GS4 - Final July

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS
INSIGHTSIAS
IA SIMPLIFYING IAS EXAM PREPARATION

MAINS 2020
GS- IV
JULY 2020
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GS4_final july.pdf
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NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They
are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing
is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you
extra points in the form of background information.
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Table of Contents
Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions;
dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships. ........................................................ 9
Differentiate between the following – (250 words) 1) Compliance and Adherence 2) Personality
and Character ................................................................................................................................ 9
Growing awareness about terminal as well as mental illness has given credence to the idea of
“living wills”. What is a living will? Discuss the ethical issues to be well-thought-out from an
individual as well as social perspective to formulate and implement it. (250 words) .................... 10
The continuous and intensified contact with the Western culture has had an erosional impact on
the Indian value system. Discuss. (250 words) ............................................................................. 12
‘Whatever deserves to exist, deserves to be studied and understood’. What do you understand by
the above quote? Discuss their contemporary relevance. (250 words) ......................................... 15
Technological innovations which greatly influence human values are on the rise. In this light,
Discuss the necessity of mainstreaming of ethics with technology. (250 words) ........................... 17
“The first step in the evolution of ethics is a sense of solidarity with other human beings.”
Comment. (250 words) ................................................................................................................ 19
“An unexamined life is not worth living”. – Socrates. What does the following quotations mean to
you? Discuss the importance of self-realization? (250 words) ...................................................... 20
“You cannot change your future, but you can change your habits, and surely your habits will
change your future.” Explain the meaning of quote and importance of perseverance in life. (250
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 22
“If you want others to be happy, practice compassion. If you want to be happy, practice
compassion.” Analyse the statement with focus on value of compassion. (250 words) ................ 23
“A good education policy is Data-informed but values-driven.” Analyse the statement in light of
new national education policy. (250 words) ................................................................................. 24
Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators;
role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values. ......................................... 26
“Man by nature is a political animal”. Explain with reference to Aristotle’s idea of the state in life
of the society. (250 words) .......................................................................................................... 26
“Shelving hard decisions is the least ethical course.” – Sir George Adrian Cadbury. Comment in the
context of civil services in India. (250 words) ............................................................................... 28
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral
and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion. .................................................................. 30
What are the factors that have influenced the contemporary attitude of the state and the society
towards homosexuality in India? Also, comment on the changing attitude and the factors driving
this change. (250 words) .............................................................................................................. 30
The COVID-19 pandemic could be the “perfect storm” for reinforcing stereotypes about certain
vulnerable sections. Analyze. (250 words) ................................................................................... 33
Explain the relationship between attitude and behaviour. Do you think training can change
attitude of people towards weaker sections of the society? Discuss. (250 words). ....................... 36
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Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship,
objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker
sections. .......................................................................................................................................... 37
Examine the relevance of the following in the context of civil services: (a) Integrity (b) Principle of
Legality (250 words) .................................................................................................................... 37
Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and
governance. .................................................................................................................................... 43
What do you understand by an “emotional storm”? Discuss its relevance for public servants in
current challenging times and means to overcome it. (250 words) .............................................. 43
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world. ......................................... 45
In context of current declining political condition of the nation states across the world, deliberate
upon the need for Plato’s “Philosopher King”. (250 words) ......................................................... 45
The life of Mahatma Gandhi is a perfect example of restraint, forgiveness and magnanimity.
Examine the relevance of these attributes in today’s world? (250 words) .................................... 46
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns
and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as
sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and
moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; ........................... 49
In a globalized interdependent world, global governance is increasingly becoming crucial for
achieving sustainable economic development goals, do you agree? Discuss with suitable
examples. (250 words) ................................................................................................................. 49
‘The great virtue of bureaucracy is that it is an institutional method for applying general rules to
specific cases’. Explain what you understand by the quote and discuss its contemporary relevance
(250 words) ................................................................................................................................. 51
The set of principles recommended by Nolan committee for public life are significant because they
focused on behaviour and culture rather than processes. Analyse. (250 words)........................... 54
Discuss the impact of Social influence on public services? (250 words) ........................................ 56
Corporate Governance .................................................................................................................... 58
System of corporate governance was made to make Corporations accountable to stakeholders.
However, the real ethical challenge lies in determining who the real stakeholders are and
balancing their interests. Debate. (250 words) ............................................................................. 58
Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable. Analyse. (250
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 61
Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity;
Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of
Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds,
challenges of corruption. ................................................................................................................. 62
While discussing the reasons for the lack of efficient utilization of public funds, explain how
efficient utilization of public funds is fundamental to a sustainable society. (250 words) ............. 62
‘Regulation of the issue of Conflict of Interest is a crucial step in probity’. Explain. (250 words) ... 65
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‘Corruption is conventionally understood as a deviant behaviour but it is also a sign of moral

decline in the society’. Illustrate with examples. (250 words) ...................................................... 67
Case Studies on above issues. .......................................................................................................... 70
Mobota is a small and very poor country in Africa. A major epidemic of a new disease breaks out
in Mobota. The only medicine in the market for this disease is a drug made in India by a new
pharmaceutical company called Biomed. Since the drug has been developed at heavy cost and
Biomed is partly owned by a major international company, the medicine is priced very high.
Mobota cannot not afford to pay the price for the large quantities it needs to control the
outbreak. What are the different options for Mobota’s health minister to deal with this situation?
What according to you would be the best option & why. (250 words) ......................................... 70
You are aspiring to become an IAS officer and you have cleared various stages and now you have
been selected for the personal interview. On the day of the Interview, on the way to the venue
you saw an accident where a mother and child who happen to be your relatives were badly
injured. They needed immediate help. What would you have done in such a situation? Justify your
action. (250 words) ...................................................................................................................... 71
Your husband is watching a news report on rape along with your 8 year old daughter. The report is
airing graphic pictures of rape and murder scenes. Your father-in-law who is also watching the
report comments that your daughter is not safe on the streets and she should be taught how to
dress from now itself so that she would be safe when she grows up. Your husband concurs. In the
same hall you are helping your son with his homework while listening to all the conversations
happening in the hall. In between your son, who is 12 year old, keeps asking you about what rape
is, who commits it and why every news channel is talking about only this issue etc. You are
focusing only on his homework and not reacting to anything. Identify the various issues in the case
study and give your opinion on them. (250 words) ...................................................................... 73
In one of the districts of a frontier state, narcotics menace has been rampant. This has resulted in
money laundering, mushrooming of poppy farming, arms smuggling and near stalling of
education. The system is on the verge of collapse. The situation has been further worsened by
unconfirmed reports that local politicians as well as some senior police officers are providing
surreptitious patronage to the drug mafia. At that point of time a woman police officer, known for
her skills in handling such situations is appointed as superintendent of police to bring the situation
to normalcy. If you are the same police officer, identify the various dimensions of the crisis. Based
on your understanding, suggest measures to deal with the crisis. (250 words)............................. 75
You are a Public Information Officer (PIO) in a government department. You are aware that the
RTI Act 2005 envisages transparency and accountability in administration. The act has functioned
as a check on the supposedly arbitrarily administrative behaviour and actions. However, as a PIO
you have observed that there are citizens who filed RTI applications not for themselves but on
behalf of such stakeholders who purportedly want to have access to information to further their
own interests. At the same time there are these RTI activists who routinely file RTI applications
and attempt to extort money from the decision makers. This type of RTI activism has affected the
functioning of the administration adversely and also possibly jeopardises the genuineness of the
applications which are essentially aimed at getting justice. What measures would you suggest to
separate genuine and non-genuine applications? Give merits and demerits of your suggestions.
(250 Words, 20) ........................................................................................................................... 77
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Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics

in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships.
Differentiate between the following – (250 words) 1) Compliance and Adherence 2)
Personality and Character
Reference: Ethics, integrity and aptitude by Lexicon Publications
1. Compliance and Adherence:
Compliance:
 Compliance merely means following laws, rules or policies to the letter of the law.
 The government requires corporate compliance, and it’s up to boards and corporate directors to
get all employees to comply.
 Compliance is a reactive word that forces people to make a conscious choice.
 Compliance implies one-sided directives in which responsibilities and failures would belong only
to individuals.
 It generally refers to the overt response given by a person to the request of the other person.
 It does not change the personal beliefs unlike Conformity.
 Compliance is many a times under social pressure. It has both positive & negative effect.
 Eg.: A restaurant complying with the waste management rules of a particular city; or Complying
to the traffic rules by a person etc.
Adherence:
 Adherence is the fact of adhering to a particular rule, agreement, or belief.
 It is a faithful support for some cause.
 It is the extent to which a person’s behaviour corresponds to the recommendations of a
particular rule, agreement, or belief.
 It is a forced compliance.
 Eg.: Civil servants must have a strict adherence to the constitution and respect for our laws; or
patients taking medication, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle changes or Political
parties and leaders have become irresponsible in as far as adherence to the rule of law is
concerned due to political corruption.
Ethics means doing what is right regardless of what the law says. It’s also a conscious choice that is a
personal one. It’s entirely possible to be ethical without being compliant. Ethics is proactive, rather
than reactive as compliance is. Our personal values system, including our character, values and core
principles, guide us when we make decisions. Most people feel a sense of deep personal satisfaction
when they make ethical actions and decisions.
2. Personality and Character:
Personality:
 Personality can be defined as a combination of mental behaviour and traits or qualities like
thinking pattern, feeling and acting.
 It is a range of enduring tendencies of an individual to think, feel and behave in a specific

manner in diverse situations.
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 It refers to the systematic arrangement of all your dispositions like attitude, thoughts, feelings,
emotions, etc.
 Personality implies “Who we seem to be?”
 Personality, does not need validation and support of the society.
 Personality is subjective.
 Personality is the outer appearance and behaviour of a person.
 Personality of an individual may change with time.
 An example of personality is charismatic. Some positive personality traits include being honest
and taking responsibility for your actions, openness, Adaptability and compatibility, compassion,
Patience etc. Negative personality traits involve a propensity for lying, being rigid and selfish, an
inability to empathize with others etc.
Character:
 Character is an enduring and distinguishing mental and moral characteristics in an individual.
 It is the only factor which determines our reaction or response to the given event or situation.
 It defines a person’s behaviour pattern, thinking style, controls feelings.
 It is based on the environment that surrounds us, mental ability, moral principles and similar
other factors.
 It is the most precious thing possessed by a person, evidenced by the limits he/she never
crossed.
 Character represents “Who we actually are?”
 Character requires validation and support of society.
 Character is objective.
 Character indicates the traits of a person which are hidden from sight.
 The character lasts longer.
 Consider the example of finding a wallet on the ground that has money in it. Regardless of your
personality, your character will control what your next step is. Positive character traits include
honesty, kindness, tolerance, fairness, loyalty, and patience. Dishonesty, greed, meanness,
pettiness, selfishness, and disloyalty are examples of negative character traits.
Growing awareness about terminal as well as mental illness has given credence to the
idea of “living wills”. What is a living will? Discuss the ethical issues to be well-thought-
out from an individual as well as social perspective to formulate and implement it. (250
words)
Reference: bbc.co.uk
Why the question:
The question is based on the concept of living will and ethical issues associated with it.
Key Demand of the question:
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One has to bring out the ethical issues associated with the living wills from both individual as well as
social perspectives.
Directive:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
A living will is a written statement detailing a person’s desires regarding future medical treatment in
circumstances in which they are no longer able to express informed consent.
Body:
Discuss that growing awareness about terminal as well as mental illness has given credence to the
idea of “living wills” because it gives primacy to patient autonomy and what kind of treatment they
would want to access or avoid.
The rationale behind the will is that close relatives of the patient often end up spending a fortune on
treatment of the terminally ill patient and there may be plethora of reasons for doing that-
attachment, importance, moral pressure, etc.
Discuss the ethical issues associated with it. Suggest solutions to address them.
Conclusion:
Conclude with fair and balanced opinion.
Introduction
A ‘living will’ is a concept where a patient can give consent that allows withdrawal of life
support systems if the individual is reduced to a permanent vegetative state with no real chance of
survival. The Supreme court of India in Aruna Shanbaug case 2011 had allowed passive
euthanasia and in 2018 gave guidelines which included the “Living will” as well.
Body
Living Will
 It is a type of advance directive that may be used by a person before incapacitation to outline a
full range of treatment preferences or, most often, to reject treatment.
 When a person is not in a position to give his consent for the keeping or withdrawing the
treatment, two cardinal principles of medical ethics are crucial:
 His wishes expressed in advance in the form of a living will, or the wishes of surrogates
acting on his behalf (substituted judgment) are to be respected.
 Beneficence which means acting in what is the patient’s best interest and is not influenced
by personal convictions, motives or other considerations.
 The living will, will be only in the case of “passive euthanasia” and not “active euthanasia”.
 They respect the patient’s human rights, and their right to reject medical treatment, if they go
into vegetative state
 Creating them encourages debates regarding end of life decisions.
 The doctors are more likely to give appropriate treatment after knowing the patient’s wishes.
 Helps in difficult decision making by the medical professionals, especially when a poor family’s
resources are draining.
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 The patient’s family and friends do not have to make the difficult decisions.
Ethical Issues involved
Individual Perspective
 The living will has become a philosophical problem. To make a living will sensible we have to
take into assumption that the wishes of the person are the same when they became
incompetent as when they wrote the will.
 It is much harder to anticipate a person’s state of mind when dying (or when receiving
significant medical treatment) than had been thought, and even harder should one be in a coma.
 It can be very difficult for a healthy person the adequately imagine or decide what they want in
the situations where a living will would take effect.
 Patients may change their minds and not remember to change their living wills
 Only a handful of individuals with access to best research may be able to rationally formulate a
living will. For others, it will merely be an exercise in futility because of lack of information.
Social Perspective
 Translating the words of a living will into medical action could be difficult for the doctors and
caretakers.
 If the living will, is not available at the time it is needed it is of no use to the patient, doctors or
family.
 Does declaration by a person that he/she does not want to be treated beyond a certain extent
absolve the moral responsibility of the relatives to not offer the best treatment?
 On the contrary, if a person wishes to prolong life with support systems as long as possible, does
it put a legal obligation on the family or doctors or even state to ensure it?
 Medical Dilemma: Does it mean an abandonment of a doctor’s obligation to preserve life? If so
at what stage.
 Public Policy related dilemma: Experts believe that a living will might be misused by the society
to neglect the elderly patients and let them die at their own will.
Way Forward
 In the case of Common Cause v. UOI (Union of India) the Supreme court maintained that the
right to life and liberty as led down under Article 21 (f) the Constitution is meaningless unless it
covers within its sphere individual dignity.
 As such, right to die with dignity has been read as part of the fundamental rights.
 However, it is imperative that legal sanctification of living wills must be accompanied by robust
safeguards.
 As mentioned by the SC, these include formulation of will solely on voluntary basis and
certification by a medical board, constituting of senior practitioners, for executing the desired
method of treatment or its withdrawal.
The continuous and intensified contact with the Western culture has had an erosional
impact on the Indian value system. Discuss. (250 words)
Reference: The Hindu hindawi.com
Why the question:
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The question is about the possible erosional impact that the western culture has had on the Indian
value system.
Critically analyse the possible erosional impact that the western culture has had on the Indian value
system and what needs to be done to overcome it.
Directive:
Introduction:
Explain that in present times, people around the globe are more connected with faster means of
travel and communication, exchange of ideas through literature and cinema, rise of social
networking etc. This aggravated contact amongst countries extends to the sphere of culture, wherein
different cultures intermingle and evolve in process.
Body:
Briefly describe how westernization has led to increased exposure to the Western culture through
various means.
Discuss the negative impact of increased cultural contact with the west on Indian value system.
Highlight some of the key positives resulting from this contact. Explain how on the other hand,
contact with the West has added to the Indian culture by both popularising and empowering it.
Conclusion:
Conclude with the point that it can be argued aggravated contact with the West has had a two-fold
impact. The west has impacted India, as well as got influenced from Indian culture.
Introduction:
The Indian culture is one of the oldest and richest cultures, it has a long shaped history and an
ancient heritage. There are many festivals and celebrations which happen in India every year. This
country has a population of more than 1 billion and is a culture in which there are more than 700
languages spoken. This culture however, is now being impacted by westernization due to
globalization.
Body:
Erosional impact of western culture on the Indian value system:
 Families:
 The institution of joint family has received very rude shock.
 The concept of joint families is decreasing, Indians who are living in metropolitan cities in
the small flat culture for them the joint families have become a strange surprise.
 Everyone wants to remain aloof from others and given rise to single families.
 Today people easily lost their patience to get adjusted into the joint family, imbibing the
values of the elders and getting the young ones brought up under the shadow of their
grandparents.
 Social Values:
 The younger generation has accepted the individualistic view point that has tended to
loosen our social bonds.
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 Our culture treat guests as God abiding by the saying ‘Athithi Devo Bhava’.
 Elders have the incorporated values of treating the guests as God, warm-hearted
welcoming, greeting elders with due respect.
 The celebration of every small festival with togetherness and lots of enjoyment, such a wide
gathering with full hue and light can hardly be seen today.
 People lost the value of festivals and cheerful blessing of togetherness.
 The interaction in present generation is highly diplomatic considering the financial status
and wealth.
 Indian culture which teaches to be a part of each other Joys and Sorrows to celebrate the
moments together and share the grief together.
 But slowly all our value for which India has the pride is vanishing & western culture is taking
its place.
 Marriage Values:
 Similarly, marriages have also lost their values.
 Marriages are breaking & our tolerance and patience has given the answer.
 It is very much evident from the increasing number of divorce cases and the extra-marital
affairs reported every now and then.
 Marriage used to be considered as bonding of the souls which will be linked even after the
death; but today marriage is like a professional bond or a so-called commitment to share
life without compromising their self-interests.
 The most affected are our new blooms, which have sprouted they find themselves stressed
and isolated in this new atmosphere as there is no one to take care of them.
 The ego factor into the Indian youth is again a product of westernization.
 Food and Clothing:
 In India different state have their own tradition in which food and clothes shows various
variety and importance.
 The food varies in its taste, but the importance of its own nutrient value and every region
is specified and rich in its medicinal preparations with the home remedies.
 But still the popularity of junk food is too high which cause the health disorder in country.
 On the other side the variety of beautiful clothes which varies in different states and very
much particular in maintaining the dignity of woman.
 On other side the dressing like the suiting’s for the males are an inappropriate match for
the Indian type of climate.
However, there are positives too:
 A silent revolution occurred in the Indian society. There started conflict between the
conservatives and reactionaries and the progressive Indians.
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 The conservatives were in favour of the old traditional way of life and shouted against the
encroachment of the Western culture.
 On the other hand, the progressive groups of the Indian society focused the attention of the
people on the major social evils like the untouchability, un-equality, backwardness of the
women, child marriage, Pardha system, illiteracy, polygamy and Devadasi system etc. and
influenced the people to accept good things of the West.
 This has aroused the social consciousness and helped the growth of middle classes. They were
liberally conferred on the aristocracy and princely order.
 By these methods the conservative aristocracy rallied round the British. With their effort many
social evils could disappear quickly.
 The liberation of womanhood from the bonds of social tyranny became a possible due to the
impact of western way of social life.
 The Western culture and civilization introduced radical changes in the field of religion. Power of
reasoning replaced superstitions.
Conclusion:
We live in a global world with the borders becoming hazier. Goods and cultural aspects travel across
geographies. The current upward growth of India in the world economy makes the osmosis of
cultural aspects inevitable. There are many aspects of India that the western worlds are adapting.
Similarly, Indians are taking from many foreign countries.
Anything that is proven by time thus, definitely has intrinsic values that are appreciated and
cherished by Indians. Moreover, it has sustained since it has been able to take many things foreign
and make them its own. External winds are blowing and will blow – they’ll bring in some things of
value and probably blow away some of lesser value. But Indian Culture can surely take care of itself.
‘Whatever deserves to exist, deserves to be studied and understood’. What do you

