A 8 B 11C
8 will find 3 B 6B 9C 12C
4 C 7 A 10 A
2 B 7 C 12 A 17 A 22 B
36 3 C 8 C 13 C 18 B
Prepositions
4 C 9 A 14 C 19 A
5 C 10 B 15 C 20 C 2 of 5 of 8 for 11 to
6 A 11 B 16 B 21 A 4 3 in 6 to 9 at 12 for
4 of 7 at 10 in
2 have had this coat for
still haven’t finished writing
4 funniest film we’ve ever
5 time he's ever played
6 last time John/he played
 Phrasal Verbs S7: 100 years ago, people lived/used to
live in villages or towns.
2 into 9 ofi 16 S8:
after Today, many people live in big cities.
42 3 after 10 up 17 S9:
in for 100 years ago, people did/used to do
4 down 11 down 18 off their shopping in small local shops.
5 against 12 over 19 up S10: Today, we usually do our shopping in
6 up 13 out 20 on supermarkets.
7 up 14 up 21 in
8 out of 15 down
Writing Activity
Oral Activity (Suggested answer)
people will probably travel by shuttle bus
S3: 100 years ago, people travelled/used or may even use electric cars. Computers
to travel by steam trains. and virtual reality will provide us with
S4: Today, we travel by car, hydrofoil or entertainment. Moreover, space colonies and
plane. underwater cities will probably be built and
S5: 100 years ago, people read/used to many people will live in them. Finally, people
read books or went/used to go to the will do all their shopping via the Internet.
S6: theatre. Today, we watch TV, listen to
the radio or go to the cinema.

UNIT 2: Infinitive/The -ing form/

Too-€nougk/Participles
2 SA: Has he hurt his finger? 2 working 10 bring
1p SB. Yes. He seems to have hurt his 3 asking 11 helping
finger. 4 breaking/having 12 to talk
3 SA: Has he been sleeping? broken 13 wearing
SB: Yes. He seems to have been 5 feed 14 to leave
sleeping. 6 run 15 driving
4 SA: Is he building a house? 7 to help 16 to look for
SB: Yes. He seems to be building a 8 to answer 17 getting
house. 9 to stay 18 to read
5 SA: Have they been running?
SB: Yes. They seem to have been
running.
6 SA: Is she painting a picture?
SB: Yes. She seems to be painting a
picture. A 2 to write B 1 to go
@ 3 to work 2 to drink
1 to go 6
to visit, to see 4 meet 3 to sleep
2 2 cleaning, to 7
worrying 4 to call
employ 8
tell, invite 5 to wait
3 to have been 9
stealing/having C 1 to get D 1 shopping
sleeping stolen 2 to choose 2 being
4 driving 10 to find 3 buying 3 go
5 to have travelled, 4 reading 4 visiting
to have been 5 (to) pick

E 1 to go
3 to travel
2 to save
4 visiting

271
 2 ... her to tidy her clothes away. 2
too small 6 too hot
3 . Mary/Mary’s/her doing the washing-up. 1 3
too difficult 7 too tired
4 . you to come to my party./it if you came to 4
loud enough 8 sweet enough
my party. 5
tall enough
5 ... Mark/Mark’s/him/his falling into the
swimming pool on his wedding day. 2 cool enough (for me) to eat
6 ... you to finish this project today. 14 t tall enough to reach
7 ... my secretary to attend the old enough to attend
meeting. 5 too cold (for you) to go
6 too boring (for us) to watch
2 .. for Barry to go to the bank today. 7 quiet enough (for me) to work
3 ... for them to finish their homework. 8 too heavy (for me) to carry
4 ... for someone to take my order.
5 ... for you to move to the town enough money to go on holiday
centre. too hot for me to drink
6 ... for John to learn a foreign too young to go to school
language.
7 ... for guests to do their shopping.
8 ... for everyone to hear (him).
9 ... for you to read. 5
enough space to have a party
10 ... for children to play with 6
rich enough to buy a yacht
matches. 7
too hot outside (for you) to wear a coat
8
mature enough to make her
(Suggested answers) own decisions
2 to exercise/work out in 9 too small for us to live in any more
3 to play in 10 enough patience to look after the children
4 to eat/have lunch in
5 to put their rubbish in
6 to put their luggage/baggage/bags 2 annoying 6 exciting
in 16 t interested 7 impressed
7 to hang their coats in disgusting 8 amazing
2 to go 5 to see 8 throw encouraging
3 put 6 to be
4 place 7 Breaking
2 He was sitting in the garden drinking his
1 tea.
2 feeding 5 put 8 playing
3 Having made dinner, Janet called the
3 perform 6 do 9 get on
children.
4 leaving 7 holding
4 The boy standing by the door is my
brother.
2 C 5 A 8 B 5 Simon cut his hand while chopping
ljjy 3 6 C 9 B some wood.
B 6 Having had a shower, Donna went to
7 A 10 B
bed./Donna had a shower before going
2 eating/having 4 living to bed.
1 eaten 5 to finish/to have 7 Being late, we took a taxi.
3 scratching/ finished 8 Opening the window, Gary breathed the
having scratched 6 touching fresh air.
9 She was lying on her bed reading a book.
2 to introduce 10 me 12 to go
1 3 to interrupt eti 13 to post
4 working ng 14 reading
5 to finish 11 skii 15 forgetting
6 eating ng 16 to say
7 arguing 17 to climb
8 to inform 18 losing
9 to lock 19 watching
232
20 to buy 10 T g up her pen, Amy started to write the
h letter.
e 12 The man walking towards us is a
relative of mine.
j 13 Having explained the exercise, the
e teacher asked the students to do it.
w 14 Having forgotten to take her purse, she
e had to borrow some money from a
l colleague.
s

t
a
k
e
n

b
y

t
h
e

t
h
i
e
v
e
s

w
e
r
e

v
e
r
y

v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
.
11 P
i
c
k
i
n
 2 to fasten
7 talking Prepositions
1 3 to be
8 to relax
4 to sit 9 to see 2 on 4 of 6 on 8 with
5 reading 10 being 23 3 with 5 on 7 to
6 check

Suggested answers) Phrasal \/eros

1@ 2 to take 10 write/type 2 up 8 out 13 for
3 come 11 to buy 2 3 about/on 9 round 14 out
4 inviting 12 study 4 out 10 for 15 out
5 going 13 hurry/run 5 out 11 away 16 up
6 to bring/take 14 playing 6 back 12 about/ 17 off
7 to hear 15 to stay 7 forward on 18 round
8 leave 16 to find/see

9 saying BA

too expensive for him

learning about other cultures
is was allowed to go out
2 are you tasting 11 Do you recognise
5 was heard to quarrel
2 3 has gone 12 am going
6 found Tina’s behaviour annoying
4 has been 13 don’t like
7 sharp enough for me
studying 14 was planting
8 were made to !nelp
5 is being 15 was/used to be,
9 difficult for her to read
6 have been had/used to
10 allow people/staff to make
have playing 16 have been trying
11 is too shallow for you
7 broke down, spilt 17 is always
8 had been forgetting
1 You had better stay in bed today.
working 18 had been
2 2 Mum has stopped drinking fizzy drinks. 9 has taken practising
She is on a diet. 10 are moving
This bag is too expensive for me to buy.
4 Smoking is dangerous for your health.
Oral Activity
5 Would you mind opening the window?
6 I’d love to eat a pizza tonight. • She went on to perform in many opera
7 I stopped at the bakery to buy some houses in America and Europe.
bread. • People enjoyed hearing her sing.
8 They made me pay for the broken • She could sing in French, German and
window. Italian.
9 I heard the Taylors arguing. • She was well-known for singing difficult
10 I’d better ask someone for help. roles.
11 I forgot to call you last night. I’m sorry. • She was famous for having a bad temper.
12 He left the shop without paying for the • She was used to appearing at famous
shirt. venues.
13 You shouldn’t be rude to your parents. • She managed to earn a reputation as an
14 He is old enough to drive a car. excellent singer and actress.
• She spent some time teaching opera at
1 for 6 to 11 to Juilliard.
so 7 it 12 being • She decided to give a final world concert
for 8 about 13 would tour in 1972-73.
4 to 9 them 14 to • She retired after performing/having
5 that 10 to performed forty different roles.
• She is considered to be one of the
greatest opera singers of the 20th
century.

233
 Writing Acfi vify
(Suggested answer)
went on to perform in many opera
managed to earn a reputation as an
houses in America and Europe. People excellent singer and actress. She spent
enjoyed hearing her sing and she could sing
some time teaching opera at Juilliard. She
in French, German and Italian. She was well- decided to give a final world concert tour in
known for singing difficult roles, and she was
1972-73. She retired after performing forty
also famous for having a bad temper. She different roles. She is considered to be one
was used to appearing at famous venues
of the greatest opera singers of the 20th
and she century.

UNIT 3: Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

2 a s a ncien ton cottage
2 loudly 6 cheerfully
Up 3 a u nglis ooden wardrobe. nervously 7 happily
4 an amazing ines story 4 completely 8 nearly
5 an exciting e erica film 5 Suddenly
6 a pair of ir ead n glasses
7 a lovely d-fashione oode table 2 hardly 7 prettily 12 deep
8 a hite dmen tablecloth 3 mostly 8 free 13 near
4 freely 9 nearly 14 deeply
9 a delicious ar ocola cake 5 high 10 lately 15 hard
10 an url rang e ve ofa 6 late 11 highly 16 most

2 hopefully
8 nearly
2 large round 5 square green 3 Suddenly 9 loud
antique woollen 4 gently
beautiful tall 6 fabulous English 10 slowly
5 softly 11 brightly
silver 6 miserably
soft thick cotton oak 12 immediately
7 pretty 13 warmly
2 the elderly 7 The poor people
the injured 8 the sick 2 He enjoyed designing brightly-coloured
people 9 clothes.
4 The old people 9 The strong He worked very hard throughout his
5 the disabled people career.
6 The young 10 The rich 4 By 1982, he was incredibly famous and
people had won the first of many awards.
5 His clothes were extremely popular with
2 A well-written 5 A hard-working famous musicians, such as Elton John
story student and George Michael.
3 A twelve-storey 6 A well-lit office 6 He was frequently asked to design
building 7 A two-week costumes for ballets, shows and
4 A fast-moving holiday concerts.
train 8 A ten-page 7 He was greatly respected by other
report fashion designers.
5 silky 4 woollen 6 gold 8 Sadly, Versace died in 1997, at the age of
fifty.

214
2 Joanne has been writing letters to her 2 the tallest 8 the most
friends all day. 1ty 3 later than intelligent
3 He has been working in his office all 4 more expensive 9 bigger than
day. He has been working all day in his than 10 the cheapest
office. 5 warmer than 11 more difficult
4 We placed the box carefully on the 6 the best than
table. We carefully placed the box on 7 further 12 any better
the table. Carefully, we placed the box
on the table.
5 They bought some fruit at the market
yesterday. 2 better 6 closer
Yesterday, they bought some fruit at the 13 3 louder/more 7 more attractive
market. loudly 8 the most
They bought some fruit yesterday at the 4 the tallest expensive
market. 5 more modern
6 He walked quietly out of the room during
the film. 2 more 7 higher
He walked out of the room quietly during 1 beautiful than 8 the smallest
the film. 3 the prettiest 9 the cheapest
During the film he quietly walked out of 4 the most 10 eldest
the room. expensive 11 the loveliest
During the film he walked out of the room 5 nicer than 12 easier
quietly. 6 better
He quietly walked out of the room during
the film. (Suggested answers)
15
Ouietly, he walked out of the room during 2 Prague ... the nicest
the film. 3 Honey is sweeter than
7 The party was utterly amazing. 4 . . swim well, ... ski ... better
8 We were completely lost. 5 ... Physics is the most difficult
9 Jenny has been reading her magazine 6 Diamonds are more valuable than
all morning in the garden. 7 Fruit is the healthiest
Jenny has been reading her magazine in 8 Modern typewriters are more efficient
the garden all morning. than
10 They knew then they had lost the 9 Laura is the most intelligent
match. Then they knew they had lost 10 Gold jewellery is more expensive than
the match. They knew they had lost the
match then. 3 harder and harder
11 They have been talking in the hall for 1¿„ 4 The colder ... the more
hours. 5 faster and faster
They have been talking for hours in the 6 The higher ... the louder/the more loudly
hall. 7 cheaper and cheaper
12 She changed her clothes quickly. 8 The younger ... the easier
She quickly changed her clothes. 9 More and more
Quickly, she changed her 10 The older ... the taller
clothes.
13 I was feeling extremely tired.
14 He is doing his homework quietly in his
bedroom
He is quietly doing his homework in his (Suggested answers)
bedroom 1 Golf is the least artistic of all.
15 We watched a film last night at the Golf is the easiest to learn.
cinema. We watched a film at the Carpentry isn’t as/so easy to learn as golf.
cinema last night. Last night, we Painting is the least easy to learn of all.
watched a film at the cinema. Carpentry is the most tiring of all. Golf isn’t as/so
tiring as carpentry.
rather 6 quite 10 quite Painting is the least tiring of all.
rather 7 rather 11 rather Golf is the most expensive of all.
rather 8 fairly 12 rather Carpentry isn’t as/so expensive as golf.
5 quite 9 fairly Painting is the least expensive of all.

23!t
 Painting is the cheapest of all. Prepositions
Carpentry isn’t as/so cheap as
painting. Golf is the least cheap of all. 2 for 10 to 18 in
Painting is the most relaxing of all. 2 3 from 11 in 19 with
Golf is not as/so relaxing as painting. 4 from 12 about 20 of
Carpentry is the least relaxing of all. 5 in 13 of 21 with
6 of 14 between 22 in
7 in 15 from 23 for
2 like 5 as 8 like 11 like
11/,p t as 6 like 9 like
8
9
on
with
16
17
on
on
24 to
25 about
as 7 as 10 as
2 was less expensive than

1ty 2/\y the more nervous

1 I’m three inches shorter than you. 4 as many sweets as
Steve is older than me/I am. 5 is not as/so smart as
The little boy sang like a bird. 6 the most
4 Paul is not as handsome as Tom. 7 the better grades
5 She is quite a pretty girl. 8 the most independent young woman
6 Sally is the tallest girl in our class. 9 as many CDs as
7 Let me know if you need any further 10 plays tennis better than/is better at tennis
help. than
8 Tracey studies hard.
9 My best friend is two years older than 2 C 5 C 8 A 11A
me. 3 A 6A 9B 12C
10 The church is the oldest building in the B 7 A 10 C 13 C
village.
11 She did her homework more carefully
than usual. Dear Sir/Madam,
12 His flat is as big as mine. I am writing to you to apply for the position
13 Her new car is rather faster than her old of science teacher which was advertised in
one. the Evening Argus newspaper last Friday.
14 This cake is quite sweet. I graduated from university five years ago
15 The green dress is twice as cheap as and I have been teaching/have taught
the black one. science at Baker Comprehensive School since
16 I feel very ill today. then. I have also been organising extra
17 She laughed happily. activities for children after school for the last
three years.
1 more 7 than 13 even I enjoy teaching and I am very patient with
young children. I have attended several
2€|y, t the 8 most 14 as seminars on the subject of teaching science
not 9 as 15 a to primary school children.
4 very 10 the 16 much I have asked my current employer for time
5 so 11 to 17 by ofl to attend interviews, so I will be free to
6 more 12 like 18 the visit your school if you wish to meet me.
I hope to hear from you soon.
in 5 quite 8 most
2@ 2 most Yours faithfully,
6 than 9 more Gary Taylor
t many 7 as 10 hardly

2
Pfirasa/ \/erds 2 too slow to win 7 were very
3 would rather read disturbed by
2 across 9 down 16 out than/prefers to 8 difficult for her to
3 round/ with 17 off read rather than make
4 into
over 11 out
10 down (on) 19
18 into
up 4 kind enough to 9 was made
to
5 off 12 on/along 20 round open work late
6 out 13 off 21 up 5 too angry to 10 was heard
to
236 7 along 14 round against 6 took him weeks argue
Oral Activity
Activity
(Suggested answers)
(Suggested answer)
Mrs Thompson speaks French more fluently
.. Mrs Thompson also speaks French more
than Mr Spencer.
fluently than Mr Spencer, but Miss Houston
Miss Houston speaks French the most
speaks French the most fluently of all. Mrs
fluently of all.
Thompson is more experienced than Mr
Mrs Thompson is more experienced than Mr Spencer, but Miss Houston is the most
Spencer. experienced of all. Mr Spencer is more
Miss Houston is the most experienced of all. reliable than Mrs Thompson but, again, Miss
Mr Spencer is more reliable than Mrs Houston is the most reliable of all. She is
Thompson. Miss Houston is the most reliable also more friendly than Mr Spencer, although
of all. Mrs Thompson is the friendliest of all. Miss
Miss Houston is more friendly than Mr Houston can type faster than Mr Spencer
Spencer. Mrs Thompson is the friendliest of and Mrs Thompson can type the fastest of
all. all.
Miss Houston can type faster than Mr
Spencer. Mrs Thompson can type the fastest
of all.

