ENERGY RESOURCES, ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT

1. Choose the correct statement :

(a) Number of atoms of each constituent is not conserved in a chemical reaction.
(b) The mass of all the substances on one side of the equation may not be equal to the
mass of all the substances on the other side.
(c) The number of atoms of each constituent is conserved in a chemical reaction.
(d) The number of moles of the reactants in a chemical equation is equal to the
number of moles of the products.

2. The atmosphere around Earth is warmed because ________.

(a) warm air cannot escape, as in a greenhouse
(b) fossil fuels release heat
(c) molecules in the atmosphere are warmed by radiation from Earth and retain
that heat
(d) plants absorb CO2

3. Earth's climate ________.

(a) has been stable over the history of the planet
(b) is changing as a result of natural and human processes
(c) has been documented to have changed once due to the evolution of green
photosynthesizing plants
(d) history is undeterminable because there is no method of studying climatic history
of the planet

4. The Kyoto Protocol ________.

(a) required concessions from all countries involved equally in greenhouse gas
emission
(b) required increases in nuclear power generation
(c) would have resulted in overall increases in greenhouse emissions
(d) was intended to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels lower than
those of 1990
5. The greenhouse effect involves warming of Earth's surface and the ________.
(a) troposphere
(b) mesosphere
(c) stratosphere
(d) thermosphere
6. Hydroelectric power generation ________.
(a) produces high quantities of greenhouse gases
(b) has no undesirable environmental effects
(c) is an alternative to fossil fuels and produces fewer greenhouse gases
(d) uses fuel cells to generate electricity
7. Which of the following is a secondary energy source?
(a) wind
(b) nuclear
(c) coal
(d) electricity
8. The efficiency of conversion of coal energy to electrical energy is typically about what?
(a) 90–95%
(b) 70–80%
(c) 30–40%
(d) 10–20%
9. Which of the following represents an intermediate conversion of energy rather than an
end use?
(a) electrical power generation
(b) industrial processes
(c) residential space heating and appliances
(d) transportation

10. The country with the highest per capita emissions of carbon dioxide from burning of
fossil fuels is what?
(a) China
(b) Russia
(c) Japan
(d) United States
11. "Fossil fuels" are so named because they are
(a) derived from the remains of living organisms
(b) filled with fossils.
(c) an old-fashioned form of energy.
(d) found in fossil beds.
12. On a per kilogram basis, the highest carbon dioxide emissions come from which fossil
fuel source?
(a) natural gas
(b) coal
(c) gasoline
(d) crude oil
13. On average, for every pound of coal consumed, about _____of carbon dioxide is
produced.
(a) 8 ounces
(b) 10 pounds
(c) 2 to 3 pounds
(d) 1ounce
14. Which geographic area is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel
burning?
(a) Japan and China
(b) Europe
(c) countries of the former U.S.S.R.
(d) North America
15. Which of the following greenhouse gas is entirely anthropogenic in origin?
(a) methane
(b) CFCs
(c) water vapor
(d) nitrous oxide
16. Which of the following was not a major use of CFCs?
(a) buoyancy gas for blimps and balloons
(b) production of plastic foams
(c) pressurizing agent in aerosol cans
(d) heat-transfer fluid in refrigeration units
17. Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?
(a) ozone
(b) nitrogen oxide
(c) water vapor
(d) carbon dioxide
18. The two major impacts expected as a result of rising global temperatures are:
(a) longer summers and drier winters.
(b) regional climatic changes and a rise in sea level.
(c) low water levels in lakes and streams and larger floodplains.
(d) higher water levels in lakes and streams but more consistent flooding patterns.
19. The wealth of nations—their assets—can be divided into which three main components?
(a) cash, stocks, and bonds
(b) natural capital, raw materials, and human resources
(c) produced assets, natural capital, and human resources
(d) human capital, natural capital, and social capital

