1

CHAPTER I
Problem and Its Settings

This chapter presents the reasons why the researchers decided to come up with the

study and the account of history, statement of the problem, hypothesis, significance of the

study, scope and limitations, and definition of terms.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Researchers were in a hunt for a good investigatory project. As the

researchers planned one good research, one idea caught their minds, and it was about how

wastes could become ‘something useful.’

Mussel is the common name used for members of several families of bivalve

mollusk, from saltwater to freshwater habitats. These groups have in common a shell

whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared to other edible clams, which are

often more or less rounded or oval.

P. viridis or Asian green mussel is an economically important mussel, a bivalve

belonging to the family Mytilidae. It is harvested for food but also known to harbor

toxins and cause damage to submerged structures such as drainage pipes. It is native in

the Asia-Pacific region but has been introduced in the Caribbean, and in the waters

around Japan, North America and South America. P. viridis is harvested in the Indo-

Pacific region as a food source due to its fast growth. In the Philippines, P. viridis is

harvested locally for mainly as a food source due to its fast reproduction and growth.

Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as

natural gas, gasoline, petrol, biodiesel blends, diesel fuel, fuel oil, or coal. According to
 2

the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe, flue gas

stack or propelling nozzle. It is often dispersing downwind in a pattern called an exhaust

plume.

The largest part of most combustion gas is nitrogen (N2), water vapor (H2O) and

carbon dioxide (CO2); these are not toxic or noxious (Although carbon dioxide is a

greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming). A relatively small part of combustion

gas is undesirable, noxious or toxic substance, such as carbon monoxide (CO) from

incomplete combustion, hydrocarbons from unburnt fuel, nitrogen oxides (NOX) from

excessive combustion temperatures and particulate matter (mostly soot).

Mussel shells are composed of 95% calcium carbonate which has an ability to

attract pollutants to it. Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula

CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite

(most notably as limestone, which contains both of those minerals) and is the main

component of pearls and the shells of marine organisms, snails and eggs. Calcium

carbonate is the active in agricultural lime and is created when calcium ions in hard water

react with carbonate ions to create limescale. It is medicinally used as a calcium

supplement or as an.antacid, but excessive consumption can be hazardous.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Telescopium telescopium (Telescope Shells)

This large snail has eight to fifteen cm tall, conical shell like an ice cream cone.

T. telescopium is commonly seen in Southeast Asian mangroves, on mud, sometimes in

 3

the hundreds covering a large area. It is also called 'Rodong' or 'Berongan' in Malay.The

largest of Horn snails, the heavy conical shell is actually beautifully marked but the

patterns are usually hidden by mud and other encrusting animals. The outer lip is thin and

not flared. Operculum small and circular. The animal is velvety black with a highly

extendible proboscis. There is a third eye on its mantle margin, in addition to a pair of

eyes at the tentacles. It can stay out of water for long periods of time. Telescopium feeds

on detritus and algae from the mud surface at low tide by sucking (Reid, D.G.,et

al.,2012).

Telescopium telescopium or telescope shells serves as bio monitors for heavy

metals and could be used in Eco toxicological assessment, establishing a direct

correlation with metal contamination. The marine bivalves have been used since 1970s as

sentinel species for monitoring pollution because of their capability to bio accumulate

and magnify many contaminants (Zuyko,2014).

It contains chitin, a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides about 19 % to

20 % and calcium carbonate about 65 to 70% that is used as heavy metal absorbent in

waste water that is cheap and also effective (Rasayan J. ,2016).

Complex mixture of many compound such as palmitic acid; a fatty acid that is

found naturally in animals and plants and is widely used in a variety of applications,

including personal care products and cosmetics, myristic acid; used in the beauty

industry, including as a: Fragrance Ingredient; Opacifying Agent; Surfactant; Cleansing

Agent; and Emulsifier, and oleic acid; one of its use is it help regulates blood pressure

can also be found in it. (Ranjan, 2016).

 4

Telescopium telescopium shells can be found in Mangroves in Asia-Pacific

regions and they are long and conical shaped. It has a third eye on its mantle margin in

addition to a pexhaust of eyes on its tentacles. Horn shells or telescopium telescopium

feed on detritus and algae growing on surfaces of tree trunks, some are feed at low tide

some are feed in groups. (Wild fact sheets, 2016).