Revision l (Units 1 3)
2C 10 A 18 A 26 to look 7 to lend
3A 11 C 19 C 27 watching 8 to go
4 living 9 taking
5B 13 A 21 C 29 A 37 B 5 to have repaired 10 spend
6C 14 B 22 C 30 B 38 A 6 eat
7A 15 C 23 B 31 C 39 B
8 B 16 C 24 C 32 B 40 C 2 .. clever enough to go to university.
g C 17 B 25 B 33 A 3 too tired to watch the late film
4 .. enough money to go on holiday.
2 wash 5 .. enough sugar to make a cake.
6 too salty for me to eat.
3 have been working
4 will be studying/is studying 7 too special for me to sell.
8 pretty enough to be a model
5 am writing
g .. enough time to go to the cinema.
6 are going to buy/will buy
7 will be 10 too ill to go to work.
8 will be 11 warm enough for us to go for a picnic.
9 closes 12 too full to eat any more.
10 had been painting
11 were you doing, was watering high 7 near 12 late
12 posted nearly 8 most 13 pretty
13 have eaten mostly 9 hardly 14 deeply
14 had hurt 5 hard 10 prettily 15 freely
15 will have had 6 highly 11 free
16 have been playing 6 the friendliest
2 the best
17 will have been working/will have 7 the biggest
worked 3 longer than
4 the most
18 will have delivered
19 had been practising expensive
20 had done 5 warmer
 8 faster than
9 further
10 cheaper
11 the shortest
12 more quiet/ quieter
 Feeling hungry, Julie bought a 2 was less difficult than
sandwich. hey 3 is not as tall as
3 Having sold her flat, she moved into a 4 still haven’t finished
house. 5 the more tired
4 He fell asleep watching TV. 6 watching too much TV
5 Seeing the rain clouds, Paul started to 7 has lived/has been living here since
hurry. 8 you mind helping
6 She was standing at the window, looking 9 difficult for him to express
at the garden. 10 was heard shouting
7 Having finished the job, we went home. 11 as many videos as
12 found the silver earrings charming
13 is not warm enough
2 about 7 about 12 of 14 the first time
3 for 8 to 13 with 15 was made to stay
4 about 9 of 14 of 16 last time we went
5 for 10 with 15 at 17 were about to go out
6 with 11 on 18 had never driven
19 travelling to other countries
2 out 6 up 11 on 20 allow employees to wear jeans
down 7 up 12 on
4 up 8 for 13 on 2 for 5 tO 8 the 11 to
5 down 9 off 14 into 1@ 3 to 6 more 9 not 12 to
with 10 off 15 off 4 it 7 the 10 it

UNIT 4: Nouns Articles Word Formotion

2 slice/piece/kilo of
8 packet/bowl of 2 chocolate 12 room
3 slice/loaf/piece of 9 jar of
a paper 13 room
4 papers
4 cup/pot/jar of 10 piece/slice/kilo 14 hair
5 paper
5 glass/jug/bottle of 11 of bowl/packet 15
6 time a hair
6 glass/bottle/jug of 12 of packet/kilo of
7 times 16 a glass
7 bar/piece of
8 experience 17 glasses
9 experiences
18 glass
2 a. some 6 a. a 10 a. some 10 woods
11 wood 19 an iron
2 b. a b. some b. a
3 a. a 7 a. a 11 a. an 20 iron
b. some b. some b. some
4 a. some 8 a. an 12 a. a 2 very little, toO 7 a little, a small
b. an b. some b. some mUch amount of
5 a. a 9 a. some 3 few, several 8 several, a few
b. some b. a 4 many, a few 9 few, several
5 a couple of, many 10 many, a great
6 /\ large quantity number of
of, Too much

219
2 a computer 7 mother-in-law A 2 the B 1 The
sp screen 8 a rocking chair 12 3 the 2 the
3 orange juice 9 a hair brush 4 3 the
4 a walking stick 10 a passer-by 5 the 4
5 a shower curtain 11 (your) house 6 The 5 the
6 awindowcleaner keys 7 the 6 the
8 the 7 the
2 is 5 is 8 was 11 is 9 8 the
3 is 6 were 9 was 12 is 10 the
4 were 7 are 10 are C 1 — D 1 the
2 2
they gave us was interesting 3 — 3 the
is her favourite subject/is the subject she 4 4 the
likes most 5 a 5 a
4 we had this winter was mild 6 the 6 the
5 were called immediately 7 the 7 The
6 I told them was exciting 8 an 8 a
7 traffic was bad 9 an
8 I stayed in was very luxurious
9 was taken out of the car by the E 1 The F 1 —
2 2a
driver
10 was very sensible 3 a/the 3 —
11 is too big for me 4 the 4 a
12 are magnificent 5 an 5 a
13 is long and blonde 6 the 6
7
1 one 6 One 11 one 8 the
2 one 7 a, one 12 a
3 a, an 8 One, a 13 a 1 a 7 —,a
4 ones 9 a, one 14 A 13 t 8 an, —
5 a/one 10 an 15 an, one 9 The, the
An, a,
4 the 10 The, the
— the
sea 7 hospital 5 a, a 11 — , the
9 bed 8 the hospital 6 an, 12 a, a
the bed 9 the school
the prison 10 school 1 history

32
5

14
6
prison The panda, China, Pandas, bamboo
3
2 a wildlife park, an interesting experience
the cats 11 people
1J/y, t coffee, tea 12 The villages
4 a new car, lead-free petrol
5 a hotel, the sea, The room, the
the cake, the 13 Breakfast, the 6 view the last, the party, a taxi
coffee day 7 ghosts, the supernatural, a product,
5
Life 14 the only people's
6
The life 15 the Stone Age The clothes, a sale, the department
7 8
swimming 16 Spain stores, the city centre
8
Children 17 train
9 The children 18 the flute 1a 4 the, an, the
10 the people
1 2 a, the, a 5 an, the
a — the the The 10 The, The
5 a, The, 9 —,
 3 the, the, the 6 a, , a, The
the, the, 6 11 a, the, — 2 ex 5 anti 8 de
the 7 —, a 12 the, the 1$y t inter 6 semi 9 over
4 —, a, the 8 a, the under 7 pre 10 re
Prepositions
2 5 ir 8 in
1 3 dis 6 no 9 dis
4 im 7 10 ir 2 about 9 to 16 of
3 from 10 in 17 about
A 2 helpful B 1 organisation 4 With 11 in 18 to
1/y 3 assistance 2 excitement Of 12 tO 19 for
4 clumsiness 3 colourful 6 for 13 to 20 to
5 frustration 4 explosion 7 fOr 14 tO 21 of
5 expression 8 at 15 with 22 for
6 happiness

C 1 extension 2 A 7 B 12 B 17 A
4 impressive 23 3 B 8 B 13 B 18 B
2 builders
5
3 construction 4 A 9 B 14 C 19 A
5 A 10 C 15 C 20 B
6 B 11 A 16 A
1 We lost our luggage at the airpOFt.
19 2 We went to Bath by car.
3 e police are searching for the stolen Oral Activity
painting.
(Suggested answers)
4 y kilometres is too far to travel to
school. • She went to the hairdresser’s to get a
5 very reliable means of transport is the new haircut.
train. • She arrived at the stadium and sat in the
6 e criminal was sentenced to ten years in front row.
prison.
• She danced to wonderful music during
7 o hovercraft almost collided at sea
the performance.
yesterday.
8 have three sisters-in-law. • She was invited on the stage to meet
9 people enjoy listening to music. the band.
10 e news is on TV at six o’clock every • She sang a song with the lead singer.
evening. • She went for a meal in an expensive
restaurant.
1 e 4 an • She was driven home in a
7 the
2 e 5 the black limousine.
8 the
3 e 6 car
9 The

Phrasal Verbs Writing Activity

(Suggested answer)
2 with 12 up
2 3 out 13 without to the hairdresser’s to get a new
4 up 14 up haircut. I arrived at the stadium and sat in the
5 behind 15 apart front row. I danced to wonderful music during
6 away with 16 up the performance. Then, I was invited on the
7 up 17 behind stage to meet the band, where I sang a song
8 for 18 up with the lead singer. Afterwards, I went for a
9 in 19 back on meal in an expensive restaurant, and finally I
10 away with 20 in with was driven home in a black limousine.
11 for

240
 UNiT S: Modol Verbs
4 2 could/couldn’t 7 couldn’t/wasn't may/might/could have been delayed in
1 t was able to able to traffic.
can 8 can't 5 may/might/could have gone to the
5 can’t 9 could cinema.
6 was able to 10 can 6 .. may/might/could be asleep already.
7 .. may/might not have been promoted.
mustn’t 5 mustn’t 8 may/might/could have called while we
needn’t/don’t 6 must were out.
have to 7 must 9 may/might go shopping this afternoon.
4 needn’t/don’t 8 needn’t/don’t 10 may/might/could be outside in the
garden.
have to have to
11 may/might not have received our
message.
2 didn’t need to 6 needn't have 12 .. may/might/could be visiting a friend.
hurry bought
3 needn’t have 7 needn’t have
2 can 7 can’t
gone packed
3 mustn’t/can’t 8 must
4 didn’t need to ask 8 didn’t need to
4 must/have to 9 needn’t
5 didn’t need to buy pack
5 can 10 have to
6 needn’t
A No, they can’t be tired.
Yes, they must know each other. 2 could/were 5 were allowed to
B Yes, they must go fishing often. allowed to 6 could/was
No, it can’t be winter. was allowed allowed
No, they can’t be bored. to could/were to
Yes, they must have walked up the allowed to
mountain.
Yes, they must enjoy walking. 2 was allowed to 5 Might
No, the weather can't be very hot. Can 6 may
Yes, she must have been interviewing 4 May 1 7 Am I allowed to
the man.
Yes, she must be a reporter. Shall 5 Will 8 Shall
No, they can’t be in an 10 t Will 6 shall 9 Will
office. 2 shall 7 Will 10 Shall
2 can't know the secret.
3 .. can’t have got a new car. 2 shouldn’t/ought not to have bought
mUSt have paid the phone bill. 11 t shouldn’t/ought not to eat
5 can’t live here. shouldn’t/ought not to have lifted
6 must have left the party early. 5 should/ought to drive/have driven/have
7 can’t have called me. been driving
8 must have sent you a birthday card. 6 should/ought to be
9 MUSt have been keeping secrets from 7 should/ought to have done
me. 8 shouldn’t/ought not to have borrowed
10 must be looking for a new job.
11 can’t have gone to the supermarket. 2 didn’t need to 8 was able to
12 mUSt be working at the library. should 9 needn’t
May 10 May
2 may/might be home soon. 5 could 11 shall, can
3 may/might not stay in a hotel. 6 can’t 12 could
7 Could
 2 k 5 1 8 b 11 8 May/Might/Could/Can I take this chair?
1 3 j 6 a 9 d 12 g 9 You needn’t/don’t have to feed the dog.
4 e 7 h 10 c I’ve already done it.
10 You should have locked the doors when
David can’t be going to the party tonight. you went out.
The guests should arrive at 8 o’clock. 11 You must take legal action.
Toby didn’t have/need to go to school 12 We should/ought to obey the law.
today.
5 You should/ought to book a table in
2 A 4 B 6 A 8 B 10 B
6
advance.
They have to/must wear helmets at
1/,p 3 B 5 A 7 B 9A
work.
7 You must wait here until the manager 2 can’t/mustn’t/ 7 may/might
arrives. may not 8 must
8 Steve was able to repair the bike after Shall 9 must/have to
trying for two hours. May/Could/Can/ 10 can’t/couldn’t
9 We may/might go to Italy for a holiday Might 11 can’t
next summer./lt is likely that we will go to should/ought to 12 Shall
Italy for a holiday next summer. 6 mustn’t/can’t
10 We have to wear a uniform for school.
11 You mustn’t run in the corridors.
2 Tony may/might/could have gone to work
12 Let’s invite some friends over to dinner./
Shall we invite some friends over to 19 early.
dinner?/We can/could invite some 3 Policemen have to wear a uniform while
friends over to dinner. on duty.
13 You needn’t/don’t have to buy me a 4 Simon was able to climb the mountain,
present. although it was steep.
14 Can/May/Could/Might I use You mustn’t/can’t/are not allowed to
your telephone? sound the alarm for no reason.
15 Shall I clean the windows for you? 6 Shall we watch a video this
16 Let’s go for a walk this afternoon./ShaIl evening?/we can/could watch a video
we go for a walk this afternoon?/We can/ this evening.
could go for a walk this afternoon. 7 Martin must have heard me calling him.
8 Paul can’t be an engineer.
2 They may/might/could be trying to
15 escape.
2A 4 C 6 A 8B 10 C
3 They must be in the countryside.
20 3 B 5 A 7 C 9B

4 It can’t be a cloudy day.

5 It may/might/could be their own boat. A 5 A 8 C 11A 14 C
6 They may/might/could be going to a hiding C 6 C 9 B 12 A 15 C
place. B 7 A 10 C 13 A
7 The police may/might/could be chasing
them. 2
2 3
2 Will/Could you hold this bag for me,
16 please? 4
3 We could go for a picnic this
weekend. Shall we go for a picnic this 7
weekend? 6
4 John didn’t have/need to go to work
because it was Sunday. 2
5 We were able to do the puzzle, although 23 t
it was difficult.
6 You must/have to report to the manager 5
6 t have been looking for something.
There must They can’t have wanted money.
have been two
thieves. can have lunch
T don’t have to work
h should open
e may have forgotten
y needn’t have bought

m
u
s
t

h
a
v
e

g
o
t

i
n

t
h
r
o
u
g
h

t
h
e

w
i
n
d
o
w
.
They must
have had a
getaway car.
T
h
e
y

m
u
s
 7 could be at 11 away from 16 away with 21 away
8 should have your 12 to 17 through to 22 at
9 can’t have meant 13 through 18 away with 23 through
10 needn’t have helped 14 over 19 round
11 mustn’t take your bag 15 on 20 over
12 must have understood
13 may have taken
14 are not allowed to run Prepositions
15 Jane be leaving school
16 likely that we will have 2 in 8 in 14 to 20 in
17 ought to start studying 30 t for 9 at 15 on 21 on
after 10 in 16 with 22 about
2 needn’t 6 Can 9 shouldn't 5 at 11 of 17 on
3 Could 7 May 10 ought 6 for 12 of 18 to
4 needn’t 8 Shall, 11 have to 7 on 13 for 19 of
5 Shall Could 12 should
2 have already put 6 will arrive

8 un-
3@ t will be/are 7 will take
2 co- 5 inter- will probably 8 went
25 3 bi- 6 over- 9 re- borrow 9 bought
de- 7 re- 10 un-
5 have arranged 10 will go/goes

2 impressive 10 collection 2 am meeting 6 was cutting

3 communication 11 attractions 3 has been baking, 7 made
4 expressive 12 sensitive
3 has made 8 lost/had lost
5 inventor 13 appreciation 4 has been feeling/ 9 starts
6 protective 14 active has felt 10 are coming
7 explosion 15 explosive 5 Have you ever 11 will be skiing
8 possession 16 expression been, went
9 extensive

2/y 1 ‘Could you help me lift this box?’ ‘Of

3@
course I can’. 2 to join 5 stealing 9 to go
2 I was allowed to go to Emma’s party
last Saturday.
2A 4 B 6 A 8 C 10 B
3B 5 A 7 B 9 A
3 Need I book a table in advance? 34 going, to 6 speaking 10 to find
4 Can/Might/Could these flowers be from go 7 eating
your fiancé? to sew 8 cleaning
5 Although she was exhausted, she was 3
able
4
to finish the race. 2 hasn’t been to
6 You should brush your teeth twice a
day.
3§y 3 the funniest joke
4 is it since you took
7 I had to have my car repaired last 5 still hasn’t tidied
month. 6 denied taking/having taken/that he
8 The bus may/might/could be late today had taken
because there is a lot of traffic.
to 4 will 7 to 10 has 7 as energetic as
been 5 that 8 if 8 finds literature
interesting
to 6 we 9 been 9 dances as gracefully as
10 was made to reveal
Phrasal Verbs
2 down to 5 round to 8 through
2@ 3 across 6 by 9 on with
4 off 7 at 10 off with
24J
 Oral Activity C 1 SA: Is he at school?
(Suggested answers) SB: He can’t be at school. He must be
A 2 SA: Is he a businessman? at home.
SB: He may/might/could be a 2 SA: Is he enjoying himself?
businessman. SB: He must be enjoying himself.
3 SA: Does he want someone to help 3 SA: Is he jumping up and down?
him? SB: He must be jumping up and
SB: He may/might/could want someone down.
to help him. 4 SA: Will he be told off by his parents?
4 SA: Is he worried about something? SB: He may/might/could be told ofi by
his parents.
SB: He must be worried about
D 1 SA: Has she been sleeping?
something.
SB: She must have been sleeping.
B 1 SA: Have they jumped out of a plane? 2 SA: Is it late at night?
SB: They must have jumped out of a SB: It may/might/could/must be late at
plane. night.
2 SA: Are they 3 SA: Has the phone call woken her up?
frightened?
SB: They can’t be frightened. They SB: The phone call must have woken
must be excited. her up.
3 SA: Do they enjoy doing this? 4 SA: Is it an emergency?
SB: They must enjoy doing this. SB: It may/might/could be an
4 SA: Will they land safely? emergency.
SB: They may/might/could land safely.

