IT Tools and Business System - Module 2 PDF

Course Name : IT Tools and Business System
Module Names : Computer Organization
Storyboard Document
TABLE OF CONTENT
UNIT NUMBER 2/8
E-Content of
IT TOOLS AND BUSINESS SYSTEM
Syllabus
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction to Computer Organization
2.2.1 Introduction to Computer Organization
2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2.3.1 What is CPU?
2.3.2 Processor Speed and Booting
2.4 Memory
2.4.1 Hierarchy Memory
2.4.2 Cache Memory
2.5 Managing Disk Partition
2.5.1 Managing Disk Partition
2.6 File System Input Devices
2.6.1 Keyboard
2.6.2 Mouse
2.6.3 Joystick
2.6.4 Scanner
2.6.5 Web Cam
2.7 Output Devices
2.7.1 Monitors
2.7.2 Printers
2.8 Multimedia
2.8.1 Multimedia Data Types
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2.9 Multimedia Applications
2.9.1 Multimedia Applications
2.10 Multimedia File Formats
2.10.1 Multimedia File Formats
2.11 Computer Software
2.11.1 Computer Software
2.12 Relationship between Hardware and Software
2.12.1 Relationship between Hardware and Software
2.13 Compiler
2.13.1 Compiler
2.14 Names of some High-level Languages
2.14.1 Names of some High-level Languages
2.15 Free Domain Software
2.15.1 Free Domain Software
2.16 Summary
2.17 Model Questions
Assessment 1
Assessment 2
Reference
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Chapter : 2.1 Objectives
Objectives
At the end of the course the user will be able to
understand the processing unit
know different types of memory
understand, what is Multimedia?
know the relationship between software and hardware
know the concept of compiler
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Chapter : 2.2 Introduction to Computer Organization
Topic : 2.2.1 Introduction to Computer Organization
Introduction to Computer Organization

Computer Organization refer to the operational units and their interconnection
that realize the architectural specifications.
Computer Architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to a
programmer.
Architectural attributes that include instruction set, number of bits used to
represent various data types (numbers, characters), I/O mechanism and
techniques for addressing memory.
Organizational attributes that include those hardware details transparent to the
programmer, such as control signals, interfaces between the computer and
peripherals and the memory technology used.
FIG 2.1: Processing of computer organization
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Chapter : 2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Topic : 2.3.1 What is CPU?
What is CPU?
CPU stands for Central Processing Unit.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer, it is a part of
computer which interprets and executes instruction.
FIG 2.2: Central Processing Unit
It is also known as microprocessor or processor.
FIG 2.3: Processor
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The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called
processing.
The CPU takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of
calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided. It is
then sent back to the storage unit.
It processes the instructions that it collects by decoding the code in programs.
The CPU chip is usually in the shape of a square or rectangle and has one
notched corner to help place the chip into the motherboard properly.
The main functions of CPU are to Fetch, Decode, Execute and Write back.
FIG 2.4: CPU Processor in Motherboard

The CPU contains
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit (CU)
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Arithmetic and Logical Unit

The Arithmetic and Logic Unit performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
FIG 2.5: Arithmetic Operations

Logic Unit
Logic Unit performs following operations such as AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NOR,
NAND, etc.
FIG 2.6: Logical Operations
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Control Unit
A Control Unit (CU) handles all processor control signals.
It generates timing signals such that the coordination among devices take
place.
Control unit is designed in two ways such as
Hardwired control
Micro-program control
Hardwired control
The Design is based on a fixed architecture.
The CU is made up of flip-flops, logic gates, digital circuits and encoder &
decoder.
Micro-programs
Micro-programs are stored in a special control memory and are based on

flowcharts.
They are replaceable and ideal because of their simplicity.
It directs all input and output flow, fetches code for instructions from micro
programs and directs other units and models by providing control and
timing signals.
And also Central Processing Unit includes Arithmetic logic unit and control
unit. It has five major operations such as
o It accepts data as input.
o It stores data and instruction.
o It processes data as per instruction.
o It controls all operations inside a computer.
o It gives result in the form of output.
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Chapter : 2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Topic : 2.3.2 Processor Speed and Booting
Processor Speed
A microprocessor (processor or CPU) is where the instructions of a program are
processed. (show image)
The high level language that the programmer uses is transformed into a binary
code that the CPU understands and creates an executable file that will launch
the program when double-clicked.
A hertz is one cycle per second, 1 MHz is 1 million cycles per second and 1000
MHz is 1 GHz( one billion cycles per second). (refer video)
If user have a CPU at 2 GHz(animation: that is 2000 MHz), it can do 2 billion
program instructions per second.
Steps to find the CPU speed in different operating system
To find the CPU speed in Windows XP “click the START button, then scroll go to
my computer and right click on that and select Properties”.
User can also find the CPU speed by Help and Support Center.
To find the CPU speed in Vista and Windows 7 “click the START button and
scroll to Control Panel then select the System and Security, in that click on the
System”.
For checking CPU speed in Macs “ click on the apple menu and select About this
Mac".
For advanced Windows users of Windows XP “click the START button and select
RUN “.
Booting
Booting is the initialization of the computerized system.
The booting process can be “hard” when electrical power to the CPU is switched
from off to on.
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Soft booting can be initiated by hardware such as a button press, or by software

