JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE

ANDHERI / BORIVALI / DADAR / NERUL / POWAI / THANE

1. CIRCULAR MOTION
Q.1 Explain the following terms (a) Angular displacement (b) Angular velocity
(c)Angular acceleration. Mention their directions:


Ans: (A) Angular displacement  : “Angular displacement is defined as the
angle described by radius vector in a given time at the centre of circle”. The
unit of angular displacement is radian. Dimensions [M0 L0 T0]

 
(B) Angular velocity  : “Angular velocity of a particle performing circular
motion is define as the time rate of change of limiting angular displacement
or it is the ratio of angular displacement to time”.

If  is the angle traced by the radius vector in the time t, then the angular velocity, is given by
 
    d
  lim   
t  0  t
  dt

Unit: rad/sec.
Dimensions: [M0 L0 T1].

 
(C) Angular acceleration  : “Angular acceleration of a particle at any instant is defined as the rate of
 
change of angular velocity w.r.t. time at that instant”. If  0 and  be the angular velocities at instant
  
‘t0’ and ‘t’ respectively   0   
  
    
0
  
t  t0 t
 
    d
  lim   
 t  dt
t  0

The unit of angular acceleration is rad/sec2

Dimensions : [M0 L0 T2].
Directions : The directions of angular displacement ,angular velocity and angular acceleration are
given by right-hand thumb rule. If the curled fingers of the right hand represent the direction of the
circular motion of the body, then the out stretched thumb will represent the direction of angular
displacement ,angular velocity and angular acceleration along the axis.
  
If  increases with time, then  is opposite to  .

ω decreasing ω increasing

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Q.2 Obtain the relation between Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity in uniform circular
motion.(March 2008,2012,2014,2016)
Ans: Consider a particle of a mass ‘m’ be moving in a circular path of radius ‘r’. Let it move from A to B in
time ‘t’. Let arc AB = s.
During this time the particle undergoes an angular displacement
 = AOB
From the Fig. we have s = r. 
The relation between displacement and angular displacement of
particle is given by
  
 s   `  r
 
 s    
  r
t   t 
As  t is extremely small,  s is considered as a straight line
Taking lim t  0. on both sides and simplifying we get,
 
s     
lim    lim    r - - - - - (I)
t 0   t  t 0  t
 
As  t  0 ,  s is very small and considered as a straight line.
 
  s  ds 
lim     v  The instantaneous linear velocity of the particle at A and
t  0  t
  dt
 
    
and lim      angular speed of the particle at A
  t  dt
t  0

Eq. (I) becomes ,

   
v    r Direction of v is along the tangent to the circular path at ‘A’.

In magnitude  v  r

Q.3 Define uniform circular motion and write examples for that:
Ans: Uniform Circular Motion: “Uniform circular motion is defined as a periodic motion of a particle
along the circumference of a circle with a constant angular speed or linear speed.”
Examples:
(i) Motion of earth round the sun
(ii) Motion of moon round the earth
(iii) Motion of an electron round the nucleus of as atom.
(iv) Motion of a tip of second hand, minute hand and hour hand of a clock.

j 
Q.4 Obtain the expression for acceleration of a particle performing UCM. Why is it v
radial?(March 2008)
Ans: Consider a particle is performing uniform circular motion in N  P(x, y)
r sin  r
Anti clock wise direction along circle of radius ‘r’ moving with A 
O r cos  M t = 0 i
constant angular speed  . Let ‘O’ be the centre of the circle
which coincides with origin of the co-ordinate system. Initially
when t = 0, the particle is at the point A on x-axis. After a time
‘t’, its position is P (x,y).

