Unit

15 Past perfect (I had done)

A Study this example situation:

Bye! Sarah and Paul went to the same party last week, but they
10.30 didn’t see each other. Paul left the party at 10.30 and Sarah
arrived at 11 o’clock.
So when Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn’t there.
PAUL
He had gone home.
had gone is the past perfect:
11.00 Hi!
gone
I/we/they/you (= I’d etc.)
had seen
he/she/it (= he’d etc.)
finished etc.
SARAH

The past perfect (simple) is had + past participle (gone/seen/finished etc.).

Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:
Sarah arrived at the party.
This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time,
we use the past perfect (had …):
When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
Some more examples:
When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
Karen didn’t come to the cinema with us. She’d already seen the movie.
At first I thought I’d done the right thing, but I soon realised that I’d made a big mistake.
The people sitting next to me on the plane were nervous. They hadn’t flown before.
or They’d never flown before.

B Compare present perfect (have seen etc.) and past perfect (had seen etc.):

Present perfect Past perfect

have seen had seen

past now past now

Who is that woman? I’ve seen her before, I wasn’t sure who she was. I’d seen her
but I can’t remember where. before, but I couldn’t remember where.
We aren’t hungry. We’ve just had lunch. We weren’t hungry. We’d just had lunch.
The house is dirty. They haven’t cleaned The house was dirty. They hadn’t
it for weeks. cleaned it for weeks.

C Compare past simple (left, was etc.) and past perfect (had left, had been etc.):

Past simple Past perfect

A: Was Tom there when you arrived? A: Was Tom there when you arrived?
B: Yes, but he left soon afterwards. B: No, he’d already left.
Kate wasn’t at home when I phoned. Kate had just got home when I phoned.
She was at her mother’s house. She’d been at her mother’s house.

30 Past perfect continuous ➜ Unit 16 Irregular verbs (gone/seen etc.) ➜ Appendix 1

 Unit
Exercises 15
15.1 Read the situations and write sentences using the words in brackets.
1 There was a picture lying on the floor.
(It / fall / off the wall) It had fallen off the wall.
2 The people sitting next to you on the plane were nervous. It was their first flight.
(They / not / fly / before) They hadn’t flown before.
3 You went back to your home town recently after many years. It wasn’t the same as before.
(It / change / a lot) It
4 Somebody sang a song. You didn’t know it.
(I / not / hear / it / before) I
5 I invited Rachel to the party, but she couldn’t come.
(She / arrange / to do something else)
6 You went to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late.
(The film / already / start)
7 Last year we went to Mexico. It was our first time there.
(We / not / be / there / before) We
8 I met Daniel last week. It was good to see him again after such a long time.
(I / not / see / him for five years)
9 I offered my friends something to eat, but they weren’t hungry.
(They / just / have / lunch)
10 Sam played tennis yesterday. He wasn’t very good at it because it was his first game ever.
(He / never / play / before)

15.2 Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the
order in which they happened – so (a) happened before (b), (b) before (c) etc. But your paragraph
begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you need the past perfect.
1 (a) Somebody broke into the office during ⎫ We arrived at work in the morning and found
the night. ⎪ that somebody had broken into the office
⎬ we called the police.
(b) We arrived at work in the morning. ⎪ during the night. So
(c) We called the police. ⎭
2 (a) Laura went out this morning. ⎫ I went to Laura’s house this morning and rang
⎪
(b) I rang her doorbell. ⎬ her doorbell, but no answer.
⎪
(c) There was no answer. ⎭ out.
3 (a) Joe came back from holiday a few ⎫ I met Joe a few days ago. just
days ago. ⎪ holiday.
⎬
(b) I met him the same day. ⎪ very well.
(c) He looked very well. ⎭
4 (a) James sent Amy lots of emails. ⎫ Yesterday James
(b) She never replied to them. ⎪ from Amy. surprised.
⎬
(c) Yesterday he got a phone call from her. ⎪ lots of emails,
(d) He was surprised. ⎭ but .

15.3 Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done) or past simple (I did).
1 Paul wasn’t at the party when I arrived. He’d gone (He / go) home.
2 I felt very tired when I got home, so (I / go) straight to bed.
3 The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody (go) to bed.
4 Mark travels a lot. When I first met him, (he / already / travel)
round the world.
5 Sorry I’m late. The car (break) down on my way here.
6 We were driving along the road when (we / see) a car which
(break) down, so (we / stop) to help.