P. viridis (Mussel Shells)

Mussel Shells has three layers .In the inner layer of nacre or mother of pearl, it is

composed of calcium carbonate which is continuously secreted by the prismatic layer.

The middle layer is a chalky white crystal still composed of calcium carbonate in protein

matrix. And in the outer layer which is the periostracum, it is composed of a protein that

is called conchin that protects the prismatic layer from abrasion and dissolution by acids

(Vacarro, E. and Waite, J., 2012).

There is a high content of calcium carbonate in mussel and oyster shells, which

can be used in the formulation of medicine, in construction or as filler in polymer

materials. These shells are composed of 95% calcium carbonate, and the remainder is

organic matter and other compounds (Sao Carlos,2012).

It was found that the the Perna Viridis shell are made of both aragonite and

calcite phase (K.V. Narasimhulu, et al.,2012)

The practice of farming and harvesting marine organisms such as shell fish and

seaweed for the purpose of reducing nutrient pollution is called marine nutrient bio

extraction. Mussels and other bivalve shellfish consumes phytoplankton that contains

nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. In one live mussel, there is a 1.0 % nitrogen and
 5

0.1% phosphorus. The nutrients are also removed from the system and recycled in the

form of seafood or mussel biomass, which can be used as organic fertilizer and as water

management strategy to address coastal eutrophication (Lindahl O., 2013).

Mussels of the genus P. Philipsson belong to the Mytilidae. This kind of genus

contains green and brown mussels and are distributed in tropical, subtropical, warm

temperate and cold temperate regions, mostly from the southern hemisphere, but also

from northern Africa and the northern coasts of South America. In countries like India

both the green and brown mussels are widely distributed in the east and west coast of I

along the inter-tidal zones. These mussels are both ecologically and economically

important, and have long constituted an important source of human food ( Saritha K, et

al, 2015).

It shells are almost always wedge shaped or asymmetrical. The shells are usually

much longer than wide. These wide shells come in two halves that close and inside

contain the mussel meat. These two halves are hinged to open and close and stay

connected in the center with a hinge. The two sides are called "valves" and are closed by

a ligament. The shells are dark colored, usually blue or brown on the outside. Inside, a

mussel show is lighter colored, silver. The shells often have a pearl glow on the inside.

Shells protect mussels from predators and support the soft tissue found inside (Kristine

Brite, 2017).

Uses of Calcium Carbonate, Aragonite and Calcite from Mussel and Telescope

Shells
 6

Calcium carbonate is also used in the purification of iron from iron ore in a

blast furnace. The carbonate is calcined in situ to give calcium oxide, which forms a slag

with various impurities present, and separates from the purified iron.(Science Aid, 2007)

Eggshells, snail shells and most seashells are predominantly calcium carbonate

and can be used as industrial sources of that chemical. (Horne Francis,2012)

Aragonite is the high pressure polymorph of calcium carbonate. As such, it

occurs in high pressure metamorphic rocks such as those formed at subduction zones.

Aragonite forms naturally in almost all mollusk shells, and as the calcareous

endoskeleton of warm- and cold-water corals also known as Scleractinia. Because the

mineral deposition in mollusk shells is strongly biologically controlled, some crystal

forms are distinctively different from those of inorganic aragonite(Runnegar B. ,2013)

Aragonite has been successfully tested for the removal of pollutants like zinc,

cobalt and lead from contaminated wastewaters (Kohler S., et al, 2013)

In aquaria, aragonite is considered essential for the replication of reef

conditions. Aragonite provides the materials necessary for much sea life and also keeps

the pH of the water close to its natural level, to prevent the dissolution of biogenic

calcium carbonate (Orr J.C., et al, 2015).

Calcium Carbonate is used to reduce the effects of acid rain and pollutants. One

of the example of its use is in gas desulfurization. This process is one of the major use of

Calcium Carbonate. It removes sulfur dioxide from the gas mixture also known as the gas

released from fossil fuels and combustion on plants (Pete Gannett, 2017).
 7

It is the chief component of limestone, and is a widely used amendment to

neutralize soil acidity and to supply calcium (Ca) for plant nutrition. The term “lime”

refers to several products, but for agricultural use it generally refers to ground limestone

(Kyle Freeman,2017).