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 
So that OP  r ,the instantaneous position vector of the particle at P, makes an angle  with x-axis.

      t
t
  
 Also, r  i x  j y
PM y
In OPM , sin   OP  r
OM x
cos   
OP r
x  r cos   r cos t
y  r sin   r sin t
  
 r  i r cos   j r sin 
 
 r  i r cos t  j r sin  t ….(i)

Therefore, the instantaneous linear velocity v of the particle at P,

 dr d  
v  (i r cos  t  j r sin  t )
dt dt
 
 i r (  sin  t )   j r (cos  t ) 
  
v   i r  sin  t  j r  cos  t ….(ii)

The instantaneous linear acceleration a of the particle at P,

 dv d  
a  ( i r  sin  t  j r  cos  t )
dt dt
 
  i . r  (cos  t )   j r  (  sin  t ) 
 
  i  2 r cos  t  j  2 r sin  t
 

 2 i r cos  t  jr sin  t  …. (iii)
From equations (i) and (iii), we get
  
a    2 r   2 ( r )
 
The negative sign shows that the direction of a is opposite to that of r , i.e. it is directed along the
radius towards the centre of the circle. Therefore it is called as centripetal acceleration, or radial
acceleration.
  2 v2
The magnitude of a is | a |  a   r   v [using v  r ]
r
Q.5 Define period and frequency of a particle performing uniform circular motion. State their SI Units.
Ans: Period: The time taken by a particle performing uniform circular motion (U.C.M.) to complete one
revolution is called as a periodic time or period (T)
OR
The time taken by a particle performing uniform circular motion (U.C.M.) to travel a distance equal to
circumference of circle is called as periodic time (T). Thus,
Circumference of circle
Period =
Linear velocity
2 r
T  …. (i)
v
But v = r  T  2  ….(ii) The S.I. Unit of period is second.

Frequency : Frequency of revolution is defined as the number of revolutions performed by particle
performing uniform circular motion in unit time.

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Frequency of revolutions is the reciprocal of period.

1  v
n   ….(iii)
T 2 2 r
The S. I .Unit of frequency is hertz (Hz)

Q.6(a)Derive an expression for Tangential acceleration in case of circular motion of a particle.(FEB-14)

Ans: Consider circular motion of a body along the circumference of a circle
of radius ‘r’. Imagine that the body travels from the point A to the point
B along the circle in a time ‘t’ seconds by subtending a very small angle
d at the centre.
The initial linear velocity = v1 ; The final velocity = v2
The time taken = t
The linear acceleration is defined as the rate of change of linear velocity
with time
v v
 The linear acceleration a  2 1 ….(i)
t
The initial angular velocity = 1
The final angular velocity = 2
The time taken = t
  1
 The angular acceleration   2 ….(ii)
t
We have v = r .  for a circular motion.
 v1  r. 1 & v2  r .2 and substituting in equation (i), we get

r 2  r1 r  2  1 
a ; a
t t
a  r .
T

Linear acceleration = radius  angular acceleration

The direction of aT is along the tangent to the circle at A and hence it is also known as “tangential
acceleration”.
  
Q.6(b)Using expression v   x r deduce an expression for linear acceleration of a body performing
circular motion. (FEB-15)

Ans: Consider a particle of mass m performs circular motion of radius ‘r’ with linear velocity v
  
We have relation v   x r
 
 
Differentiating, dv  d (  x r )
dt dt
  
dv d  dr 
 x r  x
dt dt dt

dv    
  x r  x v
dt
     
aT   x r and ar   x v
  
 a  aT  ar

Note: In general, when particle performs circular motion the linear acceleration ( a ) is given by
  
a  a T  a r and magnitude of linear acceleration a  aT 2  ar 2

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Q.7 Define centripetal and centrifugal forces. Give two example for each:(March 2011 2017)
Ans: Centripetal Force: The force which gives the centripetal acceleration is known as centripetal force.
Centripetal force is force acting on particle performing U. C.M, which is along radius of circle and
directed towards the centre of circle.
mv 2
F  ma  mr  2
 mv [ a  r 2 and v  r ].
r
Invector form
F  m 2 (  r )
Example:
(i) In a atom, electron revolves in a circular orbit round the nucleus. The Electrostatic force of
attraction between positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electron provides the
centripetal force.
(ii) When a coin is kept on a horizontal disc rotating with some angular velocity then force of
friction between the coin and surface of disc provides the necessary centripetal force.

Centrifugal Force : Centrifugal force is a pseudo force in U.C.M. which acts along radius and
directed away from the centre of circle.
Examples:
(i) When a bus moves along a curved roadm the passenger in the bus experiences a push in the
outward direction.
(ii) A coin placed slightly away from the centre of a rotating gramophone disc, slips towards the
edge of the disc due to centrifugal force acting on coin.