UNIT 6: The Possive Hove Something Done

2 The tables are wiped. 5 An/The escaped prisoner has still not been
The cutlery is polished. caught.
4 The places are set.
6 A family were rescued from a burning
5 The menu is checked. house last night.
6 The food is prepared.
7 The ovens are heated.
8 The flowers are arranged in vases. 2 has been held 9 is opened
9 The salt and pepper pots are filled. is attended 10 are given
10 The candles are lit. 4 is watched 11 are separated
5 will be presented 12 are made
6 is desired 13 are known
2 must be handed 6 is going to be
7 is conducted 14 are considered
in made
8 are not revealed 15 be given
3 hadn’t been 7 will be finished/
delivered will have been
4 is being repaired finished It cannot be changed.
5 have not been 8 are watered She was woken up by her mother at
announced seven o’clock.
5 The waiter was asked by Sue to bring
some water.
2 Money is being raised for a
6 It cannot be changed.
child’s operation in America.
7 It cannot be changed.
3 A decision was made about new exams
8 The boxes were moved out of the way
yesterday.
by Michael.
4 A shopping centre is to be opened/will
9 It cannot be changed.
be opened by the mayor tomorrow.
10 The dog is walked by the boys every day.
244
 with 4 by 6 with 8 with 2 was arrested 7 is believed
by 5 with 7 by 9 3 is being 8 have been
questioned carried out
4 is thought 9 has been
7 The windows are being cleaned.
He was tapped on the hand with her
5 have committed
6 has been found
discovered
10 have left
pen. I don’t like being laughed at.
32 A lot of money is spent on food.
Is the car being washed by Sue?
A Yesterday afternoon, a sports day
Who was this mess made by? hey was held by the school. John was
5 entered for the 100m race by his teacher
6 The children are going to be told a story
by Grandfather./A story is going to be because it was thought that he was/he
7 was thought to be the fastest runner in
told to the children by Grandfather.
8 the school. The whistle was blown by
The new sports centre will be opened
John's teacher and the race started. The
soon.
air was filled with loud cheers as John
He was made to confess to the robbery.
9 was cheered on by his friends. All the
I was shown some holiday pictures by
other runners were overtaken by John
10 Liz./Some holiday pictures were shown
and, as had been expected, the race
11 to me by Liz.
was won by John. He was given a trophy
Sam remembers being told about the
as a prize by the headmaster./A trophy
party by his friend.
was given to him as a prize by the
12 He was heard calling for help.
headmaster.
Who was this mug broken by? B
A verdict will have been reached by the Do you think that electric cars will
13 ever be used? The electric car has
14 jury by the morning.
The essays will be marked by the already been invented, but at the
15 moment they are too expensive to be
teacher. Jam is made from fruit.
The doctor was sent for. bought by most people. Also, their
16 batteries have to be recharged
The grass hasn’t been cut by Clive yet.
17 frequently. However, if electric cars were
The car may not be repaired this week.
18 driven instead of the cars which are
19 used today, the air we breathe would be
20 are believed to have left the country. cleaner, as exhaust fumes would not be
pumped into the atmosphere.
is reported that the fire started by C Last week, Dawston was visited by the
accident. Prime Minister. He was greeted by the
4 is known that he is making a lot of Mayor of the town when he arrived and
money. was given a tour. He was introduced to
5 ... are expected to arrive in time for some important businessmen and was
dinner. taken to lunch in a local restaurant. In
6 is said that she knows a lot about the afternoon, a meeting was held by the
gardening. Mayor and the citizens of Dawston were
7 is thought to be attending the addressed by the Prime Minister. They
meeting. were told that he had enjoyed his visit
8 are believed to be able to win the very much.
competition.
9 is thought that the company is making An expert has valued the painting.
a big profit.
10 is reported to have reached a
1@ He likes people giving him presents.
We must pay the bill immediately.
decision. The hotel provides hot water 24 hours a
11 are said to have been responsible for t day.
the damage.
12 is expected that she will break the
world record.
13 is known that he has several foreign problems.
bank accounts.
14 is reported that they have financial
6 A boy delivers our newspaper
every morning.
A designer in Paris will make
her wedding dress.
 8 Several important art critics attended the 6 I am having my car repaired at
meeting. the moment.
9 The event organisers are 7 The band have just had their new single
making preparations. recorded.
10 The company has published an 8 We are going to have our new furniture
interesting book. delivered tomorrow.
9 They are having their new
2 are found 11 are joined house decorated at the
12 3 is thought 12 are also known moment.
4 ever cultivated 13 are first roasted 10 We will have the windows cleaned.
5 is grown 14 are ground 11 I have had a new jumper knitted.
6 reaches 15 are then 12 We have to have the lock fixed.
7 has processed 13 He is going to have a new pair of
8 produces 16 are filtered glasses made.
9 is called 17 are soaked
10 contains 18 is drunk 1§y 2 Mrs Brown was having her hair styled by
the hairdresser.
2 Melanie is having her picture taken. 3 She had the shopping carried to the
house by her son.
13 3 Paul is having his tooth filled.
4 Dad is going to have the grass cut.
4 Helen is mopping the floor.
5 They used to have the house cleaned
5 Jane is having her nails painted.
by a cleaner.
6 Tim is pruning the tree.
6 Did Paul have his motorbike repaired by
the mechanic?
• I can have my living room designed here. 7 The boss had the letter typed by
14 • I will have my suits cleaned here. his assistant.
• I will have my hair cut here. 8 Joe had the dripping tap fixed by
• I can have new locks made for the house a plumber.
here. 9 Have you had some photocopies made
• I will have my clothes mended here. by the secretary?
10 Tom was having his lunch cooked by the
2 She has all her clothes made specially chef.
1 for 11 Did you have the sofa delivered to you
her. by the shop?
3 They have had their house painted. 12 I had my purse stolen last Friday.
4 He had his car broken into. 13 Did you have your house decorated by a
5 She had her bag stolen. painter?
6 She has had party invitations printed. 14 Adam is having a new roof put on his
7 She is having her hair cut. house by the builders at the moment.
8 He is going to have his car serviced. 15 She had the silver polished by the maid.
9 They should have their roof repaired. 16 The man had his luggage taken to his
10 She should have her tyre fixed. room by the porter.
17 Did you have the flowers arranged by
2 .. will you have/are you going to have it Jenny?
1 decorated 18 When will you have your glasses made?
3 .. am going to have double glazing fitted 19 I had my party catered for by
4 Are you going to have carpets laid a professional.
5 Did you have your curtains delivered 20 Did you have the chimney swept (by
6 had the carpets cleaned anyone)?
2 She is having her skirt cleaned at the 21 She had the shopping done (by him).
1\y moment. 22 They had their house burgled last night.
3 I have my hair trimmed once a month. 23 He had the fence built by a carpenter.
4 We are going to have central heating 24 Julie has all her clothes ironed by
installed in our house next month. the/her house-keeper.
5 Sam had a burglar alarm fitted last 25 He had his shop’s windows smashed in
week. the riot.
 2 is said to be 9 to be taught Prepositions
19 t was repaired by 10 should be told
likes being 11 is being mended for 14 with 26 for
listened to by in 15 for 27 from
will be told off 12 were told about in 16 at 28 in
6 haven’t been 13 have her 5 of 17 to 29 of
locked wedding dress 6 with 18 for 30 from
7 being organised designed 7 with 19 to 31 of
by 14 had two of his 8 to 20 as 32 for
8 are expected to teeth 9 for 21 between 33 on
be present 15 will be given 10 from 22 to 34 for
11 on 23 with 35 with
2 package 12 enjoyment 12 in 24 to
3 independence 13 absence 13 of 25 about
4 attendance 14 inconvenience
5 performance
6 pleasant
15 importance
16 evidence
2@
1 Sally has known Jim for about six months.
2 At ten o’clock last night, I was baking an
7 impression 17 innocence apple pie.
8 healthy 18 presence 3 Pollution in cities is becoming/has
9 correspondence 19 violence become a serious problem.
10 ignorant 20 achievements 4 Who were you talking to just now?
11 reference 5 Julie has written five letters so far.
6 This time next week, Claire will be flying
He is said to have been promoted. to America.
This pie was made with shortcrust 7 We visited our cousins last weekend.
pastry. Who was this cake made by? 8 The train from London arrives at 1.15.
4 Do you have your car serviced often? 9 Will you open the door for me, please?
5 Green clothes suit Katie. 10 I’m tired. have been working hard all
6 The man was seen to hit the police day.
officer. 11 She used to play tennis when she was
7 The house has been decorated recently. younger.
12 I will call Sam when I have finished/finish
1 being 5 to 9 to my homework.
to 6 was 10 been 13 We had done the shopping by the time
been 7 had the shops closed.
4 it 8 that 14 She is talking on the telephone at the
moment.
15 Susan can walk the dog when she
Phrasal Verbs comes home.
16 He had been waiting for half an hour
2 up 12 into 21 off
before his friend arrived.
2@ 3 in 13 through 22 round
17 Paul will have finished writing the report
4 down with 23 away
by lunchtime.
5 out 14 along/on 24 up
18 I walk to school every day.
6 down with 15 down 25 back
19 Last night, I was watching TV when the
7 out 16 away 26 out
phone rang.
8 through 17 in for 27 over
20 By the end of June, I will have been
9 without 18 ahead 28 off
working here for six months.
10 over 19 off 29 back on
11 off 20 by 30 round
1 been 5 it 9 they 2 Painting 6 to hold 10 wor king
2 to 6 to 10 2@ t making 7 to have on
3 — 7 11 the drawing 8 do
4 by 8 did 5 to sell 9 planning
 2 is watched by many
• In 1924, the Forbidden City was
people. is needed to knit a
renamed the Palace Museum and was
jumper.
opened to the public.
4 ... were planted by the gardener.
5 ... was spent at the supermarket. • It is visited by thousands of people
6 . are enjoyed by most children. every year.
7 ... offered at the resort is excellent. • It was used as the set for the film
8 .. were washed and hung out to dry. ‘The Last Emperor’, which was
9 ... was examined before the article was directed by Bernardo Bertolucci.
written. • It might be used again in the future for a
10 ... were told about the robbery. similar project.
11 ... are entertained in the living room.
12 ... were repaired and cleaned by the
optician. Activity
1 slowly, careless 5 terribly, (Suggested answer)
/9 2 peaceful, rude, politely
certainly, The construction of the Forbidden City
6 seriously,
wonderful was completed in 1420. It is protected by
funny, cheerful
3 sad, happily 7 suddenly, hardly high walls and a moat on all four sides. The
4 carefully, quiet country was governed from the Forbidden
City for nearly 500 years. In 1924, the
Oral Anti ity Forbidden City was renamed the Palace
Museum and was opened to the public. It is
(Suggested answers)
visited by thousands of people every year.
• It is protected by high walls and a moat It was used as the set for the film ‘The
on Last Emperor’, which was directed by
all four sides. Bernardo Bertolucci. It might be used again
• The country was governed from the in the future for a similar project.
Forbidden City for nearly 500 years.

Revision 2 (Units J 6)
2 B 10 B 18 B 26 C 34 B 12 were called immediately.
1,p 3 C 11 C 19 A 27 A 35 B
4 B 12 B 20 C 28 B 36 C 2 Some more flowers should be planted.
s C 13 B 21C 29 B 37 A 3 I object to my computer being used by
6 A 14 A 22 A 30 A 38 C her.
7 C 15 C 23 B 31C 39 C 4 Are all the new staff trained by her?
8 A 16 A 24 A 32 C 40 B 5 The project will have been finished by
next
9 B 17 A 25 A 33 C Friday.
6 The letters having been posted, John
2 ... man was rude. went back to the office.
3 ... she bought was very expensive. 7 What was the safe opened with?
4 ... had been booked by his secretary. 8 The contestants must be informed about
5 ... is too small for me now. the rules of the game.
6 .. surround the house. 9 All the beds had been made.
7 ... is short and brown. 10 Has a poem been written for you by
8 ... is needed to be a teacher. Danny?
9 ... they cooked us was delicious. 11 The dog was being fed by the children.
10 ... is her favourite food. 12 All the doors were locked before she
11 ... was great during their holiday/they went on holiday.
had during their holiday was great.
13 Is my bicycle being repaired by Mark?
 14 The living room was decorated by Dad 2 several, a few 6 few, several
last week.
3 few, many 7 many, a great
15 It is believed that he should be given a
4 a couple of, many number of
medal.
5 a little, a small 8 much, very little
16 He was heard making the arrangements.
amount of
17 She is known to be a successful
businesswoman./It is known that she is
2 about 7 on 12 of
a successful businesswoman.
3 on 8 from 13 for
18 Who was this teapot broken by? 4 about 9 of 14 about
19 He is expected to arrive early in the 5 with 10 to 15 as
morning./It is expected that he will arrive 6 for 11 to
early in the morning.
20 Why was that building pulled down? 2 in 9 Oh
21 He is said to be a very wealthy man./It is 9 3 on/along 10 back on
said that he is a very wealthy man. 4 up 11 off
22 When will my car be repaired? 5 back on 12 away with
6 away with 13 on
2 careful 9 relative/relation 7 up 14 in
assistance 10 frighten 8 behind 15 ofi
4 colourful 11 excitement
5 tourist 12 explosion
to 2 7 to 12 been
6 arrangements
7 reception
13 expression
14 impressive
1/y 3 been 8 that 13 the
4 has 9 been 14 being
8 description 15 attractive
5 the 10 tO 15 tO
6 bike 11 we
2 should be invited 12 should go and
3 must have been tidy
4 will be sacked if 13 likes being asked 2 Tony will have his car taken to the
5 ought to mend 14 hasn’t been 1\y garage tomorrow.
tidied 3 Jane had her bag stolen last night.
6 was cleaned (by 15 likely that we will 4 Paul had his jaw broken in a
Sally) go boxing match.
7 may have gone 16 is thought that he 5 We will have the new lock fitted
g got spilt 17 could have been on Monday.
g is said to be held up 6 He has just had his passport stolen.
10 can’t have 18 mustn’t smoke 7 They have their house decorated every
forgotten
11 don’t have to 20 to be shownhave
19 needn’t to year.
attend locked 8 We had our rooms cleaned by our
mother this morning.
2 He can’t be a policeman. 9 Sally is going to have her wedding dress
3 They may/might move house this month. made next month.
4 She must have made this cake herself. 10 I have my salary deposited in my bank
5 He may/might/could have posted the account every month.
letters yesterday. 11 We have our grass cut by the gardener.
6 We may/might/could have won a prize. 12 I had my window broken during the
7 They can’t eat meat. storm.
g She must live with her parents. 13 He will have his photograph taken by his
9 I may/might/could be late for work friend.
tomorrow. 14 He had his case carried to the car by the
10 He may/might/could have gone to the chauffeur.
doctor’s. 15 They have their windows cleaned once a
11 We can’t have missed the bus. month.
12 They may/might/could have been invited 16 How often do you have your eyesight
to the party. checked by the optician?

