CMR Institute of Technology, Bangalore

Department(s): Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Semester: 05 Section(s): Open Elec Lectures/week: 04
Subject: Renewable Energy Sources Code: 15EE563
Course Instructor(s): Prof. Kashif Ahmed
Course duration: 01 Aug 2018 – 25 Nov 2018
Course Site: https://sites.google.com/a/cmrit.ac.in/kashifahmed/

15EE563 – RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES – QUESTION BANK

MODULE 1

a. INTRODUCTION

1. What are the causes for energy scarcity? Mention the factors to be considered for solving the
energy crunch problems.
2. Explain briefly the factors affecting energy resource development.
3. Explain renewable and conventional energy resources. Mention their merits and demerits.
4. How energy resources are classified? Explain each of them briefly.
5. List the differences between renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
6. What are renewable energy sources? Explain in brief these energy sources with a special
reference to Indian context.
7. What are the prospects of renewable energy sources in India?
8. Explain briefly the Indian renewable energy scenario and its availability.
9. Explain in brief the renewable energy scenario in the world and its availability.
10. Explain the significance of energy consumption as a measure of prosperity.

b. ENERGY FROM SUN

1. Explain how Sun and Earth are geometrically related.

2. With a neat sketch explain the different layers of the Sun.
3. Define the following terms with respect to solar radiation
a. Latitude; b. Longitude; c. Declination Angle; d. Solar Noon; e. Hour Angle;
f. Altitude Angle; g. Zenith Angle; h. Solar Azimuth Angle; i. Tilt Angle; j. Surface
Azimuth Angle; k. Angle of Incidence.
4. List the various special cases of angle of incidence.
5. What is solar day length? Obtain its expression for (i) horizontal surface; and (ii) inclined
surface.
6. Explain solar time with relevant formula.
7. What are the reasons for variation in solar radiation received on earth surface and on outer
atmospheric surface.
8. What are terrestrial and extraterrestrial radiations?
9. Write short notes on (i) Beam Radiations; (ii) Diffuse Radiations; (iii) Global radiations (iv)
Solar Constant; (v) Solar Radiation Spectrum; and (vi) Cosine Effect.
10. Define the terms solar radiance and solar irradiation.
11. What are the problems associated with harnessing full solar energy?
 12. Define the term air mass. With a neat sketch obtain its expression. What is meant by AM0,
AM1, and AM1.5.
13. What are the two basic types of instruments employed for the measurement of solar radiation?
Explain each of them with neat diagrams.
14. What is the difference between pyranometer and pyrheliometer?
15. Explain how the total sunshine hours of the day is measured using Campbell-Stokes sunshine
recorder.
16. List the various applications of solar thermal energy.
17. With a neat sketch, explain the process of thermos-electric conversion.
18. With a neat sketch and temperature-entropy plot, explain the basic Rankine Cycle used with
solar thermal power plant.
19. Calculate the day length on a horizontal surface at New Delhi (280 35’ N, 770 12’ E) on 10
November 2016.
20. Calculate the hour angle at sunrise and sunset and the solar day length on June 21 and December
21 for a surface inclined at an angle of 200 and facing due South (γ = 00). The surface is located
in Mumbai (190 07’ N, 720 51’ E).
21. Calculate the sunset hour angle and day length at a location with latitude 480 N on March 1.
22. Determine the local apparent time and declination angle corresponding to 14:45 IST on July 10
at Bengaluru (12.97160 N, 77.59460 E). The equation of time is given by – 1’ 01’’. In India, the
standard time is based on 82.50 E.
23. For a city located at 800 30’ E, calculate the solar time on April 1 at 10:00 am IST.
24. Calculate the hour angle when the time is (i) 2h 30min after solar noon; and (ii) 2h before solar
noon.
25. Find the solar altitude angle at 3h after local solar noon on 15 June 2016 for a city which is
located at 26.750 N latitude. Also find the sunrise and sunset hours and the day length.
26. For New Delhi (280 35’ N, 770 12’ E), calculate the zenith angle of the Sun at 2:00 pm on 17
Feb 2017. The standard IST longitude for India is 810 44’ E.
27. Calculate the zenith angle of the sun at Lucknow (26.750 N) at 10:00 am on 21 Feb 2012.
28. Calculate the angle of incidence of beam radiation on a plane surface tilted at 45 0 from
horizontal plane and pointed at 300 West of South located at Mumbai (180 54’ N, 720 49’ E) at
2:15 pm (IST) on 1 December. The standard IST longitude for India is 810 44’ E.