command.
A boot loader is a computer program that loads an operating system or some
other software for the computer.
FIG 2.7: Boot Sector
Boot sector refers to a single sector (normally the first in the active partition) that
contains the code to boot the operating system.
A sector of a hard disk, floppy disk or similar data storage device that contains
code for booting programs (usually, but not necessarily, operating systems)
stored in other parts of the disk.
Before the boot sector is read, the computer’s BIOS will call a small program
called an MBR (Master Boot Record), which normally resides in the first record of
the first disk.
The small program stored in the boot sector is then executed and the operating
system will begin to load.
To be a valid boot sector, the two-byte hex word 0xAA55, called the boot sector
signature, must exist at the end of the sector.
Otherwise, either the BIOS or MBR code will report an error message and halt
any OS bootstrapping process.
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Chapter : 2.4 Memory
Topic : 2.4.1 Hierarchy Memory
Memory
The Memory Unit is the part of the computer that holds data and instructions for
processing.
It stores program results or any kind of information.
Memory stores binary information i.e. 0's and 1's.
Memory is measured in bytes.
Types of Memory
The computer memory is divided into two types, they are
Primary or Main memory
Secondary memory (Secondary Storage Device)
FIG 2.8: Types of Memory
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Primary memory
Primary Memory is used for immediate access of data by the processor.
Most computer systems around the world use primary memory.
Primary memory can be divided into two types.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Random Access Memory is the central storage unit in a computer system.
The information stored in the RAM is typically loaded from the computer's
hard disk, and includes data related to the operating system and certain
applications.
FIG 2.9: RAM

There are primarily two forms of RAM
Static RAM (SRAM)
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Static RAM (SRAM)
In SRAM, a bit of data is stored using the state of a flip-flop. This is most
expensive among other forms of RAMs, but is generally faster and
requires less power than DRAM and, in modern computers, is often used
as cache memory for the CPU.
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
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Widely used in modern computers as primary memory, DRAM is slower

than SRAM, but is inexpensive due to its one transistor-one capacitor
paired assembly of memory storage.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM stands for Read Only Memory.

The CPU can only fetch or read instructions from ROM.
ROM comes with instructions permanently stored inside.
FIG 2.10: ROM

And these instructions cannot be over-written by the computer's CPU.
Types of ROM
PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory

EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
PROM
PROM Stands for "Programmable Read-Only Memory," and is pronounced

"p-rom," not "prom".
PROM is a type of ROM that is programmed after the memory is

constructed.
PROM chips have several different applications, including cell phones, video
game consoles, medical devices, and other electronics.
They provide a simple means of programming electronic devices.
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While PROM cannot be erased, two other versions of PROM have been
developed that can be erased and reprogrammed.
EPROM
EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
This type of memory uses floating-gate transistors and can be erased by

strong ultraviolet light.
EEPROM
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only

Memory.
EEPROM can be erased with an electrical charge and is used in flash

memory.
Secondary Memory (Secondary Storage Device)
Secondary Memory refers to storage devices, such as hard drives and Solid
State Drives (SSD).
It may also refer to removable storage media, such as USB flash drives, CDs,
and DVDs.
Secondary memory is much slower than primary memory, it typically offers a far
greater storage capacity.
Secondary memory includes
Floppy disk
Hard disk drive
Optical disk
USB thumb drive
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Floppy disk
These are small removable disks that are plastic coated with magnetic
recording material.
This portable storage device is a rewritable media and can be reused a

number of times.
FIG 2.11: Floppy Disk
Hard disk drive
Another form of auxiliary storage is a hard disk.
A hard disk consists of one or more rigid metal plates coated with a metal
oxide material that allows data to be magnetically recorded on the surface of
the platters.
FIG 2.12: Hard Disk Drive
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Optical disk
An Optical disk is any storage media that hold content in digital format and is
read using a laser assembly is considered as optical media.
The most common types of optical media are Blu-ray, CDs, and DVDs.
CDs can store up to 700 megabytes (MB) of data.
DVDs can store up to 8.5 GB of data.
Blu-ray discs, which are the newest type of optical media, can store up to 50
GB of data.
Blu-ray CD DVD
FIG 2.13: Types of Optical Disk

CD
CD is an abbreviation of compact disk, and is a form of data storage that can

transfer data up to the speed of 7800 KB/s.
A standard 120 mm CD holds up to 700 MB of data, or about 70 minutes of

audio.
There are two types of CD: CD-ROM and CD-RW.
CD-ROM are stands for CD-Read Only Memory and they function in the
same way as Read Only Memory does.
CD-RW Stands for CD-Rewritable, these disks can be erased and rewritten at
any time.
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DVD
DVD is an abbreviation of Digital Versatile Disc, and is an optical disc storage

media format that can be used for data storage.
The DVD supports disks with capacities of 4.7 GB to 17 GB and access rates
of 600 KBps to 1.3 MBps.
A standard DVD disc store up to 4.7 GB of data.
There are two types of DVD's
DVD-ROM
DVD-RW
DVD-ROM
DVD-ROM stands for DVD-Read Only Memory and they function in the
same way as Read Only Memory does.
DVD-RW
DVD-RW stands for DVD-Rewritable, these disks can be erased and

rewritten at any time.
USB Thumb Drive
A USB flash drive is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an
integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface.
USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, physically much
smaller than an optical disc.
FIG 2.14: USB Drive
USB drives that are often used for floppy disks were used, i.e., for storage,
back-up and transfer of computer files.
They are smaller, faster and have thousands of times more capacity,
durable and reliable.
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Chapter : 2.4 Memory
Topic : 2.4.2 Cache Memory
Cache Memory
A CPU cache is a cache used to reduce the average time to access memory.
The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores the copies of the data from
frequently used main memory locations.
Most CPUs have different independent caches, including instruction and data
caches, where the data cache is usually organized as a hierarchy of more cache
levels (L1, L2 etc.).
FIG 2.15: Cache Memory Processing
When the processor needs to read from or write to a location in main memory, it
first checks whether a copy of that data is in the cache or not.
If so, the processor immediately reads from or writes to the cache, which is much
faster than reading from or writing to main memory.
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Cache Memory Entries
Data is transferred between memory and cache in blocks of fixed size, called
cache lines.
When a cache line is copied from memory into the cache, a cache entry is
created.
A cache entry will include the copied data as well as the requested memory
location that is called tag.
When a processor needs to read or write a location in main memory, it first
checks the corresponding entry in the cache.
The cache checks for the contents of the requested memory location in any
cache lines that contain address.
Cache Hit
If the processor finds that the memory location is in the cache, a cache hit has
occurred.
If cache hit, the processor immediately reads or writes the data in the cache
line.
Cache Miss
If the processor does not find the memory location in the cache, a cache miss
has occurred.
In cache miss, the cache allocates a new entry, copies data from main
memory.
Then the request is fulfilled from the contents of the cache.
Structure of the Cache Entry