249
 UNIT 7: Reported Speech
20 Zoë offered to make some
A 2 tea.tell 4 told 6 said
21 The man told/said
1,y to his children
3 said (that) 5they
tellmust/had to7 go home then.
told
B 1 told 3 said 5 say 22 Sarah said (that) they were the boys
who chased/ had chased her.
2 said 4 told 6 tell
23 Lynne told her friends (that) she is going
C 1 told 3 tell 5 told to a party tonight.
2 say 4 say 6 said
2 Tina told her (that) the library is/was huge. 24 Laura said (that) she used to have long hair.
2 3 Paul told her (that) he was learning lots of 25 Grandad said (that) there is/was too
interesting things. much violence on TV.
4 Simon told her (that) the teachers were 26 Andrew told her (that) she ought to
very friendly. make a decision soon.
5 Elaine told her (that) she would always
remember her time there. (Suggested answers)
6 Roger told her (that) he was taking his 4 2 But you told me he was moving house
final exams the following month.
on Monday.
2 She said (that) she was starting a new 3 But you told me you liked Italian food.
job the following week/the week after. 4 But you told me he couldn’t speak any
3 He told them (that) he had got his exam foreign languages.
results the week before/the previous week. 5 But you told me you went out together
4 Sally said (that) she couldn’t afford to yesterday.
buy the dress. 6 But you told me he was working in a bank.
5 He told/said to her (that) he would buy a 7 But you told me you didn’t have to work.
car if he had enough money. 8 But you told me she didn’t know about it.
6 Frank said (that) it was the house where
he had been born/was born. 2 Jill said (that) she had finished the letters
7 Jill said (that) it had been/was a 5 you had asked her to write.
wonderful party. 3 The teacher said (that) pandas live/lived
8 The teacher said (that) oranges grow/ in China. The tenses can either remain
grew in hot countries. unchanged or change because the
9 He said (that) a lot of people visit/visited statement is a general truth.
museums. 4 Dad says (that) it’s time for bed. The
10 The tour guide told us (that) it is/was a tenses do not change because the
very famous statue. introductory verb is in the present
11 Bob said (that) he didn’t like the jacket. simple.
12 The boy said (that) he is lost. 5 Toby said (that) he had to tidy his
13 She said (that) she might be a little late bedroom then.
that evening. 6 The article says (that) there has been an
14 Mum told/said to Claire (that) she had increase in the number of university
better clean up the mess. students. The tenses do not change
15 She said (that) she has already done the because the introductory verb is in the
shopping. present simple.
16 Sue said (that) she found/had found the 7 Mr Brown says (that) his son is going to
note under the sofa. work abroad. The tenses do not change
17 He told/said to us (that) he wouIdn't be because the introductory verb is in the
late again. present simple.
18 She said (that) if she finished work early, 8 He said that he should have bought her
she would call me. a present.
19 He told the reporters (that) he had been 9 My sister always says (that) she is never
training hard recently. going to have a pet. The tenses do not
change because the introductory verb is
in the present simple.

21iO
 10 Alison says (that) the taxi is here. The
10 I asked the hairdresser if I could make an
tenses do not change because the
appointment to have my hair cut.
introductory verb is in the present simple
11 Mr Collins says (that) you needn't work
Uncle Bill asked us where our parents
late this evening. The tenses do not
were. Dad asked if/whether I would help
change because the introductory verb is
him carry the box.
in the present simple.
4 Mum asked me what time I would be home.
12 She told me (that) she would pick me up
5 He asked her if/whether she could play
at eight o’clock.
the guitar.
13 He said (that) coal is/was found under-
6 David asked Janet who had been/was at
ground. The tenses can either remain
the door.
unchanged or change because the
7 They asked us where the post office was.
statement is a general truth.
8 Meg asked me when I would do my
14 She said to/told her son (that) he ought
homework.
to go to the doctor’s. “Ought to" never
changes. 9 The boss asked me if/whether I had
finished the reports.
15 She said (that) it was raining hard that
day. 10 John asked Sam if/whether he liked
16 They said (that) they had never travelled computer games.
by plane before. 11 He asked her if/whether she would give
17 They said (that) they might go to the him a lift to work.
cinema that night. 12 She asked him where his jacket was.
18 Mum always says (that) you/I should
wear warmer clothes. “Should" never 2 Simon asked him what the best part of his
changes. 9 job was.
3 Simon asked him what he found difficult
I gave an amazing performance in the film. about acting.
6p When I starred in ‘Over the Moon’ in 4 Simon asked him how many films he
had starred in.
1958, Simon asked him what his favourite film
*Film Stars’ said that I brought any character was.
to life. ‘Movie News’ said that I was always a 6 Simon asked him if/whether he had met
pleasure to watch many other famous people.
When I starred in ‘The Secret House’ in 7 Simon asked him where he would most
1961, ‘Film Weekly’ said that I was the best like to make a film.
actress ever seen on screen. *Movie Times’ 8 Simon asked him if/whether he had
said that I had a gift which was very rare. visited many interesting places.
When I starred in ‘Only for You’ in 1963, 9 Simon asked him what his plans for the
‘Film World’ said that I had made the film a future were.
success. ‘Screen Play’ said that I truly was a 10 Simon asked him if/whether he was
star of the screen. happy with his life.

2 I asked the shop assistant how much the

blouse cost.
3 I asked the doctor how many tablets I
should take each day. 2 He suggested going out for dinner.
4 I asked the librarian if I could borrow the 10 3 Colin asked Dave to hold the book for
book for another week. him.
5 I asked the electrician if it would cost 4 He asked her to close the door.
very much to repair the television. 5 Father suggested going to the beach.
6 I asked the waiter if I might look at the 6 She suggested watching the game on
menu. 7 TV. He begged them not to hurt him.
7 I asked the teacher what I had to do for 8 The policeman ordered the thieves to put
homework. their hands up.
8 I asked the secretary when the report 9 The man asked the waiter to bring him
would be typed. some water.
9 I asked the florist if he/she would be 10 Jason begged his father to let him go to
able to deliver the flowers that day. the party.

221
 11 The librarian told the boys not to make
2 me to lock the door before I left.
so
3 for forgetting to call me.
much noise.
4 that Stuart never listened to her.
12 The chef told me to put the cake in the
5 going bowling that evening.
oven.
6 us to play near the road.
7 the man of stealing his wallet.
2 He told the students not to talk during 8 about/of being the best basketball
11 the exam. player in the school.
3 He told the students to raise their hand if 9 (to) taking/having taken/that she had
they needed anything. taken the letter.
4 He told the students to write all their 10 that Sarah (should) stay/on Sarah
answers in pen. staying for lunch.
5 He told the students to answer all the 11 me to let him borrow my bicycle.
questions. 12 me not to touch the oven because it was hot.
6 He told the students not to forget to write
their name at the top of the page.
7 He told the students to check their
answers again before they handed the 2 denied 8 threatened
paper in. 16 t advised 9 reminded
8 He asked the students to leave quietly promised 10 accused
when they (had) finished. 5 agreed 11 warned
6 complained 12 insisted
2 . told her dad (that) she wouldn’t be 7 suggested
home that night. 2 Dennis accused Ann of lying/having lied
3 .. asked Mum if/whether I could have a 1 to him.
biscuit. 3 Tara promised Diana that she wouldn’t
4 asked Jim to help her with the bags. tell/not to tell anyone her secret.
5 .. told him to hurry up. 4 Mum reminded me to post the letters.
6 told them to be quiei. 5 Sarah apologised to Frances for
7 suggested going to the theatre. ruining/having ruined her shirt.
8 .. told me we would discuss it later. 6 George denied using/having used/that
he had used Tim’s computer.
2 Anna said (that) she is going shopping. 7 Mike warned the children not to get too
1t\,y 3 His friend told him to go away. close to the fire.
8 Simon suggested having a party.
4 She asked me if/whether I was ready to
leave. 9 Mum threatened to punish the twins if
they behaved badly.
5 He told/said to her (that) he would pick
10 She admitted to breaking/having
her up at five o’clock.
broken/that she had broken the vase.
6 Ruth says (that) it’s time for lunch.
11 David asked me if he could use my
7 Marilyn asked when I/we arrived/had phone.
arrived. 12 Sandra agreed to help me with the
8 She said (that) the meeting started ten
minutes ago. washing up.
9 My father told me not to be late. 13 Mr Jones ordered the class to stop
10 Pam told us (that) Tom had already left. talking.
11 Joe asked who was there. 14 He begged us not to tell anyone about it.
12 She asked me what colour skirt I 15 She advised her brother to go to the
bought/ had bought. dentist’s.
13 They told/said to him (that) they are 16 The school bus driver ordered the
leaving early in the morning. children to sit down.
14 Dad told the boys not to go near the fire. 17 The policeman ordered the robbers to
throw down their weapons.
15 Liz suggested having a barbecue that
18 Dad forbade Louise to stay out late that
weekend.
night.
19 She insisted on the children/their
b 4 b 6 b 8a washing their hands before eating
a 5 a 7b dinner.
 She insisted that the children (should)
wash their hands before eating dinner.

272
 20 Amanda exclaimed (that) it was the
4 ‘Why are you crying?’ Steve asked
most beautiful necklace she had ever
Jenny./*Why are you crying,
seen.
Steve?’ asked Jenny.

1/ y 2 They gave an exclamation of sorry I’m late, he said. ‘I was stuck in

surprise/delight as the traffic.’
fireworks exploded in the sky. 6 Rachel said, ‘I’m afraid I can't help you.’
3 He asked us to try to visit John. 7 ‘I don’t want eggs,’ she said to her
4 She gave an exclamation of delight as mother. ‘I’d rather have a steak.'
she tasted the dessert. 8 *We have to leave in five minutes,’
She exclaimed/said that it was a Sally said. ‘Can you call us a taxi?’
delicious dessert/that the dessert was 9 ‘Did you go to the library today?' Sean
delicious. asked me.
He gave an exclamation of surprise 10 Daniel said, ’Stop talking. I can’t
when he saw the present. concentrate.’
6 She gave an exclamation of amazement
when she saw the magician’s act. 2 *Would you like to come to the cinema
7 She wished him good luck. 2{y with me?’ she asked.
8 She asked him if he could do the puzzle 5 m 3 ‘I’ll help you clean the house if you like,’
and he said he couldn’t. he said.

1/y (Suggested answers) 4 ‘We’re late,’ we said. ‘We missed the

bus.’/ ‘We’re late because we missed
2 He suggested going to the cinema,
the bus.’ we said.
explaining that they hadn’t seen a film
5 ‘You should see a professional,’ she said.
for months.
6 ‘Yes, I (have) read your diary,’ she said.
3 Tim said that Dave was ill and added
7 *Yes, I’ll help you interview the
that he couldn’t go to the party. Mike
candidates,’ she said.
asked what was wrong with him. Tim
8 ’You broke my glasses,’ he said to me.
said that he had got flu and explained
9 ‘We’re sorry we missed your dinner
that he had to stay in bed.
party, we said to them.
4 He said to/told her that she was early
10 ’The children are always disturbing me,
and went on to explain that he wasn’t
Edward said.
ready yet.
5 She told him to hurry up, explaining that
2 ‘Why don’t we/Shall we go fishing this
they were going to miss the bus.
6 She asked him if/whether he had his
2:/,y afternoon?’/ ‘Let’s go fishing this
afternoon,’ said Malcolm.
key, adding that she had forgotten hers.
3 ‘I didn't damage the car, said Simon.
7 Colin said that he was going out and 4 Kate asked Harry to open the door for her.
went on to say that he might be back 5 ‘I have met Kevin Costner,’ said Julia.
late.
6 She complained (that) he never listened
8 Sally told John that she had bought a when she was talking to him.
car and went on to explain that it was 7 The instructor explained (that) this was
being delivered the next day. John how we opened the parachute.
asked her what kind of car it was. Sally
8 She promised her friend (that) she
told him that it was a sports car and
wouldn’t lose her necklace.
added that it had been/was very g ‘Please, please, let me go to the disco,
expensive.
Stuart said to his parents.
9 He apologised for being late and 10 His father forbade him to go to the concert.
explained that he had overslept.
11 Mum agreed to let me stay out late on
10 Martin asked James if he could help him
Saturday.
and went on to explain that he needed
12 ‘I want to speak to my lawyer,’ the man said.
some advice. James asked him what the
13 He told us that there were no tickets left.
problem was. Martin said that he didn’t
14 The guide warned the climbers that the
know what to buy his mother for her
path was very slippery.
birthday and added that he wanted to
15 ‘Will you write to me while you’re away,
get something special.
please?' he said to her.
2 ‘Shall we go out tonight?’ Bill asked.
3 David said, ‘Shut the door, please.’
2!i5
 2 Dave told them/said (that) they had been
23 interviewing people for two weeks. Prepositions
3 Lucy suggested contacting the Job 2 with 7 to 12 from 17 to
Centre. 2 3 of 8 in 13 about 18 to
4 Ann said that she thought (that) Julie 4 to 9 from 14 of
Smith was looking for a job. 5 at 10 on 15 of
5 Tom agreed and added that they had 6 to 11 in 16 with
forgotten that she had been looking for a
job.
Phrasa/ Verbs
6 Dave said (that) Julie might be perfect for
the job and went on to ask Ann if she 2 in 10 back 19 off
had her phone number. 2 3 off/aw ay 11 back 20 out
7 Ann said (that) she did and offered to give from 12 up with 21 down
her a call. 4 out 13 back 22 up with
8 Sam asked Ann not to forget to ask her if 5 up 14 on 23 on
she could work flexible hours. 6 up/out 15 down 24 up
7 off 16 out 25 out of
1 Anna says that lunch is ready. 8 on 17 back
2 2 They told me that it was a photograph of g up 18 out
their family.
3 Brian told me that he had a new car.
4 Linda said she had seen the film the month before/the previous A 2 instructions B 1 successful
month. 29 3 attention 2 popularity
5 Tim asked me where I had been on 4 careful 3 fashionable
holiday. 5 wonderful 4 enjoyable
6 Alan told me that John must be in the office. 5 development
C 1 admiration D 1 disappointment
2 commitment 2 distraction
2ty t1 to 4 to 7 that 10 on 3
4
concentration
decisions
3
4
performance
enjoyment
being 5 to 8 do
so 6 if 9 that 5 injuries 5 unbearable

2 promised to send 13 accused Jane of

2 B 6 B 10 B 14 A
26 3 threatened to drinking/having
send him 30
drunk
3 C 7 C 11 C 15 B
4 A 8 A 12 C 16 C
4 invited us 14 suggested (that)
5 C 9 B 13 A 17 B
5 exclaimed that it we should
was 15 agreed to give
me 2 A 4B 6 B 8 A 10 A
6 apologised to her 16 ordered the man 3@ 3 C 5A 7 C 9C
for interrupting
7 insisted on my 17 to
whydrop
I was
finishing making 2 didn’t need to 10 didn’t need to
8 refused to give 18 offered to give me 32 give 11 is likely that she
Steve 19 advised her son 3 should be will
9 suggested going to save 4 you like me to cut 12 needn’t have
for a picnic 20 boasted about/of 5 about going for a cleaned
10 denied leaving/ having drive 13 may sell
having left/that 21 whether I could 6 needn’t have 14 must have
she had left lend bought proposed
11 reminded us to 22 claimed to have 7 are not allowed 15 had better
pack seen/that she to interrupt reconsider
12 admitted (to) had seen 8 may/might/could 16 exclaimed that
taking/having 23 wondered where have left the view
taken/that she her purse 9 mustn’t play
had taken 24 why she was football

224
Oral Arm ii y A‹tiviiy
(Suggested answers) (Suggested answer)
The reporter asked Mr Houston where he . that he thought everyone should have
had found all the interesting objects and access to the town’s history. I asked him
pictures. Mr Houston answered (that) he had where he had found all the interesting
been collecting them for years. objects and pictures and he said (that) he
The reporter asked Mr Houston if/whether he had been collecting them for years.
had always been interested in history. I asked Mr Houston if he had always been
Mr Houston said (that) he had, and added interested in history. He said (that) he had,
that it was/had been his favourite subject at and added that it had been/was his favourite
school. The reporter asked Mr Houston subject at school. I then asked him if he had
if/whether he any other hobbies apart from history, and he
had any other hobbies apart from history. said (that) he also enjoyed listening to
Mr Houston answered (that) he also enjoyed classical music.
listening to classical music. Finally, I asked Mr Houston what his
hopes for the museum were. He replied that
The reporter asked Mr Houston what his
he hoped (that) it would be popular with
hopes for the museum were.
visitors and residents and (that) people
Mr Houston answered (that) he hoped that it
would learn from it
would be popular with visitors and residents
and (that) people would learn from it.