20. Which of the following stages is not part of the policy life cycle?
(a) the formulation stage
(b) the control stage
(c) the recognition stage
(d) the consultation stage
21. Which of the following is not a consequence of poor environmental management?
(a) increased government control of business
(b) loss of biodiversity
(c) air pollution
(d) deforestation
22. Benefit-cost analysis compares the
(a) tangible with the intangible costs of a project.
(b) merits of one project with those of another.
(c) estimated costs of a project with the expected revenues of the project.
(d) estimated costs of a project with the benefits that will be achieved.
23. Average atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations show what trend over the period
1955 to the present?
(a) extremely variable—no clear trend
(b) increasing
(c) decreasing
(d) no change
24. The three "factors of production" are usually considered to be
(a) land, labor, and capital.
(b) manager, laborer, and customers.
(c) raw materials, labor, and finished products.
 (d) goods, services, and money.
25. In the language of economics, an external cost is what?
(a) costs that were neglected in the original economic analysis of a process or product
(b) the cost to a business of using an outside supplier
(c) an effect of a business process that is not included in the usual calculations of
profit and loss
(d) costs arising from the natural environment, as opposed to manufacturing costs
26. The history of human civilization shows a dramatic growth in the utilization of energy
sources.
(a) True
(b) False
27. Hydropower is an indirect form of solar energy.
(a) True
(b) False
28. Which of the following fuel will have lowest ash content:
(a) Lignite
(b) Anthracite coal
(c) Coke
(d) Slag
29. Nearly 60% of electricity generated in Pakistan is from:
(a) Hydroelectric power plants
(b) Nuclear power plants
(c) Renewable power plants
(d) Thermal power plants.
30. A secondary energy source is one that is employed when a primary energy source is
exhausted.
(a) True
(b) False
31. Present worth is:
(a) The discounted future cash flows to the present
(b) The compounding present cash flows to the future
(c) The current market value of the investment
(d) The opportunity cost at the present value.
32. Electrical demand is more or less constant daily, weekly, and seasonally.
(a) True
(b) False
33. The ratio of the actual fuel-air ratio to the stoichiometric fuel-air ratio is known as
(a) Equivalence ratio
(b) Heating value ratio
(c) Enthalpy of formation
(d) None of these
34. The combined cycle increases the efficiency without increasing the initial cost greatly.
(a) True
(b) False
35. Which of the following energy sources does not produce carbon dioxide?
(a) Oil
(b) Coal
(c) Natural gas
(d) Uranium
36. Solar energy stored in material such as wood, grain, sugar, and municipal waste is called
(a) fossil fuels
(b) biomass
(c) geothermal energy
(d) natural gas
37. The world faces an energy crisis because
(a) world demand for energy will increase
(b) world oil production will peak and begin to decline
(c) shortages and the resulting escalation of prices can shock the economic and
political order
(d) all of the above
38. Capital cost per MWh is highest in case of
(a) steam power plants
(b) diesel engine power plants
(c) nuclear power plants
(d) hydroelectric power plants
39. Among the operating costs of a plant __________ has the largest share.
(a) Fuel
(b) Maintenance
(c) Capital investment
(d) Wages
40. The value of the plant at the end of its useful life is known as __________ value.
(a) Salvage
(b) Discarded
(c) Operated
(d) None of these
41. Levelized cost is the ratio of
(a) Total annual cost to capital cost
(b) Capital cost to fuel cost
(c) Annual output to total annual cost
(d) Total annual cost to annual output
42. The term for any technique that prevents CO2 from entering the atmosphere is
(a) CO2 tax
(b) Carbon sequestration
(c) Stack gas treatment
(d) None of these
43. Depreciation is a fixed cost for a power plant.
(a) True
(b) False
44. If the _______ of the energy project is positive, then it is considered to be financially
viable.
 (a) Payback period
(b) Capital recovery factor
(c) Net present value
(d) Future value
45. Low grade fuels have
(a) low calorific value
(b) low moisture content
(c) low ash content
(d) low carbon content
46. Natural gas
(a) is a primary component in octane
(b) produces less greenhouse gases per energy unit than coal
(c) is transported primarily by truck and rail
(d) discovered by Bunsen in 1885
47. Of the available policy options regarding eventual conversion to renewable energy
sources, environmentalists would probably prefer that ________.
(a) we pass laws immediately banning the use of fossil fuels
(b) we pass laws immediately banning the exploration and development of further
fossil fuel resources
(c) we plan for the switch to renewable energy sources, but not implement any plans
until all fossil fuels have been depleted
(d) we encourage, with subsidies, tax rebates, and grants, the rapid development
and widespread use of renewable alternative energy resources
48. Energy can be conserved by
(a) cogeneration in power plants, fuel efficient transportation, reengineered
appliances
(b) replacing compact florescent with tungsten bulbs
(c) replacing mass transit with more and larger roads for cars and trucks
(d) repealing the Law of Entropy
49. For a thermal power plant, which is not the fixed cost?
(a) Interest on capital
(b) Depreciation
(c) Cost of fuel
(d) Insurance charges
50. In a fuel cell electricity is produced by
(a) combustion of fuel in absence of oxygen
(b) oxidation of fuel
(c) thermionic action
(d) any of the above
51. Salvage value of a plant is always zero.
(a) True
(b) False