understand by the above quote? Discuss their contemporary relevance. (250 words)
Reference: Quote based question
Why the question:
The question is quotation based.
The quote suggests the belief in importance of openness in learning and freedom of speech and
expression. Explain this in detail.
Directive:
Introduction:
Define the nuances of the quote briefly.
Body:
According to this quote both are independent. Freedom of speech and expression is the fundamental
right enshrined in the constitution and it is the cornerstone of democracy. However, enjoyment of
this right is based on ‘right to know’ or knowledge (UNESCO) i.e. individuals should have permission
and means to develop one’s understanding based on its knowledge.
Give suitable examples to explain the significance of the quote.
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Conclusion:
Conclude with importance.
Introduction
“For whatever deserves to exist deserves also to be known, for knowledge is the image of
existence and things mean and splendid exist alike”
This quote by Francis Bacon suggests the belief in importance of openness in learning and freedom
of speech. It gives impetus to broaden our horizons regarding what we perceive and help us engage
meaningfully in exploring the contours of knowledge. It also preaches acceptance and to be humble
to understand the complexities of life.
Body
Analysis
Considering the contemporary example of covid-19 pandemic, it can be said that the mankind was
oblivious to the dangers of microorganisms like viruses and bacteria which came in close vicinity due
to destruction of forests. Our ignorance fuelled development is touted as the main reason for this.
This shows us that, knowledge is of utmost important before we rally for our rights. In this case, one
may think in hindsight, if we were pre-equipped of the knowledge about Coronavirus, would humans
have been more vigilant about Environment protection? And perhaps, would slow down unabashed
destruction of wildlife and biodiversity.
It is in this context, that Bacon tells “For things that are mean or even filthy, such things, no less
than the most splendid and costly, must be admitted into natural history. Nor is natural history
polluted thereby; for the sun enters the sewer no less than the palace, yet takes no pollution.”
“Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known the effect
cannot be produced. Nature to be commanded must be obeyed; and that which in contemplation is
as the cause is in operation as the rule.”
One must also mention Plato’s theory of ideas. He said that, it is important to go beyond the world
of appearances and try to know the essence. That is true knowledge. He substantiates this with
Allegory of caves. In this hypothetical thought experiment, men are chained deep inside a cave and
cannot see the light of the day. They only can see the shadows and believe that is the whole truth. It
is only when a man breaks free and sees the light of day, that he realises –what he believed was only
a shadow of appearances and not true knowledge.
It tells us that, we cannot make decision based on false claims or half-baked truth. It also Is
important to ensure that what we see, is the real knowledge. In contemporary times, this can be
related to the research and findings about the pandemic and its cure. At the same time, people are
falling prey to fake news about an herbal concoction curing the covid-19 disease. However, one
cannot altogether discard the traditional medicine. It is proven that traditional medicine such as
turmeric and curcumin in the turmeric have good medicinal properties. This would require more
R&D and dispel the prejudice against traditional medicine.
Another connotation can be regarding the enjoyment of rights. One cannot exercise his or her rights
without having complete knowledge of existence of these rights. For instance, Freedom of speech
and expression is the fundamental right enshrined in the constitution and it is the cornerstone of our
democracy. However, enjoyment of this right is based on ‘right to know’ or knowledge (UNESCO) i.e.
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individuals should have permission and means to develop one’s understanding based on its
knowledge.
Conclusion
There are always two sides to a coin, same holds true with regard to the state of nature. There exists
good and bad simultaneously and it is only information and knowledge that can provide clarity into
the matter.
Technological innovations which greatly influence human values are on the rise. In this
light, Discuss the necessity of mainstreaming of ethics with technology. (250 words)
Reference: Ethics by Lexicon
Why this question:
The article highlights the need for Ethics in the time of technology. An external advisory council, the
Advanced Technology External Advisory Council (ATEAC) — essentially an ethics council to guide new
technologies was set up by Google in March last year, the article highlights failure of conception,
planning and execution of ethics by the technology giant.
Demand of the question:
The answer must evaluate need of ethics in technology. One has to highlight that for the benefit of
technology users, companies building technologies must make efforts to raise awareness of their
potential human risks and be honest about how people’s data is used by their innovations.
Directive word:
Introduction
Start by explaining the need for ethics in technology.
Body
Discuss what you understand by In technology ethics; issues arising from artificial intelligence,
cybersecurity, information technology, biotechnology, and other emerging fields.
Technology ethics is the application of ethical thinking to the practical concerns of technology. The
reason technology ethics is growing in prominence is that new technologies give us more power to
act, which means that we have to make choices we didn’t have to make before. While in the past our
actions were involuntarily constrained by our weakness, now, with so much technological power, we
have to learn how to be voluntarily constrained by our judgment: our ethics.
One can throw light on Googles seven principles of ethics – (i) be socially beneficial, (ii) avoid creating
or reinforcing unfair bias, (iii) be built and tested for safety, (iv) be accountable to people, (v)
incorporate privacy design principles, (vi) uphold high standards of scientific excellence, (vii) be made
available for uses that accord with these principles.
Conclusion
Conclude with what needs be done by Highlighting the need for technology ethics.
Introduction
We often see technology as a helping hand or better yet, a path to a better world. But before any of
that, we have to lay down the ethics with in it so we can have a moral underground on where to
start.
Techno ethics views technology and ethics as socially embedded enterprises and focuses on
discovering the ethical use of technology, protecting against the misuse of technology, and devising
common principles to guide new advances in technological development and application to benefit
society.
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Body
Technology Ethics: Definition
Technology ethics is the application of ethical thinking to the practical concerns of technology. The
reason technology ethics is growing in prominence is that new technologies give us more power to
act, which means that we have to make choices we didn’t have to make before. While in the past
our actions were involuntarily constrained by our weakness, now, with so much technological
power, we have to learn how to be voluntarily constrained by our judgment: our ethics.
Need to develop ethics with growing tech-innovation
 For example, in the past few decades many new ethical questions have appeared because of
innovations in medical, communications, and weapons technologies.
 There used to be no need for brain death criteria, because we did not have the technological
power to even ask the question of whether someone was dead when their brain lost functioning
– they would have soon died in any case.
 But with the development of artificial means of maintaining circulation and respiration
this became a serious question.
 Similarly, with communications technologies like social media we are still figuring out how to
behave when we have access to so many people and so much information; and the recent
problems with fake news reflect how quickly things can go wrong on social media if bad actors
have access to the public.
 Likewise, with nuclear weapons, we never used to need to ask the question of how we should
avoid a civilization-destroying nuclear war because it simply wasn’t possible, but once those
weapons were invented, then we did need to ask that question, and answer it, because we were
– and still are – at risk for global disaster.
Concerns with Technology and morality
 As an example, take artificial intelligence which will make human lives more efficient.
 But here we must not mistake efficiency for morality – just because something is more
efficient does not mean that it is morally better.
 For example, people can make more efficient weapons – more efficient at killing people and
destroying things – but that does not mean they are good or will be used for good.
Weapons always reflect a form of damage to the common good
 Take for instance self-driving cars. It executes as per the algorithm it has been fed. Now, in a
hypothetical situation the car has to decide whether to swerve left or right. But in either case
there is collateral damage, say of a school bus with students or a pedestrian.
 Can this decision be taken in a rational manner? It is not possible to choose whom to save
or put a price on whose life as being more precious.
 Another instance can be of the Genome editing technology using CRISPR. This will open a
pandora’s box and scientists fear that, it may lead to eugeny and designer babies.
 The world will be an even more unequal place, with Haves and Have-Nots.
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Conclusion
As long as there is technological progress, technology ethics is not going to go away; in fact,
questions surrounding technology and ethics will only grow in importance. As we travel this path
into the future together, we will choose the kind of future we create. Given our growing
technological power, we need to put more and more attention towards ethics if we want to live in a
better future and not a worse one.
“The first step in the evolution of ethics is a sense of solidarity with other human
beings.” Comment. (250 words)
Reference 1
Reference 2
Why this question:

COVID-19 continues to spread – but it’s bringing out the best in people across the globe. Volunteers
are looking out for elderly and vulnerable neighbours. Across Europe, people are singing to one
another to keep spirits up, as social distancing and self-isolation become the norm.
Key demand of the question:
The question wants us to express our knowledge and understanding about solidarity in ethics. We
have to express our opinion as to how and why a sense of solidarity is the first step in the evolution of
ethics.
Directive word:
Comment- here we have to express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an
overall opinion thereupon.
Introduction:
Write a few introductory lines about the solidarity.
Solidarity highlights in a particular way the intrinsic social nature of the human person, the equality
of all in dignity and rights and the common path of individuals and peoples towards an ever more
committed unity.
Body:
Discuss the importance of solidarity in ethics in detail.
Solidarity must be seen above all in its value as a moral virtue that determines the order of
institutions.
Solidarity is also an authentic moral virtue, not a “feeling of vague compassion or shallow distress at
the misfortunes of so many people, both near and far.
On the contrary, it is a firm and persevering determination to commit oneself to the common good.
That is to say to the good of all and of each individual, because we are all really responsible for all
Solidarity rises to the rank of fundamental social virtue since it places itself in the sphere of justice. It
is a virtue directed par excellence to the common good.
The principle of solidarity requires that men and women of our day cultivate a greater awareness
that they are debtors of the society of which they have become part.
Substantiate using examples as seen across the globe during the COVID-19 crisis.
Finally, talk about why we need solidarity the most during such testing times of pandemic.
Conclusion:
Based on your discussion, form a fair and a balanced conclusion on the given issue.
Introduction:
Solidarity, in the social sense, can be described as a kind of voluntary union or fellowship amongst
people (e.g. groups, classes, nations etc.) based on a community of feelings, purposes,
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responsibilities and/or interests, whereby in the spirit of cooperation, people are concerned about
those who are less fortunate or vulnerable and strive for equity and justice for all. This may result in
specific action to help people who are disadvantaged or vulnerable such as policies to counter social
discrimination.
Body
Solidarity is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies creating a

psychological sense of unity of groups or classes. It refers to the ties in a society that bind people
together as one.
Importance of solidarity
 Sensitization: Solidarity in human beings leads to their sensitization towards others. Such
changes make them more and more accountable and responsible for their actions.
Accountability and responsibility, when coming from inside of an individual, can transform the
face of the society.
 Eg: The #BlackLivesMatter protests spread like a wildfire after the death of George Floyd,
which was a result of racial discrimination against black.
 Empowerment: Solidarity among the community and locally and internationally will help aide
those in extreme humanitarian crisis.
 For instance, millions fleeing Syrian Civil war were accommodated in several parts of
Europe. Germany stood steadfast in its commitment to host the refugees.
 Countering discrimination: Dalits in India, Adivasis still face discrimination and oppression. This
cannot be overcome by activism from the oppressed section alone. The whole nation and the
communities within must stand in support to end the suppression of voices and people.
 One cannot fight oppression with oppression same way fire cannot be extinguished with
more fire.
 This is also what Gandhiji meant, when he said an eye for an eye will make the whole
world blind. Hence, solidarity is rather the strength of support we show for a good cause.
 Building a cohesive society: “A hand fought best when it made a fist” –This shows importance
of unity and fraternity to overcome the challenges of humankind. In other words, united we
stand, divided we fall. But care must be taken to ensure that the cause for which we display
solidarity is a moral one.
Conclusion
The formation of the value system of the society is due to the contribution by members of society.
Presence of a sense of solidarity is needed to form a societal group which is a basic requirement for
ethics to exist. India’s Preamble also upholds solidarity through unity and fraternity and a feeling of
brotherhood amongst all of citizens.
“An unexamined life is not worth living”. – Socrates. What does the following
quotations mean to you? Discuss the importance of self-realization? (250 words)
Reference: Ethics by Lexicon.
Key demand of the question.
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The question wants us to explain the meaning of the quote and discuss the importance of self-
realization for every individual.
Structure of the answer
Introduction-
Briefly talk about Socrates and his philosophy.
Body-
Highlight the importance of getting to know oneself by examining their strengths, weaknesses and
how to overcome the same.
Discuss the importance of self-realization and what happens when one does that.
Conclusion–
based on your discussion, form a fair and a balanced conclusion on the given issue.
Introduction
Through this statement, Socrates means that an unexamined human life is deprived of the meaning
and purpose of existence. To become fully human means to use our highly developed faculty of
thought to raise our existence above that of mere beasts. For if we don’t think, we are no more than
animals, simply eating, sleeping, working and procreating.
Body
Meaning
Socrates believed that philosophy – the love of wisdom – was the most important pursuit above all
else. For some, he exemplifies more than anyone else in history the pursuit of wisdom through
questioning and logical argument, by examining and by thinking. His ‘examination’ of life in this way
spilled out into the lives of others, such that they began their own ‘examination’ of life.
Every individual makes choices in life. Be it education, career or companions; in every walk of like,
we are faced with choices. The path we talk, the choice we make has a great impact on how our life
pans out. It is in this context, that one needs to examine his ambitions, goals and seek knowledge
which leads him towards a fulfilling choice.
For instance, if we choose engineering or medicine either because our parents want us to pursue it
or because they lead to better paid employment, then we are wrong. We are simply following
someone’s else choice for us. Rather than applying sound logic based on self-examination and self-
realization of what we are passionate about. We need to weigh our skills and interests and then
make the choice, rather than going with the herd.
Just like a seed needs soil, sunlight and water for its germination, human life needs introspection
and examination for its growth. An understanding of the experiences gained in the life at any
particular time, enriches one’s engagement with self and the universe.
The fast-changing societies and consumerist culture in the contemporary world leave less time for
human beings to examine and think about the changes. Adaptation to changes have become
automatic and unquestionable.
A look at the past and history tells us that the roots of racism or the trigger for world wars were a
result of human greed and a feeling of supremacy. In hindsight, these historical events must become
a source of guidance and inspiration to take the right path in contemporary times. Faced with a
pandemic and an aggressive neighbour, India must learn from its past experiences to set the right
course of precedent. Same is true in real life, where we learn from our experiences.
Conclusion
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It is in these times that one needs to delve deeper into the conscience to find the purpose of
existence and engage in a more meaningful manner with society. One must also examine the
purpose of one’s life and why were we endowed with the capacities and abilities that we have; and
how best to utilize them for the greater good.
“You cannot change your future, but you can change your habits, and surely your habits
will change your future.” Explain the meaning of quote and importance of perseverance
in life. (250 words)
The question wants us to explain the meaning of quote. In the next part, one must define
perseverance and talk about its importance in one’s life.
Introduction-
Briefly introduce the quote and talk a few words about Dr. Kalam who gave the quote.
Body-
Explain the meaning of the quote and what it means to you in your life.
You can quote examples and case studies to substantiate your arguments.
Define the word ‘perseverance’ and talk about its importance in one’s life.
Conclusion–
based on your discussion, form a fair and a balanced conclusion.
Introduction:
The above quote was given by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, fondly known as “People’s President” of India.
He was not only the greatest testimony of Leadership, Integrity and Simplicity but one who was
respected by people of India irrespective of their religion, caste & creed. The above quote
exemplifies the importance of habits in one’s life and the persistence of those habits in life which
can definitely help an individual grow to the great heights in life.
Body:
Our health, knowledge, relationships, and reputation and how others perceive us and interact with
us etc. all depend on who we are. Or rather, on who we decide to be. And one reason why it is so
hard to change habits is that long-term habits have become an inherent part of our identity.
Habits, according to Aristotle, link to character, and character is the place where we may read off
whether a person exhibits a virtue or a vice. For instance, the repetition of virtuous actions over time
– say acting with prudence – results in the agent becoming enlightened in the ways of living
well. Habits, according to Aristotle, link to character, and character is the place where we may
read off whether a person exhibits a virtue or a vice. For instance, the repetition of virtuous
actions over time – say acting with prudence – results in the agent becoming enlightened in the
ways of living well. Habits, according to Aristotle, link to character, and character is the place where
we may read off whether a person exhibits a virtue or a vice. For instance, the repetition of virtuous
ways of living well. Habits, according to Aristotle, link to character, and character is the place where
we may read off whether a person exhibits a virtue or a vice. For instance, the repetition of virtuous
ways of living well.
Being born as a poor person is not a sin, but however, if one doesn’t work hard to achieve things in
life and die the same way, then it is definitely a sin. One must always persevere to gain great heights
in life, one must dream and try to work in alignment to achieve that dream. The power of changing
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one’s life lies within himself/herself. Many great examples like Dr. Ambedkar, Dr. Kalam, P.V. Sindhu,
Manjhi- the mountain man are testimonies to the fact that perseverance and grit will help one
succeed in life.
Perseverance corresponds to persistence in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving

success. It is the quality that allows someone to continue trying to do something even though it is
difficult. It is the relentless and constant effort for achieving something. This quality in public service
has its own importance as changes in societies or communities are very slow and require continuous
efforts on the part of system.
E.g.: Gandhiji’s adherence to the values of non-violence and truth; Fight against corruption in our
society.
Habits, according to Aristotle, link to character, and character is the place where we may read off
whether a person exhibits a virtue or a vice. For instance, the repetition of virtuous actions over time
– say acting with prudence – results in the agent becoming enlightened in the ways of living
well. Habits, according to Aristotle, link to character, and character is the place where we may
read off whether a person exhibits a virtue or a vice. For instance, the repetition of virtuous
ways of living well.
Perseverance is a very important character trait for you to be successful in life. It means
determination at working hard regardless of any odds or obstacles that may exist. It is to insist and
to be firm on getting something done and not giving up.
In life we will not always have things going our way all the time, sometimes we will falter or fail at
completing a task or getting what we want. However, by persevering and sticking to the task we will
eventually overcome and be successful.
For example, if Thomas Edison, the American Inventor, who invented the electric light bulb, had
given up the first time he failed; maybe this marvellous invention might not have been a possibility
as early as 1879.
Conclusion:
A positive outlook to life and a confident attitude with the required changes for a bright future
should be the mantra for a happy life.
“If you want others to be happy, practice compassion. If you want to be happy, practice
compassion.” Analyse the statement with focus on value of compassion. (250 words)
Reference: The Hindu
Why this question:
The question is statement based and is about analyzing the value of compassion.
Explain in detail the significance of compassion, and how it is essential in happiness of self and even
for others.
Directive:
Analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary.
Introduction:
Define compassion in brief.
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Body:
Explain that Compassion is a deep feeling of wishing to alleviate. the suffering of others, Compassion
can serve as a fundamental basis for human values and ethics, precisely. because a central problem
of ethics is suffering and well-being, use examples to suggest how compassion is a necessary value to
profess.
Conclusion:
Conclude by reasserting significance of the compassion.
Introduction
Compassion is a deeper level of empathy, demonstrating an actual desire to help the suffering
person. It is a unique feeling of sympathy for the suffering of others that involves emotions and
empathy towards others, a sense of understanding, and the drive to protect.
Body
Compassion is a virtue that involves Acknowledgment, understanding, and emotional resonance

linked with action aimed at understanding the person and the amelioration of suffering
Take for instance the example of Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa was the epitome of compassion. If
ever one would dare to give a core competency to her, it is this single characteristic of being a
compassionate person. She radiated this quality, when on earth, in a way, few humans could ever
do; her love for the marginalized and the vulnerable and particularly for the poorest of the poor and
the dying destitute was boundless.
Our compassion for others can lead to alleviation of great distress of people. For example, during the
recent migrant crisis, the Bollywood Actor Sonu Sood became quite well known for his help to them
on compassionate grounds. Thousands of poor and vulnerable people were given help through him.
Even at personal level, we have to be compassionate to our friends and family. Only then can we
share both happiness and their sufferings together. This is the key to be happy.
On an individual level, one must be compassionate about themselves, to be happy in life. For
instance, it is important to acknowledge our abilities and not be hard on ourselves when we
encounter a failure. As candidates of UPSC, being demotivated and failure is part of the process. This
does not mean; we have to believe ill about our capacity and self-loathe. Rather we must overcome
that with compassion, trying to empathise with ourselves.
Conclusion
The world desperately stands in need of compassion today. A compassion, which reaches out to the
unloved, the ostracized, the marginalized and the vulnerable. A compassion, that takes a stand for
the poor, the victims of injustice, the refugees and the displaced. A compassion, that is able to
negate and overcome the hate and divisiveness. The humankind must be compassionate to each
other to see the world thrive.
“A good education policy is Data-informed but values-driven.” Analyse the statement in

light of new national education policy. (250 words)
Reference: Times Now
Why this question:
The question is statement based and is about analyzing the importance of values in education policy
which drives the education system of a nation.
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Explain in detail the significance of value education. One must also talk about the values that are
driven by the national education policy.
Directive:
Analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the
Introduction:
Define value education in brief.
Body:
Explain the significance of value education.
Discuss the various values that drive the new national education policy and its importance.
Conclusion:
Conclude by reasserting significance of the value education using quotes of great leaders.
Introduction:
Value-education is a many sided endeavour and in an activity during which young people are
assisted by adults or older people in schools, family homes, clubs and religious and other
organisations, to make explicit those underlying their own attitudes, to assess the effectiveness of
these values for their own and others long term well-being and to reflect on and acquire other
values which are more effective for long term well-being.
Body:
According to C. V. Good —” Value-education is the aggregate of all the process by means of which a
person develops abilities, attitudes and other forms of behaviour of the positive values in the society
in which he lives.”
The New National Policy on Education, 2020 has very strongly recommended the need for value-
education. The principle values on which the NEP is based are:
 The foundational pillars of this Policy are access, equity, quality, affordability and
accountability.
 It believes that the purpose of education is to develop good human beings capable of rational
thought and action, possessing compassion and empathy, courage and resilience, scientific
temper and creative imagination, with sound ethical moorings and values.
 It aims at producing engaged, productive, and contributing citizens for building an equitable,
inclusive, and plural society as envisaged by our Constitution.
 Creativity and critical thinking to encourage logical decision-making and innovation.
 Ethics and human & Constitutional values like empathy, respect for others, cleanliness,
etiquette, courtesy, democratic spirit, spirit of service, scientific temper, liberty, responsibility,
pluralism, equality and justice
 Life skills namely the cooperation, teamwork, communication, resilience.
 Teachers and faculty as the heart of the learning process – their rigorous recruitment and
preparation, continuous professional development, positive working environments and service
conditions must be assured.
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 A ‘light but tight’ oversight and regulatory system to ensure integrity and transparency of the
educational system through audit and public disclosure while simultaneously encouraging
innovation and out-of-the-box ideas through autonomy, good governance and empowerment.
 Outstanding research as a prerequisite for outstanding education and development.
 It is based on the premise that Education is a public service and not a commercial activity or a
source of profit.
 Access to quality education must be considered a fundamental right of every citizen.
 Substantial investment in a strong, vibrant public education system – as well as the

encouragement and facilitation of true philanthropic private participation.
Conclusion:
Value-education influences all aspects of a person’s growth and development. Thus, value-
education consequently, is an integral part of education which cannot be separated from the
educational process. Value-education has to be placed, therefore, at the centre of the educational
endeavour. This National Education Policy aims at building a global best education system rooted in
Indian ethos, and aligned with the principles enunciated above, thereby transforming India into a
global knowledge superpower.
Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers
and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in
inculcating values.
“Man by nature is a political animal”. Explain with reference to Aristotle’s idea of the
state in life of the society. (250 words)
Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications
Why the question:
The question is based on the idea of the State in life of the society by Aristotle.
One has to expand the inherent meaning of the statement and explain in detail the nuances
associated with it.
Directive:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the
particular context. You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with
relevant associated facts.
Introduction:
Briefly bring out the different connotation of the statement given in the question.
Body:
Aristotle believes that humans are like the animals in many ways, but are above them in one
distinctive
Way – politics. In the given statement there are two components, one is “by nature” which connotes
Something that is innate and the other one is “political animal” which means the animals who live
Together in a setting. The entire statement thereby implies that it is the inherent nature of humans to
live together and form deliberative and governing bodies that seek to betterment of all those
involved- that man is naturally sociable and that they are naturally drawn to various political
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associations in order to satisfy their social needs. And this process is possible only because humans
have the power of speech
And moral reasoning.
Elaborate on why Aristotle regarded human beings as naturally political.
Discuss the role of state in the society in the context of man as political animal.
Conclusion:
Conclude with your opinion.
Introduction
Aristotle’s statement, “man by nature is a political animal” has two key components. One is “by
nature” and the other one is “political animal”. “By nature,” means something that is innate, and
“political animal” means the animals that live in a Polis or in a City State. The entire statement
thereby implies that the inherent nature of human beings is to live in a society under a State.
Body
For Aristotle, man living in state is as natural for man as to be human being. Until, then man is like
any other animal. The urge for living a good life is a distinctive character that leads to formation of
state. Infact Aristotle says “State is prior to man”. So, a man outside state loses his character and
becomes a savage or a God. Politics is an essential part of man’s nature. This is why Aristotle says
that man by nature is a political animal.
Man’s association and State
 Aristotle says that man is naturally sociable and that they are naturally drawn to various political
associations in order to satisfy their social needs.
 First, individual human beings combined in pairs because they could not exist apart. The male
and female joined in order to reproduce, and the master and slave came together for self-
preservation.
o The natural master used his intellect to rule, and the natural slave employed his body to
labor.
 Second, the household arose naturally from these primitive communities in order to serve
everyday needs.
 Third, when several households combined for further needs a village emerged also according to
nature.
 Finally, “the complete community, formed from several villages, is a city-state, which at once
attains the limit of self-sufficiency, roughly speaking. It comes to be for the sake of life, and
exists for the sake of the good life
Aristotle’s idea of state
 The city-state exists by nature, because it comes to be out of the more primitive natural
associations and it serves as their end, because it alone attains self-sufficiency.
 Human beings are by nature political animals, because nature, which does nothing in vain, has
equipped them with speech, which enables them to communicate moral concepts such as
justice which are formative of the household and city-state.
 The city-state is naturally prior to the individuals, because individuals cannot perform their
natural functions apart from the city-state, since they are not self-sufficient.
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 These three claims are conjoined, however, with one more: the city-state is a creation of human
intelligence. “Therefore, everyone naturally has the impulse for such a [political] community”.
Since the natural purpose of man is to be as comprehensively human as possible, and the natural
purpose of the city is to make men human, Aristotle says that this process of making the city is
natural. The difficulty of this process is the nature in which the city goes about developing the
human. It is difficult because it relies on the relationships, men have with each other. They must
come together and complete each other to fulfil their purpose just as individual pieces join together
to complete a puzzle.
Conclusion
In Aristotle’s world, the importance of the individuality of men is not initially significant because
everyone lives to be part of the city. In other words, because the city makes human beings, man
must exert all of his efforts to participate and interact in the city. It is only after being part of the city
that man, becoming a complete human, will be able to reap the rewards of total excellence in life
and happiness.
“Shelving hard decisions is the least ethical course.” – Sir George Adrian Cadbury.
Comment in the context of civil services in India. (250 words)
Directive word
Comment- here we have to express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an
The question wants us to express our knowledge and understanding of ethical decision-making and
bring out why shelving hard decisions is the least ethical course.
Introduction–
write a few introductory lines about the civil services in India. E.g bring out the huge amount of stress
and pressure faced by a public servant and mention the need to make decisions on a daily basis.
Body-
Discuss in points how decision making should be done and why shelving had decisions is the least
ethical course.
Conclusion
Introduction:
Civil Services are the bedrock of public administration. Civil services have assumed more important
role in democracy to ensure good governance, both in developing and developed countries. In the
modern administrative state, public administration has become so significant that our development,
upliftment and progress depend mainly upon the efficient functioning of public administration.
Body:
Decision-making has great importance for success of governance in democracy. Civil Servants have
to take critical decisions at every stage. Decision-making pervades through all functions such as
planning, organizing, staffing, directing and control.
A few considerations to keep in mind, as civil servant strives to make ethically sound decisions:
 Keep in mind that what’s legal and what’s ethical aren’t always the same:
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 Usually the two go hand-in-hand. But there may be certain organizational decisions and
actions that, while legally sound, are not fully ethical. Example: Consider the handling of
customer data, and how actions could fall into one of the categories:
 Ethical and legal: Keeping customer data confidential
 Ethical, but not legal: Calling attention to the improper handling of customer data
 Not ethical, but legal: Sharing disclosures according to legal requirements, but doing so in a
way that customers don’t understand what they are agreeing to, as far as sharing data with
other companies
 Not ethical or legal: Providing customers’ information to other companies without their
permission
 Be aware that ethics exist on a spectrum:
 There are not “good” ethics or “bad” ethics; rather, the concept of ethics exists along a
continuum.
 Your values are shaped by a lifetime of influences, including family, friends, colleagues,
neighbours, and personal and professional circumstances.
 A colleague may have different values than you, shaped by different influences and
experiences.
 There are often compromises to make, and that’s where the concept of a spectrum comes
into play. Indeed, there is never one single point on that spectrum that’s “good” for every
possible situation. You really have to dig deep into possible implications and weigh the
potential impacts — both short- and long-term.
 In some instances, a certain decision may be the most ethical and, in others, that same
decision may not be. The spectrum of ethics ranges from those decisions and actions that
serve only you to those decisions and actions that serve everybody equally well. It’s awfully
rare when the correct decision only serves yourself, and just as rare to find circumstances
where everyone can be served equally well.
 Strive to serve the greatest possible good:
 In the world of ethics, we usually try to land in the realm of what’s called utilitarianism: the
greatest good for the greatest number.
 You start by looking at moral and situational considerations.
 Your responsibility as a practitioner is to think through the implications and to help your
fellow leaders decide what seems to be the most ethically sound path.
 Know the code of ethics:
 what defines an occupation as a profession is the very existence of professional standards

and an ethical code of behavior.
 Code of Ethics factors in both moral and situational considerations, addressing multiple
categories of the tough situations that you may face and providing guidance for each.
Conclusion:
GS4_final july.pdf
Decision making is a crucial task and backing off from a decision after it is taken is unethical as a lot
of things will be at stake. Thus, any decision making must be ethical and certain with all the risks
mitigated and its effects on the stakeholders involved.
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and
behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.
What are the factors that have influenced the contemporary attitude of the state and
the society towards homosexuality in India? Also, comment on the changing attitude
and the factors driving this change. (250 words)
Reference: Ethics by Lexicon publications
Why the question:
The question is premised over the attitudes associated with homosexuality in India.
One must discuss in detail the factors that have been influencing the contemporary attitude of the
state and the society towards homosexuality in India and discuss the changing attitude and reasons
contributing to it.
Directive:
Comment– here we have to express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an
Introduction:
State the factors that are affecting currently held attitude towards homosexuality in India.
Body:
Explain that while acceptance of homosexuality has not been fully entrenched in India, there is a shift
in stance of the society and state regarding it. The factors that have influenced the contemporary
attitude include religion, international discourse, individual rights, legal pronouncements,
advancement of medical understanding, etc.
Then state the reasons for the attitude opposing the homosexuality and discuss the factors
responsible for changing social attitude towards homosexuality.
Conclusion:
Conclude with what should be the way forward.
Introduction:
Homosexuality remains a taboo for a large portion of Indian society, even among the youth.
Less than half of India’s urban youth approve of same sex relationships, shows survey data collected
by market researcher YouGov in collaboration with Mint. Even among those residing in the major
metro cities, acceptance of same-sex relationships is low, especially in the southern regions of India.
Body:
Findings of the survey:
 Social acceptance of homosexuality is the highest in Delhi-NCR, closely followed by Mumbai.

About 50% of the youth are supportive of same-sex relationships in these cities.
 Social acceptance of homosexuality is the highest in Delhi-NCR, closely followed by Mumbai.
About 50% of the youth are supportive of same-sex relationships in these cities.
 Only a third of Chennai’s youth approves of such relationships
Causes for such a mindset:
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 Religion:
 Among India’s urban youth, those with stronger religious predispositions display more
prejudice against homosexuality compared to their less-religious counterparts.
 A 2013 survey conducted by Pew Research Center found that acceptance of homosexuality
was particularly widespread in countries where religion was less central in people’s lives.
 Patriarchal mindset:
 The belief that there are only two sexes and Male dominates the females.
 Homosexuality is against the order of nature and is a sin.
 Four out of five people are against gay and lesbian marriages.
 Prejudice:
 About three out of five Indians feel being gay or lesbian is a disease and almost a same
percentage of those surveyed says it can be “cured”
 Being gay or lesbian is against Indian culture is the popular opinion.
 Stereotypes:
 It is stereotypes about gender roles that constituted the basis of criminalising same-sex
relations, and which ensure discrimination.
 Harassment:
 The amount of protection that the law provides is determined by the level of privilege one
wields and other intersectional positions in society, and it can be argued that the
decriminalisation of sexual acts in private would do little to limit the harassment LGBTQ
persons are subjected to in public spaces and the discrimination they face in employment
opportunities.
 Social exclusion, identity seclusion and isolation from the social mainstream are still the
stark realities faced by these individuals today.
 Constant police harassment of the gay community.
 Independence:
 Jobs and, in turn, financial security is denied to people on the basis of their sexual
orientation.
The changing attitude and the factors driving this change:
 Legal measures:
 In 2018, in a historic verdict, the Supreme Court of India struck down Section 377, a British-
era law which criminalized same-sex relationships between consenting adults in India.
 The Indian Supreme Court ruled that privacy is a fundamental constitutional right for all its
citizens. As a result of this ruling, a wider conversation surrounding privacy has opened up,
with one of the main topics being homosexuality.
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 Social attitudes:
 A number of cities and larger towns, such as Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Bangalore,
Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai etc. have a number of resources for gays, lesbians and
transgender communities that include – help-lines, publications/newsletters, health
resources, social spaces and drop-in centers.
 In recent past the homosexual community of Calcutta, Mumbai and Bangalore also
hosted the gay pride march.
 The above instances show that the homosexual community in India is visible and is
gradually becoming vocal in their demand.
 Gay rights activists have been battling against Section 377 for a decade.
 Scientific evidences:
 Anthropologists have documented significant variations in the organization and meaning of