UNIT 8: Emphosis - Inversion

2 What you need to do is to act quickly.
3 What you have to do is to call an ambulance. 2 It was Paul who/that sold his old car last
4 What you must concentrate on is helping week.
the victims./What you must do is to It was his old car that Paul sold last
concentrate on helping the victims. week. It was last week that Paul sold his
5 What you need to check is that the injury old car.
is not serious./what you need to do is to 3 It was Sarah who/that lost her keys this
check that the injury is not serious. morning.
6 What you should not allow anyone to do It was her keys that Sarah lost this
is to move the injured people./What you morning. It was this morning that Sarah
should not do is to allow anyone to move lost her keys.
the injured people. 4 It was David who/that made dinner last
What you should remember is to keep night. It was dinner that David made last
the victims warm./What you should do is night. It was last night that David made
to remember to keep the victims warm. dinner.
8 What you have to do is to keep the 5 It was Simon who/that published his
injured people calm. latest novel last month.
It was his latest novel that Simon
2 It’s not Sam who/that is a policeman, it’s published last month.
Daniel. It was last month that Simon published
3 It’s not carrots I like, it’s potatoes. his latest novel.
4 It’s not sweets he’s eating, it’s fruit. 6 It was I who/that met a film star last
5 It wasn’t a film we watched, it was a play. week. It was a film star who/that I met
6 It’s not French I speak, it's German. last week. It was last week that I met a
7 It’s not a house they want, it's a flat. film star.
8 It wasn’t a window I broke, it was a mirror. It was Alan who/that repaired the fence
this afternoon.
It was the fence that Alan repaired this
afternoon.
It was this afternoon that Alan repaired
the fence.
8 It was Catherine who/that found a kitten
on Monday.
 It was a kitten that Catherine found on 2 did 1 5 did I 8 are we
Monday. 3 did we 6 will I 9 can I
It was on Monday that Catherine found a 4 have 1 7 did I 10 am I
kitten.
2 Away flew the birds.
2 I3n LEll gh 9 3 At the end of the road is my house.
w h ha ak e h ee d aVtv Onto the stage came the actors.
Vo* '
It was Margaret Mitchell who/that wrote 5 Up into the sky rose the aeroplane.
the original novel. 6 At the foot of the mountain stands the
4 It was in 1939 that the film was released. Grand Hotel.
5 It was in Atlanta that the film was first 7 Down the street walked the policeman.
shown. 8 Up the ladder climbed the window cleaner.
6 It was soon after its release that the film
became a huge success.
.. had she fallen asleep than the
7 It was nine Oscars that the film won in 1940. telephone rang.
2
2 It was Alison who/that made
10 e get lost, but (also) our car broke down.
the bridesmaids’ dresses. 4 have I heard such a terrible story.
3 Where was it that you met 5 did we realise that the jewels had been
Jason?/Where ever/Wherever did you stolen.
meet Jason? 6 has business been so good.
4 Who was it that gave you this expensive 7 .. has the boss given him a bonus.
necklace?/Who ever/Whoever gave you 8 .. should you enter this room.
this expensive necklace? 9 .. meeting Peter several times did I get to
5 Is it that cake that you are going to buy know him.
for the party? 10 did the police know that the man was a
6 It was Steve who/that decorated the criminal.
living 11 .. last summer have I been to the beach.
12 . I known about the party, I would
7 What was it that made you react like have gone.
this?/What ever/Whatever made you 13 ... else have we had such a wonderful time.
react like this? 14 I you, I would look for a new job.
8 Why was it that you phoned the police?/ 15 . had he entered the office when the
Why ever did you phone the police? manager called him.
9 Why is it that you don’t remember my
birthday?/ Why ever don’t you remember 2 must you give 4 will the show be
my birthday? 3 will you be able to 5 will you get
10 It was this morning that we received the 1ty,
letter. (Suggested answers)

2
3
come in!
did they close the shop?
1f/y 2
3
had I got home
working late
6 the alarm went off
7 have I had
3
4 she needs is a pay rise. 4 should you 8 should anyone
d
5 promise to call him. i 5 did I lose else
6 it that you got married? d
7 have you done? 2 Only later did he realise what a difference
8 ... tell you to be quiet. w
9 .. Annie who/that opened the windows.
1 it would make to our lives.
(Suggested answers)
3 Never before had there been a drug like this.
2 ... a big house with a garden. 4 Only by taking penicillin could patients
3 . a three-week holiday. with infections be successfully cured.
4 ... listening to music. 5 Not only did penicillin advance medical
5 ... doing the ironing. technology, but it also saved thousands
6 ... why she is not speaking to me. of lives.
7 ... what time they will arrive. 6 Rarely do people die from infections
8 ... relaxing on the beach. these days.

226
1*\y 2 Vincent Van Gogh did was paint 2 peaceful 6 luxurious
beautiful pictures./Vincent Van Gogh 19 3 attractive 7 famous
painted was beautiful pictures. 4 beautiful 8 privacy
3 that Mozart cared about was his music. 5 spacious 9 security
4 was the Wright Brothers who made
the first aeroplane flight./was the first
aeroplane flight that the Wright Brothers Phrasal Verbs
made. 2 out 12 on/upon 21 over/
5 gave Charles Dickens great pleasure 3 up 13 over through
was writing. 4 after 14 for 22 off as
6 that Emily Pankhurst wanted was 5 out for 15 up for 23 off/away
equal rights for women. 6 up 16 out 24 up
7 was in America that tobacco was 7 out 17 forward 25 up to
first discovered./was tobacco that was 8 down on to 26 on
first discovered in America. 9 through 18 up 27 into
8 was Margaret Thatcher who/that 10 away 19 for 28 up to
became the first female Prime Minister of 11 up 20 on 29 up
Britain.

2 sooner had I got 11 should you Prepositions

15 too late did we 12 open I realised
notice how late it 2 of 6 at 10 of 14 of

3
4 did I realise 13 else have I Elaten 2 3 for 7 of 11 about 15 in
(that) 14 no 4 with 8 from 12 about 16 for
5 I you, I circumstances 5 to 9 with 13 on 17 into
would must you open
6 did I notice
7 did they know 15 before had I 2 A 4 A 6 A 8 C 10 B
(that) seen 2§ 3 B 5 A 7 C 9C
8 can I meet him 16 did I
9 could we get 17 remember did y
10 only is she we have 2 a 7 a 12 the 16 the
a brilliant sweets when an 8 the 13 an 17
the 9 — 14 —/ 18 a
1 I love chocolate biscuits.' ‘So do I.’ 5 — 10 a the
2 ‘What have you been doing?' she asked. 6 the 11 15
3 Hardly had Melissa gone to bed when
the telephone rang. 2 The young girl was rescued by a firefighter.
4 Not only is he lazy but also stubborn.
5 He is a mechanic, as is his tather.
2 3 The flowers are being watered by a
gardener.
6 Seldom does she go to the theatre.
4 The dogs are walked by Caroline every
7 Only after he had closed the windows
morning.
did he leave the house
5 The flood had been caused by heavy rain.
6 The evidence was being examined by
1 you 5 she 9 ever police officers.
it 6 If 10 when 7 The reporters were given an interview by a
you 7 it spokesperson./An interview was given to
4 enjoy 8 did the reporters by a spokesperson.
8 You will be taken to your seat by an
official.
2 5 7 sight
1//¿, t 6 8 survival fortunately musician living height complaints

277
 9 cautious 9 h party are being made by the students.
10 beneficial a 12 The windows are cleaned every week.
11 numerous v
12 natural e
13 choice
14 Honesty b
15 amazement e
e
n

m
a
d
e

b
y

t
h
e

n
e
w

m
a
n
a
g
e
r
.
11 T
h
e

a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
10 S
o f
m o
e r
ch
an
t
ge
h
s
e
 UNIT 9: Conditionols Wishes
Nod Betfer/Would Rotker Unreal Post
3 When I phone ... 6 If she invites If a brave teenager hadn’t saved the
4 If I visit ... 7 When it starts child, he/she woula have drowned.
5 When it comes ... 8 If he lends me 6 If it hadn't rained heavily, Creek Valley
wouldn’t have flooded.
2 f If you put food in the fridge, it stays
fresh for longer. 2 says 7 didn’t start
3 a If you don’t water plants, they die. wouldn’t have 8 would be
4 b If you put water in the freezer, it got 9 had known
becomes ice. 4 will happen 10 would have
5 c If you leave metal out in the rain, it 5 don’t keep fit started
gets rusty. 6 would try
6 e If you drop something, it falls to the
ground. get
2 wouldn’t have 9
7 h If you throw a pebble into the sea, it had put
got 10
sinks. loses
3 would put on 11
8 g If you mix blue and yellow, you get wouldn’t go
4 would be able to 12
green. would have
5 would have told 13
6 may/will ruin called
2 d If you want to dine out, go to André’s 7 was/were 14 will love
Restaurant. It has French food. 8 had known 15 will be
3 b If you want to visit a museum, go to
the Oceanographic Museum. It is
2 But for 7 Supposing
popular with tourists. 8 and
3 Unless
4 h If you want to see a play, go to the g In case of
4 even if
Fort Antoine Theatre. It has open-air
5 otherwise 10 as long as
performances.
6 What if 11 or
5 e If you want to watch athletics events,
go to the Louis II Stadium. It has
international comoetitions. 1 will you buy 10 hadn't bought,
6 a If you want to see beautiful flowers, go speak, will would never
invite have
3 have done won
to the Princess Grace Rose Garden.
4 would offer 11 go, will be
It is open every day.
5 will miss 12 find, will buy
7 f If you want to observe wild animals, go eat/have eaten
6 work, will fail 13
to the Zoological Gardens. They have go, come
7 see, will ask 14
recently been modernised. 8 would help, had 15 back
8 c If you w’ant to go shopping, go to the g finds out will never speak
Casino Square. It has designer
shops.

(Ss’ own answers)

2 B 5 B 8 C 11 B 14 A
1I/,p, t B 6 A 9 A 12 C
2 If the students hadn’t worked hard, they C 7 A 10 C 13 A
wouldn't have raised thousands for charity. 1 (Ss’ own answers)
3 If the footballer hadn’t rowed with the
manager, he wouldn’t have quit the
team.
4 If the actress hadn't been in a car 2 If you had woken me up, I wouldn’t be late
accident, the filming wouldn't have been 1l/,y for my appointment now.
delayed.

228
 3 If she were/was well-qualified, she 2 could 5 would 8 would
would have got the job. 3 had 6 had
4 If we liked fast food, we would have 4 was/were 7 did
gone to the restaurant.
5 If she had brought her umbrella, she 2 . the ’Titanic’s’ distress signals would
wouldn’t be getting wet now. 1/, have been received.
6 If I knew them very well, I would have 3 .. the loss of life would not have been so
gone to the party. great.
7 He would be at the lecture if he had 4 .. many people wouldn’t have died.
been told about it. 5 some of the passengers would not
8 If they had taken a map with them, they have been rescued.
wouldn’t be lost now. 6 new rules would not have been made
9 If the driver were/was careful, he to ensure that sea voyages would be
wouldn’t have crashed his car into a safer in future.
wall. 7 it wouldn’t have sunk so quickly.
10 If I had bought tickets, we could go to 11 I
the theatre tonight. 1¿,y f
h
e

h
a
d

r
e
s
e
r
v
e
d

t
a
b
l
e
,
h
e

w
o
u
l
d
n

I ‹ss’
o
w
n

a
n
s
w
e

279
r ld afford o e h
s 2 d had r r a
) 4 watching
i practised
g e v
h d
a e
a 9 n stop ni y
v 19’ wouldt had played s 10 work
o s
e t book
t m call 5 didn’t tidy e 11 not mention
u t
o a was/wer d 12 had stayed
4 wu
w 5 k e 6 to stay 13 to spend
i d
a 7 playing, doing 4 g 14
were/wa have eaten
e s i
it s 8 have gone o 15 not go h e
f t
o going/co
2 had been heard 10 had told d
r 3 owned 11 had realised m
a 4 had gone 1 12 met y h
n 5 had known 0 13 learnt a
h uld go
5 w14 f d
o would6 employed hadn’t
6 o l
u stop 7 had won misbehaved
8 didn’t interrupt u a n
r. would 15 had known
g l t o
12 If hei help saw
d
Sue r had t
hadn 2 y
flig bought w
’t h o
ht, had a
a u m
forgo the arrang s
tten d a o
y ed /
to go 7n’ c v
wo t would
to c e
uld c try 1
the e d
arr o p 3
bank nf w
ive t
, she id m e h
tod
woul e e r a
d be ay. 1
d t e d
able h 1
to go 2 d ’If 2 a 6 h f
shop only d a o
ping driv or d r
now. ers u a
g g
13 I wou n s
a d o
f ldn’t k t
ni e
par e t
k s r
t d e
illeg e/ s
h n
ally, h t
e 1
’ a o 2
y o w
say v
d o
s e 2 o
h u
a the r l
trafli 2h d e d
d
n c 1'ty,
a 1 ls
war d 0t e
’ h
den 5 n hi y a
t
. 6 ’t a d o v
3 g ‘I 7 s dy u e
m 8 h g w
wis
i 9 o o1 ill
h
s u n1 m
pas
s t e
sen e 1
e e wc t
ger 2
d s d oo 3 I w
wou uu w
t i
l
s u o p
h w g w r wr
weather
e e h o o a
s r u 20e u c
e w l 11l l t
s i d s d i
h t s e s
e a h w h e
l i I a
w l y p v
a e o e w e
s n u i
/ o l s
2 I had booked a 5 h h l e
1T¿y room. If I a a n
had booked d d t
t
a n’ e
room, I would have b t l f
somewhere to stay e s l o
now. t p r
3 I hadn’t t e
w
eaten so much e nt y
o
chocolate. If I r o
u
hadn’t eaten n 1 u
so much l
o 6 r
chocolate, d
t 8 w
wouldn’t feel g i h
so ill now. o s r
e
4 I hadn’t h a
l
touched the I t
1 p
iron. If I hadn’t h h o
4
touched the a e r
6 w
iron, my hand o d r
wouldn’t hurt u m e
so much now. l a g l
5 I had got up d d o s
earlier. If I had e e
got up earlier, r o
I wouldn’t be a 1 U
late now. y
t 7 t
o
h 9 h w
u
e a i
r d s
e n h w
a ’t i
t m I l
i l
1 s h
5 s a u
7 w e d n
i d l
s g e
h 1 o s
e 8 n s
s 10 pr e
ov y
s id
t o
h ed
th o u
e
281
 2 inability 10 misunderstood 2 C 5B 8 C 11 B 14 B
23 3 disagree 11 influential 29 t C 6C 9 A 12 A
financial 12 unlikely A 7C 10 A 13 A
5 illegal 13 suspicious
6 disastrous 14 wealthy 2 A 5C 8 A 11B
7 irresponsible 15 educational 3 B 6A 9C 12 C
8 ambitious 16 impressive 4 C 7B 10 A
9 impractical
2 Brian said (that) he met some friends in
A 2 invitations B 1 attractive 3\y town.
3 He asked her where she had gone the
2§y 3 exception
4 arrangements
2 acceptance
3 manager
night before/the previous night.
4 She said (that) she would go out that
4 confirmation
night if she didn’t have to work.
5 employment
5 He told her (that) she should ask her
C 1 valuable 4 collection teacher for help./He advised her to ask
2 expensive 5 unbelievable her teacher for help.
3 investment 6 He ordered them to clean up the mess.
7 He told me (that) birds make/made nests
in trees.
You’d better not be late for your 8 He told us (that) Belgium is/was a small
interview. We had better go soon. country.
It’s high time you tidied your bedroom. 9 He said (that) he would help me paint
4 We’d better do the washing-up. the garage./He offered to help me paint
5 I’d rather the guests came at eight the garage.
o'clock. 10 She told him (that) he can visit
6 Unless you study, you won’t pass the whenever he likes.
exams.
7 I wish we could afford a new car. 2 We must have those cupboards mended
8 If you need any help, just call me. (by the carpenter).
to 5 had 9 than 3 Have the shopping done by Sam.
will 6 will 10 if 4 Tony had his tooth taken out yesterday.
if 7 not 11 to 5 Claire is having her broken leg
4 had 8 or 12 will examined (by the doctor).
6 James had the parcel sent first-class.
7 We didn’t go out. We had a pizza delivered.
Phrasal Verbs
8 Frank had the gift wrapped for him (by the
2 up 11 out 20 down shop assistant).
27a 3 down 12 up with 21 back
4 through 13 back 22 up Oral Activity
5 on 14 back 23 through (Suggested answers)
6 off 15 off 24 on
2 I wish I owned a sports car. If I owned a
7 down to 16 on 25 out
sports car, I could go wherever I liked.
8 on 17 for 26 down
3 I wish I could meet Eric Clapton. If I met
9 up 18 through 27 on
Eric Clapton, I would ask him to give me
10 by/aside 19 up 28 away
guitar lessons.
4 I wish I could sing well. If I could sing
Prepositions well, I would join a band.
5 I wish I had lived in medieval times. If I
2 on 7 out of 12 for 17 in had lived in medieval times, I might
28a 3 To 8 On 13 in 18 at have met many interesting people.
4 on 9 in 14 out of 6 I wish I hadn’t argued with my friend. If I
5 with 10 at 15 by hadn't argued with my friend, I wouldn't
6 under 11 in 16 for be so unhappy.