Cache row entries usually have the following structure
Tag data block flag bits
FIG 2.16: Cache Memory Structure
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The data block (cache line) contains the actual data fetched from the main
memory.
The tag contains (part of) the address of the actual data fetched from the main
memory.
For each cache row entry an instruction cache requires only one flag bit that is a
valid bit.
The valid bit indicates whether a cache block has been loaded with valid data or
not.
Cache performance
The proportion of accesses that result in a cache hit is known as the hit rate.
And it can be a measure of the effectiveness of the cache for a given program or
algorithm.
Read misses delay execution because they require data to be transferred from
memory much more slowly than the cache itself.
Write misses may occur without such penalty, since the processor can continue
execution while data is copied to main memory in the background.
Replacement policies
The cache may have to evict one of the existing entries, for the new entry on
cache miss in order to make room.
It uses to choose the entry to evict is called the replacement policy.
The fundamental problem with any replacement policy is that it must predict
which existing cache entry is least likely to be used in the future.
Predicting the future is difficult, so there is no perfect way to choose among the
variety of replacement policies available.
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Write Policies
If data is written to the cache, at some point it must also be written to main
memory.
The timing of this write is known as the write policy.
In a write-through cache, every write to the cache causes a write to main memory
.Alternatively, in a write-back or copy-back cache, writes are not immediately

mirrored to the main memory.
Instead, the cache tracks which locations have been written over (these locations
are marked dirty).
The data in these locations are written back to the main memory only when that
data is evicted from the cache.
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Chapter : 2.5 Managing Disk Partition
Topic : 2.5.1 Managing Disk Partition
Managing Disk Partition

Disk partitioning is the act of dividing a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) into multiple
logical storage units referred to as partitions.
When a hard drive is installed in a computer, it must be partitioned before user
format and use it.
Partitioning a drive is when user divide the total storage of a drive into different
pieces.
How to manage the Disk Partition?
When partitions are made, user should specify the total amount of storage that
user would like to allocate to that partition from the total size of the drive.
For example
If user have an 80 GB drive, then it would be possible to make one partition

consisting of the entire 80 GB of available storage.
Alternatively, user could make two partitions consisting of a 20 GB partition

that will be used for the operating system and programs.
And a 60 GB partition set aside for data, music, and images.
In the current PC architecture, there is a partition table in the drive's Master Boot
Record (section of the hard drive that contains the commands necessary to start
the operating system) or MBR.
MBR (Master Boot Record) lists information about the partitions on the hard drive.
This partition table is then further split into 4 partition table entries, with each
entries corresponding to a partition.
These 4 partitions are typically known as primary partitions.
To overcome this restriction, system developers decided to add a new type of
partition called the extended partition.
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By replacing one of the four primary partitions with an extended partition, user
can then make an additional 24 logical partitions within the extended one.
The table below illustrates the partitions.
Primary Partition #1
(Extended Partition)
Logical Partition #1
Logical Partition #1
This partition table is broken up into 4 primary partitions.

The fourth partition, though, has been flagged as an extended partition.
It makes more logical partitions under that extended partition and therefore
bypassing the 4 partition limit.
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Chapter : 2.6 File System Input Devices
Topic : 2.6.1 Keyboard
Keyboard
The keyboard looks like a typewriter. Most common and very popular input
device is keyboard.
FIG 2.17: Keyboard

The keyboard helps in inputting the data to the computer.
Most of the keyboards have 80 to 110 keys.
Key types
Typing (Alphanumeric keys)
Function keys
Control keys
Cursor keys
Typing (Alphanumeric keys)
The typing keys include the letters of the alphabet, generally laid out in the
same pattern used for typewriters.
These include same letter, number, punctuation, and symbol keys.
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Function keys
Keys that act as shortcuts for performing certain functions such as saving files
or printing data.
Function keys usually are lined along the top of the keyboard labeled F1
through F12.
Control keys
Control keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to perform
certain actions.
The most using control keys are Insert, Home Pageup, Pagedown, Delete,
End, Ctrl, Windows logo.
Some of the frequently used key combinations are
Ctrl+F4 - Exit

Ctrl+A - Select all
Ctrl+C - Copy
Ctrl+V - Paste
Ctrl+B - Bold

Ctrl+S - Save
Cursor keys
Cursor keys include a variety of keys which moves the cursor to different
positions on the screen. Arrow keys are programmed to move the cursor in a
specified direction.
Page Up and Page Down keys, scroll the page up and down. The Home key
is used to return the cursor to the beginning of the line where the cursor is
located; the End key puts the cursor at the end of the line.
Keyboard Types
Standard Laptop size Handheld Thumb-sized