same-sex practices across cultures and changes within particular societies over time.
 There is a growing realization that homosexuality is not a single phenomenon and that
there may be multiple phenomena within the construct of homosexuality.
 Anti-homosexual attitudes, once considered the norm, have changed over time in many
social and institutional settings in the west.
 However, heterosexism, which idealizes heterosexuality, considers it the norm, denigrates
and stigmatizes all non-heterosexual forms of behavior, identity, relationships and
communities, is also common.
 Technology to the rescue:
 Various communities are being formed using online networks and dating apps such as
Grindr, Planet Romeo and Gaydar. These apps have given isolated individuals a sense of
belongingness to the homosexuals.
 The availability of online networks and dating apps have come to accommodate those in
need of a place to turn when family is not an option.
Other measures to overcome the taboo:
 Law and morality are different issues. Our legislators may frame laws or courts deliver
judgments that are ahead of the moral values of a society. But it would be farfetched to expect
that moral values can be changed because of court judgments.
 Indian constitution ought to adapt and transform with the changing needs of the times. The very
purpose of constitutionalism is to transform society. Dynamic constitutional interpretation
allows for the progressive realization of rights as societies evolve, and is also essential to enable
transformative constitutionalism.
 Periodic sensitisation and awareness programmes for all government officials, particularly police
officials, any sensitisation will be incomplete without the systematic devaluation of
heterosexism, the institutionalised valorisation of heterosexual activity.
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 The challenges of social mindset need to be changed with people educated that this aspect is
not unnatural and is innate to a human being.
 While the decision by the country’s highest court is certainly significant, there needs to be more
of an impetus for social change and removing ignorance from society. There needs to be
a campaign to not only to raise awareness but to educate people on what homosexuality
 The government should conduct programmes to end the stigma around homosexuality and
individuals employed with the government should receive workshops to sensitise them to
subject.
 There is a need for rape law reform to protect male survivors of sexual violence. There is no law
to protect adult male victims of sexual assault, whether they are cis- or transgender. Parliament
needs to fill these lacunae in the law.
 It is time for the Indian Parliament to conduct wide-ranging review of existing legal framework,
repeal discriminatory laws, and address other gaps in the law that prevent LGBT persons from
fully exercising their rights
Conclusion:
These advancements are undoubtedly benchmarks of remarkable progress, and signs of great things
to come, however, there is still plenty of work to be done. It is important to bear in mind that many
of these progressive movements mostly reside in cities which is problematic for a large portion of
the population who live in rural areas.
India may have decriminalized homosexuality, but it is still a long way from de-stigmatizing it. The
challenges of social mindset need to be changed with people educated that this aspect is not
unnatural and is innate to a human being.
The COVID-19 pandemic could be the “perfect storm” for reinforcing stereotypes about
certain vulnerable sections. Analyze. (250 words)
Reference: The Hindu , apa.org
Why this question:
History has shown that epidemics and pandemics tend to provoke xenophobia and stigma. This was
the case with diseases such as Ebola and MERS and it is now the case with COVID-19. An increasing
number of news reports document instances of stereotyping, harassment and bullying directed at
people perceived to be of certain vulnerable sections following the spread of the new coronavirus.
Introduction:
Define what is stereotyping. The give a brief about how the pandemic has further intensified the
stereotyping in society. Talk about how Groups labelled COVID-19 superspreaders represent some of
the most vulnerable categories in Indian society.
Body:
discuss how the various kinds of stereotyping has begun since the pandemic began. Substantiate it
with examples like Superspreaders especially the vulnerable sections of society.
E.g.: a number of groups are labelled superspreaders. Prominent examples of such groups include
those who attended the Tablighi Jamaat religious congregation in Delhi, workers providing essential
services (vegetable/fruit vendors, pharmacists, garbage collectors, grocery and milk sellers, bus
conductors), and migrant workers returning to their hometowns. In the category of essential
workers, the vegetable vendors in Ahmedabad city and the Koyambedu vegetable market in Chennai
have received significant media attention.
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Explain the ramifications of such stereotyping on such people and how it defeats the entire fight
against the pandemic.
E.g. : Research documents a range of negative consequences (direct and indirect) associated with
negative stereotyping, such as discrimination and hostility, negative attitudes, and a lingering effect
of lack of self-control and aggression. Such outcomes are already visible in India. Incidents of people,
particularly Muslims, being harassed for their suspected affiliation with Tablighi Jamaat have been
reported. The Orissa High Court, in its order early May (which was stayed by the Supreme Court),
required migrants, returning from other parts of the country, test negative before they were allowed
to enter the State, without specifying who would pay for the cost of tests and the fate of those who
would test positive.
Provide measures that are needed to overcome these challenges.
Conclusion:
Give a balanced conclusion as to how this needs to be overcome to fight the pandemic in a holistic
and effective manner.
Introduction:
Stereotyping is a situation when one judges an individual or a group of people based on his/her own
and others opinions and experiences. Stereotypes are characteristics imposed upon groups of
people because of their race, nationality, and sexual orientation. Stereotypes are not always
accurate and even if positive, can be harmful.
The COVID-19 pandemic has further intensified the stereotyping in society. There are many groups
labelled COVID-19 superspreaders, who represent some of the most vulnerable categories in Indian
society.
Body:
In the recent days, there have been many instances where individuals and groups of individuals have
been stereotyped. In the discourse on COVID-19 in India, there are signs of superspreader becoming
such a negative label. This has mostly been the vulnerable categories of the society.
For instance, they include various individuals like a Sikh religious guru in Punjab returning from an
affected country, a person who runs a private technical school in Odisha, an employee of a reputed
firm in NOIDA, a fruit vendor in Vadodara, a police officer in Jammu, a truck driver in Vijayawada,
and a housekeeping staff at a hotel in Bengaluru. Examples of groups include those who attended
the Tablighi Jamaat religious congregation in Delhi, workers providing essential services
(vegetable/fruit vendors, pharmacists, garbage collectors, grocery and milk sellers, bus conductors),
and migrant workers returning to their hometowns.
Stereotyping a group will have undesirable consequences for its individual members, if the label
carries negative evaluation.
The negative fallouts of stereotyping:

 Negative consequences (direct and indirect) associated with negative stereotyping, such
as discrimination and hostility, negative attitudes, and a lingering effect of lack of self-control
and aggression. Such outcomes are already visible in India.
 Incidents of people, particularly Muslims, being harassed for their suspected affiliation with
Tablighi Jamaat have been reported.
 The Orissa High Court, in its order early May (which was stayed by the Supreme Court), required
migrants, returning from other parts of the country, test negative before they were allowed to
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enter the State, without specifying who would pay for the cost of tests and the fate of those who
would test positive.
 the Kerala Chief Minister expressed concerns over rising infections in Kerala after the State
borders were reopened, but suggested that “it was wrong to dub expatriates as super
spreaders”.
 A local newspaper in Ahmedabad had a headline, “Ahmedabad, beware of super spreaders”

while reporting that the number of vegetable vendors and kirana store owners testing positive
for COVID-19 in Ahmedabad had been on the rise.
 The Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu administration banned vegetable vendors from
Gujarat to enter the Union Territory with the fear of vegetable vendors being superspreaders.
 These vulnerable groups are less likely to have access to good health care, more vulnerable to
economic shocks caused by the illness, and little voice in the political process to defend their
rights.
Need for addressing the stereotyping:

 Decades of research show discrimination is associated with poorer health and mental health
among LGBTQ, Asian American, African American, American Indian, Alaska Native, Muslim
American and Latin populations.
 Stigmatized groups are particularly vulnerable during epidemics and pandemics — and it can put
them and others at increased risk.
 That’s because stigma can lead people to hide symptoms of illness to avoid discrimination. They
may not seek health care when they need it and may further isolate themselves, which comes
with its own health risks.
 stigmatized groups are more likely to be un- or underinsured, to have difficulty accessing
culturally appropriate care, and to face bias in health-care systems, all of which ultimately
compound the difficulty of containing the spread of viruses.
Way forward to reduce the stereotyping:
 Spread the facts: People are more susceptible to biases and stereotypes when they lack
accurate information. Clear, concise and culturally appropriate communication — in multiple
forms and in multiple languages — is needed to reach broad segments of the population, with
particular focus on marginalized communities.
 Engage social influencers: Faith leaders, business leaders, elected officials and celebrities can be
very effective in modeling appropriate communication and denouncing efforts to link epidemics
with specific geographic areas and populations.
 Amplify the voices of people with lived experience with coronavirus: Most people who
contract the virus recover, and it can be reassuring to the public to hear their experiences,
particularly when these individuals reflect the diversity of our communities.
 Portray different ethnic groups in public information materials: Images of diverse communities
working together to reduce risk can powerfully communicate messages of solidarity and shared
commitments to health and well-being.
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 Promote ethical journalism: Media reports which focus on individual behavior and infected
individuals’ “responsibility” for having and spreading the virus can stigmatize these individuals.
News consumers should insist on responsible media reports that emphasize prevention
practices, symptoms to look for and when to seek care.
 Correct myths, rumors and stereotypes, and challenge those whose language promotes
bias: We all have a responsibility to correct stigmatizing language, and to challenge myths. No
elected official should use language linking any epidemic to a particular people or geographic
region, and challenging such language is a civic responsibility. Similarly, separating fact from
rumor is important in an era when people are distrustful of information sources.
Conclusion:
Bias, stigma and discrimination are public health threats. They damage the health, mental health
and well-being of stigmatized groups. They also make it harder to contain current and future
epidemics. We all share responsibility for good public health practice. Just as we know to wash our
hands and maintain appropriate social distance, we should practice good behaviors when it comes
to embracing and valuing diverse peoples and communities.
Explain the relationship between attitude and behaviour. Do you think training can
change attitude of people towards weaker sections of the society? Discuss. (250 words).
Reference: Ethics by Lexicon publications
Why this question:
The question aims to analyse the relationship between attitude and behaviour.
Explain in detail the relationship between attitude and behaviour. In what way training can change
attitude of people towards weaker sections of the society.
Directive:
Introduction:
Define what is attitude.
Body:
Explain what are the elements of attitude and behaviour, in what way the two are interrelated.
attitude can be defined as what a person internalizes as its values and beliefs, what it carries to be
disposed and what generally forms a character of a person. behavior finely abuts attitude. it’s a sum
total summary of a person’s actions.
It can be called the visible form of attitude. or rather actions make the attitude visible in the form of
person’s behavior.
Discuss the role of training in redefining and shaping one’s attitude.
Conclusion:
Conclude with suitable examples and justify the importance of the two.
Introduction:
Attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviours toward a particular object, person,
thing, or event. Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing, and they can have a
powerful influence over behavior.
Body:
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Relationship between attitude and behaviour is very fine and subtle to understand. While Attitude is
internal component of our cognition (thought process and perception system), behaviour is
manifestation or exhibition of such attitude. We tend to assume that people behave according to
their attitudes. However, social psychologists have found that attitudes and actual behavior are not
always perfectly aligned.
For example, if a person might have an attitude to help poor people, but his/her behaviour may not
be in the direction.
Changing anything pre-eminent and settled attitude or behaviour, both, is difficult, as its human
instinct. However, change can be bought through self-discovery or external inspiration. A complete
change in attitude may be difficult but rigidness of attitude can be lowered by training. The scope of
their thinking can be extended which can make them see the other side of coin. For this both
theoretical and practical training is required. Training provides more inputs to the process which is
helpful in shaping the attitude of a person.
Teachers, politicians and bureaucrats who are not very familiar with the conditions of poor can be
trained to be more amiable and sensitive towards weaker sections. Their familiarity with the
situations in which weaker section live can bring out a positive change in them. Change in their
attitude will depend on the training provided to them. A Training which emphasise the nature of
public service and expectation from public servant can be helpful. It is also in the interest of the
country to change the attitude of public functionaries who determines the course of life of the
masses, in a positive direction.
Conclusion:
Thus, by training and persuading the people the attitude and behaviour can be changed in the right
direction.
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-
partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and
compassion towards the weaker sections.
Examine the relevance of the following in the context of civil services: (a) Integrity (b)
Principle of Legality (250 words)
Reference: Ethics by Lexicon Publications
Why the question:
The question is straightforward and aims to throw light on the concepts of ‘Integrity’ and ‘Principle of
Legality’.
Explain the two concepts in detail; highlight their key features, their importance in application of
ethics in the context of civil services.
Directive:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it,
investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Introduction:
Start by explaining the meaning of each term.
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Body:
Integrity is an uncompromising and consistent commitment to honour moral, ethical, spiritual and
artistic values and principles. Integrity compels us to be socially conscious and to welcome both
personal and professional responsibility. It encourage us to be honest in all our dealings and
committed to a lifelong search for truth and justice.
The principle of legality is a rule of statutory interpretation. According to A. V. Dicey, it is part of the
rule of law that “every official, from the Prime Minister down to a constable or a collector of taxes, is
under the same responsibility for every act done without legal justification as any other citizen.”
Then move onto discuss the advantages of the two concepts in the context of civil services, give
examples wherever possible to explain and justify better.
Conclusion:
Conclude with importance of such virtues in the context of the civil services.
Integrity:
Integrity is the practice of synchronization of thought, words and actions. It can be correlated to
honesty but unlike honesty it’s more a professional value. It’s related to institution. It advocates
sacrifice of personal gains in favour of organisational objectives
Integrity in its bare-bones essence means adherence to principles. It is a three-step process:
 Choosing the right course of conduct
 Acting consistently with the choice even when it is inconvenient or unprofitable to do so
 Openly declaring where one stands.
 Accordingly, integrity is equated with moral reflection, steadfastness to commitments,

trustworthiness
Integrity is supreme quality of leadership – Dwight Eisenhower
 If leader acts with integrity, that leader will treat the employees’ right and do what’s best for the
business.
 Ethical behavior starts at the top and allows companies to create a culture that values integrity.
 Leaders with integrity actually strengthen the business. Companies with strong, ethical
management teams enhance their ability to attract investors, customers and talented
professionals.
 The link between integrity and trust cannot be overestimated in the leader-employee
relationship.
 Leaders with integrity hold themselves accountable not just to their superiors but also to their
peers and staff.
 They treat everyone fairly, regardless of a person’s standing in the organization.
Relevance to Civil services:
 To prevent unethical practices like misconduct, fraud, favouritism, criminalization of governance,

self-centred functionaries and corruption in governance.
 To ensure public interest and cooperation in governance for participatory governance. It will
bring the lost public trust back.
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 To cater to the needs of all sections of society. So that inclusive growth is achieved.
 To bring in good governance (Accountability, transparency, integrity, Confidentiality etc.)
 To ensure the equitable and just distribution of resources.
 To ensure compliance of civil servants with laws, processes and codes
Present day civil servants need to perform multiple functions of giving suggestions to political
representatives, addressing public grievances, institutionalization of the socio economic changes,
delivering goods and services. Hence a value committed bureaucracy is need of hour.
Principle of Legality:
The principle of legality is the legal ideal that requires all law to be clear, ascertainable and non-
retrospective. It requires decision makers to resolve disputes by applying legal rules that have been
declared beforehand, and not to alter the legal situation retrospectively by discretionary departures
from established law. It is closely related to legal formalism and the rule of law and can be traced
from the writings of Feuerbach, Dicey and Montesquieu.
The principle of legality is a rule of statutory interpretation. According to A. V. Dicey, it is part of the
rule of law that “every official, from the Prime Minister down to a constable or a collector of taxes, is
under the same responsibility for every act done without legal justification as any other citizen.”
The principle of legality according to A.V. Dicey has 3 fundamental principles:
 Absence of arbitrary power, that is, no man is punished except for a breach of law
 Equality before the law: equal subjection of all citizens (rich or poor, high or low, official or non-
official) to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts
 The primacy of the rights of individual, that is, the constitution is the result of the rights of the
individual as defined and enforced by courts of law, rather than constitution being the source of
the individual rights
Relevance to Civil Services:

 The principle has particular relevance in criminal and administrative law.
 In criminal law it can be seen in the general prohibition on the imposition of criminal sanctions
for acts or omissions that were not criminal at the time of their commission or omission.
 The principle is also thought to be violated when the sanctions for a particular crime are
increased with retrospective effect.
 In administrative law it can be seen in the desire for state officials to be bound by and apply the
law rather than acting upon whim.
 As such advocates of the principle are normally against discretionary powers.
 Rule of law gives a definitive path to follow irrespective of the situations and provide certainty of
actions to be followed by the government. E.g. Demolition of a slum/ road side vendors create a
dilemma, but is necessary.
 Being democratically elected, public representatives often give orders to officials which creates
ethical dilemmas whether to follow the representative or the public interest. Following rule of
law will help in overcoming the same and help civil servants to function without fear or favor.
 Following the rule of law will help the government in proactive disclosure of information vital for
the public, but at the same time withholding the information vital for national security.
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 Equality, though a basic virtue to be followed, equity is necessary. Even the constitution under
article 14 provides for differential treatment and upholding it will help in overcoming the sense
of discrimination created by differential treatment.
As an exigency of the modern state, the principle of legality has developed along with the current
legislative systems as a warranty of their efficiency and has become a sine qua non prerequisite in
the elaboration and contemporary law enforcement. The mandatory character of complying with
the constitution, its supremacy and the laws by all the individual citizens and legal entities, including
the state authorities and institutions ensures the order and hierarchy of the legislative assembly, as
a manifestation of will of the state.
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Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in

administration and governance.
What do you understand by an “emotional storm”? Discuss its relevance for public
servants in current challenging times and means to overcome it. (250 words)
Reference: psychologytoday.com , newharbinger.com
One must discuss what is meant by an emotional storm. Now discuss the impacts its poses on civil
servants in their professional course and implications of the same. Finally discuss the measures or
techniques to overcome the same.
Directive word:
Introduction:
Start by defining what is an emotional storm. An “emotional storm” means that you experience
intensely difficult thoughts and feelings. They are so strong they are like a mighty storm, and they
can easily overpower you.
Body:
Discuss how the emotional storms can affect the professionalism of public servants. Also talk about
the implications of the same on the various stakeholders.
You can add a case study or an example to show how emotional storms can affect the work of public
servants.
Highlight the importance of being emotionally intelligent for public servants.
Provide measures about how to ground oneself during the emotional storm.
5 Steps to Ride Out Emotional Storms: Preparing, Facing, Accepting, Floating, Persisting.
Conclusion:
Talk about how important it is to adopt and practice emotional intelligence in these challenging
times.
Introduction:
An “emotional storm” means that you experience intensely difficult thoughts and feelings. They are
so strong they are like a mighty storm, and they can easily overpower you. It usually comes about
when you face many crises and feel as if you were overwhelmed.
Body:
Relevance for public servants:
Emotions can “strike” us in response to many events – a catastrophic illness, sudden job loss,
political upheaval – and we may experience more long term “storm systems” with feelings such as
chronic anxiety. Difficulties regulating your emotions can often lead to all sorts of other problems in
your life.
As public servants work in a mostly tense and stressful environment, they will be more prone to such
emotional storms. This is especially common in the events of natural disasters like floods,
earthquakes, cyclones or pandemics like the current COVID-19 as well as due to personal life events
and everyday stresses like public riots may trigger one.
Some of the effects of emotional storm can be:
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 feeling intense irritability, anger that is hard to control, panic/anxiety attacks, or feelings of
emptiness.
 One may also find it hard to concentrate, or find themselves focusing on negative things.
The duty and service of civil servants is highly imperative during such crises times. With the effects of
emotional storm as mentioned above, they cannot perform their duties objectively. Researches have
shown that civil servants with high levels of emotional intelligence are more motivated to serve the
public. These public sector workers also show greater job satisfaction, organizational commitment,
and better quality of service.
Measures to ground oneself during the emotional storm:
 Learn to distinguish between primary and secondary emotions. Learning the difference
between “primary” and “secondary” emotions is an important step in learning to regulate your
emotions.
 Learning where your emotional responses come from can help you regulate them. For example,
a reaction to an external event might be how you respond to losing a loved one. Or, it might be a
reaction to being criticized for something.
 Distract yourself from strong emotions. Sometimes, people experiencing an emotional storm
may engage in extreme or damaging behaviors. Creating a productive distraction for yourself will
help channel your emotional energy into healthy behaviors.
 Learn assertive communication. Sometimes, unchecked emotions can override your ability to
express your needs, thoughts, and feelings. Learning to express yourself assertively can help you
state your needs, thoughts, and feelings in an open and honest way
 Learn to listen. Active listening is an important communication skill. It can help you avoid
emotional storms by keeping you focused on what the other person is saying, not what you
might read into the situation
 Learn self-soothing behaviors. Self-soothing can help reassure you that you will make it through
this emotional storm. Self-soothing behaviors are actions that you take to comfort and be kind
to yourself. Activities like listening to calming music, eating a comforting meal, Take a warm bath
or a hot shower etc.
 Learn to embrace uncertainty. The fear of uncertainty can set off emotional storms. An
intolerance of uncertainty can lead you to constantly worry or try to predict the future. It may
make you overly reliant on reassurance from others. It might even keep you from doing things
you would otherwise enjoy.
 Practice gratitude. Allow yourself to recognize what is good in your life. Take time daily to
journal at least 5 things you are grateful for that day.
Conclusion:
Emotional intelligence positively influences the motivation of public service workers, which in turn
increases the level of their affective commitment. Thus, emotional intelligence becomes an
imperative trait for civil servants who deal with public at large day in and day out.
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Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