260
 Revision 3 (Units 1 - 9)
2
A 9 B 16 A 23 A 30 C 2 would 9 wo ul dn’t/didn’t
1p t C 10 A 17 B 24 A 31 B listen have
3 hadn’t gone
B 11A 18 B 25 C 32 A 4 had applied / 10 had apologised
5 B 12 C 19 C 26 B 33 A would apply 11 hadn’t made
6 C 13 B 20 C 27 B 34 C 5 hadn’t arrived 12 wouldn’t borrow/
7 B 14 A 21B 28 C 35 C 6 had hadn’t borrowed
8 C 15 C 22 G 29 A 7 were 13 had remembered
8 were 14 had invited
2 too late did I see 13 whether I knew 15 knew
2,y if you don’t leave where 2 .. has she been to such a good party.
wish I could afford 14 before had they 5,y t have I met such polite people.
3
5 I you, I would heard . have they visited the museum in the town.
6 reminded Bill to 15 would rather stay 5. did I realise that the window was broken.
lock at home 6 did I take the picture, but I (also)
did she know 16 denied leaving / developed it.
(that) she denied having 7 . have they taken such an important
8 provided you left exam. g had I closed the door
wake up 17 wishes she than Bill opened it
9 admitted (to) hadn’t shouted again.
having broken / 18 did I go to g has he heard such an amusing joke.
admitted (to) 19 I realised what 10 have they taken a day off work.
breaking time it 11 has he asked us to help him
10 or else I will tell 20 exclaimed (that) 12 had they sat down than the film started.
11 unless you study it was 13 ... did he notice that the music had stopped.
12 should you touch 14 has she attended an audition.
15 .. did I break the glass. but I (also) cut
my finger on it.
2 She invited him to her party.
3 3 hedt/of being the fastest g 2 shall 7 have to 11 could
r neb s bii 3 mustn’t 8 was able 12 Might
Paul boasted that he was the fastest 4 ought15
to She begged
to him to help
13 Shall
her.
runner in the school. 5 Could 9 needn't 14 must
4 She promised to phone him every week 6 Can 10 must 15 may
while she was away.
5 He warned us not to go near the
waterfall.
6 She asked her brother to lend her some
money.
7 The boss ordered his employees to wait
outside.
8 She asked the man if she could borrow
his pen.
9 Mum asked me if I would like to help her
make dinner.
10 He denied borrowing Tom’s football.
11 Mum reminded me to water the plants.
12 He apologised to her for being late.
13 Linda suggested going for a walk.
14 Adam complained of having toothache.

261
 2 The money was donated by a wealthy
businessman.
An important discovery was made by
scientists last weekend.
4 Who was Susan’s portrait painted by?
5 The deposit for the new flat was
paid by Simon.
6 The washing-up was done
before they watched TV.
7 The arrangements for the school
trip were made by Jenny.
8 What was the village destroyed by?
9 All the fruit was eaten by Melissa.
10 Jim's birthday cake was decorated by Mother.
11 I was introduced to the
managing director of the
company by Gordon.
12 The vase in the dining room was
broken by the cat.

262
 2 to 7 of 12 under 7 when 12 will
3 on 8 about 13 of 8 it 13 than
4 from 9 in 14 on 9 to 14 to
5 about 10 of 15 To 5 it 10 that 15 do
6 of 11 into 6 he 11 you

2 up 7 away 2 decision 11 expensive

12 out
9 3 away 8 out 1 3 height 12 beneficial
13 up
4 on 9 up to 4 kindness 13 extension
14 off/away
5 on 10 back 5 generosity 14 signature
15 up
6 back 11 out 6 revision 15 competition
7 explosive 16 communication
8 complaints 17 sensible
9 impatience 18 active
10 relief

UNIT l : blouses Linking Words

(Suggested answers)
2 such 6 such a 10 such
2 until 7 3 such a 7 so 11 such an
until
3 as soon as 8 4 so 8 so
when
4 hardly ... when 9 by 5 so 9 such an
5 while 10
By the time 2 so late that
6 before
3 sleeping so soundly that
2 stepped, was 7 will sign 4 such exciting news that
getting/got 8 phoned, left 5 such a clever girl that
have read/read 6 so little time studying that
had I opened, 7 so much work
won’t announce, jumped g such heavy luggage
have marked 10 has
5 arrived 11
have finished 2 The singer cancelled her appearance on
6 will go, have 12 gets account of the fact that she was feeling
finished/finish unwell.
3 She was hungry as she hadn’t eaten all
2 whenever, want 8 just as, was day./As she hadn’t eaten all day, she
3 after, had eaten pulling in/pulled was hungry.
4 Once, read/had in 4 The teacher punished him because of the
read 9 before, leave/ fact that he was rude./Because of the
5 while, was have left fact that he was rude, the teacher
washing 10 by the time, punished him.
6 until, had came/had come 5 The Prime Minister did not attend the
saved press conference, for he was out of the
country.
7 as soon as, have/ when, will be 6 His parents are pleased with him now
announced that he has passed his exams./Now that
11 have had he has passed his exams, his parents
are pleased with him.
2 after she had done
hardly entered the house when 8 before she bought/before buying g while she was
4 while he was climbing talking to
5 until the taxi
6 no sooner opened the gate
7 by the time
7 The reason for her
turning the job down
was the fact that it
was very dangerous./
The fact that the job
was very dangerous
was the reason for her
turning it down.
8 His car wouldn’t move
due to the fact that it
ran/ had run out of
petrol.
9 Since he was late, he
took a taxi./He took a
taxi since he was late.
 on account of 6 since we didn’t 5 How lovely their house is! They have
because he understand such a lovely house! Their house is so
didn’t tidy 7 due to the
lovely! What a lovely house they have!
4 due to the fact 8 because of the/ 6 How happy she looks! She looks so
that on account of
happy!
5 the reason for the
her getting
1 2 B 4 B 6 B 8 B 10 B
2 in order to 5 for
3 C 5 A 7 C 9A
9 3 so as not
to
6 so that
tO 2 being late, we stopped to have
1 something to eat.
2 I always lock the doors and windows to 3 . of (their) being good friends, they
10 avoid being burgled. argue a lot.
3 The doctor examined the patient so as money, they are very mean.
to find out what was wrong with him. 5 he (had) won the competition,
4 I ve taken out a loan to buy a car. he wasn’t satisfied.
5 We’ll take some food with us in case we 6 (his) waking up early, he was late for his
get hungry. appointment.
6 She is studying medicine so that she
can become a doctor.
2 We went to the party. We were very tired,
7 He put his keys in his briefcase in order
not to lose them. though./ We went to the party though we
8 They will take some magazines with
1t y were very tired./ Though we were very
4 y tired, we went to the party./ We were very
them in case they get bored.
tired. We went to the party, though.
9 She set her alarm clock so that she
h 3 In spite of working very hard, she doesn’t
wouldn't oversleep.
10 We put the letters on the table so as not a earn much money./ln spite of the the fact
to forget to post them. v that she works very hard, she doesn't
e earn much money.
4 He went to work despite the fact that
2 so that he can 7 so that the
expand teacher would a he was ill/despite being ill
3 in case someone 8 (in order/so as) 5 This appliance is very expensive, yet it is
calls to ask l impractical.
4 for cooking him o 6 The teacher explained the question in
5 so that we could 9 in case there was t detail. Still, I didn’t understand it.
take a 7 Even though I drank a bottle of water,
6 so as not to get/ 10 to prevent it from o I was still thirsty.
in order not to getting f 8 We continued to watch the film in spite of
get the fact that it was boring/in spite of it
being boring./ In spite of the fact that the
2 What a 6 such 10 such a film was boring, we continued to watch
12 t so 7 How 11 How it./In spite of the film being boring, we
What 8 so 12 such an continued to watch it.
5 What a 9 What an 9 David can’t play football. On the other
hand, he is good at basketball.

1/,y 2 How interesting this story is! This story 10 It was very late. Nevertheless, the
is so interesting! What an interesting guests didn’t leave.
story! Isn't this story interesting! 11 Lisa went shopping, but she didn’t buy
3 He looks so young! Doesn't he look anything.
young! 12 The boy fell off his bicycle. However, he
4 How handsome he is! What a handsome wasn't hurt.
man he is! He’s such a handsome man! 13 Although he was tired, he couldn’t
Isn’t he handsome! sleep./ He couldn’t sleep although he
w
a
s

t
i
r
e
d
.
 14 Brian is good at Maths whereas his
10 a Even though Celine Dion is my
sister is good at Science.
favourite singer, I haven’t been to
15 Janet is clever. Still, she finds
any of her concerts.
some subjects difficult.
b Celine Dion is my favourite singer.
16 Despite (his) being rich, he is not
However, I haven't been to any of
happy./Despite the fact that he is rich,
her concerts.
he is not happy.
2 did not speak 7 has been
2 a It was a lovely day. However, they 3 is going to rain playing/ had
1/,p stayed inside. 4 is burning been playing/
b In spite of it being a lovely day/In spite 5 was/were has played/had
of the fact that it was a lovely day, 6 had played
they stayed inside. been 8 had known
running
3 a Martin is a good cook. Still, he rarely
cooks for his friends. 2 who B 7 when A
b Though Martin is a good cook, he 19 3 where A 8 who B
rarely cooks for his friends./Martin is 4 which B 9 where A
a good cook. He rarely cooks for his 5 whose A 10 where A
friends, though. 6 when B
4 a The house is in bad condition, even
though they paid a lot of money for it.
2 which 5 which 8 where
b The house is in bad condition.
Nevertheless, they paid a lot of money
2@ 3 who 6 which
4 who 7 where
for it.
5 a Despite the lecture being very
important, few students attended./ 9 (which/that)
Despite the fact that the lecture was 10 why
very important, few students 11 where
attended. 5 (which/that) 12 who/that
b The lecture was very important, yet 6 (where) 13 whose
few students attended. 7 who/that 14 (when/that)
6 a Although there wasn’t uch food in 8 (when/that) 15 whose
the fridge, we managed t6 make a
meal.
b There wasn’t much food in the fridge. However, we managed to
make a meal. 2 where 7 which 12 why
7 a She hadn’t slept well. Still, she looked fresh and lively. 2 3 which 8 which 13 which
b In spite of not having slept well, she 4 who 9 why 14 who
looked fresh and lively./In spite of the 5 whose 10 where 15 where
fact that she hadn’t slept well, she 6 where 11 which
looked fresh and lively. 2 A: .. which/that Sam has gone to is at his
8 a His parents are very rich. 2 friend’s house.
Nevertheless, he never asks them for B: .. Sam has gone to is at his friend’s
money. house.
b His parents are very rich, yet he never 3 A: .. who/whom/that I was talking to is
asks them for money. my boss.
9 a Though I had seen the film before, I B: .. I was talking to is my boss.
enjoyed watching it again./I had seen 4 A: .. who/whom/that she works for is
the film before. I enjoyed watching it very famous.
again, though. B: ... she works for is very famous.
b Despite having seen the film before, I 5 A: ... which/that I lent to Pam is made of
enjoyed watching it again./Despite leather.
the fact that I had seen the film B: . I lent to Pam is made of leather.
before, I enjoyed watching it again.
 2 My father has a large collection of coins. 15 London, where the Houses of
24 many of which are foreign. Parliament are, is the capital of England.
3 I baked lots of biscuits yesterday, very (NI, cannot be omitted)
few of which are left now. 16 My favourite time of the year is summer,
4 She knows lots of people at work, a few when the weather is hot. (NI, cannot be
of whom are from New Zealand. omitted)
5 I have four aunts, none of whom are 17 The woman who/that won the lottery
married. gave an interview to the newspaper. (I,
6 There are thousands of trees in the cannot be omitted)
forest, some of which are very old.
that I repaired 8 who commit
2 (who/whom) I went to is a friend of mine who owns the crimes
25 (who/ whom) I met at university. company 9 when the shops
3 which/that won the competition was 4 which is why 1 10 which was very never
written by a schoolboy who was thirteen kind
years old. 5 whom you were 11 who lives next
4 someone with his homework, whose talking to/to whom door
name is Alec and who is a classmate of you were talking 12 which I bought
mine. 6 who broke the last week
5 whose house is going to be pulled window 13 whom she
down, is looking for a new flat. 7 where he lived interviewed
6 which is a bestseller, is written by when
Nathan Davis, who has written ten novels.
2 as long as 8 Although
2 My office, which is very big, is on the 2@ t In conclusion 9 when
first floor. (NI, cannot be omitted) in order to 10 such as
3 Martin, who works in the library, writes 5 because 11 apart from
poetry in his spare time. (NI, cannot be 6 However 12 while
omitted) 7 So
4 That’s the woman whose house was
burgled last week. (I, cannot be omitted) 2 Claire is very tall. What is more, she is
5 The day when/that I left school was hot 2§y very thin.
and sunny. (I, can be omitted) 3 Despite (my) being tired/the fact that I
6 Sarah Jones, who/whom I knew at was tired, I watched the late film.
university, is a doctor now. (NI, cannot 4 John did his homework while his brother
be omitted) tidied the kitchen.
7 This is the girl whose letter was printed 5 Tom likes football whereas Stuart likes
in the newspaper. (I, cannot be omitted) basketball.
8 This CD, which I bought yesterday, is 6 The phone rang as soon as he fell asleep.
awful. (NI, cannot be omitted) 7 She brushed her teeth, then she went to
9 Tina, who lives next door, is a wonderful bed.
cook. (NI, cannot be omitted) 8 We went to the shops. After that, we had
10 People who/that play musical lunch.
instruments are called musicians. (I, 9 I enjoy reading books as well as
cannot be omitted)
watching TV.
11 The café where we had lunch served
10 Neither Jason nor Paul likes tomatoes./
delicious food. (I, cannot be omitted)
Jason doesn't like tomatoes and neither
12 This is the reason why/that I haven't
does Paul.
finished. (I, can be omitted)
13 My friend Peter, who has just moved to
2 She invested some of her money in
Wales, sent me a long letter. (NI, cannot 30y bonds in order to increase her income.
be omitted)
14 My boss, whose office is next to mine, is 3 He is a good sportsman as well as
a talented”writer.
on holiday at the moment. (NI, cannot
be omitted) 4 Neither Sandra nor Louise can cook.