Q.8 Distinguish between Centripetal force and Centrifugal force (March 2009,2010)
Ans:
Centripetal force Centrifugal force
1 It is the force acting on a body performing circular 1. It is the force experienced by the body
motion, which is acting along the radius but performing circular motion which is
directed towards the centre acting along the radius but directed
away from the centre.
2 It is a real force 2 It is a pseudo force
3 It exists in an inertial frame of reference 3 It exists in a non inertial frame of
reference
4 The force which is necessary for circular motion 4 The imaginary force experienced by
the body performing circular motion

Q.9 Explain why centrifugal force is called a pseudo force.

Ans: A real force is that force which is produced due to known, interactions like gravitational, electrical or
nuclear. Centrifugal force does not have an independent existence since it is not produced by any of
the known interactions. It is experienced by a body in an accelerated (non-inertial) frame of reference.
Therefore, it is called a pseudo force or imaginary force.

Q.10 Derive an expression for the maximum velocity with which a vehicle can be driven along a horizontal
curved road?
Ans: Consider a vehicle of mass ‘m’ moving along a curved horizontal road. Let r
be the of radius of curvature of the curved path with a velocity ‘v’.
mv 2
The necessary centripetal force  ….(i)
r
for the circular motion is provided by the frictional force between the wheels
and the surface of the road. If  is the coefficient of friction between wheels
and the road surface, the maximum force of friction.
F=mg ….(ii)
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Equating equations (i) & (ii) we get,

mv 2
  mg
r
v  rg ….(iii)

This is the maximum speed with which a vehicle can be driven safely along a curved horizontal
road. When road becomes wet due to rain or oil falls on the road, frictional force decreases. The
maximum speed is independent of the mass (m) of the vehicle.

Q.11 What is meant by banking of roads, and angle of banking?Draw a neat labeled diagram of vehicle
moving on a banked surface showing different forces acting on it.
Ans: The process of raising outer edge of road over its inner edge through certain angle is known as banking
of road. The angle made by the surface of road with horizontal surface of road is called angle of
banking.

Q.12 Why banking of roads is necessary? Derive an expression for maximum speed with which a vehicle
can be safely driven along a banked road? (OCT -14)
Ans: When a vehicle is moving on a curve road surface with high speed, the road surface is made rough to
increase force of friction, which provides a necessary centripetal force. The frictional force is not a
reliable force. Hence to ensure the safety of the fast moving vehicles, we bank the road at the curves,
so that the necessary centripetal force is provided by horizontal component of normal reaction and
horizontal component of frictional force.
Derivation: Consider a vehicle of mass ‘m’ moving with a velocity ‘v’ along a curved banked road
of radius ‘r’. Let ‘f’ be the frictional force between tyres of the vehicles and road surface. Let ‘’ be
the angle of banking.
The frictional force ‘f’ can be resolved into two components
(i) f cos  - along horizontal direction
(ii) f sin  - along vertically downward direction

The normal reaction N between the vehicle and the road can be resolved into two components.
(i) N cos  vertically upwards
(ii) N sin  in the horizontal direction
The component ‘N cos ’is balances by the weight ‘mg’ of vehicle and component f sin  .
 N cos  = mg + f sin  .  N cos   f sin   mg ….(i)
The horizontal component N sin  along with component f cos  provides the necessary centripetal
mv 2
force,
r

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mv 2
N sin   f cos   ….(ii)
r
N sin   f cos  v2
Dividing (ii) by (i) , we get  ….(iii)
N cos  f sin  rg

Let vmax denote maximum speed of vehicle, the frictional force produced at this speed should be
f m  s N ….(iv)
2
N sin    s N cos  v
 eq. (iii) become  max ….(v)
N cos   s N sin  rg

   tan  
 vmax  rg  s 
1  s tan  
If s  0 then vmax  v0  rg tan  . ….(vi)

This speed the vehicles on banked road is called as optimum speed.

v2  v2 
Using eq. (vi) tan   0   tan 1  0 
rg  rg 
v0  rg tan 

This gives the maximum velocity with which a vehicle can be driven safely along a banked road. It
suggests that the speed limit of a vehicle:
(i) does not depend upon the mass of the vehicle since there is no mass term.
(ii) depends upon the radius of curvature of the road and,
(iii) depends on the angle of banking. (greater the angle of banking, greater is the speed limit).