In context of current declining political condition of the nation states across the world,
deliberate upon the need for Plato’s “Philosopher King”. (250 words)
Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by G Subba Rao and P N Chowdhary
Why the question:
The question is amidst the declining political conditions of the Nation States across the world.
One has to explain in detail the relevance and significance of Plato’s concept of “Philosopher King”.
Directive:
Deliberate – Weigh up to what extent something is true. Persuade the reader of your argument by
citing relevant research but also remember to point out any flaws and counter- arguments as well.
Conclude by stating clearly how far you agree with the original proposition.
Introduction:
Briefly explain the concept of Philosopher King as propounded by Plato.
Body:
Explain that the good political conditions of a nation are stability and equilibrium in political scenario,
proper dialogue among political leaders, transparency in government functioning and accountability
of leaders towards the citizens. In recent time, issues like lack of internal party democracy,
criminalisation in politics, corrupt practices in public life, lack of responsibility on the parts of world’s
leaders, lack of answerability for the people, rise of ultra-nationalism, right wing tendencies, horse
trading, lack of deliberations in the Parliament, use of money and muscle power have changed the
political conditions to disadvantages.
Discuss the significance of Plato’s concept in current political crises.
Conclusion:
Conclude on the lines that if today’s leaders adopt these qualities, political conditions can improve a
lot.
Introduction:
Plato’s Idea of “Philosopher King”, desires the King or head to Be Wisdom Lover, looking all aspects
before taking any action. Plato writes in The Republic that until philosophers are kings, or the kings
and princes of this world have the spirit and power of philosophy, cities will never have rest from
their evils. He also states that Head should be risen above his harmful temptation, must be vigil,
open to Ideas, always promoting security and welfare of people, learning through various sources,
non-violence, avoiding extravagance, indulging in association to harm others and discouraging such
association.
Body:
Need for Plato’s “Philosopher King” in today’s declining political condition:
 There are around 200 countries in the world and the number is still growing day by day.
 For the welfare establishment of social system in any country there is one or the other form of
government.
 None of them are neither flawless completely nor faulty wholly.
 All the forms have been experienced by different states in the world and are being experienced
even today.
GS4_final july.pdf
 The current Polity is laced with corruption, based on caste/community identity, vote bank
politics, dearth of wise and virtuous leaders etc.
 Politicians of today are, generally, self-centered. They enter politics for their career gains
neglecting interests of subjects. Many a time they try to create difference between subjects and
divide society based on Caste, Class or Community. Under these circumstances the kind of
leaders like “Philosopher King or Rajarshi ” are certainly in need.
 In every country there are some evils like poverty, corruption, looting, dacoit, rape, murder,
molestation which are destructive elements of society which were found in ancient period and is
seen in the present scenario as well.
 Plato emphasized that knowledge is a virtue and kings that gains knowledge and philosophize
are in a true sense virtuous and wise. this quality is utmost important in the contemporary world
where development is only possible through knowledge, developing world are home to large
illiterate people and politicians need to imbibe this virtue.
 A philosopher in current political context does not necessarily mean an academician of

philosophy but a person who has the sense of ethical concepts and understanding of wisdom,
courage, moderation, justice, and the sense of practical utility. The concept of philosopher king
not only remains theoretical but also becomes practical.
 Plato’s ideals of wisdom, courage, moderation and justice if taken by any administrator and used
consciously then it can help to make administration people oriented and lead to an optimum
ideal society. From this point of view Plato’s ethical theory is significant.
However, the ideas may not be much use in literal fashion in today’s scenario as:
 Today most of States are democratic where leaders are elected by people whereas in the
times of Plato hardly modern concept of Democracy was there. Plato considered democracy
as a rule of mob and thus, put faith in philosophers acting as king.
 Overemphasis on ideal King may result into Despotic and Totalitarian systems as has been
observed in case of Hitler and Stalin etc.
 Philosophers may not know the complex economic and external/internal problems of
modern government.
Conclusion:
Present day political leaders are therefore required to be learned as philosophers, but not exclusive
as philosopher who are often characterized by the unattainable quality of their intellects. It is
essential for the leader to act, be and represent a layman. The significance and meteoric rise of
certain leaders like Mandela and Gandhi are essentially because of these factors: the ability to
imbibe values other than of saintly kings. In order to be successfully governed, a leader must be
willing to be governed by the ones below him/her. Although the ideas of “Rajarshi” or “Philosopher
King” may be obsolete in literal sense for modern polity, the ideals of justice, fairness, taking care of
subjects, prudence and virtue are still very much relevant.
The life of Mahatma Gandhi is a perfect example of restraint, forgiveness and

magnanimity. Examine the relevance of these attributes in today’s world? (250 words)
Reference: mkgandhi.org
GS4_final july.pdf
One must discuss about the key human values of controlling one’s desires, forgiving other human
beings and being generous. These were few of the important values which Gandhiji had imbibed and
practiced throughout his life. Later one must talk about how important these values are in today’s
fast developing world and chaos caused by the pandemic.
Directive word:
Examine – When you are asked to examine, you have to probe deeper into the topic, get into details,
and find out the causes or implications if any. In the above case, discuss points as highlighted above.
Introduction:
Start by highlighting a few virtues of Gandhiji’s life. Talk about how his life provides example of the
following virtues: Restraint, Forgiveness and Magnanimity.
Body:
Define the values of Restraint, Forgiveness and Magnanimity and substantiate those by quoting
examples from Gandhiji’s life about how he practiced.
Now discuss the importance of following these values in today’s world. Give examples from various
dimensions
Conclusion:
Talk about how important it is to adopt and practice these values in present times. End with a
balanced way forward.
Introduction
Mahatma Gandhi (1869 – 1948) was undoubtedly one of the greatest Indians of all times. Honoured
as the father of the nation, he pioneered and practiced the principle of Satyagraha—resistance to
tyranny through mass nonviolent civil disobedience. While leading nationwide campaigns to ease
poverty, expand women’s rights, build religious and ethnic harmony and eliminate the injustices of
the caste system, Gandhi supremely applied the principles of nonviolent civil disobedience, playing a
key role in freeing India from foreign domination. Thus, he is the perfect example of restraint
forgiveness and magnanimity.
Body
Restraint
A measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control. In this context it simply
means moderate behaviour or self-control.
Gandhiji had once said that, “self-restraint should not be a conscious effort to drive away evil
thoughts because that process is in itself a kind of indulgence. The best prescription is non-
resistance, i.e. ignoring the existence of evil thoughts and a continuous pre-occupation with duties
that lie in front of one”.
One can take example of the struggle he led in South Africa. Tolerance of the oppression and
atrocities and at time harsh imprisonment is a testimony to the restraint and self-control exhibited
by Gandhiji. He always went in the path of non-violence and no amount of despotism could change
his stance.
Forgiveness
Genuine forgiveness is voluntary and unconditional since it is not motivated by pressure from a third
party, nor is it dependent on the apology or recognition of wrongdoing on the part of the offender.
Such unilateral measures, which have a strong Gandhian tenor about them, are based on a
deep belief in the goodness of human beings and a notion of self that embraces the other.
GS4_final july.pdf
It is more through an internal process that the forgiver is transformed, so also the forgiven, if he or
she is able to receive the gift of forgiveness. The ultimate purpose of forgiveness is restoration of
relationships and the reestablishment of connections with the community. Public apologies and
seeking and granting of forgiveness create a new dimension to repairing fractured relationships.
Gandhian idea of non-violence is on the premise that having ill-conceived thoughts about others is
also violence. Hence, he advocated that we must even forgive and love our enemies. Such was his
idea of forgiveness. He said, one must appeal to the conscious of the wrong-doer and by doing so we
will truly forgive them for their sins and there is an acceptance of non-violence as a core principle of
life. This was demonstrated in many great Satyagrahas such as the Non-cooperation movement and
Quit India movement.
Magnanimity
It is the virtue of being great of mind and heart. It encompasses, usually, a refusal to be petty, a
willingness to face danger, and actions for noble purposes. Magnanimous comes from Latin magnus
“great” and animus “soul,” so it literally describes someone who is big-hearted. A person can show
that over-sized spirit by being noble or brave, or by easily forgiving others and not showing
resentment.
Gandhiji was an embodiment of magnanimity. He every action and words exuberated this virtue.
The picture of Gandhiji nursing a patient suffering from leprosy is a well-known one. Parchure
Shastri wrote to Gandhiji asking for his permission to come and stay in his Ashram at Sevagram and
even before Gandhiji could reply he had arrived. Gandhiji was in a dilemma.
Knowing that he was suffering from a highly infectious type of leprosy, he was debating within
himself whether to allow him to reside in the Ashram where so many men, women and children
were living and for whose health and welfare he was responsible. Gandhiji placed his predicament
before the Ashramites at the morning prayers.
A neat cottage was hurriedly put up close to Gandhiji’s; he personally nursed him and supervised his
diet. Parchure Shastri lived there for two years and recovered sufficiently to act as a priest at a
marriage ceremony in Sevagram Ashram in 1940, at Gandhiji’s special request.
Relevance in contemporary times
 Restraint
 Nations are developing and acquiring advanced nuclear weapons under the guise of nuclear
deterrence. For instance, North Korean nuclear plan poses a threat to the peace in Asia-
Pacific. Restraint on nuclear proliferation and universal disarmament would lead to
sustainable peace in the world.
 In the realm of Policing, officials must act with restraint against criminals and wrong-doers
instead of resorting to torturous methods to extract confession.
 Eg: The Hyderabad encounter case in an example that shows non-restraint leads to
dismantling the Rule of Law.
 As individuals, one must have a moderated behaviour towards self-indulgence and try to
overcome the need for instant gratification. Eg: Indulgence in food or video games etc.
 Forgiveness
GS4_final july.pdf
 Indian constitution is an example which highlights the power of forgiveness and

mercy. President of India has the power to pardon even the death sentence an all such
punishments, while concurrent powers exist for Governor in case of life imprisonment.
 At the societal level, radicalization has become a huge menace with more youths taking up
militancy. Yet, the government has come up with deradicalization initiatives with
amnesty and help youth in skill development and employment.
 Same is true for insurgents who were given an opportunity to lay down arms and join the
mainstream society, especially in the north-east. Even the naxal problem in the Red-
corridor states were handled in the same manner.
 Magnanimity
 At the international level, the problems of anti-immigration, racism, refugee crisis and
increasing protectionism must be dealt with benevolence.
 Eg: Rohingyas are one of the most persecuted minorities who are also stateless. In such
cases, neighbouring states must accommodate those who are fleeing violence.
 India embraced Tibetians who fled their home country due to persecution from China.
 During the Covid pandemic, many celebrities helped the stranded migrants in the cities, to
reach to their native villages. Being charitable and empathetic also displays one’s
magnanimous character.
Conclusion
The world today is facing humanitarian crisis of unprecedented scales. There is a dearth of morality
and virtues that make us humane. To ensure global and universal peace, there is a need for harmony
and solidarity among the people of the world. These virtues can aid in the attainment of the same.
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and

problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions;
laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance;
accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values
in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding;
In a globalized interdependent world, global governance is increasingly becoming
crucial for achieving sustainable economic development goals, do you agree? Discuss
with suitable examples. (250 words)
Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by G Subba Rao and P N Chowdhary
Why the question:
The question is based on the theme of global governance and its importance in achieving sustainable
economic development goals.
One must answer in what way Global governance is crucial to harmonize economic policies and
sustainability.
Directive:
GS4_final july.pdf
Introduction:
Define what global governance is; Global Governance is the collective management of common
transnational or global problems- those were created or exacerbated by globalization, and which
cannot be managed at the level of nation-states.
Body:
Explain that as the world becomes more interdependent, global governance including global
economic governance and the governance of the global commons, is increasingly relevant for
achieving sustainable development goals like dealing with climate change, economic inequality and
ensuring peace and justice.
Discuss nuances of why it plays a key role in achieving SDGs and quote examples wherever possible.
Conclusion:
Conclude that therefore, increased coherence, coordination and collective decision-making at the
global level, grounded in international human rights standards and guided by the human rights
commitments of the international community, are necessary
Introduction
Global Governance is the collective management of common transnational or global problems-

those were created or exacerbated by globalization, and which cannot be managed at the level of
nation-states. Global solidarity is not only a moral imperative, it is in everyone’s interests.
Body
Sustainable economic growth is economic development that attempts to satisfy the needs of
humans but in a manner that sustains natural resources and the environment for future generations.
For instance, the 2030 Agenda has been in many ways a game changer. Its universal application
requires all countries to report on their progress in achieving the SDGs, not only programme
countries or development assistance recipients. It has also driven long-overdue UN development
system reform and given impetus to the need to address root causes in the pursuit of sustainable
development and sustainable peace.
Global governance and Sustainable economic development
 A successful development agenda requires inclusive partnerships — at the global, regional,

national and local levels — built upon principles and values, and upon a shared vision and shared
goals placing people and the planet at the centre.
 Many countries require Official Development Assistance to encourage growth and trade.
 Yet, aid levels are falling and donor countries have not lived up to their pledge to ramp up
development finance.
 For instance, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the global economy is projected to contract
sharply, by 3 per cent, in 2020, experiencing its worst recession since the Great Depression.
 This clearly means that nations in sub-Saharan Africa would need handholding with respect
to hunger and access to healthcare.
 Goal 17 of SDG’s itself proclaims the need for development of partnerships with nations to
combat the challenges faced in 21st
GS4_final july.pdf
 g.: A potential vaccine candidate for Covid-19 must be made available to all and India has
stepped up, while nations are looking towards India for the drugs.
 This will also help revive economies reeling under the pandemic stress
 The Global Partnership promotes open dialogue among different stakeholders on an equal
footing thereby promoting the paradigm shift from aid to development effectiveness, in line
with the 2030 Agenda and Financing for Development processes.
 It aims to foster peer learning to enable behavioural change and further strengthen trust,
accountability and participation of all actors in development co-operation, for sustainable results
on the ground.
 Eg.: The NDC’s must be achieved by all nations collectively to ensure that Earth is
sustainable.
 To protect global commons, there needs to be funds and resources made available. For instance,
thawing of permafrost in Arctic will impact all nations with rising sea levels and submergence of
Low-lying island nations.
Conclusion
It is important to promote concerted effort by all partners to capture lessons learned in

implementation of effective development co-operation and to actively engage in available
knowledge-sharing platforms to exchange lessons and innovative solutions to development
challenges.
‘The great virtue of bureaucracy is that it is an institutional method for applying general
rules to specific cases’. Explain what you understand by the quote and discuss its
contemporary relevance (250 words)
Reference: books.google.co.in
Why the question:
The question is based on a quotation that talks about the aspects of bureaucracy.
Student must explain in detail the significance and inherent meaning of the quote applied to today’s
system of bureaucracy.
Directive:
Introduction:
The quote given by Max Weber explains the ultimate utility of Bureaucracy in governing the society
that has grown in scale and complexity.
Body:
Explain that Bureaucracy particularly government bureaucracy have developed as indispensable part
of modern states to carry out their functions and responsibilities.
The laws of any state provides only general rules about what or what not can be done along with
how or how not it shouldn’t be done e.g. Passport act explains the categories, eligibility and refusal
of passport to an applicant however when it comes to providing passport to an individual citizens,
whole organization build around bureaucratic line is required e.g. providing security to all is a general
rule but it cannot be provided fully unless it is not applied specifically through police.
GS4_final july.pdf
Discuss why it is so relevant even in today’s times.