It is a chemical compound composed of calcium, carbon and oxygen. A major

source of the compound is marine organisms such as coral, shellfish, and mollusks, which

use it to construct their shells, or skeleton-like casing. The prototypical "seashell" is

usually a mollusk's protective structure, such as clams or oyster's. (Ethan Shaw,2017)

Calcite has numerous uses as a neutralizer of acids. For hundreds of years,

limestones and marbles have been crushed and spread on fields as an acid-neutralizing

soil treatment. They are also heated to produce lime that has a much faster reaction rate in

the soil.

Sorbents are substances that have the ability to "capture" another substance.

Limestone is often treated and used as sorbent material during the burning of fossil fuels.

Calcium carbonate reacts with sulfur dioxide and other gases in the combustion

emissions, absorbs them, and prevents them from escaping to the atmosphere (Hobart M.

King, Ph.D.,2017).

Calcium carbonate also is used as an antacid to relieve heartburn, acid indigestion,

and upset stomach. It is available with or without a prescription. Calcium is needed by

the body for healthy bones, muscles nervous system and heart. (Medline Plus,2018)

Air Pollution and Carbon Dioxide from Gasoline-based Vehicles

 8

The Philippines jointly highlight the environmental risk of indoor and outdoor air

pollution to the health of Filipinos. One of the environmental health risk around the world

is air pollution. 92% of the world’s population exposed to air quality that exceed World

Health Organization's air quality guidelines. People living in urban areas are more

exposed to dangerous levels of air pollution than those in rural areas. Air pollutants such

as sulfate, nitrates and black carbon, found in both indoor and outdoor settings, are

extremely dangerous to people’s health. When the size of the particulate matter in the air

is 2.5 micrometers PM2.5 and below, it penetrates to a person’s lungs and cardiovascular

system. (DENR,2013)

Unleaded gasoline has at least 15 hazardous chemicals occurring in various

amounts. There is a 5% Benzene by volume, up to 35% toluene ,1 % naphthalene, 7%

trim ethyl benzene , up to 18% methyl tert-butyl ether and about ten other harmful

chemicals .Benzene and other antiknocking additives are carcinogenic, which means it

could lead to cancer (Karl Griesbaum et al ,2014).

Vehicle emission is the leading factor that contributes 69% to the country’s air

pollution. According to the records of the Land Transportation Office, there are 6,000

vehicles added on the road from 2012 to 2014 that worsens the air pollution in the

Philippines. Pollution also leads to respiratory diseases like asthma and leads to

pregnancy defects. The public may also contribute in reducing air pollution by not

smoking, by walking or using bicycle for short distances or riding the mass transport

system. (Rey Pelayo,2016)

About 6 pounds of carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced from the combustion of a

gallon of gasoline. Gasoline is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked
 9

together forming large carbon chain molecules. During the combustion process, the

chemical bonds linking individual carbon atoms together are broken apart, releasing

energy that is used to power the vehicle’s engine. When the bond between two carbon

atoms is broken, each of those carbon atoms will bond naturally with other atoms in the

atmosphere, typically oxygen atoms. (Clark Gordon, 2016)

Carbon dioxide is naturally present in the atmosphere because it is a part of the

Earth's carbon cycle it includes the natural circulation of carbon among the atmosphere,

oceans, soil, plants, and animals. Also, human activities are altering the carbon cycle by

adding more CO2 to the atmosphere and by deforestation in forests. While Carbon

Dioxide emissions come from a variety of natural sources, human-related emissions are

responsible for the increase Carbon dioxide emissions by source is 35% from electricity,

32% from transportation, 15% from industry, 10% from residential and commercial, and

7% from non-fossil fuel combustion. The main human activity that adds Carbon Dioxide

is the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, and oil for energy and

transportation. (EPA,2017)

Carbon dioxide is an important gas in Earth's environment. In the atmosphere it

serves as a greenhouse gas that works to trap and hold heat near the surface of the planet.

The process of limestone formation removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and

stores it away for long periods of time. This process has been occurring for millions of

years - producing enormous volumes of stored carbon dioxide. When these rocks are

weathered, used to neutralize acids, heated to make cement or metamorphosed severely,

some of their carbon dioxide is released and returned to the atmosphere. All of these
 10

processes of limestone formation and destruction have an impact on Earth's climate

(Hobart M. King, Ph.D.,2017).