26!¥
 5 I will drive you to school provided (that) 10 so tight that
you are ready on time. 11 due to the fact that
6 That's the house which my uncle built. 12 as if she was/were going
7 She left the taps running. As a result, the 13 such an expensive hotel that
bathroom flooded. 14 in case you lose
8 They did the washing-up after they had 15 to avoid forgetting
eaten lunch. 16 most of whom
9 It was so hot that we decided to go for a 17 and consequently he was
sWÏm. 18 as if someone has put
10 This is the restaurant where we had 19 which was very polite
lunch. 20 whose novel became
21 who live abroad
3\y 2 Simon is often invited to parties since he
is a popular person. 1 He ran down the road so as not to/in
3 I had a great holiday even though it 37 order not to miss the bus.
róined all the time. 2 Despite his talents, he is very shy.
4 Paul is a builder whereas Robin is a 3 This is the girl whose parents own the
plumber. hotel.
5 We had salad for lunch because we both 4 She often acts as if she was/were better
want to lose weight. than everyone else.
6 My teacher is very kind. On the other 5 She makes such delicious food, she
hand, she can be strict at times. ought to be a chef.

3;;y 2 wherever b 1 To begin with 6 When I see her, I’ll invite her to the party.
3 Furthermore 2 because 7 His house, which is very old, is opposite
4 so 3 However the post office.
5 Finally 4 as a result 8 This is the book which I borrowed from
6 On the 5 so as not to the library.
whole 6 Whenever 9 Jane finished writing the letter at 8
7 To sum up o’clock. She had started writing it an
2 hour before.
3@ t 5 In the end 10 Is she the woman who lives next door to
As a result 6 as soon as you?
In 7 In short 11 You'd better take a jumper in case it
addition is/it’s cold.
sO
8 in order that 12 The town where I grew up/which I grew
3*\y 2
3
apart from
In short 9 due to the fact up in has changed a lot.
4 that that
5 At last 10 while will 4 he 7 his 10 an
6 so long as/ 11 provided that/so that 5 there 8 will 11 will
provided long as an 6 of 9 for 12 so
that 12 What is more
7 For instance
2 dis 5 un 8 mis
2 A 4A 6 B 8 A 39 t im 6 im 9 un
3B 5C 7 C 9 B il 7 de 10 ir

2 in which he gave 2 beneficial 7 repayments

3@ 3 such a mess that 40 3 knowledge 8 essential
4 who park in this area manager 9 employees
5 who is driving that car 5 commitment 10 success
6 because he had 6 financial
7 forgotten which was
8 published spite of (her)
9 being hurt
prevent him from giving up

266
 PArasaf Veros 2 of 5 was 8 out
3 whose 6 to 9 with
2 down/over 12 out 4 won 7 until/till 10 one
4\y 3 oper 13 into/up against
14 off
5 up 15 away 2 ache/are ng 7 don’t see
6 across 16 out of 4@ 3 achi
tastes
8 are you tasting
7 about 17 down 4 am 9 am seeing
8 through 18 through 5 don’t remember 10 am thinking
9 away with 19 into 6 think
10 down 20 off
11 up against/into 21 through 1 being 6 11 been
4/§, 2 7 12 at
3 that 8 13 will
Prepositions 4 it 9 the 14 to
out of 8 from 15 out of 5 of 10 the 15 —
42 2 on 9 In 16 for
without 10 for 17 in Oral Activity
4 at 11 off 18 on • 15th June is the day (when/that) we
5 under 12 in 19 on wish to perform the play.
6 on 13 by 20 at • ‘Macbeth’ is the play (which/that) we
7 by 14 in want to put on.
• David Lee is the boy who/that will play

43 32had done
will send
7 enjoyed/was
enjoying •
Macbeth.
Sophie Jenkins is the girl whose mother
would help 8 didn’t play has offered to make the costumes.
5 have eaten 9 would you buy
6 hadn’t forgotten • Mark Taylor is the boy whose father has
10 had known agreed to advertise the play.
• £250 is the amount (which/that) we hope
2 you type any faster to raise for charity.
3 is likely (that) we will • The RSPCA is the charity (which/that)
4 agreed to help me with we wish to donate the money to.
5 had my bag stolen
6 the most wonderful song
7 was allowed to go
8 been playing the guitar since .. the day (when/that) we wish to perform
9 found her behaviour the play. ‘Macbeth’ is the play (which/that) we
annoying want to put on and David Lee is the boy
10 should be told about who/that will play Macbeth. Sophie Jenkins is
11 needn’t have done the girl whose mother has offered to make
12 why Michael was the costumes and Mark Taylor is the boy
13 was too difficult for me whose father has agreed to advertise the
14 is being repaired by play. £250 is the amount (which/ that) we
15 did we know (that) hope to raise for charity and the RSPCA is
16 is not strong enough the charity (which/that) we wish to donate the
17 were sent money to.
18 ought to phone

267
 UNIT 11: Pronouns Possessives
Demonstrotives @uontifiers
1 him 4 her 7 me, He, 11 We had a barbecue in Bob and Marie's
1 2 H M her he garden.
I ee, er' 12 The inspector looked at the passengers’
tickets.
1 It 6 It, it 11 it
2 2 T here, it 7 it 12 There, it 2 it 6 it 10 you 14 me
8 one, it 13 It 9 3 your 7 your 11 she
4 There, It 9 There 4 their 8 it 12 her
5 one 10 There 5 they 9 them 13 my

2 the children’s 6 the end of the

10 2 grew them 5 fixed it myself
teacher road
myself 6 taught himself
3 Sally’s and Jane’s 7 the students’
3 painted it himself 7 dresses himself
coats books
4 decorate it 8 organised it
4 the Prime Minister 8 the owner of the yourself herself
of England building
2 each other/ 7 yourself
5 my sisters’ CDs
1@ one another 8 each other/one
1 his 5 Their, mine/ours 3 each other/ another
2 Her, one 9 himself
her 6 your, mine
another
3 His, his 7 her, her 4 herself 10 each other/one
4 your, 8 my, mine 5 ourselves another
her/his 6 itself
2 your
5 his 8 the
S 3 e 2 Those 6 this 10 that
6 her 9 the
this 7 These 11 those
7 his 10 her
4 These 8 this 12 that
2 of his own 5 That 9 This
6 your own
3 of my own 7 of his own
4 my own 2 something 10 no
5 their own 8 of our own somewhere
11 anyone
no
9 of your own 5 anywhere 12 something
13 some
2 its 4 It’s 6 its 6 somewhere 14 somewhere
3 It’s 5 It’s 7 anywhere 15 no
8 Someone 16 something
2 It is a ten-minute walk to school. 9 anyone 17 some
3 We are going on holiday in two weeks'
time.
4 She received the parcel in this morning’s 2 Everyone/Everybody is learning
post. 14 t Everyone/Everybody is talking
5 Paul never pays attention to his parents’ Everything has been
advice. 5 Everyone/Everybody leaves/left
6 That girl on the stage is a friend of mine. 6 Everyone/Everybody likes
7 Sarah’s and David’s bicycles are being 7 everything was
repaired. 8 Everyone/Everybody is having
8 Simon lost a week’s pay when he was 9 everywhere was
ill.
9 The girl shook the man's hand.
268 10 Can I see today’s menu, please?
10 e
v
er
yt
hi
n
g
fe
ll
11 e
v
er
y
o
n
e/
e
v
er
y
b
o
d
y
h
a
s
ar
ri
v
e
d/
ar
ri
v
e
s
2 something,
8 anywhere 2 most 8 several
1\y anything 9 nowhere, some 2 3 none of 9 every one ot
3 someone 10 someone 4 several 10 any
4 no one, 11 anywhere, 5 some 11 every
somewhere somewhere 6 Both 12 no
5 no, anything 12 something, 7 neither of
6 any nothing
2 A 7 any, some 4 A 6 C 8 B 10 B
3 B 25 5 B 7 A 9 C 11 A
2 else’s 6 or else
else 7 else 2 Both Harold and Helen wear glasses.
else 8 else’s 26 3 Either Kerry or Joe is cleaning the house.
elsewhere Neither Clive nor Bill can speak French.
5 Both Kim and Laura love chocolate.
2 someone/ 5 something 6 Both Simon and Mike need a haircut.
else 7 Neither Daphne nor Jane eats meat.
17 somebody else 6 everything else 8 Either Scott or Jim is washing the car.
3 somewhere 9 Both Debbie and Hannah go to school.
else 10 Either Henry or Todd repaired the fence.
4 anyone/anybody 11 Neither Beth nor Doug can play the piano.
else 12 Either Pam or Carl will water the plants.

2 every 6 each 10 every 2 something/

1€\p, t Each 7 every 11 every anything
8 any
each 8 every 12 each 9 much
a tew/some 10 every
5 each 9 every something 11 many
anything/
2 much 9 many 12 anywhere
something
13 somewhere
19 t How many 10 much 6 a lot of
14 a lot of
a lot 11 a lot ot 7 much
5 much 12 How many
6 How much, a 13 How much the others
lot 10 another
each other
7 a lot 14 many 11 each other
every other
8 a lot of 12 every other
5 the others
13 the other
6 another
2 too much 7 too much 14 another
7 others
23 too many 8 too much 15 the other
8 each other
Too much 9 too many 9 every other 16 other

2 very little 7 much 12 a little

much 8 very little 13 a few their 5 them 8 they
a lot of 9 a lot of 14 many 29 t them 6 their, 9 their
their them
5 a little 10 a few 15 little 4 her 7 his
6 a lot of 11 few
2 Is 5 all 8 both
2 much 5 much 8 few 3I{y t each one 6 Either 9 Neither
22 t few 6 many anyone 7 None 10 all the
few 7 little
1 We can watch the comedy or the thriller.
of 31 Either film is fine with me.
5 8 o
6 ot f9 2 I have very little time. You’d better make
of 10 o it quick.
7 of
f

269
 3 The children’s area is run by
experienced staff. Prepositions
4 There isn’t anything/is nothing good on 2 on 7 on 12 at 17 before
television this evening. 3 3 for 8 for 13 on 18 by
5 The boy had a cut on each knee. 4 out of 9 for 14 on 19 on
6 We have rarely been anywhere as 5 off 10 out of 15 at 20 under
beautiful as this. 6 within 11 in 16 from
7 He works a lot harder than me / I do.
8 What have you told the other staff?
9 The cupboard was right next to him. Phrasal Verbs
10 Don’t drink all the lemonade by yourself. 2 out/off 13 away 24 out
Offer some to your friends. 36 3 b fter 14 in 25 off
11 She spent all day/the whole day talking 15 up 26 up for
to customers. 5 in 16 out 27 over
12 We have all been invited to Samantha’s 6 off 17 up to 28 off
party. 7 aside/by 18 up on 29 to
13 The teacher patted her on the head. 8 for 19 down 30 aback
14 That dog is hurt. One of its paws is 9 up 20 on 31 in for
bleeding. 10 back 21 up 32 away
15 These are Jane’s and Claire’s school 11 off/out 22 up 33 off
bags. 12 out 23 in
16 All my clients’/client’s files are on the
desk.
17 I’ve visited nearly every house on this 2 I always lock the doors and windows to
list. ¢7 avoid being burgled.
18 This jacket is my father-in-law’s. 3 I went to the bank to withdraw some money.
19 There's someone here to see you. It 4 Let's take an umbrella in case it rains.
must be your sister.
20 Feel free to ask any question you like.

3\y 1 of 6 it 11 people
5 The bus was so late that they had to
take a taxi.
2 herself 7 one 12 a
6 It was such an expensive dress that she
3 of 8 she 13 a
couldn’t afford it.
4 the 9 she 14 person
7 I went to a party and, as a result, I
5 one 10 ones
stayed up very late.
8 Stuart can’t go to the concert since he
paid no attention 10 dress herself has no money.
33 I both Emily and 11 make myself 9 They are such rich people that they
her brother understood don’t have to work.
4 hasn’t got much you enjoy 10 Pauline doesn’t wear a watch
5 yourself and consequently she is often
6 12 nor Peter was an hour's drive late.
was sitting by 13 could borrow 11 She felt lonely although she
7 herself 14 anything I wanted was surrounded by lots of
are not many none of the people.
2 where 5 whose 8 why
people who 15 three which 6 who
8 the whole day boys 4 who 7 where
9 someone else’s 16 time on my own
briefcase 17 John or Martin

Oral Activity
achievement
creative, originality (Suggested answers)
attendance, performance, pleasant 6 excitement, thought
4 government, advertising, discouraging 7 inventor, protective, explosion
5 absence, inconvenience 8 owner, extensive, collection, valuable
• Neither *The Capri’ nor *Marco’s’
serves much vegetarian food.
• Both ‘The Capri’ and ‘Marco’s’
have a lot of regular customers.
• Both ‘The Capri’ and ‘Marco’s’
receive very few complaints.
• Neither ’The Capri nor Marco’s’ employs
many people. Writing Acf ivit y
• Both ‘The Capri’ and 'Marco’s’ need a (Suggested Answer)
little redecorating.
• Neither 'The Capri’ nor ‘Marco’s’ . of them serve/serves much vegetarian
charges much for a meal. food. Both of these restaurants have a lot of
• Both ‘The Capri’ and ‘Marco’s’ have regular customers and both receive very few
several special offers every month. complaints. Neither ’The Capri’ nor *Marco’s’
employs many people and both need a little
redecorating. However, neither ‘The Capri’
nor ‘Marco’s’ charges much for a meal and
both restaurants
have several special offers every month

UNIT 12: Ouestions ond Answers -

Words often Confused
2 Should they concentrate in class? Yes,
10 Who wants to open a shop?
1 they should. 11 Where has Todd been?
3 Can she speak any foreign languages? 12 Why is she happy?
No, she can’t. 13 What is Alan like?
4 Do they have to work overtime? Yes, they 14 When/How long ago did they move here?
do.
5 Was the boss angry when Stuart arrived
late? Yes, he was. 2 Where does she live?
6 Did the children enjoy the film? No, they How long has she lived there?
didn’t. What/Which are her favourite
7 Did she want to go to the supermarket? subjects?
Yes, she did. 5 How many brothers does she have?
8 Does the train leave at half past six? 6 What are their names?
Yes, it does 7 What are Louise’s hobbies?
8 How often does she practise the violin?
9 Why does her mother enjoy this?
2 When/What time 11 When
Where 12 How
long 2 Whose wallet did she find?
4 What time 13 Whose Who made these cakes?
5 How much 14 Which Whose dress was ruined at the party?
6 How many 15 Who 5 What is Melissa wearing?
7 How much 16 When 6 Which is the older of the two brothers?
8 Why 17 When/How long 7 What has Stacey bought?
9 What ago 8 Which jumper do you like best?
10 What 18 Which/What 9 What was blown off in the storm?
10 Who did you run into the other day?
11 Whose secretary did you speak to about
2 How long does it take to drive to the your complaint?
3 supermarket? 12 Who won the 1500m race?
3 What is George like?
4 What does Mary look like? 2 a goes swimming three times a week
5 How often do you go swimming?
6 What made them laugh? b does Stanley go swimming
7 Whose are these books?/Whose books 3 a of these shirts is yours/is your shirt
are these? b is the yellow shirt
8 How much did/do the shoes cost? 4 a mug has Steven broken
9 When/What time does the film start? b has broken Jim’s mug