Conclusion:
Conclude with importance.
Introduction
The quote given by Max Weber explains the ultimate utility of Bureaucracy in governing the society
that has grown in scale and complexity. Moreover, Weber considered bureaucracy to be the most
rational and efficient form of organization yet devised by man. Weber contends that bureaucracy
embodies a concept of justice familiar to Western systems of jurisprudence. In the case of
bureaucracy, the “equal application of the law” is simply translated into the equal (and impersonal)
application of the rule.
Body
To understand Weber’s quote one must look at the role of bureaucracy. Bureaucracies have four key
characteristics that make their resemblance to beehives all the more apparent.
 A clear hierarchy – Bureaucracies have a firm chain of command. Every worker has his or her
own place in the chain, and everyone’s work is overseen by someone on the next level up.
Power flows down from the top of the hierarchy and diminishes as it approaches the bottom.
Just think of the beehive. The queen bee stands at the top, and each worker bee or drone has its
own place in the hive’s chain of command.
 Specialization – Everyone in a bureaucracy has a specific job to do and often becomes an expert
at it. Bees have specific jobs, too, collecting pollen, making honey, or populating the hive.
 A division of labor – In a bureaucracy, nearly every task is broken down into its component
parts, and different people work on different parts of the task. Together they get the job done,
just like bees in a hive who divide their labor for maximum efficiency.
 A set of formal rules – These so-called standard operating procedures are the clear, written
instructions for each specialized job at every level of the hierarchy. Workers who follow them
can be sure that they are on the same page as their colleagues and are doing their jobs properly.
According to beekeepers, bees, too, have a sophisticated system of communication that keeps
their hives running smoothly.
Contemporary relevance
 The bureaucracy implements the laws and policies made by elected officials.
 These laws and policies need to be put into practice in specific situations and applied in all
the contingencies of daily life.
 For example, a city council would that all dog owners must have their pets licensed and
microchipped, but the city council members don’t have the time to make sure that their
decision is carried out.
 City workers, members of the city’s bureaucracy, are the ones who answer questions and
complaints about the law, help dog owners fill out the proper forms, refer owners to
veterinarians who can insert the microchips etc.
 To run the day to day administration in accordance with the policies, laws, rules, regulations
and decisions of the government is also the key responsibility of the Bureaucracy.
 The political executive simply exercises guiding, controlling and supervising functions.
GS4_final july.pdf
 The bureaucracy provides necessary administrative functions, like conducting examinations,

issuing permits and licenses, and collecting fees. Essentially, it handles the paperwork of
everyday government operations.
 g.: Anyone who has a driver’s license has come face-to-face with bureaucratic
administration through the required written and behind-the-wheel exams, learning permits
etc at RTO.
 Advisory Function: One of the important functions of the Bureaucracy is to advise the political
executive.
 The ministers receive all the information and advice regarding the functioning of their
respective departments from the civil servants.
 As amateurs, the ministers have little knowledge about the functions of their departments.
 They, therefore, depend upon the advice of bureaucracy.
 As qualified, experienced and expert civil servants working in all government departments,
they provide expert and professional advice and information to the ministers.
 Collection of Taxes and Disbursement of Financial Benefits: The civil servants play a vitally
important role in financial administration.
 They advise the political executive in respect of all financial planning, tax-structure, tax-
administration and the like.
 They collect taxes and settle disputes involving recovery of taxes.
 They play a vital role in preparing the budget and taxation proposals.
 They carry out the function of granting of legally sanctioned financial benefits, tax reliefs,
subsidies and other concessions to the people.
 Eg.: Implementation of GST was a success due to efforts of bureaucracy to identify and
remove all hurdles.
Conclusion
Weber clearly believes bureaucracy to be the most rational and efficient organizational form devised
by man. Bureaucracy is rational in that it involves control based on knowledge, has clearly defined
spheres of competence, operates according to intellectually analysable rules, and has calculability in
its operations. Bureaucracy is efficient because of its precision, speed, consistency, availability of
records, continuity, potential for secrecy, unity, rigorous coordination, and minimization of
interpersonal friction, personnel costs, and material costs.
Extra Information
Weber gave features of ideal-type bureaucracy.
The features of the “ideal-type” of bureaucracy as organization are as follows:
 Administration is carried out on a continuous basis, not simply at the pleasure of the leader.
 Tasks in the bureaucratic organization are divided into functionally distinct areas, each with the
requisite authority and sanction.
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 Offices are arranged in the form of a hierarchy.
 The resources of the bureaucratic organization are distinct from those of the members as private
individuals (that is, administrators do not own the means of administration).
 The officeholder cannot appropriate the office (that is, the office cannot be sold by the official or
passed on by heredity).
 Administration is based on written documents.
 Control in the bureaucratic organization is based on impersonally applied rational rules. Thus, it
is not simply the existence of rules but the quality and mode of application of those rules that
distinguishes the bureaucratic organization.
The set of principles recommended by Nolan committee for public life are significant
because they focused on behaviour and culture rather than processes. Analyse. (250
words)
Reference: Ethics, Integrity and aptitude by Lexicon Publications
Why the question:
The question is premised on the importance of set of principles recommended by Nolan committee
for public life.
Discuss in detail the significance of Nolan committee report for public life.
Directive:
Analyze – When asked to analyse, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the
Introduction:
To ensure ethical standards in public service delivery, the traditional method used to focus more on
the roles, procedures, activities, rules and regulation.
Body:
Explain that Nolan committee was founded to overcome this recommendation. It made
recommendations to improve standards of behaviour in public life. In whatever capacity public
servants’ function, their behaviour in public life should be guided by these principles.
Discuss in detail each principle enshrined by the committee.
Conclusion:
Conclude that twenty years on Nolan principles still form the basis of the ethical standards expected
from public office holders.
Introduction:
Citizens expect public servants to serve the public interest with fairness and to manage public
resources properly. Following cases of corruption and misuse of office all over the world, most
advanced countries have prescribed a Code of Ethics for public servants.
Lord Nolan, in his famous report of Committee of standards of Public life in Britain (1994) gave
seven principles of standards in public life and it is universally applicable to everyone in public life,
public officials can and should be punished for transgressing them without needing detailed
explanations about the principles. The fact that the Nolan Principles are widely used suggests that
they are indeed relevant and useful.
Body:
Seven Principles of Public Life are:
GS4_final july.pdf
 Selflessness
 Holders of public office should take decisions solely in terms of the public interest. They
should not do so in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their
family, or their friends.
 Eg.: Lal Bahadur Shastri used to fast once a week to save grains for poor people of the
country and he gave a call for the nation to follow it. Thousands of people started fasting to
make hunger free nation. He is seen as epitome of selflessness in the public domain.
 Integrity
 Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation
to outside individuals or organisations that might influence them in the performance of
their official duties.
 Eg.: The public officers must not hold office of profit. They must not conduct any beneficial
business outside of their office or inside on their personal interest. Suspension of 20 AAP
MLAs is seen against their integrity.
 Objectivity
 In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts,
or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make
choices on merit.
 Eg.: when public servants carry out the business like appointment, bidding, awarding in all
those work their perception must be unbiased. They have to choose appropriate person to
all those work on the basis of real merit.
 Accountability
 Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public and
must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office.
 Eg.: Public servants are in charge of the public money, they should be careful about
spending every single penny and give an account of how the money was spent.
 Openness
 Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions
that they take. They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only
when the wider public interest clearly demands.
 Eg.: the issue of political party not under ambit of RTI goes against the principle of
openness.
 Honesty
 Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their public
duties and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public
interest.
GS4_final july.pdf
 Eg.: APJ Abdul Kalam, ex- President of India led a very frugal life. He never used public
vehicles for his private life. This kind of clean hand is much needed in public office to
envision a new India.
 Leadership
 Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership and
example.
 Eg.: Sardar Patel led the Bardoli satyagraha in 1928 from the front. He was the first to field
arrest which influenced many more people to join the movement.
Conclusion:
The Nolan principles were revolutionary at the time because they focused on behaviour and
culture, rather than processes. Therefore, if someone lives by these values, it will go a long way to
improving behaviour. These principles apply to all aspects of public life. The Committee has set them
out here for the benefit of all who serve the public in any way. If you are selfless and honest, you will
be making decisions which are in the interests of the organisation, putting aside any personal
interest and acting objectively and independently. Organisations which are open have been shown
to have more stakeholder involvement in the planning process, leading to enhanced public service.
Discuss the impact of Social influence on public services? (250 words)

Reference: Ethics by Lexicon
Why this question:
The question is to examine the role of Social influence on public service.
The answer must explain what is social influence, its reach, effect on public services.
Directive:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through t give
reasons for the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to both for
Introduction:
Briefly state what you understand by social influence.
Body:
Discuss the following aspects:
How does social influence affect behaviour? – Social influence occurs when a person’s emotions,
opinions or behaviours are affected by others intentionally or unintentionally. Social influence takes
many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership,
persuasion, sales, and marketing.
Quote examples to justify – Our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours are influenced by many things, and
often produce automated behaviour. Principles of social influence, or the ways in which we are
influenced, include the reciprocity principle, commitment and consistency, social proof, liking,
authority, and scarcity.
Then relate it to public services.
Conclusion:
Conclude with whether social influence is good or bad for public services, form a balanced opinion.
Introduction:
GS4_final july.pdf
Social influence occurs when a person’s emotions, opinions, or behaviours are affected by others.
Social influence takes many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure,
obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing.
Body:
Growing concerns about the use of coercive and other manipulative psychological techniques
underline the need to improve understanding of the ethics of social influence.
Persuasion:
 Persuasion is symbolic process in which communicators try to convince other people through
transmission of a message to change their attitudes or behaviours.
 Persuasion can occur through appeals to reason or appeals to emotion. For example, school-
based substance abuse prevention programs using the social influences model consistently
produce better results than programs emphasizing only health information.
 They are used to appeal to a person’s attitude, behavior and cognition. Advertisements are the
robust examples of persuasion.
 The Social Media is playing a major role today in persuading people for both good and bad
deeds.
 The government has also utilized this tool for the success of the initiatives like Swachh Bharat
Abhiyaan- cleanliness drives; Ujjwala Yojana’s Give it up campaign; Disclosing excess income
campaign; Beti Bachao Beti Padhao by making parents understand it is necessary to protect and
educate a girl child.
Compliance
 Compliance is when an individual changes his or her behavior in response to an explicit or

implicit request made by another person.
 Compliance is often referred to as an active form of social influence in that it is usually

intentionally initiated by a person.
 It is also conceptualized as an external form of social influence in that its focus is a change in
overt behavior.
 Although compliance may sometimes occur as a result of changes in people’s internal beliefs
and/or feelings, such internal changes are not the primary goal of compliance, nor are they
necessarily required for the request to be successful.
 Example: following the traffic rules, paying taxes on time.
Conformity:
 Conformity refers to when people adjust their behaviours, attitudes, feelings, and/or beliefs to
fit to a group norm.
 Conformity is generally regarded as a passive form of influence in that members of the group do
not actively attempt to influence others.
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 People merely observe the actions of group members and adjust their behaviours and/or views
accordingly. The focus of conformity can be either external (overt behaviours) or internal (beliefs
and feelings) in nature.
 Main factor that influences conformity is social norms. Social norms are the expected behaviour
within a specific culture or society.
 Example: Treating all genders equally; Coming from a poor background, helps sensitive about
the concerns of poor more than just studying their problems; If other officers are corrupt, then I
it may tempt an honest officer also to be corrupt.
Obedience:
 Obedience is a change in behavior as a result of a direct command from an authority figure.

 Obedience is an active form of influence in that it is usually directly initiated by an authority
figure and is typically external in that overt behaviours are generally the focus of commands.
 Example: Respecting elders; an employee will follow the orders of his supervisors in order to
please them.
Conclusion:
Thus, there are many things that influence behaviour in people, whether that be their own beliefs
and opinions or other people being around them at the time.
Corporate Governance
System of corporate governance was made to make Corporations accountable to
stakeholders. However, the real ethical challenge lies in determining who the real
stakeholders are and balancing their interests. Debate. (250 words)
Reference: Ethics, Integrity and aptitude by Lexicon Publications
Why the question:
The question is based on the theme of corporate governance and concerns associated in identifying
the stakeholders in it.
Discuss the concept of corporate governance; explain the concerns around identifying the right
stakeholder and real ethical challenges associated with it.
Directive:
Debate – Weigh up to what extent something is true. Persuade the reader of your argument by citing
relevant research but also remember to point out any flaws and counter- arguments as well.
Conclude by stating clearly how far you agree with the original proposition.
Introduction:
Define corporate governance.
Body:
Explain that the concept of stakeholders is used to create balance between corporate-society
relationships. Stakeholders are those entities which has interest in functioning or outcome of
corporations e.g. employees, shareholders, customers, community etc. According to corporate social
responsibility act, one of the primary functions of the corporation is to serve the needs of its all
stakeholders.
However when it comes to real life, corporations are found to be fulfilling interest of those
stakeholder/s which has direct or vested interest in it at the cost of other stakeholders interest e.g. In
GS4_final july.pdf
Satyam scam company’s account was forged to benefit founders and misled investors, regulators,
Kingfisher airline evaded service tax to benefit company at the cost of interest of other shareholders.
Suggest solutions.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Introduction:
Corporate governance concerns an organization’s system of management and control.
Specifically, it covers the proper management including the relationships between: board
members; the board and the company’s shareholders; and the company and other stakeholders
such as employees, creditors and customers; and internal controls and processes. A good
corporate governance framework will lead to internal discipline, accountability and transparency.
Ethics is at the core of corporate governance, and management must reflect accountability for their
actions on the global community scale.
Body:
Importance of Corporate Governance:
 Good corporate governance increases the long term value of an organization and its potential
for growth. It reduces risk, and strengthens reputation.
 Open to public Information disclosure, high transparency and accountability are basic important
elements of best corporate governance that strives the sustainability of corporations and
society.
 To avoid mismanagement, good corporate governance is necessary to enable companies
operate more efficiently, to improve access to capital, mitigate risk and safeguard stakeholders.
 It also makes companies more accountable and transparent to investors so as to minimize
expropriation and unfairness for shareholders.
 Corporate governance makes companies more accountable and transparent to investors and
gives them the tools to respond to legitimate stakeholder concerns such as sustainable
environmental and social development.
 It contributes to development and increased access to capital encourages new investments,
boosts economic growth, and provides employment opportunities.
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 A lack of corporate governance can lead to profit loss, corruption and a tarnished image, not
only to the corporation, but to the society, or even worse will influence global as a whole.
 This form of corporate governance management is also designed to limit risk and eliminate
corrosive elements within an organization.
The ethical issues with Corporate Governance in India:
 It is common for friends and family of promoters and management to be appointed as board
members.
 In India, founders’ ability to control the affairs of the company has the potential of derailing the
entire corporate governance system. Unlike developed economies, in India, identity of the
founder and the company is often merged.
 Women director appointed are primarily from family in most of the companies which negates
the whole reform.
 Appointed independent directors are questionable as it is unlikely that Independent Directors
will stand-up for minority interests against the promoter. In the Tata case, these directors
normally toe the promoter’s line.
 An independent director can be easily removed by promoters or majority shareholders. This
inherent conflict has a direct impact on independence.
 A fallout of a spate of corporate governance scandals in 2019 has been a record number of mid-
term cessations of auditors and independent directors. The number of exits of independent
directors from boards of Indian companies increased 54 per cent year on year in calendar 2019.
Also, 58 auditors stepped down mid-term in 2019, a tad higher than the number in 2018.
 Related party transactions and siphoning of funds from the business have been the emergent
issues in corporate governance of India Inc. in 2019, moving beyond board governance and
executive compensation that dominated the discussions earlier. From Sun Pharma to Indigo
Airlines to Apollo Hospitals, some of the leading companies faced scrutiny for their related-party
transactions
 Conflict of Interest – The ICICI Bank Ltd fiasco demonstrates the challenge of managers
potentially enriching themselves at the cost of shareholders in the absence of a promoter.
 Board’s Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is often found unsupportive.
 Data protection is an important governance issue. In this era of digitalization, a sound
understanding of the fundamentals of cyber security must be expected from every director.
Measures to improve Corporate Governance in India:

 Ensure a balanced, competent and diverse Board: Business should strive for directors who are
qualified, understand the business and can offer a fresh perspective. Studies show Boards with
greater gender diversity result in improved financial performance.
 Review your Board composition on a regular basis to identify any shortcomings and make
timely improvements.
 Build solid foundations for oversight: Establish, monitor and evaluate the roles and
responsibilities of the Board and management. The Board needs to have visibility of
management actions and key decision making.
 Gear key performance indicators towards long term value creation not just in the short term.
 Prioritize risk management: Establish an effective risk management and internal control
framework and periodically review its effectiveness. Developing a disaster recovery plan is
essential.
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 Ensure integrity in corporate reporting including safeguards such as conducting external audits
of the business.
 Provide timely and balanced information: Providing transparency to key stakeholders both in
the good and bad times promotes stakeholders’ confidence in the business.
 Emphasize integrity, promote ethical behaviours and consult different categories of
stakeholders on their interests.
 Treat shareholders equitably and respect their rights.
 Ensure adequate disclosures around related parties’ transactions and director’s other interests.
This is especially important where a director may have external financial interests that could
influence his decision.
Conclusion:
Currently, India accounts nearly 3% of world GDP and 2.5% of global stock market capitalization –
with 5,000 listed companies and more than 50 companies in the global Fortune list. Uday Kotak
committee recommendations hold importance in growing concerns for corporate governance. The
recommendations of the Kotak committee will enhance transparency and effectiveness in the way
boards of listed companies function.
Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable.