➜ Additional exercises 5–8 (pages 304–07) 31

Unit
16 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)
A Study this example situation:

yesterday morning Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window.
The sun was shining, but the ground was very wet.
It had been raining.
It was not raining when I looked out of the window.
The sun was shining. But it had been raining before.
had been -ing is the past perfect continuous:
doing
I/we/you/they (= I’d etc.)
had been working
he/she/it (= he’d etc.)
playing etc.

Some more examples:

My hands were dirty because I’d been repairing my bike.
Tom was tired when he got home. He’d been working hard all day.
I went to Madrid a few years ago and stayed with a friend of mine. She hadn’t been living
there very long, but she knew the city very well.
You can say that something had been happening before something else happened:
We’d been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily.

B Compare have been -ing (present perfect continuous) and had been -ing (past perfect continuous):

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

I have been -ing I had been -ing

past now past now

I hope the bus comes soon. I’ve been At last the bus came. I’d been waiting
waiting for 20 minutes. (before now) for 20 minutes. (before the bus came)
James is out of breath. He’s been James was out of breath. He’d been
running. (= he has been …) running. (= he had been …)

C Compare was -ing (past continuous) and had been -ing:

It wasn’t raining when we went out. The sun was shining. But it had been raining,
so the ground was wet.
Katherine was lying on the sofa. She was tired because she’d been working hard.

D Some verbs (for example, know) are not normally used in continuous forms (be + -ing):
We were good friends. We had known each other for years. (not had been knowing)
A few years ago Lisa cut her hair really short. I was surprised because she’d always had
long hair. (not she’d been having)
For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A. For have, see Unit 17

32 Present perfect continuous ➜ Units 9–10 Past perfect simple ➜ Unit 15

 Unit
Exercises 16
16.1 Read the situations and make sentences using the words in brackets.
1 Tom was very tired when he got home.
(He / work / hard all day) He’d been working hard all day.
2 The children came into the house. They had a football and they were both very tired.
(They / play / football)
3 I was disappointed when I had to cancel my holiday.
(I / look / forward to it)
4 Anna woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn’t know where she was.
(She / have / a bad dream)
5 When I got home, Mark was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off.
(He / watch / a film)
6 The people waiting at the bus stop were getting impatient. The bus was very late.
(They / wait / a long time)

16.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences.

1 We played tennis yesterday. We didn’t finish our game.
We’d been playing (We / play) for half an hour when it started (it / start) to rain.
2 I had arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and waited for him to come.
(I / wait) for 20 minutes when
(I / realise) that (I / be) in the wrong restaurant.
3 Sarah worked in a company for a long time. The company no longer exists.
At the time the company (go) out of business, Sarah
(work) there for twelve years.
4 I went to a concert. Soon after the orchestra began playing, something strange happened.
The orchestra (play) for about ten minutes when a man in
the audience suddenly (start) shouting.

Now make your own sentence:

5 I began walking along the road. I
when

16.3 Which is right?

1 It was noisy next door last night. Our neighbours were having / had been having a party.
(were having is correct)
2 At the end of our journey we were extremely tired. We were travelling / We’d been travelling for more
than 24 hours.
3 James was on his hands and knees on the floor. He was looking / He’d been looking for his
contact lens.
4 Sue was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She was running / She’d been running.
5 John and I went for a walk. He was walking / He’d been walking very fast and I had difficulty keeping
up with him.
6 I was sad when I sold my car. I’ve had it / I’d had it for a very long time.
7 I was sad when my local cafe closed. I was going / I’d been going there for many years.
8 I’m running a marathon next month. I’ve been training / I’d been training for it every day.
9 I had arranged to meet Kate, but I was late. When I finally arrived, she was waiting / she’d
been waiting for me. She was annoyed because she was waiting / she’d been waiting such a long time.
10a Joe and I work for the same company. He joined the company before me. When I started a few years
ago, he was already working / he’d already been working there.
10b I started working at the company a few years ago. At the time I started, Joe was already working / had
already been working there for two years.
10c Joe still works for the company. He’s been working / He’d been working there a long time now.

➜ Additional exercises 5–8 (pages 304–07) 33