FIG 2.18: Types of Keyboard
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Topic : 2.6.2 Mouse
Mouse
Mouse is a pointing device which contains an optical in its base.
The mouse is an input device (control station) for computers.
The mouse is a device that allows you to control the movement of the insertion
point on the screen.
FIG 2.19: Mouse
The movement of the mouse, run with the hand on the table or a suitable base
(flat surface) such as the mouse pad is received via a sensor in the mouse,
digitized and transmitted via an interface to the connected computer.
The most conventional mouse has two buttons, the left one is used most
frequently for clicking.
The left click lets the user click once to send a "Select" indication that provides
the user with feedback that a particular position has been selected for further
action.
The next click on a selected position or two quick clicks on it causes a particular
action to take place on the selected object.
The right click, usually provides some less-frequently needed capability.
Use of right click.
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Right-clicking an item, usually displays a list of things user can do with the
item.
For example, when user right-clicks the Recycle Bin on the desktop, user
will see a menu with options to open it, empty it, delete it, or see its properties.
FIG 2.20: Right clicking a mouse
If user ever unsure of what to do with something, right-click it.
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Topic : 2.6.3 Joystick
Joystick
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and

reports its angle or direction of the device it is controlling.
FIG 2.21: Joystick
Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more
push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer.
Types of Joystick
The five types of joystick are
Digital joystick
Paddle joystick
Analog joystick
PC Analog joystick
Joy pads
Digital joysticks
It is used for PCs, employing simple left, right, up and down, firing commands.
They are also called “Atari-style” digital joysticks.
Paddle joysticks
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It consists of one knob used to control the game and one firing button.
Analog joysticks
It combines both digital and paddle joysticks.
They control the game by digital joysticks, but also use potentiometers to
measure the movements like paddle joysticks.
PC Analog joysticks
It is a simple analog-styled joystick with multiple buttons that is usually

connected by an USB port.
Joy pads
Joy pads are joysticks without the sticks. Instead, they employ a directional
pad (D-pad) to control the game.
Joy pads are considered a bit primitive, but they are still feature among the
current video game controllers.
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Topic : 2.6.4 Scanner
Scanner
A scanner is an input device that scans any documents such as photographs and
pages of text.
Scanners are used to import a picture or document into the computer for sending
or printing.
FIG 2.22: Scanner
Scanner works by placing the object to be scanned on the glass surface.

While scanning a camera moves across the object, capturing the image and
storing it on the computer.
When a document is scanned, it is converted into a digital format.
Scanners have become an important part of the home office over the last few
years, where file can be sent over the internet at a faster speed.
The most commonly used scanners are
Flat-bed scanner
Sheet-fed scanner/ Auto feeder
Hand held scanner
Drum scanner
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Flatbed scanner
A flatbed scanner is a type of scanner or copier that uses a flat, glass surface
for scanning documents or other objects.
FIG 2.23: Flatbed Scanner

Sheet-fed scanner / Auto feeder
A sheet fed scanner is a type of scanner that scans only one piece of paper at
a time and it has no room for bulky objects like books and other material.
FIG 2.24: Sheet-fed Scanner

Handheld scanner
A handheld scanner is a small scanning device used for digitizing images.
Handheld scanners use the same basic technology as a flatbed scanner, but
rely on the user to move them instead of a motorized belt.
FIG 2.25: Handheld Scanner
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Drum scanner
A drum scanner is a type of scanner used to capture the highest resolution of

an image.
FIG 2.26: Drum Scanner

Some other types of scanners are
Transparency Scanners
Video Digitizers
Miscellaneous
Photo CD
Digital Cameras
Stand-Alone Oversize Digitizers
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Topic : 2.6.5 Web Cam
Web Cam
A webcam is a video camera that feeds its image to the computer.
FIG 2.27: Web Cam
When the image is captured by the computer, the video stream may be saved or
viewed or sent to other network via system such as the internet and email as an
attachment.
A webcam is connected by a USB Cable, FireWire cable or built into the
computer hardware such as laptop.
Webcams are known for their low manufacturing cost and flexibility, making them
the lowest cost form of video telephony.
Uses of Web Cam
Video links
Permitting computers to act as videophones.
Security surveillance
Computer vision
Video broadcasting and
Recording for social videos.
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Chapter : 2.7 Output Devices
Topic : 2.7.1 Monitors
Monitors
A monitor or display (sometimes called a visual display unit) is an electronic
visual display for computers.
The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry, and an enclosure. The
display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal
display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors use a cathode ray tube about
as deep as the screen size.
Monitors available in 14", 15", 17" and even 21 to 30" in size.
It is used to get the data in the form of soft copy. Their functioning is exactly
similar to the television.
It contains a Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) which emits the electrons to trace a
regular pattern of horizontal lines on the screen.
There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors such as
CRT Monitor
Flat-Panel Display
FIG 2.28: CRT Monitor FIG 2.29: Flat-Panel Display
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Features of Monitor
Most modern monitors will switch to a power-saving mode if no video-input signal

is received.
This allows modern operating systems to turn off a monitor after a specified
period of inactivity. This not only saves power consumption; but also extends the
monitor's service life.
The monitors having the highest resolution are often used in the Graphic arts and
Film industries etc.
Development changes in Monitor [From beginning until now]
CRT monitor → LCD monitor → LED monitor → UHD monitor FIG
2.30: Stages of monitor
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Chapter : 2.7 Output Devices
Topic : 2.7.2 Printers
Printers
A printer is an electromechanical device which converts the text and graphical

documents from electronic form to the physical form and it used to print
information on paper.
Generally they are the external peripheral devices which are connected with the
computers or laptops through a cable or wirelessly to receive input data and print
them on the papers.
A wide range of printers is available with a variety of features ranging from