MODULE 2

a. SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY COLLECTORS

1. What are solar thermal collectors? Give their classification and compare them based on
construction and area of applications.
2. Define the term collector concentration ratio. What is its significance?
3. State the advantages and disadvantages of concentrated collectors over a flat plate collector.
4. What are the main components of a flat plate solar collector? With a neat sketch, explain the
function of each component.
5. Explain in detail the material aspects of solar thermal collectors.
6. Explain the principle of conversion of solar energy into heat. Explain with a neat diagram, how
this is employed in the flat plate collectors.
7. Explain briefly the parameters governing the performance of the flat plate collectors.
8. Explain the considerations in installing a flat plate collector system with reference to the
 geographical locations and the angle of tilt.
9. Explain the configurations of the following solar thermal collectors (i) Air Flat Plate Collectors
(FPC); (ii) Glazed FPC; (iii) Unglazed FPC; (iv) Unglazed Perforated FPC; (v) Back-pass FPC;
and (vi) FPC with Flat Reflectors;
10. With a neat sketch, explain evacuated tube collectors.
11. What are concentrating type solar collectors? Explain in detail the following concentrated solar
thermal collectors (STC) (i) Compound Parabolic STC; (ii) Fresnel STC; (iii) Parabolic Trough
STC; (iii) Cylindrical Trough STC; and (iv) Parabolic Dish STC.
12. Compare the flat plate and parabolic dish collectors used for solar thermal power plant with
respect to (i) temperature; (ii) CCR; (iii) suitability; and (iv) cost.
13. With the help of a neat sketch, explain the principle and working of a central receiver system
(also called heliostat field solar collector).
14. With a neat sketch, explain the working of a heliostat solar tower power plant (electric
generation plant). Mention its advantages and disadvantages.
15. State clearly the differences between the distributed collector system and central receiver
system in solar thermal applications.
16. With a neat sketch, explain the working of a parabolic dish – Stirling engine system
17. How is the heat from sunlight converted into mechanical power? Explain Stirling and Brayton
heat engines with a neat sketch.
18. Why orientation is needed in concentrating type collectors? Describe the different methods of
Sun tracking.
19. With a neat sketch, explain the different methods of space heating using solar air heating
system.
20. With neat sketches, explain the six types of solar air heating systems.
21. With a neat sketch, explain the working principle of a solar water heating system.
22. Classify solar water heating system. Explain the working principle of different types of active
solar space heating systems.
23. With a neat sketch, explain the working of the following passive solar water heating systems
(i) Integral Collector Storage (ICS) or Batch Systems; and (ii) Thermosiphon Systems.
24. List the various applications of solar water heating systems.
25. Differentiate between active and passive solar water heating systems.
26. With a neat sketch, explain the following active solar space cooling systems (i) Lithium
Bromide – Water Absorption Cooling System; and (ii) Aqua - Ammonia Absorption Cooling
System
27. How is solar heated air used for drying? Mention the main applications of a solar dryer.
28. With a neat sketch, explain(i) rice solar dryer; and (ii) rock-bed solar dryer.
29. Explain the basic principle involved in a solar cooker.
30. With neat sketch, explain (i) box-type solar cooker; (ii) reflector-type (parabolic type) solar
cooker; (iii) solar steam and convection cookers; and (iv) heat storage solar cookers.
31. What are the advantages and disadvantages of solar cookers?
32. What is a solar pond? With a neat sketch, explain the working of a solar pond electric power
plant.
33. List the various advantages and disadvantages of solar pond.
b. SOLAR CELLS