Q.13 Define conical pendulum and derive an equation for the period of
a conical pendulum. (OCT-15)
Ans: Conical Pendulum : Conical pendulum is a simple pendulum
which is given such a motion that bob describes a horizontal circle
and the string describes a cone.
It consists of a string SA of length ‘l’ whose upper end is
fixed to a rigid support ‘S’ and lower end is connected to a bob of
mass ‘m’. A bob moves in a circle of radius ‘r’. During the motion
of the bob, the string is inclined to the vertical at an angle  The
string always makes an angle  with the vertical and traces the
surface of a cone so that the bob performs uniform circular motion
along horizontal circle with angular velocity 

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At any position, say A, the body is acted upon, by

Weight ‘mg’, vertically downward and, tension T, along the length of string, towards the rigid
support ‘S’.
Resolve the tension T ' into two components.
(i) T ' cos , which balances the weight mg and
(ii) T ' sin , which provides the necessary centripetal force.
 T ' cos  = mg ….(i)
' 2
T sin  = m r ….(ii)
From AOS
r  l sin  ….(iii)
Dividing (ii) by (i)
 2r v2 v
tan    , 
g rg r
Sub (iii) in above equation
 2l sin 
tan  
g
g tan  g
 2   
l sin  l cos 
2 g
 
T l cos 
l cos 
T  2
g

h
T  2 [l cos   h from  SOA]
g
This gives the period of conical pendulum.

2. Tension in the string (T’)

Using eqn1, T 'cos   mg
T’  mg / cos  mg / h sin ce 2  r 2  h 2
2
r
T '  mg 1   
h

Q.14 Derive an expression for (i)Tension on the string (ii) Minimum velocity at lowest and highest position
on circular path (iii) Total energy of a particle performing vertical circular motion.(March2011)
Ans: Consider a body of mass ‘m’ suspended from a light string of length ‘l’ B
V B

and rotated in a vertical circle of radius ‘r’.

When the body is at P, the forces acting on the body are
T
(i) weight of the body (mg) B

(ii) Tension in the string (Tp) O M

T P
The weight of the body ‘mg’ can be resolved into two rectangular 
r P
components mg cos  and mg sin  shown in figure. T A m g co s 
The net force acting on the body at P is (Tp  mg cos  ) and it mg
m g si n 

mv 2 A VA
provides the necessary centripetal force
r

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mv 2p
 (Tp  mg cos  )
r
mv 2p
Tp   mg cos  ….(i)
r
When the body is at A
Let TA be the tension in the string and vA be the velocity of the body when it is at A. When the body is
at A,  = 0 cos  = 1
mv2A
TA   mg ….(ii)
r
When the body is at M
Let TM be the tension in the string and vM be the velocity of the body when it is at M. When the body
is at M,  = 90 cos  = 0
mvM2
TM  ….(iii)
r
When the body is at B
Let TB be the tension in the string and vB be the velocity of the body when it is at B.
 = 180, cos 180 = 1
mvB2
TB   mg ….(iii)
r
Velocity of the body at B
When the body just crosses B, the tension in the string TB = 0
mv 2
Sub in (iii) 0  B  mg
r
2
mvB
 mg
r
vB  rg
Velocity of the body at A
By the law of conservation of energy
Total energy of A = Total energy at B
KEA + PEA = KEB + PEB [ h = (2r)]
1 2 1
mv A  0  mvB2  mg (2r )
2 2
1 2 1 2
v A  vB  2rg
2 2
But vB  rg  vB2  rg
1 2 1
v A  rg  2 rg
2 2
1 5
 v A2  rg
2 2
 v A  5rg

Velocity of the body at M

By the law of conservation of energy
Total energy of A = Total energy at M
KEA + PEA = KEB + PEB [ h = (2r)]