printing black and white text documents to high quality colored graphic images.
Quality of printer is identified by its features like color, quality, speed of printing,
resolution etc.
Modern printers come with multipurpose function i.e. they are combination of
printer, scanner, photocopier, fax, etc.
Types of printer
There are different types of printers and most commonly used printers are
Dot matrix printer
Inkjet printer
Laser printer
Dot matrix printer
Dot Matrix Printer is a popular computer printer that prints text and graphics
on the paper by using tiny dots to form the desired shapes.
It is a 2D matrix of dots that can represent images, symbols, or characters.
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FIG 2.31: Dot Matrix Printer
They are used for electronic displays, such as computer monitors and LED
screens, as well as printed output.
In a dot matrix display, the images are estimated using a discrete set of dots
instead of lines and shapes.
If enough dots are used, the image will appear as a contiguous display rather
than a group of dots.
Inkjet printer
Inkjet printing is a type of computer printer that creates a digital image by

propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, or other substrates.
FIG 2.32: Inkjet Printer
The inkjet technology works by spraying very fine drops of ink on a sheet
of paper.
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These droplets are "ionized" which allows them to be directed by magnetic

plates in the ink's path.
As the paper is fed through the printer, the print head moves back and forth,
spraying thousands of these small droplets on the page.
Laser printer
Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process that rapidly produces

high quality text and graphics by passing a laser beam over a charged drum
to define a differentially charged image.
FIG 2.33: Laser Printer
A laser printer is a printer that uses a focused beam or light to transfer text
and images onto paper.
Instead, as paper passes through the printer, the laser beam fires at the
surface of a cylindrical drum called a photoreceptor.
A laser printer utilizes laser technology to print images on the paper. It is

often used in school, corporate and other environment.
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Chapter : 2.8 Multimedia Data Types
Topic : 2.8.1 Multimedia Data Types
What is multimedia?
A media which combines different content forms of text, audio, video, animation,
interactive features, still images to get a finished product is defined as multimedia.
Multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of media.
Multimedia is used for display, play and record or accessed by information
content processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but
can also be part of a live performance.
FIG 2.34: Multimedia Resources
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FIG 2.35: Multimedia
Multimedia Data types
Text
Graphics
Animation
Audio
Images
Video
Text
Text is most widely used and flexible means of presenting information on screen
and conveying ideas.
The designer should not necessarily try to replace textual elements with pictures
or sound, but they should consider how to present text in an acceptable way and
supplementing it with other media.
Users also be put off by the display of large amounts of text and will find it hard to
scan.
To present tourist information about a hotel, for example, information should be
presented concisely under clear separate headings such as location, services
available, prices, contact details etc.
An explanation of the abbreviations used in the system should be readily
available to the user through on-line help facilities or at least through written
documentation.
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All upper case can be used if a text item has to attract attention as in warnings
and alarm messages.
The length of text lines should be no longer than around 60 characters to
achieve optimal reading speed.
Only one third of a display should be filled with text.
Graphics
Graphics are visual images or designs on some surface, such as a wall, canvas,
screen, paper.
Images that are generated by a computer are called computer graphics.
Graphics often combine text, illustration, and color. Graphic design may consist
of the deliberate selection, creation, or arrangement of typography alone, as in a
brochure, flyer, poster, web site, or book without any other element.
Graphics can be functional or artistic.
The latter can be a recorded version, such as a photograph, or an interpretation
by a scientist to highlight essential features, or an artist, in which case the
distinction with imaginary graphics may become blurred.
Types of graphics
Computer graphics
Web graphics
Uses
Business
Advertising
Political
Education
Film and animation
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FIG 2.36: Graphics

Animation
Animation is the illusion of movement created by a succession of still graphics
that are shown rapidly to the eye.
It can be generated via a sequence of slightly changed graphics.
Every graphic is slightly different from the previous.
In path-based animation, a single still image moves along a mathematical pre-
defined path.
The important features of this definition are
Picture – an animation is a kind of pictorial representation.
Motion – an animation depicts apparent movement.
Simulated – an animation consists of objects that are artificially created

through drawing.
FIG 2.37: Animation
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Usage of Animation
To attract attention
To inform about the state of process
Demonstrations
Interactive simulations
Audio
Audio signals are continuous analog signals.

Audio on a computer is digital data representing sounds (voice, music, sound
effects and background music).
Sound is a continuous wave that travels through the air. The wave is made up of
pressure differences.
FIG 2.38: Audio

Frequency represents the number of periods in a second.
Human hearing frequency range 20Hz-20 kHz (audio), voice is about 500Hz to
2kHz.
There are two major types of digital sound, such as
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) and
Digitized sound files.
Both types are used substantially in multimedia.
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Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
MIDI files store digital descriptions of actual musical instruments within

software/hardware and are predefined in their digital form.
MIDI does not store real-world sounds.
The data contains descriptions of the instrument, pitch, timing of each note
and its duration.
Combination of multiple instruments is possible.
10 seconds of digitized sound takes up 1 MB, a 10 second MIDI file occupies

approximately 4 KB.
Digitized Sound
A microphone records real-world sound.
The microphone has a mechanism that sound waves vibrate, converting to

electric signals.
These signals are not suitable for a computer, as they are in analogue form
(consists of changing frequencies and volumes).
An analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) chip can change the analogue signal

into the binary system.
Converting any analogue signal to a digital tone is called digitizing.
Image
Image file can be divided into two categories
Vector-based image
Bitmap image
FIG 2.39: Image
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Vector-based images
These images are defined by mathematical relationships between points and

the paths connecting them to describe an image.
Bitmap images
These images are made of individual dots called pixels that are arranged and
colored differently to form a pattern.
The individual squares that make up the total image can be seen when
zoomed in.
However, from a greater distance the color and shape of a bitmap image
appear continuous.
Since each pixel is colored individually, user can easily work with
photographs with so many colors and can create photo-realistic effects such
as shadowing and increasing color by manipulating select areas, one pixel at
a time.
Video
Analog Video is usually captured by a video camera and then digitized.
There are a variety of video (analog and digital) formats.
Video is composed of different story units such as shots, scenes and sequences
arranged according to some logical structure.
Frames recorded sequentially from a shot, one or several related shots are
combined in a scene, and a series of related scenes forms a sequence.
Multimedia video files can come in different formats. The most popular types of
multimedia video formats are
Audio Video Interleave (AVI).

Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG).
Online streaming services – Flash Video (FLV), Windows Media Video (WMV)
and 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GP).
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Chapter : 2.9 Multimedia Applications
Topic : 2.9.1 Multimedia Applications
Multimedia Applications
Multimedia can be used in a variety of ways and fields.
It is being used to create interactive websites.
It makes online user more interesting, because it uses different building to make
a web page.
Some of the multimedia applications are
Multimedia in Education
Multimedia in Entertainment
Multimedia in Marketing
Multimedia in Education
Multimedia is any combination of text, graphics, art, audio, animation, and video
with links and tools.
When the user can able to control what and when these elements are delivered,
it is interactive multimedia.
When a structure of linked elements through which the learner can navigate,
interactive multimedia becomes hypermedia.
Multimedia educational computing is one of the fastest growing markets in
today's world.
FIG 2.40: Multimedia in Education
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Fueling this growth are advance in technology and price wars that have
dramatically lowered the cost of multimedia computers.
The new tools are enabling educators to become developers.
Nothing how multimedia is used to enable individuals to create course material,
that once required teams of specialists, individuals can now produce multimedia
desktop video productions.
Commercial and educational available generic courseware to support
commercial products are emerging.
For these reasons, it is important to share information about what goes into the
development of multimedia and the appropriate use of multimedia.
Multimedia in Entertainment
Entertainment sector is one of the major application drivers of multimedia

technologies.
Multimedia entertainment application goals at diverting users and engaging them
in amazing experiences such as reading a book, playing more games and
listening to music.
Electronic games are already popular and their popularity will further increase, as
applications may be presented over enhanced delivery media.
Examples include CD-ROM-based interactive games, multi-player games that
are played over the Internet, games on mobile phones, etc.,
Multimedia entertainment applications aim at diverting users, engaging them in
amazing experiences such as
Reading books
Listening to music
Enjoying videos
Playing game
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Reading Books
User can read novels and any kind of books just like real books, then able to
click on links throughout the text.
Take a note and type directly on documents.
FIG 2.41: Multimedia Books
Listening to Music

People use music as form of entertainment.
FIG 2.42: Music
ITunes is the famous mobile application developed by Apple, it is used to

download and play audios and videos.
VLC, MP3 Player, etc. are famous software used to listen music.
Devices used to listen music are mobile, headset, iPod, speaker, etc.
Enjoying videos
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Devices used to watch videos are monitor, Tabs, Laptops, etc.
VLC, Flash movie player, etc. are software used to play videos.
FIG 2.43: Videos
Playing Games
FIG 2.44: Playing Games
Flash is one of the best 2D animation software used to make 2D video

games.
For e.g. Aladdin video game is created with the help of flash software.
Note: Above mentioned software are of respective vendors.
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Multimedia in Marketing
Many companies today use multimedia in their marketing communication, given
that is a more interactive way to promote their new products to the consumers.
Real Estate Agents
Agents realized they could do more than just show pictures of a home.
They created virtual tours and copied them with CD and DVD duplicators.
Interior Decorators
Decorators use software that creates virtual rooms and make many copies
with DVD duplicating technologies.
Shopping Software
Any company selling a customizable product such as a car or a computer

system can use CD and DVD duplicators to make copies of a shopping
application on disc.
Artistic Portfolios
A host of creative people can create compact portfolios to show off their work.
Bands can use CD duplicating to release their own albums or to create

demos for distribution to potential performance venues.
Company Reports
Financial analysis aren't the most interesting reading, but they can be jazzed
up with a full multimedia presentation and copied with CD and DVD
duplicators.
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FIG 2.45: Multimedia in Marketing
Interactive Manuals
DVD duplicating simplifies employee training by creating courses on disc.

New workers can train at their own pace without tying up another person to
act as instructor.
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Chapter : 2.10 Multimedia File Formats
Topic : 2.10.1 Multimedia File Formats
Multimedia File Formats

Multimedia data and information must be stored in a disk file using formats
similar to image file formats.
Such data includes text, image data, audio and video data, computer animations,
and other forms of binary data, such as Musical Instrument Digital Interface
(MIDI), control information, and graphical fonts.
Typical multimedia formats do not define new methods for storing these types of
data.
Instead, they offer the ability to store data in one or more existing data formats
that are already in general use.
Multimedia formats are also optimized for the types of data they store and the
format of the medium on which they are stored.
Multimedia information is commonly stored on CD-ROM.
There are many types of CD-ROM devices and standards that may be used by
multimedia applications.
CD-XA (also called the Yellow Book) allows the storage of both digital audio and
data on a CD-ROM.
CD-I (Compact Disc-Interactive) standard defines the storage of interactive
multimedia data. CD-I units allow the integration of fully interactive multimedia
applications into home computer systems.
A still-evolving standard is CD-R (Compact Disc-Recordable or Compact Disc-
Write Once), which specifies a CD-ROM that may be written to by a personal
desktop computer and read by any CD-ROM player.
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Chapter : 2.11 Computer Software
Topic : 2.11.1 Computer Software
Computer Software
Computer software is also known as computer programs, is the non-tangible
component of computers.
Computer software contrasts with computer hardware, which is the physical
component of computers.
The information technology stands firmly on two legs, such as
Hardware
Software
Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be
realistically used without the other.
Hardware
Hardware is formed as the physical components of computer system
All of the hardware parts may do different tasks.
Without the hardware, there is no computers.
Software
Software is basically a set of instructions grouped into programs that make

the computer to function in the desired way.
It is collection of programs to perform a particular task.
There are so many different types of softwares available for different

purposes.
Without the software, we cannot do any task using the computer.
Software is usually written in high-level programming languages that are

easier and more efficient for humans to use than machine language.
Types of Software
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The software is widely available and there may be vast and a variety of software.
Software are categorized into,
System Software
Application Software
FIG 2.46: Computer Software
System Software
Systems software is a set of instructions that serves primarily as an intermediary
between computer hardware and application programs, and may also be directly
manipulated by knowledgeable users.
It makes the operation of a computer system more effective and efficient.
Systems software provides important self-regulatory functions for computer
systems, such as
Loading itself when the computer is turned on.