1. What is the need for using a solar PV system? Explain the principle of solar PV conversion.
2. List the various components of a solar PV system.
3. With a neat sketch, explain the key elements of a silicon solar cell. Also, explain the fabrication
process involved in formation of the silicon solar cell.
4. Explain the important factors that require careful attention in designing a solar PV cell.
5. Mention different applications of a solar PV system.
6. List and explain the different materials used in solar cells.
7. Explain in brief the different types of practical solar cells.
8. Plot the graph of a typical I-V characteristic of a solar cell. Show the relation between the output
voltage and output current of a solar cell.
9. Define short circuit current and open circuit voltage of a solar PV cell.
10. What is the output power of a solar cell? When is the power maximum?
11. Define (i) fill factor; and (ii) conversion efficiency of a solar cell.
12. Explain the factors that limits the efficiency of a solar cell.
13. Write short notes on solar array and give specifications of BP 380 from BP Solar.
14. List the various advantages and disadvantages of a solar PV
15. For a typical PV cell, the following parameters are obtained from the I-V characteristics open-
circuit voltage = 0.415 V; short-circuit current = 1.96 A; voltage corresponding to the maximum
output power of the cell = 0.39 V; and the current corresponding to the maximum output power
of the cell = 1.89 V. calculate the fill factor of the cell.
16. A solar cell has output capability of 0.4 A at 0.3 V. If a solar array is built with 100 strings with
each string containing 250 cells in series, what is the output voltage, current and output power
of the array?
17. A 110 V, 50 Hz ac motor is powered by a solar array. A DC to AC converter changes array DC
output to 110V, 50 Hz ac with 85% efficiency. If the resistance and inductance of the motor is
250 Ω and 0.25 H, calculate the output power the solar array must provide.\
18. A solar array is required to deliver 90 W peak output at 100 V dc bus voltage. The solar cells
to be used are rated 0.1 W with peak output of 0.35 V. Assuming no assembly losses, define
the array.
19. Find the number of solar cells for the array area of 27.4 m2 if each cell has a diameter of 2.5
inch. Take 1 inch = 2.54 cm.
20. A 10 V battery is to be charged by connecting 50 silicon PV cells in series with it. Each cell is
of size 2 cm x 2 cm and is rated at 0.45 (VOC) and 50 mA (ISC). Battery charging voltage is 0.25
V. what current will be obtained when these are connected across the battery? Let the existing
battery voltage be 11 V and that a diode in series with the battery has a voltage drop of 0.6 V
and total resistance of the series circuit if 75 Ω.
21. Establish the preliminary solar array area and battery size for the average load of 60 W for 24
h. solar cell efficiency is 8% and the sum total of all array design and degradable array factor
is 0.5. Battery charging efficiency is 58%. The load is to be supported for six continuous days
of cloudy weather (no sunshine) and the battery is to be fully recharged in 2 days. Average
monthly insolation is 181 kWh/m2.
22. Determine the load profile for the power system shown in fig 1. Assume that the battery has
normally 25 V and the loads are as follows. Load1: constant power load transponder that draws
45 W continuously for 24 h. Load 2: electric motor driven water pump that operates three times
a day for 2 h.: once before sunrise, once near noon, and once after sunset, and draws a current
of 15 A for 10 s and running current of 3.7 A. Load 3: scientific instrument that operates
 approximately every 3 h for 10 min in 24 h and draws a current of 2.8 A.

Fig. 1

23. A PV system feeds a dc motor to produce 1.5 HP power at the shaft. The motor efficiency is
88%. Each module has 45 multicrystalline silicon solar cells arranged in 9 x 5 matrix. The cell
size is 130 mm x 140 mm. and cell efficiency is 15%. Calculate the number of modules required
in the PV array. Assume global radiation incident normally to the panel as 1 kW/m2.

MODULE 3

a. HYDROGEN ENERGY

1. What are the different technologies available to produce hydrogen?

2. With all the necessary chemical equations, explain the following types of thermochemical
production technologies (i) Steam Reforming; (ii) Partial oxidation; and (iii) biomass
gasification and pyrolysis.
3. With all the necessary chemical equations, explain the following types of electrolytic
production technologies (i) Water electrolysis; (ii) Steam electrolysis; (iii) Photoelectrolysis;
(iv) Thermochemical water splitting; (v) By-product of sodium chloride or potassium chloride
electrolysis; and (vi) Reversible fuel cells.
4. With all the necessary chemical equations, explain the following types of photolytic production
technologies (i) Photoelectrochemical processes; and (ii) Biological and photobiological
processes.
5. Explain in detail the various methods available for storing hydrogen energy.
6. What is the difference between an adsorption process and an absorption process?
7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen energy?
8. List the applications of hydrogen energy.
9. What are the problems associated with hydrogen energy?
10. What are the benefits of using hydrogen energy?