271
 5 a is going to the theatre this evening
2 don’t they, they 10 doesn’t he, he
b is Linda going this evening
6 a bought Ralph a present yesterday
1ty don’t doesn’t
3 won’t he, he will 11 haven’t they, they
b did Anne buy a present for yesterday
4 doesn’t she, she have
7 a bag is on the chair
doesn’t 12 doesn’t he, he
b is Fay’s bag/bag is Fay's
5 haven’t you, I does
have 13 am I, you’re not/
was it from 5 is she excited 6 aren’t I, you are you aren’t
does he come about 7 are they, they are 14 won’t they, they
from 6 did she play with 8 will you, I won’t will
4 was it about 7 did he write (it) to 9 didn’t you, I did 15 didn’t you, I did
8 did you go with
haven’t you, aren’t there
2 Don’t they live here any more? won’t you, am I, didn't you, are you
3 Can’t she drive a car? have you, didn't I, did she, isn’t it
4 Doesn’t he understand what he has to
do? 2 isn’t there '¥ 8 isn’t he ’u
5 Don’t you know the answer to this 16
question?
t won't she x 9 haven’t you x
can’t she x 10 won't it ’¥
6 Didn't he ofier you anything to drink? 5 don’t you 'u 11 hasn't he ’u
7 Haven’t we got any milk left? 6 don’t they '¥ 12 isn’t it x
8 Couldn't you do anything to help him?
7 don't we x
2
Don’t you know
9 3
4 Haven’t you already seen 1 'Paul doesn’t like going to the theatre.’
Won’t/Can’t/Couldn’t you help 17 ‘Neither do 1.'
5
Haven’t you typed 2 Sally is good at Maths, isn’t she?
6
Aren’t you cold/Isn't it cold She never writes to you, does she?
10 t2 who that woman is.
4 ‘Mark is going to the supermarket.'
‘So am l.’
what time the next train leaves? 5 Who made all this mess?
5 how much this dress costs? 6 Could you tell me when the bus leaves?
6 where Mary lives. 7 Come back soon, won’t you?/will you?
if/whether the police are investigating the 8 She seldom receives visitors, does she?
7 robbery? 9 Everybody is here now, aren’t they?
8 if/whether the caller left a message.
9 if/whether he is the manager.
10 who reported the crime? did 6 not 11 not
how they found the missing she 7 ago 12 does
it 8 does 13 did
2
11 4 mean 9 do 14 look
jewellery? F 3 T 4 F 5 not 10 not

5 T
2 So did 1 6 So have I Phrasal Verbs
1 3 Neither/Nor do 1 7 Neither/Nor have I
4 Neither/Nor am 1 8 So was I 2 on 10 out 17 out
5 So am I 19 3 out 11 up 18 down
4 off 12 into 19 down
2 I don’t think so 7 I believe so 5 up 13 on 20 away
I’m afraid so 8 I’m afraid not 6 in 14 up 21 out
4 I expect so 9 I don’t suppose 7 to 15 over/in 22 over
5 I think so so/ I suppose not 8 down to 23 off
6 It appears so 9 out 16 out 24 out

272
 Prepositions 5 SA: How much homework do the
teachers give us?
2 For 8 on 14 On SB: Not too much.
3 on 9 By 15 in 6 SA: When do we have lunch?
4 off 10 in 16 against SB: At twelve o'clock.
5 from 11 at 17 by 7 SA: Why does the teacher take the
6 under 12 in 18 out of register?
7 out of 13 at 19 on SB: To make sure everyone is here.
8 SA: How do I get to my classroom?
impressive SB: I will take you there.
importance, evidence
innocence, presence, violence Activ itr
4 careful, harmful
(Suggested answers)
5 tourists, accommodation, peaceful
6 lucky, financial, successful, Charlotte: Where do we play during the
wealthy, numerous break? Ian: In the playground.
Charlotte: Can we eat in the classrooms?
2 Ian: No, we can’t.
action 6 operations
2@ t adventurous 7 incredibly
Charlotte: Where do we eat
lunch? Ian: In the school
interesting 8 unusual
5 canteen.
dangerous
Charlotte: What/Which is your favourite
subject? Ian: Maths.
Charlotte: Which class are you in?
4 leave until you 7 had better not go Ian: 4B.
tidy/have tidied 8 in case she Charlotte: Who is your favourite
5 I were you wanted teacher? Ian:Mrs Ford.
6 wish I had 9 because of the Charlotte: What is the headmaster’s
7 in spite of (his) 10 would rather name? Ian: Mr Clark.
being make Charlotte: What time does school
8 as the finish? Ian: At half past three.
teacher was

2 When was the parcel delivered (by the W o r ds often Confused

2@ postman)?
3 They are being told a joke by Emily.
4 Were the results announced on the radio? 1 ago 2 before 3 before 4 ago
5 Tina can’t stand being interrupted.
6 He expects to be given a lift by his father.
1 beside
3 Besides
2C 5 A 8 A 11 B 14 B 2 2 beside
4 besides
3C 6 C 9 B 12 B
4B 7 C 10 A 13 C
1 after 3 afterwards
2 afterwards 4 After
Oral Activity
(Suggested answers)
2 SA: Where do I put my 1 good 3 good 5 well
coat? SB: In the cloakroom. 2 well 4 well
3 SA: How many children are there in my
class? 1 hard 3 hardly
SB: Twenty. 2 hardly 4 hard
4 SA: How often do we have exams?
SB: Once a year.
1 It’s 2 It’s 3 its 4 its

273
 1 quite 3 quite 1 on time 3 in time
2 enough 4 enough 2 in time 4 in time

1 used to 3 are used to 1 was doing 8 do

2 used to 4 is used to 1 2 made/ makes/ 9 make
has made 10 do
3 make 11 making
1 affect 3 affect 4 doing/to do 12 make
2 efiect 4 efiect 5 did 13 do
6 made 14 do
1 except 6 Besides 7 are making/have 15 made
10a 2 Apart 7 except (for)/but/ made
3 besides apart from
4 but/except (for)/ 8 Besides/Apart 1 at the beginning 6 At the beginning
apart from from 1 2 In the beginning 7 at the end
5 Apart 9 Besides 3 in the end 8 in the end
4 at the end 9 In the beginning

11 1 take 3 took 5 in the beginning

2 Bring 4 bring
1I/¿, 1 until 3 by 5 until
1 any way 3 anyway 5 any way
12 2 until 4 by
2 any way 4 anyway

1 for 3 since 5 since

19 1 all ready 3 already 5 all ready
13 2 all ready 4 already
2 since 4 for

1 listen 3 hear
1//,p, 2 heard 4 listens

Revision 4 (Units J - J2)

2 C 10 B 18 A 26 C 34 A 7 His shirt has been torn again.
3 C 11A 19 A 27 B 35 C 8 The dogs are fed by Mark every morning.
4 A 12 B 20 C 28 A 36 C 9 Nothing should be revealed to the press.
5 C 13 B 21A 29 C 37 A 10 Where have those parcels been sent to?
6 B 14 A 22 B 30 C 38 B 11 It is thought that he will win the race.
7 C 15 B 23 B 31A 39 B 12 I object to my books being taken (by
g B 16 A 24 A 32 C 40 A her) without permission.
9 B 17 B 25 C 33 B 13 All the tickets had been sold by the time
we arrived.
2 The floor is being cleaned by Dad at the 14 Jam is made from fruit.
moment. 15 He was seen talking to the manager.
3 Our telephone was cut off (by the phone 16 Who was that beautiful photo taken by?
company) yesterday. 17 When was their shop opened?
4 The washing-up must be done after
dinner.
2 Why is he sad?
5 All the letters will have been typed by
3 What does Sarah look like?
five o’clock.
4 What is Barry like?
6 Two candidates are being interviewed at
5 Where is Claire?
the moment.
274
 6 What time does the play start?/when
6 He denied breaking my stereo.
does the play start?
7 He begged her not to go without him.
How long ago did he buy that car?/When
8 Emma boasted about/of being the
did he buy that car?
prettiest girl at the party.
8 Who wants to go on holiday?
9 She asked him to open the window.
9 How did you get to the island?
10 Mary reminded Liz to set the alarm.
10 Whose book is that?/Whose is that
11 She accused her sister of ruining her
book?
dress.
12 Karen advised me to do some revision.
They will have their bags carried by the 13 Sophie admitted to crashing/to having
4 2 porter. crashed the car.
I must have the windows cleaned. 14 The headmistress ordered the children
4 He had his fence built by a carpenter. to stand up.
5 Lucy is having her hair styled by the 15 The scientist warned them not to touch
hairdresser. the button.
6 He has had his arm bandaged by the
doctor. 1 to walk 9 to finish
7 Tom was having his teeth checked by 2 going 10 swimming
the dentist. 3 to get 11 missing
8 I had had the floor washed by the 4 to watch 12 breaking
cleaner. g It’s worth having the roof 5 to be 13 singing
repaired. 6 tidy 14 to do
10 He will be having the wall built (by the 7 to help 15 Skiing
builders). 8 to stealing

2 enough time to have a cup of tea.

2 Being tired, we stayed at home.
3 .. too tough for me to cut. 3 Having explained the problem, the boss
4 too heavy for him to carry.
asked the employee to solve it.
5 enough money to go out to dinner. 4 Having locked the doors, Katie went to
6 .. enough food to feed all the guests. the shop.
7 beautiful enough to be a model. 5 Feeling ill, Stuart went to the doctor’s.
8 too young to drive a car.
6 The boy wearing a hat is Nicholas.
9 . too cold outside for you to wear 7 The files stored on that disk were very
shorts. important.
10 clever enough to pass his exams.
8 Having made the beds, Caroline went to
work.
2 have I seen such beautiful mountains. 9 Having overslept, he had to take a taxi
3 I you, I would get a cat. to the office.
4 .. did the policeman realise that the thief 10 Robin got oil on his shirt fixing his bike.
had already escaped. 11 Picking up a book, Rachel started to read.
5 last summer has he had an ice 12 Oliver was sitting on a bench watching
cream. the football match.
6 .. did she break the glass but she (also)
cut her hand.
7 have we seen such a well-kept
garden. g . have they stayed in such a
wonderful
hotel.
9 has he apologised for his appalling 2 could afford 6 hadn’t missed
behaviour. 1t, 3 wouldn’t 7 had asked
talk/
10 . the children had left did I notice the didn’t talk 8 had
broken window. 4 hadn’t left 9 didn’t have
5 would visit 10 would tell/told
She complained that he always makes/
made too much noise.
I agreed to lend her the money.
4 Julia exclaimed that it was/had been a
delicious meal.
5 He suggested going shopping.
 2 have
been 9 have you worked/ 2 walking by 12 doesn't have
1@ thinking have you been 1 herself MUCh time/hasn’t
3 starts working 3 as if he hadn’t got mUCh time
4 haven’t eaten 10 arrives/has 4 half an hour’s 13 on his own
5 won’t get arrived walk/ a half-hour 14 aren't many
6 will be sleeping 11 made walk people
7 was doing 12 Will you be going/ 5 in which 15 because he had
8 will help Are you going 6 both Sam and run
Andrew 16 the whole
something 7 someone 7 in case you want afternoon
anywhere 8 anything/ 8 so as to finish/so 17 Was such a
no something funny that she could fÏIM
5 somewhere 9 nowhere finish 18 people that/who
6 no one 10 some 9 some of whom drop litter
10 whose parents 19 make myself
2 him live understood
6 That
their 7 everything 11 due to the 20 neither of the two
the women
8 much
5 themselves
2 helpful 10 thoughtful
3 disturbance 11 decision
2 on 7 on 12 for
14 t 4 enjoyment 12 achievement
At 8 by 13 at
5 beneficial 13 protective
on 9 out of 14 for
6 successful 14 denial
5 without 10 against 15 by
7 patience 15 advisable
6 outof 11 by
8 destruction 16 competition
9 operation
2 on 7 off 12 out/off
15 t down 8 in 13 on
for
5 up
9 up
10 out
14
15
in
out
1/y, 2 not 6 her 10 did 14 will
3 the 7 for 11 it 15 she
6 up 11 up 4 he 8 not 12 a
5 one Ït 13 ones

2 A 5C 8B 11A 14B
1/y 3 C 6A 9 A 12 C 15 A
4 B 7C 10 B 13 C

Progress Test 1 (Units 1 - 2j

1A 4C 7C 10 C 13 B 23 is very bad to tell
B 5 B 8C 11B 14 B 24 her homework before going/she went
3 B 6 G 9 B 12 A

15 isn’t hot enough 25 to help 33 to locate

2 16 last time we went 3 26 unscrewing 34 leaving
17 was too expensive for him 27 eat 35 to have to
18 still haven’t written 28 to buy 36 to send
19 was seen to leave 29 lying 27 missing
20 are not allowed to eat 30 to find 38 to thank
21 fClund the film borin9 31 to take up 39 believe
22 been playing the piano since 32 taking 40 talking

276
 Progress Test 2 (Units 3 4)
older than 6 more expensive 19 hardly 26 lately
more interesting than 20 time 27 a
than 7 the most beautiful 21 was 28 JFK
3 the most delicious 8 the best 22 the English 29 Bears
4 the nicest 9 later Channel 30 the college
5 better than 10 the most 23 The Queen 31 nearly
intelligent 24 Most 32 were
25 a 33 is

34 the worst day

11 papers 15 Chocolates
2,y 12 time 16 times 35 types faster than
13 an experience 17 a rOOM 36 is less imaginative than
14 room 18 experience 37 as much money
38 the best
39 the less tolerant
40 is not as pretty as

Progress Test 3 (Units S 6)

C 5 B 9A 13A 17C 28 Are you allowed to receive phone calls at
A 6 A 10 C 14 A 18 B work?
A 7 B 11C 15 A 19 A 29 A protest march is being organised.
4B 8 A 12 C 16 B 30 It is said that she will take part in the
negotiations.
20
Their flat was broken into last night.
2 22 The mail hasn’t been opened by Steve 31 is likely that we 36 should study
yet. Are many people being invited to will 37 don’t have to
23 the party? The house was painted by 32 ought to take work
24 Jake last week. Paul hates being notes 38 got broken when
25 interrupted. 33 can’t work I fell
He is considered the greatest composer 34 could have 39 can talk about
26 of our time. missed this
The candidate was asked several 35 may have 40 must already
27 questions by the reporter. forgotten have
Nothing was said about the matter.

Progress Test 4 (Units 7 8)

complained he didn’t have 8 did I realise
save some money will you 9 reminded me to lock
advised him to be 10 accused Oliver of taking
4 said that we should 11 only is he a wonderful
5 sooner had I reached 12 should you leave
6 I you, I would 13 why Lisa was baking
7 ordered the children to 14 I been asked,

277
 15 apologised for being
29 She agreed to give him a lift into town.
16 insisted on Sally’s tidying
30 Dad threatened to send Jamie to his
17 did we know that
room if he misbehaved.
18 before had I eaten 31 Pam asked me if she could have a cup
19 whether I could help him of tea.
20 do I have time
32 He admitted to spilling/having spilt the
coffee.
21 Julie promised Tim that she wouldn’t 33 She reminded him to do the shopping.
2 forget to call. 34 The policeman ordered the thieves to
22 Martin denied breaking the dish. put their hands up.
23 Dad forbade us to watch the late film. 35 We insisted that they stay for dinner.
24 Joanne exclaimed that it was the best
cake she’d ever tasted. 36 Colin who left the door open.
25 Mum advised Peter to go to the doctor’s. 3 37 she needs is a new house.
26 He suggested going for a walk. 38 be quiet!
27 He begged her to take him with her. 39 it that you moved to London?
28 The teacher ordered the class to be 40 did promise to write to me.
quiet.

Progress Test S (Units 9 lO)

1B 5 B 9B 13 B 17C 28 for the bad weather it
C 6 B 10 B 14 A 18 A 29 get promoted unless
3 B 7 A 11C 15 B 19 C 30 which was very careless
4C 8 A 12 A 16 C 20 A 31 would rather eat choclolate than
32 such fun that I stayed
21 you would listen 33 as if she was going
2 22 due to the fact 34 spite of it being cold
23 that I were you, I 35 provided he buys
24 would whose 36 wish I hadn’t argued
25 mother is or else 37 so as to get some
26 you will some of 38 had better lock
27 whom and as a 39 in case you need
result I 40 I would have said

Progress Test 6 (Units 11 - 12)

C 5 A 9 C 13 A 17 C 29 Who is watching television?
B 6 A 10 B 14 A 18 B 30 How much did this suit cost?
A 7 C 11 A 15 A 19 A
4 C 8 B 12 B 16 B 20 A 31 has eaten everything but/except/except
3 for/apart from
32 enjoyed himself at school
21 What is Susie wearing? 33 by herself
2 22 Who is washing the car? 34 both of the girls
23 When does Peter go to college? 35 gave no explanation for
24 Who is she sending a parcel to? 36 not many seats left
25 Why are you going shopping? 37 could go anywhere I liked
26 How long has she been living here? 38 both Paul and Stuart
27 How did they go to work? 39 Helen nor Chris
28 Where is Simon going? 40 someone else’s order

278