Managing hardware resources such as secondary storage for all applications.
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
Providing commonly used sets of instructions for all applications to use.
Without using the system software, there may be no computer program that can
run on a computer system.
So the system software is an important or indispensable part of the computer
system.
Types of System Software

Operating System
Utility Programs
Operating System
Operating System is an important system software found almost in all computers.
Operating is defined as the program, that instructs the computer how to work with
its various components.
It helps to manage files and checks the various peripheral devices such as
printers, monitors, etc.
The operating system itself is a collection of programs, these programs translate
our instructions to the computer's language.
And then translate the computer's response from computer's language to the
user understandable form.
Utility Programs
Utility software is a type of system software designed to help analyze, config,

optimize and maintain the computer.
A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool.
Utility software should not be confused with application software, which allows
users to do things like creating text documents, playing games, listening to music
or surfing the web.
Rather than providing these kinds of user-oriented or output-oriented functionality,

utility software usually focuses on how the computer infrastructure
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(including the computer hardware, operating system, application software and

data storage) operates.
Due to this focus, utilities are often rather technical and targeted at people with
an advanced level of computer knowledge.
Examples of utility software include,
Virus scanner - to protect the system from viruses.
Disk defragmenter - to speed up the hard disk.
System monitor - to look at the current system resources.
File managers - to add, delete, rename and move files and folders.
Application Software
Application software is computer software, designed to help the user to perform

singular or multiple related specific tasks.
They act as instructions which direct the hardware to perform specific functions.
Application software cannot be operated unable to run without the operating
system and system utilities.
Application software can be used as a productivity/business tool; to assist with
graphics and multimedia projects.
Examples of Application Software
Microsoft Word
Microsoft PowerPoint
Macromedia Freehand
Adobe Photoshop
CorelDraw
Note: Above & below mentioned software/Logos are of respective vendors.
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FIG 2.47: Application Software
Types of Application software

General purpose application software is designed to satisfy common needs of
various businesses such as
Application suite
Enterprise software
Enterprise infrastructure software
Information worker software
Content access software
Educational software
Simulation software
Media development software
Product engineering software
Application suite
It consists of multiple applications bundled together.
They usually have related functions, features and user interfaces, and may be
able to interact with each other.
Enterprise software
Enterprise software addresses the needs of an entire organization's
processes and data flow, across most all departments, often in a large
distributed environment.
Departmental Software is a sub-type of enterprise software with a focus on

smaller organizations and/or groups within a large organization.
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Enterprise infrastructure software
It provides common capabilities needed to support enterprise software

systems.
Information worker software
Users can create and manage information, often for individual project within a
department, in contrast to enterprise management.
Content access software
It is used primarily to access content without editing, but may include software
that allows for content editing.
Educational software
It is related to content access software, but has the content and features
adapted for use in by educators or students.
Simulation software
It simulates physical systems for either research, training purposes.
Media development software
It generates print and electronic media for others to consume, most often in a
commercial setting.
This includes graphic-art software, desktop publishing software, multimedia

development software, HTML editors, digital-animation editors, digital audio
and video composition, and many others.
Product engineering software
It is used in developing hardware and software products.
This include computer-aided design, computer-aided engineering, computer

language editing and compiling tools, integrated development environments,
and application programmer interfaces.
Features of application software
Application software is close to users.
Application software is slow in speed.
This software is easy to understand and manipulate.
Application software is easy to design.
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Chapter : 2.12 Relationship between Hardware and Software
Topic : 2.12.1 Relationship between Hardware and Software
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Chapter : 2.13 Compiler
Topic : 2.13.1 Compiler
Compiler
Compiler is a program that translates one language (source program) as input
and translates into an equivalent another language (target program).
During this process of translation if some errors are encountered then compiler
displays them as error messages.
The basic model of complier can be represented as follows
FIG 2.48: Compiler

The compiler takes a source program as high level language such as C,
PASCAL, FORTRAN, etc., and converts it into low level language or machine
language such as assembly language.
The compilation can be done in two parts
Analysis
Synthesis
In analysis part the source program is read and broken down into constituent
pieces.
The syntax and the meaning of the source string is determined and then an
intermediate code is created from the input source program.
In synthesis part, this intermediate form of the source language is taken and
converted into an equivalent target program.
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During this process, if certain code has to be optimized for efficient execution
then the required code is optimized.
FIG 2.49: Analysis and Synthesis Model
The analysis part is carried out in three sub parts
FIG 2.50: Analysis Part
Lexical Analysis
In this step the source program is read and then it is broken into a stream of
strings.
Such strings are called tokens.
Hence tokens are nothing but the collection of characters having some
meaning.
Syntax Analysis
In this step the tokens are arranged in hierarchical structure that ultimately
helps in finding the syntax of the source string.
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Semantic Analysis
In this step the meaning of the source string is determined.
In all these analysis steps the meaning of the every source string should be
unique.
Hence actions in lexical, syntax and semantic analysis are uniquely defined
for a given language.
After carrying out the synthesis phase the program gets executed.
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Chapter : 2.14 Names of some High-level Languages
Topic : 2.14.1 Names of some High-level Languages
Names of some High-level Languages