b. WIND ENERGY

1. Differentiate between wind mills and wind turbines.

2. With a neat sketch, explain the function of the main components of a horizontal axis wind
turbine.
3. With a neat sketch, explain the function of the main components of a vertical axis wind turbine.
4. List the various types of HAWT and VAWT rotors.
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of HAWT and VAWT.
6. Compare the features of HAWT and VAWT.
7. Explain the wind energy scenario Worldwide and in India.
8. Explain the main considerations in selecting a site for wind energy system.
9. Explain the guidelines necessary for wind turbine site selection.
10. What is the thumb rule for selecting the height of a wind turbine? With a graph, explain the
variation in the wind power generation with variations in the turbine height.
11. With the help of a power vs wind speed curve explain the following terms (i) Cut-in speed; (ii)
Rated output speed; and (iii) Cut-out speed.
12. Explain various parts of a wind turbine.
13. What is the material used in manufacturing of the wind turbine blades? Comment on the number
blades suitable for wind energy generation and the effect on the aerodynamic efficiency if the
blades are increased.
14. What are the effects of solidity on the performance of a wind turbine.

c. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

1. What do you understand by geothermal energy? What are geothermal fields?

2. Explain the basic principle of a geothermal system. How are they classified?
3. Explain the different ways of utilizing the geothermal resource.
4. What are the various steps involved in exploring the geothermal resource? List the different
places where geothermal reservoirs are found in India and how much is the estimated reservoir
temperature of these springs?
5. Classify geothermal resources.
6. With a neat sketch and T-S diagram, explain the operation of a dry steam based geothermal
power plant.
7. With a neat sketch and T-S diagram, explain the operation of a single flash geothermal power
plant.
8. With a neat sketch and T-S diagram, explain the operation of a double flash geothermal power
plant.
9. With a neat sketch and T-S diagram, explain the operation of a total flow concept geothermal
power plant.
10. With a neat sketch, explain the operation of a binary cycle based geothermal power plant.
11. List the various advantages and disadvantages of a flash geothermal power plants.
12. List the various advantages and disadvantages of a binary cycle based geothermal power plants.
13. Explain the operation involved in extracting energy from the following geothermal resources
(i) Geo-pressured resources; (ii) hot dry rock resources; and (iii) magma resources.
14. Compare geothermal steam plant with the conventional steam plant.
15. List the various electrical and mechanical features required for building a geothermal power
plant.
16. What are the problems associated with the building of a geothermal power plant?
17. What are the environmental impacts of geothermal energy?
18. What are the merits and demerits of geothermal energy?
19. What are the major applications of geothermal energy?
d. SOLID WASTE AND AGRICULTURAL REFUSE

1. Mention the various sources and types of wastes.

2. What is an incinerator? Explain the process of incineration. Mention its merits and demerits.
3. Explain the process of pyrolysis. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of this process.
4. Give comparison between the incineration and pyrolysis process.
5. Explain the process of anaerobic digestion.
6. What are the key issues involved for economic viability of refuse-derived fuel?
7. With a neat block diagram, explain the waste recovery management scheme.
8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of recycling of waste?
9. With the help of three R’s (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle), explain how the waste production can
be reduced and the resources can be conserved?
10. Explain the operation involved in recycling of plastics.
11. With the help of the resin identification code (RIC) classify the different types of plastics based
on the type of polymer used. Give the properties of each type and mention their applications.
Can all the types of plastics be recycled? Comment on it.
12. What are the benefits of recycling the plastic?
13. Explain the process of thermal depolymerization (TDP).
14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of recycling of plastics?