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Independent Variables
200 grams of
Perna viridis(Mussel Dependent Variable
Shells) Amount of Carbon Dioxide
Telescopium emitted
Telescopium(Telescope
Shells)

Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study.

Statement of the Problem

The study determines the feasibility of P. veridis (Mussel shells) and Telescopium

telescopium (Telescope shells) as exhaust filter for Carbon dioxide Emission from

Gasoline-based vehicles and Diesel-based vehicles. Further it sought answers to the

following questions.

1. What is the amount of Carbon dioxide, emitted from a Gasoline-based engine and

Diesel-based emgine when

1.1 Used P. veridis (Mussel shells) and Telescopium telescopium (Telescope

shells) as exhaust filter for Carbon Dioxide Emission filter.

1.2 No exhaust filter used.

 11

2. Is there any significant difference on the amount of carbon dioxide emitted when using

P. veridis (Mussel shells) and Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) as exhaust

filter for Carbon Dioxide Emission filter and no exhaust filter?

Hypothesis

There was no significant difference on the amount of carbon dioxide exhausted

from the gasoline-based and diesel-based vehicles with or without the use of using P.

veridis (Mussel shells) and Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) as exhaust filter.

Significance of the study

The study was conducted to determine the capability of (Mussel and Telescope)

shells on filtering the carbon dioxide from the exhaust gases released by vehicle using

unleaded gasoline and diesel fuel.

This study gave significance to the following sectors:

Community. It would suggest a way to filter exhaust gases to make it safer to the

people around. It would reduce the noxious waste of gas emissions of vehicles or any

other sources of combustion.

Academe. It would give new knowledge and idea to teachers and students that P.

viridis and T. telescopium could decrease the amount of Carbon Dioxide in exhaust

gases.

Future Researchers. It would give aide and additional information towards the

future researchers in relation with producing an efficient way to filter dangerous exhaust

or combustion gases on our environment.

 12

Researchers themselves. This also helps the researchers, to gain additional

information that is essential in improving their research skills deepen their ideas,

knowledge and abilities as they went through this study.

Scope and Delimitations

This study focused on the changes of the amount of carbon dioxide in the exhaust

gas of gasoline-based vehicles with the use of 200 grams of mixed P. veridis (Mussel

shells) and Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells).

The controlled variables used in the study includes the motorcycle vehicle and the

automobile vehicle, the size of the device used for P. veridis (Mussel shells) and

Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) filter and the 200 grams of P. veridis

(Mussel shells) and Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells). The experiment will be

conducted on September 5 2019 at Labag Emission Testing Center, Roxas Avenue, and

General Santos City.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are conceptually and operationally defined:

 13

Tahong or mussel- P. viridis or Asian green mussel is an economically important

mussel, a bivalve belonging to the family Mytilidae. It is harvested for food but also

known to harbor toxins and cause damage to submerged structures such as drainage

pipes. It is native in the Asia-Pacific region but has been introduced in the Caribbean, and

in the waters around Japan, North America and South America.

Exhaust gas- It refers to the gas that is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such

as natural gas, gasoline, petrol, biodiesel blends, diesel fuel, fuel oil, or coal. According

to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe, flue

gas stack or propelling nozzle. It is often dispersing downwind in a pattern called an

exhaust plume or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be hazardous.

Telescope shell- a large snail that has an estimated size of 8-15 cm, conical shell strongly

reminiscent of a cone. Telescopium telescopium is commonly seen in Southeast Asian

mangroves, on mud, sometimes in the hundreds covering a large area.

Carbon dioxide- is a colorless gas with a density of about 60% higher than that if dry

exhaust. Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two

oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth’s atmosphere as a trace gas.

Chapter II

METHODOLOGY

The study utilized an experimental design. It determined the feasibility of P.

viridis (Muscle Shells) and Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) used as exhaust

filter on the amount of Carbon dioxide emitted from gasoline-based engine and diesel-

bsed wmgine. There were three setups prepared: namely (A) gasoline-based engine with
 14

exhaust filter (B) diesel-based engine with exhaust filter (C) and no exhaust filter used,

each have three trials wherein setup A has 200 grams of P. viridis (Mussel shells) and

Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) in different unit of device and in Setup B

has 200 grams of P. viridis (Mussel shells) and Telescopium telescopium (Telescope

shells) in different unit of device and in Setup C without the P. viridis (Mussel shells)

and Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) exhaust filter.