Analyse. (250 words)
Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon
Introduction:
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is referred as a corporate initiative to assess and take
responsibility for the company’s effects on the environment and impact on social welfare and to
promote positive social and environmental change.
Body:
CSR is based on the philosophy of Trusteeship believes in inherent goodness of human beings.
Companies have to spend at least 2% of last 3 years’ average net profits on CSR activities. This may
sound costing companies on their profit but in reality it can make companies more profitable and
sustainable.
 Corporate Social Responsibility links Corporate Sector to Social Sector
 Upholds Trusteeship: Corporate social responsibility gives a chance to the organization to

contribute towards the society, environment, country and so on.
 Promote Relationship: Relationship is the oxygen of life. It enhances the “social quotient” of the
company hence help in getting appeal for its product from people. Ex Lifebuoy soap success
story
 It imparts an ethical, responsible character to company’s profile, helps it to justify its product,
growth and create a distinct aura of company in public sphere. E.g.: Nanhi Kali project of Godrej
group.
 Competitive advantage: Businesses that show how they are more socially responsible than their
competitors tend to stand out. Research shows that a strong record of CSR improves customers’
attitude towards the company. TATA group enjoys much social appeal when compared with
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fellow competitor The Classmate notebooks which contributed Rs. 1 towards social welfare
gained appeal over other brands.
 Boosts employee morale: CSR practices have a significant impact on employee morale, as it
reinforces his confidence on Company’s empathy.
 Presence and involvement of company in CSR activity will provide a soft corner to it in
government’s approval, preferences. Its active involvement to implement government flagship
program like Swaccha Bharat Mission enhances company’s credibility in government’s eyes.
 Promotes Socio-Economic Development: If the company is engaged in CSR programs it attracts

foreign investment and helps the country to get valuable foreign exchange. This in turn leads to
socio-economic developmental activities.
 Attracts FDI: If the company is engaged in CSR programs it attracts foreign investment and helps
the country to get valuable foreign exchange
Conclusion:
Socially beneficial activities involve an element of welfare, charity and providing maximum good to
maximum number of people. While doing them the donator will definitely get benefitted in terms of
positive wishes, economic gains or prestige enhancement. Hence Corporate Social Responsibility
makes companies more profitable and sustainable
Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of

governance and probity; Information sharing and transparency in government,
Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work
culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of
corruption.
While discussing the reasons for the lack of efficient utilization of public funds, explain
how efficient utilization of public funds is fundamental to a sustainable society. (250
words)
Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications
Why the question:
The question is premised on the theme of efficient utilization of public funds and its importance.
Explain in detail the reasons for the lack of efficient utilization of public funds; also explain how
efficient utilization of public funds is fundamental to a sustainable society.
Directive:
Introduction:
Discuss first what you understand by efficient utilization of public funds.
Body:
Briefly explain how efficient utilization of public funds is fundamental to a sustainable society.
GS4_final july.pdf
Discuss the various reasons like corruption, red tapism and policy paralysis etc. explaining their role
in impeding efficient utilization of public funds.
Give a few suitable examples elaborating your arguments.
Suggest some measures to overcome these challenges.
Conclusion:
Conclude with importance of it.
Introduction:
‘Public money ought to be touched with the most scrupulous conscientiousness of honour. It is not
the produce of riches only, but of the hard earnings of labour and poverty.’ – Thomas Paine. Public
servants are the trustees of the hard earned public funds, therefore it becomes their moral and legal
responsibility for their effective utilization. Efficient utilisation of public funds is necessary for
judicious use of financial resources to satisfy the needs of the present society in such a way that it
doesn’t compromise the capability of societies of future generations to meet their own needs.
Body:
Four principles underpin trust in the public finances:
 Transparency −accurate records that show where money is raised and spent.
 Assurance − figures and processes are checked by independent experts.
 Accountability −decision makers are clearly identified and subject to strict rules and review of
performance and outcomes.
 Objectivity − policies are based on accurate information and rigorous analysis
Effective utilization of funds for welfare services is one of the key tenets to ensure social and
economic justice and meet developmental goals. However, as our former Prime Minister had
remarked, “only 15 paisa for every rupee spent on public welfare actually reaches to the masses”,
thereby highlighting the gravity of ineffective utilization of funds in our country.
Reasons for the lack of efficient utilization of public funds:
Administrative reasons:
 Policy paralysis: Delays, inaction and inability to take policy decisions by the government or its
various departments and agencies is one the main causes of inefficiency in public fund
utilisation.
 Bureaucratic attitude: Sometimes despotic attitude and obstructionist attitude of officials
especially in higher echelons of bureaucracy acts as hindrance in carrying out developmental
activities.
 Red tapism: Due to over regulation and practice of requiring excessive paperwork and tedious
procedures before official action hinders implementation of schemes and projects, thereby it
affects process of effective public fund utilisation
 Lack of autonomy of public watchdogs: Bodies like CAG, CVC which are advisory and
recommendatory in nature, lack powers to take decisions itself as it is treated as an advisory
body only it has no power to register criminal cases against government officials. This weakens
the capability to check accountability for irregularities in public finance.
 Non-Implementation of citizen charters: Many public institutions have still not adopted a citizen
charter, a tool of good governance to deliver public services to citizens as rights in a time bound
manner. Non-adoption of citizen charter is an impediment to efficient public fund utilisation.
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Political reasons:
 Poor political will: Like recently due to inefficiency and underutilisation of funds, the Members
of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) has been suspended for two financial
years.
 Populist politics: Irrational distribution of freebies and signing off loans for electoral popularity
puts pressure on budgetary balance.
 Criminalization of politics: Increasing number of politicians with criminal background and their
links with anti-social elements leads to misutilization of public funds.
 Vendetta politics: Sometimes political class indulges in acts of vendetta which erodes the
cooperation and collective efforts required for development. For example, delay in allocation of
developmental funds to opposition MLAs/MPs by Government in power.
 Frequent ill intended protests and bandhs by any political faction increase the incurred costs due
to delay in the public works undertaken.
Social Reasons:
 Illiteracy: Failure of the education system to inculcate the moral values of honesty and integrity
firmly in its people.
 Inequality: Social and economic equality in Indian society foment greed among people to amass
as much resources as possible when they get an opportunity.
 Poor public participation: With a high level of illiteracy and ignorance about government
policies and schemes, many citizens, especially poor could not demand their rightful financial
liabilities from the Government.
 Social apathy towards corruption: In India many people accept corruption as a norm due to
which even the people with ill-gotten money enjoy the same status as the honest rich. This is
unlike some societies like that of Japan where instances of social boycott of the corrupted
people have been observed.
 These cases of corruption are seen even in utilisation of public money at community level such
as in Panchayats.
 Lack of Institutional social accounting: The process of communicating the social and
environmental effects of actions and inactions of public authorities to particular interest groups
within society like in the MNREGA scheme is not institutionalised.
Efficient utilization of public funds is fundamental to a sustainable society:

 It is vital to uphold the ‘social contract’. Citizens must be confident that they are protected by
the law and that public institutions and servants will act in accordance with it.
 Public institutions with operational independence from political control are more likely to
be trusted to act in the public interest.
 A well informed population is far more likely to be confident about investing for the future. This
means both providing appropriate information in ways that are accessible and easy to
understand, and educating citizens as well as inviting them to participate in decision making.
 Effective public financial management requires that decision makers, citizens and other
stakeholders, are able to ‘follow the money’ to see how taxes were raised, why decisions to
spend it were made, how the money was actually spent and what was bought.
 Where government plans and activities are measured against expected outputs and outcomes,
citizens and other stakeholders will be able to judge the performance of government. This in
turn provides the basis for feedback and continuous improvement mechanisms.
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 For the public to believe that public officials will do the right thing, a range of controls to
promote integrity and ethical behaviour and to tackle fraud and corruption are required.
 Most importantly, the public must believe that individuals will be held responsible for their
actions, no matter who they are.
 A climate for investment is created when investors believe a state is stable, well run and that
political and fiscal risks will be managed effectively.
Conclusion:
It is important for citizens to trust that the government will act in their interest, if they are to invest
their own private resources and so create economic activity and employment. Efficient utilisation of
public funds requires a number of reforms for good governance such as decentralisation of power,
plugging legislative loopholes, strengthening the public Institutions like CVC and RTI, enhancing
administrative accountability and making society more democratic. These reforms could make
society more sustainable in the long run.
‘Regulation of the issue of Conflict of Interest is a crucial step in probity’. Explain. (250
words)
Why the question:
The question is premised on the theme of conflict of Interest.
Discuss in what way regulation of the issue of Conflict of Interest is a crucial step in probity.
Directive:
Introduction:
Explain what you understand by conflict of interest.
Body:
Conflict of interest is the performance of public duties where the public official has a personal interest
or appears to be in conflict with their official duty.
If a conflict of interest is kept behind closed doors it is more likely to attract suspicion and allegations
of possible misconduct. Hence, regulation of Conflicts of interest is crucial for accountability and
transparency in public life.
Substantiate as to why it is important to regulate it.
Conclusion:
Conclude with importance of regulating the conflict of interest and its importance of probity.
Introduction:
A “conflict of interest” involves a conflict between the public duty and private interests of a public
official, in which the public official has private-capacity interests which could improperly influence
the performance of their official duties and responsibilities.
Body:
In such a situation, judgement of an individual could be impaired. A conflict of interest can exist in
many different situations. Conflict of interest is seen as a moral issue and not strictly a legal one
accompanied by criminal culpability in India so it is hardly surprising that blatant violations are
virtually seen every day.
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Example: a public official whose personal interests conflict with his/her professional position.
Instances of the largest shareholder appointing himself as CEO, deciding his salary and then
appointing his son to a key post and higher royalties to the parent company are some of the serious
conflict of interest issues in India which don’t receive necessary attention. Or a judge giving
judgement in a case involving his own family member is a case of conflict of interest.
Public servants face Conflict of Interest due to the nature of their work:
 Personal vs Professional
 This is the most common type of conflict of interest arising due to the conflict between
personal and professional life.
 Say, if a public servant is incharge of giving out contracts for a certain project and one of the
applicant is relative or friend.
 Conflicting Responsibility
 Sometimes public servants are given additional charge, which might sometimes create a
conflict of interest with the original line of duty.
 Conflicting Organizations
 Sometimes public servants are part of two separate organizations with apparently
conflicting objectives and this might put them in certain conflict of interest.
 Many public servants also volunteer for NGOs during their service. NGOs and govermental
organization sometimes come at odds with each other.
Importance of regulation of conflict of interest:
 Conflicts of interest are naturally occurring phenomena, not a pathology – that is, they are an
inevitable consequence of the fact that people occupy more than one social role.
 Getting into a situation of conflict of interest is sometimes unavoidable and not a crime in itself
if properly handled.
 Public sector employees have an obligation to act ethically and in the public interest at all times.
When a conflict of interest has been ignored, concealed, improperly acted on, or has influenced
actions or decision making, either inadvertently or deliberately, that conduct (not the conflict
itself) could be seen as misconduct, abuse of office or even corruption.
 There may be occasions where an officer becomes, through their actions or roles, the subject of
accusations of:
 fraud – the false representation of facts with an intention to deceive or enable person or
organisation to gain an unfair advantage (this includes falsifying documents and certifying
statements known to be wrong);
 theft – stealing or dishonest misappropriation of money or property; and
 corruption – acceptance of any gift or consideration as an inducement or reward, misuse of

information or misuse of position.
GS4_final july.pdf
 Hence, regulation of Conflicts of interest is crucial for accountability and transparency in public
life.
The measures needed to resolve conflict of interest are:
 Transparency
 Declaring one’s conflict of interest to the concerned authorities is the best way.
 It helps civil servant to come clean and concerned authorities can decide further.
 Assure integrity
 The concerned authority should be assured of integrity and willingness to serve no matter
what the decision is made on the declaration.
 Maintain objectivity
 If given the chance to continue working on that case, work with objectivity.
 Reduce discretion and codify procedure
 There is a need for legislation to make non-disclosure of a conflict of interest punishable.
 A private member’s bill (The Prevention and Management of Conflict of Interest Bill,
introduced in 2012), the legislation ought to cover all arms of governance, including the
judiciary, the legislature and the executive.
 The recommendation of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Department of
Personnel and Training, calling for early retirement if interested in post-retirement private
service is established, needs to be implemented, besides increasing the mandatory cooling
period to five years so that no undue influence can be exerted by the retired bureaucrat.
 Also, the reasons for declining their requests for joining such firms need to be laid out
clearly, to limit political concerns.
 An open, public data platform enlisting all post-retirement appointments of civil servants
will increase transparency
Conclusion:
The priority must be to frame a modern law relating to conflict of interest, along the lines of what
exists in the statute of the other countries like the United States and also ensure them to their work
ensures ethical governance.
‘Corruption is conventionally understood as a deviant behaviour but it is also a sign of

moral decline in the society’. Illustrate with examples. (250 words)
Why the question:
The question is based on the theme of corruption.
One must explain in what way ‘Corruption is conventionally understood as a deviant behaviour but it
is also a sign of moral decline in the society’. Discuss with suitable examples.
Directive:
Illustrate – A similar instruction to ‘explain’ whereby you are asked to show the workings of
something, making use of definite examples and statistics if appropriate to add weight to your
explanation.
Introduction:
Political thinker Rousseau believed that human nature is rational and basically good but it is
vulnerable to corruption. Accordingly, corruption should also be seen as sign or symptom of moral
decline in society not just a behavioural fault of an individual.
Body:
GS4_final july.pdf
Explain in what way corruption is also a sign of declining society. Such questions are best explained
with case studies/examples. For example – When some corrupt practices become acceptable part of
our lives e.g. giving and taking bribe cheerfully to get the seat in college. When stigma attached with
corrupt person no longer limits his chances e.g. election of representative with criminal background.
Etc.
Suggest that when corruption becomes pervasive to such an extent, it surely become a sign of moral
decline in a society.
Conclusion:
Conclude with solutions to address such an issue.
Introduction
Corruption is “giving or obtaining advantage through means which are illegitimate, immoral, and/or
inconsistent with one’s duty or the rights of others.”
Corruption is an important manifestation of the failure of ethics. It is unfortunate that corruption

has, for many, become a matter of habit, ranging from grand corruption involving persons in high
places to retail corruption touching the everyday life of common people.
Body
Corruption: Sign of moral decline in society

 A disturbing aspect is that the society’s attitude to corruption too was changing. A few decades
ago, a corrupt and unethical person was shunned. But now their presence was not just
tolerated, but was regarded as normal.
 Eg: When corrupt persons to go to jail now, their followers make a display of immense
sadness and when they come out of jail, it is celebrated and sweets are distributed
 The citizens are electing corrupt political leaders because money power is seen as a heft that can
make the work done.
 Eg: The coal allocation scam, also referred to as ‘Coalgate’ is a political scandal that
swamped the UPA government in 2012.
 It is now so pervasive at all levels of authority, that, empathy a foundational value of public
service is non-existent. Even the most poor and vulnerable are becoming prey to petty
corruption.
 Eg Paying bribes is relatively common in many countries, and bribes often take the form of
grease payments, which are small inducements intended to expedite decisions and
transactions.
 Even in context where India’s image is at stake, there is no keeping corruption at bay. At the cost
of nation’s persona and perception to outside world, there exists rampant corruption at highest
levels.
 Eg: The Commonwealth Games scam and the 2G spectrum scam showed the exponential
increase in corruption.
How to prevent corruption?
The solution to the problem of corruption has to be more systemic than any other issue of
governance. Merely shrinking the economic role of the state by resorting to deregulation,
liberalization and privatization is not necessarily the solution to addressing the problem.
GS4_final july.pdf
 Adopting effective and coordinated policies against corruption
 Developing a coherent anti-corruption policy which identifies the causes of corruption and
commits to practical, coordinated and effective measures to address these causes is a
prerequisite for success.
 Fair and transparent system of public procurement
 Establishing a procurement system, built on the principles of objectivity, transparency and

competition, is important to both saving public money and to ensuring that the policy and
developmental objectives of the government are met.
 Eg: GeM Government E-market Place is a step in the right directions. With this,
Public Finance Management System also helps in tracking the realtime usage of
funds.
 Strengthened transparency and public reporting
 An informed society with free access to information is a strong deterrent to

corruption.
 This underlines the importance of transparency, public reporting and access to

information in preventing corruption.
 Right to Information needs to be strengthened to make the public officials and

governments more accountable to the citizens.
 Citizens must be Vigilant: Otherwise, like Plato said “The punishment suffered by
the wise who refuse to take part in government, is to suffer under the government
of bad men”
 Institutional monitoring and legislative reforms
 Prevalent institutional arrangements have to be reviewed and changes made where

those vested with power are made accountable, their functioning made more
transparent and subjected to social audit with a view to minimize discretionary
decisions.
 Napoleon who said, ‘Law should be so succinct that it can be carried in the pocket of
the coat and it should be so simple that it can be understood by a peasant’.
 The 2nd ARC recommended that The Prevention of Corruption Act should be
amended to ensure that sanctioning authorities are not summoned and instead the
documents can be obtained and produced before the courts by the appropriate
authority.
 E-governance
 The focus should be on e-governance and systemic change. An honest system of
governance will displace dishonest persons.
 Other Reforms
 All procedures, laws and regulations that breed corruption and come in the way of
efficient delivery system will have to be eliminated.
GS4_final july.pdf
 The perverse system of incentives in public life, which makes corruption a high return
low risk activity, need to be addressed.
 In this context, public example has to be made out of people convicted on corruption
charge
Conclusion
Corruption has a disproportionate impact on the poor and most vulnerable, increasing costs and
reducing access to services, including health, education and justice. Corruption erodes trust in
government and undermines the social contract. This is cause for concern across the globe, but
particularly in contexts of fragility and violence, as corruption fuels and perpetuates the inequalities
and discontent that lead to fragility, violent extremism, and conflict. Hence it is imperative that all
forms of corruption are rooted out for a “Atmanirbhar Bharat”.
Case Studies on above issues.