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1 2 1
mv A  0  mvM2  mg r
2 2
vM2  v A2  2rg
but , v A2  5rg
 vM2  3rg
 vM  3 rg
Total Energy at A
1
KE at A  mv A2
2
but vA  5rg
 v A2  5rg
5
KEA  mrg
2
PE  0
Total energy
5
TE  KE  PE  0  mrg
2
5
TE  mrg
2
Total Energy at M(midpoint)
1
KE at M  mvM2
2
P.E at M  mrg
But vM  3rg
Total Energy
3 5
T .E  mrg  mrg  mrg
2 2
5
TE  mrg
2
Total Energy at B
1
KE at B  m vB2
2
but vB  rg  vB2  rg
1
KEB mrg
2
PEB  mg (2r )  2mgr
1
TE  mrg  2mrg
2
5
 TE  mrg
2
In general, Total Energy of a particle performing vertical circular motion is conserved.

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Q. 15 Deduce an expression for difference in tensions at lowest and highest points of a particle performing
vertical circular motion (MARCH-13)
Ans. At lowest point A,
mv 2
TA  A  mg
r ….(i)
At highest point B,
mv 2
TB  B  mg
r ….(ii)
m
 TA  TB  2mg  (v A2  VB2 )
r ….(iii)
By law of conservation of energy
(T .E ) A  (T .E ) B
1 2 1 2
0  m v A  m g .2r  m v B
2 2
 v A2  v B2  4rg
m
 T A  T B  2m g  .4rg
r
 T A  T B  6 m g

Formulae
S.I. Unit
1 s rad
Angular displacement  
r
2 Angular velocity rad/sec
d 2 v a
   2 n  
dt T r v
Where T  period, n  frequency second (s), hertz (Hz)
3 Linear speed metre
(m / s)
v = r where r  radius sec
4 Period T  2 r  2 and n  1 sec
V  T Hz
Where T is period of revolution and n is frequency of revolution.
5 v2 metre
Centripetal acceleration a   r 2  v 2
(m / s 2 )
r sec
6 Tangential acceleration, a = r  meter  m 
ms 2 ,
Where r is radius and  is angular acceleration sec 2  s 2 
7 Centripetal force Newton (N)
mv 2
F  m 2 r  m  v  m (2 n)2 r  4 2 n2 m . r
r
8 The maximum velocity with which a vehicle can be driven along a metre /sec (m/s)
curved, horizontal road is given by,
v   rg
Where   coefficient of friction
g  acceleration due to gravity
r  radius of the curved path

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9 The maximum velocity with which a vehicle can be driven along a

curved, banked road is given by,
   tan   metre /sec (m/s)
V Vmax  Rg  s 
1   s tan  
10. For vertical Circular motion
1) Speed at the top, VT  rg metre /sec (m/s)
2) Speed at the bottom, VB  5rg
3) Speed at midway, VM  3rg
5 joule
Total Energy = mgr
2
11 For conical pendulum, sec
l cos 
T  2
g
2 N
r
Tension in the string T '  mg 1   
h

Problems
1. A piece of stone of mass 0.2 kg is tied to the end of a string 1 m long and whirled in a horizontal circle about the
other end of the string. If it performs 90 revolutions per minute, calculate (a) angular velocity, (b)
centripetal acceleration (c) centripetal force and (d) tension in the string.
[Ans: (a) 9.42 rad/s (b) 88.76 m/s2 (c) 17.75 N (d) 17.75 N)

2. An object of mass 400 grams is whirled in a horizontal circle of radius 2m. If it performs 60 r.p.m., calculate the
centripetal force acting on it.
[Ans : 31.54 N)

3. Calculate the angular velocity and linear velocity at the tip of the second hand of a time-piece. The second hand
is 4 cm long.[Ans: 0.1047 rad/s, 4.188  103 m/s)

4. Find the angular speed of the spinning motion of the earth for which a body on the equator will have zero
apperent weight. What will be the length of the day at that time?
[Ans:  = 1.237  103 rad/s, T = 5077 seconds)