Materials used were plain sheet metal, wire mesh (1/4 meter), adjustable metal

screw clamps, wire (alambre). Tools needed were: pliers, metal sheet cutter and scissors

Statistical Treatment

1. To measure the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from a gasoline-based and

Diesel-based engine with and without the exhaust filter weighted mean will be used .

2. To determine the significant difference on the amount of carbon dioxide emitted

from gasoline-based and diesel-based engine with and without the exhaust filter, t-test for

independent samples will be used .

Figure 1. Flowchart of the Procedure

Gathering of materials needed for Pre-experimental stage

Preparation of the Shells for the experiment

 15

Gathering of materials and equipment for experimental stage

Actual making of the device and the filter

Gathering of all the equipments and shells needed for the post-
experimental

Actual conduct of the experiment(Carbon emission testing)

Determining the effects of P. viridis (Mussel shells) and

Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) in the amount of
Carbon Dioxide in gasoline-based vehicles
Gathering, Analyzing and Interpretation of Data

Statistical Treatment

Figure 1 shows the step-by-step processes in conducting this study.

Procedure
 16

A. Pre-experimental stage

First, the researchers gathered the required materials to be used P. viridis (Mussel

shells) and Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) were bought from the General

Santos City Public Market. Plain sheet metal was obtained from Castillo’s residence.

Wire mesh, adjustable metal screw clamps and wire were purchased on Supreme

Hardware Depot. For the preparation of Mussel and Telescope shells, the researchers

washed it with clean water then brushed the algae from P. viridis (Mussel shells) and

Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) then the shells are set aside for the drying

process After drying, the shells were stored to be hammered and to be used for the next

stage.

B.Experimental stage

Experimental stage is focused on making of the exhaust filter.

In making of the Exhaust Filter: materials that were needed were prepared. These

were plain metal sheet, wire and adjustable metal screw clamps as well as the tools such

as pliers, metal sheet cutters and scissors.

In making the casing for the exhaust filter, the plain metal sheet was cut. The used

dimensions were 29.5 cm x 22 cm for the measurement of the needed plain metal sheet.
 17

Then the cut metal sheet was coiled to form a cylindrical shape and was locked using two

pieces of adjustable metal screw clamps.

In making the filter, the wire mesh was sheered to the dimensions of 23.5 cm x 5

cm then the researchers formed it into a cylindrical shape, tying it in place using metal

thread that was obtained from the wire mesh itself. The ends of the wire cylinder were

formed by cutting a circular shape on the wire mesh. This formed the casing of the filter,

were 200 grams of crushed shells of P. Viridis (Muscle Shells) and Telescopium

telescopium (Telescope Shells) were placed.

C.Post-experimental stage

In the conduct of the experiment. The filter was inserted inside the case.

The researchers will record the data of the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from the

motor and the automobile.The researchers will use XR200 R and INNOVA G. Without

the filter, the motor and the automobile will set idle for 15 seconds then the researchers

recorded the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from it.

The researchers will test the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from the motor with the

exhaust filter installed. The motor and the automobile will also set idle for 15 seconds.

Then the researchers will record the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from it.

All these tests will be repeated 3 times. Then the researchers will compare the data

gathered.
 18

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This Chapter shows the results and discussion on the exhaust filter for Carbon

Dioxide Emission using P. Viridis (Muscle Shells) and Telescopium telescopium

(Telescope Shells).
 19

P. viridis (Mussel shells) and Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) as Exhaust

Filter for Carbon Dioxide Emission

The study was conducted to determine the capability of P. viridis and

Telescopium telescopium (Mussel and Telescope shells) on filtering the Carbon dioxide

from the exhaust gases, released by vehicles using gasoline-based engines.

Table 1. Average Percentage of Carbon Dioxide Exhausted in two Setups

With Filter 3.96%

Without Filter 6.75%

Table 1 shows the Average Percent of Carbon Dioxide Exhausted by Gasoline based

Vehicle with the used of P. viridis (Muscle Shells) and Telescopium Telescopium

(Telescope shells). In Setup 1 without filter the average percentage level of carbon

dioxide is 6.75 %. In Setup 2 with filter the Average Percentage level of carbon dioxide is

3.96 %.