MODULE 4

a. BIOMASS ENERGY

1. Define biomass. Give a descriptive classification of biomass resources.

2. What are the main advantages and disadvantages of biomass energy?
3. Explain the process of photosynthesis. List and explain the conditions which are necessary or
it.
4. Write descriptive notes on photosynthesis and condition necessary for it.
5. Explain the two methods of producing energy from biomass.
6. Explain different biomass conversion technologies.
7. With the help of chemical reaction at every stage, explain the process of biomass gasification.
What is the general composition of the producer gas and what is its heating value?
8. What is a gasifier? List the different types of gasifiers used in the biomass gasification process.
9. With a neat sketch, explain the following fixed bed gasifiers (i) Updraft; (ii) downdraft; and
(iii) Cross draft. Mention their applications.
10. Compare the merits and demerits of updraft, downdraft and cross draft gasifiers.
11. With a neat sketch, explain fluidized bed gasification process. Mention its advantages.
12. What are the characteristics of the biomass fed to the gasifier?
13. Mention the applications of biomass energy.
14. Write descriptive notes on energy plantations and their advantages and disadvantages.
15. With the help of a simple producer gas plant, explain the process involved in cooling and
cleaning of the producer gas.
16. 1kg of wood produces 2.8 m3 of gas with average calorific value of 5.2 MJ/m3. Average
calorific value of the dry wood is 18.7 MJ/kg. Calculate average conversion efficiency of the
wood gasifier.
b. BIOGAS ENERGY

1. What is biogas? Give its composition. List the different properties of biogas.
2. What is anaerobic digestion? With a neat block diagram, explain the different stages involved
in it.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic digestion?
4. Write short notes on anaerobic digestion.
5. With a neat diagram, explain the different parts of a biogas plant.
6. With a neat diagram, explain the working principle of biogas plant.
7. Explain the process of biogas generation. List the factors affecting the generation of biogas.
8. List and explain the factors affecting biogas generation.
9. With a neat sketch, explain the different techniques (types) to produce biogas.
10. How are biogas plants classified? With neat sketches, explain them briefly.
11. Give the broad classification of biogas plants. Explain with a neat sketch a constant pressure
type biogas plant.
12. What are the different models of biogas plants in India? Explain briefly any one model.
13. Give the broad classification of biogas plants. Explain with a neat sketch a KVIC type biogas
plant.
14. Explain the constructional details and working of KVIC digester with the help of a neat
diagram.
15. With a neat sketch, explain the Janta model digester plant. (Note: Chinese fixed dome type
biogas plant is called Janata model plant)
16. With a suitable, explain the working of Janta model fixed dome digester.
17. What are the advantages and disadvantages of floating drum type biogas plant?
18. Compare the features of floating drum and fixed dome digesters.
19. List the various characteristics of biogas plant feeds.
20. What are the advantages, disadvantages and uses of biogas plants?

c. TIDAL ENERGY

1. What is a spring and a neap tide?

2. What is a tidal cycle and an ebb cycle?
3. How is the energy from tides obtained? Describe the arrangements of operation methods of
utilization of tidal energy.
4. With a neat diagram, explain the working principle of a tidal power plant.
5. With a neat diagram, explain the working of single basin tidal power plant.
6. With a neat diagram, explain the working of a double cycle tidal power plant.
7. With neat sketches, explain the different types of tidal energy conversion systems.
8. Explain the single-basin and two-basin systems of harnessing tidal power.
9. Explain the principle of operation of a simple single effect tidal power plant and give a graph
of sequential operation modes.
10. Derive an expression for tidal energy and tidal power per tidal cycle for a single effect tidal
scheme.
11. Explain the use of additional pumping feature in a single effect tidal scheme.
12. Explain the difference between tidal range and head of water in tidal scheme.
13. What are the potential sites of tidal energy in India?
14. Write short notes on the availability of tidal energy worldwide and in India.
15. What are the special problems in constructing a barrage for tidal scheme?
16. Write short notes on tidal stream generators.
17. What are the types of turbines used for tidal power scheme? Explain bulb-type turbine.
18. What are the difficulties faced in exploiting tidal energy?
19. What are the merits and demerits of tidal power?
20. A single basin type tidal power plant has a basin area of 2 km2. The tide has an average range
of 13 m. Power is generated during ebb cycle only. The turbine stops operating when the head
on it falls below 3 m. Calculate the average power generated by the plant in single emptying
process of the basin if the turbine generator efficiency is 0.7. Estimate the average annual
energy generation of the plant. Density of seawater can be assumed as 1025 kg/m3.
21. In Gulf of Cambay, which is being considered for possible tidal power generation, during the
tidal cycle, the observed difference high and low water of the tide was 10.8 m. it has been
estimated that this estuary having an area of 10 km2 can generate power for 3 h/cycle. Assuming
the average available head to be 10 m and the overall efficiency of the generation system to be
75%, calculate the total energy generated in the year. Take specific weight of sea water = 1025
kg/m3.
22. A tidal power plant of single basin type has a basin area of 30 x 106 m2. The tide has a range of
12 m. The turbine, however stops operating when the head on it falls below 3 m. Calculate the
energy generated in one filling (or emptying) process in kWh, if the turbine generator efficiency
is 0.73. Water density is 1025 kg/m3. Gravity is 9.8 m/s2 and time is 6h, 12.5 m.
23. A tidal power plant of single basin type has a basin area of 80 x 104 m2. The tide has a range of
8 m. The turbine, however stops operating when the head on it falls below 2 m. Calculate the
energy generated in one filling process in kWh, if the turbine generator efficiency is 90%.
24. For a typical tidal power plant, the basin area is 25 x 106 m2. The tidal has a range of 10 m.
However, turbine stops working when the head on it falls below 2 m. Assume the density of
seawater is 1025 kg/m2, acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s2, combined efficiency of turbine
and generator is 75% and period of energy generation is 6h 12.5min. Calculate (i) Energy (work
done) in filling or emptying the basin; and (ii) average power.
25. Water is pumped rapidly from the ocean into the basin at high tide to give an increased water
level of 1.2 m in a tide power basin. If tidal range is 6 m and the efficiency of pump/generator
system is only 50%, find the energy gain due to use of pumping.
26. A typical tidal power plant has 24 generators each of 10 MW operating at maximum head of
3.5 m. it generates for 6 h twice a day. The density of sea water is 1025 kg/m3, and the efficiency
of turbine and generator is 93%. Assuming that power decreases linearly and the reservoir has
rectangular cross-sectional area, calculate (i) basin capacity in m3; and (ii)annual energy
production.

MODULE 5

a. SEA WAVE ENERGY

1. Explain the principle and working of sea wave energy conversion.

2. Derive the expression for energy and power in ocean waves.
3. With a neat waveform, explain the following terms as applicable to the sea wave (i) Crest; (ii)
Trough; (iii) Wave height; (iv) Amplitude; (v) Wavelength; (vi) Wave propagation velocity;
(vii) Wave period; and (viii) Frequency.
4. Write short notes on wave energy availability worldwide and in India.
5. Explain the various techniques used to harness wave energy.
6. Classify wave energy devices. With neat sketches, explain the different types of wave energy
devices used to harness wave energy.
7. Write short notes on wave energy.
8. Write short notes on Dolphin wave generator.
9. What are the advantages and limitations of wave energy conversion systems?
10. What are they key issues affecting wave power devices?
11. A deep ocean wave of 2 m peak to peak appears at a period of 8 s. Find the wavelength, phase
velocity and power associated with the wave. At this power rate, what is the average annual
wave energy in MWh/m?
12. A 2 m sea wave has a 6 s period and occurs at 100 m deep water. Assume sea water density
1025 kg/m3. Calculate the energy and power densities of the wave.
13. An ocean swell, a few kilometers away from the coastline and in deep seawater, has wave height
of 3 m and wave period of 8 s. obtain power of the wave energy flux per unit wave crest length.

b. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY

1. With a neat diagram, explain the principle of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC).
2. With a neat diagram, explain the working of open cycle OTEC for ocean thermal energy.
3. With neat sketches, explain the different types of OTEC systems.
4. List the various advantages and limitations of OTEC plants.
5. With a suitable diagram, explain closed cycle OTEC system for harnessing ocean thermal
energy.
6. What are the advantages of closed cycle system over open cycle system?
7. With a suitable diagram, explain closed OTEC ammonia cycle system.
8. Explain the land-based and floating type OTEC plants.
9. With a neat sketch, explain the working of a basic Rankine cycle.
10. List the various characteristics of the working fluid used in OTEC.
11. With a neat sketch, explain the working of a hybrid cycle OTEC plant.
12. What are the applications of ocean thermal energy?
13. Explain Carnot efficiency for an OTEC plant with the help of a thermodynamic cycle on a T-S
plane.
14. What are the environmental impacts of OTEC?