5. A string breaks under a tension of 10 kg wt. If the string is used to revolve a body of mass 1.2 kg in a horizontal
circle of radius 50 cm, what is the maximum speed with which the body can be revolved? When revolving at
maximum speed, what are the period and frequency of revolutions of the body?
[Ans: 7.668 m/s; 0.4095 s; 2.442 rev/s)

6. A motorcyclist rides in vertical circle in a hollow sphere of radius 5 m. Find the minimum speed required, so
that he does not lose contact with the sphere at the highest point. (g = 9.8 m/s2) [Ans: 7 m/s]

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7. A train rounds a curve of radius 150 m at a speed of 20 m/s. Calculate the angle of baking so that there is no side
thrust on the rails. Also find the elevation of the outer rail over the inner rail if the distance between the rails is
1 m. [Ans:  = 15o 13, h = 0.2625 m]

8. Find the maximum speed of a car which can be safely driven along a curve of radius 100 m, if coefficient of
friction between the tyres and the road is 0.2 (g = 9.8 m/s2) [Ans: 14 m/s]

9. The minute hand of a clock is 8 cm long. Calculate the linear speed of ant sitting at its tip.
4
[Ans: 1.396 10 m/s]

10. If a curve of radius 50 m is banked at 30o, will a car travelling at 60 km/hr along the curve be safe?
(g = 9.8 m/s2) [Ans: Yes]

11. A train of mass 105 kg rounds a curve of radius 150 m at a speed of 20 m/s. Find the horizontal thrust on the
outer rail, if the track is not banked. At what angle should the track be banked in order that there is no thrust on
the rail? (g = 9.8 m/s2) [Ans: 2.67  105 N, 15o 13]
12. A coin kept at a distance of 8 cm from the centre of a gramophone disc just begins to slip when the speed of
rotation of the sic is 72 r.p.m. Calculate the coefficient of friction between the coin and the disc. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
[Ans: 0.46]
13. A ball is released from height along the slope and move along a circular track of radius R without falling
vertically downwards.
5
Show that h  R
2
14. A vehicle is moving on a circular road whose surface is inclined towards the horizon at an angle of
100. The maximum velocity with which it can move safely is 36 km/hr. Calculate the length of circular track.
(π = 3.142) ( Ans; 363.7 m). (MARCH-17)

15. A car of mass 1500kg rounds acurve of radius 250m at 90 km/h.. calculate the centripetal force acting on it.
(Ans; 3750 N.) (March 2013)

16. A racing car completes 5 rounds on a circular track in 2 minutes. Find the radius of the track if the car has
uniform centripetal acceleration of 2 m/s2( Ans. 144m) (Oct. 2013)

17. In a conical pendulum, a string of length 120cm is fixed at rigid support and carries a mass of 150g at its free
end. If the mass is revolved in a horizontal circle of radius 0.2 m around a vertical axis. Calculate tension in the
string(g= 9.8 m/s2) (Ans; 1.489 N ) (Oct. 2013)
18. A stone of mass 1 kg is whirled in horizontal circle attached at the end of a 1m long string. If the string makes
an angle of 300 with vertical. Calculate the centripetal force acting on the stone. (g= 9.8 m/s2) Ans;5.658 N
(Feb. 2014)
19. A stone of mass 5kg, tied to one end of a rope of length 0.8 m, is whirled in vertical circle. Find the minimum
velocity at the highest point and at the midway point. (g=9.8 m/s2)( (Ans;2.803 m/s and 4.850 m/s) (Oct. 2014)

20. A spin dryer of a washing machine rotating at 15 r.p.s slows down to 5 r.p.s. after making 50 revolutions. Find
its angular acceleration.( Ans; 12.56 rad/s2) (Feb. 2015)

21. A stone of mass 100g attached to a string of length 50 cm is whirled in a vertical circle by giving velocity at
lowest point as 7 m/s. find the velocity at the highest point. (g=9.8 m/s2)( Ans 5.422 m/s) (Oct. 2015)

22. A coin kept at a distance of 5 cm from the center of a turntable of radius 1.5m just begins to slip when the
turntable rotates at a speed of 90 r.p.m. calculate the coefficient of static friction between the coin and the
turntable . ( g= 9.8 m/s2) (Ans; 0.4534 ) (Feb. 2016)

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