Table 2 Significant Difference on the Percentage of CO2 Exhausted in two Setups

Variable P-Value Remarks

Without Filter There is a significant

0.05 difference
With Filter

Table 2 presents the interpretation of the result of T-test on the significant difference on

the percentage of CO2 exhausted in the two Setups. The result of P-value is 0.005 which
 20

means that there is a significant difference on the percentage level of Carbon Dioxide

between Setup 1 with P. viridis (Muscle shells) and Telescopium telescopium (Telescope

Shells).

Chapter V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary, finding, conclusions and the recommendation

of the study.

Summary
 21

This study determined the feasibility of P. viridis (Muscle shells) and

Telescopium telescopium (telesc1. What is the amount of Carbon dioxide, emitted from a

Gasoline-based engine when

1. What is the amount of Carbon dioxide, emitted from a Gasoline-based engine when

1.1 Used P. veridis (Mussel shells) and Telescopium telescopium

(Telescope shells as exhaust filter for Carbon Dioxide Emission filter.

1.2 No exhaust filter used.

2. Is there any significant difference on the amount of carbon dioxide emitted when using

P. veridis (Mussel shells) and Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) as exhaust

filter for Carbon Dioxide Emission filter and no exhaust filter?

The researchers hypothesized that there was no significant difference on the

amount of carbon dioxide exhausted from the gasoline-based vehicle with or without the

use of using P. viridis (Muscle shells) and Telescopium telescopium (telescope shells).

Setup A has 200 grams of P. viridis (Mussel shells) and Telescopium telescopium

(Telescope shells) in different unit of device and in Setup B it was tested without the P.

viridis (Mussel shells) and Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) exhaust filter,

both were repeated three times

Findings

The following were the findings of the study:

1. The results showed the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by the gasoline- based

vehicle with and without P. viridis (Mussel Shells) and Telescopium telescopium
 22

(telescope shells). Setup A showed the result in each trials. Trial 1 the amount of carbon

dioxide emitted is 4.08 %. In trial the amount is 3.78. And trial 3 the amount of carbon

dioxide emitted is 4.04%. Setup B with no exhaust filter used has the amount of carbon

dioxide emitted in 3 trials. Trial 1 the amount of carbon dioxide emitted is 7.18 %. Trial

2, the amount emitted is 6.01% and in trial 3, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted is

7.06%

2. The t-test on a significant difference on the amount of the carbon dioxide emitted by a

gasoline-based vehicle with and without the use of P. viridis and Telescopium

telescopium showed that the p-value 0.005 was less than the 0.05 significance level, thus

the researchers the null hypothesis. Therefore, there was a significant difference on the

amount of carbon dioxide emitted when using P. viridis and Telescopium telescopium

exhaust filter and with no exhaust filter.

Conclusion

Based on the results of the study the following conclusions were drawn:

1.There is a difference on the percentage levels of carbon dioxide released by a gasoline

based-vehicle with and without the use of P. viridis (Mussle Shells) and Telescopium

telescopium (Telescope shells).

2.The use of filters containing P. viridis (Mussle Shells) and Telescopium telescopium

(Telescope shells) on gasoline based vehicles significantly reduced the amount of carbon

dioxide on exhaust gas.

Recommendation
 23

Based on the drawn conclusions, the researchers recommend the following:

1. For future researchers, the different amount of P. viridis (Mussle Shells) and

Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) can be the focus of your study. This will

determine if the different amount of P. viridis (Mussle Shells) and Telescopium

telescopium (Telescope shells) can affect the result in the amount of carbon dioxide

released in gasoline-based vehicles.

2. Make a comparison on which shell is more effective in reducing carbon dioxide in

exhaust gas. You can test the shells separately then both of them.

3.The future researcher can also test if the pulverize P. viridis (Mussle Shells) and

Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) is more effective than the shells that was

used by the researchers in conducting the experiment.

4.Use a different type of vehicle that releases dark exhaust instead of a normal

motorcycle vehicle.

Appendix A

STATISTICAL RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT

Amount Levels of Carbon Dioxide Exhausted in the Perna viridis (Mussel shells) and

Telescopium telescopium (Telescope shells) as exhaust filter for Carbon Dioxide

Emission.