Mobota is a small and very poor country in Africa. A major epidemic of a new disease
breaks out in Mobota. The only medicine in the market for this disease is a drug made
in India by a new pharmaceutical company called Biomed. Since the drug has been
developed at heavy cost and Biomed is partly owned by a major international company,
the medicine is priced very high. Mobota cannot not afford to pay the price for the
large quantities it needs to control the outbreak. What are the different options for
Mobota’s health minister to deal with this situation? What according to you would be
the best option & why. (250 words)
Why the question:
The question is a case study.
Discuss the nuances of the case study and highlight the associated concerns of it. And suggest
options available to the Mobota’s health minister to deal with this situation.
Introduction:
Identify the ethical issues involved in the case study and the stakeholders associated.
Body:
Explain that access to medicines’ is crucial to sustenance of human lives and preservation of human
dignity. It also provokes the concept of social equity as seen from developing countries suffering
around the world due to lack of essential healthcare/ medicine.
Deliberate in detail the Options available to the health minister according to you. India being a
country with good humanitarian record may provide subsidized medicines for urgent relief.
Moreover, if India approves, the issue can be addressed at the earliest than through other
intermediaries.
Since the drug company is based in India, it would be easy for Indian officials to take up the issue
with the drug company and reach a decision consistent with the values India uphold as a nation.
Conclusion:
Conclude with best way forward.
Introduction:
Epidemics in the 21st century are on a rise due to a variety of factors like rising population,
increasing inequality, global warming and resultant climate change, Zoonotic diseases etc. These
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epidemics mostly affect the poorer countries as there is a clear lack of basic facilities like healthcare,
drinking water, nutrition and sanitation, cramped housing and slums etc. The vaccines developed
for such epidemics are usually in better off countries and involvement of MNCs make them usually
unaffordable for the poorer countries.
Body:
As the health minister of the Mobota, the following would be the different options to access the
vaccine for the country:
 Since it is currently unaffordable, I would raise finances from the market using the sovereign
bonds.
 I would talk to the Biomed company and request them to give the medicines on compassionate
grounds to save lakhs of lives.
 The other option would be to raise a request for help from the global bodies like
WHO and global philanthropic organizations like Bill and Melinda Gates foundation to procure
the medicines for Mobota.
 If neither of the above options work, it would be wise to raise a long-term loan from the global
financial institutions like World Bank or IMF.
 Lastly, I would request the MNC’s, NGO’s which are in my country to raise funds needed for the
vaccine.
The best option in the above case would be a combination of 2 and 3 as the situation is grim and
needs immediate attention to save the lives of the people. This is because the country is already
poor and is low on resources. The epidemic is raging and killing many of the people in Mobota. The
other options which involve taking loans would create debts for the future generations. Also, it is
important to work to reduce the climate change effects which are leading to novel zoonotic diseases
and inturn affecting the human kind. I would also use the global forums like UN, UNFCCC to
strengthen this cause of sustainable development in the future.
Conclusion:
These steps would be my immediate and long-term actions.
You are aspiring to become an IAS officer and you have cleared various stages and now
you have been selected for the personal interview. On the day of the Interview, on the
way to the venue you saw an accident where a mother and child who happen to be
your relatives were badly injured. They needed immediate help. What would you have
done in such a situation? Justify your action. (250 words)
Reference : Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon
Introduction:
Conflicting priorities in life pose challenge to an individual’s emotional intelligence and the strength
of his/her ethical framework. The case presents an ethical dilemma to me where I have to choose
between my personal well-being by attending the interview and social and personal responsibility of
helping my relatives who are accident victims.
Body:
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In the above case, Stakeholders involved are the mother and child, me, society at large. The ethical
dilemmas involve personal cost v/s my civic and moral duty as dutiful citizen, Crisis of conscience,
Compassion towards the accident victims.
Leaving my relatives may help me achieve my dream and enter the most coveted services of India.
As an IAS officer I can serve more people as compared to the present situation. Philosophers like
Bentham and schools like Egoism may support me in this regard. Going for the interview and final
selection will enhance my social recognition as well as prestige of my family. Since stakes are high,
my relatives will also understand my decision.
But any such action may lead to a crisis of conscience. It may also be unjust as I’ll enjoy the benefit
but burden will fall upon the relatives. It’ll also be against my virtues of empathy, altruism and
integrity. It will also set a bad precedent for the society and may reduce social capital (common
good) in long term.
My action of running away from duty it not right as per Kant’s categorical imperative. Humans
should always be treated as ends rather than means. Also I can’t afford to make it a universal
principle.
Thus, I have to use my emotional intelligence and take a prudent decision. Aristotle has said that
moral actions are mean between two extremes of excess and deficiency. I have to control my
excessive emotion of love and affection for my relative and not allow any deficiency of sense of
social and moral responsibility. Hence I would take following measures:
If any of my family members are with me, they can attend to my accident victim relatives and I may
head for my interview. If I have my mobile phone with me I can arrange for some help and
ambulance. In the mean while I’ll attend to my relatives and provide first aid with the best of my
abilities. When help comes then I can leave for my interview.
Since UPSC interview will be held in city, there would be some ‘good Samaritans’. I can take their
help for speedy admission to hospital and responsibility thereof. I can convince bystanders to help
by telling them about Good Samaritan guidelines by the Supreme Court. I can also provide reward
from my pocket. With this, I can quickly move for interview.
If no help can come forth then I would assume all the responsibilities myself. The purpose of clearing
civil service interview is to earn an opportunity for public service and if I help accident victim
relatives, I already did public service!
My career prospects would be temporarily diminished, but I can definitely work harder next
year. Doing this good work will also make me ethically stronger, a prerequisite for any aspiring IAS.
Buddhism says that “compassion is the root of all dharma”, this will be my conviction in facing this
situation.
Simultaneously I may try to communicate with the UPSC about my condition and seek
postponement of my interview. Some may call this decision irrational but as Kant has said, altruism
is rational as it is irrational not to help others knowing that someday you also will need their help.
Conclusion:
The above actions, on one hand, will ensure timely medical attention for the accident victims, and
will also help me take care of the interview, without compromising my responsibilities either as a
citizen, relative or as an aspirant.
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Your husband is watching a news report on rape along with your 8 year old daughter.
The report is airing graphic pictures of rape and murder scenes. Your father-in-law who
is also watching the report comments that your daughter is not safe on the streets and
she should be taught how to dress from now itself so that she would be safe when she
grows up. Your husband concurs. In the same hall you are helping your son with his
homework while listening to all the conversations happening in the hall. In between
your son, who is 12 year old, keeps asking you about what rape is, who commits it and
why every news channel is talking about only this issue etc. You are focusing only on his
homework and not reacting to anything. Identify the various issues in the case study
and give your opinion on them. (250 words)
Why the question:
The question is a case study that is based on the societal mindsets and existing value systems and the
challenges associated therefore, with the case study centred at role of Media the question aims to
address the issue in question.
Explain in detail the ethical issues involved in the case study, discuss the stakeholders associated, and
suggest solutions to address the issue.
Introduction:
The first issue at play here is media coverage of heinous crimes. While coverage is essential and
creates awareness, inciting graphics with vivid coverage of brutal acts needs to be censored.
Body:
Explain that airing pictures of rape victims’ bodies, even with blurred faces should be out rightly
censored. At the same time, adults need to ensure that children don’t get to view the channels that
air provocative Graphical content. Awareness is important, traumatizing isn’t.
The second factor at play here is society’s perception of rape. It is naïve and misleading to assume
that rape is primarily because of the clothing pattern or character of the victim. People who are
justifying curtailing the freedom of Victims are in a way justifying the actions of the perpetuators of
sexual crimes.
Awareness should be created to erase the further social victimization of the victims and they should
not be deemed responsible, partially or fully, for an act of which they are victims.
Thirdly, the question comes up as to spreading awareness about social crimes among children,
especially teenagers. While it is beneficial to educate them, it must be ensured that the medium of
communication is proper. We should not try to paint a helpless picture; at the same time we have to
make them aware of this evil and teach them as to how important it is to curb the menace.
Conclusion:
Conclude with suitable solutions to address such issues.
Introduction
The case involves grave misdemeanour by media channels in content disbursement. At the same
time, it highlights the victim blaming attitude prevalent in the India society. Another important
factor is the patriarchal mindset that tries to suppress liberty of women while the male child is not
taught how to respect women.
Body
Ethical issues involved
 Irresponsible Media displaying uncensored content that may not be age appropriate.
 It also goes against the guidelines of media ethics.
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 Romanticising and sensationalisation of heinous crimes.

 Misogynist attitude of men in victim shaming and blaming
 Lack of Sex Education in Indian curriculum
 Lack of open conversations with adolescents regarding sensitive issues
 Curbing liberty of girl child in the name of safeguarding them.
Various Issues in the case
 Airing pictures of rape victims’ bodies, even with blurred faces should be out rightly censored.
 Media must follow certain ethical guidelines when it comes to airing sensitive content.
 Media ethics: At the same time, adults need to ensure that children don’t get to view the
channels that air provocative Graphical content. Awareness is important, traumatizing isn’t.
 The child may be scarred for life, as it is impossible to comprehend images on the channel.
 Perception management: The other factor at play here is society’s perception of rape. It is naïve
and misleading to assume that rape is primarily because of the clothing pattern or character of
the victim.
 People who are justifying curtailing the freedom of Victims are in a way justifying the
actions of the perpetuators of sexual crimes.
 Uprooting patriarchy: Women must not tolerate misogynist attitude that suppresses their voice
and choices.
 In this case, the mother must confront the male members regarding the values they are
instilling or will enforce at a later time.
 Sex education: At the same time, questions asked by the adolescent male child must be
answered sensitively. The child must be made aware of the incident and its contours. He must
be taught about how it is a heinous act that is punishable.
 Children must be taught to respect women.
 Gender sensitisation must happen at the same time.
 Secrecy will lead to children looking for answers elsewhere and acquiring a wrong
perception about rape.
 Spreading awareness about social crimes among children, especially teenagers. While it is
beneficial to educate them, it must be ensured that the medium of communication is proper.
We should not try to paint a helpless picture; at the same time, we have to make them aware of
this evil and teach them as to how important it is to curb the menace.
 Prevent victim blaming: Awareness should be created to erase the further social victimization of
the victims and they should not be deemed responsible, partially or fully, for an act of which
they are victims.
Conclusion
Crimes against women are on the rise in recent times. Safety of women is of utmost important to
ensure that the society will prosper. The extent of violence against women in India is shameful, and
shows little sign of abating. While, as a community, it is possible to pass laws to criminalise the
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violence, law alone will not ask men to respect the opposite gender. What needs to be ingrained in
the society is this “stronger people don’t put others down; they lift them up”
In one of the districts of a frontier state, narcotics menace has been rampant. This has
resulted in money laundering, mushrooming of poppy farming, arms smuggling and
near stalling of education. The system is on the verge of collapse. The situation has
been further worsened by unconfirmed reports that local politicians as well as some
senior police officers are providing surreptitious patronage to the drug mafia. At that
point of time a woman police officer, known for her skills in handling such situations is
appointed as superintendent of police to bring the situation to normalcy. If you are the
same police officer, identify the various dimensions of the crisis. Based on your
understanding, suggest measures to deal with the crisis. (250 words)
Reference: UPSC CSE 2019 mains paper.
Why this question:
The above case study shows various security challenges faced by a bordering state. As a woman
police officer, you are tasked to take up these challenges and find measures to deal with the crisis.
The answer must explain the challenges faced in the given scenario and measures to deal with crisis.
Introduction:
Briefly highlight the various challenges faced by the state administration in this.
Body:
Discuss the following aspects:
Talk about the various dimensions of the crisis faced as a woman police officer dealing the case.
Narcotics issues
Money laundering
Illegal drug farms
Education stalling
Alleged involvement of Government officials
Patriarchy faced as woman officer
Provide the suitable measures to tackle the various issues under your capacity as a police
superintendent.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a balanced way forward.
Introduction:
The above case study highlights the issues related to rampant narcotics menace and the associated
perils like money laundering, arms smuggling and wastage of youth-force of region. The various
stakeholders include the drug mafia, arms dealer, money launderers, politicians, bureaucracy and
public at large. The patronage and security provided to the narcotics mafia has led to a vicious cycle
which is on verge of collapsing the entire public system.
Body:
Various dimensions of the crisis:
 There is an organized crime set up where money from narcotics has been laundered which is
financing the various illegal activities of gun-running, arms smuggling, poppy farming etc.
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 Poor governance and corruption in bureaucracy has helped the narcotics mafia to flourish in an
unhindered manner.
 The alleged involvement of politicians and dereliction of duty by senior police officers has led to
an unholy nexus of politician-bureaucracy and mafia.
 Stalling of education has affected the children and youth of the district which makes it easier to
be lured by the drugs and money.
 The schools, colleges and society as a whole have failed to inculcate the good values in the
people which have led to such illegal activities.
 Since it is a frontier district, there are all possibilities of souring the international relations with
the neighbouring country.
Measures to deal with the crisis:
 As a new superintendent of police of district, it is my duty to take stock of the actual ground
situation without taking any knee-jerk actions. I must be clear about the various stakeholders,
their activities and impacts they are bearing on the district.
 In such dire situations, it is necessary to use a carrot and stick policy depending on the actors.
 Using the legal machinery, I will request the district administration and Narcotics Control
Bureau to impose total ban on the illegal poppy cultivation and seize the already grown plants
under the provisions of NDPS Act. I will support them by providing the police force needed in
their operations.
 At the same time, using intelligence collected I will raid the places where illegal arms are stored.
 With the support of authorities like ED, DRI; money laundering activities taking place via online
mechanism and hawala can be tracked and curbed.
 The border security and local intelligence will be strengthened to ensure that supply chain of
drugs and arms is cut off.
 As the head of police in the district, I would initiate an internal department enquiry to nab
culprit police officers and strict actions will be taken on them.
 With the help of NGOs, village panchayats, etc. a massive awareness campaign against drug
abuse will be started and CSR funds if any available can be channeled to set up rehabilitation
centers for the addicts.
 Further, motivational talks by stars, rehabilitated addicts can help build awareness in the
society.
 Schools and colleges will be encouraged to pitch in and conduct classes regularly, increase sport
and co-curricular activities to ensure students are weaned off the influence of drugs.
 There is also a need to provide skills and job opportunities to youth to help them overcome
their poverty which drives people to illegal activities for livelihoods. Using schemes
like MGNREGA, Skill India and Start up India, this can be achieved.
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 Lastly, I would send request letters to the ministry of external affairs to increase the
help increase collaboration with the neighbouring countries in stopping the narcotics trade,
money laundering as well as information exchange which can help us further.
Conclusion:
A multi-pronged approach with perseverance and team work can help bring back the situation to
normalcy. Changes although cannot be seen overnight, persistent efforts will yield positive results.
Father of the nation “Mahatma Gandhi” condemned the use of drugs. Drugs are one of the greatest
evils for our society. It not only affects the individual but also the society. It causes loss of ability to
make rational decisions and takes precedence over everything else – career, family, loved ones,
friends and even civic sense. Thus, it must be curbed.
You are a Public Information Officer (PIO) in a government department. You are aware
that the RTI Act 2005 envisages transparency and accountability in administration. The
act has functioned as a check on the supposedly arbitrarily administrative behaviour
and actions. However, as a PIO you have observed that there are citizens who filed RTI
applications not for themselves but on behalf of such stakeholders who purportedly
want to have access to information to further their own interests. At the same time
there are these RTI activists who routinely file RTI applications and attempt to extort
money from the decision makers. This type of RTI activism has affected the functioning
of the administration adversely and also possibly jeopardises the genuineness of the
applications which are essentially aimed at getting justice. What measures would you
suggest to separate genuine and non-genuine applications? Give merits and demerits of
your suggestions. (250 Words, 20)
Reference: Previous year mains paper.
The question wants us to discuss about the challenges being faced in the separation of genuine and
non-genuine applications pertaining to the RTI Act and measures to overcome the same along with
its merits and demerits.
Introduction-
Briefly talk about importance of RTI act in ensuring transparency and accountability in Indian
democracy. Highlight the challenges of RTI act being used as a weapon or tool for vigilantism or
vengeance leading to disruption in achieving the true benefits of the act.
Body-
Discuss the various measures that can be taken in separating the genuine and non-genuine
applications.
Also discuss the merits and demerits of each of them.
Provide the feasible solution that you would opt for in such a situation.
Conclusion–
Introduction
Right to Information act is one of the most important legislatures in India owing to its impact in
empowering citizens for an accountable, transparent and responsible governance system in India.
However, it’s increased misuse day by day is causing much degradation of its noble aims and
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objectives. This is not only eroding the faith of people in RTI process but also affecting the
functioning of the administration. Hence measures to separate genuine and non-genuine
applications needs to be put in place.
Body
Ethical issues involved
 The original intent of the law is being misused.
 Malafide intentions of RTI activists in submitting queries.
 Reinforcing corruption through a law that was intended to curb corruption in the first place.
 Objective of transparency and accountability is lost.
 Impedes the genuine activists from using the law for the benefit of civil society.
Measures to be taken
 Action #1: Setting up intermediary committees to filter the application based on its genuineness.
o Merits: It will decrease the non-genuine cases and hence will decrease the burden of
administration.
o Demerits: Genuineness or non-genuineness may vary from case to case and is very
subjective. In this some cases may get affected.
 Action #2: Increasing the fees for case filing
o Merits: It will deter frivolous cases from being filed.
o Demerits: It may affect poor and weaker sections of society and they may not use RTI
 Action #3: Declaring guidelines and spreading information about what can be the non-genuine
cases in public domain and declaring punishments for such cases.
o Merits: This will help people in getting informed about possible consequences of their
filing of non-genuine cases.
o Demerits: Laws needs to be uniform and exceptions, conditions to it need legal backups.
So many restrictions on so many things may render it ineffective.
 Action #4: Taking help of technology.
o Merits: It will be helpful in streamlining the RTI applications, in systematizing the cases
and examining them.
o Demerits: This may over complicate a simple process and common people may not be
able to understand processing of their cases or basis of rejection of their cases
On the other hand, RTI activists being able to harass the government officials shows that this is a
vicious cycle of reinforcing corruption from both ends of public and the government. If the officials
are honest, then one must not be wary towards revealing the information. On the other hand, RTI
activists having information that indicts an official or shows evidence of corruption, must make it
public and help clean the bureaucracy. Not doing that shows the lowering of virtues of our society.
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Conclusion
RTI was transformational in bringing accountability of the government to the public. Many high-
profile scams came to the forefront due to RTI. It has been instrumental in fighting corruption in the
country. Hence it is imperative to work towards strengthening the RTI process and make it easier for
the public to access information.
GS4_final july.pdf
GS4_final july.pdf
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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

‘Corruption is conventionally understood as a deviant behaviour but it is also a sign of moral

Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics

1. Compliance and Adherence:

2. Personality and Character:

 It is a range of enduring tendencies of an individual to think, feel and behave in a specific

 Personality implies “Who we seem to be?”

 Personality, does not need validation and support of the society.

 Personality is the outer appearance and behaviour of a person.

 Personality of an individual may change with time.

 Character is an enduring and distinguishing mental and moral characteristics in an individual.

 It defines a person’s behaviour pattern, thinking style, controls feelings.

 Character represents “Who we actually are?”

 Character requires validation and support of society.

 The character lasts longer.

 Creating them encourages debates regarding end of life decisions.

Ethical Issues involved

Erosional impact of western culture on the Indian value system:

 The institution of joint family has received very rude shock.

 People lost the value of festivals and cheerful blessing of togetherness.

 Similarly, marriages have also lost their values.

 Food and Clothing:

However, there are positives too:

‘Whatever deserves to exist, deserves to be studied and understood’. What do you

Technology Ethics: Definition

Need to develop ethics with growing tech-innovation

Concerns with Technology and morality

Why this question:

Solidarity is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies creating a

Perseverance corresponds to persistence in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving

Compassion is a virtue that involves Acknowledgment, understanding, and emotional resonance

“A good education policy is Data-informed but values-driven.” Analyse the statement in

 Creativity and critical thinking to encourage logical decision-making and innovation.

 Life skills namely the cooperation, teamwork, communication, resilience.

 Outstanding research as a prerequisite for outstanding education and development.

 Access to quality education must be considered a fundamental right of every citizen.

 Substantial investment in a strong, vibrant public education system – as well as the

Man’s association and State

Aristotle’s idea of state

 Ethical and legal: Keeping customer data confidential

 Be aware that ethics exist on a spectrum:

 Strive to serve the greatest possible good:

 You start by looking at moral and situational considerations.

 Know the code of ethics:

 what defines an occupation as a profession is the very existence of professional standards

Findings of the survey:

 Social acceptance of homosexuality is the highest in Delhi-NCR, closely followed by Mumbai.

Causes for such a mindset:

 Homosexuality is against the order of nature and is a sin.

 Being gay or lesbian is against Indian culture is the popular opinion.

 Constant police harassment of the gay community.

The changing attitude and the factors driving this change:

 Anthropologists have documented significant variations in the organization and meaning of

 Technology to the rescue:

Other measures to overcome the taboo:

The negative fallouts of stereotyping:

 A local newspaper in Ahmedabad had a headline, “Ahmedabad, beware of super spreaders”

Need for addressing the stereotyping: