Lee, H P, Harris, P J and Hsu, C 'A non- calculation penalty finite element problems.

roblems. which the system may be employed with a

linear finite element computer program for Unlike the reduced integration methods, the limit states specification, the new Load and
thin-walled members' Thin-WalledStructures QCE technique uses multiple sets of Resistance Factor Design Specification of
Vol 2 No 4 (1984) p 355 functions to approximate strains and is the American Institute of SteelConstruction
independent of the integration order. is illustrated. Also, a series of illustrations is
A nonlinear finite element computer program Examples of the use of this technique are used to explain the authors' approach to
for analysis of thin-walled metal structural given for incompressible linear elasticity and computer-aided design. Lastly, prospects of
members is presented. The program has the medium thickness plate bending. The the future of CAD in steel frame analysis are
ability to handle both geometrical and related generalized variational principle is presented.
material nonlinearities. Marguerre's shallow presented.
shell theory is adopted for the strain-
Smith, T, Gierlinski, J and Walker, B 'A
displacement relationships. A bending-
Bergan, P G, Mollestad, E and Sandsmark, N combined finite strip/finite element method
membrane rectangular element with six
'Nonlinear static and dynamic response for analysing thin-walled structures' Thin-
degrees of freedom at each node is used in
analysis for floating offshore structures' WalledStruct. Vol 3 No 2 (1985) p 163
the program. The formulation is based on a
total Lagrangian coordinate system and the Eng. Comput. Vol 2 No 1 (March 1985) p 13
A combined finite-strip/finite element
flow theory of plasticity. method is presented for the linear elastic
A method for nonlinear static and dynamic
analysis of flexible systems submerged in analysis of thin-walled structures containing
Sussman, T and Bathe, K 'Studies of Finite
water is outlined. The systems considered transverse diaphragms and intermediate
Element Procedures - On Mesh Selection' supports. It is proposed to discretize a
Comput. 5truer. Vol 21 No 1/2 (1985) p 257 include cable and beam elements, as well as
buoys and clump weights. Contact and lift- prismatic 'main structure' with finite strips
off between members and the sea floor are and a nonprismatic 'substructure' by finite
This is a tutorial paper on the selection of a
accounted for. The formulation allows for elements, the two being connected by
finite element mesh in engineering practice. appropriate compatibility conditions. As a
First, basic concepts are discussed which large deformations and material non-
linearities. Hydrostatic buoyancy and consequence of combining finite strips and
identify whether a finite element mesh has
hydrodynamic drag forces are considered finite elements, the stiffness matrix loses the
provided an accurate solution for a linear
throughout the analyses. decoupling between the harmonics that is
elastic static analysis, and thus when mesh
the basis of the efficiency of the finite strip
refinement is necessary. These concepts are
Bergan, P G and Mollestad, E 'An automatic method. However, decoupling within the
then considered in a finite element analysis
time-stepping algorithm for dynamic submatrix for the prismatic main structure
of a pressure vessel subjected to an internal
problems' Computer Methods in Applied is still used by a multilevel block iterative
pressure load.
Mechanics and Engineering Vol 49 No 3 solution method.
Woodward, W S and Morris, J W 'Improving (June 1985) p 299
productivity in finite element analysis
Buyukozturk, Oral and Shareef, Syed Sarwar
through interactive processing' Finite This paper discusses algorithms for automatic
'Constitutive modelling of concrete in finite
Elements In Analysis and Design Vol 1 No 1 computation of time steps in discrete
element analysis' Comput. 5truer. Vol 21
(April 1985) pp 3 5 - 4 8 integration of dynamic problems. Objective
No 3 (1985) pp 5 8 1 - 6 1 0
criteria for performance and guidelines for
This paper discusses concepts which form making an algorithm practically applicable
the basis for improving productivity in finite This paper reviews the approaches generally
are suggested. A set of parameters for
element analysis through the use of inter- used in defining constitutive relations for
characterizing the dynamic response of a
active graphical pre- and postprocessing. concrete. Constitutive models based on
system is proposed, including a 'current
Examples are presented which illustrate the isotropic elastic, orthotropic elastic, and
frequency', a 'current period' and a 'dynamic
costs and benefits of this technology. In plasticity formulations are discussed in
stiffness parameter'. The automatic compu-
particular, the cost required to perform an detail. A computer program developed for
tation of the time step based on the current
analysis is said to be reduced to such an 3D finite element analysis of complex
period is proposed.
extent that the cost of user training and reinforced, prestressed, and refractory
inexpensive colour terminals can be concrete systems is described. The program
Nicklin, P J, Powell, G H and Hollings, J P
recovered after the analysis of three or four incorporates nonlinear material properties,
' Hierarchical data man agemen t for stru ctu ral
cracking in concrete, shear transfer in cracked
moderate sized problems. analysis' Engineering with Computers Vol 1
reinforced concrete sections, and time
No 1 (1985) p 45
dependent effects such as creep, shrinkage
Stolfo, S J 'Is CADCAM ready for AI?'
and transient temperature distributions.
Finite Elements in Analysis and Design Vol 1 This paper reviews data base requirements
No 2 (August 1985) pp 141-151 and the organization of integrated computer
program networks. It identifies a need for Watwood, V B 'Gable frame design
This paper explores the possibility of hierarchical data base management in considerations' J. Struct. Eng. ASCE
mergingCADCAM with Artificial Intelligence computer programs for structural analysis. Vo1111 No 7 (July 1985) p 1543
technology. A brief tutorial on expert The nature of the data hierarchy is illustrated
systems is presented. Several observations with reference to a building that has been A gable frame design is reviewed with regard
are noted which link existing expert system analyzed by using substructure techniques. to the modelling, load specification, and
applications with various CADCAM The organization and features of a certain strength evaluation. It is found that the
problems. The authors conclude that present hierarchical data base manager are then frame behaviour may be sensitive to varia-
Artificial Intelligence techniques can in the described. tions in the boundary conditions at the
near future be implemented to drastically column bases, and that it is prudent to
improve present CADCAM capabilities. McGuire, W and Castafier, J L 'Computer- consider several reasonable alternatives and
aided limit states design' Prec. Third to construct an envelope of internal forces
Tang, Limin and Liu, Yingxi 'Quasi-conform- Conference on Steel Developments for design. It is shown that uneven loading
ing element techniques for penalty finite Australian Institute of Steel Construction, should also be considered in the design. The
element methods' Finite Elements in Melbourne, Australia (May 2 0 - 2 2 1985) question of the correct effective length for
Analysis and Design Vol 1 No 1 (1985) the rafter is also examined. It is suggested
pp 2 5 - 3 3 In this paper, a computer-aided analysis/ that if there is significant axial stress in the
design system for s$eel frames is described. rafter, caution should be exercised in the
The Quasi-Conforming Element (QCE) The emphasis of the work is on 3D structures use of specification provisions, which are
technique is introduced in this paper for and nonlinear behaviour. The manner in based on zero axial stress in the girders.

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