Carbon Dioxide
 24

1 2 3

SET UP A

With Exhaust Filter Perna viridis

(Mussel shells) and Telescopium 4.08% 3.78% 4.04%

telescopium (Telescope shells)

SET UP B

With out Perna viridis (Mussel shells)

and Telescopium telescopium 7.18% 6.01% 7.06%

(Telescope shells)

Variable P-Value Remarks

Without Filter There is a significant

0.05 difference
With Filter
 25

Appendix B
PRE-EXPERIMENTAL STAGE

Figure 1. Cleaning of the Shells

 26

Figure 2. Drying of the Shells after we

Figure 3. Weighing of Shells
crushed it

EXPERIMENTAL STAGE

Figure 4.Placing the crushed shells inside the filter

 27

Figure 5.Making of the device

POST-EXPERIMENTAL STAGE

Figure 6. Preparation for testing

 28

Figure 7. Attachement of the Exhaust

Figure 8. Analyzation of the gas content of the

exhaust by the gas analyzer

Dimensions of the device

 29

Curriculum Vitae

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Jaymir Dela Cruz

Age :17
Date of Birth :March 6,2001
Place of Birth :General Santos City
Religion : Islam
Father’s Name : Jay M. Dela Cruz
Mother’s Name :Miriam U. Dela Cruz
 30

Email Address :[email protected]

Address : Blk. 1 Lot 40 Agan Grandville, City Heights, G.S.C.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary Level : Dadiangas West Central Elementary School

Year Graduated : 2014
Achievement : None

Secondary Level :Lagao National High School

Year Graduated :2018
Achievement :With Honor

Curriculum Vitae

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Tisha Francheska U. Corrales

Age : 15 years old
Date of Birth : June 25,2002
Place of Birth : General Santos City
Religion : Iglesia ni Cristo
Father’s Name : Jerry O. Corrales Jr.
Mother’s Name : Fanny U. Corrales
 31

Address : Urbano Comp. ,Brgy. City Heights, G.S.C.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary Level : Dadiangas Heights Elementary School

Year Graduated: 2014
Achievements: With honor
Best in Science

Secondary Level :Lagao National High School

Year Graduated :2018
Achievement :With Honor

Curriculum Vitae

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Seth Franz Castillo

Age : 17 years old
Date of Birth : March 13,2001
Place of Birth : Zamboanga City
Religion : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name : Sean Fuentes Castillo
Mother’s Name :Alenna Castillo
 32

Address : Royeca Subd.,Barangay Lagao,G.S.C.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary Level: Jose C. Catholico Elementary School
Year Graduated: 2014
Achievements: With Honors
Best in English

Secondary Level :Lagao National High School

Year Graduated :2018
Achievement :With Honor

Curriculum Vitae

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Shaina Rafil

Age : 16 years old
Date of Birth : April 28,2001
Place of Birth : General Santos City
Religion : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name : Ronie Rafil
Mother’s Name : Emily Rafil
 33

Address : Block 8, Morales, Brgy. City Heights, G.S.C.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementarv Level: Dadiangas North Elementary School

Year Graduated: 2014
Achievements: With honor

Secondary Level :Lagao National High School

Year Graduated :2018
Achievement :With Honor

Curriculum Vitae

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Angel Vicente

Age : 16 years old
Date of Birth : May 24, 2001
Place of Birth : General Santos City
Religion : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name : Melvin M. Vicente
Mother’s Name : Mary S. Vicente
Address : Upper Guinto Compound, Brgy. San Isidro, G.S.C.
 34

Contact Number :09485321069

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary Level: Dadiangas West Central Elementary School

Year Graduated: 2014
Achievements: With honor

Secondary Level :Lagao National High School

Year Graduated :2018
Achievement :With Honors

Curriculum Vitae

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Rhoxanne Chate Solayao

Age :16 years old
Date of Birth :Oct.13,2001
Place of Birth :General Santos City
Religion :Roman Catholic
Father’s Name :Rhoderick Solayao
Mother’s Name :Catherine Solayao
Address :Sarangani Homes Phase 1,Brgy. San ,Isidro G.S.C.
 35

Contact Number :09480059393

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary Level: Dadiangas West Central, Elementary School

Year Graduated: 2014
Achievements: None

Secondary Level :Lagao National High School

Year Graduated :2018
Achievement :With Honor