 High level programming languages is a programming language with strong
abstraction from the details of the computer.
In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language
elements, be easier to use, or may automate significant areas of computing
systems, making the process of developing a program simpler and more
understandable relative to a lower-level language.
High-level languages are closer to human languages and further from machine
languages.
A high-level language isolates the execution semantics of computer architecture
from the specification of the program, making the process of developing a
program simpler and more understandable with respect to assembly and
machine level languages.
FIG 2.51: Types of Programming Languages
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Some of the features of a program written in high-level language are as follows
Programs are easier to write, read or understand in high-level languages than

in machine language or assembly language. For example, a program written
in C++ is easier to understand than a machine language program.
Programs written in high-level languages is the source code which is

converted into the object code (machine code) using translator software like
interpreter or compiler.
A line of code in high-level program may correspond to more than one line of
machine code.
Programs written in high-level languages are easily portable from one

computer to another.
Examples of High level Languages
COBOL
FORTRAN
PASCAL
C&C++
PROLOG
JAVA
PERL
PHP
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Chapter : 2.15 Free Domain Software
Topic : 2.15.1 Free Domain Software

Free Domain Software
Free Domain Software is software that comes with permission for anyone to use,
copy and distribute either original or with modifications either without charge or
for fee.
In particular that the source code must be available.
Free domain software can be freely used, modified and redistributed but with one
restriction that is, the redistributed software must be distributed with original
terms of free of use, modification and distribution. This is known as 'copyleft'.
Free software may be packaged and distributed for a fee.
The 'Free' here refers to the ability of reusing it modified or unmodified, as a part
of another software package.
The best known example of free software is Linux, an operating system that is
proposed as an alternative to Windows or other proprietary operating system.
Free software should therefore not be confused with freeware, which is term
used for describing software that can be freely downloaded and used but which
may contain restriction for modification and reuse.
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Chapter : 2.16 Summary
Topic : Summary
In this class, we have learnt about
Process of Central Processing Unit
Input, Output and Storage Devices
Concept of Multimedia
Computer Software
Compiler.
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Chapter : 2.17 Model Questions
Topic : Model Questions
What is CPU?
Explain Storage devices.
Describe Multimedia.
Explain the types of software.
What is compiler?
What is the usage of 'free domain software'?
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Assessment 1
The information stored in the RAM is typically loaded from the computer's
______________.
RAM
Cache
Hard disk
BIOS
What is the operation that performed by RAM?

Read only
Write only
Read and write
None of the above
An electronic path, that sends signals from one part of computer to another is?
Logic gate
Bus
Modem
Serial port
Which part is responsible for communication between Memory and ALU?

Logic gate
RAM
USB
Control unit
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____________ is the illusion of movement created by a succession of still graphics

that are shown rapidly to the eye.
Animation
Graphics
Web graphics
All of the above
Answers:
1.c
2.c
3.b
4.d
5.d
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Assessment 2
Systems software is a set of instructions that serves primarily as an intermediary

between computer hardware and application programs.
True
False
Application software is computer software, designed to help the user to perform
singular or multiple related specific tasks.
True
False
Booting is the restarting of the computerized system.
True
False
Answers:
1.a
2.a
3.a
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Books Referred
Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for

Performance By William Stallings
Compiler Design By A.A.Puntambekar
Compiler Design: Syntactic and Semantic Analysis By Reinhard Wilhelm,

Helmut Seidl, Sebastian Hack
Computer Organization And Design By P. Pal Chaudhuri
Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface By David

A. Patterson, John L. Hennessy
Page | 72

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Course Name : IT Tools and Business System

Module Names : Computer Organization

2.2 Introduction to Computer Organization

2.2.1 Introduction to Computer Organization

2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

2.3.1 What is CPU?

2.3.2 Processor Speed and Booting

2.4.1 Hierarchy Memory

2.4.2 Cache Memory

2.5 Managing Disk Partition

2.5.1 Managing Disk Partition

2.6 File System Input Devices

2.6.5 Web Cam

2.7 Output Devices

2.8.1 Multimedia Data Types

2.9.1 Multimedia Applications

2.10 Multimedia File Formats

2.10.1 Multimedia File Formats

2.11 Computer Software

2.11.1 Computer Software

2.12 Relationship between Hardware and Software

2.12.1 Relationship between Hardware and Software

2.14 Names of some High-level Languages

2.14.1 Names of some High-level Languages

2.15 Free Domain Software

2.15.1 Free Domain Software

2.17 Model Questions

Chapter : 2.1 Objectives

understand, what is Multimedia?

know the relationship between software and hardware

know the concept of compiler

Chapter : 2.2 Introduction to Computer Organization

Topic : 2.2.1 Introduction to Computer Organization

Introduction to Computer Organization

FIG 2.1: Processing of computer organization

Chapter : 2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Topic : 2.3.1 What is CPU?

FIG 2.2: Central Processing Unit

It is also known as microprocessor or processor.

FIG 2.3: Processor

FIG 2.4: CPU Processor in Motherboard

Arithmetic and Logical Unit

FIG 2.5: Arithmetic Operations

FIG 2.6: Logical Operations

The Design is based on a fixed architecture.

Micro-programs are stored in a special control memory and are based on

Chapter : 2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Topic : 2.3.2 Processor Speed and Booting

Soft booting can be initiated by hardware such as a button press, or by software

FIG 2.7: Boot Sector

Chapter : 2.4 Memory

Topic : 2.4.1 Hierarchy Memory

FIG 2.8: Types of Memory

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Random Access Memory is the central storage unit in a computer system.

FIG 2.9: RAM

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Static RAM (SRAM)

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)